Podcasts about Nivelle

Nick Lloyd's "The Western Front: The History of the Great War, Volume 1" provides a comprehensive narrative of the Great War in Belgium and France from 1914 to 1918. As the first volume of a planned trilogy, this work aims to offer a nuanced understanding of this pivotal theater, moving beyond common myths and focusing on the operational perspective of senior commanders across all involved powers. 1914 ROYAL FLYING CORPS Here's a summary of the key aspects, figures, and events covered: Lloyd's Ambition and Approach Comprehensive Narrative: Lloyd, a reader in military and imperial history at King's College London, undertook this "big project" to create a grand narrative of the entire Western Front, encompassing the French sector, American sector, and the German story, alongside the often-emphasized British perspective. Focus on Senior Commanders: A primary goal was to view the war from the lens of senior commanders, challenging the traditional portrayal of them as "donkeys or butchers and bunglers." Lloyd aims to help readers appreciate the immense pressures and difficulties these individuals faced, offering a "cooler perspective" on their successes and errors. Trilogy: This book is the first of three volumes; future volumes will cover the Eastern Front and global warfare in the Middle East and Africa. Lloyd emphasizes that while other fronts are mentioned, the Western Front remained the decisive theater where Germany, France, Britain, and America determined the war's outcome. British Involvement and Leadership Initial Reluctance: Britain initially entered the conflict with a limited commitment, deploying only four infantry divisions and one cavalry division as the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), a "small army" compared to the French (80 divisions) and Germans (over 100 divisions). This reflected a desire for "limited liability" to the Western Front, contrasting sharply with French demands for more manpower. Early Leaders: H.H. Asquith (Prime Minister) was reportedly distracted by personal affairs at the war's outset. Lord Kitchener (Minister of War) was a professional soldier and hero of the empire, wary of deep British involvement but committed to supporting the French. Field Marshal Sir John French (Commander-in-Chief, BEF) was a Boer War hero who found himself "out of his depth" by 1914, struggling with the war's scale and intensity. During the August 1914 retreat, French considered pulling the BEF out of the line due to immense losses and pressure, a move Kitchener personally intervened to prevent, ordering French to stay and fight. Frencheventually "breaks down" due to losses and pressure and is sent home at the end of 1915. Later Leadership and Strategy: David Lloyd George (Prime Minister from late 1916) is credited as "the prime minister that wins the war" in Britain. He showed great energy in revitalizing British industry and re-equipping the army, despite having poor relations with his top generals. Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig replaced French as Commander-in-Chief of the BEF. Haig and Lloyd George had fundamentally different strategic outlooks, leading to "constant arguments and backstabbing". At the Battle of the Somme (1916), Haig favored a breakthrough strategy, aiming for maneuver and cavalry deployment to defeat the German army. However, his army commander, Rawlinson, advocated a "bite and hold" strategy, focusing on concentrated artillery to smash enemy lines, take ground, then consolidate before repeating, acknowledging that a grand breakthrough was not yet feasible for the largely "green" British army. German Strategy and Commanders Initial Invasion: The German invasion of France and Belgium in 1914 was based on the ambitious Schlieffen Plan, which aimed for a massive attack through Belgium to outflank French defenses and destroy their army in a grand battle of envelopment. Helmuth von Moltke the Younger (Chief of the General Staff) was under immense pressure and altered the Schlieffen Plan, weakening its critical right wing, and ultimately suffered a nervous breakdown by mid-September 1914. Moltke's controversial decision to order General Kluck's First Army to turn southeast instead of enveloping Paris contributed to the failure of the Schlieffen Plan, despite Kluck initially ignoring the order. Kaiser Wilhelm: His character was inconsistent, often described as a "weather vane," and he gradually became a less central figure as Hindenburg and Ludendorff gained influence from 1916. Erich von Falkenhayn (replaces Moltke in 1914) was the architect of the Verdun Offensive (1916). His vision was unique, aiming not for territorial gains but for attrition: to "kill Frenchmen" and exhaust them. Political Interference: Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg often opposed Falkenhayn's desire for unrestricted submarine warfare due to diplomatic concerns (e.g., fear of American entry), illustrating the German military's tendency to prioritize tactical effectiveness over political and strategic issues, which was ultimately "fatal". French Efforts and Leadership Joseph Joffre (Commander of French Forces): Described as a "great hero" of the French army, Joffrepossessed remarkable calmness and an ability to absorb punishment and react quickly. His leadership was crucial in defeating the Schlieffen Plan and counterattacking at the Battle of the Marne in September 1914, preventing a German victory. Raymond Poincaré (President of the French Republic): A nationalist deeply involved in military analysis, Poincaré was central to the political efforts to reassert civilian primacy over the army and secure British manpower commitments. General Castelnau (Joffre's chief of staff): A deeply religious man who personally lost three sons in the war, Castelnau exemplifies the human cost and personal horror experienced by some senior commanders, helping to humanize these figures in Lloyd's narrative. Robert Nivelle: An artillery officer who rose rapidly due to his successes at Verdun, Nivelle replaced Joffrein December 1916. He attempted a decisive breakthrough in his Nivelle Offensive in April 1917 with a "formula" for success, but it failed catastrophically due to his being "out of his depth" at the command-in-chief level, leading to French army issues including mutiny. Philippe Pétain: Replaced Nivelle, Pétain became a "savior of France." He was renowned for his deep understanding of battlefield realities and a strong connection with his troops. At Verdun, he innovated by rotating divisions out of the line for rest and recuperation, contrasting with the German practice of fighting units "until basically there's not a lot left". Ferdinand Foch (Supreme Allied Commander from April 1918): Foch is widely regarded as one of the most important generals of the war. He was an energetic and charismatic leader who successfully coordinated the American, British, and French forces in 1918, leading them to victory in the multinational war. His reputation continues to strengthen over time. American Involvement Entry into War: The United States declared war on Germany and Austria in April 1917. General John J. Pershing arrived in Paris in June 1917 to lead the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), despite having only 113,000 men in the army at the time. Rejection of Amalgamation: Pershing steadfastly resisted French and British desires to "amalgamate" American manpower into their existing divisions, insisting that American soldiers fight as an independent army. He argued that the Allies had a poor record of "not killing your own troops". German Miscalculation: Germany severely underestimated how quickly the United States could build and deploy an army, believing it would take years. This misjudgment ultimately contributed to their defeat once the Americans demonstrated their seriousness in 1918. American involvement became "crucial" by 1917, changing the atmosphere. Evolution of Warfare on the Western Front From Movement to Stalemate: The initial German invasion failed to achieve a decisive victory, leading to the establishment of trench warfare after the Battle of the Marne. Realization of No Breakthrough: After the Second Battle of Champagne (1915), Allied and Germancommanders like Joffre and Falkenhayn began to recognize that a "grand shattering breakthrough" was not achievable in the foreseeable future. Constant Adaptation: This realization led to a continuous arms race. As Allied artillery and tactics improved, German defenses evolved from single lines to complex "zones of pill boxes," making progress difficult and bloody. The war became an intense exercise in violence where commanders constantly adapted to a "cauldron of war". Key Battles and Their Significance Battle of the Marne (September 1914): Joffre's successful counterattack forced the Germans to retreat, effectively ending the Schlieffen Plan and leading to the beginning of trench warfare. Second Battle of Champagne (September-October 1915): A major French offensive that, despite immense effort and casualties, failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough, solidifying the understanding that trench deadlock could not be easily broken. Verdun (1916): Falkenhayn's attrition battle, designed to "kill Frenchmen," concentrated immense firepower in a small area, creating a "moonscape effect." While not decisive in destroying the French, it was a moment where "things start to go wrong for Germany," from which she never truly recovers. Somme (1916): A British and French offensive intended to relieve pressure on Verdun, but also driven by Haig's ambition for a breakthrough. The debate between breakthrough and Rawlinson's "bite and hold" strategy highlighted the dilemmas of Western Front warfare. Nivelle Offensive (April 1917): A disastrous French attempt at a breakthrough, which highlighted Nivelle'soverreach and led to significant disillusionment and mutiny within the French army. End of the War and its Legacy German Defeat: Lloyd's book argues that the German army was "falling apart" and "defeated rapidly in 1918" despite the persistent "stab in the back" myth that claimed they were betrayed at home. Armistice Decision: The decision by the Allies not to invade Germany was primarily political, as the British and French were "totally exhausted," while the Americans were "much fresher" and more keen to continue. Lloyd considers the armistice "fair on all sides". Lloyd's work underscores that the Western Front was a complex, multinational struggle marked by evolving strategies, immense pressures on commanders, and profound human costs, which ultimately determined the course of the Great War and cast a long shadow over the 20th century.

Nick Lloyd's "The Western Front: The History of the Great War, Volume 1" provides a comprehensive narrative of the Great War in Belgium and France from 1914 to 1918. As the first volume of a planned trilogy, this work aims to offer a nuanced understanding of this pivotal theater, moving beyond common myths and focusing on the operational perspective of senior commanders across all involved powers. 1914 BELGIUM Here's a summary of the key aspects, figures, and events covered: Lloyd's Ambition and Approach Comprehensive Narrative: Lloyd, a reader in military and imperial history at King's College London, undertook this "big project" to create a grand narrative of the entire Western Front, encompassing the French sector, American sector, and the German story, alongside the often-emphasized British perspective. Focus on Senior Commanders: A primary goal was to view the war from the lens of senior commanders, challenging the traditional portrayal of them as "donkeys or butchers and bunglers." Lloyd aims to help readers appreciate the immense pressures and difficulties these individuals faced, offering a "cooler perspective" on their successes and errors. Trilogy: This book is the first of three volumes; future volumes will cover the Eastern Front and global warfare in the Middle East and Africa. Lloyd emphasizes that while other fronts are mentioned, the Western Front remained the decisive theater where Germany, France, Britain, and America determined the war's outcome. British Involvement and Leadership Initial Reluctance: Britain initially entered the conflict with a limited commitment, deploying only four infantry divisions and one cavalry division as the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), a "small army" compared to the French (80 divisions) and Germans (over 100 divisions). This reflected a desire for "limited liability" to the Western Front, contrasting sharply with French demands for more manpower. Early Leaders: H.H. Asquith (Prime Minister) was reportedly distracted by personal affairs at the war's outset. Lord Kitchener (Minister of War) was a professional soldier and hero of the empire, wary of deep British involvement but committed to supporting the French. Field Marshal Sir John French (Commander-in-Chief, BEF) was a Boer War hero who found himself "out of his depth" by 1914, struggling with the war's scale and intensity. During the August 1914 retreat, French considered pulling the BEF out of the line due to immense losses and pressure, a move Kitchener personally intervened to prevent, ordering French to stay and fight. Frencheventually "breaks down" due to losses and pressure and is sent home at the end of 1915. Later Leadership and Strategy: David Lloyd George (Prime Minister from late 1916) is credited as "the prime minister that wins the war" in Britain. He showed great energy in revitalizing British industry and re-equipping the army, despite having poor relations with his top generals. Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig replaced French as Commander-in-Chief of the BEF. Haig and Lloyd George had fundamentally different strategic outlooks, leading to "constant arguments and backstabbing". At the Battle of the Somme (1916), Haig favored a breakthrough strategy, aiming for maneuver and cavalry deployment to defeat the German army. However, his army commander, Rawlinson, advocated a "bite and hold" strategy, focusing on concentrated artillery to smash enemy lines, take ground, then consolidate before repeating, acknowledging that a grand breakthrough was not yet feasible for the largely "green" British army. German Strategy and Commanders Initial Invasion: The German invasion of France and Belgium in 1914 was based on the ambitious Schlieffen Plan, which aimed for a massive attack through Belgium to outflank French defenses and destroy their army in a grand battle of envelopment. Helmuth von Moltke the Younger (Chief of the General Staff) was under immense pressure and altered the Schlieffen Plan, weakening its critical right wing, and ultimately suffered a nervous breakdown by mid-September 1914. Moltke's controversial decision to order General Kluck's First Army to turn southeast instead of enveloping Paris contributed to the failure of the Schlieffen Plan, despite Kluck initially ignoring the order. Kaiser Wilhelm: His character was inconsistent, often described as a "weather vane," and he gradually became a less central figure as Hindenburg and Ludendorff gained influence from 1916. Erich von Falkenhayn (replaces Moltke in 1914) was the architect of the Verdun Offensive (1916). His vision was unique, aiming not for territorial gains but for attrition: to "kill Frenchmen" and exhaust them. Political Interference: Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg often opposed Falkenhayn's desire for unrestricted submarine warfare due to diplomatic concerns (e.g., fear of American entry), illustrating the German military's tendency to prioritize tactical effectiveness over political and strategic issues, which was ultimately "fatal". French Efforts and Leadership Joseph Joffre (Commander of French Forces): Described as a "great hero" of the French army, Joffrepossessed remarkable calmness and an ability to absorb punishment and react quickly. His leadership was crucial in defeating the Schlieffen Plan and counterattacking at the Battle of the Marne in September 1914, preventing a German victory. Raymond Poincaré (President of the French Republic): A nationalist deeply involved in military analysis, Poincaré was central to the political efforts to reassert civilian primacy over the army and secure British manpower commitments. General Castelnau (Joffre's chief of staff): A deeply religious man who personally lost three sons in the war, Castelnau exemplifies the human cost and personal horror experienced by some senior commanders, helping to humanize these figures in Lloyd's narrative. Robert Nivelle: An artillery officer who rose rapidly due to his successes at Verdun, Nivelle replaced Joffrein December 1916. He attempted a decisive breakthrough in his Nivelle Offensive in April 1917 with a "formula" for success, but it failed catastrophically due to his being "out of his depth" at the command-in-chief level, leading to French army issues including mutiny. Philippe Pétain: Replaced Nivelle, Pétain became a "savior of France." He was renowned for his deep understanding of battlefield realities and a strong connection with his troops. At Verdun, he innovated by rotating divisions out of the line for rest and recuperation, contrasting with the German practice of fighting units "until basically there's not a lot left". Ferdinand Foch (Supreme Allied Commander from April 1918): Foch is widely regarded as one of the most important generals of the war. He was an energetic and charismatic leader who successfully coordinated the American, British, and French forces in 1918, leading them to victory in the multinational war. His reputation continues to strengthen over time. American Involvement Entry into War: The United States declared war on Germany and Austria in April 1917. General John J. Pershing arrived in Paris in June 1917 to lead the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), despite having only 113,000 men in the army at the time. Rejection of Amalgamation: Pershing steadfastly resisted French and British desires to "amalgamate" American manpower into their existing divisions, insisting that American soldiers fight as an independent army. He argued that the Allies had a poor record of "not killing your own troops". German Miscalculation: Germany severely underestimated how quickly the United States could build and deploy an army, believing it would take years. This misjudgment ultimately contributed to their defeat once the Americans demonstrated their seriousness in 1918. American involvement became "crucial" by 1917, changing the atmosphere. Evolution of Warfare on the Western Front From Movement to Stalemate: The initial German invasion failed to achieve a decisive victory, leading to the establishment of trench warfare after the Battle of the Marne. Realization of No Breakthrough: After the Second Battle of Champagne (1915), Allied and Germancommanders like Joffre and Falkenhayn began to recognize that a "grand shattering breakthrough" was not achievable in the foreseeable future. Constant Adaptation: This realization led to a continuous arms race. As Allied artillery and tactics improved, German defenses evolved from single lines to complex "zones of pill boxes," making progress difficult and bloody. The war became an intense exercise in violence where commanders constantly adapted to a "cauldron of war". Key Battles and Their Significance Battle of the Marne (September 1914): Joffre's successful counterattack forced the Germans to retreat, effectively ending the Schlieffen Plan and leading to the beginning of trench warfare. Second Battle of Champagne (September-October 1915): A major French offensive that, despite immense effort and casualties, failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough, solidifying the understanding that trench deadlock could not be easily broken. Verdun (1916): Falkenhayn's attrition battle, designed to "kill Frenchmen," concentrated immense firepower in a small area, creating a "moonscape effect." While not decisive in destroying the French, it was a moment where "things start to go wrong for Germany," from which she never truly recovers. Somme (1916): A British and French offensive intended to relieve pressure on Verdun, but also driven by Haig's ambition for a breakthrough. The debate between breakthrough and Rawlinson's "bite and hold" strategy highlighted the dilemmas of Western Front warfare. Nivelle Offensive (April 1917): A disastrous French attempt at a breakthrough, which highlighted Nivelle'soverreach and led to significant disillusionment and mutiny within the French army. End of the War and its Legacy German Defeat: Lloyd's book argues that the German army was "falling apart" and "defeated rapidly in 1918" despite the persistent "stab in the back" myth that claimed they were betrayed at home. Armistice Decision: The decision by the Allies not to invade Germany was primarily political, as the British and French were "totally exhausted," while the Americans were "much fresher" and more keen to continue. Lloyd considers the armistice "fair on all sides". Lloyd's work underscores that the Western Front was a complex, multinational struggle marked by evolving strategies, immense pressures on commanders, and profound human costs, which ultimately determined the course of the Great War and cast a long shadow over the 20th century.

