Podcasts about Kham

Lãnh đạo của Phật giáo Tây Tạng Đạt Lai Lạt Ma đã mừng thọ 90 tuổi hôm 06/07 vừa qua và tuyên bố sẽ tái sinh, tiếp nối truyền thống hàng ngàn năm ở Tây Tạng trong một thế giới tự do, xoá bỏ những nghi ngờ rằng ngài sẽ là vị Đạt Lai Lạt Ma cuối cùng. Việc chọn người tiếp nối Đạt Lai Lạt Ma, một vấn đề tâm linh trong Phật Giáo Tây Tạng, đã trở thành vấn đề chính trị khi Trung Quốc “phi tôn giáo” muốn can thiệp, tự chọn người kế vị. Với tên khai sinh là Tenzin Gyatso, Đạt Lai Lạt Ma thứ 14 là vị lãnh đạo Phật giáo Tây Tạng hưởng thọ lâu nhất từ 600 năm qua, qua các đời Đạt Lai Lạt Ma. Tự mô tả mình là một “nhà tu hành đơn thuần,” Đạt Lai Lạt Ma được hàng triệu tín đồ tin theo, tôn thờ ông như là một vị Phật sống, là người bảo hộ cho vùng đất thiêng. Ông đã phải sống lưu vong, rời khỏi quê hương vào những năm 1950, khi Trung Quốc tiến hành cuộc đàn áp quân sự, nhằm kiểm soát khu vực này. Đạt Lai Lạt Ma trở thành biểu tượng của khát vọng tự do, của hòa bình, dù bị Bắc Kinh coi là kẻ ly khai. Vài ngày trước khi bước sang tuổi 90, ông đã dập tắt những đồn đoán cho rằng mình là vị Đạt Lai Lạt Ma cuối cùng, tuyên bố sẽ có người kế nhiệm khi ông qua đời. Văn phòng của Đức Đạt Lai Lạt Ma chỉ đạo việc tìm kiếm và công nhận người kế nhiệm theo truyền thống lâu đời trong Phật giáo Tây Tạng.  Trong Phật Giáo Tây Tạng, tái sinh những tulku là những cao tăng giác ngộ, và họ lựa chọn quyết định tái sinh để tiếp tục phụng sự chúng sinh. Sau khi chết, tâm thức sẽ chuyển sang một thân xác mới. Đối với Đạt Lai Lạt Ma và Ban Thiền Lạt Ma (Panchen Lama), hai cao tăng có chức vị cao nhất, việc tái sinh của họ được quy định rõ ràng. Để tìm ra người được tái sinh, đầu tiên phải dựa trên những dấu hiệu, những điều đã được tiên tri, những điềm báo và một loạt bài kiểm tra, ví dụ như xem đứa trẻ có phản ứng với những vật dụng của người tiền nhiệm hay không. Liên quan đến sự can thiệp của Trung Quốc, cách nay 30 năm, vào năm 1995, Đạt Lai Lạt Ma đã công nhận Gedhun Choekyi Nyima là hiện thân của Ban Thiền Lạt Ma thứ 11. Tuy nhiên, chỉ vài ngày sau, hiện thân của cao tăng này, lúc đó 6 tuổi, đã bị bắt cóc, và từ đó cho đến nay vẫn chưa rõ tung tích. Vụ việc được cho là do chính phủ Cộng Sản Trung Quốc đứng đằng sau. Bởi vài tháng sau vụ "bắt cóc" này, Bắc Kinh đã "tìm ra" hiện thân của Panchen Lama, Gyaltsen Norbu, qua một quá trình được cho là không minh bạch, và về phe chính phủ Trung Quốc. Vị Lạt Ma này không được phía Tây Tạng và Đạt Lai Lạt Ma hiện tại công nhận.  Nếu như tuyên bố sẽ tái sinh của Đạt Lai Lạt Ma được tín đồ hoan nghênh thì, nhiều người lo sợ rằng khi Đạt Lai Lạt Ma thứ 14 qua đời, Bắc Kinh sẽ tận dụng này để "kiểm soát đức tin", dẫn đến nguy cơ xảy ra kịch bản : một Đạt Lai Lạt Ma thứ 15 được chỉ định theo phương cách truyền thống của Tây Tạng và một người khác được Trung Quốc chỉ định. Để tìm hiểu về truyền thống tái sinh này, cũng như những vấn đề địa chính trị trước sự can thiệp của Trung Quốc, trong mục tạp chí xã hội tuần này, RFI Tiếng Việt đã mời các chuyên gia về Tây Tạng, bà Katia Buffetrille, nhà nhân chủng học, tại trường École Pratique des Hautes Études, và Nicola Schneider, nhà nghiên cứu tại Viện nghiên cứu Văn Minh Á Đông (Centre de recherche sur les civilisations de l'Asie orientale). Cả hai đã nghiên cứu về Tây Tạng từ hơn hai chục năm qua, với nhiều công trình nghiên cứu về nhân chủng học, cũng như tôn giáo. RFI : Đạt Lai Lạt Ma chiếm vị trí như thế nào trong phật giáo Tây Tạng, và tầm quan trọng của tuyên bố về việc ngài sẽ tái sinh được đánh giá như thế nào ? Nicola Schneider : Vào năm 2011, khi người dân Tây Tạng bầu chọn người đứng đầu chính phủ lưu vong và Đạt Lai Lạt Ma quyết định rút khỏi chính trường, trao toàn bộ quyền cho chính phủ này. Trước đó, ông vừa là lãnh tụ tinh thần, vừa là lãnh đạo về mặt chính trị. Năm đó, ông cũng đã tuyên bố khi 90 tuổi sẽ quyết định liệu có tái sinh hay không. Trong suốt thời gian này, hầu hết người Tây Tạng và các tín đồ đều mong muốn ông tái sinh. Đó chính là điều mà ông đã tuyên bố.  Katia Bufetrille : Đối với người dân Tây Tạng, Đạt Lai Lạt Ma được coi là hiện thân của Quan Thế Âm Bồ Tát, của lòng từ bi. Có thể nói, Đạt Lai Lạt Ma thứ 14 đã minh chứng cho lòng từ bi, nhân ái đó trong suốt cuộc đời mình. Vấn đề tái sinh của ngài không chỉ liên quan đến người dân Tây Tạng, đến Phật tử nói chung, hay liên quan đến tín ngưỡng, bởi vấn đề thuần tuý về tôn giáo đang trở trành vấn đề chính trị do sự can dự của Trung Quốc vào việc chọn người kế nhiệm. Dù đã từ bỏ chính trị, sức hút của Đạt Lai Lạt Mai, đã đi nhiều nơi và gặp nhiều lãnh đạo các nước, dù muốn hay không vẫn bị đặt trên bàn cờ chính trị.  Nicola Schneider : Có thể nói Đạt Lai Lạt Ma thứ 14 là một trường hợp đặc biệt. Không phải tất cả các đời Đạt Lai Lạt Ma đều có tầm ảnh hưởng quốc tế như ông, dĩ nhiên là vì trước đây thế giới chưa toàn cầu hóa mạnh mẽ như hiện nay. Riêng ảnh hưởng vị Đạt Lai Lạt Ma thứ 14, thông qua việc lên tiếng vì hòa bình, lòng từ bi, các giá trị đạo đức mang tính phổ quát, đã vượt ra ngoài phạm vi cộng đồng người Tây Tạng. Ngày nay, hào quang của ông không chỉ trong thế giới Phật giáo, bao gồm cả các quốc gia như Việt Nam, mà còn lan rộng hơn thế nữa. Có thể nói ông là một nhân vật mang tính toàn cầu, thậm chí vượt ra ngoài khuôn khổ của riêng Phật giáo. RFI : Việc Đạt Lai Lạt Ma thứ 14 rút khỏi chính trường, ủy quyền cho chính phủ Tây Tạng lưu vong liệu có phải là cách để dần tách tôn giáo khỏi chính trị ? Katia Buffetrille :  Đó là một quyết định có chủ đích, nhằm xây dựng một nền dân chủ cho người Tây Tạng. Ông cho rằng mô hình cũ không còn phù hợp, đặc biệt trong hoàn cảnh lưu vong. Điều đáng nói là ông không hề được giáo dục theo tư tưởng dân chủ phương Tây, nhưng lại là người chủ động thúc đẩy dân chủ. Dù ngay từ đầu ông đã phải đối mặt với nhiều chống đối trong nội bộ, nhưng ông vẫn kiên định.  