Podcasts about mollusca

Further reading: Reconstructing fossil cephalopods: Endoceras Retro vs Modern #17: Ammonites Hammering Away at Hamites An endocerid [picture by Entelognathus - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=111981757]: An ammonite fossil: A hamite ammonoid that looks a lot like a paperclip [picture by Hectonichus - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=34882102]: Show transcript: Welcome to Strange Animals Podcast. I'm your host, Kate Shaw. When you think about cephalopods, if that's a word you know, you probably think of octopuses and squid, maybe cuttlefish. But those aren't the only cephalopods, and in particular in the past, there used to be even more cephalopods that are even weirder than the ones we have today. Cephalopods are in the family Mollusca along with snails and clams, and many other animals. The first ancestral cephalopods date back to the Cambrian, and naturally we don't know a whole lot about them since that was around 500 million years ago. We have fossilized shells that were only a few centimeters long at most, although none of the specimens we've found are complete. By about 475 million years ago, these early cephalopod ancestors had mostly died out but had given rise to some amazing animals called Endocerids. Endocerids had shells that were mostly cone-shaped, like one of those pointy-ended ice cream cones but mostly larger and not as tasty. Most were pretty small, usually only a few feet long, or less than a meter, but some were really big. The largest Endoceras giganteum fossil we have is just under 10 feet long, or 3 meters, and it isn't complete. Some scientists estimate that it might have been almost 19 feet long, or about 5.75 meters, when it was alive. But that's just the long, conical shell. What did the animal that lived in the shell look like? We don't know, but scientists speculate that it had a squid-like body. The head and arms were outside of the shell's opening, while the main part of the body was protected by the front part of the shell. We know it had arms because we have arm impressions in sections of fossilized sea floor that show ten arms that are all about the same length. We don't know if the arms had suckers the way many modern cephalopods do, and some scientists suggest it had ridges on the undersides of the arms that helped it grab prey, the way modern nautiluses do. It also had a hood-shaped structure on top of its head called an operculum, which is also seen in nautiluses. This probably allowed Endoceras giganteum to pull its head and arms into its shell and use the operculum to block the shell's entrance. We don't know what colors the shells were, but some specimens seem to show a mottled or spotted pattern. The interior of Endoceras giganteum's shell was made up of chambers, some of which were filled with calcium deposits that helped balance the body weight, so the animal didn't have trouble dragging it around. 3D models of the shells show that they could easily stick straight up in the water, but we also have trace fossils that show drag marks of the shell through sediment. Scientists think Endoceras was mainly an ambush predator, sitting quietly until a small animal got too close. Then it would grab it with its arms. It could also crawl around to find a better spot to hunt, and younger individuals that had smaller shells were probably a lot more active. We talked about ammonites way back in episode 86. Ammonites were really common in the fossil record for hundreds of millions of years, only going extinct at the same time as the dinosaurs. Some ammonites lived at the bottom of the ocean in shallow water, but many swam or floated throughout the ocean. Many ammonite fossils look like snail shells, but the shell contains sections inside called chambers. The largest chamber, at the end of the shell, was for the ammonite's body,

Los moluscos son un grupo de animales que todo el mundo conoce, pero es mucho menos conocido que es el grupo animal más variado en cuanto a planes corporales: un pulpo es un molusco, pero también lo es un mejillón, y una babosa o un caudofoveado. Además, los moluscos son el grupo animal más abundante en los océanos, por delante de los artrópodos, que les ganan por goleada en tierra. En el programa de hoy os contamos cómo han conseguido los moluscos ser tan diversos y qué sabemos sobre su evolución. Tomamos como excusa el descubrimiento de dos moluscos primitivos que tienen uno de los planes corporales más desconocidos: el de los gusanos con pinchos. Además, Santi García Cremades nos habla de las matemáticas de las epidemias, y de cómo algunas estimaciones numéricas sencillas nos podrían salvar la vida durante una epidemia zombi. Si queréis leer el artículo en que se describe por primera vez a los simpáticos Punk y Emo, es "New Silurian aculiferan fossils reveal complex early history of Mollusca", de Mark Sutton et al. Lo podéis encontrar en el siguiente enlace: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08312-0 Este programa se emitió originalmente el 16 de enero de 2025. Podéis escuchar el resto de audios de Más de Uno en la app de Onda Cero y en su web, ondacero.es

The gang discusses two papers that look at some exceptional soft-tissue preservation during the Silurian. The first paper potentially identifies a unique type of pterobranch, and the second paper looks at some early molluscs. Meanwhile, James has seen some movies, Amanda has a skibidi day, and Curt's soul dies.   Up-Goer Five (Curt Edition): The friends talk about two animals from a long time ago that are only found as soft parts and that makes it hard to find the parts of them that were in the ground a long long time ago. The first paper looks at an animal that is not well known in the past but is close to another animal that is better known. These soft parts are weird and people did not know what they were for a long while. This paper makes the case for this being one of this group of animals that all live in long empty round things together. They also say that this one may have lived moving in the water even though the ones today all sit at the bottom of the water on the ground. The second paper looks at another group of animals that many today have a hard part on them and some of them turn their body when they grow. The animals that they are looking at do not do these things. They have hair and are long. These are animals are from a group that we think might be close to what the early animals in this group today would have looked like. The friends talk about this paper because they gave the animals funny names.   References: Briggs, Derek EG, and Nicolás Mongiardino Koch. "A Silurian pseudocolonial pterobranch." Current Biology 33.23 (2023): 5225-5232. Sutton, Mark D., et al. "New Silurian aculiferan fossils reveal complex early history of Mollusca." Nature (2025): 1-6.

