Alpha Exchange

As Global Head of Equity Derivatives Research at Bank of America Merrill Lynch, Ben Bowler is helping the firm's institutional client base understand the complex risk dynamics that impose themselves on today's markets. His process often leads him across asset classes, looking for linkages and developing stress indices that may provide early warning signs for US equity markets.Our discussion first considers the recent SPX vol event, which, from a short-term severity standpoint, Ben puts in a category with the GFC and Covid. He further makes the point that since the Tariff uncertainty was self-imposed, it was as if we were in the midst of the Covid crisis but already had the vaccine in hand.We then explore the work that Ben and his team have done on the concept of fragility. Here, he argues that the speed and magnitude of vol spikes, flash crashes and tantrum in markets has increased. In fact, in US single stocks, he suggests that fragility is at an all-time high with the reaction to earnings faster and more violent. Two factors may be playing a role. First, there is substantial crowding in certain risk exposures, like large cap tech. And second, liquidity provision, increasingly electronic in nature and sometimes rapidly withdrawn during times of stress.Lastly, we discuss the history of innovation and how investors have generally pulled forward the benefits of path-breaking new technologies, leading to asset price bubbles. Here, Ben is thinking about right tail risk and how important optionality may be in hedging the risk that the AI bubble could inflate substantially.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Ben Bowler.

Corey Hoffstein, the Co-Founder and CIO of Newfound Research is among the investors expanding the financial product set available to the RIA community. A client segment that has long been fed a diet of 60/40 exposures, the high-net-worth community is finding the need to diversify beyond stock and bond exposure. Using their innovative approach to return stacking, Corey and team are making alternative sources of risk premium accessible and packaged in an ETF format.Through our conversation, we first learn that from a behavioral standpoint, introducing entirely new securities with new exposures has been a challenging ask. With return stacking, the diversifying strategy is put on top of an existing stock or bond exposure, packaged in one security. We discuss Corey's recent white paper, comparing the risk characteristics of corporate bonds to that of merger arbitrage and how each exposure interacts with stock and bond markets. He finds the correlation of risk arbitrage returns to those of the equity market are lower than corporate bond spreads to equities.We also review a realm of trading strategies that Corey has focused on substantially over the years, trend following. He walks through the manner in which trend can be defensive and how it behaved specifically over this recent significant market drawdown. We finish by getting some of Corey's thoughts on the broad topic of risk premiums and which like merger arb and vol selling ought to be persistent sources of compensation.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Corey Hoffstein.

In six short trading days from 4/2 to 4/9, the SPX realized as much vol as it did during the ENTIRE year of 2024. The protracted risk-off that began with the “Liberation Day” fallout ranks only behind Covid and the GFC in terms of severity using data going back to 1990. While we've likely moved past peak VIX, in the aftermath of recent chaos is an overhang of uncertainty that may hamper critical decision-making. I see plenty of lingering uncertainties - from the uneven communication from the WH, from the unpriced reactions of our trading partners and from how the market will need to price in the potential economic and corporate profit fallout from the last several weeks. Unfortunately, the recent period has been a totally unforced exercise in negative branding for both the dollar and US government bond market. For the VIX to run to 50 and for duration not to rally concurrently is a bad outcome, amounting to an asset pricing taste test that went poorly. Scott Bessent and Company need to more effectively safeguard one of our most prized possessions, the US government bond market. The Ten-Year note, not the SPX, is the risk asset. The real financial tail risk that would bring about a spiral higher in the VIX would seem to lie in the potential that long-dated UST yields rise quickly. From a contagion standpoint, the Ten Year is the vulnerability. It's not being treated as such. I hope you find this useful. Have a great week. 

For Matt King, evaluating market risk is often about pinpointing vulnerabilities within the financial system. Over the many years he's been advising institutional investors, he's gone where the action is - in the dotcom era it was corporate balance sheets, in the pre-GFC period it was asset-backed CP and in the last decade it's been sovereigns and QE. Now the founder of Satori Insights, Matt shared his current assessment of risk on this episode of the Alpha Exchange.  His materially bearish take is a function of what he views as US trade policy underpinned by both a misunderstanding of balance of payments math and a failure to appreciate the risks of chaotic implementation. On the latter, Matt worries that the US is earning itself a risk premium in the back end of its bond market, a troubling development especially set against the ever-growing pile of debt outstanding. Matt shows the spike in US real rates at a time when the VIX was also surging and the dollar falling as similar to the UK's "Liz Truss moment" in 2022, an event that forced the Bank of England to act quickly. Matt argues that while Democracy ought to be mean-reverting - where bad policy leads to bad outcomes and declining popularity, ultimately motivating a change of course, today's setup in the US is one in which bad policies impact growth and further poison our politics, reinforcing bad policy. Stepping back, he sees value in gold, noting that both gold and FX vol are still too low. I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Matt King.

Market risk events come in all shapes and sizes, originating from unique sources of uncertainty. We've seen them all - valuation bubble unwinds, mortgage credit crashes, Fed policy shocks, even the shutdown of the US economy from Covid. Over the last month, investors have been forced to confront a new risk, that of the imposition of substantial tariffs by the US on its trading partners. With this in mind, it was great to welcome Steven Englander, Global Head of G10 FX Research of Standard and Chartered Bank, back to the Alpha Exchange. Our discussion begins with Steven's assessment of the setup coming in to 2025 and that was one in which the market was long dollars in anticipation of the Trump agenda.We next talk about balance of payments identity math and how it is difficult to solve simultaneously for a lower trade deficit, higher direct investment from abroad and lower US interest rates. He suggests, however, that the speed with which asset prices moved in March and April, have complicated the decision-making process for investors thinking about making investments into the US. We next explore the factors driving the dollar lower. Here, in addition to noting that implied Fed cuts have increased by 50bps over the last month, Steven also suggests that a risk premium may be assigned by foreign investors to US assets. He points as well to pessimism about the US economy, noting that this is not yet showing up in the hard data.There's much more to learn about Steven's framework in our discussion, which I do hope you enjoy. 