Nicola Schneider : Dù chính quyền Tây Tạng lưu vong đã trải qua quá trình thế tục hóa, yếu tố tôn giáo vẫn còn hiện diện trong cơ cấu chính trị. Quốc Hội  Tây Tạng không giống mô hình nghị viện kiểu phương Tây, như ở Pháp, nơi đại biểu được bầu theo đảng phái hoặc khu vực bầu cử thông thường. Tại đây, Quốc Hội gồm cả đại biểu thế tục, được bầu theo ba vùng văn hóa lớn của Tây Tạng: Ü-Tsang (Tây Tạng trung tâm), Kham và Amdo (Tây Tạng phía đông), và 10 đại biểu đến từ các trường phái Phật giáo lớn, phần lớn là tăng sĩ. Trong tổng số 45 nghị sĩ, đây là một thiểu số. Một số người cho rằng điều này cho thấy ảnh hưởng tôn giáo vẫn tồn tại, thậm chí chỉ trích đó là tàn dư của chế độ thần quyền. Nhưng quan điểm này không phổ biến. Nhiều người Tây Tạng lập luận rằng việc có các tăng sĩ trong Quốc Hội là cần thiết: họ không vướng bận đời sống gia đình, có thể dốc toàn tâm toàn lực cho Tây Tạng.  Đọc thêmTìm người kế vị Đạt Lai Lạt Ma: Cuộc đấu sinh tử với Bắc Kinh vì "tự do cho Tây Tạng" RFI : Trung Quốc, đã nhiều lần nhấn mạnh sự tái sinh của Đạt Lai Lạt Ma phải được Bắc Kinh chấp thuận và người tái sinh phải ở trên lãnh thổ Trung Quốc, cho rằng việc tái sinh là vấn đề chủ quyền của nhà nước, việc nội bộ của Bắc Kinh. Vào năm 1995, chính phủ Trung Quốc đã bổ nhiệm một Đức Ban Thiền Lạt Ma trái ngược với Đức Đạt Lai Lạt Ma được công nhận hiện nay. Cụ thể, Bắc Kinh đã tìm cách biến việc tái sinh thành công cụ chính trị, kiểm soát tâm linh Tây Tạng như thế nào ? Nicola Schneider :  Trung Quốc tin rằng nếu kiểm soát được người kế nhiệm Đạt Lai Lạt Ma, họ sẽ gia tăng ảnh hưởng. Nhưng đó là điều phi lý, bởi Trung Quốc là một chính quyền Cộng sản, vốn theo chủ nghĩa vô thần. Một nhà nước vô thần sao lại đặt ra luật lệ về tái sinh, tức là những quy định tôn giáo, và áp đặt chúng lên một dân tộc không phải người Trung Hoa, có văn hóa và tín ngưỡng riêng biệt? Trung Quốc ngày nay đã tự tạo ra một bộ quy tắc riêng để xác định hóa thân tiếp theo của Đạt Lai Lạt Ma. Họ biện minh điều này dựa trên tiền lệ lịch sử. Đúng là từng có một số trường hợp trong quá khứ, nhưng đó không phải là Cộng hòa Nhân dân Trung Hoa như ngày nay. Đó là thời nhà Thanh, triều đại của người Mãn, vốn không phải người Trung Quốc. Người dân Tây Tạng vẫn luôn nhấn mạnh, cũng như Đạt Lai Lạt Ma đang cố gắng truyền đạt trên trường quốc tế rằng quyền quyết định tái sinh phải thuộc về người Tây Tạng, bởi đây là Phật giáo của họ, là văn hóa và bản sắc của họ. Không ai từ bên ngoài có thể áp đặt điều đó.  Katia Buffetrille : Chính quyền Trung Quốc đã sử dụng “Chiếc bình vàng”, một nghi thức do hoàng đế Mãn Thanh Càn Long thiết lập vào thế kỷ 18 để chọn ra một ứng viên Đạt Lai Lạt Ma thông qua hình thức bốc thăm. Tuy nhiên, theo một nhân chứng từng có mặt tại đền Jokhang vào thời điểm đó và sau này đã trốn thoát, việc bốc thăm không hề minh bạch, vì một trong các thẻ bốc có gắn que dài hơn, giúp dễ dàng nhận ra. Điều này đặt ra nghi vấn nghiêm trọng về tính công bằng và hợp pháp của nghi thức. Sự can thiệp của Trung Quốc rất mạnh mẽ, như việc Bảo tàng Guimet (Paris), bảo tàng nghệ thuật châu Á lớn nhất châu Âu, đã loại bỏ từ “Tây Tạng” khỏi các triển lãm, thay bằng cụm mơ hồ như “Himalaya và vùng đất Tuyết” trong một cuộc trưng bày về nhà Đường. Nhiều người cho rằng việc này nhằm chiều theo yêu cầu của Bắc Kinh. Đây là điều nghiêm trọng, vì nó cho thấy Trung Quốc đang ảnh hưởng đến cách kể lại lịch sử và văn hóa, ngay cả tại các bảo tàng quốc gia. Chiến lược này không chỉ giới hạn ở châu Âu : tại Việt Nam, Nepal và Bhutan, Bắc Kinh cũng gây áp lực để các nước này dùng từ “Xizang”(phiên âm Hán ngữ của “Tây Tạng”) thay vì “Tibet”, giống như thể ta gọi “France” là “Faguo” theo cách Trung Quốc, trong khi rõ ràng đó không phải là cách gọi của người bản địa. RFI : Tại một thế giới ngày càng bị chia rẽ, các nước tranh nhau giành ảnh hưởng, vai trò của người kế nhiệm Đạt Lai Lạt Ma sẽ ra sao ? Truyền thống tái sinh và vị Đạt Lai Lạt Ma thứ 15 có thể được duy trì, hay sẽ chấm dứt vòng luân hồi ? Nicola Schneider : Việc tái sinh của Đạt Lai Lạt Ma ảnh hưởng sâu sắc đến đời sống người Tây Tạng. Tuy nhiên, sau khi một Đạt Lai Lạt Ma qua đời, quá trình tìm hóa thân mới phải mất ít nhất 2 đến 3 năm. Ngay cả sau đó, người được công nhận là hóa thân của ngài, vốn chỉ là một đứa trẻ, cũng không thể đảm đương vai trò lãnh đạo tinh thần cho đến khi trưởng thành. Theo truyền thống, giai đoạn này được điều hành bởi một nhiếp chính (Gyälpo) không được bầu chọn, nắm quyền thay mặt Đạt Lai Lạt Ma cho đến khi hóa thân đủ tuổi (khoảng 18 tuổi). Nhưng ngày nay, như đã khẳng định trong cuộc họp báo gần đây, không còn cần đến nhiếp chính nữa, vì chính quyền Tây Tạng lưu vong đã là một thể chế dân chủ có đầy đủ quyền lực. Nếu sau này có một vị Đạt Lai Lạt Ma thứ 15, ông sẽ không có sức ảnh hưởng về mặt chính trị, mà chỉ đảm nhiệm vai trò lãnh đạo tinh thần. Đây là điều mà Đạt Lai Lạt Ma thứ 14 đã tiên liệu từ rất sớm : Ngay từ năm 1969, ông đã công khai quan điểm tách biệt tôn giáo và chính trị trong tương lai Tây Tạng.  Katia Buffetrille : Đạt Lai Lạt Ma tương lai sẽ gặp nhiều khó khăn trong việc kế vị, bởi vì vị thứ 14 đã thực sự để lại dấu ấn sâu đậm trong thời đại của mình. Người kế vị sẽ phải nỗ lực rất nhiều để đạt đến tầm vóc đó. Vị Đạt Lai Lạt Ma thứ 6, giống như vị thứ 4, sinh ra bên ngoài Tây Tạng, vị thứ 4 sinh ở Mông Cổ, còn vị thứ 6 sinh tại Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh, một vùng thuộc Ấn Độ nhưng có tranh chấp lãnh thổ với Trung Quốc. Vị thứ 6 không hề yêu thích cuộc sống của một Đạt Lai Lạt Ma; ông thích thơ ca và phụ nữ hơn. Dù vậy, ông vẫn được người Tây Tạng hết mực tôn kính. Ông không phải là một hành giả trên con đường giác ngộ, nhưng đã để lại nhiều bài thơ hay và luôn là vị Đạt Lai Lạt Ma thứ 6 trong lòng người Tây Tạng. Chức vị này không phải là một tước hiệu có thể nhận hoặc từ bỏ như Giáo hoàng. Khi đã là Đạt Lai Lạt Ma thì suốt đời đều là như vậy. RFI Tiếng Việt xin chân thành cảm ơn chuyên gia về Tây Tạng, Katia Buffetrille, nhà nhân chủng học, tại trường École Pratique des Hautes Études, và Nicola Schneider, nhà nghiên cứu tại VCentre de recherche sur les civilisations de l'Asie orientale, tại Pháp.