In this episode, Clara and Emily take a dive into the world of cuttlefish... but Clara spends the first five minutes thinking we're talking about pufferfish. Learn why these marine invertebrates are known as the chameleons of the sea and get a glimpse at their strange mating rituals in this week's episode!Adamo, S. A., & Hanlon, R. T. (1996). Do cuttlefish (Cephalopoda) signal their intentions to conspecifics during agonistic encounters?. Animal Behaviour, 52(1), 73-81.Allen, J. J., Akkaynak, D., Schnell, A. K., & Hanlon, R. T. (2017). Dramatic fighting by male cuttlefish for a female mate. The American Naturalist, 190(1), 144-151.Guo, H., Zhang, D., Wang, L., Li, W., He, P., Näslund, J., & Zhang, X. (2021). Sperm competition in golden cuttlefish Sepia esculenta: The impact of mating order and male size. Aquaculture, 530, 735929.Hall, .K., Hanlon, .R. Principal features of the mating system of a large spawning aggregation of the giant Australian cuttlefish Sepia apama (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Marine Biology 140, 533–545 (2002). Hanlon, R. T., Ament, S. A., & Gabr, H. (1999). Behavioral aspects of sperm competition in cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (Sepioidea: Cephalopoda). Marine Biology, 134, 719-728.Hanlon, R., Naud, MJ., Shaw, P. et al. Transient sexual mimicry leads to fertilization. Nature 433, 212 (2005). Hanlon, R. (2007). Cephalopod dynamic camouflage. Current biology, 17(11), R400-R404.Liu, L., Zhang, Y., Hu, X., Lü, Z., Liu, B., Jiang, L. H., & Gong, L. (2019). Multiple paternity assessed in the cuttlefish Sepiella japonica (Mollusca, Cephalopoda) using microsatellite markers. ZooKeys, 880, 33.Mather J. A., & Dickel L., (2017). Cephalopod complex cognition, Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, Vol 16, Pages 131-137, ISSN 2352-1546, Maradonna, F., Pessina, A., Ashouri, G., Notti, E., Chemello, G., Russo, G., ... & Carnevali, O. (2024). First Feeding of Cuttlefish Hatchlings: Pioneering Attempts in Captive Breeding. Animals, 14(13), 1993.Naud M, Hanlon RT, Hall KC, Shaw PW, Havenhand JN (2004) Behavioural and genetic assessment of reproductive success in a spawning aggregation of the Australian giant cuttlefish, Sepia apama. Anim Behav 67:1043–1050Norman, M. D., Finn, J., & Tregenza, T. (1999). Female impersonation as an alternative reproductive strategy in giant cuttlefish. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 266(1426), 1347-1349.Schnell, A. K., Smith, C. L., Hanlon, R. T., & Harcourt, R. T. (2015). Female receptivity, mating history, and familiarity influence the mating behavior of cuttlefish. Behavioral ecology and sociobiology, 69, 283-292.Wada, T., Takegaki, T., Mori, T., & Natsukari, Y. (2005). Sperm displacement behavior of the cuttlefish Sepia esculenta (Cephalopoda: Sepiidae). Journal of ethology, 23, 85-92.Wada, T., Takegaki T., Mori T., & Natsukari Y. (2010) Sperm removal, ejaculation and their behavioural interaction in male cuttlefish in response to female mating history, Animal Behaviour, Vol 79, Issue 3, Pages 613-619, ISSN 0003-3472, Cephalopod Camouflage: Cells and Organs of the skinhttps://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/cephalopod-camouflage-cells-and-organs-of-the-144048968/#:~:text=Chromatophores%20are%20organs%20that%20are,within%20a%20chromatophore%20nerve%20(Fig.:

This episode see's me talking to Senior Curator in Charge of Mollusca, Jon Ablett from the Natural History Museum as we talk about giant squid and colossal squid and I even get to see a actual giant squid in the flesh! Q&A with Jeremy Wade  Buy Me a Coffee YOUTUBE LIVE EVENT Facebook Page Twitter Instagram Youtube Channel