Lenin purportedly said, “There are decades where nothing happens; and there are weeks where decades happen.” It's difficult to understate how highly consequential these past few days have been. We live in an interconnected world of international rivalries, debt, trade, asset prices and economies. All kinds of tail probabilities become more live when a shock of this magnitude occurs. From a market standpoint, however, the higher vol goes, the greater likelihood that government officials blink in some way. The scars from the market chaos of the GFC and Covid remain and the lesson is not to create hard to fix but also urgent problems in the financial system. With this in mind, there could be an opportunity to fade the exceptionally high VIX level. I hope you find this discussion useful.

Best known for his seminal work on the information content of the US Treasury yield curve nearly 4 decades ago, Campbell Harvey has produced meaningful academic research in all corners of empirical finance. In this episode of the Alpha Exchange, I caught up with Campbell, now a Professor of Finance at Duke and Partner at Research Affiliates, on his recent work on gold, an asset near and dear to me. We discuss his piece “Is There Still a Golden Dilemma?", with Claude Erb that updates work they did back in 2013 on the yellow metal.Our conversation explores the financial properties of gold, with emphasis on its capacity to hold its purchasing power and to help defend against equity market drawdowns. On the first, Campbell makes the point that over the past two decades, gold has easily outperformed inflation. He adds, however, that gold is considerably more volatile than inflation is. Thus, there are periods when gold can also underperform inflation. On the equity drawdown front, Campbell's work shows that, while not an explicit hedge like an S&P 500 put option is, gold has proven durable during risk-off periods.We move to the drivers of the gold price and here Campbell discusses the role of both ETFs and Central Banks. Lastly, and importantly, Campbell's work shows that entry price matters. When the price of gold deviates from fair value, the forward return profile tends to be worse. Today's substantial rally may easily continue, but investors must be mindful of the risks of buying at extended levels.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Campbell Harvey.

In this discussion, I review the absolutely stunning level of volatility experienced by the S&P 500 right around this time 5 years ago, as the market crash resulting from the Covid shutdowns occurred. No asset – except volatility – can survive the liquidation that took place in March of 2020. I also focus on gold, which, to be clear and to repeat, is not a hedge. A hedge is an insurance contract that you must part money with in order to obtain. There are no positive carry hedges in the world. But there are assets that act considerably defensively for periods of time, are trending higher, have natural buyers (in the case of gold, we can sight Central Banks) and also possess the rare feature of "stock up / vol up"... Gold has all 4 of these right now. I hope you find this podcast interesting and helpful. Thanks for listening and keep the feedback coming.

Now a Portfolio Manager at Acadian Asset Management, Owen Lamont has had a long career in both the markets and in academic research on them. Earning a PhD in Economics from MIT in the 1990's and then teaching at the University of Chicago shortly thereafter, Owen makes the point that these two storied institutions approach empirical finance from vastly different perspectives, with the MIT approach to explaining market anomalies utilizing behavioral finance and Chicago embracing market efficiency. Our conversation is about some of Owen's current work, starting with the observation that equity correlation has been exceptionally low, owing to the manner in which large cap growth stocks are disconnected from the rest of the market. As part of this, we explore the original tech bubble of the late 1990's, contrasting it to present market leadership. Here, Owen makes the point that the original internet stock craze had dramatically more equity issuance than we see today. Owen puts equity issuance and short interest in a category of factors that have particular significance from an information content perspective, calling both firms and short-sellers smart money. We talk further about the AI trend in markets and Owen's concern that the massive corporate spend may be overdone. He points to research in the academic literature that shows that high capex firms have some history of underperformance and offers competing theories on why. He gravitates to explaining excess investment in AI from the lens of over-optimism among both investors and companies. Among the other topics we cover is Owen's take on the “min vol” factor – that is, the empirical finding that low volatility stocks outperform the market on a risk-adjusted basis. In a manner similar to the tech stock craze of the late 1990's, the underperformance of the low factor over the past 5 years owes to the incredibly strong performance of the riskiest stocks during this time frame. On a going forward basis, Owen is optimistic that low vol stocks can deliver better risk adjusted returns. I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Owen Lamont.

“This is not your father's ETF market” would be one statement used to highlight the ever-expanding product mix available to investors via exchange traded funds. Today's suite of ETFs embeds derivatives, targets non-traditional assets like private credit and crypto and can offer daily resetting leverage as well. Add to this, efforts to deliver exposures to quantitative investment strategies via the ETF wrapper. With this in mind, it was a pleasure to welcome Roxton McNeal, lead portfolio manager of the QIS product at Simplify Asset Management to the Alpha Exchange. Our conversation begins with a review of Roxton's background at the UPS Pension and as an active client of the Street's in utilizing QIS in the plan's efforts to deliver returns above a fixed income bogey for retirees. We explore a broad taxonomy of types of quantitative investment strategies, rules-based trades that Roxton puts into two categories, defensive and carry. We spend a fair amount of time exploring the concept of carry, which he suggests results from market frictions, risk aversion and liquidity premia.  He further breaks down the carry bucket into trend, absolute return and volatility carry. Here, and with the pitfalls of back-testing front and center, I ask him to share his thoughts on how he evaluates carry strategies. Stress testing and scenario analysis are critical, especially as they relate to properly sizing exposures. We finish the discussion on what might be coming next to the fast-moving ETF landscape. Here, Roxton volunteers the potential for the tokenization of assets in markets like commodities or real estate, bundled into an ETF via smart contracts. I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Roxton McNeal.

My process is about seeking out some alpha through analyzing a broad spectrum of prices, specifically the one's that imply some probability. I will repeat that it is the options market, not the stock market that is the best economist in the world. Option contracts carry the dimensions of time – the expiration – and distance – the strike price and the resulting prices help us gauge two important questions for investors, “when and by how much?”.So, in no particular order, a few things on my mind that I invite you to consider alongside me. First, I explore the overlap between geopolitics and market volatility – “GeoVolitics”. If there was an index of geopolitical risk, it's on the upswing to be sure. At some point, this uncertainty may become so profoundly difficult to price that market participants throw their hands up and assign substantial levels of risk premia, a higher price for insuring against loss across the major asset classes. I then consider the price of gold and finish with some thoughts on the tight levels of credit spreads and low level of credit implied volatility.  I hope you enjoy and find this useful. Be well.