Nick Lloyd's "The Western Front: The History of the Great War, Volume 1" provides a comprehensive narrative of the Great War in Belgium and France from 1914 to 1918. As the first volume of a planned trilogy, this work aims to offer a nuanced understanding of this pivotal theater, moving beyond common myths and focusing on the operational perspective of senior commanders across all involved powers. 1914 HINDENBERG Here's a summary of the key aspects, figures, and events covered: Lloyd's Ambition and Approach Comprehensive Narrative: Lloyd, a reader in military and imperial history at King's College London, undertook this "big project" to create a grand narrative of the entire Western Front, encompassing the French sector, American sector, and the German story, alongside the often-emphasized British perspective. Focus on Senior Commanders: A primary goal was to view the war from the lens of senior commanders, challenging the traditional portrayal of them as "donkeys or butchers and bunglers." Lloyd aims to help readers appreciate the immense pressures and difficulties these individuals faced, offering a "cooler perspective" on their successes and errors. Trilogy: This book is the first of three volumes; future volumes will cover the Eastern Front and global warfare in the Middle East and Africa. Lloyd emphasizes that while other fronts are mentioned, the Western Front remained the decisive theater where Germany, France, Britain, and America determined the war's outcome. British Involvement and Leadership Initial Reluctance: Britain initially entered the conflict with a limited commitment, deploying only four infantry divisions and one cavalry division as the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), a "small army" compared to the French (80 divisions) and Germans (over 100 divisions). This reflected a desire for "limited liability" to the Western Front, contrasting sharply with French demands for more manpower. Early Leaders: H.H. Asquith (Prime Minister) was reportedly distracted by personal affairs at the war's outset. Lord Kitchener (Minister of War) was a professional soldier and hero of the empire, wary of deep British involvement but committed to supporting the French. Field Marshal Sir John French (Commander-in-Chief, BEF) was a Boer War hero who found himself "out of his depth" by 1914, struggling with the war's scale and intensity. During the August 1914 retreat, French considered pulling the BEF out of the line due to immense losses and pressure, a move Kitchener personally intervened to prevent, ordering French to stay and fight. Frencheventually "breaks down" due to losses and pressure and is sent home at the end of 1915. Later Leadership and Strategy: David Lloyd George (Prime Minister from late 1916) is credited as "the prime minister that wins the war" in Britain. He showed great energy in revitalizing British industry and re-equipping the army, despite having poor relations with his top generals. Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig replaced French as Commander-in-Chief of the BEF. Haig and Lloyd George had fundamentally different strategic outlooks, leading to "constant arguments and backstabbing". At the Battle of the Somme (1916), Haig favored a breakthrough strategy, aiming for maneuver and cavalry deployment to defeat the German army. However, his army commander, Rawlinson, advocated a "bite and hold" strategy, focusing on concentrated artillery to smash enemy lines, take ground, then consolidate before repeating, acknowledging that a grand breakthrough was not yet feasible for the largely "green" British army. German Strategy and Commanders Initial Invasion: The German invasion of France and Belgium in 1914 was based on the ambitious Schlieffen Plan, which aimed for a massive attack through Belgium to outflank French defenses and destroy their army in a grand battle of envelopment. Helmuth von Moltke the Younger (Chief of the General Staff) was under immense pressure and altered the Schlieffen Plan, weakening its critical right wing, and ultimately suffered a nervous breakdown by mid-September 1914. Moltke's controversial decision to order General Kluck's First Army to turn southeast instead of enveloping Paris contributed to the failure of the Schlieffen Plan, despite Kluck initially ignoring the order. Kaiser Wilhelm: His character was inconsistent, often described as a "weather vane," and he gradually became a less central figure as Hindenburg and Ludendorff gained influence from 1916. Erich von Falkenhayn (replaces Moltke in 1914) was the architect of the Verdun Offensive (1916). His vision was unique, aiming not for territorial gains but for attrition: to "kill Frenchmen" and exhaust them. Political Interference: Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg often opposed Falkenhayn's desire for unrestricted submarine warfare due to diplomatic concerns (e.g., fear of American entry), illustrating the German military's tendency to prioritize tactical effectiveness over political and strategic issues, which was ultimately "fatal". French Efforts and Leadership Joseph Joffre (Commander of French Forces): Described as a "great hero" of the French army, Joffrepossessed remarkable calmness and an ability to absorb punishment and react quickly. His leadership was crucial in defeating the Schlieffen Plan and counterattacking at the Battle of the Marne in September 1914, preventing a German victory. Raymond Poincaré (President of the French Republic): A nationalist deeply involved in military analysis, Poincaré was central to the political efforts to reassert civilian primacy over the army and secure British manpower commitments. General Castelnau (Joffre's chief of staff): A deeply religious man who personally lost three sons in the war, Castelnau exemplifies the human cost and personal horror experienced by some senior commanders, helping to humanize these figures in Lloyd's narrative. Robert Nivelle: An artillery officer who rose rapidly due to his successes at Verdun, Nivelle replaced Joffrein December 1916. He attempted a decisive breakthrough in his Nivelle Offensive in April 1917 with a "formula" for success, but it failed catastrophically due to his being "out of his depth" at the command-in-chief level, leading to French army issues including mutiny. Philippe Pétain: Replaced Nivelle, Pétain became a "savior of France." He was renowned for his deep understanding of battlefield realities and a strong connection with his troops. At Verdun, he innovated by rotating divisions out of the line for rest and recuperation, contrasting with the German practice of fighting units "until basically there's not a lot left". Ferdinand Foch (Supreme Allied Commander from April 1918): Foch is widely regarded as one of the most important generals of the war. He was an energetic and charismatic leader who successfully coordinated the American, British, and French forces in 1918, leading them to victory in the multinational war. His reputation continues to strengthen over time. American Involvement Entry into War: The United States declared war on Germany and Austria in April 1917. General John J. Pershing arrived in Paris in June 1917 to lead the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), despite having only 113,000 men in the army at the time. Rejection of Amalgamation: Pershing steadfastly resisted French and British desires to "amalgamate" American manpower into their existing divisions, insisting that American soldiers fight as an independent army. He argued that the Allies had a poor record of "not killing your own troops". German Miscalculation: Germany severely underestimated how quickly the United States could build and deploy an army, believing it would take years. This misjudgment ultimately contributed to their defeat once the Americans demonstrated their seriousness in 1918. American involvement became "crucial" by 1917, changing the atmosphere. Evolution of Warfare on the Western Front From Movement to Stalemate: The initial German invasion failed to achieve a decisive victory, leading to the establishment of trench warfare after the Battle of the Marne. Realization of No Breakthrough: After the Second Battle of Champagne (1915), Allied and Germancommanders like Joffre and Falkenhayn began to recognize that a "grand shattering breakthrough" was not achievable in the foreseeable future. Constant Adaptation: This realization led to a continuous arms race. As Allied artillery and tactics improved, German defenses evolved from single lines to complex "zones of pill boxes," making progress difficult and bloody. The war became an intense exercise in violence where commanders constantly adapted to a "cauldron of war". Key Battles and Their Significance Battle of the Marne (September 1914): Joffre's successful counterattack forced the Germans to retreat, effectively ending the Schlieffen Plan and leading to the beginning of trench warfare. Second Battle of Champagne (September-October 1915): A major French offensive that, despite immense effort and casualties, failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough, solidifying the understanding that trench deadlock could not be easily broken. Verdun (1916): Falkenhayn's attrition battle, designed to "kill Frenchmen," concentrated immense firepower in a small area, creating a "moonscape effect." While not decisive in destroying the French, it was a moment where "things start to go wrong for Germany," from which she never truly recovers. Somme (1916): A British and French offensive intended to relieve pressure on Verdun, but also driven by Haig's ambition for a breakthrough. The debate between breakthrough and Rawlinson's "bite and hold" strategy highlighted the dilemmas of Western Front warfare. Nivelle Offensive (April 1917): A disastrous French attempt at a breakthrough, which highlighted Nivelle'soverreach and led to significant disillusionment and mutiny within the French army. End of the War and its Legacy German Defeat: Lloyd's book argues that the German army was "falling apart" and "defeated rapidly in 1918" despite the persistent "stab in the back" myth that claimed they were betrayed at home. Armistice Decision: The decision by the Allies not to invade Germany was primarily political, as the British and French were "totally exhausted," while the Americans were "much fresher" and more keen to continue. Lloyd considers the armistice "fair on all sides". Lloyd's work underscores that the Western Front was a complex, multinational struggle marked by evolving strategies, immense pressures on commanders, and profound human costs, which ultimately determined the course of the Great War and cast a long shadow over the 20th century.

