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Last time we spoke about the Fujian Rebellion of 1933. In the midst of political turmoil, the 19th Route Army, once vital in campaigns for Chiang Kai-shek, found itself at odds with his leadership during Japan's invasion of Shanghai in 1932. Facing internal rebellion and external threats, Chiang Kai-Shek prioritized fighting the Communists over the Japanese. The 19th Route Army, disillusioned, resisted both Japan and the CCP but ultimately faced betrayal when Chiang Kai-Shek forced them into civil conflict in Fujian, deepening divisions within China. In 1933, Chiang Kai-shek faced opposition for his appeasement of Japan, leading the 19th Route Army, frustrated by his inaction, to plot a coup. Under Chen Mingshu's leadership, they sought alliances against Chiang Kai-Shek but struggled amid civil war pressures and Red Army conflicts. On November 20, they declared the People's Revolutionary Government in Fuzhou, aiming to unify against Japanese aggression. However, lack of support led to rapid failure; by January 1934, Chiang's forces crushed the rebellion, and its leaders fled, marking the end of the Fujian Revolution.   #130 The Long March Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. As we saw 2 episodes ago, the CCP had been taken over by the 28 Bolsheviks and Otto Braun who initiated a dramatic offensive strategy for the Red Army. Unfortunately this also came during the 5th encirclement campaign. This resulted in repeated defeats for the Red Army and the gradual shrinking of the Soviet area. In April 1934, the Central Red Army engaged in a decisive battle against the Nationalist Army in Guangchang, Jiangxi Province, suffering severe losses and now faced a critical situation. As the NRA's grip tightened, the Red Army and the Central Committee of the CCP sought new strategies. With offensive tactics no longer feasible, the Red Army considered alternative approaches to navigate its current challenges. One overarching strategy involved co-opting the NRA by harnessing nationalistic sentiment to form a united front against the Japanese. The leadership of the Red Army hoped that by identifying a common enemy, they could temporarily alleviate the conflict with the KMT. In July 1934, they attempted to implement this strategy by deploying the Seventh Red Army Corps to western Fujian to join the 10th Red Army, commanded by Su Yu. This combined force was labeled the Anti-Japanese Vanguard Column to attract Nationalist support; however, the propaganda effort failed. The NRA subsequently obliterated the Red Army Column, resulting in the death or execution of most of its members. Approximately 800 survivors escaped and regrouped as a guerrilla unit under Su Yu, continuing to fight independently until the establishment of the Second United Front in 1937. Another breakout occurred on July 23, 1934, when the 6th Red Army Corps, operating from the Hunan-Guangdong border, traversed Hunan and joined forces with the Third Red Army, forming the Second Front Red Army, led by He Long, on October 22, 1934. It is uncertain whether either operation impacted the KMT. The escalating costs and ongoing casualties placed a heavy burden on the Red Army, complicating its ability to maintain its position. A secure new location was essential for the Red Army to reorganize, resupply, and recruit personnel. In August 1934, Bo Gu and Otto Braun secretly decided to abandon the Jiangxi Soviet. Their initial plan was to head southwest towards Hunan, seeking friendlier territory and aiming to connect with the 2nd Front Red Army. While the precise whereabouts of the 2nd Front Red Army were unclear, the leadership considered Hunan the most probable destination and devised a route to reach it. Meanwhile, the rest of the Red Army intensified its recruitment efforts, raised funds, and gathered supplies. On the night of October 10, 1934, the leadership of the Red Army issued marching orders to the 1st Front Red Army, which advanced southwest in two columns, consisting of the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 8th, and 9th Red Army Corps. The total strength of this force was about 87,000 soldiers. Many of these soldiers were unaware that it would be their final sight of the Jiangxi Soviet, as most believed they were simply executing another maneuver to outflank the KMT and strike at its rear. A contingent of 16,000 troops, including several wounded soldiers like their leader Chen Yi, remained in Ruijin to defend against and delay the KMT forces, providing the First Front Red Army with the necessary time to depart unnoticed. Thus, began what has famously been called the Long March. The first few days of the Long March were relatively calm. The Red Army steered clear of significant confrontations with the NRA forces and easily maneuvered through a gap in the encirclement. Previously, Zhou Enlai had brokered a truce with the Guangdong and Guangxi warlords involved in the Extermination campaign, allowing the Red Army safe passage through the region. Meanwhile, the Red Army troops remaining in Ruijin fiercely resisted the NRA, effectively masking the fact that the main force had already departed. Until November 8, Nationalist newspapers claimed that the Red Army was nearly annihilated. The 1st Front Red Army traveled at night, using small trails to evade detection and attacks from the air. The troop formation included the 1st and 9th Red Army Corps on the left flank, the 3rd and 8th Red Army Corps on the right, with leadership and logistical units positioned in the center, while the 5th Red Army Corps provided rear guard support. The Red Army employed porters to transport heavy equipment, such as printing presses, X-ray machines, and currency. Additional porters carried litters for the wounded and key leaders. During this period, several Red Army leaders, including Zhou Enlai, were unwell or injured, while others, like Mao Zedong, rested in litters during the day after long nights of planning. By mid-November 1934, the NRA learned that the Red Army had broken free from their encirclement and was heading westward, prompting them to pursue. Observing the Red Army's movements, Chiang Kai-shek and the NRA leadership inferred that southern Hunan was likely their destination, so they deployed troops accordingly. The Red Army advanced rapidly to the west, aiming to cross the Xiang River before the NRA could catch up. On November 27, 1934, the Red Army reached Daoxian and launched an assault on the NRA blockhouses guarding the Xiang River crossings. They quickly overran these defenses and began moving troops across the river. However, the central column of the Red Army, hindered by heavy equipment and injured soldiers, fell behind the main force. On November 28, the NRA struck the rear elements of the Red Army before they could reach the river. For 5 days, the Red Army engaged in a fierce rear guard action, trying to disengage from the NRA and successfully cross the river. By December 2, 1934, all Red Army units had successfully crossed the Xiang River, albeit at a significant cost. The Red Army lost over two divisions from the 3rd and 5th Red Army Corps, leaving just over 30,000 soldiers remaining in their ranks. Furthermore, much of the Army's heavy equipment and supplies were abandoned along the way to lighten their load. After the Red Army crossed the Xiang River, it continued to evade direct confrontations with the NRA. The challenging battle at the Xiang River had a profound impact on the Red Army, leading to a rise in desertions as soldiers recognized that the movement had turned into an exodus from Jiangxi. Many porters responsible for transporting heavy equipment also began to leave during the night, especially while navigating the difficult, muddy trails in the mountains. The Red Army made several attempts to head north to join He Long and the 2nd Front Red Army, but each time, they found their routes blocked by the NRA. As a result, they altered their plans and headed west toward Guizhou, aiming to reach Sichuan and connect with the 4th Front Red Army to establish a new Soviet. Upon arriving in Liping, Guizhou province, the Red Army leadership decided on December 18th to advance north toward Zunyi in pursuit of their goal in Sichuan. Initially, Guiyang, the provincial capital, was the intended destination, but it had been fortified with seven NRA divisions. In contrast, Zunyi appeared to be a more feasible target as the second-largest city in the province, defended only by local Guizhou forces. On January 1st, 1935, the Red Army began its march toward Zunyi, crossing the Wu River under heavy fire from Guizhou provincial troops. Within three days, they successfully crossed the river and continued toward Zunyi. On January 7, the Red Army launched an attack on Zunyi, which fell two days later. Following the capture of the city, the Red Army initiated a recruitment drive, adding 30,000 new recruits to its ranks. To enhance its mobility, they buried or abandoned much of their heavy equipment. The Red Army had originally planned to remain in the area for an extended period to refit, reorganize, and bolster their forces. The staff of the Central Cadre Unit's Red Army Medical School seized the opportunity to conduct a week-long course on basic first aid for soldiers. However, local conditions hindered any long-term presence. The area's primary crop was opium, useful for barter but inadequate for sustaining the Red Army. Additionally, the city's position along a river bend restricted the Red Army's escape routes in the event of an NRA attack. Given these challenges, Communist leadership convened a conference to deliberate on their military strategy. The conference held on January 15th, 1935, marked a pivotal moment in Communist history. In attendance were Politburo members, including Mao Zedong, Zhu De, Chen Yun, Zhou Enlai, Luo Fu, and Bo Gu, along with Liu Bocheng, Liu Shaoqi, Lin Biao, Nie Rongzhen, Peng Dehuai, and Otto Braun. The primary focus of the meeting was the unsuccessful military strategy employed during the 5th Extermination Campaign. Bo Gu and Zhou Enlai opened the discussion, both acknowledging their mistakes and accepting responsibility for the failures. Mao Zedong followed with a sharp critique of the strategy's use of "short, swift thrusts" and the lack of cooperation with the Fujian 19th route NRA Army. The conference continued for three more days, during which much of the Red Army leadership criticized Bo Gu and Otto Braun's approach, aligning themselves with Mao. By the end of the meeting, key leaders of the CCP and Red Army had distanced themselves from the 28 Bolsheviks, effectively making Mao Zedong the de facto leader of the CCP, despite not being formally elected to any new position at Zunyi. A significant change was the disbanding of the triumvirate leadership of Bo Gu, Otto Braun, and Zhou Enlai. Zhu De and Zhou Enlai were assigned to lead the Red Army, which then moved towards Sichuan to connect with the 4th Front Red Army. Departing Zunyi, the Red Army comprised four army corps: the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 9th Red Army Corps, although all were considerably smaller than before. The total strength of the 1st Front Red Army was approximately 35,000 soldiers. The army advanced north through Tongzi, gathering gold and opium to procure food and supplies for the journey. The 1st Army Corps, led by Lin Biao, took the lead in searching for a route to cross the Yangtze River. While attempting to secure a crossing near Chishui, the remainder of the Red Army engaged in a fierce battle with a Sichuan NRA force near Tucheng. The fighting escalated to such a degree that Mao Zedong ordered Lin Biao and his corps to return and assist. Ultimately, on January 29th, 1935, the Red Army lost contact with the enemy and abandoned its plan to cross the Yangtze River, instead retreating west to Zhaxi in Yunnan province to evade NRA forces. However, this provided only a temporary reprieve, as more NRA troops moved west into Sichuan, covering all potential crossing points along the Yangtze. Faced with limited options, Mao proposed an audacious plan on February 7th: the Red Army would split into separate columns and head back east into Guizhou to mislead the NRA, then reunite and proceed southwest into Yunnan to find a safer crossing point over the Yangtze. Executing this plan, the Red Army conducted a series of feints, diversionary attacks, and deception operations to confuse NRA leadership, as well as some of its own ranks. Mao Zedong aimed to create an opening for the Red Army to escape into Yunnan and cross the Yangtze in the Jinsha River area. The Red Army began moving east, achieving victories over the NRA, such as at Loushan Pass, where they captured about a division's worth of personnel and equipment. They continued eastward, seizing the city of Maotai and acquiring additional gold and opium for trade. In March 1935, Mao was appointed as the political commissar of the Red Army, with Zhu De serving as the commander-in-chief. His leadership role was further solidified when he was included in the triumvirate Military Council alongside Zhou Enlai and Wang Jiaxiang. Mao Zedong then initiated a deception operation, sending the 9th Red Army Corps north as a feint toward the Yangtze River, intending to reinforce NRA intelligence assessments. Chiang believed that these erratic movements indicated the Red Army was preparing for a decisive battle. Consequently, he relocated his NRA headquarters to Guiyang and deployed nearly all of Guizhou's NRA forces to the Yangtze area to encircle and eliminate the Red Army. This deployment inadvertently opened a north-south corridor in Guizhou, allowing the Red Army to move south towards Guiyang, which was now vulnerable due to the concentration of NRA forces along the Yangtze. Capitalizing on these fears, Mao sent additional Red Army units toward the provincial capital. In response, Chiang hurriedly redirected NRA forces from Yunnan to bolster defenses in Guiyang, thus creating yet another escape route for the Red Army. The Red Army swiftly exploited this corridor and advanced into Yunnan. They employed a similar feint tactic as used in Guiyang, deploying units from the 1st Red Army Corps to threaten Kunming. With the main Yunnan forces still occupied in Guiyang, the Yunnan government was forced to reallocate its frontier and militia troops to defend the capital, thus opening one final corridor for the Red Army to escape through a crossing at the Jinsha River. By April 1935, the Red Army had executed one of its most daring maneuvers, evading the NRA forces by making a sweeping maneuver into Yunnan. Despite this strategy, the Red Army still needed to cross