Chokgyur Dechen Zhikpo Lingpa (1829-1870) was born in Sangyel, at the base of the sacred mountain Namkhadzö in the province of Nangchen, Kham. He was a contemporary of and collaborator with the Dzogchen masters of the Rimé movement, Jamyang Khyentsé Wangpo and Jamgön Kongtrul. Chokgyur Lingpa was a tertön or "treasure revealer". Regarded as one of the major tertöns in Tibetan history, his termas are widely practiced by both the Kagyu and Nyingma schools. Chokgyur Lingpa was someone who the majority of masters accepted upon simply hearing his name and connecting with his teachings, without any dispute or effort of their own.

Anthony and Karine discuss Miss Rachel being accused of being funded by Hamas! Ethan Klein has lost his appeal to Ryan Kavanaugh and Israeli tourists want us to feel bad for them! Also, some HairZone updates, and more!

In this episode of We're Talkin' About with Kaley Gray, we're getting real about practical dating advice. Joining me is special guest Pastor Rebekah Kham, where we dive into what healthy communication looks like in relationships, discuss the “algorithm” of dating in today's culture, and share personal experiences that shed light on what actually works. Whether you're in the talking stage, actively dating, or preparing for the right relationship, this conversation is full of wisdom, laughs, and helpful takeaways.Connect Here: ⁠⁠https://www.instagram.com/kaleyagray/⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.facebook.com/MissKaleyGray/⁠ ⁠Subscribe on YouTube: ⁠⁠https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQHkLMwvU32yvNbXhRCjgmQ⁠⁠#practicaldatingadvice #relationshiptips #christiandating

durée : 00:59:29 - Les joies simples - par : Nathalie Piolé -

Watch the best scene reading: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xYkI__GTug The butterfly prince is a story of a fictional character K.A.M.60 that attempt to honour the great French astronomer Charles Messier who developed the Messier catalogue and discovered many Messier objects in the sky in particular in the Virgo constellation. In the book K.A.M.60 real name is = Karlex Antoine Messier 60 and he is part of the Messier family. In real life The Messier 60 object is the twin/butterfly galaxies. Get to know the writer: What is your screenplay about? The butterfly prince is a story of a fictional character K.A.M.60 that attempt to honour the great French astronomer Charles Messier who developed the Messier catalogue and discovered many Messier objects in the sky in particular in the Virgo constellation. K.A.M.60 real name is = Karlex Aristoteles Messier 60 and he is part of the Messier family. In real life The Messier 60 object is the twin/butterfly galaxies. The plot is about jealousy, family feuds adventures and love. The constellations of Libra and Leo that are a couple have declared the war to the Virgo constellation just because of jealousy, they wiped out the Virgo constellation population. The only people left are the Messier family. They decided to send KAM60 (1) of their sons to the planet earth in a quest to find 10 virgins/maidens to married the 10 Messier brothers and repopulated the Virgo constellation again. K.A.M.60 Embarks in a quest and very interested journey where he not only achieved his goals of find the correct Maidens whom married the Messier brothers, along the way he meets very interesting characters such as Centaurs, witches, Mythological creatures, Gods, zodiac constellations etc. He also lived the most amazing adventures rescuing, helping, curing, advising and even fighting for or with people once he lands in the planet Earth. Also, all the way the constellations of Libra and Leo (the bad guys on this plot) will do something to stop K.A.M.60 to achieve his goals but like a great hero he always defeats them. Additional, despite that this is a fantasy book most of the heroes KAM60, the maidens etc are based in real people. People that inspired me and that I believe will inspire others. Example of these people are; Charles Messier, Juana Cruz the 1st female Spanish bullfighter, Magdalena Zeger the 1st female astronomer, Marie Jose Perec, the best French female sprinter, ancient civilizations such as the Mayans, the Olmecs, the Dahomey's, the Vikings, The Amazon female warriors etc. There are also some interesting twists in the story such as the inclusion of fake/false Maidens, the Emerald ring that determines which are the real maidens/virgins, the butterflies tattoos and character names (most maidens have a butterfly name and of course all of them must have a butterfly tattoo, like KHAM 60 also had one) there is plenty of adventures, magic, mysteries, suspense, drama, mystic, action, Love, friendship, team work etc Plus the stunning locations around the world where all these adventures occurs. Subscribe to the podcast: https://twitter.com/wildsoundpod https://www.instagram.com/wildsoundpod/ https://www.facebook.com/wildsoundpod

(Spirit Rock Meditation Center)

(Spirit Rock Meditation Center)

(Spirit Rock Meditation Center)

In this episode, we delve into the concept of brotherhood with Kham Ward , the founder and CEO of Black Men in Tech. Kham shares his personal experiences and insights on community building, diversity, and inclusion in the tech industry. He discusses the challenges and successes of creating a supportive network for underrepresented voices and emphasizes the importance of authenticity and trust. Join us for an inspiring conversation about the power of brotherhood in fostering a united and thriving community.Songs mentioned in this episode: BossMan DlowTG CrippyTrick Daddy Bob Marley Book recommendation  By the Law of Inspiration. It's about Americandetainment. Thank you for tuning in!

What bothers you most about Wal Mart people?  Reach out to us at twocessinapod@gmail.com

In this enlightening episode, David sits down with Kham Inthirath, CEO of The Compound Effect, to explore the cutting-edge world of AI in business and marketing. Together, they uncover how AI tools like ChatGPT, Synthesia, and Google's VEO are reshaping productivity, creativity, and strategy. From saving time in marketing campaigns to creating video avatars and leveraging generative AI, this conversation is packed with actionable insights and future-forward ideas. Calm also shares his journey from running a full-stack marketing agency to building a company that empowers businesses to scale by aligning culture, leadership, and technology. Whether you're a business owner, marketer, or just curious about AI's potential, this episode will inspire you to think differently about the future of work. Tune in to learn: How AI can save hours in marketing and operational workflows. The rise of generative video and its impact on content creation. Tips for integrating AI into your daily tasks and long-term strategies. Don't miss this dynamic discussion that's as futuristic as it is practical!   Connect with Kham LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/in/khaminthirath Twitter - https://twitter.com/kinthirath Website - https://www.getcompoundeffect.com/ Connect with David  Public Website: www.davidihill.com Real Estate University: www.realestatelistings.club Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/davidihill/  LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/davidihill 20-Minute call: https://www.davidihill.com/strategycall    

Pour cette session de Coinxomatik les productions et remix du contrebassiste Kham Meslien  le fil rouge du mix. Playlist : F… The post #149 Special Kham Meslien first appeared on Radio Campus Angers.