Nick Lloyd's "The Western Front: The History of the Great War, Volume 1" provides a comprehensive narrative of the Great War in Belgium and France from 1914 to 1918. As the first volume of a planned trilogy, this work aims to offer a nuanced understanding of this pivotal theater, moving beyond common myths and focusing on the operational perspective of senior commanders across all involved powers. 1914-1918 US MERCHANT NAVY Here's a summary of the key aspects, figures, and events covered: Lloyd's Ambition and Approach Comprehensive Narrative: Lloyd, a reader in military and imperial history at King's College London, undertook this "big project" to create a grand narrative of the entire Western Front, encompassing the French sector, American sector, and the German story, alongside the often-emphasized British perspective. Focus on Senior Commanders: A primary goal was to view the war from the lens of senior commanders, challenging the traditional portrayal of them as "donkeys or butchers and bunglers." Lloyd aims to help readers appreciate the immense pressures and difficulties these individuals faced, offering a "cooler perspective" on their successes and errors. Trilogy: This book is the first of three volumes; future volumes will cover the Eastern Front and global warfare in the Middle East and Africa. Lloyd emphasizes that while other fronts are mentioned, the Western Front remained the decisive theater where Germany, France, Britain, and America determined the war's outcome. British Involvement and Leadership Initial Reluctance: Britain initially entered the conflict with a limited commitment, deploying only four infantry divisions and one cavalry division as the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), a "small army" compared to the French (80 divisions) and Germans (over 100 divisions). This reflected a desire for "limited liability" to the Western Front, contrasting sharply with French demands for more manpower. Early Leaders: H.H. Asquith (Prime Minister) was reportedly distracted by personal affairs at the war's outset. Lord Kitchener (Minister of War) was a professional soldier and hero of the empire, wary of deep British involvement but committed to supporting the French. Field Marshal Sir John French (Commander-in-Chief, BEF) was a Boer War hero who found himself "out of his depth" by 1914, struggling with the war's scale and intensity. During the August 1914 retreat, French considered pulling the BEF out of the line due to immense losses and pressure, a move Kitchener personally intervened to prevent, ordering French to stay and fight. Frencheventually "breaks down" due to losses and pressure and is sent home at the end of 1915. Later Leadership and Strategy: David Lloyd George (Prime Minister from late 1916) is credited as "the prime minister that wins the war" in Britain. He showed great energy in revitalizing British industry and re-equipping the army, despite having poor relations with his top generals. Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig replaced French as Commander-in-Chief of the BEF. Haig and Lloyd George had fundamentally different strategic outlooks, leading to "constant arguments and backstabbing". At the Battle of the Somme (1916), Haig favored a breakthrough strategy, aiming for maneuver and cavalry deployment to defeat the German army. However, his army commander, Rawlinson, advocated a "bite and hold" strategy, focusing on concentrated artillery to smash enemy lines, take ground, then consolidate before repeating, acknowledging that a grand breakthrough was not yet feasible for the largely "green" British army. German Strategy and Commanders Initial Invasion: The German invasion of France and Belgium in 1914 was based on the ambitious Schlieffen Plan, which aimed for a massive attack through Belgium to outflank French defenses and destroy their army in a grand battle of envelopment. Helmuth von Moltke the Younger (Chief of the General Staff) was under immense pressure and altered the Schlieffen Plan, weakening its critical right wing, and ultimately suffered a nervous breakdown by mid-September 1914. Moltke's controversial decision to order General Kluck's First Army to turn southeast instead of enveloping Paris contributed to the failure of the Schlieffen Plan, despite Kluck initially ignoring the order. Kaiser Wilhelm: His character was inconsistent, often described as a "weather vane," and he gradually became a less central figure as Hindenburg and Ludendorff gained influence from 1916. Erich von Falkenhayn (replaces Moltke in 1914) was the architect of the Verdun Offensive (1916). His vision was unique, aiming not for territorial gains but for attrition: to "kill Frenchmen" and exhaust them. Political Interference: Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg often opposed Falkenhayn's desire for unrestricted submarine warfare due to diplomatic concerns (e.g., fear of American entry), illustrating the German military's tendency to prioritize tactical effectiveness over political and strategic issues, which was ultimately "fatal". French Efforts and Leadership Joseph Joffre (Commander of French Forces): Described as a "great hero" of the French army, Joffrepossessed remarkable calmness and an ability to absorb punishment and react quickly. His leadership was crucial in defeating the Schlieffen Plan and counterattacking at the Battle of the Marne in September 1914, preventing a German victory. Raymond Poincaré (President of the French Republic): A nationalist deeply involved in military analysis, Poincaré was central to the political efforts to reassert civilian primacy over the army and secure British manpower commitments. General Castelnau (Joffre's chief of staff): A deeply religious man who personally lost three sons in the war, Castelnau exemplifies the human cost and personal horror experienced by some senior commanders, helping to humanize these figures in Lloyd's narrative. Robert Nivelle: An artillery officer who rose rapidly due to his successes at Verdun, Nivelle replaced Joffrein December 1916. He attempted a decisive breakthrough in his Nivelle Offensive in April 1917 with a "formula" for success, but it failed catastrophically due to his being "out of his depth" at the command-in-chief level, leading to French army issues including mutiny. Philippe Pétain: Replaced Nivelle, Pétain became a "savior of France." He was renowned for his deep understanding of battlefield realities and a strong connection with his troops. At Verdun, he innovated by rotating divisions out of the line for rest and recuperation, contrasting with the German practice of fighting units "until basically there's not a lot left". Ferdinand Foch (Supreme Allied Commander from April 1918): Foch is widely regarded as one of the most important generals of the war. He was an energetic and charismatic leader who successfully coordinated the American, British, and French forces in 1918, leading them to victory in the multinational war. His reputation continues to strengthen over time. American Involvement Entry into War: The United States declared war on Germany and Austria in April 1917. General John J. Pershing arrived in Paris in June 1917 to lead the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), despite having only 113,000 men in the army at the time. Rejection of Amalgamation: Pershing steadfastly resisted French and British desires to "amalgamate" American manpower into their existing divisions, insisting that American soldiers fight as an independent army. He argued that the Allies had a poor record of "not killing your own troops". German Miscalculation: Germany severely underestimated how quickly the United States could build and deploy an army, believing it would take years. This misjudgment ultimately contributed to their defeat once the Americans demonstrated their seriousness in 1918. American involvement became "crucial" by 1917, changing the atmosphere. Evolution of Warfare on the Western Front From Movement to Stalemate: The initial German invasion failed to achieve a decisive victory, leading to the establishment of trench warfare after the Battle of the Marne. Realization of No Breakthrough: After the Second Battle of Champagne (1915), Allied and Germancommanders like Joffre and Falkenhayn began to recognize that a "grand shattering breakthrough" was not achievable in the foreseeable future. Constant Adaptation: This realization led to a continuous arms race. As Allied artillery and tactics improved, German defenses evolved from single lines to complex "zones of pill boxes," making progress difficult and bloody. The war became an intense exercise in violence where commanders constantly adapted to a "cauldron of war". Key Battles and Their Significance Battle of the Marne (September 1914): Joffre's successful counterattack forced the Germans to retreat, effectively ending the Schlieffen Plan and leading to the beginning of trench warfare. Second Battle of Champagne (September-October 1915): A major French offensive that, despite immense effort and casualties, failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough, solidifying the understanding that trench deadlock could not be easily broken. Verdun (1916): Falkenhayn's attrition battle, designed to "kill Frenchmen," concentrated immense firepower in a small area, creating a "moonscape effect." While not decisive in destroying the French, it was a moment where "things start to go wrong for Germany," from which she never truly recovers. Somme (1916): A British and French offensive intended to relieve pressure on Verdun, but also driven by Haig's ambition for a breakthrough. The debate between breakthrough and Rawlinson's "bite and hold" strategy highlighted the dilemmas of Western Front warfare. Nivelle Offensive (April 1917): A disastrous French attempt at a breakthrough, which highlighted Nivelle'soverreach and led to significant disillusionment and mutiny within the French army. End of the War and its Legacy German Defeat: Lloyd's book argues that the German army was "falling apart" and "defeated rapidly in 1918" despite the persistent "stab in the back" myth that claimed they were betrayed at home. Armistice Decision: The decision by the Allies not to invade Germany was primarily political, as the British and French were "totally exhausted," while the Americans were "much fresher" and more keen to continue. Lloyd considers the armistice "fair on all sides". Lloyd's work underscores that the Western Front was a complex, multinational struggle marked by evolving strategies, immense pressures on commanders, and profound human costs, which ultimately determined the course of the Great War and cast a long shadow over the 20th century.

Nick Lloyd's "The Western Front: The History of the Great War, Volume 1" provides a comprehensive narrative of the Great War in Belgium and France from 1914 to 1918. As the first volume of a planned trilogy, this work aims to offer a nuanced understanding of this pivotal theater, moving beyond common myths and focusing on the operational perspective of senior commanders across all involved powers. 1916 VERDUN Here's a summary of the key aspects, figures, and events covered: Lloyd's Ambition and Approach Comprehensive Narrative: Lloyd, a reader in military and imperial history at King's College London, undertook this "big project" to create a grand narrative of the entire Western Front, encompassing the French sector, American sector, and the German story, alongside the often-emphasized British perspective. Focus on Senior Commanders: A primary goal was to view the war from the lens of senior commanders, challenging the traditional portrayal of them as "donkeys or butchers and bunglers." Lloyd aims to help readers appreciate the immense pressures and difficulties these individuals faced, offering a "cooler perspective" on their successes and errors. Trilogy: This book is the first of three volumes; future volumes will cover the Eastern Front and global warfare in the Middle East and Africa. Lloyd emphasizes that while other fronts are mentioned, the Western Front remained the decisive theater where Germany, France, Britain, and America determined the war's outcome. British Involvement and Leadership Initial Reluctance: Britain initially entered the conflict with a limited commitment, deploying only four infantry divisions and one cavalry division as the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), a "small army" compared to the French (80 divisions) and Germans (over 100 divisions). This reflected a desire for "limited liability" to the Western Front, contrasting sharply with French demands for more manpower. Early Leaders: H.H. Asquith (Prime Minister) was reportedly distracted by personal affairs at the war's outset. Lord Kitchener (Minister of War) was a professional soldier and hero of the empire, wary of deep British involvement but committed to supporting the French. Field Marshal Sir John French (Commander-in-Chief, BEF) was a Boer War hero who found himself "out of his depth" by 1914, struggling with the war's scale and intensity. During the August 1914 retreat, French considered pulling the BEF out of the line due to immense losses and pressure, a move Kitchener personally intervened to prevent, ordering French to stay and fight. Frencheventually "breaks down" due to losses and pressure and is sent home at the end of 1915. Later Leadership and Strategy: David Lloyd George (Prime Minister from late 1916) is credited as "the prime minister that wins the war" in Britain. He showed great energy in revitalizing British industry and re-equipping the army, despite having poor relations with his top generals. Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig replaced French as Commander-in-Chief of the BEF. Haig and Lloyd George had fundamentally different strategic outlooks, leading to "constant arguments and backstabbing". At the Battle of the Somme (1916), Haig favored a breakthrough strategy, aiming for maneuver and cavalry deployment to defeat the German army. However, his army commander, Rawlinson, advocated a "bite and hold" strategy, focusing on concentrated artillery to smash enemy lines, take ground, then consolidate before repeating, acknowledging that a grand breakthrough was not yet feasible for the largely "green" British army. German Strategy and Commanders Initial Invasion: The German invasion of France and Belgium in 1914 was based on the ambitious Schlieffen Plan, which aimed for a massive attack through Belgium to outflank French defenses and destroy their army in a grand battle of envelopment. Helmuth von Moltke the Younger (Chief of the General Staff) was under immense pressure and altered the Schlieffen Plan, weakening its critical right wing, and ultimately suffered a nervous breakdown by mid-September 1914. Moltke's controversial decision to order General Kluck's First Army to turn southeast instead of enveloping Paris contributed to the failure of the Schlieffen Plan, despite Kluck initially ignoring the order. Kaiser Wilhelm: His character was inconsistent, often described as a "weather vane," and he gradually became a less central figure as Hindenburg and Ludendorff gained influence from 1916. Erich von Falkenhayn (replaces Moltke in 1914) was the architect of the Verdun Offensive (1916). His vision was unique, aiming not for territorial gains but for attrition: to "kill Frenchmen" and exhaust them. Political Interference: Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg often opposed Falkenhayn's desire for unrestricted submarine warfare due to diplomatic concerns (e.g., fear of American entry), illustrating the German military's tendency to prioritize tactical effectiveness over political and strategic issues, which was ultimately "fatal". French Efforts and Leadership Joseph Joffre (Commander of French Forces): Described as a "great hero" of the French army, Joffrepossessed remarkable calmness and an ability to absorb punishment and react quickly. His leadership was crucial in defeating the Schlieffen Plan and counterattacking at the Battle of the Marne in September 1914, preventing a German victory. Raymond Poincaré (President of the French Republic): A nationalist deeply involved in military analysis, Poincaré was central to the political efforts to reassert civilian primacy over the army and secure British manpower commitments. General Castelnau (Joffre's chief of staff): A deeply religious man who personally lost three sons in the war, Castelnau exemplifies the human cost and personal horror experienced by some senior commanders, helping to humanize these figures in Lloyd's narrative. Robert Nivelle: An artillery officer who rose rapidly due to his successes at Verdun, Nivelle replaced Joffrein December 1916. He attempted a decisive breakthrough in his Nivelle Offensive in April 1917 with a "formula" for success, but it failed catastrophically due to his being "out of his depth" at the command-in-chief level, leading to French army issues including mutiny. Philippe Pétain: Replaced Nivelle, Pétain became a "savior of France." He was renowned for his deep understanding of battlefield realities and a strong connection with his troops. At Verdun, he innovated by rotating divisions out of the line for rest and recuperation, contrasting with the German practice of fighting units "until basically there's not a lot left". Ferdinand Foch (Supreme Allied Commander from April 1918): Foch is widely regarded as one of the most important generals of the war. He was an energetic and charismatic leader who successfully coordinated the American, British, and French forces in 1918, leading them to victory in the multinational war. His reputation continues to strengthen over time. American Involvement Entry into War: The United States declared war on Germany and Austria in April 1917. General John J. Pershing arrived in Paris in June 1917 to lead the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), despite having only 113,000 men in the army at the time. Rejection of Amalgamation: Pershing steadfastly resisted French and British desires to "amalgamate" American manpower into their existing divisions, insisting that American soldiers fight as an independent army. He argued that the Allies had a poor record of "not killing your own troops". German Miscalculation: Germany severely underestimated how quickly the United States could build and deploy an army, believing it would take years. This misjudgment ultimately contributed to their defeat once the Americans demonstrated their seriousness in 1918. American involvement became "crucial" by 1917, changing the atmosphere. Evolution of Warfare on the Western Front From Movement to Stalemate: The initial German invasion failed to achieve a decisive victory, leading to the establishment of trench warfare after the Battle of the Marne. Realization of No Breakthrough: After the Second Battle of Champagne (1915), Allied and Germancommanders like Joffre and Falkenhayn began to recognize that a "grand shattering breakthrough" was not achievable in the foreseeable future. Constant Adaptation: This realization led to a continuous arms race. As Allied artillery and tactics improved, German defenses evolved from single lines to complex "zones of pill boxes," making progress difficult and bloody. The war became an intense exercise in violence where commanders constantly adapted to a "cauldron of war". Key Battles and Their Significance Battle of the Marne (September 1914): Joffre's successful counterattack forced the Germans to retreat, effectively ending the Schlieffen Plan and leading to the beginning of trench warfare. Second Battle of Champagne (September-October 1915): A major French offensive that, despite immense effort and casualties, failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough, solidifying the understanding that trench deadlock could not be easily broken. Verdun (1916): Falkenhayn's attrition battle, designed to "kill Frenchmen," concentrated immense firepower in a small area, creating a "moonscape effect." While not decisive in destroying the French, it was a moment where "things start to go wrong for Germany," from which she never truly recovers. Somme (1916): A British and French offensive intended to relieve pressure on Verdun, but also driven by Haig's ambition for a breakthrough. The debate between breakthrough and Rawlinson's "bite and hold" strategy highlighted the dilemmas of Western Front warfare. Nivelle Offensive (April 1917): A disastrous French attempt at a breakthrough, which highlighted Nivelle'soverreach and led to significant disillusionment and mutiny within the French army. End of the War and its Legacy German Defeat: Lloyd's book argues that the German army was "falling apart" and "defeated rapidly in 1918" despite the persistent "stab in the back" myth that claimed they were betrayed at home. Armistice Decision: The decision by the Allies not to invade Germany was primarily political, as the British and French were "totally exhausted," while the Americans were "much fresher" and more keen to continue. Lloyd considers the armistice "fair on all sides". Lloyd's work underscores that the Western Front was a complex, multinational struggle marked by evolving strategies, immense pressures on commanders, and profound human costs, which ultimately determined the course of the Great War and cast a long shadow over the 20th century.