All words covered today are provided below in the show notes! gastrointestinal esophageal reflux disease gastro- also gastero-, before vowels gastr-, scientific word-forming element meaning "stomach," from Greek gastro-, combining form of gaster (genitive gastros) "belly, paunch; womb" intestine (n.) "lower part of the alimentary canal," early 15c., from Old French intestin (14c.) or directly from Latin intestinum "a gut," in plural (intestina), "intestines, bowels," noun use of neuter of adjective intestinus "inward, internal," from intus "within, on the inside" esophagus (n.) from Greek oisophagos "gullet, passage for food," literally "what carries and eats.” reflux (n.) early 15c., "a flowing back" (of the sea, etc.), from Medieval Latin refluxus, from Latin re- "back, again" + fluxus "a flowing," from fluere "to flow" gastrocnemius (n.) = “stomach of the lower leg” Gastritis (n.) gastro- also gastero-, before vowels gastr-, scientific word-forming element meaning "stomach," from Greek gastro-, combining form of gaster (genitive gastros) "belly, paunch; womb.” -itis word-forming element in medicine denoting "diseases characterized by inflammation" (of the specified part), Modern Latin, from Greek -itis. Gastro-enteritis (n.) - Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach and small and large intestines. Most cases are infectious, although gastroenteritis may occur after ingestion of drugs and chemical toxins (eg, metals, plant substances) enteritis (n.) "acute inflammation of the bowels," 1808, medical Latin, coined c. 1750 by French pathologist François-Boissier de la Croix de Sauvages (1706-1767), from enteron "intestine" + -itis "inflammation." Gastrectomy - surgical removal of a part or the whole of the stomach. -ectomy word-forming element meaning "surgical removal of," from Latinized form of Greek -ektomia "a cutting out of," from ektemnein "to cut out," from ek "out" + temnein "to cut." gastro-enterology (n.) - the study of the normal function and diseases of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon and rectum, pancreas, gallbladder, bile ducts and liver. from enteron "intestine" and -ology referring to the “study of.” gastropod (n.) - The gastropods, commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda 1826, gasteropod (spelling without -e- by 1854), from Modern Latin Gasteropoda, name of a class of mollusks, from Greek gaster (genitive gastros) "stomach" + pous (genitive podos) "foot" --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/liam-connerly/support

This episode is also available as a blog post: https://thecitylife.org/2022/08/18/mollusca-launches-brunch-with-a-luxurious-seafood-flair/ --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/citylifeorg/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/citylifeorg/support

Producer/Host: Sarah O’Malley This episode details how members of the phylum Mollusca utilize ventilation of their gill tissue for dual purposes. Bivalves suspension feed, pulling food out of the water they “inhale” and Cephalopods use the water for jet propulsion. This adaptive efficiency has lead to broad biodiversity in this phylum. About the host: Sarah O’Malley is an ecologist, naturalist and science communicator passionate about deepening her listeners’ experiences with the natural world. She teaches biology and sustainability at Maine Maritime Academy and is currently collaborating on a guide book to the intertidal zone in the Gulf of Maine. The post The Essential Rhythm 3/20/22: How molluscs breathe first appeared on WERU 89.9 FM Blue Hill, Maine Local News and Public Affairs Archives.

Producer/Host: Sarah O’Malley This episode details how members of the phylum Mollusca utilize ventilation of their gill tissue for dual purposes. Bivalves suspension feed, pulling food out of the water they “inhale” and Cephalopods use the water for jet propulsion. This adaptive efficiency has lead to broad biodiversity in this phylum. About the host: Sarah O’Malley is an ecologist, naturalist and science communicator passionate about deepening her listeners’ experiences with the natural world. She teaches biology and sustainability at Maine Maritime Academy and is currently collaborating on a guide book to the intertidal zone in the Gulf of Maine. The post The Essential Rhythm 3/20/22: How molluscs breathe first appeared on WERU 89.9 FM Blue Hill, Maine Local News and Public Affairs Archives.

Quizmasters Lee and Marc welcome Kyle Anne (http://kyleanne.net) for a general knowledge quiz on Video Games, Movies, Fast Food, Animals, Slogans, Psychology, Toys, World Cup, Geology and more! Round One VIDEO GAMES - What popular and influential golden age video game was used in a 2018 campaign by Highways England to raise awareness on the dangers of tailgating? 90's MOVIES - What sin does John Doe address first in the movie Seven? FAST FOOD - Which fast food chain became the first drive-thru restaurant service in the state of California when it opened in 1948? ANIMALS - Snails, slugs and whelks belong to which taxonomic class in the order Mollusca whose name translates from Greek into to "stomach foot"? SLOGANS - "When there's no tomorrow" is the slogan for what company? AWARDS RECORDS - With 11 wins, who broke cinematographer Donald A. Morgan's record as the most awarded black artist in Emmy Awards history at the 2021 Emmy Awards? Round Two PHOBIAS - Nelophobia is the fear of the fragility of what? PSYCHOLOGY - Factitious disorder, wherein a person feigns illness for no practical reason, is often called by what common name? KINKS - Klismaphilia is the term to describe a type of BDSM fetish play where one is aroused when what procedure is administered to them? AFRICA - Mount Kilimanjaro is located in what African country? 90's TOYS - What pocket typewriter by Tiger Electronics was marketed towards girls in the 1990's and also featured audio recording and playback? 70's MOVIES - Jon Wojtowicz was a pansexual man who attempted to rob a bank to pay for his wife Liz's sexual affirmation surgery in 1972 and was the inspiration for which 1975 film starring Al Pacino? Rate My Question WORLD CUP - The classic black and white Telstar soccer ball was used in the 1970 World Cup to be more easily seen on black and white television. It was made up of 32 interlocking panels of which 2 geometric shapes? Also, which shape is white and which shape is black? Final Questions PUBLICITY STUNTS - Due to a poorly thought out publicity stunt, what was released into the atmosphere in Cleveland in September of 1986, affecting traffic, the local airport and a local Coast Guard search for two fisherman lost in Lake Eerie (among other things)? MEDICAL DEVICES - What is the name for a slender medical device that is used to look inside a body cavity or organ using an attached light? GEOLOGY - What mineral is listed as a 1 on the Mohs hardness scale, the softest mineral in the world? Upcoming LIVE Know Nonsense Trivia Challenges December 8th, 2021 - Know Nonsense Challenge - Point Ybel Brewing Co. - 7:30 pm EDT December 9th, 2021 - Know Nonsense Trivia Challenge - Ollies Pub Records and Beer - 7:30 pm EDT You can find out more information about that and all of our live events online at KnowNonsenseTrivia.com All of the Know Nonsense events are free to play and you can win prizes after every round. Thank you Thanks to our supporters on Patreon. Thank you, Quizdaddies – Brandon, Issa, Adam V., Tommy (The Electric Mud) and Tim (Pat's Garden Service) Thank you, Team Captains – Captain Nick, Grant, Mo, Jenny, Rick G., Skyler, Dylan, Shaun, Lydia, Gil, David, Aaron, Kristen & Fletcher Thank you, Proverbial Lightkeepers – Justin, Robb, Rachael, Rikki, Jon Lewis, Moo, Tim, Nabeel, Patrick, Jon, Adam B., Ryan, Mollie, Lisa, Alex, Spencer, Kaitlynn, Manu, Matthew, Luc, Hank, Justin, Cooper, Elyse, Sarah, Karly, Kristopher, Josh, Lucas Thank you, Rumplesnailtskins – Edsicalz, Sarah, FoxenV, Laurel, A-A-Ron, Loren, Hbomb, Alex, Doug, Kevin and Sara, Tiffany, Allison, Paige, We Do Stuff, Kenya, Jeff, Eric, Steven, Efren, Mike J., Mike C., Mike. K If you'd like to support the podcast and gain access to bonus content, please visit http://theknowno.com and click "Support." Special Guest: Kyle Anne.

Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes Aschelminthes, Annelida, Echinodermata, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Chordata

We chat about concepts of property and personhood with animals, the welfarist vs. abolitionist debate, the compatibility of veganism in a globalised and industrialised world, whether Mollusca and insects have sentience, moral schizophrenia, why she started NZ Vegan Podcast, & her favourite vegan recipe for non-vegans.

We chat about concepts of property and personhood with animals, the welfarist vs. abolitionist debate, the compatibility of veganism in a globalised and industrialised world, whether Mollusca and insects have sentience, moral schizophrenia, why she started NZ Vegan Podcast, & her favourite vegan recipe for non-vegans.

Oysters, mussels, scallops and more. When we pick up shells on the beach, how often do we consider that they represent a life lived, out in the ocean? The dynamic lives of these creatures are easily forgotten, obfuscated by the shell as a decorative object and the shellfish as a commodity. In this episode, we learn how these animals live, what they are, and what challenges they face. Tom speaks with ocean and climate scientist Priya Shukla, to discover the fascinating lives that hide behind that general label: ´shellfish´. 

Snails, phylum Mollusca, class Gastropoda; when feeling threatened, retreat into their shells and stay there to protect themselves. For physiotherapists, the well-established specialties of MSK, Sports, Neuro, Cardiorespi, Women's health forms their shell, the haven. According to common belief, peeking their head outside of this self-prescribed circle of security is equivalent to inviting risk and potential failure. Is it, though? If Jake Sully never stepped into the Avatar world, he would have lived his perfunctory marine life, entirely blind-sighted to the alluring world that existed outside his own. Today, most physiotherapists are unfortunately in a similar space. There is an entire spectrum of avenues that can benefit from a physiotherapist's expertise. However, there is so much fear and reluctance bred in the minds of young physios that we are choosing to remain unaware of positions outside our small circle. Listen to more of it on our podcast.

Producer/Host: Sarah O’Malley This episode describes basic snail anatomy in the context of the phylum Mollusca. It is a the first in a series about common sea shore creatures one might encounter in the summer at the beach. About the host: Sarah O’Malley is an ecologist, naturalist and science communicator passionate about deepening her listeners’ experiences with the natural world. She teaches biology and sustainability at Maine Maritime Academy and is currently collaborating on a guide book to the intertidal zone in the Gulf of Maine. The post Essential Rhythm 6/10/21: I found a snail-now what? first appeared on WERU 89.9 FM Blue Hill, Maine Local News and Public Affairs Archives.

Producer/Host: Sarah O’Malley This episode describes basic snail anatomy in the context of the phylum Mollusca. It is a the first in a series about common sea shore creatures one might encounter in the summer at the beach. About the host: Sarah O’Malley is an ecologist, naturalist and science communicator passionate about deepening her listeners’ experiences with the natural world. She teaches biology and sustainability at Maine Maritime Academy and is currently collaborating on a guide book to the intertidal zone in the Gulf of Maine. The post Essential Rhythm 6/10/21: I found a snail-now what? first appeared on WERU 89.9 FM Blue Hill, Maine Local News and Public Affairs Archives.

