Podcasts about mm5

“Push back against the sacred cows and conventional norms if it doesn't feel right. In many instances there is a better path, you just haven't been exposed to it yet.” – Jake Stenziano Jake and Gino hosted a private Lunch and Learn session during MM5 weekend in Orlando to dive into the concept of “Personal Financial Engineering.” This is a special episode of 100 Year Real Estate Investor, where Jake and Gino walk you through their multifamily entrepreneurial journey from the very beginning. They talk about the limiting beliefs they had when they started out and the detailed steps of how they overcame those. They also dive into the different strategies that they learned along the way, to structure their personal assets, business assets, and protect their long-term legacy. Key Moments: 00:00 Introduction 01:03 How Jake and Gino came over their limiting beliefs when starting out 04:50 Doctor's advice to invest in real estate to create the life of choice 07:09 Investing in education and multifamily instead of 401(k) 10:38 Adopting habits of growth and a long-term mindset 14:37 If you want to commit to something, understand that making sacrifices is part of the commitment 17:36 If you can get the inspiration from within, it becomes part of your being. You want to protect the legacy you are building. 19:45 Wrap-up To know more about long-term personal financial engineering and options for building legacy wealth, connect with our Team at www.100year.com Bonus resources: DOWNLOAD our Dual Asset Strategy ebook and learn how YOU can leverage cash value life insurance and become your own source of financing: https://100yearrei.com/ebook-download/ SCHEDULE A Call: https://100yearrei.com/callnow/ ^To talk to our Team about adding a Permanent Life Insurance Policy to your financial plan (and even the plan for your children), get in touch with our Team here^ About The 100 Year Real Estate Investor The Whole Life Insurance Policies offered by the 100 Year Real Estate Investor are specially-designed. This means they work harder toward achieving your financial objectives, no matter what they may be. Check out this blog for 7 facts about our specially-designed strategies that may not be true about typical whole life policies: https://100yearrei.com/7-facts-about-... #legacywealth #lifeinsurance #financialplanning #personalfinancialengineering #generationalwealth #realestateinvesting #multifamily The contents of this video are for informational and educational purposes only. They should not be considered investment, financial, legal or tax advice. Jake and Gino are not licensed in the insurance or securities industries and is not in the business of selling, soliciting or negotiating the sale of any insurance contract, security or other investment vehicle.

Gino Barbaro is an investor, business owner, author and entrepreneur. As an entrepreneur, he has grown his real estate portfolio to over 1,900 multifamily units & $225,000,000 in Assets under management. Gino and his partner, Jake, are  teaching others how to do the same through Jake &​ Gino, a multifamily real estate education company. To date their students have closed 54,000+ units and have 4 Billion in Deal volume!He is the best-selling author of three books, Wheelbarrow Profits, The Honey Bee and Family, Food and the Friars.. He currently resides in St. Augustine, Florida with his beautiful wife Julia and their six children.Support the showNext Steps Share your thoughts with a review - https://www.uncensoredadviceformen.com/reviews/ Let's connect on LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/in/joshuabrucewilson/ Subscribe and Watch on YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCI11BikVb5CbEwIwjmR89Iw

Satch Bernhardt is a real estate investor and former airline pilot for a U.S. carrier. His flying career ended when his airline shut down in the middle of the pandemic in 2020. This was a turning point in his mission with real estate. This made him realize how fragile airline careers are and he wants to help as many airline pilots as possible get financial security through real estate. He is a Co-GP on $77MM / 350 units and has invested as a Limited Partner in $148MM worth of Real Estate / 726 doors. Let's hear more about Satch and Welcome back to Small Axe Communities Podcast, Here's your host Nico Salgado.   [00:00 - 08:22] Opening Segment Satch Bernhardt is a real estate investor and former airline pilot who now invests in multifamily properties. Bernhardt Capital is a real estate investment company that Satch Bernhardt founded. Bernhardt Capital focuses on wholesaling single-family homes. Satch Bernhardt has invested in 148 million worth of real estate or 726 doors    [08:22 - 16:06] Multifamily is a relatively new industry for the company The company focuses strictly on marketing to a very narrow window of property specs. The average return for a multifamily deal is four to five times what was spent on marketing. The company has been successful in leveraging other people's expertise in the single-family world. Nico Invites you to Jake And Gino's Multifamily Mastery 5! MM5 will be held in Florida this coming November 2022 If you're joining, Nico Salgado offers early bird pricing for you! All you got to do is connect and message him through his Instagram, Facebook, and LinkedIn or email him directly at nico@smallaxedcommunities.com to get the code that you can use to avail of a discount!   [16:06 - 25:20] New Investors Pull Back on Multifamily Investments Satch started investing in multifamily to focus on capital racing and avoid competing against experienced operators; The key advantages of working with experienced multifamily operators and includes shared equity and access to resources; Satch shares that the quickest person to convert is someone who has already invested with him, and the hardest one to convert is an investor who has not invested in past deals.   [25:20 - 30:39] Closing Segment Final words Connect with Satch Bernhardt by visiting his website www.bernhardtcapital.net You may grab his Free E-book “Runway to Finacial Freedom” at www.bernhardtcapital.net/ebook       LEAVE A REVIEW + help someone who wants to explode their business growth by sharing this episode. I believe that you only need a small axe to build a lasting empire. Let's start building yours!     To know more about me and all the real estate opportunities you can find, you can connect with me on LinkedIn, Instagram, and Facebook, or check out my website https://smallaxecommunities.com/ and book a call with me.     Tweetable Quotes:   "I thought, instead of trying to compete against those guys, why don't I just team up with them and, and figure out a way to do deals together, so that's what I love about the active side of multifamily” - Satch Bernhardt     