Nick Lloyd's "The Western Front: The History of the Great War, Volume 1" provides a comprehensive narrative of the Great War in Belgium and France from 1914 to 1918. As the first volume of a planned trilogy, this work aims to offer a nuanced understanding of this pivotal theater, moving beyond common myths and focusing on the operational perspective of senior commanders across all involved powers. Here's a summary of the key aspects, figures, and events covered: Lloyd's Ambition and Approach Comprehensive Narrative: Lloyd, a reader in military and imperial history at King's College London, undertook this "big project" to create a grand narrative of the entire Western Front, encompassing the French sector, American sector, and the German story, alongside the often-emphasized British perspective. Focus on Senior Commanders: A primary goal was to view the war from the lens of senior commanders, challenging the traditional portrayal of them as "donkeys or butchers and bunglers." Lloyd aims to help readers appreciate the immense pressures and difficulties these individuals faced, offering a "cooler perspective" on their successes and errors. Trilogy: This book is the first of three volumes; future volumes will cover the Eastern Front and global warfare in the Middle East and Africa. Lloyd emphasizes that while other fronts are mentioned, the Western Front remained the decisive theater where Germany, France, Britain, and America determined the war's outcome. British Involvement and Leadership Initial Reluctance: Britain initially entered the conflict with a limited commitment, deploying only four infantry divisions and one cavalry division as the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), a "small army" compared to the French (80 divisions) and Germans (over 100 divisions). This reflected a desire for "limited liability" to the Western Front, contrasting sharply with French demands for more manpower. Early Leaders: H.H. Asquith (Prime Minister) was reportedly distracted by personal affairs at the war's outset. Lord Kitchener (Minister of War) was a professional soldier and hero of the empire, wary of deep British involvement but committed to supporting the French. Field Marshal Sir John French (Commander-in-Chief, BEF) was a Boer War hero who found himself "out of his depth" by 1914, struggling with the war's scale and intensity. During the August 1914 retreat, French considered pulling the BEF out of the line due to immense losses and pressure, a move Kitchener personally intervened to prevent, ordering French to stay and fight. Frencheventually "breaks down" due to losses and pressure and is sent home at the end of 1915. Later Leadership and Strategy: David Lloyd George (Prime Minister from late 1916) is credited as "the prime minister that wins the war" in Britain. He showed great energy in revitalizing British industry and re-equipping the army, despite having poor relations with his top generals. Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig replaced French as Commander-in-Chief of the BEF. Haig and Lloyd George had fundamentally different strategic outlooks, leading to "constant arguments and backstabbing". At the Battle of the Somme (1916), Haig favored a breakthrough strategy, aiming for maneuver and cavalry deployment to defeat the German army. However, his army commander, Rawlinson, advocated a "bite and hold" strategy, focusing on concentrated artillery to smash enemy lines, take ground, then consolidate before repeating, acknowledging that a grand breakthrough was not yet feasible for the largely "green" British army. German Strategy and Commanders Initial Invasion: The German invasion of France and Belgium in 1914 was based on the ambitious Schlieffen Plan, which aimed for a massive attack through Belgium to outflank French defenses and destroy their army in a grand battle of envelopment. Helmuth von Moltke the Younger (Chief of the General Staff) was under immense pressure and altered the Schlieffen Plan, weakening its critical right wing, and ultimately suffered a nervous breakdown by mid-September 1914. Moltke's controversial decision to order General Kluck's First Army to turn southeast instead of enveloping Paris contributed to the failure of the Schlieffen Plan, despite Kluck initially ignoring the order. Kaiser Wilhelm: His character was inconsistent, often described as a "weather vane," and he gradually became a less central figure as Hindenburg and Ludendorff gained influence from 1916. Erich von Falkenhayn (replaces Moltke in 1914) was the architect of the Verdun Offensive (1916). His vision was unique, aiming not for territorial gains but for attrition: to "kill Frenchmen" and exhaust them. Political Interference: Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg often opposed Falkenhayn's desire for unrestricted submarine warfare due to diplomatic concerns (e.g., fear of American entry), illustrating the German military's tendency to prioritize tactical effectiveness over political and strategic issues, which was ultimately "fatal". French Efforts and Leadership Joseph Joffre (Commander of French Forces): Described as a "great hero" of the French army, Joffrepossessed remarkable calmness and an ability to absorb punishment and react quickly. His leadership was crucial in defeating the Schlieffen Plan and counterattacking at the Battle of the Marne in September 1914, preventing a German victory. Raymond Poincaré (President of the French Republic): A nationalist deeply involved in military analysis, Poincaré was central to the political efforts to reassert civilian primacy over the army and secure British manpower commitments. General Castelnau (Joffre's chief of staff): A deeply religious man who personally lost three sons in the war, Castelnau exemplifies the human cost and personal horror experienced by some senior commanders, helping to humanize these figures in Lloyd's narrative. Robert Nivelle: An artillery officer who rose rapidly due to his successes at Verdun, Nivelle replaced Joffrein December 1916. He attempted a decisive breakthrough in his Nivelle Offensive in April 1917 with a "formula" for success, but it failed catastrophically due to his being "out of his depth" at the command-in-chief level, leading to French army issues including mutiny. Philippe Pétain: Replaced Nivelle, Pétain became a "savior of France." He was renowned for his deep understanding of battlefield realities and a strong connection with his troops. At Verdun, he innovated by rotating divisions out of the line for rest and recuperation, contrasting with the German practice of fighting units "until basically there's not a lot left". Ferdinand Foch (Supreme Allied Commander from April 1918): Foch is widely regarded as one of the most important generals of the war. He was an energetic and charismatic leader who successfully coordinated the American, British, and French forces in 1918, leading them to victory in the multinational war. His reputation continues to strengthen over time. American Involvement Entry into War: The United States declared war on Germany and Austria in April 1917. General John J. Pershing arrived in Paris in June 1917 to lead the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), despite having only 113,000 men in the army at the time. Rejection of Amalgamation: Pershing steadfastly resisted French and British desires to "amalgamate" American manpower into their existing divisions, insisting that American soldiers fight as an independent army. He argued that the Allies had a poor record of "not killing your own troops". German Miscalculation: Germany severely underestimated how quickly the United States could build and deploy an army, believing it would take years. This misjudgment ultimately contributed to their defeat once the Americans demonstrated their seriousness in 1918. American involvement became "crucial" by 1917, changing the atmosphere. Evolution of Warfare on the Western Front From Movement to Stalemate: The initial German invasion failed to achieve a decisive victory, leading to the establishment of trench warfare after the Battle of the Marne. Realization of No Breakthrough: After the Second Battle of Champagne (1915), Allied and Germancommanders like Joffre and Falkenhayn began to recognize that a "grand shattering breakthrough" was not achievable in the foreseeable future. Constant Adaptation: This realization led to a continuous arms race. As Allied artillery and tactics improved, German defenses evolved from single lines to complex "zones of pill boxes," making progress difficult and bloody. The war became an intense exercise in violence where commanders constantly adapted to a "cauldron of war". Key Battles and Their Significance Battle of the Marne (September 1914): Joffre's successful counterattack forced the Germans to retreat, effectively ending the Schlieffen Plan and leading to the beginning of trench warfare. Second Battle of Champagne (September-October 1915): A major French offensive that, despite immense effort and casualties, failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough, solidifying the understanding that trench deadlock could not be easily broken. Verdun (1916): Falkenhayn's attrition battle, designed to "kill Frenchmen," concentrated immense firepower in a small area, creating a "moonscape effect." While not decisive in destroying the French, it was a moment where "things start to go wrong for Germany," from which she never truly recovers. Somme (1916): A British and French offensive intended to relieve pressure on Verdun, but also driven by Haig's ambition for a breakthrough. The debate between breakthrough and Rawlinson's "bite and hold" strategy highlighted the dilemmas of Western Front warfare. Nivelle Offensive (April 1917): A disastrous French attempt at a breakthrough, which highlighted Nivelle'soverreach and led to significant disillusionment and mutiny within the French army. End of the War and its Legacy German Defeat: Lloyd's book argues that the German army was "falling apart" and "defeated rapidly in 1918" despite the persistent "stab in the back" myth that claimed they were betrayed at home. Armistice Decision: The decision by the Allies not to invade Germany was primarily political, as the British and French were "totally exhausted," while the Americans were "much fresher" and more keen to continue. Lloyd considers the armistice "fair on all sides". Lloyd's work underscores that the Western Front was a complex, multinational struggle marked by evolving strategies, immense pressures on commanders, and profound human costs, which ultimately determined the course of the Great War and cast a long shadow over the 20th century.

