Podcasts about hybridisation

SummaryThe age of short termism now dominates - Todays guest however takes long termism the way we all take breakfast (those not on a fasting regime anyway) Apparently he was born this way. In his recently released book Taming the Apocalypse he states that the only remaining sustainable resources after industrialisation runs its course will be biology & culture. To prepare for this time, Shane Simonsen has an exceptionally original approach to zero input, large scale farming & has committed his life's plan of living long enough to connect varieties of crops that have been separated by 60 million years of evolution by creating plant hybridisation at scale - his seed collection rivals Svalbard the Global Seed Vault.His thesis so far: -The shortcoming of science is that it wants all organisms to behave like machines. -If we have 1000 farmers over 1000 years doing this, we would see a miracle  - not a machine.- Now is the moment for sacrificial offerings of research & time for the sake of learning for future generations- Putting seeds in the dirt NOT a seed bank is the best path to build genetic diversityLinks You'll LoveShane Simonsen substackLoved this? Try this:Artists as family episodeSupport the ShowCasual Support - Buy Me A CoffeeRegular Support - PatreonBuy the Book - Futuresteading - Live Like tomorrow mattersWe talked about:Learning to think long termZero input large scale, experimental  farmingChanging career direction away from complex & fragile systemsFrom hunter gatherer culture to industrial ag with nothing in betweenCulture gaps and skills gapsBiological systems are complicated, networked & chaotic Why Bunya nuts were his starting placeHumans have the capacity to recognise the uniqueness & value of something in the eco system & support it to become an ongoing part of our food future.Why biology is the unexpected miracle. Rebuilding culture so we can accept slow, magical outcomes You don't need many people like Shane to create real change - seed sharing, experimentation, desire to create new thingsThe defense chemicals of our food Why humans are really bad at imagining things that gradually change our base lineOpting out from resource intensive lives - creeping off into the margins to existSpending months of hand farming to grow $20 worth of grainRebuilding trust & re-forming collectivismBeginning your own hybridisation program with vegetables Almost all the vegetable seed you buy originated in hot houses in HollandAustralia is on the end of supply lines so it's likely we will experience a supply shock - this might be just the wake up call to realise the vulnerable state we are in.Can we get our politicians to fly the permaculture flag?Taming elephants to hybridise themSupport the show

The climate emergency is impacting our entire eco-sphere.  Plants are at the core of every food chain but we have no idea how fast they can adapt to changes that are taking place in decades where once they took Millenia.  Which is where human ingenuity and intervention could be game-changing.  If we put our minds to it, could we help plants to evolve in ways that serve the entire web of life? In this regard, Dr Shane Simonsen is someone who has oriented his entire life to making sure that we have the right seeds to grow the food we'll need as industrial agriculture grinds to a halt.In this regard, Dr Shane Simonsen is someone who has oriented his entire life to making sure that we have the right seeds to grow the food we'll need as industrial agriculture grinds to a halt.  Shane has a prodigious output.  When he's not writing his substack on Zero Input Agriculture  - this means no water, fertiliser or pesticides, and the former of these is seriously impressive when you know he lives in subtropical Australia - or recording his Going to Seed podcast with Joseph Lofthouse, or writing Taming the Apocalypse as a non-fiction view of how the world could be if we got it right, or converting this into fiction in Our Vitreous Womb… when he's not doing all of this, Shane is farming in the aforesaid sub-tropical zone of Australia, exploring the means of production in their most grounded sense; creating parrot-resistant maize or hybrids from Bunya Nuts and Parana Pines - species that haven't been on the same continent together since the tectonic plates last shifted and Australia became separate from South America.  Shane is a polymath's polymath: he has a PhD in biochemistry which means he can trace down ideas to their roots and then extrapolate back up and join them with other ideas to create something new.  He celebrates the old gentleman scientists of Victorian times who may have been innately colonial products of the trauma culture, but they played at science, they did things that weren't obviously oriented to producing the next paper or winning the race to the next patent: they had fun, they followed their intuition and most of the really big advances in our technologies arise from them.  Shane is also aware that most of the big advances in human evolution came when we were under serious pressure as a species.... kind of like we are now.  So he's made it his life's task to find ways we can feed ourselves with low technology in a changing world. What species will survive and how might they grow? What hybrids can we intentionally create that will open up new spaces of possibility? How can we - how will we - transform ourselves in this changing world? Zero Input Agriculture Substack https://zeroinputagriculture.substack.com/The Going to Seed Podcast with Joseph Lofthouse and Shane Simonsen https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/the-going-to-seed-podcast/id1713240427Shane's speculative fiction 'Our Vitreous Womb' https://haldanebdoyle.com/Taming the Apocalypse - Shane's non-fiction https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/212297242-taming-the-apocalypseAll Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1955162/Gail Tverberg Our Finite World https://ourfiniteworld.com/author/gailtheactuary/Going to Seed Online Community https://goingtoseed.org/pages/communityAny Human Power Book Club Sunday 15th September 6-8pm UK time (BST) https://accidentalgods.life/any-human-power-discussion/