Last time we spoke about the first Encirclement Campaign against the CCP. Amidst ongoing attacks, the communist movement thrived in rural Jiangxi, even as urban support dwindled. Li Lisan championed urban uprisings, opposing Mao Zedong's focus on rural encirclement. Failed assaults on Nanchang and Changsha highlighted their discord. The Red Army's strategy shifted after capturing Ji'an, bolstered by peasant support. As the NRA prepared an encirclement, Mao proposed luring them deep before striking. Internal strife peaked with the Futian Incident, leading to a purge that solidified Mao's power but weakened the Red Army's defenses. Amidst internal strife, the NRA launched attacks on the Reds but faced fierce resistance. Lu Diping's forces encircled Donggu, leading to heavy losses as artillery mistakenly struck their own troops. The Reds capitalized on local support and guerrilla tactics, inflicting significant defeats on the NRA in Longgang and Dongshao. Despite Chiang Kai-Shek's attempts to reclaim territory, the Reds successfully executed a series of ambushes and strategic retreats. By the end of the campaign, the Jiangxi Soviet expanded significantly, validating Mao's strategies and shifting public favor towards the communists.   #124 Sino-Tibetan War of 1930–1932 Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. For those who know their Sino history, we are drawing close to the year of 1931. This is arguably the year WW2 actually began, some of you might be confused by that statement, but I assure you mainland Chinese would argue this point very much. Once we breach that door its going to be a very long time before we can talk about the multiple other things going on in China. For example, a lot happens in China's northwest. So I thought it would be best to tackle some of that before we jump into the 15 year China War. Do forgive me for being a tease. So the first thing I wanted to talk about is the Second Sino-Tibetan War of 1930-1932. Now this is a huge can of worms as they say and to truly understand it we need to cover a lot of history. There has always been conflict between whatever we consider historically China and Tibet. Historians have often broken things down into three major conflicts during the early 20th century that led directly to the second Sino-Tibetan War. After the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution, the 13th Dalai Lama closely monitored the political changes in mainland China and the situation of the central government's officials and military stationed in Tibet, preparing to organize Tibetan forces and initiate an anti-Han Incident movement. In March 1912, the Dalai Lama issued a "Public Letter" through the Ganden Palace via the Kashag. The Kashag was the governing council of Tibet during the rule of the Qing  all the way to the 1950s. Following the release of this letter, the 13th Dalai Lama immediately formed a "Tibetan People's Army" of over ten thousand troops, deciding to use force to expel the Sichuanese army. The Tibetan forces first dealt with the Sichuan troops stationed in Yadong, Jiangzi, and Shigatse, and then besieged the Sichuan troops in Lhasa. Fearing being attacked from both within and outside, the Tibetan forces hastened to eliminate the Sichuan troops already within Tibet. The local Tibetan authorities also initiated an offensive against the region known as the Kham in the west of Sichuan. After 1939 this would be called Xikang, so to make things easier I will refer to it as such. The extensive eastward expansion of the Tibetan army shocked the entire nation, prompting military and political figures from Sichuan, Yunnan, and other areas to issue telegrams or contact the central government, demanding military action to quell the unrest and stabilize Tibet. In response to the chaotic situation in Tibet and Xikang, the Yuan Shikai government adopted a strategy of sending troops to suppress it. On May 25, 1912, Yuan Shikai issued an order for a westward expedition, and on June 14, the Beiyang government directed Governor of Sichuan,Yin Changheng to lead the troops westward. On July 10  Yin Changheng led 2,500 Sichuan troops westward from Chengdu. At the same time, Cai E also dispatched Yunnanese troops northward to meet the Sichuan army in Tibet. In August, the Sichuan army split into two routes: the southern route led by Zhu Senlin attacked Hekou, modern day Yajiang and Litang, defeating the Tibetan troops and capturing the key strongholds of Maguizong, Jianzibay, and Xie Luoluo, subsequently laying siege to Litang; the northern route was led by Liu Ruilin, who provided assistance to Chengdu and Batang. Meanwhile, the Yunnanese troops entered Tibet via the Nu River, capturing the gateway of Yanjing in northern Yunnan. At the end of August, Liu Ruilin attacked the eastern Tibetan stronghold of Chengdu. On September 3, Zhu Senlin's forces captured Litang and recaptured Gongjue, Sanyan, and Tongpu; shortly thereafter, the areas of Zhanhua, Baiyu, Daocheng, Xiangcheng, and Zha Ya also surrendered. On September 16, the western expeditionary army advanced westward from Chengdu, attacking Jiangda. By the end of September, the western expeditionary army had recovered all territories belonging to the late Qing dynasty's Sichuan-Yunnan border affairs department, except for the counties of Kema and Chayu in the southern route, and Dingqing represented by roughly 39 clans, Shobanduo, Lari, and Jiangda in the northern route.  On September 12, the Beijing government ordered the change of Jiangda in Tibet to Taizhou Prefecture, Lari to Jiali Prefecture, and Shobanduo to Shodu Prefecture. On the 25th, Yin Changheng was appointed as the pacification envoy at the Sichuan border, overseeing the Xikang region, which was divided into the eastern and western border areas, governing the six prefectures of Kangding, Lihua, Ba'an, Dengke, Chengdu, and Jiahe, as well as the two states of Dehua and Ganzi. Just as the western expeditionary army was achieving victory and preparing to enter Tibet from Kangding, the British colonial authorities publicly intervened, trying to prevent the expeditionary army from entering Tibet. Under British pressure, Yuan Shikai was forced to order the Sichuan and Yunnan armies to delay their advance, effectively halting their progress at the Nu River line. At the same time, the Beiyang government's policy towards Tibet shifted from suppression to pacification. Although the Sichuan and Yunnan armies ceased their military actions against Tibet, the significance of the western expedition was profound, as it enabled the central government to basically recover Xikang and played a significant role in curbing the British colonizers and Tibetan separatist forces, preventing Tibet from repeating the fate of Outer Mongolia. Thus ended the first period of conflict. What proceeded was known as the Simla Convention, we actually covered that event in some detail a long time ago in this series. More or less the convention divided Tibet into Outer and Inner Tibet, which also were referred to as U-Tsang and western Kham, ie: Xikang. With the support and assistance of Britain, the Tibetan local government gathered troops in Eastern Tibet to confront the Sichuan army, aiming to use military force to advance the control area of the Tibetan government to Dajianlu. In September 1917, two Tibetan soldiers from the Lhoka area invaded the Sichuan army's defense zone and were captured and sent to Chengdu by the border troops. After questioning by Commander Peng Risheng, it was made clear that the captured Tibetans would have to be detained. Tibet sent a letter to negotiate, requesting the return of the captured Tibetans, to be handled by Tibetan officials. Peng, without assessing the situation, executed the captured individuals and sent their heads back, which obviously infuriated the Tibetans, leading them to mobilize a large force to attack En and Lhoka. The British immediately supplied the Tibetan army with 5,000 quick-firing rifles and 5 million rounds of ammunition to support a large-scale offensive against Enda County and Lhoka. By January 1918, Enda County had fallen, and the counties of Chaya, Ningjing, and Changdu were all under attack from the well-armed Tibetan army. In March, Ningjing County was lost, and the Chengdu garrison, who were quote “surrounded on all sides, though there was plenty of food in the city, had run out of ammunition.” In June, the Tibetan army captured Chengdu, and after accepting Peng Risheng's surrender, advanced rapidly eastward across the Ningjing Mountains and the Jinsha River, capturing the counties of Dege, Dengke, Shiqu, Baiyu, Gongxian, Wucheng, and Ningjing, until they were stopped by fierce fighting from the border troops at Ganzi.  On August 8, 1918, the Dalai Lama expressed his unwillingness to oppose what he called “the Chinese benefactor” but agreed to ceasefire negotiations. On August 21, a ceasefire agreement consisting of thirteen articles was reached in Chengdu among Liu Zanting, a representative of the Sichuan border troops, Jiangbadan, a representative of the Tibetan side, and a representative of the British government. They agreed that the Tibetan army would withdraw from the recently occupied counties of Zhanhua and Ganzi and return them to the Sichuan border, while the remaining occupied counties would be managed by Tibetan officials. They also agreed to a ceasefire for one year starting from October 17, 1918, awaiting a resolution to the Tibetan issue from the central government and the Dalai Lama. This “Thirteen-Article Agreement” effectively recognized the Tibetan army's occupation of the border areas in legal terms. After this, Chengdu and the aforementioned seven counties west of the Jinsha River came under the control of the Tibetan local government. Thus ended the second period of conflict.  Here we come to the year of 1930. Now a lot had occurred during the 1920's. The Beiyang government had tried to maintain the indirect administrative structures of the former Qing Dynasty. In the absence of effective Chinese political control over Tibet, implementation of national policy fell onto regional actors, in this case Fu Zuoyi in Suiyuan and Liu Wenhui in Xikang. Along the Qinghai/Amdo frontier, Sino-Muslim leaders like Ma Bufang projected military authority from the provincial capital of Xining. Now a lot of what we are about to talk about revolves around a place called Yushu. Yushu is a mountainous region of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. The Tanggula Mountains form the southwestern boundary of Yushu, bordering Tibet. In the largely uninhabitable northwestern region of Yushu, you'll find the renowned Kekexili nature reserve and the railway connecting Xining to Lhasa. The main branch of the Kunlun Mountains, which splits Qinghai province into northern and southern regions, forms Yushu's northern boundary, while a branch of the Kunlun range, the Bayanhar Mountains, defines its northeastern edge. Yushu is the source of three of Asia's major rivers. The northeasternmost section of Yushu drains into the Yellow River as it flows towards Lanzhou, the capital of Gansu. Central and southeastern Yushu give rise to the headwaters of the Mekong and Yangzi, known locally as the Zhaqu and Tongtian rivers. The Qinghai provincial government emphasized the region's prominent topographical features—mountain ranges and river systems. Provincial reports meticulously described the mountain passes that link Yushu to key areas such as Lhasa, Chengdu in Xikang, Sichuan, Xinjiang, and Xining, along with the challenging passes within Yushu. Yushu is a very difficult terrain for communication and transportation, quite the obstacle for governance. The journey between the provincial capital and Yushu totaled over 1620 li, a highway connecting such a path would not be built until 1944. A strong local governance was found in the form of Tibetan tribes known as the 25 peoples of Yushu. Yet the Qinghai provincial government sought to govern the land and those in Xining viewed Yushu as a barbarian region, where pastoral nomadism reigned. They would speak of Yushu as being an endless steppe inhabited by barbaric people who wandered aimlessly. Yushu had a complicated economic geography with monasteries occupying the richest land and concentrating monetary, spiritual, and political power on the local scale and pastoral tribes migrating in the areas in between. The monasteries acted as sites for periodic markets of trade, throughout Yushu. As much as they were Tibetan Buddhist monasteries for religious devotion, they were also landowners with powers of taxation. The hereditary tribal ladders of the 25 peoples of Yushu were thus a secondary network of political and economic authority in Yushu. The pastoral tribes who traversed the borderless region of Yushu, Xikang and Kham confused outsiders. The Beiyang government, as I have said, tried to simply adopt the former Qing policies. For Yushu they were ruling through an indirect system of local headmen. Each tribe determined their title, either company commander or battalion commander and were responsible for bi-annual taxes and periodic military conscription to the government in Xining. One of these tribal leaders, Cai Zuozhen, the leader of the Buqing tribe came from Huangyuan, lying between Xining and the Riyue mountains. His father worked as a translator for the Xining tribute tax collection missions. The 1920's were continuous years of strife, especially between the tribes. No governing body really understood or had any real control over the region. In 1929 Yusuhu became an official county and on August 6th of that year, Ma Qi advocated an 8 point plan for calming her border problems. The plan included reconstructing a civilian government, promoting Tibetan Buddhism, opening more land for agriculture, training troops, establishing factories and mills, improving transportation and securing borders. He sought to implement all of this through the Yushu county government. However in the same year the Civil Affairs Bureau recommended adding 7 new counties some of which would carve chunks out of Yushu. The plan never materialized due to ongoing government difficulties, but remained on the table. In the meantime the government began a provincial level training program for self-government regions within Qinghai. 