Nick Lloyd's "The Western Front: The History of the Great War, Volume 1" provides a comprehensive narrative of the Great War in Belgium and France from 1914 to 1918. As the first volume of a planned trilogy, this work aims to offer a nuanced understanding of this pivotal theater, moving beyond common myths and focusing on the operational perspective of senior commanders across all involved powers. 1918 JOHN MONASH Here's a summary of the key aspects, figures, and events covered: Lloyd's Ambition and Approach Comprehensive Narrative: Lloyd, a reader in military and imperial history at King's College London, undertook this "big project" to create a grand narrative of the entire Western Front, encompassing the French sector, American sector, and the German story, alongside the often-emphasized British perspective. Focus on Senior Commanders: A primary goal was to view the war from the lens of senior commanders, challenging the traditional portrayal of them as "donkeys or butchers and bunglers." Lloyd aims to help readers appreciate the immense pressures and difficulties these individuals faced, offering a "cooler perspective" on their successes and errors. Trilogy: This book is the first of three volumes; future volumes will cover the Eastern Front and global warfare in the Middle East and Africa. Lloyd emphasizes that while other fronts are mentioned, the Western Front remained the decisive theater where Germany, France, Britain, and America determined the war's outcome. British Involvement and Leadership Initial Reluctance: Britain initially entered the conflict with a limited commitment, deploying only four infantry divisions and one cavalry division as the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), a "small army" compared to the French (80 divisions) and Germans (over 100 divisions). This reflected a desire for "limited liability" to the Western Front, contrasting sharply with French demands for more manpower. Early Leaders: H.H. Asquith (Prime Minister) was reportedly distracted by personal affairs at the war's outset. Lord Kitchener (Minister of War) was a professional soldier and hero of the empire, wary of deep British involvement but committed to supporting the French. Field Marshal Sir John French (Commander-in-Chief, BEF) was a Boer War hero who found himself "out of his depth" by 1914, struggling with the war's scale and intensity. During the August 1914 retreat, French considered pulling the BEF out of the line due to immense losses and pressure, a move Kitchener personally intervened to prevent, ordering French to stay and fight. Frencheventually "breaks down" due to losses and pressure and is sent home at the end of 1915. Later Leadership and Strategy: David Lloyd George (Prime Minister from late 1916) is credited as "the prime minister that wins the war" in Britain. He showed great energy in revitalizing British industry and re-equipping the army, despite having poor relations with his top generals. Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig replaced French as Commander-in-Chief of the BEF. Haig and Lloyd George had fundamentally different strategic outlooks, leading to "constant arguments and backstabbing". At the Battle of the Somme (1916), Haig favored a breakthrough strategy, aiming for maneuver and cavalry deployment to defeat the German army. However, his army commander, Rawlinson, advocated a "bite and hold" strategy, focusing on concentrated artillery to smash enemy lines, take ground, then consolidate before repeating, acknowledging that a grand breakthrough was not yet feasible for the largely "green" British army. German Strategy and Commanders Initial Invasion: The German invasion of France and Belgium in 1914 was based on the ambitious Schlieffen Plan, which aimed for a massive attack through Belgium to outflank French defenses and destroy their army in a grand battle of envelopment. Helmuth von Moltke the Younger (Chief of the General Staff) was under immense pressure and altered the Schlieffen Plan, weakening its critical right wing, and ultimately suffered a nervous breakdown by mid-September 1914. Moltke's controversial decision to order General Kluck's First Army to turn southeast instead of enveloping Paris contributed to the failure of the Schlieffen Plan, despite Kluck initially ignoring the order. Kaiser Wilhelm: His character was inconsistent, often described as a "weather vane," and he gradually became a less central figure as Hindenburg and Ludendorff gained influence from 1916. Erich von Falkenhayn (replaces Moltke in 1914) was the architect of the Verdun Offensive (1916). His vision was unique, aiming not for territorial gains but for attrition: to "kill Frenchmen" and exhaust them. Political Interference: Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg often opposed Falkenhayn's desire for unrestricted submarine warfare due to diplomatic concerns (e.g., fear of American entry), illustrating the German military's tendency to prioritize tactical effectiveness over political and strategic issues, which was ultimately "fatal". French Efforts and Leadership Joseph Joffre (Commander of French Forces): Described as a "great hero" of the French army, Joffrepossessed remarkable calmness and an ability to absorb punishment and react quickly. His leadership was crucial in defeating the Schlieffen Plan and counterattacking at the Battle of the Marne in September 1914, preventing a German victory. Raymond Poincaré (President of the French Republic): A nationalist deeply involved in military analysis, Poincaré was central to the political efforts to reassert civilian primacy over the army and secure British manpower commitments. General Castelnau (Joffre's chief of staff): A deeply religious man who personally lost three sons in the war, Castelnau exemplifies the human cost and personal horror experienced by some senior commanders, helping to humanize these figures in Lloyd's narrative. Robert Nivelle: An artillery officer who rose rapidly due to his successes at Verdun, Nivelle replaced Joffrein December 1916. He attempted a decisive breakthrough in his Nivelle Offensive in April 1917 with a "formula" for success, but it failed catastrophically due to his being "out of his depth" at the command-in-chief level, leading to French army issues including mutiny. Philippe Pétain: Replaced Nivelle, Pétain became a "savior of France." He was renowned for his deep understanding of battlefield realities and a strong connection with his troops. At Verdun, he innovated by rotating divisions out of the line for rest and recuperation, contrasting with the German practice of fighting units "until basically there's not a lot left". Ferdinand Foch (Supreme Allied Commander from April 1918): Foch is widely regarded as one of the most important generals of the war. He was an energetic and charismatic leader who successfully coordinated the American, British, and French forces in 1918, leading them to victory in the multinational war. His reputation continues to strengthen over time. American Involvement Entry into War: The United States declared war on Germany and Austria in April 1917. General John J. Pershing arrived in Paris in June 1917 to lead the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), despite having only 113,000 men in the army at the time. Rejection of Amalgamation: Pershing steadfastly resisted French and British desires to "amalgamate" American manpower into their existing divisions, insisting that American soldiers fight as an independent army. He argued that the Allies had a poor record of "not killing your own troops". German Miscalculation: Germany severely underestimated how quickly the United States could build and deploy an army, believing it would take years. This misjudgment ultimately contributed to their defeat once the Americans demonstrated their seriousness in 1918. American involvement became "crucial" by 1917, changing the atmosphere. Evolution of Warfare on the Western Front From Movement to Stalemate: The initial German invasion failed to achieve a decisive victory, leading to the establishment of trench warfare after the Battle of the Marne. Realization of No Breakthrough: After the Second Battle of Champagne (1915), Allied and Germancommanders like Joffre and Falkenhayn began to recognize that a "grand shattering breakthrough" was not achievable in the foreseeable future. Constant Adaptation: This realization led to a continuous arms race. As Allied artillery and tactics improved, German defenses evolved from single lines to complex "zones of pill boxes," making progress difficult and bloody. The war became an intense exercise in violence where commanders constantly adapted to a "cauldron of war". Key Battles and Their Significance Battle of the Marne (September 1914): Joffre's successful counterattack forced the Germans to retreat, effectively ending the Schlieffen Plan and leading to the beginning of trench warfare. Second Battle of Champagne (September-October 1915): A major French offensive that, despite immense effort and casualties, failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough, solidifying the understanding that trench deadlock could not be easily broken. Verdun (1916): Falkenhayn's attrition battle, designed to "kill Frenchmen," concentrated immense firepower in a small area, creating a "moonscape effect." While not decisive in destroying the French, it was a moment where "things start to go wrong for Germany," from which she never truly recovers. Somme (1916): A British and French offensive intended to relieve pressure on Verdun, but also driven by Haig's ambition for a breakthrough. The debate between breakthrough and Rawlinson's "bite and hold" strategy highlighted the dilemmas of Western Front warfare. Nivelle Offensive (April 1917): A disastrous French attempt at a breakthrough, which highlighted Nivelle'soverreach and led to significant disillusionment and mutiny within the French army. End of the War and its Legacy German Defeat: Lloyd's book argues that the German army was "falling apart" and "defeated rapidly in 1918" despite the persistent "stab in the back" myth that claimed they were betrayed at home. Armistice Decision: The decision by the Allies not to invade Germany was primarily political, as the British and French were "totally exhausted," while the Americans were "much fresher" and more keen to continue. Lloyd considers the armistice "fair on all sides". Lloyd's work underscores that the Western Front was a complex, multinational struggle marked by evolving strategies, immense pressures on commanders, and profound human costs, which ultimately determined the course of the Great War and cast a long shadow over the 20th century.

Nick Lloyd's "The Western Front: The History of the Great War, Volume 1" provides a comprehensive narrative of the Great War in Belgium and France from 1914 to 1918. As the first volume of a planned trilogy, this work aims to offer a nuanced understanding of this pivotal theater, moving beyond common myths and focusing on the operational perspective of senior commanders across all involved powers. 1919 LONDON CHURCHILL Z PERSHING Here's a summary of the key aspects, figures, and events covered: Lloyd's Ambition and Approach Comprehensive Narrative: Lloyd, a reader in military and imperial history at King's College London, undertook this "big project" to create a grand narrative of the entire Western Front, encompassing the French sector, American sector, and the German story, alongside the often-emphasized British perspective. Focus on Senior Commanders: A primary goal was to view the war from the lens of senior commanders, challenging the traditional portrayal of them as "donkeys or butchers and bunglers." Lloyd aims to help readers appreciate the immense pressures and difficulties these individuals faced, offering a "cooler perspective" on their successes and errors. Trilogy: This book is the first of three volumes; future volumes will cover the Eastern Front and global warfare in the Middle East and Africa. Lloyd emphasizes that while other fronts are mentioned, the Western Front remained the decisive theater where Germany, France, Britain, and America determined the war's outcome. British Involvement and Leadership Initial Reluctance: Britain initially entered the conflict with a limited commitment, deploying only four infantry divisions and one cavalry division as the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), a "small army" compared to the French (80 divisions) and Germans (over 100 divisions). This reflected a desire for "limited liability" to the Western Front, contrasting sharply with French demands for more manpower. Early Leaders: H.H. Asquith (Prime Minister) was reportedly distracted by personal affairs at the war's outset. Lord Kitchener (Minister of War) was a professional soldier and hero of the empire, wary of deep British involvement but committed to supporting the French. Field Marshal Sir John French (Commander-in-Chief, BEF) was a Boer War hero who found himself "out of his depth" by 1914, struggling with the war's scale and intensity. During the August 1914 retreat, French considered pulling the BEF out of the line due to immense losses and pressure, a move Kitchener personally intervened to prevent, ordering French to stay and fight. Frencheventually "breaks down" due to losses and pressure and is sent home at the end of 1915. Later Leadership and Strategy: David Lloyd George (Prime Minister from late 1916) is credited as "the prime minister that wins the war" in Britain. He showed great energy in revitalizing British industry and re-equipping the army, despite having poor relations with his top generals. Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig replaced French as Commander-in-Chief of the BEF. Haig and Lloyd George had fundamentally different strategic outlooks, leading to "constant arguments and backstabbing". At the Battle of the Somme (1916), Haig favored a breakthrough strategy, aiming for maneuver and cavalry deployment to defeat the German army. However, his army commander, Rawlinson, advocated a "bite and hold" strategy, focusing on concentrated artillery to smash enemy lines, take ground, then consolidate before repeating, acknowledging that a grand breakthrough was not yet feasible for the largely "green" British army. German Strategy and Commanders Initial Invasion: The German invasion of France and Belgium in 1914 was based on the ambitious Schlieffen Plan, which aimed for a massive attack through Belgium to outflank French defenses and destroy their army in a grand battle of envelopment. Helmuth von Moltke the Younger (Chief of the General Staff) was under immense pressure and altered the Schlieffen Plan, weakening its critical right wing, and ultimately suffered a nervous breakdown by mid-September 1914. Moltke's controversial decision to order General Kluck's First Army to turn southeast instead of enveloping Paris contributed to the failure of the Schlieffen Plan, despite Kluck initially ignoring the order. Kaiser Wilhelm: His character was inconsistent, often described as a "weather vane," and he gradually became a less central figure as Hindenburg and Ludendorff gained influence from 1916. Erich von Falkenhayn (replaces Moltke in 1914) was the architect of the Verdun Offensive (1916). His vision was unique, aiming not for territorial gains but for attrition: to "kill Frenchmen" and exhaust them. Political Interference: Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg often opposed Falkenhayn's desire for unrestricted submarine warfare due to diplomatic concerns (e.g., fear of American entry), illustrating the German military's tendency to prioritize tactical effectiveness over political and strategic issues, which was ultimately "fatal". French Efforts and Leadership Joseph Joffre (Commander of French Forces): Described as a "great hero" of the French army, Joffrepossessed remarkable calmness and an ability to absorb punishment and react quickly. His leadership was crucial in defeating the Schlieffen Plan and counterattacking at the Battle of the Marne in September 1914, preventing a German victory. Raymond Poincaré (President of the French Republic): A nationalist deeply involved in military analysis, Poincaré was central to the political efforts to reassert civilian primacy over the army and secure British manpower commitments. General Castelnau (Joffre's chief of staff): A deeply religious man who personally lost three sons in the war, Castelnau exemplifies the human cost and personal horror experienced by some senior commanders, helping to humanize these figures in Lloyd's narrative. Robert Nivelle: An artillery officer who rose rapidly due to his successes at Verdun, Nivelle replaced Joffrein December 1916. He attempted a decisive breakthrough in his Nivelle Offensive in April 1917 with a "formula" for success, but it failed catastrophically due to his being "out of his depth" at the command-in-chief level, leading to French army issues including mutiny. Philippe Pétain: Replaced Nivelle, Pétain became a "savior of France." He was renowned for his deep understanding of battlefield realities and a strong connection with his troops. At Verdun, he innovated by rotating divisions out of the line for rest and recuperation, contrasting with the German practice of fighting units "until basically there's not a lot left". Ferdinand Foch (Supreme Allied Commander from April 1918): Foch is widely regarded as one of the most important generals of the war. He was an energetic and charismatic leader who successfully coordinated the American, British, and French forces in 1918, leading them to victory in the multinational war. His reputation continues to strengthen over time. American Involvement Entry into War: The United States declared war on Germany and Austria in April 1917. General John J. Pershing arrived in Paris in June 1917 to lead the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), despite having only 113,000 men in the army at the time. Rejection of Amalgamation: Pershing steadfastly resisted French and British desires to "amalgamate" American manpower into their existing divisions, insisting that American soldiers fight as an independent army. He argued that the Allies had a poor record of "not killing your own troops". German Miscalculation: Germany severely underestimated how quickly the United States could build and deploy an army, believing it would take years. This misjudgment ultimately contributed to their defeat once the Americans demonstrated their seriousness in 1918. American involvement became "crucial" by 1917, changing the atmosphere. Evolution of Warfare on the Western Front From Movement to Stalemate: The initial German invasion failed to achieve a decisive victory, leading to the establishment of trench warfare after the Battle of the Marne. Realization of No Breakthrough: After the Second Battle of Champagne (1915), Allied and Germancommanders like Joffre and Falkenhayn began to recognize that a "grand shattering breakthrough" was not achievable in the foreseeable future. Constant Adaptation: This realization led to a continuous arms race. As Allied artillery and tactics improved, German defenses evolved from single lines to complex "zones of pill boxes," making progress difficult and bloody. The war became an intense exercise in violence where commanders constantly adapted to a "cauldron of war". Key Battles and Their Significance Battle of the Marne (September 1914): Joffre's successful counterattack forced the Germans to retreat, effectively ending the Schlieffen Plan and leading to the beginning of trench warfare. Second Battle of Champagne (September-October 1915): A major French offensive that, despite immense effort and casualties, failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough, solidifying the understanding that trench deadlock could not be easily broken. Verdun (1916): Falkenhayn's attrition battle, designed to "kill Frenchmen," concentrated immense firepower in a small area, creating a "moonscape effect." While not decisive in destroying the French, it was a moment where "things start to go wrong for Germany," from which she never truly recovers. Somme (1916): A British and French offensive intended to relieve pressure on Verdun, but also driven by Haig's ambition for a breakthrough. The debate between breakthrough and Rawlinson's "bite and hold" strategy highlighted the dilemmas of Western Front warfare. Nivelle Offensive (April 1917): A disastrous French attempt at a breakthrough, which highlighted Nivelle'soverreach and led to significant disillusionment and mutiny within the French army. End of the War and its Legacy German Defeat: Lloyd's book argues that the German army was "falling apart" and "defeated rapidly in 1918" despite the persistent "stab in the back" myth that claimed they were betrayed at home. Armistice Decision: The decision by the Allies not to invade Germany was primarily political, as the British and French were "totally exhausted," while the Americans were "much fresher" and more keen to continue. Lloyd considers the armistice "fair on all sides". Lloyd's work underscores that the Western Front was a complex, multinational struggle marked by evolving strategies, immense pressures on commanders, and profound human costs, which ultimately determined the course of the Great War and cast a long shadow over the 20th century.