As Hugh returns from New Zealand, the boys catch up on their recent going-ons and the shift in seasonal work. With the vast array of native New Zealand species on Hugh's mind, the two chat about New Zealands "wildling" collecting, and local species opportunities from the island neighbour. Hybridisation and grafting opportunities in Nothfagus gunnii come to mind as they discuss the viability of this allusive species. Now in the midst of repotting, the two look towards the vast array of projects to get underway. As the clock ticks, the time narrows for spring work as deciduous trees already begin to push their first flush. 

In this exciting episode of Dark Mode Podcast,

Did you know that Singapore's national flower is an orchid hybrid by the name - Vanda Miss Joaquim? That's just one of the reasons why orchids are special to us here in Singapore. From now till this weekend - orchid experts are gathered on our little red dot for the Asia Pacific Orchid Conference, to discuss all about orchid cultivation and conservation. On this episode of Morning Shot, Dr Tan Puay Yok, Group Director of the Singapore Botanic Gardens, and Dr Gillian Khew, Centre Director for Genomics & Micropropagation at the Singapore Botanic Gardens discusses all things orchid. Presented by: Lynlee Foo This podcast is produced and edited by Yeo Kai Ting (ykaiting@sph.com.sg)See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The maritime industry is predicted to miss the zero emissions target by 2050 due to a lack of available low-carbon options on the market. However, in order to make better progress Sea Forrest, is committed to providing sustainable solutions to the launch vessel industry through its hybridisation and electrification business. Prime Time's Rachel Kelly speaks to Sea Forrest's CEO, George Lee to find out more about the technology and the impact it has.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

According to a prediction by the International Energy Agency (IEA), the global maritime industry will miss the net zero greenhouse gas emissions target by 2050 due to a “lack of available low-carbon options on the market". George Lee, Chief Executive Officer, Sea Forrest shares how his company's Full Electric Ready (FER) propulsion solution is able to contribute to a reduction in carbon emissions of up to 20% – when compared to current solutions in the market – and how they plan to support the industry's push towards the adoption of greener systems.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In April 2020, a virtual concert by Travis Scott on the video game Fortnite attracted a global audience of millions. Quite aside from the impact of lockdown, the resounding success of the event raises important questions about how we experiment with and consume music – and above all,about new ways of constructing formats in this artistic field. Conscious that our attention spans last around half a minute, Modern Obscure Music recently released a compilation of tracks lasting no longer than… 32 seconds. At a time of increased interaction between the worlds of video game sand music, when artists are increasingly having to innovate to reach new communities and when the arts scene is becoming ever more oriented towards hybridisation, what place do these new formats occupy in today's music industry? With: Hugo Richel — Visual artist / FR Pedro Vian — PNSRT & Modern Obscure Music / ES Pussykrew — Artists / PL Moderation: Lila Meghraoua — Journalist / FR European Lab, 10 years: the battle of the narratives from 8 till 10 June 2021 — Lyon, France europeanlab.com #eurolab2021