Lee  Fjord got his start in real estate in 2012 building a property management department of a residential brokerage from 20 doors to 220 doors in 4 years. After being inspired by his clients' successes, he decided to start investing in 2016. Relocating to St. Louis in order to pursue investing in 2017, Lee began with a duplex and continued to purchase smaller properties until he found “The Power Of Partnerships” by partnering with an ex-NFL player from CA and with their combined efforts, were able to close a 38 unit apartment complex Joint Venture in Lee's backyard of St. Louis, MO in October of 2019.    After seeing the results of the 38 unit and garnering experience in larger properties, Lee continued to build momentum in investing/deal-making while building a ROCKSTAR TEAM to pursue EVEN LARGER DEALS through syndication and GREEN FOREST CAPITAL was born.   Lee has almost a decade of experience as a Property Manager, Realtor, Commercial Leasing Agent, Asset Manager, and Commercial Property Broker. A true believer and practitioner of the words of Zig Ziglar — “You can have everything in life you want if you will just help other people get what they want.”   [00:00 - 08:05] How to Use Your Small Acts to Build the Lasting Empire Lee has transitioned from a full-time broker to a full-time investor, and part-time broker, He is now working on acquiring properties in multiple states. Lee thinks that there is an opportunity in the market for operators; Who are financeable and have strength in the marketplace, as interest rates are rising.   [08:06 - 16:08] Finding the Right Partners to Grow Your Business That one way to increase the value of an asset is to decrease utility expenses, and that can be done without costing anything He then looks for partners that offset his weaknesses. Partners that have the ability to asset manage deals properly  Lee has found success in acquiring and managing real estate syndications, and he recommends doing 5-6 syndications per year to reach out to people he's already connected with Being an active real estate investor is not easy and requires a lot of work   Nico Invites you to Jake And Gino's Multifamily Mastery 5! MM5 will be held in Florida this coming November 2022  If you're joining, Nico Salgado offers early bird pricing for you! All you got to do is connect and message him through his Instagram, Facebook, and LinkedIn or email him directly at nico@smallaxedcommunities.com to get the code that you can use to avail of a discount!   [16:09 - 23:25] Limited Partnership in Property Management Lee shares that he changed his life after becoming a limited partner in a property management company and changed his perspective on investing. He emphasizes the importance of good relationships with your property managers and recommends reaching out to neighbors to get to know them. He also recommends being direct with sellers and offering them the total market value for their property.   [23:26 - 26:39] Closing Segment Final words Connect with Lee Fjord by following him on Facebook, or you can email him at lee@greenforestcapital.com, For more information, you may also visit their website at www.GreenForestCapital.com LEAVE A REVIEW + help someone who wants to explode their business growth by sharing this episode. I believe that you only need a small axe to build a lasting empire. Let's start building yours! To know more about me and all the real estate opportunities you can find, you can connect with me on LinkedIn, Instagram, and Facebook, or check out my website https://smallaxecommunities.com/ and book a call with me. Tweetable Quotes:    “When I approach partnerships, I look at myself first and try to find my weak places. I know where I'm strong and I know where I'm weak, and I continue to focus on making sure that my strengths grow, and then find partners that offset my weaknesses." - Lee Fjord