Recently, DeepSeek, tariffs and earnings news have caused large moves in some stocks but not others, leaving fluctuations at the equity index level relatively tame. Will this volatility moderating run of low correlation continue?  In this short podcast, I explore the recent history of extraordinary diversification in the US equity market along with the implications that may result. Is the market vulnerable to recency bias and assuming that ultra-low correlation is here to stay?  Further, how should we think about the presence of derivatives trades designed to profit from the anti-connectedness in stocks?  Is there risk of a plumbing problem in correlation? Lastly, I argue that playing defense through a rigorous search for diversifying assets as well as owning some market-based insurance is important. Bitcoin, gold and broad market put spreads are worth owning. I hope you enjoy the discussion and your feedback is welcome. Be well.

It is said that death and taxes are the only two certainties in life. Add to these, the enormous growth of the ETF industry as a third irrefutable occurrence. Covering the landscape of exchange traded funds for Bloomberg is Eric Balchunas, a man steeped in the most plain vanilla of products like the SPY to the newest flavors of underlying exposures and payout constructions which he calls “hot sauce”. Our conversation starts with an overview of the massive ETF haul in 2024 and we learn that inflows were 1.1 trillion and each region set a record geographically. Eric stresses how effective the product has been in providing liquidity for end users and in the continuous decline in fees that the industry has successfully achieved. With this last point in mind we touch on Eric's book, “The Bogle Effect”, which details his interactions with the pioneering founder of Vanguard, John Bogle. Eric estimates that on the very low side, Bogle's impact has saved investors 1 trillion dollars through lower fees and increased competition in the industry. We next talk about innovations in the ETF market including unique structures that embed both leverage and derivatives, touching on tail wagging the dog scenarios in which a leveraged ETF amplifies volatility in the underlying. Lastly, we talk about ETFs that provide access to crypto exposure. With the resounding success of IBIT, the spot Bitcoin ETF, Eric sees XRP, Solana and Litecoin among those that will hit the market at some point as well.   I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Eric Balchunas.

Since 2018, Dean Curnutt has been hosting discussions with market professionals, focused on topics such as portfolio construction, hedging, monetary policy and the impact of financial products on markets.  Central to these conversations has been the exploration of an expert's risk framework and how he or she goes about looking for opportunities. A little more than 6 years after its launch, the Alpha Exchange is celebrating its 200th episode. Along the way, Dean has been privileged to engage with hedge fund founders, investment strategists, fintech entrepreneurs, policymakers and even authors. A wonderful community of sophisticated listeners has emerged in the process.In this special conversation, Arthur Kaz asks Dean to reflect on the podcast and how it is a part of his own pursuit of a better understanding of asset price dynamics. Viewing the study of markets as quite humbling, Dean aims to have the Alpha Exchange contribute to the financial community's collective understanding of risk. Asked about what's on his mind with respect to today's risk landscape, Dean argues that both gold and bitcoin have unique, option-like characteristics that might prove valuable should confidence in the US fiscal outlook further erode.What's next for the podcast?  Dean shares some exciting ideas for expansion, including both short and long form video as well as working with university finance departments to deliver case studies that students can use to bolster their knowledge of real-world market events. Lastly, Arthur asks about MacroMinds, the charity that Dean founded in 2020 to bring the investment industry together to support student education. At the 5-year anniversary of MacroMinds, he says that it's time to say “thanks” – to the donors, to the speakers and to those that have come together to help the initiative raise more than $1.3 million for students.We hope you enjoy this special 200th anniversary episode of the Alpha Exchange, a conversation with Dean Curnutt.  Thank you for listening.

Good listeners welcome to 2025 and at the risk of offending Larry David and violating his strict 3 day statute of limitations, I gotta wish you a Happy New Year.The subject at hand is diversification. What composition of assets yields a favorable return with bearable drawdowns? After two straight years of 25+ percent returns on the SPX with just 13 vol, portfolio construction might be considered an open and shut case. But in this short podcast, I propose 3 assets to overlay on top of your base risk exposure: put spreads, gold and bitcoin. Together, this combination can play a role in managing drawdowns and also provide convex returns against a rising tide of doubt that the US fiscal problem can be addressed.I hope you enjoy the discussion and find it useful. I wish you the best this year.

The subject at hand in this discussion is the unbelievable launch of options on IBIT, the bitcoin ETF. What I'd like to put forth is that the financial characteristics of the underlying asset – bitcoin - pave the way for IBIT options, already off to an amazing start, to become a critical industry risk management tool.The unique risk characteristics of bitcoin and how they shape the option vol surface in IBIT will underpin the success of its options. Specifically, bitcoin has 3 financial characteristics that pave the way for tremendous option adoption. First, it is a high vol asset. Second, bitcoin exhibits a great deal of vol of vol. Bitcoin goes through sleepy periods and also those when the daily fluctuations are huge. And the third of the financial characteristics, perhaps the most important of them, is bitcoin's nearly unmatched propensity for positive spot/vol correlation.I am really bullish on this new and exciting options complex. I hope you enjoy this perspective and find it interesting. Be well.

The “flow desk” as it's often called on the sell-side is about repeatability and scale in the service of institutional clients. It's a competitive business with not a lot of margin for error, especially in a product like equity options where being on the wrong side of a misbehaving Greek could spell trouble. With this in mind, it was great to welcome Ali Samadi, Head of Flow Equity Derivative Sales at Nomura Securities International to the podcast.Our conversation explores aspects of the salesperson / client interaction that make a relationship stick. Namely, Ali suggests that first and foremost, one must understand the client's objective and tailor the coverage experience accordingly. As a derivatives expert, he sees opportunities to utilize the volatility surface not just in the construction of trades, but also as a source of information, as it may provide clues as to where investor interest is concentrated. We also talk about addressing the inherent negative selection risk for a sell-side desk. This includes the inevitable need to manage client expectations on what size can be transacted at a given price, especially when markets turn especially illiquid as they did on August 5th.Lastly, we spend some time talking about training younger professionals, a pursuit Ali is passionate about. He believes the best way to help junior colleagues advance is to have them review trades in order to develop a sense as to what the right price is. Along with this, he encourages those in the early parts of their careers to diversify their skill sets, learning at least something about other products and assets classes. I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Ali Samadi.