Today I learnt that tigons and ligers are what you get when lions and tigers interbreed?!’ surprised listener Jamz G tells the doctors. ‘What determines whether species can interbreed?’ Geneticist Aoife McLysaght studies molecular evolution. She explains the modern definition of a species, built on ideas from Aristotle, Linnaeus and Darwin: a species is a group of organisms capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring. Hybrids – such as ligons and tigers – are usually infertile, because their common ancestors long ago diverged into the lions and tigers we know today. However, this definition isn’t absolute, and there are many ways a new species can be formed. Hybrids also offer rich study subjects for scientists. Mathematical biologist Kit Yates discusses why he’s been reading research papers about hebras and zorses (horse x zebra) as their patterns offer insights into how cells spread and develop into organisms, building on a prediction made by codebreaking mathematician Alan Turing. And it turns out that these hybrids are even more intriguing. As speciation and evolution expert Joana Meier explains, hybrids are not always infertile. Hybridisation can lead to successful new species arising, such as in Lake Victoria’s cichlid fish, who it seems have been having a wild evolutionary party for the last 15,000 years. And the picture gets even murkier when we discover that modern genetics reveals our human ancestors successfully mated with Neanderthals. Presenters: Hannah Fry & Adam Rutherford Producer: Jen Whyntie

For more than 50 years the presence of wild puma-like cats in the South Island has been a keenly debated topic. Two sightings of "monstrous" cats earlier this month in North Canterbury have again reignited the mystery and speculation. 

For more than 50 years the presence of wild puma-like cats in the South Island has been a keenly debated topic. Two sightings of "monstrous" cats earlier this month in North Canterbury have again reignited the mystery and speculation. 

Exponentially, there is a school of thought that imputes that within any Cultural environment as a culture evolves, new places, situations, and objects inevitably enter its language, whether or not the culture encounters different people. Further to the same after a word enters a language, its meaning can change as through a shift in the valence of its connotations. This hybridization thesis finally argues that local cultures borrow and integrate elements from each other, creating syncretic, or hybrid, forms. This can be evidenced from daily life activities such as popular religious and music life (Holton 2000)Theoretically, Culture and Hybridisation are two diverse concepts interacting. Although the process by which a cultural element blends into another culture by modifying the element to fit cultural norms.These theoretical constructs namely Culture and Hybridisation perform different functions however in this context they have one thing in common that is metaphorically global citizens are the conduits whereby Culture and Hybridisation are expressed. Importantly,unlike cultural hybridization, which make changes between two cultures and alters them so that they can adapt to the modern panorama, interculturality seeks to make the least amount of alterations among them.Cases in point , Creole languages, a new language developed from simplifying and blending different languages that come into contact within particular population, at a specific point in time. WORKS CITED https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_change Gittens.William Anderson, Author, Cinematographer,Dip., Com., Arts. B.A. Media Arts Specialists’ Editor-in-Chief License Cultural Practitioner, Publisher, Student of Film, CEO Devgro Media Arts Services https://sociologydictionary.org/cultural-hybridization/#definition_of_cultural_hybridizationhttps://www.lifepersona.com/cultural-hybridization-process-types-relationship-between-cultural-hybridization-and-interculturalism-and-exampleshttps://sociologydictionary.org/cultural-hybridization/#definition_of_cultural_hybridizationhttps://www.ukessays.com/McCarthy, Eugene M. "Hybrid Populations". Macroevolution. Retrieved 20 March 2017.Toogood, A.,ed(1999).Plant Propagation .American Horticultural Society.p.21. ISBN 978-0-7894-5520-8. Warschefsky, E.; Penmetsa, R. V.; Cook, D. R.; von Wettberg, E. J. B. (8 October 2014). "Back to the wilds: Tapping evolutionary adaptations for resilient crops through systematic hybridization with crop wild relatives". American Journal of Botany. 101 (10): 1791–1800.http://shuaib6727.blogspot.com/2014/05/shuaib-asghar-department-of-english-govt.html#:~:text=Language%20hybridization%20is%20a%20resultant,variety%20of%20language%20takes%20birth.Support the show (http://www.buzzsprout.com/429292)