On this episode, 100 Year Team Members Kristin Colca, Teresa Kuhn, and John Shedenhelm share a client's story who leveraged our cash-value whole life policy to invest in car wash, flipping it to make a hefty profit. When considering if a whole life policy is right for you, it doesn't always have to be a choice between starting a policy and something else. The Team dives into how you can have BOTH, by borrowing from the policy to invest in other assets or ventures. This not just creates the balance your portfolio needs but also the opportunity to borrow against the cash-value policy. Key Insights: 00:51 Case Study: How the Dual Asset Strategy can be used with more than just real estate investing 03:32 How to borrow against the cash value of a whole life insurance policy 05:41 How to leverage the policy loan proceeds for investing into a business 08:46 Why choose when you can have both using a 100 Year structured policy 11:00 Balancing risk in your portfolio 14:55 Getting started with the Dual Asset Strategy, talk to our Team 17:17 ‘Lunch and Learn' at MM5 event To know more about long-term personal financial engineering and options for building legacy wealth, connect with our Team at www.100yearrei.com/callnow/ Bonus resources: DOWNLOAD our Dual Asset Strategy ebook and learn how YOU can leverage cash value life insurance and become your own source of financing: https://100yearrei.com/ebook-download/ SCHEDULE A Call: https://100yearrei.com/callnow/ ^To talk to our Team about adding a Permanent Life Insurance Policy to your financial plan (and even the plan for your children), get in touch with our Team here^ About The 100 Year Real Estate Investor The Whole Life Insurance Policies offered by the 100 Year Real Estate Investor are specially-designed. This means they work harder toward achieving your financial objectives, no matter what they may be. Check out this blog for 7 facts about our specially-designed strategies that may not be true about typical whole life policies: https://100yearrei.com/7-facts-about-... #legacywealth #lifeinsurance #financialplanning #personalfinancialengineering #generationalwealth The contents of this video are for informational and educational purposes only. They should not be considered investment, financial, legal or tax advice. Jake and Gino are not licensed in the insurance or securities industries and is not in the business of selling, soliciting or negotiating the sale of any insurance contract, security or other investment vehicle. If you are ready for a breakthrough in your life, MULTIFAMILY MASTERY 5 is for you! Attend Jake & Gino's flagship annual conference with 1,000+ like-minded individuals, entrepreneurs and investors! Learn more: https://jakeandgino.com/mm5 About Jake & Gino Jake & Gino are multifamily investors, operators, and mentors who have created a vertically integrated real estate company that controls over $4,000,000,000 in assets under management. They have created the Jake & Gino community to teach others their three-step framework: Buy Right, Finance Right and Manage Right®, and to become multifamily entrepreneurs. Subscribe to this channel: https://ytube.io/3McA Sign up for free training: https://jakeandgino.mykajabi.com/freetraining The resources you need to succeed at every level of apartment investing: https://jakeandgino.com/resources/ Apply for Mentorship: https://jakeandgino.com/apply/ #realestate #multifamilyrealestate #multifamilyinvesting #investing #apartmentinvesting Jake & Gino Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/jakeandgino/ Jake & Gino Twitter: https://twitter.com/JakeandGino

Welcome back to Small Axe Communities Podcast!   We have reached the end of the third quarter of the year, and in this episode, we are back with The Third Quarter As An Active Real Estate Investor (pt.3) | Accountability Series Podcast Season 2 All of these participants have a variety of levels of experience in real estate, but not necessarily in commercial multi-family real estate. And that's what they're looking to do breaking into that space. Nico meets with each of the participants once a quarter to track their progress. The objective is to see what it takes to become successful in this space over the course of a year. Let's listen to Alex Tam, Michael Sanchez, and Bob Mastroianni, as they share their Journey with us!  [00:49 - 17:19 ]Alex Tam's latest Joint Venture Business and his Experience using VA services to save time Alex talks about his latest business venture - a joint venture with another MIH member to buy apartments in Lincoln, Nebraska. make sure that the net worth of everyone involved is at least the amount of the loan, and they also help with asset management. Building relationships with investors and providing them with information to make informed decisions about investing. Virtual assistance can help you save time and money Alex has 10 full-time VA's that do blogging, social media management, and video editing VAs bridge the gap between real estate investors and other business owners. Follow Alex Tam see the links below!    [17:19 - 18:40] Nico Invites you to join Jake's & Gino's Multifamily Mastery 5 MM5 will be held in Florida this coming November 2022 If you're joining, Nico Salgado offers early bird pricing for you! All you got to do is connect and message him through his Instagram, Facebook, and LinkedIn or email him directly at nico@smallaxedcommunities.com to get the code that you can use to avail of a discount! [18:41 - 39:10] Michael Sanchez's Seller Financing Becomes More Accessible Michael Sanchez and his wife are working on a multi-family project that will include turning four apartments into short-term rentals. The couple plans to use their new cash flow from their rental properties to invest in their business and pay off their personal debts. The importance of diversifying one's income stream.,  Looking to do more fixes and flips as well as wholesale deals in the near future. The company is now looking to hire better architects, that can get the project done on schedule for their new partners Follow Michael Sanchez see the links below!    [39:10 - 58:00] Bob Mastroianni's The importance of networking and staying ahead of the curve Bob just recently recorded his 20th podcasts episode  Bob shifted their focus to smaller 20 - 60 deals after three years He recommends focusing on multifamily opportunities He plans to attend 2 travel networking events in November one of which is Jake and Gino's Multifamily Mastery 5 And he also plans to participate in a Boot Camp in December. Follow Bob Mastroianni see the links below!    CONNECT WITH THEM: Alex Tam: Follow him on Facebook and LinkedIn or email him through tamws8@gmail.com   Michael Sanchez: Visit their website https://mtinm.com/ Call him through 5055072358 Reach him through his email at michael@mtinm.com Bob Mastroianni: Follow him on Instagram or email him through bobmastro1@gmail.com   LEAVE A REVIEW + help someone who wants to explode their business growth by sharing this episode. I believe that you only need a small axe to build a lasting empire. Let's start building yours!   To know more about me and all the real estate opportunities you can find, you can connect with me on LinkedIn, Instagram, and Facebook, or check out my website https://smallaxecommunities.com/ and book a call with me.   Tweetable Quotes   “With VA's You can build an enterprise, you can build a group of people that are working for you, an actual company at a fraction of the price. And some people say, Well, we need to keep it here in America, but we also need to help people around the world. And by hiring somebody, even though it's a lower price point, you are really truly helping them out in their home.” - Alex Tam   “At the end, on the exit strategy you'd be looking at a REFI, but you want to let the seller know, that it might be more of a long-term play, especially right now, you're not going to try refinancing out until the rates go down.” - Michael Sanchez   The positive really outweighs the negative. I really am enjoying the conversations I'm having with people. The education I'm learning a lot about different things that people have done on their journey."   - Bob Mastroianni  