Saying goodbye to their unlikely ally, the crew take the dive down into the underwater city of Mollusca...Follow for updates:Twitter: @TandTCastInstagram: @TandTCastCast:Fergus Davidson (Dungeon Master)Twitter: @ErgoFergInstagram: @ferfergaliciousHulda (Selene)Twitter: @aHobbitsLifeTikTok: @ahobbitstaleInstagram: @hobbitstaleJoel (Murkrum)Twitter: @JoelReidWylieInstagram: @zmanthewizard @joelwylieVal (Xander)Twitter: @TheNerdyNifflerTikTok: @TheNerdyNifflerInstagram: @the.nerdynifflerTavian (Varian)Angus (Fargrim)Attributions:Tankards and Treasures Original Soundtrack- Tankards and Treasures (Intro)- Fireside (Recap)- Adventure! (Ambience)- A Peaceful Sunrise (Ambience)Anguish by Kevin MacLeodLink: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3373-anguishLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/The Pyre by Kevin MacLeodLink: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/4504-the-pyreLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/On the Shore by Kevin MacLeodLink: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/4167-on-the-shoreLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Music and Sound by Syrinscape.syrinscape.com/?TankardsnTreasuresBecause Epic Games Need Epic SoundComplete list of credits here: https://syrinscape.com/attributions/?id=832&id=7208

Welcome to our new series. Chitons belong to the Phylum Mollusca, along with bivalves, gastropods, and cephalopods. They may seem simple, but there is a beautiful complexity in their story and existence if you know where to look. Welcome to Class. bUpCyFYft7WiqzkQpiRY Support this podcast

Principais características e classificação

Doing the same thing repeatedly and then expecting a different result is known as insanity. So what should we call doing the same thing over and over already knowing the outcome? I suppose it's what my Bahamian peeps call being the conch! Conch, a cultural food staple, is usually beaten with a mallet before cooking-depending on the dish. Using a 'lil elbow grease, this Mollusca is pounded until it is thin and almost mangled, so it becomes extra tender in the stewing process. I reckon sometimes applying pressure and heat really does bring out your full potential. I must caution you though, too much heat to the conch makes it rubbery, and therefore good-for-nothing. But like the conch, some relationships had beaten me to a pulp. Still, after everything I had done to barely pull it together, yes sir, you know it! Muscle memory triggered yet another round of tenderization.

Про еду надо говорить вкусно и со страстью, точно так же как ее надо готовить. У нас в студии су-шеф одного из лучших ресторанов Москвы - Mollusca. Немного про ресторанную экономику, много про путь, страсть и случайности. В конце небольшой гид по ресторанам от человека который точно знает кухню. Будет жарко. Включайся!

This episode is on the slimmest of boys and girls! We will dicuss what these creatures are how they function and some facts as well! There with will be jokes as well along with a few mess ups from your host!

One of the most memorable 2018 Super Bowl television commercials speculated on the loss of Alexa’s voice. At first, the viewer watches a woman at home, commanding the Amazon artificial-intelligence device to provide information. But the woman is surprised when the automaton belts out a cough and goes silent. Back at Amazon headquarters, the Alexa team reassures CEO Jeff Bezos of the backup plan, which entails the use of celebrities such as Gordon Ramsey and Cardi B to fill in for Alexa. Consumers requesting Alexa’s assistance are met with a slew of comical responses. The commercial aims to show the inadequacy and unpredictably of the human as a machine. In this episode, “Not So Artificial Intelligence,” I examine the ways in which assistive technology has become a new terrain for artists like Trisha Baga, Stephanie Dinkins, and Cara deFabio. Each artist has incorporated the use of assistive technology to explore human emotional labor as well as the slippery nature of language. For instance, in deFabio’s performance, Virtual Girlfriend (2017), the artist conducted extensive research on the crowdsourced labor of providing digital companionship to strangers around the world. Baga, meanwhile, examines what might happen when we develop an intimate relationship with a virtual assistant, in her work Mollusca & The Pelvic Floor (2018). The essay titled Telegraphy’s Corporeal Fictions, by the scholar Katherine Stubb, is a point of departure for the episode. Stubb’s work centered on phone operators, who were often women, as the providers of both connectivity and emotional support to the listener. --- Subscribe to Art Practical on iTunes to catch PRNT SCRN as soon as it publishes! Check us out on Instagram (@prnt_scrn_ap) and Twitter (@PRNTSCRN1). #APaudio