‘Today I learnt that tigons and ligers are what you get when lions and tigers interbreed?!’ surprised listener Jamz G tells the doctors. ‘What determines whether species can interbreed?’ Geneticist Aoife McLysaght studies molecular evolution. She explains the modern definition of a species, built on ideas from Aristotle, Linnaeus and Darwin: a species is a group of organisms capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring. Hybrids – such as ligons and tigers – are usually infertile, because their common ancestors long ago diverged into the lions and tigers we know today. However, this definition isn’t absolute, and there are many ways a new species can be formed. Hybrids also offer rich study subjects for scientists. Mathematical biologist Kit Yates discusses why he’s been reading research papers about hebras and zorses (horse x zebra) as their patterns offer insights into how cells spread and develop into organisms, building on a prediction made by codebreaking mathematician Alan Turing. And it turns out that these hybrids are even more intriguing. As speciation and evolution expert Joana Meier explains, hybrids are not always infertile. Hybridisation can lead to successful new species arising, such as in Lake Victoria’s cichlid fish, who it seems have been having a wild evolutionary party for the last 15,000 years. And the picture gets even murkier when we discover that modern genetics reveals our human ancestors successfully mated with Neanderthals. Presenters: Hannah Fry & Adam Rutherford Producer: Jen Whyntie

Woodpigeons are common garden birds, whose familiar call has been likened to someone complaining about their feet. But woodpigeons make fantastic parents, and like all pigeons and doves produce a kind of 'milk' to feed their young. Find out more about them and discover how an Oxford PhD student is trying to uncover more about the feral pigeons in town centres and their wild relative, the rock dove.

Episode Notes 'Tyger, Now Extinct' © Amirthanayagam David 2020 Felis grampia, the Scottish wildcat, is critically endangered. Hybridisation with the domestic puss is a particular threat. Author: http://danceofthemuses.info Support Shelter In Place by donating to their Tip Jar: https://tips.pinecast.com/jar/shelter-in-place-poetry Find out more at https://shelter-in-place-poetry.pinecast.co This podcast is powered by Pinecast.

Do young children understand their bodies better than adults? Are we listening to our bodies? Simple resets to try.. Traditional foods vs Food manufacturers.. and eating to temperature...and more..! --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/pete-melov/message

In this episode of Genetics Unzipped, reporter Graihagh Jackson loses herself in the Valley of Hybridisation at the Genetics Society's medal-winning garden at the Chelsea Flower Show, and discover the importance of playing with your genes.Genetics Unzipped is written and presented by Kat Arney, and produced by First Create the Media for the Genetics Society - one of the oldest learned societies in the world dedicated to supporting and promoting the research, teaching and application of genetics. Production by Hannah Varrall.Full show notes, music credits and references online at https://geneticsunzipped.com/blog/2019/6/6/015-up-the-garden-path

Transcript -- Richard Thorpe visits the Eastern cliff of the Caldera underneath the island's modern capital, Fira. He focusses on ancient 'deposits' in the succesions of the Scaros cliff, as well as flow-banding and tension gashes.

Richard Thorpe visits the Eastern cliff of the Caldera underneath the island's modern capital, Fira. He focusses on ancient 'deposits' in the succesions of the Scaros cliff, as well as flow-banding and tension gashes.

Transcript -- Richard Thorpe visits the Eastern cliff of the Caldera underneath the island's modern capital, Fira. He focusses on ancient 'deposits' in the succesions of the Scaros cliff, as well as flow-banding and tension gashes.

Richard Thorpe visits the Eastern cliff of the Caldera underneath the island's modern capital, Fira. He focusses on ancient 'deposits' in the succesions of the Scaros cliff, as well as flow-banding and tension gashes.

Organic Chemistry Lecture 3 in Stereochemistry. Hybridisation, stereogenic centres and enantiomers. January 2008. Contact Dr Alan Spivey - a.c.spivey@imperial.ac.uk

Organic Chemistry Lecture 2 in Stereochemistry. Hybridisation, stereogenic centres and enantiomers. January 2008. Contact Dr Alan Spivey - a.c.spivey@imperial.ac.uk

Linz, S (Canterbury) Thursday 20 December 2007, 14:40-15:00 PLGw03 - Future Directions in Phylogenetic Methods and Models