History doesn't repeat itself but rhymes. On this special episode, Jake and Gino interview John Dessauer. They give a sneak peek how wealthy not just create wealth but seize the opportunities like recession and pandemics to create more wealth. There are always going to be times when you feel the world is at halt, but that is the moment which calls for professionals to be active and be more productive. They talk about the right framework to build the personal brand and how you can generate wealth by leveraging it right. Your personal brand helps people and community to connect with you and that eventually helps you as a professional to create value and impact through your business. John Dessauer has built a massive investing business through foreclosures, short sales and single family houses. He has done fix and flips, and bought properties directly from banks and other financial institutions. He is not just into multi-family but has also bought office buildings, a retail center, designed and created a successful restaurant, and have done several design and construction projects in the residential market. Key Insights: 00:00 Introduction 02:20 Business and investment scenario during the pandemic 06:33 History doesn't repeat itself but rhymes 08:29 Big takeaways from MM4 12:23 How to brand yourself as a real estate investor 18:49 Learn from experts at MM5 20:51 Right market to invest 23:16 Buying opportunities 26:00 How debt becomes asset? 30:00 Wrap-up Find more about John at https://www.thedessauergroup.com/ In real estate, your network is your net worth, attend our Live Events and network with the fellow investors and professionals: https://jakeandgino.com/mm5 About Jake & Gino Jake & Gino are multifamily investors, operators, and mentors who have created a vertically integrated real estate company that controls over $225,000,000 in assets under management. They have created the Jake & Gino community to teach others their three-step framework: Buy Right, Finance Right and Manage Right®, and to become multifamily entrepreneurs. Subscribe to this channel: https://ytube.io/3McA Sign up for free training: https://jakeandgino.mykajabi.com/freetraining The resources you need to succeed at every level of apartment investing: https://jakeandgino.com/resources/ Apply for Mentorship: https://jakeandgino.com/apply/ #realestate #multifamilyrealestate #multifamilyinvesting #investing #apartmentinvesting Jake & Gino Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/jakeandgino/ Jake & Gino Twitter: https://twitter.com/JakeandGino Jake & Gino Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/jake-and-gino-llc/ Jake & Gino Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/jakeandgino/ More ways to engage with the Jake & Gino Investor Community: MM5: https://jakeandgino.com/mm5/ Rand Cares: https://jakeandgino.com/randcares/ The 100 Year Real Estate Investor: https://www.dualassetstrategy.com

Whitney is a successful business owner who has overcome many obstacles in his journey to success. He shares his story, emphasizing the importance of converting clients into investors and having a strong mission. Whitney discusses the process of syndicating his business and how he balances being aggressive with doing due diligence. In this episode, we'll be discussing how to invest in multifamily real estate, specifically with regards to how to make the most of your returns and avoid some of the common pitfalls that can occur in this market. Listen in and learn more about Whitney's story and practical tips to employ. Let's jump right in! Get a $300 discount for Jake & Gino's MM5! Go to my website, email me at nico@smallaxecommunities.com, or find me on social media for the special link! [00:01 – 09:16] Determination Trumps Credentials Starting with neither network nor credibility from the get-go How it doesn't have to be easy to start a successful business The effects of the 2008 financial crisis on rental values and income Achieving success by learning from mistakes and trusting your gut [09:17 – 22:16] Build Wealth and Provide Security through Real Estate Investing The value of following your passion to overcome limitations Have some thinking time where you are not pulled in every direction The importance of taking risks and cultivating great habits to achieve success Sharing your story with honesty to be respected and accepted [22:17  – 36:49] Strategies for Scaling The secret sauce to establish a relationship with a potential client Approaching deals, funding and underwriting strategies, and team expansion As a business grows, different aspects of running it become more complex The importance of feeling grateful for what you have Find out more and connect with Whitney through the following:   Email: josie@lifebridgecapital.com  Website: https://lifebridgecapital.com/  Podcast: The Real Estate Syndication Show    LEAVE A REVIEW + help someone who wants to explode their business growth by sharing this episode. I believe that you only need a small axe to build a lasting empire. Let's start building yours! To know more about me and all the real estate opportunities you can find, you can connect with me on LinkedIn, Instagram, and Facebook or check out my website https://smallaxecommunities.com/ and book a call with me.   Tweetable Quotes: “When you can build loyalty with your clients, you can start to do things that nobody else can do.” - Whitney Sewell   “"We don't have to be as aggressive or do a deal just to get that acquisition fee or whatever. We don't have to do that and we don't want to be in that position where we have to do that.” - Whitney Sewell