A major theme of Alpha Exchange podcasts over the years has been the impact that financial products that live and breathe within the markets have on asset clearing prices. Events like the crash of 1987, the GFC, the 2018 XIV event or the unwind of short variance exposure in March 2020 come to mind as examples. More recently, the substantial growth of leveraged ETF products has gotten a lot of attention, as a potentially amplifying factor with respect to underlying asset volatility.With this in mind, it was a pleasure to welcome Mike Green, a partner and Chief Strategist at Simplify Asset Management back to the Alpha Exchange. Our conversation drills down on leveraged products written on MSTR, the bitcoin buying company. Mike first describes how a leveraged product's rebalancing requirement resembles a short straddle, buying when the underlying rises and selling when it falls. He next makes the case that the two times leveraged long products, MSTU and MSTX, are unique in that they are large in size and written on an underlying that is extremely asset.This creates the potential for vol amplifying feedback loops that result from the extremely large daily re-hedging. Mike believes the leveraged complex has contributed to the large premium of MSTR to the value of its bitcoin holdings. We talk as well about the costs being borne by the ETFs who have been forced to utilize the options market as the swap providers have reportedly limited the amount of leverage they are willing to provide.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Mike Green.

What follows are some of my recent thoughts on a favorite topic: the interaction between option prices and the assets upon which these options are written. Specifically, I share thoughts on price / vol spirals, which come in two flavors:  a) the asset plummets and vol explodes  b) the asset surges and vol explodes. In the first, which we might call "Melt Down", the asset nears a bankruptcy cliff as vol surges. See GFC.In "Melt Up", there's typically some version of a short squeeze involved. Everyone's trying to get their hands on the same thing all at once. And that brings us to MSTR, the bitcoin buying engine run by Michael Saylor. There are some important considerations for evaluating risk in MSTR, driven by the fascinating interaction between the stock and both the leverage ETFs and options that sit alongside it. Especially given the unique empirical and implied distribution of bitcoin, these products create powerful powerful feedback loops that ought to be understood.I hope you find this discussion interesting and useful.

It was a pleasure to welcome Victor Haghani, the Founder and CIO of Elm Wealth Management back to the Alpha Exchange for an engaging discussion on those turbo-charged financial products called leveraged ETFs. Our conversation is focused on the large product suite built around MicroStrategy, a software company whose mission appears to be solely focused on the accumulation of bitcoin. Itself a stock realizing 75 to 150 vol, MSTRs two times daily return products – MSTU and MSTX – have experienced one month delivered volatility levels approaching 400.Victor shares the recent work he and team have done to model scenarios for these products based on price and vol assumptions for MSTR. The punchline is that investors need to carefully consider the risk exposure they are getting and be prepared for potentially large losses should the underlying stock fall and volatility rise. In the course of our discussion, we contemplate the directionality of the MSTR premium to its holdings of bitcoin and whether that is itself linked to the price of bitcoin.Lastly, we touch on a new product proposed by ETF provider Battleshares that targets a daily long/short exposure to two assets, for which the Elm team has built a model and posted on their website. I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Victor Haghani.

Welcome back to the last installment of “20 Things to Do Before You Ask for a Price”.  This 4-part series has been geared towards illustrating how the equity derivative salestrader can be a meaningful part of getting two institutional counterparties to “yes” with respect to the transfer of option risk. The salestrader, sitting between the trader and the client, can quarterback the process by appreciating the context of the trade and contributing insights on the risk profile of it. Context is about the client, the underlying stock, the trade motivation and the risk environment. The risk profile is about the many nuances of different option trades and what they imply for how the sell-side trader will think about pricing and providing capital.In today's highly electronified markets, prices are streamed continuously by tireless bots with neither faces nor names.  But risk transfer still occurs the old-fashioned way as well – and these voice trades require superb communication, led by the salestrader.  If you are executing upon “20 Things”, you are adding alpha to this process. Below are Things 16-20.  I hope this 4-part series has been interesting and you've enjoyed the perspective.16. What is the bid /offer is in vol terms?  For example, if an option has 30 cents of vega and the bid / offer is 50 cents, the vol bid/offer is 1.6 vols.  Bid / offers on long dated options often seem wide in terms of prices, but are not really in terms of implied volatility. This can be useful in defending your trader's price.17. Look at the combo. Check the implied vol on the put vs. the implied vol on the call of corresponding strike.  Are they reasonably the same?  If not, there could be a borrow issue or a dividend issue.  When put vol is much higher than call vol, a borrow issue is often present.  In instances where market is forecasting an increase in dividends, it is also the case that the put vol will be higher than the call vol.18. Understand div risk. On long dated options, dividend risk is a big issue – especially for high delta options where the stock hedge is large.  Example: buying the Jan'25 35 puts in VZ carries a great deal of dividend risk – if we buy the puts and buy stock we are effectively buying the dividend stream which, if cut, is painful.  Use the Bloomberg function DVD and BDVD.19. Know put/call parity. C = S + P = PV (K) – PV (Divs) and be prepared to use it to explain pricing to accounts especially on deep in the money or out of the money options.20. Lastly, have an opinion on every single price you get.  You should have a feeling of what you think the price should be before you get a price.  Understand that traders are responsible for prices, but that your informed input is very important.

It was a pleasure to welcome Rocky Fishman, Founder and CEO of derivatives advisory firm Asym 500 back to the Alpha Exchange. An area of specialty for Rocky is evaluating systematic trading strategies, like vol targeting, that live and breathe within equity markets and potentially sponsor feedback loops.The focus of our discussion, the growing universe of leveraged ETFs, a unique product set that has been on my mind and that Rocky has recently done a deep dive on. We start our conversation by revisiting the August 5th VIX event that saw the S&P options market turn highly illiquid as the prices quoted for deep out of the money puts reached unheard of levels. For Rocky, while the event came and went, there are lessons, namely that the tails can exert themselves suddenly.With respect to leveraged ETFs, Rocky sizes the US universe as $135bln in assets under management for leveraged and inverse products, $120bln of which is in equity products. He walks through how both the leveraged long and inverse products on the same underlying, non-intuitively, are responsible for buying or selling in the same direction on the same day. These amplifying effects, unlike efforts to map the market's gamma profile are unambiguous. As such, they are worth keeping a close eye on, especially as the ETF issuer's daily required rebalancing efforts take place near the close of trading. Here, Rocky does observe both more vol and volume in the market near the end of the day.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Rocky Fishman.