50 graduates came out of this program, none came from or were sent to Yushu. By the late 1920's the region was being fought over by multiple parties for multiple reasons. There were 3 overarching reasons for why war would break out. Number 1 was because of the border disputes between Tibet and China. The Tibetans claimed areas inhabited by their people in the neighboring provinces of Qinghai and Sichuan were being ruled by warlords with loose connections to the Nanjing government. 2) There was a dispute between the 13th Dalai Lama and 9th Panchen Lama. To clarify the Panchen Lama is second to the Dalai Lama, to be more specific “the Panchen Lama is the reincarnation of Amithaba, the Buddha of Boundless Light, while the Dalai Lama is the reincarnation of Avalokiteshvara (Chenrezig in Tibetan), the Buddha of Compassion. Traditionally, each acts as mentor to the other, and plays a key role in identifying the other's reincarnation”. Anyways the 9th Panchen Lama had been exiled and seen to be quite pro Chinese. 3) was the complex disputes of the people in regions like Yushu. Now the catalyst for the war was a chieftain from the town of Beri, which is in Yushu but is in an area claimed by Tibet, but under control of Sichuan. This chieftain whose name I cannot for the life of me find, seized items from the Targye Monastery. It is alleged the 9th Panchen Lama incited this action. The monks of the monastery rallied forces and took back the properties. The chieftain then asked for help from the governor of Sichuan, Liu Wenhui. Liu Wenhui unleashed forces into the area, forcing the Targye monks to ask for help from the Tibetan government who drove his men out. Thus began a series of clashes. The KMT Muslim official Tang Kesan was dispatched to negotiate an end to the conflict. Muslim General Ma Fuxiang, as head of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission, sent a telegram instructing Tang Kesan to break the agreement with Tibet, fearing political rivals in Nanjing were exploiting the situation. In the following years, Tibetan forces launched repeated attacks on Liu Wenhui's troops but were defeated multiple times. In 1932, the Tibetans rallied 6000 troops along the Jinsha river, an area that acted as the boundary between Yushu and Xikang. In response to the Tibetan threat, in March the Qing government established the Qinghai Southern Border Region garrison under Ma Bufang. Two brigades deployed in Yushu; the first brigade was led by Ma Xun and the 2nd by Ma Biao. The Tibetans invaded, but only Ma Biao's men were ready at the border as Ma Xun's were still enroute from the provincial capital. At the time of the attack Ma Biao had one camp of cavalry, alongside some headquarters personnel for a combined total of 400 men. He dispatched his secretary Wang Jiamei to Tibet to try and negotiate a peaceful settlement. It is believe he did this simply to delay the enemy as he immediately telegrammed Ma Bufang for reinforcements, but they would not arrive until mid-june. On March 24th the Tibetans attacked Lesser Surmang, gradually forcing their way into southern Qinghai. After 8 hours of battle, both sides suffered tremendous casualties. During that night within the county seat of Jiegu, Ma Biao convened a conference attended by chieftains, merchants and important town leaders. At the meeting, Ma Biao asserted “our strength is sufficient to protect the lives and property of Yushu's residents. Not only will we resist Tibetan incursions, but in the future we will tie our war horses at the gate of the Tibetan government compound!” However Ma Biao would find it quite difficult to make due on these promises. On March 26th, the Greater Surmang contingent of his forces met 500 Tibetans on the battlefield just southeast of Jiegu. As told to us by Cai Zuozhen “the Tibetans simply overwhelmed the undermanned provincial forces by at least five to one”. They retreated to a camp near Duolongduo where they quickly became surrounded by Tibetan forces. At the same time a detachment of other provincial forces at Lesser Surman, just 30 men were encircled by 100 Tibetans. The provincial forces continuously retreated in the face of an enemy 5-10 times larger than them. The Tibetans methodically seized territory heading north to encircle the county seat of Jiegu. At the same time a contingent of 300 troops from Xikang forded the Tongtian river to attack the monasteries at Labu and Xiewu situated on the two vital thoroughfares heading north to Jiegu. The Tibetans held a strong military position and in one incredible move sweeped and occupied all the areas surrounding Jiegu's southern portion, severing the county seats communication with Xining. Jiegu was the site of Yushu's county government and nominally held the headquarters of the southern Qinghai garrison, thus it was the key holding Xining's position in the southern borderlands. Now outnumbered 10 to 1 by the Tibetans and with their communications severed, the situation for Xining and the Qinghai forces was quite dire. It seemed likely the Tibetans would shut the door, locking Xining out. The Southern Qinghai border region garrison, a mouthful to be sure, under Ma Biao were digging in for a long drawn out defense of the Yushu county seat while Xining went into a frenzy of actions. On April 19th, Ma Lin and Ma Bufang telegrammed the Military affairs commission in Nanjing with strong recommendations for improving the situation. They wanted to move the Southern Qinghai garrison roughly 20 li west of Jiegu and station a regiment between Jiegu and Xining at Daheba to protect the lines of communication. They also requested 2000 rifles, 20,000 rounds of ammunition, 40,000 yuan and 5 wireless telegraphs. While this sounds like peanuts, but do remember Japan is currently full blown invading Manchuria. On the last day of april, Ma Bufang requested Ma Lin dispatch the Southern Qing Border Region garrison's 1st brigade commander Ma Xun, cause everyone's a Ma in this episode, to the southern front as Yushu's Pacification Commissioner. He also again stated he wanted a peaceful settlement to the conflict. 4 days later, Ma Bufang and Ma Lin telegrammed Xi'an announcing Ma Xun's appointment as “Yushu xuanwei shi”, the Yushu Pacification Commissioner. Yet it was not until May 24th, that Nanjing's response reached Xining via Xi'an. Within the communique, Chiang Kai-Shek approved their suggestions and would meet their requests for military aid although at lower levels than requested. Only one wireless telegraph set was sent by Nanjing, but it dramatically improved communications.  On May 26th, Ma Xun departed Xining for Yushu with others stating “regardless of whether peace can be maintained, the communications route between the provincial capital and Jiegu must be protected at all costs”. Ma Xun departed with roughly a regiment of 100 troops, some provincial officials with Mongolian and Tibetan language skills, and a surveyor. Meanwhile Ma Bufang led another expeditionary force as far as Daheba, the site of a proposed garrison between Xining and Jiegu. Ma Xun's Mongolian and Tibetan specialists had orders from Nanjing to visit Qinghai and awe the “barbarians” into loyalty to the new government by offering them doctors, dentists, botanists and anyone who could dazzle the “backward superstitious locals”.  For two months, Ma Biao and his men struggled to maintain Jiegu's defenses, till finally on June 18th, Ma Xun's group arrived. He would soon be followed up by 2 waves of reinforcements on August 20th and September 20th. Despite efforts made by Cai Zuozhen and other small contingents of Qinghai troops, the Tibetans simply have overwhelming numbers. The Qinghai troops however inflicted much more casualties upon them when they fought. A battle broke out on June 27th at the Changu Monastery, 5 li south of the county seat, where Qinghai forces led by Ma Biao defeated a Tibetan force twice their side who also enjoyed high ground advantage. The same forces also fought again near the Tongtian River due north of Jiegu where the Tibetans were forced to withdraw. It also seemed the Tibetans lacked adequate artillery, as was evident with their inability to take Jiegu. Many of the civilians within Jiegu noted the Tibetans fired over forty cannon rounds into the city, but none of the rounds exploded. On July 23rd, Ma Bufang dispatched a regiment led by La Pingfu to Yushu. Despite the combined forces of Ma Biao and Ma Xun engaging the Tibetans three times, they had still not seen the full strength of the Tibetans. There was a great concern on the Chinese side that the Tibetans were trying to lure as many in as possible before overwhelming them with numbers. Ma Bufang also dispatched reinforcements led by Ma Lu to the southern borderlands. On August 20th, La Pingfu arrived at Jiegu and freed the city of a Tibetan encirclement. La Pingfu's troops were exhausted from the incredible 20 day march through insane terrain, they quickly took up defensive positions. This allowed the forces of Ma Biao and Ma Xun to depart south with 800 local militiamen to attack the Tibetans. They found Tibetans in the dead of night. The Qinghai forces used Dadao dui swords to hack them during hand to hand combat. The Tibetans dispersed, but reorganized themselves the next morning. The Qinghai forces took some high ground and met the counter attack, this time decisively defeating the Tibetans who suffered tremendous casualties. After four months, the Jiegu encirclement seemed to finally be broken. Afterwards the Qinghai forces formed three groups to advance south to retake lost territory. Ma Biao and Ma Xun led route armies while La Pingfu followed behind. Ma Bufang ordered a punitive mission against the local Tibetans, hoping they would simply withdraw from Yushu peacefully. He also ordered law and order to be brought back to the region. Military commanders were to gather local religious and political elites who could deal with the inevitable issues like refugee waves. To further push the Tibetans to pull out orders were mandated that medical care be given to wounded Tibetan soldiers with promises of funding for their return journey to Tibet as POW's. Me Bufang also issued communiques to all the inhabitants of Yushu asking them to get their local leaders and militia to expel Tibetan soldiers, promising rewards. Cai Zuozhen's reports differed greatly from Ma Bufang's orders. Cai Zuozhen received reports for example that Ma Biao's men routinely killed POW's, attacked Tibetan civilians and robbed Tibetan merchants. Cai Zuozhen would go on the record to accuse Qinghai forces of burning entire villages, looting monasteries, raping women and even nuns. During this time folk songs emerged in Qinghai talking about bitter lives under the oppression of Xining overlords who conscripted soldiers, stole horses and property to feed themselves on “human soup” while the common people ate husks and chafe. It was often sung “the sun doesn't rise in the Ma Family's Qinghai” As the Qinghai troops continued advancing south they punished locals for helping Tibetans. One local headman in Nangqian who had helped Tibetans had 10,000 jin of Tsampa, 20,000 jin of barley, 3000 jin of yak butter, 200 head of cattle and 40 sheep commandeered by Ma Biao. Many headmen would be forced to give goods to Ma Xun, Ma Biao and La Pingfu, such things as pelts, antlers, horses and money. It was said Ma Biao took enough to be worth 2000 silver dollars from the nomads of Laxiu. During late August and early September, the Qinghai forces fought the Tibetans for the Surman region and the southeastern part of Yushu. They unleashed artillery on their enemy, trapping 2000 Tibetans soldiers into a confined area. They encircled them and systematically annihilated them, massacring 200. Little Surmang quickly came back under Xining's control as the Tibetans fled to Greater Surmang. On September 2nd, La Pingfu led 300 men to occupy the rear exit of Greater Surmang. Despite a valiant defense led by two of Tibet's best generals, they suffered a string of defeats and were forced to relinquish Greater Surmang.  Then the third wave of reinforcements arrived from Xining, Ma Lu's brigade who came to Jiegu on September 20th. This effectively solidified the Qinghai position. Ma Lu, Ma Xun, Ma Biao and Ma Biao all met south of Jiegu at Batang where they agreed they would set out for the Jinsha River which marked the border between Yushu and Xikang. There they would decisively defeat the enemy upon the western shore at Xidengke. At the Qingke monastery, facing the Dengke river, a major connecting point to Changde was the Tibetan powerbase in the region. The monastery's defenses were very solid, 3 lines of over 5000 troops. On October 15th, the Qinghai artillery began raining hell upon the monastery as the infantry encircled the area. The Qinghai forces split their approaches attacking and moving while encircling. They were aided by Xikang troops who also bombarded the monastery from across the Jinsha river. The Tibetans could not withstand the joint attacks and gradually gave up their positions. The Qinghai and Xikang armies then connected across the river. Liu Wenhui led the Xikang forces and was communicating with Ma Bufang who ordered his forces to accept orders from the Xikang army.  Many historians believed Liu Wenhui had coordinated this joint military campaign against the Tibetans, taking advantage of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. It seems Liu Wenhui thought it was an opportune time to “solve the Tibet problem once and for all”, this would have been a hell of an escalation. Liu Wenhui sent word to Ma Bufang who notified Chiang Kai-Shek of their joint operation. However Chiang Kai-Shek demanded they halt hostilities and try negotiations with the Dalai Lama. Meanwhile the Dalai Lama received reports of their string of defeats and the loss of territory east of the Jinsha river, so he agreed to begin negotiations. What came from this was the Qinghai-Tibetan Peace Treaty, which more or less just set everything back to pre-war status quo. The Tibetans would never again pose a serious threat to Qinghai's domination of Yushu. Yushu's strategic passes would remain in Qinghais control well into the founding of the Peoples Republic of China. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. While it would appear as a major side quest in the greater scheme of things, the small war between Tibet and Sichuan was just another example of how not unified China still was. Despite all the grand claims, the new Nanjing government was still overseeing quite a fractured nation, who were about to face the full might of the Empire of the rising sun.   

