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Full Text of ReadingsMemorial of Saint Aloysius Gonzaga, Religious Lectionary: 370The Saint of the day is Saint Aloysius GonzagaSaint Aloysius Gonzaga's Story The Lord can make saints anywhere, even amid the brutality and license of Renaissance life. Florence was the “mother of piety” for Aloysius Gonzaga despite his exposure to a “society of fraud, dagger, poison, and lust.” As a son of a princely family, he grew up in royal courts and army camps. His father wanted Aloysius to be a military hero. At age 7 Aloysius experienced a profound spiritual quickening. His prayers included the Office of Mary, the psalms, and other devotions. At age 9 he came from his hometown of Castiglione to Florence to be educated; by age 11 he was teaching catechism to poor children, fasting three days a week, and practicing great austerities. When he was 13 years old, he traveled with his parents and the Empress of Austria to Spain, and acted as a page in the court of Philip II. The more Aloysius saw of court life, the more disillusioned he became, seeking relief in learning about the lives of saints. A book about the experience of Jesuit missionaries in India suggested to him the idea of entering the Society of Jesus, and in Spain his decision became final. Now began a four-year contest with his father. Eminent churchmen and laypeople were pressed into service to persuade Aloysius to remain in his “normal” vocation. Finally he prevailed, was allowed to renounce his right to succession, and was received into the Jesuit novitiate. Like other seminarians, Aloysius was faced with a new kind of penance—that of accepting different ideas about the exact nature of penance. He was obliged to eat more, and to take recreation with the other students. He was forbidden to pray except at stated times. He spent four years in the study of philosophy and had Saint Robert Bellarmine as his spiritual adviser. In 1591, a plague struck Rome. The Jesuits opened a hospital of their own. The superior general himself and many other Jesuits rendered personal service. Because he nursed patients, washing them and making their beds, Aloysius caught the disease. A fever persisted after his recovery and he was so weak he could scarcely rise from bed. Yet he maintained his great discipline of prayer, knowing that he would die three months later within the octave of Corpus Christi, at the age of 23. Reflection As a saint who fasted, scourged himself, sought solitude and prayer, and did not look on the faces of women, Aloysius seems an unlikely patron of youth in a society where asceticism is confined to training camps of football teams and boxers, and sexual permissiveness has little left to permit. Can an overweight and air-conditioned society deprive itself of anything? It will when it discovers a reason, as Aloysius did. The motivation for letting God purify us is the experience of God loving us in prayer. Saint Aloysius Gonzaga is the Patron Saint of: Catholic YouthTeenagersSeminarians Click here for quotes from some of our favorite saints! Saint of the Day, Copyright Franciscan Media
On May 28th, 1588, a fleet of a hundred and fifty-one Spanish ships set out from Lisbon, bound for England. Its mission was to transport a huge invasion force across the Channel. The Spanish King, Philip II, was determined to remove Queen Elizabeth from the throne and return the English to the Catholic fold. Two months later the mighty Spanish Armada was sighted off the coast of Cornwall. This tale of religious dispute, shifting political alliance and naval supremacy influenced the subsequent exploration, commercialization, settlement and colonization of North America. E125. Check out the YouTube version of this episode at https://youtu.be/VmqZoC2OZY4 which has accompanying visuals including maps, charts, timelines, photos, illustrations, and diagrams. THE DEAD LETTER by Mark Vinet (Elizabethan Age Denary Novel) is available at https://amzn.to/3AG63BG Spanish Armada books available at https://amzn.to/3BQzphd ENJOY Ad-Free content, Bonus episodes, and Extra materials when joining our growing community on https://patreon.com/markvinet SUPPORT this channel by purchasing any product on Amazon using this FREE entry LINK https://amzn.to/3POlrUD (Amazon gives us credit at NO extra charge to you). Mark Vinet's HISTORICAL JESUS podcast at https://parthenonpodcast.com/historical-jesus Mark's TIMELINE video channel: https://youtube.com/c/TIMELINE_MarkVinet Website: https://markvinet.com/podcast Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mark.vinet.9 Twitter: https://twitter.com/MarkVinet_HNA Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/denarynovels Mark's books: https://amzn.to/3k8qrGM Audio Credit: BBC Radio - In Our Time with Melvyn Bragg (The Spanish Armada, 07oct2010 episode). Audio excerpts reproduced under the Fair Use (Fair Dealings) Legal Doctrine for purposes such as criticism, comment, teaching, education, scholarship, research and news reporting.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