This episode discusses Chapter XIV where Darwin applies his ideas of evolution and descent with modification to explain the developing "natural system" of classification, the unity of embryos and why organisms have rudimentary or vestigial organs.  Classification From the most remote period in the history of the world organic beings have been found to resemble each other in descending degrees, so that they can be classed in groups under groups. This classification is not arbitrary like the grouping of the stars in constellations. The existence of groups would have been of simple significance, if one group had been exclusively fitted to inhabit the land, and another the water; one to feed on flesh, another on vegetable matter, and so on; but the case is widely different, for it is notorious how commonly members of even the same sub-group have different habits.Cuvier in 1817 proposed a system of classification that recognized animals as belonging to one of four forms  - Vertebrata, Mollusca, Articulata (arthropods) and radially shaped animals (Radiata). image from http://www.buffalolib.org/content/milestones-science/georges-cuvierDarwin argues that the hierarchical system of classification mirrors his idea that new species formation mirrors the pattern of inheritance and genealogy we see in family tree.   A nice example is the phylogeny of placental mammals, those are mammals different from marsupial mammals (kangaroos, opossums, etc.) and monotremes (egg laying mammals like platypus)  in that they retain the embryo internally in a placental sac where they feed and protect the developing embryo. Placental mammals represent the majority of extant species of mammals today and seem to have evolved from three major geographical locations - Africa, Laurasia and South America. This is a a beautiful artistic representation of the placental mammal phylogenetic tree.http://eurwentala.deviantart.com/art/Eutheria-345487389A comparison of early development of placental mammals from the Afrotheria clade (left most branch) shows similarities and divergences in the different types of mammals. [A.. Tenrec [tenrecoidea], B. Golden mole [Chrysochloridae] C. Elephant shrew [Macroscelididae] D. aardvark [Tubulidentata] E. Bush elephant [Proboscidae] F. dugong [Sirenia] G. hyrax [Hyracoidea] Image from Hautier, Lionel, et al. "Patterns of ossification in southern versus northern placental mammals." Evolution 67.7 (2013): 1994-2010.Modern phylogeny and classification is based on Darwin's ideas of descent with modification and we now use DNA, RNA, and protein sequences to expand and improve our understanding of the relatedness of organismsEmbryology We have seen that the members of the same class, independently of their habits of life, resemble each other in the general plan of their organisation. This resemblance is often expressed by the term "unity of type;" or by saying that the several parts and organs in the different species of the class are homologous. The whole subject is included under the general term of Morphology. This is one of the most interesting departments of natural history, and may almost be said to be its very soul. What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be constructed on the same pattern, and should include similar bones, in the same relative positions? Homologous bone structure of tetrapod limbsJames attempted to differentiate homologous structures from analogous structures but showed how complicated it can be when discussing flying adaptations in mammals. As you can see in the figure above, the limbs of birds, bats, humans, seals and turtles contain the same bones in the same configuration making them homologous in morphology. What changes in the relative size to each other not their relative position. In vertebrates, the evolution of powered flight occurred independently three times - in Pterosaurs (reptiles), bats (mammals), and birds (again reptiles) so their wings are functionally analogoussince they are wings constructed of different specific materials. James erroneously said that the pterodactyl wing was from a super elongated index finger but in fact it is the 4th digit what we associate with the pinky finger.  We colored the figure below of a pterodactyl wing to conform to the color legend in the figure above. Embryology Earnst Haeckel was a famous scientist in Darwin's time who applied Darwin's idea of the evolution of organisms in his studies of the embryonic stages of chordatesAs Sarah mentioned this set of illustrations were updated but the overall conclusion does not differ. Follow this link to read a wonderful summary of the Haeckel embryo controversy with modern drawings and interpretation. Overall embryo development does show that chordates exhibit very similar and distinct stages of development whereas the adult forms can be quite different in form.Rudimentary Organs Humans exhibit a number of traits, that we see in other mammals, but are degraded or rudimentary in their form. Some classic examples we discussed were the coccyx (tail bone), wisdom teeth and appendix but failed to mention the degrading nictating membrane in the corner of our eyes. In other chordates it is semitransparent film that can over the eye to clean and protect it. Ours is reduced to a little nubbin in the corner of our eye.http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/pix/nictitans.jpgThe opening and closing theme to Discovering Darwin is "May" by Jared C. Balogh. http://freemusicarchive.org/music/Balogh/Revitalized_Eyes/MAY interlude music is Otrov by Black Bear Combo http://freemusicarchive.org/music/Black_Bear_Combo/

In 1846, a dead snail was glued to a specimen card in the British Museum. In 1850, somebody realized that the snail...wasn't so dead after all, kicking off a curious story of molluskular stoicism that charmed the mid 19th C. science-and-nature circuit. But what went on in the ensuing 150 years? Site user "nicebookrack" wanted to know, and posted question to Ask MetaFilter asking, well, whatever happened to the snail that wouldn't die?The answers she got put her on the path to reaching the Natural History Museum's Jon Ablett, Curator of Mollusca, who was able to help her put together the missing details, all of which she collated into a fantastic post on MetaFilter. In this episode, I talk with nicebookrack about the snail's story, how it caught her attention in the first place via Project Gutenberg, and her experiences putting the whole thing together.Helpful LinksPodcast FeedSubscribe with iTunesDirect mp3 download@MefiOOTB on Twitter