AI and Sales Strategy Leader With over 20 years of experience in business growth, branding, and digital transformation, Kham Inthirath has been at the forefront of helping businesses leverage cutting-edge technology to maximize their potential. As the CEO of Compound Effect, Kham has guided countless organizations in integrating AI-driven strategies to optimize sales processes and accelerate growth.   Kham specializes in: AI-powered sales optimization Customer experience transformation through AI Streamlining lead generation and sales automation Digital marketing and demand generation Connect with Kham LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/in/khaminthirath Twitter - https://twitter.com/kinthirath Website - https://www.getcompoundeffect.com/ Connect with David  Public Website: www.davidihill.com Real Estate University: www.realestatelistings.club Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/davidihill/  LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/davidihill 20-Minute call: https://www.davidihill.com/strategycall   FACEBOOK COMMUNITY Please follow and join my Group- https://www.facebook.com/groups/ptmastery/

Hoe zwaar wegen de bevoegdheden van Eurocommissaris Lahbib? Rik Van Cauwelaert over de nieuwe Europese Commissie en haar uitdagingen. Hoe zal het beleid van het Nederlandse kabinet-Schoof er de komende jaren uitzien? We vragen aan cabaretier Jan Jaap van der Wal wat zijn verwachtingen zijn. In ‘Wij, Roma' geeft auteur en journalist Margot Vanderstraeten een inkijk in de gesloten wereld van de Roma. Biser Alekov (vzw Kham) is Rom en ook zijn verhaal staat in het boek.

Corona Virus Tawh Kisai Theih Huai Part2 Na // Health talk.Kawikawi + Tangthu Ngaih Pen // Chin Gospel Songs.

Corona Virus Thu Tawh Kisai Theih Huai Thu // Health talk.Kawikawi + Aw Nem // Chin Gospel Songs.

Come hang with us! Like what you hear? Connect with me - Website: ⁠gun.io/taylor⁠ Email: taylordesseyn@gun.io LinkedIn: Taylor Desseyn Tweet me: @tdesseyn Pics of the life, wife, kids & dog: @tdesseyn

VDVV-1481_0481 -De Tai Tu Sat -Ma La Cai Phan Co Nha Ma Khong O _Tự Tử -1 Cai Kham O Tu Khong Chui Ở Bo Chay.mp3PodCast ChannelsVô Vi Podcast - Vấn Đạo  Vô Vi Podcast - Băn GiảngVô Vi Podcast - Nhạc Thiền

Kham Inthirath: Leading AI-Driven Innovation and Transformation Kham Inthirath stands as a visionary in the realm of AI and business transformation, blending over two decades of marketing and business consulting expertise with profound life experiences, including his time as a monk. As the CEO of Compound Effect, Kham has driven businesses to achieve remarkable growth, with some clients seeing over a 90% increase in revenue. Currently spearheading a groundbreaking project in AI-driven content creation, Kham is transforming the way businesses approach creativity and efficiency. His work reduces content creation time from weeks to mere minutes, reflecting his commitment to operational excellence and cutting-edge solutions. Central to his mission is the development of an AI virtual team, encompassing all departmental roles, and redefining the future of business automation. Kham's philosophy, "If you are not uncomfortable, you are not growing," inspires his audience to embrace AI's transformative potential. His holistic approach, encapsulated by the belief that "It takes a village," integrates AI, digital transformation, branding, and customer experience, offering a comprehensive vision for the future of business.   Connect with Kham Linkedin - https://www.linkedin.com/in/khaminthirath/ Twitter - https://twitter.com/kinthirath Connect with David Hill   Public Website: www.davidihill.com  Real Estate University: www.realestatelistings.club Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/davidihill/  LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/davidihill  20-Minute call: https://www.davidihill.com/strategycall FACEBOOK COMMUNITY Please follow and join my Group- https://www.facebook.com/groups/ptmastery/  

Keep your friends close and your elephants closer for today's exciting episode of Anime Was (Not) A Mistake! Our Animaysterpiece event continues with 2005's Tom-Yum-Goong (released in the United States as The Protector). Tony Jaa stars as Kham, a young martial artist descended from the ancient fighters who once protected the King's War Elephants. One day, Kham's elephants Por Yai and Korn are kidnapped by poachers and taken to Sydney, Australia. Kham travels to Sydney and discovers that his elephants have been taken by Madame Rose, a rising crime boss in the midst of consolidating her power. He teams up with Mark, a local Thai-Australian police officer, in order to face Madame Rose and her network of cronies. Chief amongst those cronies are Johnny, a vicious Vietnamese gangster, and Vincent, a corrupt Australian police inspector. Kham's skills as a Muay Thai warrior will be put to the test as he fights his way through legions of henchmen, assassins, and giant grapplers to reach Madame Rose and save his friends. Pack some mangoes, hide your pangolins, and protect your tendons for today's elephantine installment of Anime Was (Not) A Mistake! Rate, Review, Subscribe, and Listen to Us on Podbean/iTunes/Stitcher/Spotify Follow us on Instagram:@animewasnotamistakepodcast Or on Facebook:@animewasnotamistakepod Music Provided by: “Quizás, quizás, quizás” & “Te Quiero Dijiste (Magic is Moonlight)” – Nat King Cole – In the Mood for Love Original Motion Picture Soundtrack “California Dreamin'” – The Mamas & The Papas – Chungking Express Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

ပြဿနာကို ဝမ်းမြောက်ခြင်းဖြင့်အနိုင်ယူခြင်း| Rev. Zam Lian KhamSunday 9AM Sermon | 17 Mar 2024 --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/hwc-church/message

This week we've got new bangers from Kham, Zauntee, Key'ijah, Hulvey and Battz! Our Back in the Day segment features throwback jams from T-Bone, Minister RMB and the CMC's! Plus, R&B fire from Bobbi Storm, Kateri B and DOE! Also, we heat it up for  the Holidays with Caleb Gordon, Nu Tone and TLS! Elevate Your Music & Elevate Your Mind!