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Are you prepared for success? http://lifestrengthandhealth.com/MM5

Kelly and Lauren discuss how minimalism is not perfectionism.  Together they reflect on their wins and challenges when it comes to each living more sustainably, decluttering their mental clutter, and being intentional when it comes to buying new things. They also share their thoughts on Marie Kondo’s new store, KonMari.com! Topics discussed: living with less waste, reducing your carbon footprint, creating space for mental fitness, managing money with intention, making intentional purchases.   Kelly’s intentional purchase: Monos Travel Luggage (If you "need" one, use code MM5 for % off at checkout) Holiday Episodes You Should Listen to: Holidays and Consumerism – Kelly and Lauren share tips on how to be intentional when it comes to both gift giving and receiving and how to avoid unnecessary material temptations. The Gift of 20 Things (That Aren’t Things) – To celebrate the holidays, Kelly and Lauren exchange 20 things they have learned from each other since starting Millennial Minimalists. It’s a fun, priceless discussion.    

It's a song about the city or something. Not sure if it's funky jazz, or jazzy funk. Made in 0cc Famitracker with the VRC6, N163, and MM5 expansion chips. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HxUHzY98vCA 2020 Creative Commons CC Attribution Noncommercial No Derivative Works (BY-NC-ND)

MM5, stuck cars [ BITD '07 Parker ]

MM5, lead cars [ BITD '07 Parker ] Click on above image to play QT VIDEOMM 5, lead carsFlash 8 version:

MM5, stuck cars [ BITD '07 Parker ] Click on above image to play QT VIDEOMM 5, stuck carsFlash 8 version:

This dissertation deals with a climatological investigation of different orographic precipitation enhancement processes in the Alps. On the one hand, the database consists of observations of more than 1000 weather stations in Bavaria and western Austria for the time period of 1991 - 2000. On the other hand, a MM5-climate-mode-simulation driven with ERA-40 reanalysis data provides information about the environmental meteorological conditions. After a short introduction into the basics of orographic precipitation enhancement and into some simple linear models, the different station data are converted into a uniform temporal resolution of 6 hours. To estimate the relative contribution of different precipitation types, we distinguish between cold fronts, warm fronts, convection and a class carrying unclassified events. Convective precipitation in connection with fronts is attributed to the respective frontal class. Unclassified events predominantly consist of postfrontal upslope precipitation and quasi-stationary fronts. In addition, the wind direction at Alpine crest level (700 hPa) is considered. In a first step, the precipitation differences between the Alpine foreland and the northern Alps are analyzed. The investigation of the climatological importance of the 4 precipitation types in various regions shows that summertime convection and orographic lifting make the largest contribution to the precipitation gradient towards the Alps. Convective precipitation occurs predominantly in association with southwesterly flow and is more abundant in the Alps than in the adjacent forelands because convection is primarily triggered over the Alps. Orographic lifting is most active in case of northwesterly and northerly winds and intensifies both frontal and postfrontal precipitation. The climatological importance of orographic lifting is much larger in winter than in summer. A reversed precipitation gradient with systematically more precipitation in the foreland than in the Alps is found for fronts associated with a wind direction of exactly 270$^circ$. Under these circumstances, the wind blows parallel to the mountain range and lee effects related to upstream topography reduce the precipitation intensity in the Alps. The climatological precipitation maximum is shifted from westerly towards northerly winds when moving from west to east in the northern Alps. The second part of this work comprises an investigation of the climatological precipitation decrease from the northern Alps to the inner-Alpine valleys. The comparison between the precipitation distribution of 3 regions in the northern Alps and 3 regions in the central Alps shows that especially for cold fronts and unclassified events in connection with northwesterly or northerly flow, a distinctive precipitation surplus can be found in the northern Alps. For convective precipitation and southwesterly or westerly winds the inner-Alpine regions show high convective activity. For southerly wind directions the showers formed over the central Alps are advected towards the northern Alps, where they sometimes even intensify due to a convergence with the inflow from the Alpine foreland. There is a strong west-east precipitation gradient in the central Alps. The decreasing crest level of the northern Alps and the decreasing north-south-extension of the Alps together with the topographical structure of the valleys are the main reasons for the higher precipitation amounts in the eastern parts of the central Alps than in the western parts. Additionally, an investigation of the precipitation gradient in dependence on the temperature level is made. However, a classification of the precipitation events into 3 classes (snow line $>$ 2500 m, 2500 m - 1000 m, $