the Yangtze River. One section of the river, known as the Jinsha River, flows from Tibet through Yunnan to Sichuan and offered excellent crossing points for the Red Army. On April 29th, Mao Zedong identified three crossing locations. The 1st Red Army Corps was assigned to cross in the north at Longjie, while the 3rd Red Army Corps would cross in the center at Hongmen. The Central Cadre Unit was designated to use the southern crossing point at Jiaopingdu. Meanwhile, the Fifth and Ninth Army Corps were tasked with rear guard operations and would cross at the nearest crossing point. Although the 1st and 3rd Red Army Corps struggled to secure their crossing locations, the Central Cadre Unit successfully acquired seven boats, established security on both riverbanks, and commenced a ferrying operation that would last nine days. Consequently, the 1st and 3rd Red Army Corps abandoned their original crossing points and moved to Jiaopingdu. The 3rd Red Army Corps crossed on May 7th, followed by the 1st Red Army Corps the next day. The 5th Red Army Corps maintained its rear guard before quickly crossing at Jiaopingdu on May 9th. Upon reaching Sichuan, the weary Red Army troops began to contemplate their next steps. After nearly nine months of travel, with minimal rest and significant losses, the Red Army's numbers had dwindled to around 25,000 soldiers, with much of their heavy equipment abandoned along their retreat route. They attempted to seize Huili but were met with fierce resistance from the 24th NRA Division. Outside the city, Red Army leaders held a conference on May 12th and resolved to continue north through Sichuan, aiming to cross the Dadu River to join forces with the 4th Front Red Army. As the Red Army advanced through the territory of the Yi minority, they faced hostility from the Yi people, who harbored animosity toward the Han and attacked straggling Red Army soldiers, stealing their weapons and clothing and leaving many to perish. Fortunately, Liu Bocheng and his vanguard unit from the 1st Red Army Corps negotiated a truce with the Yi, securing safe passage in exchange for promises of equal land rights and treatment after the war. On May 23rd, the Red Army reached Anshunchang along the Dadu River. Their initial attempts to cross by ferry were thwarted by strong NRA defenses on the opposite bank, and they only managed to secure three boats, which were insufficient for a crossing. On May 27th, Red Army leaders decided to take a calculated risk and dispatched troops northward to seize Luding Bridge. This iron-chain suspension bridge, located along a challenging trail through the mountain passes, crossed the Dadu River. In a remarkable act of bravery, the 4th Regiment of the 2nd Division, 1st Red Army Corps, led by Yang Chengwu, marched nearly 100 miles in under 3 days to secure the bridge. Despite facing a defending NRA brigade on sheer cliffs, the 4 Regiment acted swiftly and captured the bridge amid constant gunfire, with only 18 of the 22 men who launched the final assault surviving. Their sacrifice allowed the Red Army to evade the main KMT force and successfully cross the Dadu River, ultimately establishing themselves in Hualingping for refitting operations. However, the challenges for the Red Army persisted even after crossing the Dadu. They were still unaware of the 4th Front Red Army's location, with one possible area being directly north behind the Jiajin Mountains. To avoid detection from NRA forces or ambushes by Tibetans, Mao opted for a central walking trail through the Jiajin Mountains rather than the more accessible eastern and western routes. For many survivors of the Long March, the leg through the Jiajin Mountains proved to be the most arduous and challenging segment. The Red Army soldiers faced hunger, cold, thirst, avalanches, and the high altitude as they attempted to traverse the snow-capped peaks with little more than the clothes on their backs. On June 12th, the first units of the Red Army arrived at Danwei, located at the northern foot of the Jiajin Mountains. By June 14th, the remaining soldiers descended from the mountains and linked up with Li Xiannian, a liaison officer from the 4th Front Red Army. Approximately 10,000 soldiers endured the harsh conditions and made it down the mountain. Thankfully, they rejoined their fellow Red Army comrades, allowing them to take a much-needed rest. On June 18, 1935, the 1st and 4th Front Red Armies finally connected at Lianghekou. The Fourth Front Red Army fared significantly better than its counterpart, having originated from the Hubei-Henan-Anhui Soviet before relocating to the Shaanxi-Sichuan border and settling in northwest Sichuan in March 1935. Their forces numbered nearly 80,000, surpassing the 1st Front Red Army. Some soldiers from the 1st Front looked on with admiration and envy at the robust condition of the 4th Front soldiers and their horses. On June 26th, the leadership of both armies convened to discuss their future movements. Mao Zedong proposed advancing north to Gansu, then heading east toward Ningxia, with the ultimate goal of reaching Mongolia to establish communication with the Soviet Union. Conversely, Zhang Guotao suggested moving west to Xinjiang, aiming to connect with the Soviet Union via the Central Asian Republics. Beneath these military discussions lay political maneuvering as both Mao Zedong and Zhang Guotao sought to assert dominance over the Red Army. Ultimately, both sides maintained cordial relations and established a unified strategy and command. The Red Army was set to advance north to southern Gansu to establish a Soviet presence in the border areas. Zhang Guotao was appointed vice-chairman of the Military Council. By June 30, the 1st Front Red Army had moved into the Grasslands, with Zhang Guotao and the 4th Front Red Army following a day later. The meeting at Lianghekou did not resolve the political tensions between the factions led by Zhang Guotao and Mao Zedong, and these conflicts intensified over time. While Zhang Guotao continued to advocate for a westward movement toward Xinjiang, he also sought to recruit key leaders from the 1st Front Red Army to support his cause, but to no avail. Mao Zedong remained steadfast in his commitment to the agreed plan to proceed to Gansu and took measures to prevent any subversion from Zhang Guotao's camp. Tensions escalated during a conference at Maoergai on August 6th. The Red Army had arrived at Maoergai the previous day to rest and reorganize. According to one account, Mao Zedong held the meeting in the neighboring town of Shawo, securing the location ahead of Zhang Guotao arrival. As the sole representative from the 4th Front Red Army on the Politburo and Central Committee, Zhang Guotao intended to introduce additional representatives to enhance his influence, but they were unable to bypass security. This infuriated Zhang Guotao, highlighting the political maneuvering at play. Another account claims the meeting took place at Zhang Guotao's 11th Red Army Division headquarters, with his loyal soldiers ensuring that Mao Zdong could not undermine him. Regardless, no agreements were reached during this meeting. A second meeting was held on August 20th at Maoergai, resulting in a negotiated settlement. The Red Army remained under the command of Zhu De but was divided into two columns. The Right Column included the 1st and 3rd Red Army Corps, led by Lin Biao and Peng Dehuai, respectively, and also incorporated the 13th and 3th Red Armies from the 4th Front. Mao, Zhou Enlai, Bo Gu, and Otto Braun traveled with the Right Column. The Left Column comprised the remainder of the 4th Front Army, along with the 5th and 9th Red Army Corps, and was led by Zhang Guotao and Liu Bocheng, with Zhu De accompanying them. Both columns would advance north while skirting the Grasslands, with the Left Column heading toward Aba and the Right Column toward Baxi. Once the plan was finalized, they began their movement into the Grasslands on August 23rd. In the Grasslands, the Red Army encountered conditions as challenging as those in the mountains. This region was home to a minority population, and the Tibetan locals were just as hostile as the Yi had been, attacking and killing many stragglers. Food sources were scarce, and many Red Army soldiers were unfamiliar with edible plant species. Water supplies were also limited, as most sources were stagnant and contaminated. The soldiers ended up consuming wheat kernels, which severely upset their digestive systems. The trailing units faced even greater difficulties, as the vanguard troops turned the dirt paths into muddy pits, leaving little food for foraging. The Right Column reached Baxi on August 27th, suffering heavy losses during the week-long trek; the 3rd Red Army Corps alone lost 400 soldiers. The Left Column progressed more slowly and arrived in Aba about a week later. Once they exited the Grasslands, the Red Army faced another internal struggle that threatened their retreat. On September 3rd, Zhang Guotao sent a wireless message to Mao Zedong and the Right Column, stating that his forces were stationed at Aba and that the White River, north of Aba, was impassable. Mao Zedong urged Zhang Guotao to adhere to the Maoergai decision and even offered additional troops to assist in crossing the river, which Zhang Guotao politely declined. On September 9th, Mao Zedong learned of a secret message Zhang Guotao had sent to his aide in the Right Column. Zhang Guotao wanted the Right Column to move back south through the Grasslands to reunite the two columns and convene a meeting to discuss a new strategy, indicating an intention to initiate an intraparty power struggle. Fearing that Zhang Guotao would use his superior numbers to impose his strategy on the Red Army, the 1st and 3rd Red Army Corps quietly departed Baxi and continued north to Gansu. This approximately 8,000-strong force arrived at Ejie and held an emergency conference. The Red Army reorganized its forces as the Anti-Japanese Vanguard Force to garner support from the local population. They also issued a “Resolution Concerning the Mistakes of Comrade Zhang Guotao,” reprimanding his actions without expelling him from the Communist Party. On September 14th, the Red Army continued north and captured the Lazikou Pass, defeating two of Zhang Guotao's forces as he and his 4th Front Army moved south toward Chengdu. Zhang Guotao was furious upon discovering that Mao Zdong and his loyal Red Army troops had left without notice, but he chose not to pursue them and instead redirected his troops toward Chengdu. The 4th Front Red Army achieved initial victories in October 1935 against the NRA at Baoxing and Tianquan, coming within sixty miles of the Sichuan provincial capital. In response to this threat, Chiang Kai-shek dispatched over 80 NRA regiments to defend Chengdu. The NRA launched a counteroffensive at Baizhang, inflicting heavy losses on the Fourth Front Red Army, which retreated in disarray back to Ganzi in western Sichuan province, where they would remain until they linked up with the 2nd Front Army in June 1936. As the 4th Front Army moved south toward Sichuan, the Red Army completed the final stage of its arduous journey. On September 21st, 1935, Mao Zedong and the Anti-Japanese Vanguard arrived in Hadapu, a Han city in Gansu province. The soldiers rejoiced at being among their own ethnic group and took a few days to rest. During their stay, Mao Zedong and other leaders of the Red Army learned that a Soviet force, led by Liu Zhidan, a friend of Mao Zedong, was present in northern Shaanxi, supporting the 25th and 26th Red Armies. 10 days later, the Anti-Japanese Vanguard left Hadapu and swiftly moved west to avoid the NRA's Muslim cavalry units, aiming to connect with their allied units in Shaanxi. On October 19, 1935, Mao Zedong joined forces with the 25th and 26th Red Armies and settled near Wuqi. The remnants of the 1st Front Red Army had completed their year-long, 6,000-mile journey with approximately 4,000 soldiers. Once they reached the relative safety of Shaanxi, the Red Army reverted to its traditional strategy of political mobilization to gather resources, recruit new members, and propagate the communist revolution. On February 5th, 1936, the 1st Front Red Army moved east to carry out political mobilization efforts. Over the following two months, the Red Army defeated seven provincial divisions, capturing more than 4,000 soldiers. They also recruited 8,000 new members, raised $300,000 in revenue, and added 20 counties in Shanxi to their new Soviet. In May, the 1st Front Army advanced westward for a two-month operation, acquiring over 2,000 rifles and 400 horses, thereby expanding the Soviet's reach into Gansu and Ningxia. However, these efforts were ultimately thwarted by NRA forces, compelling the Red Army to relocate from Wuqi to Bao'an in June 1936. In October 1936, the 2nd and 4th Front Armies finally reached Bao'an, marking the completion of the Long March for the Red Army. With all three units reunited, the Red Army War College reopened in Dengjiaqiao, with Liu Bocheng eventually returning to lead it. Additionally, the Red Army military school began training in Tai'erwan. From 1934 to 1936, the Red Army evaded annihilation through a combination of courage, determination, and fortunate circumstances. Enduring harsh conditions and traversing some of China's most challenging terrain to escape the NRA and provincial forces, the Red Army demonstrated remarkable resilience. Mao Zedong skillfully navigated the political landscape within the Red Army, emerging as its supreme leader. The Communists also capitalized on the challenges facing the NRA and KMT leadership. The Red Army effectively utilized Chiang Kai-Sheks inability to exert full control over his subordinate warlords and their military units to avoid unnecessary confrontations. Upon reaching Shaanxi in late 1935, the survivors of the Long March were not only battle-hardened by their experiences but also carried valuable lessons learned from previous campaigns. In the relative security of the new Soviet, the Red Army expanded its ranks and resumed training and mobilization efforts. The Red Army had survived its greatest challenge to date and was poised to develop into the professional military force that would ultimately defeat the NRA and overthrow the KMT government. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. Thus not only did the Red Army escape death at the hands of the NRA, but the experience of the Long March would actually contribute to the downfall of the NRA. Mao Zedong had emerged a top figure in the CCP and now would oversee it and the Red Army's future development until the ultimate clash with Chiang Kai-Shek for the future of China.