durée : 00:18:36 - Les saveurs du Pays Basque Vous aimez ce podcast ? Pour écouter tous les autres épisodes sans limite, rendez-vous sur Radio France.

Dernier épisode estival avant la reprise en terre bordelaise et bienvenue à Saint Pee sur Nivelle a quelques minutes de Saint-Jean-de-Luz et de Bayonne à l'Auberge Basque chez le chef Cedric Bechade. Un lieu qui amène à découvrir une cuisine inventive, avec les produits de l'instant. Une cuisine d'étoile avec la table du soir ou à partager le midi avec le café basque ainsi qu'un sourcing sur des produits en extra local.Un lieu de déconnexion entre mer et montagne avec un grand parc avec une vue impressionnante sur la Rhune à quelques encablures entre mer et montagne de Saint Pee Sur Nivelle à la frontière jusqu'a Saint Jean de Luz. Un chef dont son parcours est passé par chez Ducasse et Piège entre autres pour ouvrir, il y a bientôt 20 ans cet établissement avec sa femme.Un lieu qui va dans les prochaines semaines nous réserver beaucoup de nouveautés et de surprises .Copyright : Bordeauxfood / 2025Directeur de publication  : Thomas GalharagueHébergé par Ausha. Visitez ausha.co/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

Nouveau départ, nouvelle région. Dans cet épisode, on suit notre road trip dans le Sud-Ouest. Direction le Pays basque, entre villes animées, villages typiques et activités pour tous les âges. Toujours basé sur mes articles sur Famille & Voyages et mis en voix par LM Notebook.

durée : 00:18:59 - noisette basque à Saint Pée sur Nivelle Vous aimez ce podcast ? Pour écouter tous les autres épisodes sans limite, rendez-vous sur Radio France.

durée : 00:07:06 - noisette basque à Saint Pée sur Nivelle Vous aimez ce podcast ? Pour écouter tous les autres épisodes sans limite, rendez-vous sur Radio France.

fWotD Episode 2996: Henry de Hinuber Welcome to featured Wiki of the Day, your daily dose of knowledge from Wikipedia's finest articles.The featured article for Friday, 18 July 2025, is Henry de Hinuber.Lieutenant-General Henry de Hinuber, (25 January 1767 – 2 December 1833), known in Hanover as Eduard Christoph Heinrich von Hinüber, was a Hanoverian army officer who commanded units of the King's German Legion (KGL) during the Napoleonic Wars. Initially serving in the Hanoverian Army, in 1782 he fought in the Second Anglo-Mysore War in India. He was present at the Siege of Cuddalore and continued on in India until 1792. The French Revolutionary Wars began a year later and Hinuber served in the Flanders Campaign.Hinuber was one of the first Hanoverians to offer his services to the British Army when Hanover was invaded in 1803. Given command of the 3rd Line Battalion of the KGL, he fought in the Hanover and Copenhagen Expeditions before commanding a brigade in a diversionary attack in the Bay of Naples in 1809. He was promoted to major-general in 1811 and given command of a brigade in Lord Wellington's Peninsular War army in 1813.Hinuber commanded his brigade at the Battle of Nivelle in 1813 and then at the Siege of Bayonne the following year, when he led the response to the French counter-attack. At the start of the Hundred Days, Hinuber was in command of the 4th Division but, replaced by a more senior officer, he refused another command and missed the Battle of Waterloo. He joined the army of the new Kingdom of Hanover in 1816, commanding several infantry brigades, and was promoted to lieutenant-general in both British and Hanoverian service. In 1831 Hinuber received his last command, the 2nd Division of a corps of the German Federal Army. He died in Frankfurt two years later.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 01:21 UTC on Friday, 18 July 2025.For the full current version of the article, see Henry de Hinuber on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm standard Brian.

durée : 00:25:22 - Zuzulua, la gourmandise de Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle - Au restaurant Zuzulua à Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, la convivialité et la gastronomie se rencontrent dans un cadre bucolique. Ce lieu, redonné à la vie par Stéphanie et Anderson, offre une expérience unique entre plats locaux et ambiance chaleureuse au bord de la Nivelle.

 This week we continue our study of the French Army in the First World War as we examined one of France's most controversial commanders, Robert Nivelle, and the April 1917 offensive that bears his name. What happened during the Noelle Offensive, and why did it lead to a mutiny in the French Army? Join Our Community: https://not-so-quiet.com/ Use our code: Dugout and get one month free as a Captain. Support via Paypal: https://battleguide.co.uk/nsq-paypal Do you like our podcast? Then please leave us a review, it helps us a lot! E-Mail: ⁠nsq@battleguide.co.uk⁠ Battle Guide YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@BattleGuideVT Our WW2 Podcast: https://battleguide.co.uk/bsow If you want to keep your finger on the pulse of what the team at Battle Guide have been getting up to, why not sign up to our monthly newsletter: ⁠https://battleguide.co.uk/newsletter Twitter: @historian1914 @DanHillHistory @BattleguideVT Credits: - Host: Dr. Spencer Jones & Dan Hill - Production: Linus Klaßen - Editing: Hunter Christensen & Linus Klaßen Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

durée : 00:25:52 - La fête de l'agneau de saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle

durée : 00:25:59 - La table d'Anto à Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle - À La Table d'Anto, le chef Antonin Leduc sublime les produits basques avec des touches d'épices venues d'ailleurs. Une cuisine fraîche, précise et pleine de personnalité, à découvrir dans le quartier d'Ibarron, à Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle.

durée : 00:25:44 - Un cidre fermier au Pays Basque - Chef étoilé, Cédric Béchade chef de l'Auberge Basque de Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle révolutionne la cuisine de l'agneau avec des recettes inédites. De l'agneau à l'étouffée à celui rôti au barbecue, il partage ses astuces pour rendre cette viande à la fois croustillante et fondante, parfaite pour Pâques.

Au printemps 1917, l'armée française traverse l'une des plus graves crises de son histoire : des dizaines de milliers de soldats se mutinent, refusant de monter au front. Contrairement à une idée reçue, ces hommes ne se rebellent pas pour fuir le combat, mais pour protester contre des conditions de guerre devenues insupportables.Tout commence avec l'offensive du Chemin des Dames, lancée en avril 1917 par le général Nivelle. Elle devait être décisive, briser les lignes allemandes et mettre fin à l'impasse de la guerre de tranchées. Mais c'est un échec sanglant : plus de 130 000 soldats français sont tués ou blessés en quelques jours, pour un gain territorial minime. Les tranchées sont remplies de boue, de cadavres, et les soldats, surnommés les "poilus", en sortent brisés physiquement et moralement.Mais la colère couvait déjà. Depuis 1914, les soldats vivent l'horreur au quotidien : bombardements incessants, attaques à la baïonnette, gaz toxiques, conditions sanitaires déplorables. À cela s'ajoute le fossé entre le front et l'arrière : pendant que les poilus risquent leur vie, l'arrière semble reprendre une vie normale, et certains enrichis par la guerre paraissent indifférents à leur sort. Le moral s'effondre.Les premières mutineries éclatent en mai 1917. Au total, elles toucheront près de 40 divisions sur les 110 que compte l'armée française. Des soldats refusent de retourner au front, chantent des chansons antimilitaristes, réclament des permissions, et parfois, hurlent : "À bas la guerre !". Mais ils ne désertent pas massivement : ils restent dans les casernes, dans les cantonnements, prêts à défendre leur patrie... mais plus à mourir pour des offensives absurdes.Face à cette crise, l'état-major réagit avec fermeté mais aussi intelligence. Le général Pétain, qui remplace Nivelle en mai 1917, comprend qu'il faut restaurer la confiance. Il renonce aux offensives inutiles, améliore l'approvisionnement, allonge les permissions, renforce les soins médicaux. Il prend aussi des mesures répressives : 554 condamnations à mort sont prononcées, mais seules 49 exécutions auront effectivement lieu.Ces mutineries resteront longtemps un sujet tabou, perçues comme une tache sur l'honneur militaire. Pourtant, elles expriment avant tout un ras-le-bol collectif face à l'inhumanité d'une guerre d'usure, et un désir de vivre, pas de trahir.En somme, les mutineries de 1917 ne furent pas une rébellion contre la France, mais un cri désespéré de soldats à bout, épuisés par des années d'une guerre devenue absurde. Hébergé par Acast. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.