Welcome to Part 3 of “20 Things to do Before You Ask for a Price”. To review, “20 Things” is a to-do list I developed more than 2 decades ago while running a derivative sales team. The desk committed a substantial amount of capital in pursuit of business, which made it easy to win trades but also easy to lose money in the process of winning those trades.  20 Things was about playing defense and offense simultaneously by requiring the salesperson to be an active part of the price discovery process. While the trader would ultimately make the price and bear the risk, the salesperson, through 20 Things, could be a valuable part of the process. The result: better risk taking and a more sustainable business.  Here are things 11-15.  I hope you enjoy and find this useful. I wish you an excellent Thanksgiving holiday.11. Corporate action? Is this stock a deal name or subject to some other corporate action?  Use the CACS function on Bloomberg to look for corporate actions. Deal names can have very unique implied distributions and are difficult to provide risk capital into in option trades.12. Evaluate the vol. What is the implied volatility of the name?  How does it compare to realized volatility?  How does the name spread versus index or sub-index volatility?  Run the GV function.13. What does strike skew look like?  The skew may be indicative of the amount of gap risk potential in the name.  Run Bloomberg command OVDV SKEW and look at the spread in risk reversals on the OMON screen.14. What is the shape of the term structure?  This can give a sense as to how much the market is willing to pay for an event (ie, earnings or an FDA announcement).  Run Bloomberg command OVDV TRMS.15. What is the vol risk in the trade?  Is this a long-dated option on a high-priced stock?  If so, you should know what the vega of the option is.  Example: 10k F Jan'25 11 strike calls have far less vega than 10k MSFT Jan'27 430 call.  These very different options call for different kinds of dialogue with the trader and client. Use the Bloomberg OV function.

While the SPX has enjoyed a banner year in 2024, a series of risk events have mattered, including the August 5th spike in the VIX and option pricing uncertainty into the US election. Credit spreads have generally behaved in benign fashion, however. What will 2025 bring for the world of credit and what risks should we pay attention to? With this in mind, it was a pleasure to welcome Dominique Toublan to the Alpha Exchange. Now the Head of Credit Strategy at Barclays, Dom landed landed on a credit derivatives desk in 2007. With a deep background in physics, Dom quickly saw that while derivative products may utilize some of the complex equations that underpin the physical sciences, markets are prone to episodes of disorder with unpredictable outcomes.Our conversation first considers the behavior of macro credit products in the period before and after US Election. Here, Dom shares that the same vol premium observed in equity options was visible in both credit spreads and credit implied vol as well. In the aftermath of the Election, Dom sees strong, ongoing demand for US spread product with a global buyer base looking less at whether spreads are wide or tight but for all-in yield, pointing to Taiwan life insurance companies for example. In evaluating the risk premium of credit spreads, Dom argues that while valuations are a bit tight, ongoing inflows should continue to support the market. Acknowledging there are some macro headwinds, he doesn't see them as strong enough to be disruptive.Lastly, we talk about the progress made in gaining credit exposure through a systematic, factor-based approach. Dom sees this as an exciting time of product development, calling it the equitification of credit. With considerably more data now available and with the advent of credit ETFs, the market has embraced portfolio trading, greatly facilitating risk transfer. Along with this, the credit market is incorporating the principles of factor exposure, long a part of the equity market.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Dominque Toublan.

We are back, with installment number 2 of “20 Things to Do Before You Ask for a Price”. It's a to-do list for the equity derivatives salestrader who chooses to be a relevant and constructive part of the option risk transfer process that a buy-side client and sell-side trader engage in. Small trades – like buying a pack of gum – can be consummated quickly. Large trades – like buying a house – typically take a while. But large trades that are borne in a moment's notice – that's a unique thing with unique risks. Things 6 through 10 are about quarterbacking trades to completion in the context of being short information asymmetry.  I hope you enjoy and find this useful.6. Is the order outright or delta neutral?  This dictates speed of response needed to the client. There's more time on delta neutral orders.7. Check option market depth. Evaluate the screen market using OMON function.  How wide are the screen markets?  Is the option better bid or offered? 8. Check volume. Use the OMST function to see option volume in the name and that line today.  Check open interest in that line to see if the trade is opening or closing.9. What is the option delta?  What is the share delta?  What is share delta as % stock volume?  Note that low delta options can be challenging to sell from a risk standpoint and that high delta options can be difficult from a stock liquidity standpoint.10. Check earnings. When does the stock report?  Does this option order comprise a report date or other important release of company information?  Run the ERN function to look at historical impact of earnings announcements.  

I wanted to welcome you all to a new, 4-part series of the Alpha Exchange, “Twenty Things to Do Before You Ask for a Price”.  In short, this is my thinking on what a derivatives salesperson ought to do instinctively and nearly instantaneously in his or her interaction with a trader colleague being asked to price option risk for a client. These 20 things constitute a real time to do list for the salesperson that adds alpha to the process of price discovery and can allow the trader to take more risk by mitigating certain kinds of risks.  In this short podcast, I share the first 5.  I hope you enjoy and find this useful. Know the client.  Who is the client, what is desk relationship and what are the client's expectations? This starting point is a critical component of quarterbacking the price discovery and execution process. Every client is unique. Know the risk environment.  Is vol better to buy or are clients dumping options? What is the backdrop for the commitment of capital around the street? This is critical to managing expectations. What motivates the specific trade?  Is the client likely buying or selling vol?  Is he/she opening, closing or rolling? What is the stock?  How well does the stock trade?  Is there news out in the stock? Buy yourself time.  If it is an off-the-run name with a ticker you have never heard of, let the client subtly know you have never heard of it (nor should you have).  This provides a bit more time for the trader.

A resounding Trump win. A collapse in vol. Bitcoin “number go up”. And up. And up. The French Whale on Polymarket got paid. A star was born in Scott Jennings. The Fed eased. And, Powell, in the words of DiCaprio in Wolf of Wall Street said, “I ain't f'n leaving”.  That's the summary. But there's lots more to explore and in this short pod I aim to provide you with some food for thought on the risk front. Markets have been well behaved and the VIX spiraled lower as most expected it would on November 6th. Still, there are plenty of risks on the horizon and we ought to recognize what volatility is all about. It's how the market processes change. And it's pretty difficult to argue that we have not just experienced profound change in the leadership and governing philosophy of the United States. Taxes and tariffs, regulation and immigration, foreign policy and Fed policy. I finish the discussion with a recommendation to stay quite long, but also spend a little premium on a put spread overlay. It feels like a small price to pay for sleep at night insurance. I hope you find this interesting and useful.  Be well.