Only a small fraction of the estimated species diversity on Earth already has been discovered, and expected high extinction rates force biologists to rapid surveys. Molecular barcoding techniques meet such goals, but taken alone they can hardly connect genetic discoveries with the large morphology-based body of taxonomic knowledge that accumulated during centuries. Also, the study of organismic evolution requires reliable information on phenotypes. Morphological and biological knowledge on formally described species can be, however, very heterogeneous regarding both quality and quantity. Especially problematic are meiofaunal taxa – biodiversity generally is poorly explored, and species are small, hard to collect, externally quite uniform and difficult to distinguish by means of traditional taxonomic techniques. Old species descriptions often are fragmentary and information may or may not be reliable. Novel microanatomical imaging techniques raised the hope to combine the rapid examinations with the obligatory accuracy and desired comprehensiveness of structural information obtainable. Among the most successful interstitial gastropod taxa are the Acochlidia, combining extremely high morphological and biological diversity with modest species diversity. The state of research at the beginning of my PhD thesis considered the Acochlidia as poorly known, enigmatic and morphologically and biologically aberrant Opisthobranchia, comprising only 27 valid species. Most of the acochlidian species are marine mesopsammic and distributed along the coasts of the world’s oceans, but some species succeeded to invade freshwater systems on tropical islands. Uniquely among the otherwise hermaphroditic euthyneurans, some acochlidians have separate sexes. Previous sampling efforts were biased to European waters and a few other places that had been visited by experts. Original descriptions of the acochlidian species were often limited to the external morphology, the structure of calcareous spicules and the examination of the radula by light microscopy; furthermore, some anatomical data were traditionally obtained from gross-morphological dissection or from paraffin-based histology. Inner acochlidian classification was controversial and neither morphology-based nor molecular phylogenetic studies resolved the origin of this traditional “order” among euthyneuran heterobranch gastropods. In a case study for Mollusca, and for the first time for heterobranch gastropods, I comparatively explored the microanatomy of a representative sampling of known acochlidian taxonomic diversity applying computer-aided 3D reconstructions with Amira® based on serial semi-thin histological sections. My dissertation aimed (1) to revise the morphology and taxonomy of acochlidians, including the most dubiously and incompletely described species, (2) to generate detailed microanatomical data sets for comparative purposes, (3) to reconstruct global acochlidian phylogeny and major traits of their evolution, and (4) to explore the power and the limits of modern microanatomy against traditional taxonomy and molecular approaches, and to develop integrative approaches. Original type material was traced in museums and institutions according to the literature and loaned for re-examination whenever possible. Most of the acochlidian species were re-collected at the type localities. Seven acochlidian species covering seven of eight families were re-examined in full detail; other species were studied to the level necessary and possible considering time constraints; additionally five species were introduced new to science. The microanatomical part of my dissertation clearly demonstrates that traditional acochlidian taxonomy did not provide sufficiently detailed and reliable anatomical information. In contrast, computer-based 3D reconstructions with the software Amira® are an efficient, powerful tool for microanatomy, providing a wealth of new data on all major organ systems of the Acochlidia. Transforming specimens into serial histological sections is “invasive”, but generates vouchers that carry testable information. Semithin-sectioning (1-2 µm) and staining as applied herein provide resolution adequate to trace relevant organs, ducts and tissues; limits of this method refer to quantitative detection of fine nerves. The process of preparing complete 3D models is time consuming, but greatly supports accurateness of finding and identifying structures and includes several steps of internal quality control. 3D models, especially when interactive, are attractive and instructive, comprise verifiable high-quality data, and revealed considerable amounts of erroneous data within original species descriptions. Former outliers – i.e. apparently aberrant and enigmatic species - fit well into the pattern of known acochlidian species after the correction of the original data. 3D modeling from serial sections as applied herein is discussed as the best currently available method for exploring complex soft part microanatomy in small invertebrate specimens. Using the verified and supplemented morphological data, more than 100 morphological characters were defined and coded for all 27 acochlidian species considered valid at that time, and 11 euthyneuran outgroups. A cladistic analysis with PAUP recovered monophyletic Acochlidia originating from an unresolved basal opisthobranch level. The Acochlidia split into the Hedylopsacea (Tantulum (Hedylopsis (Pseudunela (Strubellia (‘Acochlidium’, ‘Palliohedyle’))))) and Microhedylacea (Asperspina (Pontohedyle, ‘Parhedyle’, ‘Microhedyle’, (Ganitus, Paraganitus))). The formerly enigmatic Ganitidae, resembling sacoglossan opisthobranchs by having dagger-like rhachidian radular teeth, were recovered as highly derived microhedylids. This topology is largely well-supported, robust to modifications of outgroup taxon sampling, and in principles was supported by a recent multi-locus molecular analysis. In addition, molecular analyses revealed the formerly enigmatic, amphibious Aitengidae also clustering within hedylopsacean Acochlidia. Although my phylogenetic hypothesis is not considered definitive, the paraphyly of some of the traditionally recognized family level taxa induced a preliminary reclassification of the Acochlidia. Rarely among invertebrates, morphology-based and molecular acochlidian topologies are compatible, and thus may closely reflect natural relationships. Major traits of the acochlidian evolutionary history were reconstructed tracing character state changes on the tree. The previous hypothesis of a general regression of morphological complexity in the Acochlidia applies only for microhedylacean species. Within Microhedylacea, we confirmed a tendency towards successive reductions, particularly in the reproductive system. Species are aphallic, sperm transfer occurs by spermatophores and dermal fertilisation and the secondary gonochorism evolved once in the ancestor of the Microhedylidae. In contrast, already basal hedylopsacean species show a complex excretory system adapted to a freshwater influenced environment. An evolutionary trait from a simple unarmed copulatory system towards complex hypodermal injection systems was recognised culminating in a large, trap-like spiny rapto-penis of several limnic Acochlidiidae. In spite of a high level of convergence involved, precise microanatomical data sets on a vast (yet incomplete) ingroup sampling thus allowed reconstructing a novel, plausible and detailed hypothesis on acochlidian phylogeny and evolution. This approach may have considerable potential also in other groups with similarly small and rare members that are elusive to molecular studies. Limits of morphology-based phylogeny concern any subgroups with just limited information available, old and possibly rapid diversifications, such as the origin of Acochlidia among Euthyneura, and relatively recent subgroups with little phenotypical differences fixed. We show that traditional taxonomy fails to differentiate some genetically clearly distinct lineages. In Pseudunela, sophisticated microanatomy alone cannot reliably delimitate all of the evolutionary lineages, but may reveal diagnosable differences among pseudocryptic species once they have been delimited by molecular analyses. Integrative taxonomy combining modern microanatomical data on acochlidians with molecular analyses thus is superior to individual approaches. With all key species revised in microanatomical and testable detail, and many additional species compared to such standard, now the Acochlidia probably range among the best described heterobranch groups. There is, however, still a critical gap of knowledge regarding biological observations and ontogenetic stages. Future work also should focus on resolving the exact origin of Acochlidia among Panpulmonata and on generating comparative anatomical data from potential sister groups. In spite of the urgency for speed facing the biodiversity crisis, my dissertation showed the essential need for revisory work on acochlidians, and this may be true also for other poorly known micromolluscs. Integrative 3D microanatomical and molecular approaches as exemplified herein are efficient, and thus suitable to explore the diversity and evolution of neglected micromolluscs within overall reasonable time scales.