It is widely known that the snow cover has a major influence on the hydrology of Alpine watersheds. Snow acts as temporal storage for precipitation during the winter season. The stored water is later released as snowmelt and represents an important component of water supply for the downstream population of large mountain-foreland river systems worldwide. Modelling the amount and position of the snow water stored in the headwater catchments helps to quantify the available water resources and to estimate the timing of their release. The presented work investigates wind induced snow transport processes which are considered to be crucial for the snow distribution in Alpine catchments. In contradiction to the importance that is attributed to this process, there are only a few studies available which have quantified the transport intensities on the catchment scale. This can be attributed to the fact that the even today not much is known about the spatial characteristics of wind fields which are the driving force for snow transport processes. The presented thesis tries to overcome this lack of information by using physically based wind fields predicted by an atmospheric model (PSU_NCAR MM5 model) for the modelling of the snow cover (simulated by SnowModel). All of the used models are described in great detail in the literature, validated in many different regions, and can be seen as applicable with regard to the goal of this work. As snow transport processes are particularly important on a comparatively small scale a numerical inclusion of the responsible processes into regional models is inadequate. Hence, while this study itself mainly uses smaller scale physically based models, a parameterisation scheme is presented at the end of this thesis that is able to incorporate its main findings into larger scale models. All of the presented work was carried out at the Berchtesgaden National Park. The site is highly appropriate because of the extremely rough terrain and the good accessibility. Furthermore, the instrumentation of the area is comparatively good and the data sources (GIS, field campaign data) are excellent. The thesis deals with the winter seasons (August - July) 2003/2004 and 2004/2005. For this period, data of 5 meteorological stations, 1 field campaign and two Landsat ETM+ images were available. As mentioned before, physically based wind fields were used as input for the snow transport modelling. An operational coupling between atmospheric model and snow transport model was not pursued because of the high computational costs of the atmospheric model. Thus, a library of representative wind fields was produced in advance and linked to the snow transport model via operational German weather service Lokalmodell results. This becomes possible because of the comparability of a MM5 model layer with one of the Lokalmodell model layers. To link the wind field library to the snow model all of the predicted MM5 wind fields were characterised by information available from the Lokalmodell. This enable an easy detection of the MM5 wind field which is closest to the real climatic wind conditions at any Lokalmodell time step (1 hour). The produced MM5 wind fields have a spatial resolution of 200 meters. As an initial check if the snow cover simulation of SnowModel in association with the wind field library delivers adequate results with respect to the snow distribution, model runs were first carried out at the 200m scale. An analysis of the results showed that the coupled routine delivers acceptable results. It could be seen that with the use of the MM5 wind fields, the snow cover becomes more anisotropic and that transport processes over crests as well as sublimation processes are predicted to become more intensive. Nevertheless, a higher resolution was needed to quatify the effects and to validate the results. In a subsequent step the MM5 wind fields were downscaled to a 30m resolution. The downscaling procedure lead to a better agreement between modelled and measured wind speeds. The resulting 30m wind fields were used for high resolution model runs which were validated on the basis of the field campaign and remotely sensed data. A comparison with model runs using wind fields interpolated from station data showed that the runs performed with the MM5 wind fields deliver more consistent and comprehensible results. Subsequently, the validity of the model is discussed on the basis of selected results. High resolution model results indicated that snow transport processes are effective at high elevations but virtually negligible for regions below of 1800m a.s.l.. Furthermore, it could be seen that the correct estimation of snow transport from the surrounding areas to glaciers becomes possible by using the MM5 wind fields. Very high modelled sublimation rates at the mountains crests are discusses with respect to their importance on the water balance. Furthermore, the influence of preferential snow deposition and snow slides which were not numerically predicted in this work were discusses. Additionally, the applicability of atmospheric model results as input for land-surface models could be confirmed. In a final step a model scheme is presented that would make the generated information available for regional scale models. This model parameterization scheme which is based on the modelled 30m snow water equivalent distribution within the test area was used for this area. The scheme allows for a quick and simple description of the subscale snow heterogeneity in regional scale models. This can lead to considerable model improvements with respect to the description of the energy and moisture fluxes to and from the surface. An accurate description of these fluxes is essential for an accurate simulation of the melt period and, therefore, for an acceptable calculation of the runoff generation in larger scale models.