Last time we spoke about the first Encirclement Campaign against the CCP. Amidst ongoing attacks, the communist movement thrived in rural Jiangxi, even as urban support dwindled. Li Lisan championed urban uprisings, opposing Mao Zedong's focus on rural encirclement. Failed assaults on Nanchang and Changsha highlighted their discord. The Red Army's strategy shifted after capturing Ji'an, bolstered by peasant support. As the NRA prepared an encirclement, Mao proposed luring them deep before striking. Internal strife peaked with the Futian Incident, leading to a purge that solidified Mao's power but weakened the Red Army's defenses. Amidst internal strife, the NRA launched attacks on the Reds but faced fierce resistance. Lu Diping's forces encircled Donggu, leading to heavy losses as artillery mistakenly struck their own troops. The Reds capitalized on local support and guerrilla tactics, inflicting significant defeats on the NRA in Longgang and Dongshao. Despite Chiang Kai-Shek's attempts to reclaim territory, the Reds successfully executed a series of ambushes and strategic retreats. By the end of the campaign, the Jiangxi Soviet expanded significantly, validating Mao's strategies and shifting public favor towards the communists.   #124 Sino-Tibetan War of 1930–1932 Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. For those who know their Sino history, we are drawing close to the year of 1931. This is arguably the year WW2 actually began, some of you might be confused by that statement, but I assure you mainland Chinese would argue this point very much. Once we breach that door its going to be a very long time before we can talk about the multiple other things going on in China. For example, a lot happens in China's northwest. So I thought it would be best to tackle some of that before we jump into the 15 year China War. Do forgive me for being a tease. So the first thing I wanted to talk about is the Second Sino-Tibetan War of 1930-1932. Now this is a huge can of worms as they say and to truly understand it we need to cover a lot of history. There has always been conflict between whatever we consider historically China and Tibet. Historians have often broken things down into three major conflicts during the early 20th century that led directly to the second Sino-Tibetan War. After the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution, the 13th Dalai Lama closely monitored the political changes in mainland China and the situation of the central government's officials and military stationed in Tibet, preparing to organize Tibetan forces and initiate an anti-Han Incident movement. In March 1912, the Dalai Lama issued a "Public Letter" through the Ganden Palace via the Kashag. The Kashag was the governing council of Tibet during the rule of the Qing  all the way to the 1950s. Following the release of this letter, the 13th Dalai Lama immediately formed a "Tibetan People's Army" of over ten thousand troops, deciding to use force to expel the Sichuanese army. The Tibetan forces first dealt with the Sichuan troops stationed in Yadong, Jiangzi, and Shigatse, and then besieged the Sichuan troops in Lhasa. Fearing being attacked from both within and outside, the Tibetan forces hastened to eliminate the Sichuan troops already within Tibet. The local Tibetan authorities also initiated an offensive against the region known as the Kham in the west of Sichuan. After 1939 this would be called Xikang, so to make things easier I will refer to it as such. The extensive eastward expansion of the Tibetan army shocked the entire nation, prompting military and political figures from Sichuan, Yunnan, and other areas to issue telegrams or contact the central government, demanding military action to quell the unrest and stabilize Tibet. In response to the chaotic situation in Tibet and Xikang, the Yuan Shikai government adopted a strategy of sending troops to suppress it. On May 25, 1912, Yuan Shikai issued an order for a westward expedition, and on June 14, the Beiyang government directed Governor of Sichuan,Yin Changheng to lead the troops westward. On July 10  Yin Changheng led 2,500 Sichuan troops westward from Chengdu. At the same time, Cai E also dispatched Yunnanese troops northward to meet the Sichuan army in Tibet. In August, the Sichuan army split into two routes: the southern route led by Zhu Senlin attacked Hekou, modern day Yajiang and Litang, defeating the Tibetan troops and capturing the key strongholds of Maguizong, Jianzibay, and Xie Luoluo, subsequently laying siege to Litang; the northern route was led by Liu Ruilin, who provided assistance to Chengdu and Batang. Meanwhile, the Yunnanese troops entered Tibet via the Nu River, capturing the gateway of Yanjing in northern Yunnan. At the end of August, Liu Ruilin attacked the eastern Tibetan stronghold of Chengdu. On September 3, Zhu Senlin's forces captured Litang and recaptured Gongjue, Sanyan, and Tongpu; shortly thereafter, the areas of Zhanhua, Baiyu, Daocheng, Xiangcheng, and Zha Ya also surrendered. On September 16, the western expeditionary army advanced westward from Chengdu, attacking Jiangda. By the end of September, the western expeditionary army had recovered all territories belonging to the late Qing dynasty's Sichuan-Yunnan border affairs department, except for the counties of Kema and Chayu in the southern route, and Dingqing represented by roughly 39 clans, Shobanduo, Lari, and Jiangda in the northern route.  On September 12, the Beijing government ordered the change of Jiangda in Tibet to Taizhou Prefecture, Lari to Jiali Prefecture, and Shobanduo to Shodu Prefecture. On the 25th, Yin Changheng was appointed as the pacification envoy at the Sichuan border, overseeing the Xikang region, which was divided into the eastern and western border areas, governing the six prefectures of Kangding, Lihua, Ba'an, Dengke, Chengdu, and Jiahe, as well as the two states of Dehua and Ganzi. Just as the western expeditionary army was achieving victory and preparing to enter Tibet from Kangding, the British colonial authorities publicly intervened, trying to prevent the expeditionary army from entering Tibet. Under British pressure, Yuan Shikai was forced to order the Sichuan and Yunnan armies to delay their advance, effectively halting their progress at the Nu River line. At the same time, the Beiyang government's policy towards Tibet shifted from suppression to pacification. Although the Sichuan and Yunnan armies ceased their military actions against Tibet, the significance of the western expedition was profound, as it enabled the central government to basically recover Xikang and played a significant role in curbing the British colonizers and Tibetan separatist forces, preventing Tibet from repeating the fate of Outer Mongolia. Thus ended the first period of conflict. What proceeded was known as the Simla Convention, we actually covered that event in some detail a long time ago in this series. More or less the convention divided Tibet into Outer and Inner Tibet, which also were referred to as U-Tsang and western Kham, ie: Xikang. With the support and assistance of Britain, the Tibetan local government gathered troops in Eastern Tibet to confront the Sichuan army, aiming to use military force to advance the control area of the Tibetan government to Dajianlu. In September 1917, two Tibetan soldiers from the Lhoka area invaded the Sichuan army's defense zone and were captured and sent to Chengdu by the border troops. After questioning by Commander Peng Risheng, it was made clear that the captured Tibetans would have to be detained. Tibet sent a letter to negotiate, requesting the return of the captured Tibetans, to be handled by Tibetan officials. Peng, without assessing the situation, executed the captured individuals and sent their heads back, which obviously infuriated the Tibetans, leading them to mobilize a large force to attack En and Lhoka. The British immediately supplied the Tibetan army with 5,000 quick-firing rifles and 5 million rounds of ammunition to support a large-scale offensive against Enda County and Lhoka. By January 1918, Enda County had fallen, and the counties of Chaya, Ningjing, and Changdu were all under attack from the well-armed Tibetan army. In March, Ningjing County was lost, and the Chengdu garrison, who were quote “surrounded on all sides, though there was plenty of food in the city, had run out of ammunition.” In June, the Tibetan army captured Chengdu, and after accepting Peng Risheng's surrender, advanced rapidly eastward across the Ningjing Mountains and the Jinsha River, capturing the counties of Dege, Dengke, Shiqu, Baiyu, Gongxian, Wucheng, and Ningjing, until they were stopped by fierce fighting from the border troops at Ganzi.  On August 8, 1918, the Dalai Lama expressed his unwillingness to oppose what he called “the Chinese benefactor” but agreed to ceasefire negotiations. On August 21, a ceasefire agreement consisting of thirteen articles was reached in Chengdu among Liu Zanting, a representative of the Sichuan border troops, Jiangbadan, a representative of the Tibetan side, and a representative of the British government. They agreed that the Tibetan army would withdraw from the recently occupied counties of Zhanhua and Ganzi and return them to the Sichuan border, while the remaining occupied counties would be managed by Tibetan officials. They also agreed to a ceasefire for one year starting from October 17, 1918, awaiting a resolution to the Tibetan issue from the central government and the Dalai Lama. This “Thirteen-Article Agreement” effectively recognized the Tibetan army's occupation of the border areas in legal terms. After this, Chengdu and the aforementioned seven counties west of the Jinsha River came under the control of the Tibetan local government. Thus ended the second period of conflict.  Here we come to the year of 1930. Now a lot had occurred during the 1920's. The Beiyang government had tried to maintain the indirect administrative structures of the former Qing Dynasty. In the absence of effective Chinese political control over Tibet, implementation of national policy fell onto regional actors, in this case Fu Zuoyi in Suiyuan and Liu Wenhui in Xikang. Along the Qinghai/Amdo frontier, Sino-Muslim leaders like Ma Bufang projected military authority from the provincial capital of Xining. Now a lot of what we are about to talk about revolves around a place called Yushu. Yushu is a mountainous region of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. The Tanggula Mountains form the southwestern boundary of Yushu, bordering Tibet. In the largely uninhabitable northwestern region of Yushu, you'll find the renowned Kekexili nature reserve and the railway connecting Xining to Lhasa. The main branch of the Kunlun Mountains, which splits Qinghai province into northern and southern regions, forms Yushu's northern boundary, while a branch of the Kunlun range, the Bayanhar Mountains, defines its northeastern edge. Yushu is the source of three of Asia's major rivers. The northeasternmost section of Yushu drains into the Yellow River as it flows towards Lanzhou, the capital of Gansu. Central and southeastern Yushu give rise to the headwaters of the Mekong and Yangzi, known locally as the Zhaqu and Tongtian rivers. The Qinghai provincial government emphasized the region's prominent topographical features—mountain ranges and river systems. Provincial reports meticulously described the mountain passes that link Yushu to key areas such as Lhasa, Chengdu in Xikang, Sichuan, Xinjiang, and Xining, along with the challenging passes within Yushu. Yushu is a very difficult terrain for communication and transportation, quite the obstacle for governance. The journey between the provincial capital and Yushu totaled over 1620 li, a highway connecting such a path would not be built until 1944. A strong local governance was found in the form of Tibetan tribes known as the 25 peoples of Yushu. Yet the Qinghai provincial government sought to govern the land and those in Xining viewed Yushu as a barbarian region, where pastoral nomadism reigned. They would speak of Yushu as being an endless steppe inhabited by barbaric people who wandered aimlessly. Yushu had a complicated economic geography with monasteries occupying the richest land and concentrating monetary, spiritual, and political power on the local scale and pastoral tribes migrating in the areas in between. The monasteries acted as sites for periodic markets of trade, throughout Yushu. As much as they were Tibetan Buddhist monasteries for religious devotion, they were also landowners with powers of taxation. The hereditary tribal ladders of the 25 peoples of Yushu were thus a secondary network of political and economic authority in Yushu. The pastoral tribes who traversed the borderless region of Yushu, Xikang and Kham confused outsiders. The Beiyang government, as I have said, tried to simply adopt the former Qing policies. For Yushu they were ruling through an indirect system of local headmen. Each tribe determined their title, either company commander or battalion commander and were responsible for bi-annual taxes and periodic military conscription to the government in Xining. One of these tribal leaders, Cai Zuozhen, the leader of the Buqing tribe came from Huangyuan, lying between Xining and the Riyue mountains. His father worked as a translator for the Xining tribute tax collection missions. The 1920's were continuous years of strife, especially between the tribes. No governing body really understood or had any real control over the region. In 1929 Yusuhu became an official county and on August 6th of that year, Ma Qi advocated an 8 point plan for calming her border problems. The plan included reconstructing a civilian government, promoting Tibetan Buddhism, opening more land for agriculture, training troops, establishing factories and mills, improving transportation and securing borders. He sought to implement all of this through the Yushu county government. However in the same year the Civil Affairs Bureau recommended adding 7 new counties some of which would carve chunks out of Yushu. The plan never materialized due to ongoing government difficulties, but remained on the table. In the meantime the government began a provincial level training program for self-government regions within Qinghai. 50 graduates came out of this program, none came from or were sent to Yushu. By the late 1920's the region was being fought over by multiple parties for multiple reasons. There were 3 overarching reasons for why war would break out. Number 1 was because of the border disputes between Tibet and China. The Tibetans claimed areas inhabited by their people in the neighboring provinces of Qinghai and Sichuan were being ruled by warlords with loose connections to the Nanjing government. 2) There was a dispute between the 13th Dalai Lama and 9th Panchen Lama. To clarify the Panchen Lama is second to the Dalai Lama, to be more specific “the Panchen Lama is the reincarnation of Amithaba, the Buddha of Boundless Light, while the Dalai Lama is the reincarnation of Avalokiteshvara (Chenrezig in Tibetan), the Buddha of Compassion. Traditionally, each acts as mentor to the other, and plays a key role in identifying the other's reincarnation”. Anyways the 9th Panchen Lama had been exiled and seen to be quite pro Chinese. 3) was the complex disputes of the people in regions like Yushu. Now the catalyst for the war was a chieftain from the town of Beri, which is in Yushu but is in an area claimed by Tibet, but under control of Sichuan. This chieftain whose name I cannot for the life of me find, seized items from the Targye Monastery. It is alleged the 9th Panchen Lama incited this action. The monks of the monastery rallied forces and took back the properties. The chieftain then asked for help from the governor of Sichuan, Liu Wenhui. Liu Wenhui unleashed forces into the area, forcing the Targye monks to ask for help from the Tibetan government who drove his men out. Thus began a series of clashes. The KMT Muslim official Tang Kesan was dispatched to negotiate an end to the conflict. Muslim General Ma Fuxiang, as head of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission, sent a telegram instructing Tang Kesan to break the agreement with Tibet, fearing political rivals in Nanjing were exploiting the situation. In the following years, Tibetan forces launched repeated attacks on Liu Wenhui's troops but were defeated multiple times. In 1932, the Tibetans rallied 6000 troops along the Jinsha river, an area that acted as the boundary between Yushu and Xikang. In response to the Tibetan threat, in March the Qing government established the Qinghai Southern Border Region garrison under Ma Bufang. Two brigades deployed in Yushu; the first brigade was led by Ma Xun and the 2nd by Ma Biao. The Tibetans invaded, but only Ma Biao's men were ready at the border as Ma Xun's were still enroute from the provincial capital. At the time of the attack Ma Biao had one camp of cavalry, alongside some headquarters personnel for a combined total of 400 men. He dispatched his secretary Wang Jiamei to Tibet to try and negotiate a peaceful settlement. It is believe he did this simply to delay the enemy as he immediately telegrammed Ma Bufang for reinforcements, but they would not arrive until mid-june. On March 24th the Tibetans attacked Lesser Surmang, gradually forcing their way into southern Qinghai. After 8 hours of battle, both sides suffered tremendous casualties. During that night within the county seat of Jiegu, Ma Biao convened a conference attended by chieftains, merchants and important town leaders. At the meeting, Ma Biao asserted “our strength is sufficient to protect the lives and property of Yushu's residents. Not only will we resist Tibetan incursions, but in the future we will tie our war horses at the gate of the Tibetan government compound!” However Ma Biao would find it quite difficult to make due on these promises. On March 26th, the Greater Surmang contingent of his forces met 500 Tibetans on the battlefield just southeast of Jiegu. As told to us by Cai Zuozhen “the Tibetans simply overwhelmed the undermanned provincial forces by at least five to one”. They retreated to a camp near Duolongduo where they quickly became surrounded by Tibetan forces. At the same time a detachment of other provincial forces at Lesser Surman, just 30 men were encircled by 100 Tibetans. The provincial forces continuously retreated in the face of an enemy 5-10 times larger than them. The Tibetans methodically seized territory heading north to encircle the county seat of Jiegu. At the same time a contingent of 300 troops from Xikang forded the Tongtian river to attack the monasteries at Labu and Xiewu situated on the two vital thoroughfares heading north to Jiegu. The Tibetans held a strong military position and in one incredible move sweeped and occupied all the areas surrounding Jiegu's southern portion, severing the county seats communication with Xining. Jiegu was the site of Yushu's county government and nominally held the headquarters of the southern Qinghai garrison, thus it was the key holding Xining's position in the southern borderlands. Now outnumbered 10 to 1 by the Tibetans and with their communications severed, the situation for Xining and the Qinghai forces was quite dire. It seemed likely the Tibetans would shut the door, locking Xining out. The Southern Qinghai border region garrison, a mouthful to be sure, under Ma Biao were digging in for a long drawn out defense of the Yushu county seat while Xining went into a frenzy of actions. On April 19th, Ma Lin and Ma Bufang telegrammed the Military affairs commission in Nanjing with strong recommendations for improving the situation. They wanted to move the Southern Qinghai garrison roughly 20 li west of Jiegu and station a regiment between Jiegu and Xining at Daheba to protect the lines of communication. They also requested 2000 rifles, 20,000 rounds of ammunition, 40,000 yuan and 5 wireless telegraphs. While this sounds like peanuts, but do remember Japan is currently full blown invading Manchuria. On the last day of april, Ma Bufang requested Ma Lin dispatch the Southern Qing Border Region garrison's 1st brigade commander Ma Xun, cause everyone's a Ma in this episode, to the southern front as Yushu's Pacification Commissioner. He also again stated he wanted a peaceful settlement to the conflict. 4 days later, Ma Bufang and Ma Lin telegrammed Xi'an announcing Ma Xun's appointment as “Yushu xuanwei shi”, the Yushu Pacification Commissioner. Yet it was not until May 24th, that Nanjing's response reached Xining via Xi'an. Within the communique, Chiang Kai-Shek approved their suggestions and would meet their requests for military aid although at lower levels than requested. Only one wireless telegraph set was sent by Nanjing, but it dramatically improved communications.  On May 26th, Ma Xun departed Xining for Yushu with others stating “regardless of whether peace can be maintained, the communications route between the provincial capital and Jiegu must be protected at all costs”. Ma Xun departed with roughly a regiment of 100 troops, some provincial officials with Mongolian and Tibetan language skills, and a surveyor. Meanwhile Ma Bufang led another expeditionary force as far as Daheba, the site of a proposed garrison between Xining and Jiegu. Ma Xun's Mongolian and Tibetan specialists had orders from Nanjing to visit Qinghai and awe the “barbarians” into loyalty to the new government by offering them doctors, dentists, botanists and anyone who could dazzle the “backward superstitious locals”.  For two months, Ma Biao and his men struggled to maintain Jiegu's defenses, till finally on June 18th, Ma Xun's group arrived. He would soon be followed up by 2 waves of reinforcements on August 20th and September 20th. Despite efforts made by Cai Zuozhen and other small contingents of Qinghai troops, the Tibetans simply have overwhelming numbers. The Qinghai troops however inflicted much more casualties upon them when they fought. A battle broke out on June 27th at the Changu Monastery, 5 li south of the county seat, where Qinghai forces led by Ma Biao defeated a Tibetan force twice their side who also enjoyed high ground advantage. The same forces also fought again near the Tongtian River due north of Jiegu where the Tibetans were forced to withdraw. It also seemed the Tibetans lacked adequate artillery, as was evident with their inability to take Jiegu. Many of the civilians within Jiegu noted the Tibetans fired over forty cannon rounds into the city, but none of the rounds exploded. On July 23rd, Ma Bufang dispatched a regiment led by La Pingfu to Yushu. Despite the combined forces of Ma Biao and Ma Xun engaging the Tibetans three times, they had still not seen the full strength of the Tibetans. There was a great concern on the Chinese side that the Tibetans were trying to lure as many in as possible before overwhelming them with numbers. Ma Bufang also dispatched reinforcements led by Ma Lu to the southern borderlands. On August 20th, La Pingfu arrived at Jiegu and freed the city of a Tibetan encirclement. La Pingfu's troops were exhausted from the incredible 20 day march through insane terrain, they quickly took up defensive positions. This allowed the forces of Ma Biao and Ma Xun to depart south with 800 local militiamen to attack the Tibetans. They found Tibetans in the dead of night. The Qinghai forces used Dadao dui swords to hack them during hand to hand combat. The Tibetans dispersed, but reorganized themselves the next morning. The Qinghai forces took some high ground and met the counter attack, this time decisively defeating the Tibetans who suffered tremendous casualties. After four months, the Jiegu encirclement seemed to finally be broken. Afterwards the Qinghai forces formed three groups to advance south to retake lost territory. Ma Biao and Ma Xun led route armies while La Pingfu followed behind. Ma Bufang ordered a punitive mission against the local Tibetans, hoping they would simply withdraw from Yushu peacefully. He also ordered law and order to be brought back to the region. Military commanders were to gather local religious and political elites who could deal with the inevitable issues like refugee waves. To further push the Tibetans to pull out orders were mandated that medical care be given to wounded Tibetan soldiers with promises of funding for their return journey to Tibet as POW's. Me Bufang also issued communiques to all the inhabitants of Yushu asking them to get their local leaders and militia to expel Tibetan soldiers, promising rewards. Cai Zuozhen's reports differed greatly from Ma Bufang's orders. Cai Zuozhen received reports for example that Ma Biao's men routinely killed POW's, attacked Tibetan civilians and robbed Tibetan merchants. Cai Zuozhen would go on the record to accuse Qinghai forces of burning entire villages, looting monasteries, raping women and even nuns. During this time folk songs emerged in Qinghai talking about bitter lives under the oppression of Xining overlords who conscripted soldiers, stole horses and property to feed themselves on “human soup” while the common people ate husks and chafe. It was often sung “the sun doesn't rise in the Ma Family's Qinghai” As the Qinghai troops continued advancing south they punished locals for helping Tibetans. One local headman in Nangqian who had helped Tibetans had 10,000 jin of Tsampa, 20,000 jin of barley, 3000 jin of yak butter, 200 head of cattle and 40 sheep commandeered by Ma Biao. Many headmen would be forced to give goods to Ma Xun, Ma Biao and La Pingfu, such things as pelts, antlers, horses and money. It was said Ma Biao took enough to be worth 2000 silver dollars from the nomads of Laxiu. During late August and early September, the Qinghai forces fought the Tibetans for the Surman region and the southeastern part of Yushu. They unleashed artillery on their enemy, trapping 2000 Tibetans soldiers into a confined area. They encircled them and systematically annihilated them, massacring 200. Little Surmang quickly came back under Xining's control as the Tibetans fled to Greater Surmang. On September 2nd, La Pingfu led 300 men to occupy the rear exit of Greater Surmang. Despite a valiant defense led by two of Tibet's best generals, they suffered a string of defeats and were forced to relinquish Greater Surmang.  Then the third wave of reinforcements arrived from Xining, Ma Lu's brigade who came to Jiegu on September 20th. This effectively solidified the Qinghai position. Ma Lu, Ma Xun, Ma Biao and Ma Biao all met south of Jiegu at Batang where they agreed they would set out for the Jinsha River which marked the border between Yushu and Xikang. There they would decisively defeat the enemy upon the western shore at Xidengke. At the Qingke monastery, facing the Dengke river, a major connecting point to Changde was the Tibetan powerbase in the region. The monastery's defenses were very solid, 3 lines of over 5000 troops. On October 15th, the Qinghai artillery began raining hell upon the monastery as the infantry encircled the area. The Qinghai forces split their approaches attacking and moving while encircling. They were aided by Xikang troops who also bombarded the monastery from across the Jinsha river. The Tibetans could not withstand the joint attacks and gradually gave up their positions. The Qinghai and Xikang armies then connected across the river. Liu Wenhui led the Xikang forces and was communicating with Ma Bufang who ordered his forces to accept orders from the Xikang army.  Many historians believed Liu Wenhui had coordinated this joint military campaign against the Tibetans, taking advantage of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. It seems Liu Wenhui thought it was an opportune time to “solve the Tibet problem once and for all”, this would have been a hell of an escalation. Liu Wenhui sent word to Ma Bufang who notified Chiang Kai-Shek of their joint operation. However Chiang Kai-Shek demanded they halt hostilities and try negotiations with the Dalai Lama. Meanwhile the Dalai Lama received reports of their string of defeats and the loss of territory east of the Jinsha river, so he agreed to begin negotiations. What came from this was the Qinghai-Tibetan Peace Treaty, which more or less just set everything back to pre-war status quo. The Tibetans would never again pose a serious threat to Qinghai's domination of Yushu. Yushu's strategic passes would remain in Qinghais control well into the founding of the Peoples Republic of China. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. While it would appear as a major side quest in the greater scheme of things, the small war between Tibet and Sichuan was just another example of how not unified China still was. Despite all the grand claims, the new Nanjing government was still overseeing quite a fractured nation, who were about to face the full might of the Empire of the rising sun.   