Caratteristiche generali Latino: molluscus = molle. Si conoscono circa 80.000 specie. Le dimensioni

Molluscum contagiosum is a common viral skin infection in children with atopic diathesis and not rare in HIV patients. We report a 45-year-old psoriasis patient who developed eruptive mollusca contagiosa during an antipsoriatic treatment with efalizumab. Copyright (C) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Tue, 15 Oct 2002 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/426/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/426/1/Fahrner_Alexander.pdf Fahrner, Alexander ddc:5

This work comprises detailed studies by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fluorescence staining combined with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), as well as serial sectioning analyses and reconstruction techniques to elucidate the development of the larval and adult musculature of several basal representatives of the molluscan classes Polyplacophora, Bivalvia, Scaphopoda, and Gastropoda. Special reference is given to the shell musculature. In addition, aspects of the myo-anatomy of adult Solenogastres are reconsidered. A further part of this study deals with scaphopod shell morphogenesis and expression of the homeobox gene engrailed (en), in order to gain insights regarding the scaphopod-bivalve relationship. The results enable far reaching conclusions regarding the evolution and the phylogeny of the Mollusca. Solenogastres TEM analysis of adult Solenogastres revealed a mesenchymate body wall musculature which consists of outer ring, intermediate diagonal, and inner longitudinal muscles and resembles the condition of other worm-shaped taxa. The ventrally inter-crossing dorso-ventral musculature, which is diagnostic for the Mollusca, is arranged in multiple serial units along the anterior-posterior body axis. Polyplacophora During development, the chiton larva undergoes an intermediate stage in which the dorso-ventral musculature is serially arranged as in adult Solenogastres. The concentration into seven (and later eight) functional shell plate muscle units is a secondary condition which takes place after metamorphosis. Thus, assumptions of a primarily "segmented" (i.e. annelidlike) character of the polyplacophoran shell plate musculature are rejected. In addition, the anterior (i.e. pre-trochal) body region of chiton larvae shows a muscular grid which is lost at metamorphosis and resembles the body wall musculature of adult aplacophoran (Solenogastres + Caudofoveata) molluscs. Both, the multiple seriality of the dorso-ventral muscles and the apical muscle grid are regarded as ontogenetic recapitulation of the basal molluscan condition which is fully expressed in the adult body plan of Solenogastres. This infers a non-segmented, worm-shaped ancestor at the base of molluscan evolution. The existence of a larval ring-shaped muscle that underlies the prototroch cells (prototroch muscle ring) is a shared feature of polyplacophoran, gastropod, and bivalve larvae (see below) and suprataxic homology of this organ is proposed. Bivalvia Besides a rather complicated set of larval retractor muscles, the veligers of autobranchs (i.e. all Bivalvia except the Protobranchia, the latter with a test-cell larva) exhibit a distinct prototroch muscle ring similar to chitons and gastropods. Both systems are entirely larval and are resorbed during metamorphosis. Scaphopoda The general ontogeny and especially myogenesis in the dentaliid scaphopod Antalis entalis proceeds much more direct than in polyplacophorans or gastropods. Accordingly, distinct larval muscle systems are lacking. However, the paired cephalic and pedal retractors both form additional fibers which project into the region of the prototroch and are lost at metamorphosis. The existence of a distinct, paired cephalic retractor system, which is also found in the basal gastropod and cephalopod bauplan but not in the Bivalvia, suggests a clade comprising the Scaphopoda and Gastropoda + Cephalopoda. This is strengthened by expression data of the homeobox gene engrailed, which plays a significant role in molluscan shell formation. While two dorso-lateral centers of engrailed expression, which correspond to the two centers of initial shell calcification, are found in early bivalve veligers, engrailed is exclusively found in mantle margin cells surrounding the single anlage of the embryonic scaphopod shell. In contrast to bivalves, the scaphopod shell is thus formed from a single center of calcification, and a scaphopod-bivalve sistergroup relationship is therefore rejected. Gastropoda Primitive gastropods, such as the patellogastropods Patella vulgata and Patella caerulea, show one pair of asymmetrically positioned larval retractor muscles which have distinct insertion sites at the embryonic shell. Another strict larval muscle system is the prototrochal muscle ring. All these muscle are lost before, during, or shortly after metamorphosis. Parts of the adult mantle musculature as well as the muscles of the cephalic tentacles are formed prior to metamorphosis, while the buccal musculature is of entire postmetamorphic origin. The process of gastropod ontogenetic torsion is mainly caused by muscular activity of the larval retractors, while the adult shell musculature arises after the completion of torsion. Thus, ontogenetic torsion is regarded as an entirely larval process inferring that the arrangement of the adult shell musculature - which can often be reconstructed by muscle scars on fossilized shells - is not indicative for the question whether paleozoic univalved molluscs were torted or not.