Seit der Entdeckung der zwei Typen des Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in den Jahren 1983 und 1986 gibt es zahlreiche kontroverse Diskussionen über deren Ursprung. Erst die Erforschung des zweiten Primate Immunodeficiency Virus (PIV), des Simian Immuno-deficiency Virus (SIV), ergab neue Erkenntnisse, die die Abstammung des HIV aus SIV weitgehend belegen konnten, obwohl noch heute diesbezügliche Zweifel bestehen. Aufgrund der großen genetischen Variabilität dieser Viren, wurden sie in verschiedene Stämme, Gruppen, Subtypen und Subsubtypen eingeteilt. Ihre Klassifikation und Nomenklatur wurde aufgrund der – vor allem in den 1990er-Jahren gemachten – neuen wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse über das HIV-Genom häufig geändert, bis im April 2000 ein Overview of subtypes in the primate immunodeficiency viruses publiziert wurde. Er dient seither als Grundlage für die Nomenklatur von HIV und SIV, wie sie auch in dieser Dissertation Verwendung findet. Die Forschung mit HIV-Subtypen machte es möglich, die epidemiologischen Ausbreitungs-wege von HIV zu eruieren und neue Erkenntnisse zur HIV-Infektion, zu ihren Übertragungs-wegen, zur Prävention und schließlich zu geeigneten Public-Health-Maßnahmen zu erlangen. Die bis noch vor wenigen Jahren diskutierte Frage, ob HIV-Superinfektionen und -Mehrfach-infektionen überhaupt möglich sind und wie die Rekombinanten entstehen, konnte ebenfalls durch die Subtypenforschung beantwortet werden. Diesbezügliche Studien werden seit einigen Jahren auch in Mbeya Region im Südwesten Tansanias durchgeführt. Die Daten dieser Dissertation basieren zum Teil auf jenen der fünfjährigen HIV Superinfection Study (HISIS), die im August 2000 in Mbeya Region begonnen wurde. HISIS befasst sich vor allem mit der Erforschung von HIV-Superinfektionen und deren Mehrfachinfektionen und Intersubtyp-Rekombinationen. Hierzu bedarf es eines Studienortes, in dem unterschiedliche HIV-Subtypen prävalent sind. Dies ist in Mbeya Region mit den Subtypen A, C und D der Fall. Die zweite Voraussetzung ist eine Studienpopulation, die eine hohe Prävalenz dieser Subtypen aufweist. Hierfür wurde eine offene Kohorte von über 700 weiblichen Prostituierten gebildet, aus der ich von September 2000 bis Mai 2001 bei 626 Studienteilnehmerinnen Daten für die vorliegende Arbeit gewinnen konnte. Um diese Populationsgruppe (so genannte High-Risk-Group, HRG) mit einem sehr hohen Risiko hinsichtlich des sexuellen Verhaltens studieren zu können, habe ich für meine Dissertation eine Vergleichspopulation untersucht, die sich in dieser Variable (sexuelles Risikoverhalten) von der HRG unterscheidet (so genannte Non-High-Risk-Group, NRG). Dafür konnte ich Blutproben und soziologische Daten von 757 Blutspendern (Oktober 2000 bis August 2001) und von 351 antenatal clinic attendees (Februar bis August 2001) gewinnen. Um diese HIV-Subtypisierung mit hoher Qualität und relativ geringen Kosten durchführen zu können, wurde von M. Hölscher, dem Mitbetreuer dieser Dissertation, der Multi-Region Hybridisation Assay (MHA) entwickelt. Dieses molekularbiologische Verfahren konnte ich in der vorliegenden Studie zum ersten Mal bei einem größeren Stichprobenumfang einsetzen: 341 Proben aus Mbeya Region. Diese Dissertation konnte nachweisen, dass der MHA eine ausreichende Sensitivität besitzt, um ihn zur HIV-1-Subtypen-Bestimmung bei transversalen Studien einzusetzen, wobei die Sensitivität von der Anzahl der pro Blutprobe gewonnen mononukleären Zellen abhängig ist. In meiner Arbeit hat sich bestätigt, dass in Mbeya Region HIV-1-Mehrfachinfektionen – mit einer Prävalenz von 14 % innerhalb der Studienpopulation – als auch Einfachinfektionen mit rekombinanten Subtypen – mit einer Prävalenz von 32 % innerhalb der Studienpopulation –vorkommen. Dies bedeutet, dass es sich nur bei etwas mehr als die Hälfte aller in Mbeya Region zirkulierenden HI-Viren um reine Subtypen handelt. Die Prävalenz der HIV-1-Subtypen war wie folgt: Subtyp C: 63 %, Subtyp A: 24 %, Subtyp D: 13 %. Konsekutiv sind dadurch C-Rekombinanten (AC und CD) häufiger präsent als die anderen. Auffällig ist die Tatsache, dass unter den