Of all the concepts focused on throughout the discussions hosted on the Alpha Exchange, the notion of “carry” is one of my favorites. In its most basic definition, carry measures the income or cost to holding an asset in the steady state, when nothing changes. Underpinning the assessment of value in any option trade or strategy is a view on the favorability of carry at a given point in time. Can I own options for free or at least at meaningful discounts to their value? Mr. Market makes this very unlikely.  Can I be especially well compensated for being short optionality? These are challenging questions, worthy of careful study. And in this context, it was a pleasure to welcome Shailesh Gupta, the Head of Structural Alpha at Simplify Asset Management to the podcast. Our conversation explores areas of carry in the market, why they exist, how they can be harvested and what can go wrong in the process. Shailesh shares his views on the pricing of interest rate volatility, where the vol risk premium has been especially high and how that fits into product design at his firm's ETF platform. We talk also about risk – including the crowding episode in VIX products in 2017 leading into the XIV event of 2018. I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Shailesh Gupta.

It was a pleasure to host a discussion with Meb Faber, the Founder and CEO of Cambria Asset Management. Our conversation begins with the question of whether it's a good idea to buy the market at an all time high. To this, Meb argues it's actually a great idea, pointing to the data and that markets in an uptrend continue to move higher.We incorporate the notion of a trend following strategy, which Meb illustrates can be helpful in managing the inevitable and substantial drawdown which forces many investors out of the market and destroys the value of compounding in the process. No strategy is perfect, and trend following can underperform during sideways, choppy markets. But it has proven important to cut off the deep left tail with reasonable success. We also explore the work Meb has done on shareholder yield, a strategy that he's passionate about and argues works particularly well in foreign and emerging markets.Lastly, we talk about that a vastly under-appreciated aspect of return generation in investing: taxes. The team at Cambria is doing some interesting work on this front, utilizing a feature of the code that helps investors diversify risk in a tax efficient manner. I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Meb Faber.

Is Trump in the price? Wall Street is asking this question. In this podcast, I walk through how the market prices implied volatility around the US Election, focusing on the SPX, TLT and even DJT. As option premiums are much higher than justified by recent realized, there's an enormous vol risk premium, the result of a withdrawal of vol supply. There's interesting information coming from betting sites like Polymarket and early voting data as well that might help us better understand the election probabilities and the implications for how the market prices options. Lastly, I consider the relatively rare co-existence of a high VIX but low SPX implied correlation and what that means. I hope you enjoy this discussion and welcome your feedback. Have a great week.

In this short podcast, I make the case for doing what doesn't come naturally - taking defensive action when times are good. The first portion of the discussion assesses event risk premium into and after consequential macro events like Brexit and prior US elections. The main shared attribute is that implied vol remains elevated into the event, even in the face of muted realized volatility. A second attribute is that post event, implied vol falls. While the same playbook may be relevant in 2024, I argue that overlaying market-based insurance via SPX put spreads out to year end is compelling given the pricing and unique set of forward-looking uncertainties coming our way and the reality that liquidity conditions can change very quickly. I hope you find this podcast interesting and useful.

In China, the “vol shot” heard round the world occurred recently with the Chinese government throwing the kitchen sink at the economy and market, seeking to revive the relatively lifeless patient. As it usually does, at least temporarily, it worked. Insofar as asset price reaction that is.  An explosion in volumes ensued as did the classic “stock up vol up” dynamic made most famous in 2021 during the Meme stock episode. In this short pod, I review the five characteristics of price/vol spirals, their implications and how these unique episodes resolve themselves. I also cover US Election risk and how its impacting the VIX. I hope you enjoy and find this useful.

Option prices - by incorporating time (expiry) and distance (strike) - give us many more dimensions than a mere flat price like the SPX or a single stock. If the stock market speaks, then the option market sings. It's my strong contention that option prices are singing out loud right now, begging for attention. The market was largely unchanged on the week, but there were some meaningful developments in the price of options – on gold, on crude and on the VIX – that tell us something about an emerging discomfort and perhaps a view that stock prices at all-time highs do not have much margin of safety in this environment. What I highlight in this podcast is that hedging costs can be a function of the market's ability to provide the capital to absorb loss. The Election and a very unsettling geopolitical backdrop make this more challenging.  I hope you find this helpful.

The gamma and theta characteristics of ODTE are attached at the hip. But the zero day to expiration straddle on last Wednesday's Fed day was no normal ODTE. We might call this straddle a OTTD straddle. Zero theta to decision. The Fed decision isn't just a date on the calendar. It's a specific time of day on that date. It's not like NFP which comes out before the market opens. It's not like NVDA earnings, which come out after the close. Powell and his Fed teammates have decided they want to give us the goods during the trading day and on Fed days, “Ain't nothing going on but the rent” becomes “Ain't nothing going on pre-event.”  I discuss the unique behavior of intraday option pricing on FOMC day and also how to think about the VIX floor as the US election comes into closer view.  I hope you enjoy and find this useful.

Most of the discussions on the Alpha Exchange podcast consist of guests sharing views on market risk and portfolio construction. To be sure that leads the conversations down the path of monetary policy, positioning, inflation and growth. There's a great deal of consideration around the price of optionality and the correlation of assets. But what about insights on the nitty gritty of getting into option trades, being a liquidity provider to the Street and then risk managing those positions?  Enter, Kris Abdelmessih, who spent well more than a decade doing just that. Now the author of the Moontower Substack and the founder of Moontower.ai, Kris looks back at his time on the market making front, starting with his formative experience in the renowned Susquehanna training program and ultimately trading volatility at Parallax. We talk about how he sought micro-edge by maintaining sell-side relationships, getting into positions as cleanly as possible and then having a dispassionate process for unwinding trades for which the vol profile was no longer suitable to own. We also gain his insights on perils of trading off-the-run ETFs like those on natural gas and crude oil, with the April 2020 meltdown in the latter, an important case study. I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Kris Abdelmessih.

“Elections have consequences”. So said former US President Barack Obama. He probably didn't have our trusty fear gauge, the VIX, in mind, but he may as well have.  We are one day away from the US presidential debate. I am not sure this one can deliver the same fireworks that resulted from June 27th. It may devolve into a food fight, with each side hoping to land a definitive blow. What I've learned about election risk with regard to derivatives through events like Brexit, the 2016 and 2020 US elections and certainly this one as well is that the clearing price for volatility is impacted by a decline in the willingness and ability to supply it to the market. The result, a VIX stuck at a reasonably high level. I hope you find this discussion enjoyable and useful.