Willy was joined by Marc Ganzi, Chief Executive Officer at DigitalBridge, a leading global alternative asset management firm. With over 25 years in the digital infrastructure sector, Marc has his finger on the pulse of technological advancement and innovative AI.  He and Willy discussed his introduction to the path of technology infrastructure, how he built a career at the intersection of real estate and telecommunications, the ins and outs of small cell technology, public vs. private cloud, enhancing the security of corporate data, job creation in the digital space, his thoughts on crypto and blockchain, competition toward AI superiority, and so much more. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Marc is Chief Executive Officer at DigitalBridge and has been an investor and operator in the digital infrastructure sector for over 25 years. He has led DigitalBridge's transformation to become a premier platform for digital infrastructure and real estate investment. Marc founded Digital Bridge Holdings in 2013 and, as its CEO, built the firm into a leading global manager of digital infrastructure assets with more than 20 billion in AUM, until its merger in July 2019 into the current public company, DigitalBridge Group, Inc. On this episode, Marc and Chris discuss: How the industry has evolved over the decades AI's impact on this industry The different verticals of data centers Value add digital Lease structures & Cybersecurity Digital real estate We'd appreciate you filling out our audience survey, so we can continuously work on providing relevant content to our listeners.  https://www.thefortpod.com/survey Links: DigitalBridge Marc on LinkedIn DigitalBridge on X Topics: (00:00:00) - Intro (00:03:36) - Marc's early career (00:07:28) - The world of cell towers (00:17:05) - Gauging the needs of small providers vs. large ones (00:20:18) - How has the industry changed over the past few decades? (00:24:08) - Is there going to be an increase in demand for AI data centers? (00:26:54) - The different verticals of data centers (00:31:03) - Do Amazon and Microsoft dominate the cloud industry? (00:31:48) - How far out can companies see how far out on how much data they'll need? (00:33:32) - Is all data equal? (00:36:13) - Value add digital (00:38:15) - Is your work spec build or do customers commit to a location first? (00:40:27) - Data center lease structures (00:41:52) - Cybersecurity (00:43:13) - How do you enhance a fiber optic cable? (00:44:02) - Can offices be converted to data centers? (00:46:01) - Will electric vehicles be an issue regarding power availability? (00:48:30) - Is crypto putting a dent in the industry? (00:49:44) - The US' strength in cybersecurity (00:51:28) - How do you run your business ops in the Middle East and Asia? (00:54:08) - Digital real estate (00:56:03) - Were there any shifts coming out of covid? (00:57:02) - What's the bear case for digital? Support our Sponsors Better Pitch: https://bit.ly/42d9L0I Fort Capital: https://bit.ly/FortCapital Follow Fort Capital on LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/fort-capital/ Chris on Social Media: X: https://bit.ly/3BYIjcH LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/45gIkFd   Watch The Fort on YouTube: https://bit.ly/3oynxNX Visit our website: https://bit.ly/43SOvys Leave a review on Apple: https://bit.ly/45crFD0 Leave a review on Spotify: https://bit.ly/3Krl9jO  The FORT is produced by Johnny Podcasts