To learn more about our heart to steward the presence of God and all other things Vision Church, join us on a Sunday Morning or visit our website www.visionnwa.com

Join us for an engaging and lively conversation with Kham Ward, the founder and CEO of Black Men in Tech, Incorporated, and the Thrive Conference. In this episode, we explore the importance of diversity, inclusion, and networking in the tech industry, with valuable insights from Kham's journey and mission.IG: @the.dni.guy | @blkmenintech Get your tickets to Blk Men In Tech here 

In research conducted by Workhuman® and BLK Men in Tech into the experience of Black employees in the tech industry, four challenges at work rose to the surface: bringing their authentic selves to work, the effect of negative workplace experiences on their mental health, their broader financial responsibilities, and difficulties with career advancement. Kham Ward, founder of BLK Men in Tech, returns to the show to discuss the research, including the power of mentorship and the importance of understanding the financial well-being of Black employees.Edited & mixed by: Rob ValoisMusic by: Breakmaster CylinderLINKSBlack Men in TechKham on LinkedInFOLLOW US:InstagramLinkedInTwitterFacebookYouTubeWorkhuman Content Newsletter

Join us for an engaging and lively conversation with Kham Ward, the founder and CEO of Black Men in Tech, Incorporated, and the Thrive Conference. In this episode, we explore the importance of diversity, inclusion, and networking in the tech industry, with valuable insights from Kham's journey and mission.IG: @the.dni.guy | @blkmenintech Join our Patreon Community Here!: https://www.patreon.com/TechIsTheNewB...Click here to Passively land interviews using Octaply.ai! https://octaply.ai/registerLet us know what questions you want us to ask our future tech guests and what kind of guests we should interview.Got any questions? Click Here To Check Out ALL Recommended Bootcamps, Discounts & FAQshttps://direct.me/imjustcyrusHere are the 2 bootcamps we most recommend! 1. Careerist (the bootcamp I chose) These courses are 4 weeks long, virtual and are 8pm - 10:30pm Sun- Thur (Eastern). They record their classes In case you miss any. They are not partnered with tech companies, but they fix your resume & LinkedIn to industry standards and they assist you with finding jobs to apply to - in order to help set you up on interviews. They also do interview coaching & provide really good interview cheat sheets. They're about $4k, but I have a $300 discount link that you use with their sales too! The discount Is attached to the link automatically.Careerist Discount Link: https://crst.co/cyrus2. CourseCareers is self paced. You can finish it in 3 weeks or 3 months. They offer tech sales roles only & are partnered with tech companies, so they're usually able to get you a tech career quickly or a paid internship (up to $21/hr) while you wait to get hired on. They only offer courses for people in North America. They're just $449 with my discount code that gives you $50 off! Discount Code: Cyrus50CourseCareers Website Here

In this interview I am once again joined by Ralph White holistic learning pioneer, international speaker on cultural transformation and the history of the Western esoteric tradition, and co-founder of the New York Open Centre. Ralph recounts his clandestine mission into Tibet in 1989 on behalf of the Nechung Oracle: hiking solo across the border, evading commissars, escaping from bandit villages, enlisting the aid of Khampa horsemen, and encountering a UFO high in the Himalayas. Ralph recalls founding the Art of Dying Conference, reflects on his own relationship with his father, and describes the religious genius of Rudolf Steiner on death and what lies beyond. Ralph also discusses the Western Esoteric tradition, tells stories of Robert Bly's Rosicrucian poetry, and critiques logical positivism and the limitations of academia. … Video version: https://www.guruviking.com/podcast/ep202-mission-to-tibet-ralph-white 
Also available on Youtube, iTunes, & Spotify – search ‘Guru Viking Podcast'. … Topics Include:
 00:00 - Intro 01:44 - Arriving at Nechung Monastery, Dharamsala 03:17 - Mission into Tibet 05:11 - Finding a secret route into Tibet via Kham 10:07 - Aftermath of Tiananmen Square 12:06 - High risk adventure 13:04 - Ralph's daily routine in the mountains 16:34 - Encountering a UFO 20:23 - Evading a Chinese commissar 21:46 - Escaping a bandit village 23:56 - Entering into deep meditation in a crisis 27:12 - Old enough to know better 28:32 - Provisions 29:48 - Further travels in Asia 35:03 - Reflections on the UFO sighting 37:33 - Founding the Art of Dying Conference 43:17 - Rudolph Steiner on karma and reincarnation 44:45 - Multi-cultural views on death 46:19 - Death denial in Western culture 51:21 - The death of Ralph's father 57:16 - Dealing with emotional residue 01:01:22 - Engaging with the profound issues of life 01:02:29 - Logical positivism and the limitations of academia 01:04:39 - Rudolf Steiner's genius 01:07:00 - Advice for entering the Western Esoteric tradition 01:10:34 - Founding the Esoteric Quest conference 01:11:32 - Robert Bly's Rosicrucian poetry 01:12:54 - The rogue's gallery 01:14:08 - The esoteric side of Robert Bly … Previous episode with Ralph White: - https://www.guruviking.com/podcast/ep140-quest-for-a-life-of-meaning-ralph-white To find out more about Ralph White, visit: - https://www.ralphwhite.net/ … 
For more interviews, videos, and more visit: - www.guruviking.com … Music ‘Deva Dasi' by Steve James

In this episode we’re talking with Kham Matt Phanthavong with Lanxang Tactical and Robert Edgar Mills with Osprey Shooting Solutions. They discuss their businesses, including the types of rifles they make, their shooting school, and range capabilities. They also talk about their backgrounds and how they got into their respective businesses. The conversation covers various […]

In this episode we’re talking with Kham Matt Phanthavong with Lanxang Tactical and Robert Edgar Mills with Osprey Shooting Solutions. They discuss their businesses, including the types of rifles they make, their shooting school, and range capabilities. They also talk about their backgrounds and how they got into their respective businesses. The conversation covers various […] The post Ask the Expert: Kham Matt Phanthavong with Lanxang Tactical and Robert Edgar Mills with Osprey Shooting Solutions appeared first on Business RadioX ®.

Mipi nih thim thar mi NSW ramkulh cozah nih cozah sianginn ah mawbal fawn sianghngakchia nih i khen lo dingin phung an ser mi cu nunter a si cang. Atu kum cacawn caan then linak thokin mawbal fawn sianginn ah luh pi khawh a si ti lai lo.

SOS KHAM KHAM embodies the essence of creative genius. Support this podcast at — https://redcircle.com/musichypebeast/donationsAdvertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brandsPrivacy & Opt-Out: https://redcircle.com/privacy

On this show of M&M Live Radio, our hosts Meesa & Meah ask whether or not they'd shoot their shot if they saw someone attractive. Also, FeBROary is back on M&M Live Radio, where we have a new male guest, each week, all month long. Plus, M&M bring in their male perspective, Kemo Jones to weigh in on their love & relationships conversation. •M&M Live Radio Jingle •“Super Saiyan” - Torey D'Shaun •“Drip Bayless” - Rockstar JT ft. Parris Chariz & Aha Gazelle •“Regal” - Czar Josh ft. KHAM & seni •M&M Live Radio Jingle •“Truth in You” - Alex Jean  •“IN LUV” - Wande  •“Goosebumps” -  Jaylon Ashaun •M&M Live Radio Jingle  



The Marathon Life interview series illuminates the most innovative minds in indie music and entertainment. Indie artists submit your music here for a free interview: www.radiopushers.tv/organichustle   

durée : 01:03:55 - Club Jazzafip - L'ancien contrebassiste de Lo'Jo vient présenter en session live son album solo "Fantômes...Futurs".

Cẩm Nang Tu Đạo – HT Quảng Khâm Hòa Thượng Tuyên Hóa Lược Giảng Mục Lục Dẫn Nhập Tiểu Sử Hòa Thượng Quảng Khâm Chương I: Tu Hành 1. Tu Hành: Tìm Lại "Bản Lai Diện Mục" 2. Cục Ðá Cột Chân Người Tu A. Tham, Sân, Si B. Ngã Mạn C. Thiện Ít, Ác Nhiều 3. Nẻo Chánh Ðể Tu Hành 4. Bản Sắc Của Việc Tu Chương II: Khổ Hạnh 1. Vững Lòng Tin, Tu Khổ Hạnh 2. Làm Sao Tu Khổ Hạnh 3. Buông Xã Túi Da Thối Này! Chương III: Rõ Nghĩa 1. Hiểu Biết, Lập Hạnh 2. Công Phu Khuya và Tối 3. Gõ Chuông Chương IV: Pháp Môn Tịnh Ðộ 1. Tây Phương Có Phật Hiệu A-Di-Ðà 2. Niệm Phật 3. Niệm Phật Có Thể Thấy Phật Không? 4. Thầy Quảng-Hóa Tới Tham Phỏng Chương V: Việc Làm Ba-La-Mật 1. Thẳng Thắn 2. Nhẫn Nại 3. Khéo Léo Chương VI: Hạnh Xuất Gia 1. Xuất Gia Ðể Làm Gì? 2. Con Ðường Siêu Thoát Của Người Tu 3. Tự Ðộ 4. Ðộ Người A. Biết điều tốt của thí chủ B. Tiếp đãi tín đồ C. Sự nghiệp của Bồ-tát 5. Ðiểm Tốt Của Việc Tu 6. Ðạo Cao Một Tấc, Ma Cao Một Thước 7. Ni Chúng Chương VII: Xuất Gia Và Tại Gia 1. Tại Gia 2. Xuất Gia: Báo Ðền Bốn Ân Lớn 3. Ở Ðời và Ði Tu Chương VIII: Cảnh Giới Của Chúng Sanh 1. Tâm Chúng Sanh 2. Thói Quen, Tập Khí 3. Danh Lợi và Chậm Chạp Chương IX: Nhân Quả Và Sám Hối 1. Nhân Quả 2. Sám Hối Chương X: Lời Cuối 1. Thời Ðại Ðã Thay Ðổi Rồi! 2. Khai Thị - Ngộ Nhập 3. Pháp Ngữ 4. Lời Của Thầy Truyền-Văn Tám Quy Luật của Viện Phiên Dịch Kinh Ðiển Cẩm Nang Tu Ðạo Hòa Thượng Quảng Khâm Dẫn Nhập Tập Cẩm-Nang này đúc kết tinh hoa những lời dạy của vị Thánh-tăng cận đại - Hòa-Thượng Quảng-Khâm (1892-1986). Là người đã giác ngộ, mỗi lời dạy của Ngài trực tiếp phá vỡ vô minh, khiến ta giác ngộ như Ngài. Kinh Hoa-Nghiêm dạy rằng: "Chúng sanh như người bệnh, Thiện-tri-thức như bác-sĩ, lời dạy của Thiện-tri-thức như thuốc hay. Thuốc hay thì đắng, song trị lành được bệnh." Bởi vậy, trong tập Cẩm-Nang này, bạn sẽ thấy mỗi lời dạy của Ngài đều vô cùng sâu sắc, trực tiếp song đơn giản; ngắn gọn, dễ hiểu mà hàm súc. Ðây là điểm then chốt dị biệt giữa lời nói của người đã ngộ Ðạo và kẻ chưa tỉnh giác. Kẻ còn mê muội thì cần lời giảng cao xa, sâu sắc, dùng trò chơ trí thức chữ nghĩa, song thiếu thực dụng nội tại. Những lời dạy của Hòa-Thượng Quảng-Khâm là những lời mà không ai có thể bắt chước đặng, bởi vì những lời ấy được lưu xuất từ một nội tâm thâm chứng và một cuộc đời chân thật thực nghiệm, "sống" trong sự thâm chứng ấy mỗi ngày. Ngài chỉ ăn một bửa ngọ và chỉ ăn trái cây; ngủ thì ngủ ngồi; áo mặc thì chỉ một vài bộ. Ngài rất ít lời, không nói chuyện dông dài, bàn luận thế sự tạp nhạp. Cả đời, vật sở hữu của Ngài hoàn toàn không! Chẳng có xe hơi, chẳng có trương mục ngân hàng hay thẻ tín dụng, nhà riêng, Tivi, tủ lạnh, radio.... tất cả Ngài đều không có. Chính bởi vì, và chỉ có, cuộc sống rỗng không như vậy nên Ngài mới thực sự an trụ trong cảnh giới Chân Không của tự tâm. Ðây thật là điều quý báu để chúng ta, kẻ hậu học, nhất là người xuất gia, phản tỉnh và thức tỉnh. ... == Đội Ngũ Bồ Đề Tâm http://bodetam.com.vn