 In het voorjaar van 1917 beloofde generaal Nivelle een einde aan de oorlog – binnen twee dagen. Met duizenden kanonnen en honderdduizenden soldaten lanceerde Frankrijk een massaal offensief bij Chemin des Dames. Maar het verloop van de aanval en de gevolgen voor het Franse leger bleken dramatischer dan wie dan ook had voorzien. In deze aflevering duiken we in de opbouw, de mislukking én de nasleep van een van de meest omstreden aanvallen van de oorlog. Support the showAanmelding Luisteraar Rondleiding Fooi geven!? Klik hier om naar onze FooienPod pagina te gaan. Alle steun is hartelijk welkom! Word Historicus lid van De Geschiedenisreis!Heb je genoten van deze aflevering? Als Historicus lid krijg je nog veel meer! Ontvang exclusieve toegang tot extra afleveringen, diepgaande analyses en verhalen die je nergens anders hoort. Maak geschiedenis samen met ons en word vandaag nog lid via onze Historicus pagina! Social Media Facebookgroep: Groep van geschiedenis enthousiastelingen! Instagram: Hier delen we info over onze podcast, achtergrondverhalen en aankomende onderwerpen. YouTube: Documentaires in samenwerking met VidiVision TikTok: Korte documentaires met beeldmateriaal! Adverteren in onze podcast? Mail naar leethijsgeschiedenisreis@gmail.com

durée : 00:25:27 - Crêpe & Noisette Basque - Cédric Béchade, chef étoilé de l'Auberge Basque, et Vincent Trebesses, fondateur de l'huilerie Errota à Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, partagent leur amour du terroir. Entre crêpes gourmandes et produits d'exception à base de noisettes, rencontre avec deux passionnés qui subliment les saveurs locales.

durée : 00:26:23 - Egiazki, les spiritueux du Pays Basque - Depuis 10 ans, Camille et Benjamin Four-Arteaga développent Egiaski à Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, transformant leur passion familiale pour le Patxaran en une gamme de liqueurs artisanales, désormais également disponibles en grande surface.

durée : 00:13:15 - Les affaires classées par Thierry Sagardoytho - Qui a tué Etienne Jolimon, cet habitant d'Ascain repêché noyé dans le lit de la Nivelle, à l'été 1879 ? Les gendarmes suspectent son vieil ennemi de toujours, le meunier d'Ascain, qui a juré sa mort. Mais des menaces font-elles un coupable ?

durée : 00:56:37 - Autant en emporte l'Histoire - par : Stéphanie DUNCAN - Du 2 au 7 juin 1916, la défense du Fort de Vaux est un épisode héroïque de l'enfer de Verdun. Pendant 6 jours, écrasés par un déluge d'obus, les 600 poilus et leur chef, le commandant Raynal, ont refusé de se rendre. Le général Nivelle avait ordonné à Raynal de tenir le fort coûte que coûte...

durée : 00:56:37 - Autant en emporte l'Histoire - par : Stéphanie DUNCAN - Du 2 au 7 juin 1916, la défense du Fort de Vaux est un épisode héroïque de l'enfer de Verdun. Pendant 6 jours, écrasés par un déluge d'obus, les 600 poilus et leur chef, le commandant Raynal, ont refusé de se rendre. Le général Nivelle avait ordonné à Raynal de tenir le fort coûte que coûte...

durée : 00:42:12 - Le mag du rugby au Pays basque : Aviron Bayonnais, Biarritz Olympique et clubs amateurs de fédérale - Comme chaque mercredi, place au rugby amateur et semi-pro. Avec à suivre ce soir de la Régionale 1, retour sur le derby du week-end dernier St Pée-Bidart qui a tenu toutes ses promesses avec les coachs des deux clubs, puis direction Biarritz avec les BOtés engagées en Fédérale 2 féminine !

En 2007 à Nivelle en Belgique, une mère égorge un à un ses 5 enfants, avant de tenter de se donner la mort, sans y parvenir.

En 2007 à Nivelle en Belgique, une mère égorge un à un ses 5 enfants, avant de tenter de se donner la mort, sans y parvenir.

En 2007 à Nivelle en Belgique, une mère égorge un à un ses 5 enfants, avant de tenter de se donner la mort, sans y parvenir.

En 2007 à Nivelle en Belgique, une mère égorge un à un ses 5 enfants, avant de tenter de se donner la mort, sans y parvenir.

En 2007 à Nivelle en Belgique, une mère égorge un à un ses 5 enfants, avant de tenter de se donner la mort, sans y parvenir.

En 2007 à Nivelle en Belgique, une mère égorge un à un ses 5 enfants, avant de tenter de se donner la mort, sans y parvenir.

Le slogan "No pasarán" est largement associé à la guerre civile espagnole (1936-1939), notamment comme cri de ralliement des défenseurs de Madrid contre les forces franquistes. Cependant, l'origine de cette phrase remonte à une période antérieure et à un contexte différent.Origine de "No pasarán"Le slogan "No pasarán" (qui signifie "Ils ne passeront pas" en français) trouve son origine dans la Première Guerre mondiale. Il a été popularisé par le général français Robert Nivelle pendant la bataille de Verdun en 1916. Nivelle, en commandant les troupes françaises, utilisait cette phrase pour galvaniser ses soldats et affirmer leur détermination à empêcher les forces allemandes de percer les lignes françaises.Propagation et UsageLe slogan a ensuite été adopté par divers mouvements et contextes de résistance. Après la Première Guerre mondiale, "No pasarán" est devenu un symbole de résistance face à l'ennemi envahisseur ou à l'oppression. Sa nature concise et déterminée en a fait un cri de ralliement efficace dans de nombreux contextes.Guerre Civile EspagnolePendant la guerre civile espagnole, "No pasarán" a été adopté par les républicains espagnols, en particulier par Dolores Ibárruri, également connue sous le nom de "La Pasionaria". Elle a utilisé ce slogan dans un discours célèbre en 1936 pour motiver les défenseurs de Madrid contre les troupes nationalistes de Francisco Franco. Ce discours et la situation dramatique de Madrid ont fait du slogan un symbole puissant de la résistance républicaine, consolidant ainsi son association avec ce conflit.Malentendus HistoriquesL'association étroite de "No pasarán" avec la guerre civile espagnole a conduit à la croyance erronée que le slogan a été créé à cette époque. En réalité, son utilisation pendant la guerre civile espagnole a simplement renforcé et amplifié une phrase déjà connue et utilisée dans des contextes antérieurs de résistance.Bien que "No pasarán" soit aujourd'hui indissociable de la guerre civile espagnole et de la résistance républicaine, il est important de reconnaître que le slogan a des racines plus anciennes, remontant à la Première Guerre mondiale. Son adoption par les républicains espagnols en a fait un symbole mondial de résistance, mais son origine véritable est liée à la détermination des troupes françaises à Verdun. Hébergé par Acast. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.

durée : 00:24:21 - Circuit Bleu Côté Saveurs - France Bleu Pays Basque

durée : 00:24:37 - Le Santiago à St-Péé-Sur-Nivelle, une cuisine moderne et traditionnelle

El derribo de una presa de varios siglos de antigüedad en el río Nivelle, en Francia, a escasos kilómetros de la frontera con España, ha permitido que el salmón atlántico llegue a zonas de Navarra en las que no consta su presencia, al menos desde que hay registros. En 2022, la Federación de Pesca de Pirineos Atlánticos y la Fundación Nacional de Pescadores compraron las instalaciones para eliminar la presa. Hablamos con Josu Elso, técnico de gestión ambiental del Gobierno de Navarra....

durée : 00:12:34 - Apparitions - L'affaire Soubirous - Dimanche 18 mai 2014, une jeune femme appelle au secours sur le bord de la route reliant Saint-Pée-Sur-Nivelle à Biarritz. Sa fillette est en état de détresse respiratoire et sa survie serait une question de minutes. Que s'est-il passé ?

En 2007 à Nivelle en Belgique, une mère égorge un à un ses 5 enfants, avant de tenter de se donner la mort, sans y parvenir.

In 1917 French general Robert Nivelle launched an offensive against the Germans on the River Aisne which he was convinced would break the Western Front once and for all.  After nine days of fighting 187,000 French soldiers had been killed, wounded, or missing, and the French Army was in a state of mutiny.In this episode we look at the Nivelle Offensive, why it happened, and what went so wrong for the French Army.  We look at the mutinies and discover a story where fact and fiction are sometimes hard to separate, and hear about a vitriolic soldier's song deemed so inflammatory it was banned in France for over 50 years after the Great War ended. Support the podcast:https://www.buymeacoffee.com/footstepsbloghttps://www.patreon.com/footstepsofthefallen

En 2007 à Nivelle en Belgique, une mère égorge un à un ses 5 enfants, avant de tenter de se donner la mort, sans y parvenir.

En 2007 à Nivelle en Belgique, une mère égorge un à un ses 5 enfants, avant de tenter de se donner la mort, sans y parvenir.

Le "Chemin des Dames" est surtout connu pour avoir été le théâtre d'une des plus sanglantes batailles de la Première Guerre mondiale. Il s'agit du nom donné à une route départementale de l'Aisne, entre Laon, Soissons et Reims.Il lui aurait été donné en raison d'une demande faite, à la fin du XVIIIe siècle, par la duchesse de Narbonne, qui fut, durant une courte période, la favorite de Louis XV.Elle demanda en effet qu'on améliore la route menant à son château de La Bove, où devaient se rendre les filles de Louis XV, qu'on appelait "Mesdames". D'où le nom de "Chemin des Dames" qu'aurait pris cette route.Mais il s'agit sans doute là d'une histoire en partie légendaire.Mais si le Chemin des Dames est passé à l'Histoire, c'est pour des raisons beaucoup plus tragiques. Il fut en effet le lieu de très violents affrontements entre les belligérants de la Grande Guerre.Cet endroit vit les troupes françaises et allemandes s'opposer frontalement, dès le début du conflit, en août 1914, avant que le front ne se fige pour des années.Mais le nom de "Chemin des dames" est surtout associé à la grande offensive menée par le général Nivelle en avril 1917. Nommé commandant en chef des armées en décembre 1916, cet officier était connu pour son esprit offensif.L'offensive débutée le 16 avril devait percer le front allemand et permettre une avancée rapide des forces françaises. Or, dans ce cas comme dans celui des offensives ultérieures, le front bougea à peine. D'un côté comme de l'autre, on prenait quelques kilomètres sur l'ennemi, bien vite reperdus.Et ce au prix d'immenses pertes. Selon certaines estimations, sans doute assez basses, près de 200.000 soldats français et environ 160.000 combattants allemands auraient été tués ou blessés dans cette bataille.Ces offensives meurtrières et inutiles sont en partie responsables des mutineries qui vont bientôt éclater dans l'armée française. C'est d'ailleurs le Chemin des Dames qui inspira l'écriture de la "Chanson de Craonne", une célèbre complainte antimilitariste. Hébergé par Acast. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.