The rapid growth of digital infrastructure like AI, edge computing, virtual reality and private clouds is making data centers—once an underappareciated niche—into an increasingly important commercial real estate sector. DigitalBridge CEO Marc Ganzi and CBRE's Pat Lynch share insights on this burgeoning market.ABOUT THIS WEEK'S GUESTS:Marc GanziCEODigitalBridgeMarc C. Ganzi is the Chief Executive Officer at DigitalBridge and has been an investor and operator in the digital infrastructure sector for more than 25 years. Marc has led DigitalBridge's transformation to become a leading global manager of digital infrastructure, managing over $70 billion in assets under management across the digital ecosystem, including cell towers, data centers, fiber, small cells and edge infrastructure. Pat LynchGlobal Head of CBRE Data Center SolutionsPat Lynch, Executive Managing Director for CBRE's Data Center Solutions, acts as an advisor, advocate and partner in navigating the dynamic technology needs for his clients. Pat and his team of professionals develop custom mission-critical strategies that address specific industry challenges and help meet business objectives. Through creative problem solving and transaction structuring, clients experience improved reliability and expense management, and operational efficiencies.KEY TAKEAWAYS:Digital infrastructure is an estimated $13 trillion market, according to DigitalBridge CEO Marc Ganzi; leasing and licensing agreements for fiber space resemble real estate leases.Demand for data centers is significantly outstripping supply, creating opportunities for expansion in emerging domestic and international markets.The industry is grappling with sustainability issues, particularly the effects of heavy power and water usage. This is driving a focus on renewable resources.Ganzi notes the next big trend in digital infrastructure could be network virtualization, moving toward software-defined infrastructure. One manifestation of this is the growth of private clouds, where organizations have better security and control than in the public cloud.