Three hundred odd years ago, Sir Isaac Newton told us that “no great discovery was ever made without a bold guess.” My sense is he didn't have the order book in Emini futures in mind, but his words do translate well to our world of financial instruments. In this short pod, I revisit the events of August 5th, a day when prices normally well discovered went dark. The implications are real and we ought to learn from this short-lived but real episode of instability. As we approach the “4 E's” – employment, earnings, the election and the easing cycle – there's a good deal to consider with respect to playing defense in markets.  I hope you find this interesting and useful.

Now the Chief Market Strategist at StoneX, Kathryn Rooney Vera comes from humble beginnings. As a teenager she cleaned houses in order to contribute to her family's finances. In college, she changed her major to finance from liberal arts, seeing a more direct path to a well-compensated career. She would ultimately settle into the study of economics, a craft she continues to refine today in support of colleagues and clients at StoneX.Our discussion surveys the process Kathyrn uses to find value in markets. She focuses on forecasting growth and inflation, the Fed's response to these variables and the construction of trades that will capitalize on them. We review some of the recent cross-asset volatility and the role that positioning played. Kathryn rightly suggested that clients utilize protective option strategies in the period prior to August 5th.She has also seen value in curve steepeners, embedding a little bit of the Sahm Rule notion that the Fed may find itself behind the curve. Lastly, she sees a favorable setup in the utilities sector, providing both the traditional defensive property through its linkage to rates as well as embedding an AI play that can empower it should the boom continue.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Kathryn Rooney Vera.

When an accident occurs, the insurance claims adjuster produces a report.  What does said report tell us?  The yen's largely one way path lower took a dramatic turn that saw it rally by roughly 9% over just 3 weeks. The pricing fallout was everywhere – in curves, credit, correlation, convexity and carry. That's a bunch of C's, isn't it. The cause of chaos: crowding. When markets misbehave, it's natural to jointly evaluate two factors: the combination of “new news” and the “setup” going in. Over the course of this short podcast, I share some thoughts on this recent risk flare-up and what it tells us about market fragility.  I hope you find it interesting and useful.

Vineer Bhansali was recently among a small group of athletes who achieved the unthinkable, a 135 mile run in scorching heat, wind gusts and rain, all while traversing both the lowest and highest elevation points in North America. The Badwater 135 is considered the most difficult Ultra Marathon, an undertaking in which a guiding philosophy is, simply, “don't die”.As the CIO of LongTail Alpha, Vineer's investment philosophy is also not to die – or, translated to markets – don't get forced out at the wrong time. And in this context, he makes substantial use of derivatives, instruments that protect against the extreme events that markets all too often confront. Our conversation is a review of the August 5th risk event, exploring its causes and consequences. Unsurprisingly, Vineer sees the overconsumption of the Yen carry trade as a primary catalyst and he details the many ways in which printed, essentially free Yen made their way into risk assets of all shapes and sizes. He details how his firm navigated the flare-up, looking to trade VIX at incredibly elevated levels before the open.With a view that the market price of insurance has come back to Earth too fast and with concerns that the recent risk-off may just be an appetizer for a larger unwind to come, Vineer argues that embracing insurance strategies is an important part of a long-term strategic portfolio plan.  I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Vineer Bhansali.

Even if very short-lived, market vol episodes as protracted as that of Monday August 5th, demand our attention. In seeking some understanding of the why of successive 10% NKY moves and a 65 pre-open handle on the VIX, it was a pleasure to welcome Oliver Brennan to the Alpha Exchange. An FX vol strategist at BNP, Oliver brings theoretical training in physics to the related but also very different world of option pricing. In setting up the discussion, we first explore a series of past FX vol episodes including the Euro-Swiss break and CNH re-peg in 2015 and Brexit from the following year.  At the heart of these events lie economic imbalances and Central Banks that get tested by the market to hold the line.We shift to a discussion of the setup going into early August in the Japanese Yen. Always an investment currency because of its balance of payment profile, Oliver argues that carry trades had gotten especially extended as dollar/yen trended so consistently higher. Market participants were long calls and long carry, and the dealing community was especially exposed to an increase in both realized and implied vol. He notes the absence of corporate supply as well of Yen vol in this recent event, something that exacerbated the repricing. With the tails especially under-owned, the more than 6% sell-off in dollar/yen caught the market well off-sides.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Oliver Brennan. 

What a week in markets and one that should give us a lot to chew on with respect to how and why risk episodes materialize. There are certainly some conclusions at the ready and first and foremost is that vol is the only anti-fragile asset. In the trading action on Monday, August 5th, we see the reflexive nature of vol exposures and the manner in which asymmetric outcomes can result. In this short podcast, I share some of what's on my mind in trying to uncover the “why” of these seismic moves. Out of this, you'll hear some of my thoughts on product innovation and market liquidity structure. I hope you find it useful.

With deep roots on the sell-side, serving in strategist roles at both Miller Tabak and BTIG, Dan Greenhaus is now Chief Strategist at Solus Asset Managment, a multi-billion dollar AuM firm with expertise in distressed and high yield investing.  Our conversation considers economics in theory and practice, differentiating classic academic training from the role someone like Dan plays on a trading desk supporting clients, portfolio managers and an investment process.Here, Dan shares the importance of understanding what's in the price and details his efforts to evaluate consensus by talking to other strategists around the Street to understand baseline expectation. This is some part of what he describes as his role as blindside tackle at Solus, working to identify areas of macro uncertainty that may be under-appreciated.We talk about the current state of the economy and the stance of Fed policy. On the latter, Dan argues that while the impact of tighter policy on slowing has been much less rapid than anticipated, it has worked. And while he's successfully faded the repeated calls that the consumer was going to crack over the past two years, he now sees signs worth paying close attention to. He points to simple measures like weekly jobless claims and also puts stock in Visa's recent earnings call in which weakness was cited across multiple spending categories.Dan's study of prior Fed easing cycles suggests that rate cuts have typically come too late to offset broad-based economic weakness. Will this time be different?  Perhaps, given the strength of both household balance sheets and fiscal spending. But, as with everything in the realm of markets and investing, Dan properly asserts that we must approach forecasts with humility.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Dan Greenhaus.