Le "Chemin des Dames" est surtout connu pour avoir été le théâtre d'une des plus sanglantes batailles de la Première Guerre mondiale. Il s'agit du nom donné à une route départementale de l'Aisne, entre Laon, Soissons et Reims. Il lui aurait été donné en raison d'une demande faite, à la fin du XVIIIe siècle, par la duchesse de Narbonne, qui fut, durant une courte période, la favorite de Louis XV. Elle demanda en effet qu'on améliore la route menant à son château de La Bove, où devaient se rendre les filles de Louis XV, qu'on appelait "Mesdames". D'où le nom de "Chemin des Dames" qu'aurait pris cette route. Mais il s'agit sans doute là d'une histoire en partie légendaire. Mais si le Chemin des Dames est passé à l'Histoire, c'est pour des raisons beaucoup plus tragiques. Il fut en effet le lieu de très violents affrontements entre les belligérants de la Grande Guerre. Cet endroit vit les troupes françaises et allemandes s'opposer frontalement, dès le début du conflit, en août 1914, avant que le front ne se fige pour des années. Mais le nom de "Chemin des dames" est surtout associé à la grande offensive menée par le général Nivelle en avril 1917. Nommé commandant en chef des armées en décembre 1916, cet officier était connu pour son esprit offensif. L'offensive débutée le 16 avril devait percer le front allemand et permettre une avancée rapide des forces françaises. Or, dans ce cas comme dans celui des offensives ultérieures, le front bougea à peine. D'un côté comme de l'autre, on prenait quelques kilomètres sur l'ennemi, bien vite reperdus. Et ce au prix d'immenses pertes. Selon certaines estimations, sans doute assez basses, près de 200.000 soldats français et environ 160.000 combattants allemands auraient été tués ou blessés dans cette bataille. Ces offensives meurtrières et inutiles sont en partie responsables des mutineries qui vont bientôt éclater dans l'armée française. C'est d'ailleurs le Chemin des Dames qui inspira l'écriture de la "Chanson de Craonne", une célèbre complainte antimilitariste. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Entre le sud-ouest de la France et le nord de l'Espagne, s'est jouée au XVIIè siècle une chasse aux sorcières éclair, qui va marquer les esprits. Et aujourd'hui, le Pays Basque revendique la mémoire de ses « Sorginak », loin des clichés folkloriques. Tremblez, les sorcières sont de retour ! Pendant près de 300 ans, en Europe et ailleurs dans le monde, des hommes, la raison dans une main et la croix dans l'autre, ont mené dès le XVè siècle une inlassable chasse aux sorcières, imaginant des simulacres de procès, des tortures indicibles et des meurtres de masse s'abattant surtout sur les femmes. Au XVIIè siècle, au Pays Basque, alors que les hommes étaient partis pêcher au large des côtes canadiennes, on a raconté que des messes noires se tenaient en forêt, dans des grottes, au sommet de la Rhune, dans la montagne Jaizkibel ou sur les plages d'Hendaye. Et sous le règne d'Henri IV, d'importants procès en sorcellerie ont eu lieu dans la région, en particulier en 1609.Cette date reste gravée dans la mémoire des Basques, comme elle l'est dans les monuments qui rendent hommage aux victimes de ces procès. Et de part et d'autre de la frontière, en Espagne et en France, des guides culturels, des historiens locaux et des musées s'attachent à rappeler le contexte qui a présidé à ces expéditions meurtrières, visant des femmes trop affranchies mais aussi une région et une culture basque trop rebelle à l'ordre établi et au pouvoir royal.  Plus largement, ce pan de l'histoire, jadis méconnu voire méprisé, est désormais largement appréhendé et déconstruit dans une lecture de genre salutaire. Et en Europe, souffle enfin un vent de justice et de réhabilitation de ces femmes accusées à tort d'être maléfiques dans une fabrique du mal et de la domination à peine croyable. La figure de la sorcière, édentée et au nez crochu, est alors devenue en Occident une icône féministe. Parce qu'elle dit beaucoup du sort réservé aux femmes à travers les siècles et de notre rapport au monde invisible et païen. Et c'est ce que l'on découvre au Pays Basque, en suivant le sillage de la « Sorgin »…Un reportage d'Inès Edel Garcia, initialement diffusé le 12 juin 2022. À découvrir : - Le musée des sorcières à Zugarramurdi a ouvert en 2007 dans un ancien hôpital. Au premier étage, on découvre comment le mythe de la sorcière est né. On y présente les 33 personnes originaires de la vallée, accusées de sorcellerie et condamnées au procès de Logroño organisé par l'Inquisition espagnole en 1610. Le deuxième étage est consacré à la mythologie basque, aux rites et à la figure de l'herboriste.- À Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, sur la place rebaptisée «Place 1609» par l'association Lapurdi 1609, la sculpture Oroit Mina (En souvenir de la douleur) de Nestor Basterretxa a été érigée en 2009 à l'occasion des commémorations des 400 ans des procès du Labourd. Derrière, on devine le château de Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle aujourd'hui en ruines. C'est là que s'était établi le tribunal laïc du juge Pierre de Lancre.- Depuis 2020, le guide Julien Gaüzère propose la Marche des sorcières, une randonnée transfrontalière de 8 km (3h30) au départ des grottes de Sare. La balade s'achève dans le village de Zugarramurdi avec la visite de la grotte. Aujourd'hui, c'est un site touristique payant, mais jusqu'au début des années 2000, la grotte accueillait chaque été une importante Fête des sorcières qui réunissait 15 000 personnes environ.- La Sorgin Gaua (Nuit de la sorcière) est organisée chaque année à Ciboure par l'association Donibane Ziburuko Ihauteriak. Au programme : défilé en habits traditionnels au rythme des cloches et danse autour du feu en mémoire des akelarre.- Le projet «Sourcière» du duo d'artistes -Y-est né en 2019. Pendant deux ans de résidence artistique au sein de la structure COOP, les artistes plasticiennes Julie Laymond et Ilazki de Portuondo ont mené une enquête sur l'empreinte de la magie sur le territoire basque en partant sur les traces d'Inessa de Gaxen, une femme condamnée à l'exil après le procès de Logroño. Ce travail a donné lieu à une première exposition à Orthez en septembre 2021. À lire :Sur les chasses aux sorcières et la figure de la sorcière dans le monde :- Silvia Federici, Caliban et la sorcière, Éditions Entremonde et Senonevero, 2014 - Mona Chollet, Sorcières, la puissance invaincue des femmes, Éditions La Découverte, Zones, 2018 - Céline Du Chéné, Les Sorcières - Une histoire de femmes, Éditions Michel Lafon, 2019 - Catherine Clément, Le musée des sorcières, Éditions Albin Michel, 2020. Sur les chasses aux sorcières et la mythologie au Pays Basque :- Jacques Ospital, La chasse aux sorcières au Pays Basque en 1609, Éditions Piperrak-Pimientos, 2009 - Claude Labat, Sorcellerie ? : ce que cache la fumée des bûchers de 1609, Elkar Éditions, 2009- José Miguel Barandiaran Ayerbe, Brujería y brujas. Testimonios recogidos en el País Vasco, Txertoa, 2008- Toti Martínez de Lezea, Leyendas de Euskal Herria, Erein, 2004.  

Enfant de St Pée sur Nivelle, Ximun grandit entouré de sa grande famille. Naturellement attiré par la pelote et le rugby, il concilie jusqu'à l'adolescence ces 2 passions dans son fief d'origine ! Ses rêves de rugby l'emportent, et c'est en Crabos qu'il part au Biarritz Olympique, où il fera ses gammes jusqu'en Espoir. Barré par l'incroyable effectif biarrot de l'époque, il part tenter sa chance en Pro du coté de Mont de Marsan. Pari gagnant ! Il s'y affirme réellement, devient un cadre du vestiaire et y passe 5 saisons entre Pro D2 et Top 14. Mais en 2016, l'appel du bercail est trop fort...Il retourne du côté d'Aguilera, doté d'une solide expérience et animé par l'envie de réussir en compagnie de son petit frère. Jonchée de joies et de grosses galères, son aventure avec les Rouge et Blanc aura été très intense. Usé, il décide de prendre sa retraite 2022 après 11 saisons professionnelles ! Depuis, en pleine transition, Ximun prend le temps pour se poser, et se retourne un peu pour préparer au mieux sa nouvelle vie. Toujours très proche de sa famille, vous comprendrez bien rapidement à quel point cette dernière est indispensable à son équilibre. Ximun est vraiment un super gars, très touchant. Alors qu'il est d'un naturel timide et réservé, mais avec un caractère bien trempé, je suis très flatté qu'il m'ait accordé sa confiance lors de ce magnifique échange.  Bonne écoute ! ----------------------------- ⚠️ Si ce podcast vous plait, n'hésitez pas à le noter 5/5 sur Apple Podcast, à laisser un commentaire sympa et à le partager autour de vous.

durée : 00:28:22 - Une histoire particulière, un récit documentaire en deux parties - 04 mai 1917 au Chemin des Dames. Près de 250 "Feldgraus" sont enterrés vivants dans le tunnel de Winterberg obstrué par une longue préparation d'artillerie française lors de l'offensive Nivelle. Un véritable tombeau tombé dans l'oubli.

Cette semaine dans Poulain Raffûte, Raphaël Poulain et Arnaud Beurdeley vont parler de rugby amateur, celui qui représente les racines de ce sport que l'on aime tant. Après un petit billet d'humeur autour du RCT (Rugby Club Tarasconnais), ils reçoivent Maxime Lucu, demi de mêlée de l'Union Bordeaux-Bègles.Ce joueur né dans le Pays basque a commencé à jouer à Saint Pée sur Nivelle, club où il a côtoyé un certain Charles Ollivon; international et capitaine du XV de France. Force tranquille de l'UBB, il est devenu une pièce maîtresse du jeu bordelais, tout comme de l'équipe de France, et a su imposer sa pâte, discrètement et sûrement. Mais il n'en oublie pas ses racines pour autant. Qui est ce joueur aussi talentueux qu'énigmatique ? Venez le découvrir dans Poulain Raffûte !Bienvenue et bonne écoute !Emission concoctée par Raphaël Poulain, raffûteur en chef, et Arnaud Beurdeley, journaliste reporter au Midi-Olympique, et réalisée par Sébastien Petit, journaliste pour Eurosport. Hébergé par Acast. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.

Entre le sud-ouest de la France et le nord de l'Espagne, s'est jouée au XVIIè siècle une chasse aux sorcières éclair, qui va marquer les esprits. Et aujourd'hui, le Pays Basque revendique la mémoire de ses « Sorginak », loin des clichés folkloriques. Tremblez, les sorcières sont de retour ! Pendant près de 300 ans, en Europe et ailleurs dans le monde, des hommes, la raison dans une main et la croix dans l'autre, ont mené dès le XVè siècle une inlassable chasse aux sorcières, imaginant des simulacres de procès, des tortures indicibles et des meurtres de masse s'abattant surtout sur les femmes. Au XVIIè siècle, au Pays Basque, alors que les hommes étaient partis pêcher au large des côtes canadiennes, on a raconté que des messes noires se tenaient en forêt, dans des grottes, au sommet de la Rhune, dans la montagne Jaizkibel ou sur les plages d'Hendaye. Et sous le règne d'Henri IV, d'importants procès en sorcellerie ont eu lieu dans la région, en particulier en 1609. Cette date reste gravée dans la mémoire des Basques, comme elle l'est dans les monuments qui rendent hommage aux victimes de ces procès. Et de part et d'autre de la frontière, en Espagne et en France, des guides culturels, des historiens locaux et des musées s'attachent à rappeler le contexte qui a présidé à ces expéditions meurtrières, visant des femmes trop affranchies mais aussi une région et une culture basque trop rebelle à l'ordre établi et au pouvoir royal.   Plus largement, ce pan de l'histoire, jadis méconnu voire méprisé, est désormais largement appréhendé et déconstruit dans une lecture de genre salutaire. Et en Europe, souffle enfin un vent de justice et de réhabilitation de ces femmes accusées à tort d'être maléfiques dans une fabrique du mal et de la domination à peine croyable. La figure de la sorcière, édentée et au nez crochu, est alors devenue en Occident une icône féministe. Parce qu'elle dit beaucoup du sort réservé aux femmes à travers les siècles et de notre rapport au monde invisible et païen. Et c'est ce que l'on découvre au Pays Basque, en suivant le sillage de la « Sorgin »… Un reportage d'Inès Edel-Garcia.   À découvrir :  - Le musée des sorcières à Zugarramurdi a ouvert en 2007 dans un ancien hôpital. Au premier étage, on découvre comment le mythe de la sorcière est né. On y présente les 33 personnes originaires de la vallée, accusées de sorcellerie et condamnées au procès de Logroño organisé par l'Inquisition espagnole en 1610. Le deuxième étage est consacré à la mythologie basque, aux rites et à la figure de l'herboriste. - À Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, sur la place rebaptisée «Place 1609» par l'association Lapurdi 1609, la sculpture Oroit Mina (En souvenir de la douleur) de Nestor Basterretxa a été érigée en 2009 à l'occasion des commémorations des 400 ans des procès du Labourd. Derrière, on devine le château de Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle aujourd'hui en ruines. C'est là que s'était établi le tribunal laïc du juge Pierre de Lancre. - Depuis 2020, le guide Julien Gaüzère propose la Marche des sorcières, une randonnée transfrontalière de 8 km (3h30) au départ des grottes de Sare. La balade s'achève dans le village de Zugarramurdi avec la visite de la grotte. Aujourd'hui, c'est un site touristique payant, mais jusqu'au début des années 2000, la grotte accueillait chaque été une importante Fête des sorcières qui réunissait 15 000 personnes environ. - La Sorgin Gaua (Nuit de la sorcière) est organisée chaque année à Ciboure par l'association Donibane Ziburuko Ihauteriak. Au programme : défilé en habits traditionnels au rythme des cloches et danse autour du feu en mémoire des akelarre. - Le projet «Sourcière» du duo d'artistes -Y-est né en 2019. Pendant deux ans de résidence artistique au sein de la structure COOP, les artistes plasticiennes Julie Laymond et Ilazki de Portuondo ont mené une enquête sur l'empreinte de la magie sur le territoire basque en partant sur les traces d'Inessa de Gaxen, une femme condamnée à l'exil après le procès de Logroño. Ce travail a donné lieu à une première exposition à Orthez en septembre 2021.   À lire : Sur les chasses aux sorcières et la figure de la sorcière dans le monde : - Silvia Federici, Caliban et la sorcière, Éditions Entremonde et Senonevero, 2014  - Mona Chollet, Sorcières, la puissance invaincue des femmes, Éditions La Découverte, Zones, 2018  - Céline Du Chéné, Les Sorcières - Une histoire de femmes, Éditions Michel Lafon, 2019  - Catherine Clément, Le musée des sorcières, Éditions Albin Michel, 2020.   Sur les chasses aux sorcières et la mythologie au Pays Basque : - Jacques Ospital, La chasse aux sorcières au Pays Basque en 1609, Éditions Piperrak-Pimientos, 2009  - Claude Labat, Sorcellerie ? : ce que cache la fumée des bûchers de 1609, Elkar Éditions, 2009 - José Miguel Barandiaran Ayerbe, Brujería y brujas. Testimonios recogidos en el País Vasco, Txertoa, 2008 - Toti Martínez de Lezea, Leyendas de Euskal Herria, Erein, 2004.   

Robert Nivelle's magic solution to the deadlock leaves the French army on the brink of mutiny.