Part two of how UFO and UAP fly. A deep technical and scientific dive into reverse engineering and exploratory examinations into the GANZI tech with regard to UFO orbs and UAP Tictac crafts.

A new online UFO publication called UAPMAX released an article last week wherein the author claims a whistleblower set to testify to the House Oversight Committee on July 26 presented him video that showed, among other things, a UFO disintegrate an F-16 fighter jet mid-flight. Additionally, the author claims that extraterrestrials present on Earth are not friendly and would have no issue destroying the human race in an instant should we ever engage in nuclear war. Links/Sources: I Said It - Biden Met Aliens - We Are Not Alone - Aliens Are Not Our Friends - UAPMax News Check out my YouTube channel: Quirk Zone - YouTube Extraterrestrial Reality book recommendations: Link to ROSWELL: THE ULTIMATE COLD CASE: CLOSED: https://amzn.to/3O2loSI Link to COMMUNION by Whitley Strieber: https://amzn.to/3xuPGqi Link to THE THREAT by David M. Jacobs: https://amzn.to/3Lk52nj Link to TOP SECRET/MAJIC by Stanton Friedman: https://amzn.to/3xvidfv Link to NEED TO KNOW by Timothy Good:  https://amzn.to/3BNftfT Link to UFOS AND THE NATIONAL SECURITY STATE, VOLUME 1:  https://amzn.to/3xxJvlv Link to UFOS AND THE NATIONAL SECURITY STATE, VOLUME 2: https://amzn.to/3UhdQ1l Link to THE ALLAGASH ABDUCTIONS: https://amzn.to/3qNkLSg --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/james-quirk/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/james-quirk/support

Not Another Conspiracy Podcast #27 - Biden has met with Aliens aka G.A.N.Z.I and they are not happy!! In this groundbreaking article, the author shares their recent encounter on Twitter that completely changed their worldview. After three decades of researching UFOs and UAP disclosure, they had always believed in extraterrestrial visitation, albeit with scepticism due to sensationalized accounts. However, a conversation with a high-level insider shattered their preconceptions. The insider revealed that extraterrestrial entities, specifically the Ganzi, have been on Earth for millennia and possess advanced technology beyond human comprehension. The author describes the insider's warnings about the Ganzi's power and their indifference towards humanity. Additionally, the author discusses encounters between military aircraft and advanced UFOs, highlighting one particular incident where an F-15 fighter jet was disintegrated by a mysterious green beam. The article emphasizes the impending UAP Disclosure event and encourages readers to stay tuned for further revelations.If you enjoyed this podcast please like, share and subscribe. -----Follow us: Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/notanotherconInstagram: http://www.instagram.com/notanotherconspiracyJoin the Discord: https://discord.gg/mUcsuV7Produced by Hellfire Creative: http://hellfirecreative.comSupport this show http://supporter.acast.com/not-another-conspiracy-podcast. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

A new online UFO publication called UAPMAX released an article last week wherein the author claims a whistleblower set to testify to the House Oversight Committee on July 26 presented him video that showed, among other things, a UFO disintegrate an F-16 fighter jet mid-flight. Additionally, the author claims that extraterrestrials present on Earth are not friendly and would have no issue destroying the human race in an instant should we ever engage in nuclear war. Links/Sources: I Said It - Biden Met Aliens - We Are Not Alone - Aliens Are Not Our Friends - UAPMax News Check out my YouTube channel: Quirk Zone - YouTube Extraterrestrial Reality book recommendations: Link to ROSWELL: THE ULTIMATE COLD CASE: CLOSED: https://amzn.to/3O2loSI Link to COMMUNION by Whitley Strieber: https://amzn.to/3xuPGqi Link to THE THREAT by David M. Jacobs: https://amzn.to/3Lk52nj Link to TOP SECRET/MAJIC by Stanton Friedman: https://amzn.to/3xvidfv Link to NEED TO KNOW by Timothy Good:  https://amzn.to/3BNftfT Link to UFOS AND THE NATIONAL SECURITY STATE, VOLUME 1:  https://amzn.to/3xxJvlv Link to UFOS AND THE NATIONAL SECURITY STATE, VOLUME 2: https://amzn.to/3UhdQ1l Link to THE ALLAGASH ABDUCTIONS: https://amzn.to/3qNkLSg --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/james-quirk/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/james-quirk/support