Rekombinanten der Subtyp C seltener und die Subtypen A und D häufiger vorkommen als unter den reinen Subtypen. Ich konnte mit dieser Arbeit beweisen, dass mit einem erhöhten Risiko hinsichtlich des sexuellen Verhaltens die Gefahr von Mehrfachinfektionen steigt (p = 0,0196). Aufgrund der Datenlage darf vermutet werden, dass für die Entstehung von Rekombinationen HIV-1-Mehrfachinfektionen Voraussetzung sind. Ein Einfluss des Geschlechts auf die Prävalenz von Mehrfachinfektionen und Rekombinanten konnte – unter Berücksichtigung des geringen Stichprobenumfangs bei den weiblichen und männlichen Blutspendern – in dieser Arbeit nicht festgestellt werden. Ein Einfluss des Alters auf die Prävalenz von Mehrfachinfektionen und Rekombinanten zeigte sich nur in der Risikogruppe der Prostituierten und nicht in den Populationsgruppen antenatal clinic attendees und Blutspender. Die Dissertation basiert auf den Daten meiner Querschnittsstudie, die ich vom August 2000 bis zum August 2001 in Mbeya Region durchgeführt habe. Sie soll den Einfluss der Variablen sexuelles Risikoverhalten auf die Verteilung der HIV-1-Subtypen und deren Rekombinationen und Mehrfachinfektionen eruieren. Obwohl einige signifikante Assoziationen festzustellen waren, kann keine Aussage über deren kausaler Zusammenhang erfolgen, da es sich hierbei ausschließlich um eine transversale Studie handelt. Zur Eruierung der kausalen Inferenz sind longitudinale Kohortenstudien geeignet, die mit Verlaufsdaten von Individuen arbeiten. Des Weiteren können diese Studien mittels Interventionen (Aufklärung, Kondombenutzung, medizinische Betreuung und Versorgung u.a.) eine Verminderung des Risikos hinsichtlich des sexuellen Verhaltens herbeiführen, was die Inzidenz für Neu- und Superinfektionen erfolgreich senken würde. Eine entsprechende Studie wurde in Mbeya Region von der Abteilung für Infektions- und Tropenmedizin der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München in Kooperation mit der Muhimbili University of Dar es Salaam an über 700 Prostituierten von August 2000 bis Juni 2005 durchgeführt.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is characterised by early dissemination of tumor cells resulting in a strikingly reduced overall survival despite complete surgical removal of the primary tumour. It has been suggested that proteases contribute to this apparent aggressiveness of lung cancer because they are involved in a variety of mechanisms associated with tumor progression such as invasion, migration and angiogenesis. To investigate the significance of protease expression and to identify potentially co-regulated molecules during early dissemination and in minimal residual disease, we performed cDNA array analysis of single disseminated cancer cells or small cell clusters isolated from bone marrow and lymph nodes of NSCLC patients. We obtained macroscopically tumor free lymph nodes and bone marrow aspirates from patients with operable NSCLC and enriched single disseminated cancer cells and small cell clusters by density gradient centrifugation. Subsequently, the freshly prepared cell suspensions were stained with an antibody against the epithelial surface molecule EpCAM and single positive tumour cells were isolated by micromanipulation. After global amplification of the single cell cDNA and non-radioactive labelling proteinase expression was assessed using a cDNA array consisting of several matrix metalloproteases, cathepsins, caspases, kallikreins and other serine / cysteine proteases. Until now we could isolate 46 EpCAM+ cells from 72 lymph nodes and 19 EpCAM+ cells from 71 bone marrow aspirates. For 30 cells the epithelial origin could be confirmed by the co-expression of several epithelial markers or by expression of the tumor specific MAGE antigens. Hybridisation of these cells on our protease cDNA array revealed the expression of various proteases in single cells and small cell clusters. Particularly, serine proteases, cathepsins and other cysteine proteinases are frequently expressed, while, contrary to our expectations, the transcripts of matrix metalloproteases (MMP) were rarely detected in the analysed cells.