Click on above image to play QT VIDEO#1705 JeepSpeed, MM5Flash 8 version:

Click on above image to play QT VIDEO#1705 JeepSpeed, MM5Flash 8 version:

Im Gebiet des Carpentaria Golfes im Norden Australiens entstehen regelmäßig mesoskalige Konvergenzlinien in der unteren Troposphäre. Diese produzieren gegen Ende der Trockenzeit oft spektakulären Wolkenlinien, die auf Satellitenbildern zu sehen sind und je nach ihren Eigenschaften ''Morning Glory'' oder ''North Australian Cloud Line'' (NACL) genannt werden. Morning Glories sind glatte Wellenwolken während NACLs konvektive Wolkenlinien sind. Sie stehen unter dem Verdacht, später im Jahr, während der Australische Sommermonsun ruht, eine Reihe von Unwettern auszulösen, die ein bedeutendes Vorhersageproblem für diese Region darstellen. Des Weiteren stellt die einhergehende bodennahe Windscherung eine große Gefahr für tieffliegende Flugzeuge dar. Um die Entstehung dieser Konvergenzlinien mit bis dahin einmaliger Genauigkeit zu dokumentieren, wurde im Herbst 2002 die internationale Meßkampagne GLEX (Gulf Lines Experiment) durchgeführt. Das mesoskalige Modell der Pennsylvania State University und des National Center for Atmospheric Research, MM5, wird in dieser Arbeit für eine Untersuchung dieser Linien benutzt. Da die Linien intrinsisch nicht hydrostatisch sind, sollte das MM5 bei der geforderten hohen horizontalen Auflösung als nichthydrostisches Modell in Vorhersage und Modellierung den für frühere Studien verwendeten hydrostatisch balancierten Modellen überlegen sein. Den zunächst vorgestellten Fallstudien gingen Sensitivitätsstudien bezüglich der Grenzschichtparameterisierung und der Bodenfeuchte voraus, die aber aus Gründen der Lesbarkeit erst später beschrieben werden. Im Rahmen der Fallstudien werden Modellergebnisse mit Ergebnissen aus der Meßkampagne und verfügbaren Satellitenbildern verglichen, sowie weitere Charakteristika der sich bildenden Linien untersucht. Das Modell kann in der gewählten Konfiguration die Konvergenzlinien in noch nie da gewesener Detailliertheit reproduzieren und die Ergebnisse stimmen gut mit den Beobachtungen überein. Weitere Ergebnisse dieser Studie bestätigen früher aufgestellte Theorien, nach denen das nordöstliche Morning Glory und die NACL in Folge eines Zusammenstoßes zweier Seebriesen über der Kap York Halbinsel entstehen. Zum ersten Mal hat ein Modell zwei getrennte Konvergenzlinien produziert, die dem nordöstlichen Morning Glory und der NACL entsprechen. Als Trennungsmechanismus beider sich aus der Ostküstenseebriese entwickelnden Konvergenzlinien wird hier zunächst die Geometrie der Ostküste vorgeschlagen, die auf dem Breitengrad, auf dem die Trennung im allgemeinen erfolgt, einen ausgeprägten Knick aufweist. Für die Entstehung des südlichen Morning Glorys wird eine erst kürzlich aufgestellte Theorie bestätigt, in der die Kollision der südlichen Seebriese mit einer sich von Süden her nähernden Front als Mechanismus angenommen wird. Diese Front formiert sich am Abend entlang einer Troglinie, die ein klimatisches Merkmal Queenslands ist. In einigen der Fälle wurden Trockenlinien beobachtet, die auf das südliche Morning Glory folgten. Auch diese stimmen im Modell gut mit den Beobachtungen überein. Eines der seltener beobachteten südöstlichen Morning Glories kann leider nicht vom Modell reproduziert werden. Als Ursache wird vermutet, daß eine Troglinie im datenarmen Gebiet südlich des Golfs von Carpentaria nicht korrekt in den Anfangsbedingungen positioniert ist. Eine Untersuchung der Strömung hinter den Konvergenzlinien zeigt, daß Morning Glories Wellenphänomene sind. NACLs hingegen behalten den Dichteströmungscharakter der Seebriese bei. Eine Sensitivitätstudie bezüglich der Grenzschichtparameterisierung wird durchgeführt, weil sich die hier untersuchten Phänomene in der planetaren Grenzschicht abspielen. Eine Gruppe von Parametrisierungen stellt sich anderen als überlegen heraus und als Grund für diese guten Ergebnisse wird die Berücksichtigung der großräumigen Gradienten identifiziert, die in den schlechter abschneidenden Parametrisierungen fehlt. Als beste Parametrisierung wird das MRF Schema für alle weiteren Simulationen ausgewählt. Eine Untersuchung der Sensitivität der Ergebnisse bezüglich der Bodenfeuchte zeigt, daß die Seebriesen um so schneller landeinwärts strömen, je trockener die Bodenverhältnisse sind. Die Erklärung hierfür ist, daß ein größerer Teil der eingehenden solaren Strahlung als fühlbare Wärme an die Atmosphäre abgegeben wird und so die Seebriesenzirkulation antreibt. Daraus resultiert, daß Morning-Glory Konvergenzlinien sowohl intensiver sind, als auch die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit größer ist wenn die Bodenfeuchte abnimmt. Ein solcher Zusammenhang konnte für die NACLs nicht bestimmt werden. Eine optimale Bodenfeuchte, mit der die Modellergebnisse am besten mit den Beobachtungen übereinstimmen, kann leider nicht ermittelt werden, da geeignete Methoden hierfür nicht zur Verfügung stehen. Die Güte der Ergebnisse bezogen auf die Bodendruck an den einzelnen Stationen des Experiments nimmt jedoch mit abnehmender Bodenfeuchte zu. Da aber die geringst möglichen Werte unrealistisch sind beziehungsweise keinen physikalischen Sinn haben und keine Meßdaten vorhanden sind, wird für alle weiteren Simulationen ein Wert für die Bodenfeuchte gewählt, wie er vom Australischen Wetterdienst benutzt wird. Um einige der aufgezeigten Zusammenhänge noch gründlicher zu untersuchen, wurden noch einige Modellexperimente mit modifizierter Orographie durchgeführt. Diese zeigen, daß weder Morning Glories noch NACLs entstehen, wenn keine Seebriese vom Golf von Carpentaria landeinwärts strömt und mit der Ostküstenseebriese beziehungsweise der sich von Süden her nähernden Kaltfront kollidiert. Ein systematischer Zusammenhang zwischen Höhe der Orographie und der Intensität oder der Geschwindigkeit der sich bildenden Konvergenzlinien kann nicht festgestellt werden. Die im Rahmen der Fallstudie aufgestellte Hypothese für die Trennungsursache von NACL und nordöstlichem Morning Glory kann nicht bestätigt werden und die horizontale Windscherung über der Kap York Halbinsel wird stattdessen als Ursache vorgeschlagen. Diese Hypothese wird durch die Ergebnisse eines Experiments mit uniformer Strömung in westlicher Richtung bestätigt. In diesem Experiment bildet sich nur eine Konvergenzlinie, die dem nordöstlichen Morning Glory entspricht und weit in das Gebiet hineinragt, in dem sich die NACL normalerweise befindet. Am zweiten Tag dieser Simulation entwickelt sich eine horizontale Windscherung, in der sich zwei unabhängige Konvergenzlinien bilden, die dem nordöstlichen Morning Glory und der NACL entsprechen.