英语新闻︱四川泸定6.8级地震已造成72人遇难，救援刻不容缓The death toll from a magnitude 6.8 earthquake that hit Luding county in Sichuan province on Monday had risen by Tuesday evening to 72, with damaged roads, aftershocks and rain hindering rescue work, which led to an upgrading of the emergency response to the second-highest level.截至9月6日晚间，四川泸定6.8级地震已造成72人遇难，由于道路受损、余震不断、天降大雨致使救援工作受阻，国家地震应急响应级别提升至二级。Thirty-eight people were killed in Luding in the Ganzi Tibetan autonomous prefecture, and the other 34 were in Ya'an city.地震已造成甘孜州40人遇难、雅安市34人遇难。Fifteen people were missing and 253 were injured in Ganzi, including five in critical condition and 70 seriously injured, according to a news conference held by the information office of the Sichuan provincial government on Tuesday.9月6日下午，四川省“9.5”泸定地震抗震救灾省市（州）县前线联合指挥部第二次新闻发布会通报，截至9月6日14时，地震已造成甘孜州15人失联、253人受伤（其中危重伤5人，重伤70人）。Houses and roads in Ganzi were severely damaged, power supplies to six townships were cut off, and one medium-sized and six small hydropower stations were severely damaged. More than 10 aftershocks have been recorded since the initial quake, according to the Ganzi prefectural government.据甘孜州政府消息，甘孜州房屋、道路受损严重，6个乡镇供电中断，1座中型水库水电站、6座小型水库水电站严重受损。余震不断，已发生3.0级及以上余震10次。The Office of the State Council Earthquake Relief Headquarters and the Ministry of Emergency Management have upgraded the emergency response to the earthquake, which took place at 12:52 pm on Monday, to Level II, the second-highest level in the four-tier emergency response system.9月5日12时52分，国务院抗震救灾指挥部办公室、应急管理部将国家地震应急响应级别提升至二级。All-out efforts have been made in the search and rescue operations. As of 8 am on Tuesday, more than 6,650 people, including members of the People's Liberation Army and the People's Armed Police Force, firefighters, communication workers and medical personnel, as well as nine helicopters, had been sent to the quake zone.截至9月6日8时，累计出动解放军和武警部队、消防救援、森林消防、安能集团、安全生产、交通通信电力、医疗救援等各类救援力量6650余人以及9架直升机。Around 1,900 soldiers from the PLA's Western Theater Command were sent to help with earthquake relief and rescue work as of Tuesday morning.截至目前，中国人民解放军西部战区已出动官兵、武警和民兵1900余人投入抗震救灾。A front-line command group reached the town of Moxi, the epicenter of the earthquake, after traveling overnight for six hours. The group established contact with local governments and emergency management departments to gather details of the situation and implement a unified response, the theater command said.西部战区前方指挥组经过近6个小时的夜间长途机动，抵达震中甘孜州泸定县磨西镇后，积极与地方政府、应急管理部门沟通联系，掌握震情灾情动态信息，实施统一指挥。On Monday afternoon, the Western Theater Command tasked affiliated authorities, including the PLA Ground Force and PLA Air Force, the Sichuan Provincial Military Command and the Tibet Military Command, with immediate rescue operations and told them to stand by for further mobilization.9月5日下午，西部战区联指中心联动四川省军区展开灾情处置，指令战区陆军、战区空军、西藏军区、西宁联勤保障中心等单位做好出动准备。Medical workers with relief materials, including tents, power generators and flashlights had reached the hard-hit town of Detuo, which is 20 kilometers from the epicenter, said Luo Chukai, deputy head of the publicity department of the Luding county committee of the Communist Party of China. He added that power supplies had yet to be restored in the town.泸定县委宣传部常务副部长罗楚凯表示，医护人员已经携带帐篷、发电机、手电筒等救援物资抵达受灾严重的泸定县得妥镇，得妥镇电力供应仍未恢复。Local residents were living in tents or had been evacuated to schools nearby, said Luo, who was in the town to assist with disaster-relief efforts.罗楚凯介绍，得妥镇居民已疏散到应急避险点的帐篷以及学校之中。目前罗楚凯在镇上协助救灾工作。Sichuan has allocated 50 million yuan ($7.18 million) in relief funds to Ganzi and another 50 million yuan to Ya'an, according to the information office of the provincial government.截至目前，四川省财政厅已向本次地震受灾的甘孜州、雅安市调度资金共1亿元。记者：黄志凌蒋成龙aftershock英[ˈɑ:ftəʃɒk]；美[ˈæftərʃɑk]n. 余震affiliated英[əˈfɪlieɪtɪd]；美[əˈfɪlieɪtɪd]adj. 隶属的v. 使隶属于（affiliate的过去式和过去分词）;接纳;使发生联系evacuate英[ɪˈvækjueɪt]；美[ɪˈvækjueɪt]v. 疏散，转移，撤离;排空（胃肠）

英语新闻︱Xi urges all-out rescue effortsPresident Xi Jinping called on Monday for all-out efforts to rescue people affected by the magnitude 6.8 earthquake in Luding county in southwestern China's Sichuan province, and he emphasized that saving lives and minimizing casualties should be the primary task.9月5日，四川甘孜藏族自治州泸定县发生6.8级地震，习近平主席呼吁要求把抢救生命作为首要任务，全力救援受灾群众。Xi, who is also general secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and chairman of the Central Military Commission, made the remarks in an instruction shortly after the earthquake occurred.地震发生后，中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席习近平高度重视并作出重要指示。The temblor jolted the county, which is in the Ganzi Tibetan autonomous prefecture, at 12:52 pm on Monday.北京时间9月5日12时52分，四川甘孜藏族自治州泸定县发生6.8级地震。By press time, the disaster had killed at least 46 people — 29 in Ganzi and 17 in neighboring Ya'an — and 16 were missing. It also injured more than 50 and damaged water, electricity, transportation and telecommunication facilities in the region.截至发稿时，地震已造成46人死亡（其中甘孜州29人、雅安市17人）、16人失联、50余人受伤，部分水、电、交通、通信等基础设施受损。Xi underlined the need to strengthen earthquake monitoring work to guard against secondary disasters. Efforts should be made to resettle people hit by the earthquake to enable them to get away from danger, he added.习近平强调，要加强震情监测，防范发生次生灾害，妥善做好受灾群众避险安置等工作。While instructing the Ministry of Emergency Management to send a task force to Sichuan to help with the rescue operation, Xi also urged the People's Liberation Army and the People's Armed Police Force to cooperate with local governments in the rescue operation to use every means to ensure the safety of people's lives and property.习近平作出批示，要求应急管理部等部门派工作组前往四川指导抗震救灾工作，解放军和武警部队需要积极配合地方开展工作，尽最大努力确保人民群众生命财产安全。Also on Monday, Premier Li Keqiang urged efforts to assess the damage caused by the disaster, properly resettle quake-hit residents and repair infrastructure destroyed by the earthquake as soon as possible.9月5日，中共中央政治局常委、国务院总理李克强作出批示，要求抓紧核实灾情，妥善安置受灾群众，尽快抢修受损的交通、通信等基础设施。Sun Guangjun, a 72-year-old resident of Luding, said: "Although the epicenter was over 40 kilometers from the Luding county seat, my apartment on the second floor of an old residential building in the county seat shook from south to north for seven or eight seconds. The shaking was more severe than what I felt during the Wenchuan earthquake (on May 12, 2008)."72岁的泸定县居民孙广军（音译）说：“我家住在泸定县的一栋老居民楼二楼，虽然距离震中有40多公里，但还是上下晃了7到8秒。这次的震感比汶川地震还要强。”"Very soon, all my neighbors fled outdoors," said Sun, former chairman of the Luding county committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.中国人民政治协商会议泸定县委员会前主席孙广军说：“我的邻居都很迅速地跑到了户外。”The National Commission for Disaster Reduction and the Ministry of Emergency Management activated a Level IV emergency response to the earthquake. Under China's four-tier emergency response system, Level I represents the most severe response.国家减灾委、应急管理部启动国家Ⅳ级救灾应急响应。根据我国的四级应急响应分级标准，一级严重程度最高。The ministry said in a news release that it had sent a team headed by Min Yiren, chief of the China Earthquake Administration, to guide disaster relief work in Luding.应急管理部表示，已派出中国地震局局长闵宜仁带队的工作组赴现场指导做好抗震救灾工作。Wang Xiangxi, minister of emergency management, arrived at the ministry's command center soon after the quake to coordinate disaster relief work, according to the release.据悉，地震发生后，国务院抗震救灾指挥部副指挥长、应急管理部部长王祥喜第一时间赶到部指挥中心调度部署救灾工作。Officials from the Ganzi prefectural government said at a news conference on Monday that damage to roads, communications facilities and homes was being checked. The prefecture sent 635 rescue personnel, including armed police officers, firefighters, medical workers, communication professionals and power technicians, to carry out rescue and relief work, they said.9月5日下午，四川省甘孜州人民政府新闻办召开新闻发布会表示，道路、通讯、房屋等受损情况正在核查中。州级相关部门已派出武警、消防、医疗救治、通讯电力、交通保畅等救援力量635人开展抢险工作。Five seconds after the earthquake, a real-time early warning system developed by the Institute of Care-Life in Chengdu, capital of Si­chuan, said that seismic waves would reach Kangding, the capital of Ganzi prefecture, seven seconds later, the city of Ya'an, adjacent to Luding, in 20 seconds, and Chengdu in 50 seconds.成都高新减灾研究所开发的预警系统在泸定6.8级地震发生时第5秒发出预警，给康定市提前7秒预警，雅安市提前20秒预警，给成都市提前50秒预警。Kangding is 53 km from the epicenter, while Ya'an is 99 km and Chengdu is 226 km away from it.康定距震中53公里，雅安距震中99公里，成都距震中226公里。In many parts of China, the real-time early warning system operates on TV sets and mobile phones, which people can use in case of an earthquake.在我国大部分地区，实时预警系统可以通过电视和手机发出预警，以备地震发生时使用。The system sends warnings seconds after an earthquake is detected and can help save lives because the warnings are transmitted via radio waves, which are able to travel at 300,000 kilometers per second, while seismic shock waves travel at only 3 to 6 km/s, according to Chen Huizhong, a senior researcher at the China Earthquake Administration's Institute of Geophysics.中国地震局地球物理研究所研究员陈会忠介绍，地震预警系统探测到地震后，迅速发出警报，有助于减少伤亡。因为警报通过电波传输，速度可达30万公里/秒，而地震波的速度仅为3至6公里/秒。Mountainous Sichuan is prone to earthquakes. The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake killed more than 69,000 people, with 17,923 others reported as missing.四川千峰万仞，地震频发。2008年汶川地震共造成6.9万多人死亡，17923人失踪。记者：黄志凌曹德胜侯黎强、杜鹃对本文亦有贡献temblor 英['temblə(r)]；美['temblər]n. 地震jolt英[dʒəʊlt]；美[dʒoʊlt]vt. （使）摇动，（使）震惊;使震惊;使颠簸vi. 摇晃，颠簸而行n. 颠簸，摇，震惊，严重挫折;震惊，引起震惊的事情;突然的猛击;意外的挫折seismic英[ˈsaɪzmɪk]；美[ˈsaɪzmɪk]adj. 地震的;由地震引起的;震撼世界的adjacent英[əˈdʒeɪsnt]；美[əˈdʒeɪsnt]adj. 邻近的;毗邻的