With early career roots in both equity derivatives and relative value fixed income, Lisa O'Connor is now the Co-CIO of Multi-Strategy Assets and Solutions at BlackRock. Here she oversees her team's development and delivery of a long only, systematic asset allocation process on behalf of the firm's clients.Our discussion first considers some of the lessons Lisa has derived from market risk cycles. In reflecting on vol episodes, she asserts that markets become very focused on relative value during times of crisis. That is, in higher risk environments, there's much greater differentiation across risk categories, as investors evaluate which assets can truly be defensive or at least weather the storm.We talk next about the model portfolio process and the mix of quantitative and fundamental factors that drive the asset allocation decisions. In contemplating the role of duration as a portfolio ballast, Lisa is concerned about risk premia in the back-end of the curve as a function of fiscal deficits. Instead, she sees value in diversifiers like gold, especially as China is increasing its holdings.  We also spend time on AI and the challenges of being too little or too heavily invested. In looking for evidence that the roaring capex cycle may have peaked, she is following emerging signs of spending discipline from hyper-scalers and tracking the reported ROIs from investment out 18 months.Lastly, we talk about the Fed easing cycle and its potentially positive implications for the market pricing of equities with more balance sheet leverage.I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Lisa O'Connor.

“Walking on a tightrope” is an idiom that conjures the notion of danger – of exceptionally little margin of safety and of particularly significantconsequences should things not go as planned. Markets feel this way - asset prices are full, Sharpe ratios high, correlations low, political polarization intensifying. In this discussion, we review the recent role of correlation in breaking the more than 500 day streak over which the S&P 500 failed to move down by 2% in one day. We also talk about out the highly unusual VIX curve, with some portions of it in contango and others in contango. Hope you enjoy it and find it useful.

If smoothing returns is the feature not bug of private equity and credit, what strategy fully embraces the virtue of honest mark to market risk?  What strategy highlights price shocks and the resulting level at which a portfolio could be unwound in a hurry as the basis of thinking about its efficacy?  In this short podcast, I make the case that exposure to vol – to the anti-fragile - is going to be a part of this strategy. That is, long exposure to options-based insurance.I hope you enjoy and find this useful. As always, I appreciate your feedback.

A Wall Street economist who served institutional clients at both Lehman Brothers and Bank of America, Michelle Meyer, transitioned to Mastercard two and a half years ago, now serving as the firm's Chief Economist and Head of the Mastercard Economics Institute. I had the opportunity to catch up with Michelle back in May and while much has of course happened in the world since, there are some valuable insights shared in our discussion.We first survey the similarities and differences in her new role at Mastercard versus the traditional sell-side economics role in which she served. Here, she says that in terms of process, markets were formerly the output but are now more of an input that informs her thinking on longer horizon economic trends and their implications. The audience, of course, is different as well, and hedge funds eager for insights on the most recent econ data release are not the priority they once were.We spend the bulk of our conversation on the vast and rich data set of transactions being generated by Mastercard in real time and around the globe. Michelle and team harness this anonymized data to better understand consumer trends – in travel, in good versus services, across geographies, even across zip codes. On this last part, we talk about two “hyper-local” surges in demand captured by the data – the Swift Lift coming from Taylor Swift concerts and the increased demand along the April solar eclipse line of totality. Really fascinating data. I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my discussion with Michelle Meyer.

It's been 25 years since Mark Cuban implemented an exceedingly well-timed and attractively priced hedge on shares of Yahoo.  In this short podcast, we review the popular “zero cost collar” trade and discuss the factors that impact its pricing. Cuban is known for playing offense in investing, buying the Mavs and making deals on the Tank. But his defensive trade on Yahoo years ago has been critical in his wealth accumulation. We bring in Jensen Huang, the owner of a few shares of NVDA, and make the case that he ought to consider this risk reducing collar transaction. I hope you find the discussion informative.  Feedback is welcome.

There's been some decent ink spilled recently on the “dispersion trade” which has profited from the epically low level of realized correlation among stocks. If winning trades attract capital and erode the margin of safety in the process, is this exposure crowded and vulnerable to an unwind?  In this short pod, I lay out a 5-part, informal framework for thinking about risk-off episodes. In the process, we consider the pricing of vol and correlation. While the spill-over risk from dispersion trades gone wrong doesn't appear to be high, the pricing of index volatility that results from never seen before levels of implied correlation offers a uniquely attractive cost of macro insurance.I hope you enjoy and find this useful.

Earning a Ph.D. in financial economics is no small feat. And not only did Garrett DeSimone do just that, but he would unknowingly embark on his future career in the process of doing so. His dissertation from the University of Delaware involved the study of event risk premia in single stocks ahead of earnings. And to perform the analysis he engaged with OptionMetrics, a firm specializing in implied volatility data. Now the Head of Quantitative Research there, Garrett leads the firm's efforts to deliver carefully constructed data sets to its client base, while generating original empirical studies of option pricing and trading strategies. Our discussion considers some of his work, starting with his dissertation and the finding that the earnings event risk premium for single stocks makes straddles punitive to own. We liken this to a more recent phenomenon at the index level – the inflated one-day S&P 500 implied vol levels that have occurred in days before 3 macro events – the CPI, the Nonfarm payrolls report and FOMC meetings. We talk as well about one day options and the risk of a blowup. At least at this point, Garret sees flows that are reasonably mixed, with no obvious risk of instability resulting from positioning. Lastly, we discuss recent work he's done on implied dividends using a novel approach. Relative to years earlier, he finds that there is currently very little risk premium implied in dividends. That is, the market is charging almost nothing for bearing the risk that dividends wind up disappointing on the downside. It's interesting work and a good example of the rich information that can be extracted from derivatives markets. I hope you enjoy this episode of the Alpha Exchange, my conversation with Garrett DeSimone.

The study of correlation is valuable, informative and, likely an over-indulged in activity on Wall Street. That said, there are important risk considerations when it comes to how significantly assets move together or do not. The task at hand in this short podcast is to illustrate and contemplate the diverging paths of two important correlations: that between the stock market and bond market and second, between equities themselves. If the stock market is diversifying itself in real-time, there are reasons to think it cannot last indefinitely.  I hope you enjoy.