This work has been carried out in the framework of the project GLOWA-Danube (GLObal WAter cycle) where a joint effort is made by several groups to model the interaction of the water cycle and society in the Upper Danube catchment area. In particular regional climate models are used to simulate and eventually predict precipitation in this research area, while other groups convert this information into river runoff estimates and groundwater fluxes. It has been agreed in the project that precipitation data and other meteorological data must be handed over to the hydrological groups with a spatial resolution of 1 km. Long term runs with regional climate models are, however, not feasible at 1 km resolution, because they would exceed available computer resources by far. Therefore, a pragmatic downscaling method for precipitation must be implemented which provides data of 1 km resolution on the basis of model results of fairly coarse resolution. This downscaling uses extensively climatological precipitation observations where such downscaling relations can be derived. These observed rates are then adapted to the model results. The data are provided by the German Weather Service (DWD) and the Austrian Weather Service (ZAMG). The years 1991-2000 have been chosen as a reference period for the analysis. The climate simulation is carried out by the mesoscale model MM5 at a resolution of 45 km. The model MM5 offers a wide range of parameterizations with respect to convective processes, the boundary layer, cloud microphysics, and the radiation balance, all directly or indirectly responsible for generating precipitation. Sensitivity studies are performed to find the best configuration for the research area and reference period. A variety of methods is tested to generate observed and simulated climatological time series of precipitation. In particular, a linear average, a running average, a Fourier analysis, and spline interpolation are intercompared. In the end, spline interpolation between monthly values showed the best results for both time series and is used as a basis for the downscaling method. The downscaling method has to correct two major discrepancies between the observed precipitation distribution at the 1 km resolution and the simulated distribution at the 45 km resolution. First, these are small scale details related to topography in the rainfall distribution at the 1 km resolution, which lack in the 45 km resolution. Second, there is an unrealistic southward shift of the rainfall maximum at the northern rim of the Alps in the simulations, which needs to be corrected. A specific correction factor is introduced for each problem. The correlation between the spatial distribution of observed and simulated distributions increases after using the correction factors. Due to the climatological relationships, the results time periods of 10 days and longer are superior to those for periods shorter than 10 days. The precipitation distribution depends, of course, on the wind direction in particular so near the Alps. Wind direction and wind speed are simulated by the MM5 model and combined with the correction factors described above. The correlation between the spatial distribution of observed and simulated precipitation increases more if the wind direction dependent correction factors are introduced. These improved correction factors depend less on climatological relationships and perform therefore better for shorter time periods. Additionally, they will be able to respond better on changes in the weather regime in future climates. Altogether, this investigation provides a new pragmatic method to downscale model simulations on the basis of observations. This method will be used in the project GLOWA-Danube.