Grant Ganzi, Josh Sagman, and Spencer Kash come in to promote their LLS White Party Charity Event at the Polo Club in Wellington Florida. Grant, A Priemer Polo Player, Philanthropist, and LLS AllStar. LLS man of the year as well at only 23! Grant himself at his age decided he wanted to give back and started up a charity. Grant raised over 100k by making that decision on his own! Grant is dedicated to Polo, but school is #1 to him. He's tired of hearing MBA so he's going to get his MBA and wants to. For a guy at his age with so much success, it is, to say the least, refreshing to see this generation coming up isn't totally doomed. One way or another Grant will be something one day. After you watch the podcast, you can not agree. Grant has one of the best mentors on the planet around him Josh Sagman, who brought with him Spencer Kash, who likes McDonald's and MIGHT have a girlfriend. Josh and his team, spending their own money, have an LLS charity event coming up. Josh Sagman, A Transworld Business Advisor, who has joined forces with Josh Sagman & Associates Inc. Josh specializes in Business Sales, Franchises and Mergers & Acquisitions. We discuss all of this with what has been gone on over the last year-plus, stocks, and what he sees in the future given the current situation around the world and more. I have the utmost respect for these 2 individuals giving back to the community when they don't have to and all the funds go were its suppose to go! Unleash The Beast With Monster Energy: https://www.monsterenergy.com Express VPN - Privacy from Your ISP with VPN. No Activity/Connection Logs. It Just Works https://www.expressvpn.com Use Code: MSCS for 20% off yearly Subscription or 30 days free Check out Grant Ganzi LLS Man of the year https://www.gcpolo.com/news/2020/6/27/grant-ganzi-wins-2020-lls-man-of-the-year-palm-beach-campaign IG: grant_ganzi or https://www.instagram.com/grant_ganzi https://www.instagram.com/grant_ganzi Check out Josh Sagman: IG: joshsagman or https://www.instagram.com/joshsagman Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/joshua-d-sagman-p-a-65040714 ➔ Stay Connected With MSCS MEDIA ► Subscribe: https://cutt.ly/GEDzbsu ► All MSCS MEDIA VIDEO INTERVIEWS: https://www.youtube.com/c/MscsMedia ► All Links to MSCS MEDIA: https://allmylinks.com/mscsmedia ► Interested in exclusive interviews not on youtube, send an email to mscsmediafirm@gmail.com #Charity #LLS #Poloclub #GrantGanzi #JoshSagman #MscsMedia

Grant Ganzi, Josh Sagman and Specer Kash come in to promote there LLS White Party Charity Event at the Polo Club in Wellington Florida. Grant, A Priemer Polo Player, Philanthropist and LLS AllStar. Full Interview: https://youtu.be/Bg9saOCetwUGrant achieved LLS man of the year as well at only 23! Grant himself at his age decided he wanted to give back and started up a charity. Grant  raised 10's of thousands making that decision on his own! Grant is dedicated to Polo, but school is #1 to him. He's tired of hearing MBA so he's going to get his MBA and wants to. For a guy at his age with so much success, it is to say the least, refreshing to see this generation coming up is'nt totally doomed. One way or anther Grant will be somethng one day. After you watch the podcast, you can not not agree.Grant has one of the best mentors on the planet around him Josh Sagman, who broght with him Spencer Kash, who likes mcdonalds and MIGHT have a girlfriend. Josh and his team, spending there own money, have a LLS charity event coming up. Josh Sagman, A Transworld Business Advisor, who has joined forces with Josh Sagman & Associates Inc. Josh  specializes in Business Sales, Franchises and Mergers & Acquisitions. We discuss all of this with what has been gone on over the last year plus, stocks and what he sees in the future given the current situation around the would and more. I have the ut most respect for these 2 individuals giving back to the community when they don't have to and all the funds go were its suppose to go!Unleash The Beast With Monster Energy:https://www.monsterenergy.comExpress VPN - Privacy from Your ISP with VPN. No Activity/Connection Logs. It Just Workshttps://www.expressvpn.com Use Code: MSCS for 20% off yearly Subscribtion or 30 days freeCheck out Grant Ganzi LLS Man of the year https://www.gcpolo.com/news/2020/6/27/grant-ganzi-wins-2020-lls-man-of-the-year-palm-beach-campaignIG: grant_ganzi or https://www.instagram.com/grant_ganzihttps://www.instagram.com/grant_ganziCheck out Josh Sagman:IG: joshsagman or https://www.instagram.com/joshsagmanLinkedin:https://www.linkedin.com/in/joshua-d-sagman-p-a-65040714➔ Stay Connected With MSCS MEDIA► Subscribe: https://cutt.ly/GEDzbsu► All MSCS MEDIA VIDEO INTERVIEWS: https://www.youtube.com/c/MscsMedia► All Links to MSCS MEDIA: https://allmylinks.com/mscsmedia► Interested in exclusive interviews not on youtube, send and email to mscsmediafirm@gmail.com #Charity #LLS #Poloclub #GrantGanzi #JoshSagman #MscsMedia 

Matatizo ya kufa ganzi mwilini,Mafanikio ya mtinko sekondari

Matatizo ya kufa ganzi mwilini,Mafanikio ya mtinko sekondari

Noch anfänglicher Aggressivität Hendl mir geschafft zum e ganz Episode ufneh!Roman SwiperEnergizer Energy E241SThe RockThe Rock Clock - iPhone AppThe Rock Clock - Android AppSound effects from: freesfx.co.uk

Find out what you need to know about Colony Capital's rotation to digital real estate. 

DJ Ganzi hosts a two hour exclusive mix of Urban Essentials.  Expect some classics fused with present day and future riddims to enrich your mind, body and soul.   Sit back and relax, get up and dance, whatever you choose to do, we do it together, one love, one movement.  Catch 'In The Mix with' Saturday 9pm (GMT) 4pm (EST) 1am (PST) @ www.sonicstreamradio.net

Hosted by Jason Kelly. Featuring an in-depth interview with Colony Capital Chairman & Founder Tom Barrack and CEO Marc Ganzi on the future of cities and suburbs Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.com

Speaker: Ganzi Isharaza // Date: Sunday 30 August 2020 //

In these times of the COVID-19 pandemic, where almost all industries and infrastructures are taking a hit, the digital space has undeniably stood its ground and even became the connective tissue that is holding things together today. Speaking about the power of digital in this episode, Carrie Charles interviews digital influencer and infrastructure visionary, Marc Ganzi. He is a Managing Partner at Digital Colony, CEO-elect of Colony Capital, and the founder and CEO of Digital Bridge Holdings—a leading global investor and owner of mobile and internet infrastructure. Marc takes us deeper into what digital infrastructure is and what work he is doing with 5G. Addressing the elephant in the room, he then talks about the impacts of COVID-19 to digital infrastructures, where he thinks the industry is headed now, and how he has been adapting and rewriting the rules of leadership to help their employees and consumers better. There is so much to be learned from this conversation, so follow Carrie and Marc as they talk about the incredible resilience of digital infrastructures and more. Love the show? Subscribe, rate, review, and share!Here’s How »Join the 5G Talent Talk Community today:broadstaffglobal.comInstagramLinkedInTwitterFacebookYouTube

Nachdem mir ide letschte Foug über üsi Troumziel gredet hei, verzälle mir die Wuche, wo mer scho si gsi. Die beste Feriegschichte vo Engelberg bis ufd Bahamas.

Buongiollo Famiglia! Oggi si unisce a me Zio Pier, il nostro primo ospite e grandissimo amico, per parlare della band a cui noi siamo e saremo per sempre più affezionati: i Ganzi e Rozzi. Abbiamo preso in esame il periodo storico della band americana, dal debutto con Appetite for Destruction (1987) fino a The Spaghetti Incident (1993), con un piccolo richiamo anche a Live Era (1999), per selezionare i pezzi che ognuno di noi considera i più sottovalutati. Enjoy -Rico

Wir diskutiere die ersten paar NL-Spiele und das neue Philly Maskotchen Gritty! Kontakt: Twitter: @NHLvsNLA Facebook: NHL vs NLA Podcast E-Mail: nhlvsnla@hotmail.com

Overview of the Gnazi published in Planar Adventures.

Telefonata in Studio di Mario, residente vicino alla casa di riposo dove un noto gruppo rock sta effettuando le prove per il Reunion Tour 2016

This week DJ Ganzi (UEMG) presents two hours of valetine bliss in the original roots n culture style. Sit back and relax, get up and dance, whatever you choose to do, we do sit together, one love, one movement. Catch the next 'In The Mix' Saturday 8pm (GMT) 3pm (EST) 12pm (PST) @ www.sonicstreamradio.net

Katharin ergänzt den ersten Teil ihres Reiseberichts aus dem Westen Chinas um die Städte Yushu und Ganzi.

Listen to IP Counsel, where host Attorney Peter Lando, partner at the firm of Lando & Anastasi, LLP, welcomes Gary Ganzi, Managing Intellectual Property Counsel for Siemens Corporation (a subsidiary of Siemens, AG), and Chair of the Patent Office Practice Committee of the Intellectual Property Owners Association, to discuss the recent Supreme Court decision in Microsoft v. I4i in which the Court affirmed that the patent statute requires clear and convincing evidence to invalidate a patent. Peter and Gary discuss how this important case got to the Supreme Court, how the Court arrived at its holding and its overall importance to practitioners and the economy.

What constitutes subject matter that can be patented? It’s been studied by the courts for more than 100 years. On this edition of IP Counsel, we delve into the issue and take a close look at the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in the recent Bilsky v. Kappos decision involving the patentability of business methods. IP Counsel host, Attorney Peter Lando, partner at the firm of Lando & Anastasi , LLP calls on special guest, Gary Ganzi, VP Intellectual Property for Siemens Water Technologies Corp. (a subsidiary of Siemens, AG), an inventor and holder of more 25 patents and co-chair of the Patent Office Practice Committee of the Intellectual Property Owners Association, to weigh in on this topic. Join us and find out what is and isn’t patent eligible and where this issue goes from here.

Gary C. Ganzi, JD '08, discusses ways in which to improve patent quality as well as viewing patent quality from a public policy perspective. To learn more about Suffolk Law's IP Concentration, visit http://law.suffolk.edu/academic/ip/.

Gary C. Ganzi, JD '08, discusses the value of Intellectual Property as a currency for innovation in this week's IP podcast. To learn more about our IP concentration, please visit http://law.suffolk.edu/academic/ip/.