We're back talking men's hoops with former Weber State Forward Kham Davis. We'll talk about last week's game against Utah Tech. Then, we'll preview this week's matchups against Cal Baptist and Saint Martin's.And, we're bringing back Waldo's Magic Eight Ball to see what the future might hold.Don't forget to follow us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube or join the Wildcat Fans FB group.

On this show of M&M Live Radio, our hosts Meesa & Meah share all the things that they're thankful for that God didn't do. This week during #TooManyHashtags, this week's trending topics, we talk about Raven Symone making headlines, the world's longest food delivery & so much more. Plus, M&M read a new “Dear M&M” letter, where one of our listeners writes to us in need of advice. In this “Dear M&M” Letter, a listener tells M&M about her boyfriend showing a lack of interest in their relationship. •M&M Live Radio Jingle •“Hold Me Close” - Aaron Cole •“Regal” - Czar Josh ft. Kham & seni. •“PRAISE!” - WHATUPRG •M&M Live Radio Jingle •“Higher” - Hulvey ft. Zach Paradis •“YOU” - Jor'Dan Armstrong •“Fa La La” - Justin Bieber ft. Boyz II Men •M&M Live Radio Jingle

This is meditation on the Nature of the Mind by Lama Shabkar taken from the text, "The Flight of the Garuda" - translated by Keith Dowman. Shabkar Tsokdruk Rangdrol (1781-1851) was a Tibetan Buddhist yogi and poet from Amdo. Shabkar's yogic and poetic skill is considered second only to Milarepa. Shabkar begin his spiritual practice early, completing a one-year retreat at the age of 16, later becoming a Gelug monk at 20. Shabkar studied with masters of all major Tibetan Buddhist schools including Gelug and Nyingma, and received Dzogchen teachings from his main root guru Chögyal Ngakgi Wangpo. He spent years in solitary retreats in various caves, woods and mountains of Tibet. Shabkar's works express non-sectarian ideals similar to those of the 19th century Rimé movement, even though he predates the movement by about three decades and never met with any of the Rime masters from Kham.

It's November 2020. Much of the world is still quarantining. It's the heat of the election count in the US. And for the last few months, demonstrations in support of Black lives have hit streets worldwide after the killings of Black men and women throughout the spring and summer. Fear, sadness, anger, stress, frustration, all those emotions felt by the Black community needed to go somewhere. They needed to be expressed and channeled into something actionable, something lasting. Kham Ward is the founder of BLK Men in Tech, an organization born out of the need to create a space for young Black men to be their authentic selves. A place where they can gain access to resources and community that can show them paths to career advancement in the tech world. On this episode of How We Work, Kham talks about founding the organization, sustainable inclusivity, and the superpowers of a values-driven neighborhood. Edited & mixed by: Rob ValoisMusic by: Breakmaster CylinderLINKSBLK Men in TechKham on LinkedInCheck out Workhuman's latest report in collaboration with Gallup: “Unleashing the Human Element at Work: Transforming Workplaces Through Recognition.”FOLLOW US:InstagramLinkedInTwitterFacebookYouTubeWorkhuman Content Newsletter

On this show of M&M Live Radio, our hosts Meesa & Meah ask whether or not Christian Influencers should be held to a higher standard. This week during #TooManyHashtags, this week's trending topics, we talk about Pepsi's new s'mores flavors, an upcoming documentary about an iconic children's television character & so much more. Also, M&M spotlight new music from Aklesso, Jaylon Ashaun and so much more with “Hot Tracks Off The Rack”. M&M Live Radio Jingle “Regal” - Czar Josh ft. seni. & KHAM  “Something Beautiful” - Tori Kelly “Allegiance” - Aaron Cole ft. 1K Phew & Parris Chariz  M&M Live Radio Jingle “Start Over” - Blanca “Trill” - Jaylon Ashaun “Stickin” - Aklesso M&M Live Radio Jingle

Special speaker Josh Kham brought a timely word to our community focused on NO COMPROMISE. Words reveal the condition of your heart. Actions reveal the condition of your faith. Learn more about vision church at www.visionnwa.com

On this show of M&M Live Radio, our hosts Meesa & Meah discuss whether or not social media is considered “real life”. This week during #TooManyHashtags, this week's trending topics, we talk about “quiet firing”, Chris Brown being banned from award shows & so much more. Also, M&M spotlight new music from Kham, BigBreeze and so much more with “Hot Tracks Off The Rack”. M&M Live Radio Jingle “ONE WAY” - nobigdyl.  “ICONIC” - Wande “..I'm Healing” - Kham ft. 99 Apex M&M Live Radio Jingle “No Weapon” - Scootie Wop “Red Eye” - Jaylon Ashaun ft. Jude Barclay & Sanni “On Fire” - BigBreeze M&M Live Radio Jingle

#GqomFridays Mix Vol.231 (Mixed By Dj Kham) Tracklist 1. Msaa-### 2. Vengerboys-unknwn moya 3.DjKham- #### 4.Gino ×CampMasters Siyavuka 5. Msaa-shut up and dance 6. DjKham -###

This week on the Gung-Fu Super Bros., the gang talks about going to school. Enrique finished his homework for the week and gave us his review of Christine. John talks about how he goes to theme parks to boost his self-esteem, and the gang chooses their dream movie car. In the second half, the gang talks about all things “The Protector.” When his father is murdered, and his elephants are kidnapped, Kham ventures into the Australian underworld to get revenge. What did Enrique think about this week's movie? Does every Tony Jaa movie need a chase of some sort? How awesome is it that Thai movies are inclusive? Hit play to find out if the Super Bros. added this movie to the only list that matters, the Gung-Fu Super Bros. Top 10. Still not subscribed? Why not? Our spirit animal elephant will never forget if you do. Want more Super Bros?
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On this show of M&M Live Radio, our hosts Meesa & Meah share the best ways to protect your mental health in light of Mental Health Awareness Month. This week during #TooManyHashtags, this week's trending topics, we talk about Lil Nas X's dream co-headliners, body positivity being spotlighted at this year's Met Gala & so much more. Also, M&M spotlight new music from indie tribe., 1K Phew and so much more with “Hot Tracks Off The Rack”. Plus, Meesa is back on the show and has a special announcement to share with Meah. M&M Live Radio Jingle “SHINE” - KMO SHAMAAL “Regal” - Czar Josh ft. KHAM & seni.  “The Offering” - 1K Phew  M&M Live Radio Jingle “Cece” - Indie Tribe., nobigdyl. & Jon Keith “Lmk” - Reece Lache' “King Jesus (Pt. II)” - KB ft. Big Breeze Scootie Wop, 1K Phew, Mike Teezy, Limoblaze, Wande, Cardec Drums, Tommy Royale & S.O  M&M Live Radio Jingle

Kham Moua is the Director of National Policy at Southeast Asia Resource Action Center (SEARAC), and in today's episode, he chats with Mai Tong Yang about about the swinging impact of American immigration policies on families who moved from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam to the U.S. in the latter part of the 1900's, many of whom arrived as refugees. To this day, numerous Asian Americans have been forced to repatriate to the countries they were born in, even those who have grown up in the U.S. and may not speak the language of the nations they're sent to. National immigration policy and changing administrations have had a huge impact on the lives of these families. Learn more about SEARAC: https://www.searac.org/ This episode was edited by Katherine Moncure.