Hey did you know I have exclusive Podcast Episodes on Patreon? Click here to check out episodes such as "What if Japan invaded the USSR during WW2?: https://www.patreon.com/pacificwarchannel In ancient Macedonia, a legendary figure emerged—Philip II, a father destined to be overshadowed by his son, Alexander the Great. Yet, it was Philip who transformed Macedonia into a formidable power, laying the groundwork for his son's future conquests. Philip, a keen military strategist, faced the fractured city-states of Greece, each rife with rivalry and unrest. Seizing upon their weakness, he reformed his army, introducing innovative tactics that would soon rewrite the battlefield rules. His pivotal triumph came at the Battle of Karania. With a clever mix of patience and swift action, he lured the Greek coalition into a false sense of victory by feigning retreat. This led his enemies, overconfident and disorganized, to pursue eagerly, opening them to a devastating counterattack. As chaos engulfed his adversaries, Philip's forces struck with precision. The Macedonian phalanx, armed with long pikes called sarissas, surged forward, overwhelming the Greek ranks. The once-mighty soldiers of Athens and Thebes faltered, their formations crumbling under the relentless advance of the Macedonians. By day's end, Philip had secured a monumental victory, establishing Macedonia as the preeminent power in Greece. Yet, even as he basked in glory, Philip's ambitions extended further—he saw himself as the liberator of Greece from Persian rule. Little did he know that his legacy would be forever linked to his son, who would take the reins and reshape the world. Thus, the stage was set for the great campaigns of Alexander the Great, born from the triumphs of his father.
A naval juggernaut of 137 ships, 10,000 sailors, 2,500 guns, and 20,000 soldiers was launched at England by Philip II of Spain on May 28th, 1588: the Spanish Armada. Their goal? A full-scale invasion to dethrone Queen Elizabeth I and restore Catholicism, no less. Unfortunately, their commander, the Duke of Medina Sidonia, had no naval experience. And the English got wind of the "secret" invasion months in advance. When they finally arrived, the Spanish were struggling with storms, rotting supplies, and low morale; and the comparatively cobbled-together English fleet darted in, fired, and slipped away before the lumbering Spanish could react. Then came the infamous “fire ships”—floating bonfires set toward the Spanish fleet, causing panic, chaos, and most importantly, shattering the Armada's crescent formation. With ships scattered and winds whipping up, the Spanish went into retreat — but the exit door was now a long, stormy road around Scotland and Ireland… In this episode, Arion, Rebecca and Olly consider why the Spanish believed victory was inevitable; reveal how the biggest toll on the Armada came AFTER the famous battle; and explain why it took so long for news of the victory to spread around England… Further Reading: • ‘Elizabeth I and the Spanish Armada' (Royal Museums Greenwich): https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/elizabeth-i-spanish-armada • ‘The Spanish Armada: 10 Little-Known Facts' (HistoryExtra, 2018): https://www.historyextra.com/period/elizabethan/spanish-armada-facts-elizabeth-i-medina-sidonia-catholic-philip-ii/ • ‘England vs The Spanish Armada: The Defeat Of The Invincible Fleet' (Timeline, 2023): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZsTRdmnp_Y Love the show? Support us! Join
Philip II of Spain - the most powerful monarch of the early modern period - was married to Queen Mary Tudor from 1554 until her death in 1558. But Philip was not merely Mary's King Consort. Rather he was King of England, co-ruler with Mary. But Philip's character and central role in the English monarchy was forever blackened by anti-Catholic versions of Tudor history. In this edition of Not Just the Tudors, first released in October 2021, Professor Suzannah Lipscomb talks to Professor Gonzalo Velasco Berenguer, whose ground-breaking research shows that the reign of Mary and Philip was much more than an anomalous glitch on England's journey towards Protestantism.MOREMary I: What if She'd Lived? >Presented by Professor Suzannah Lipscomb. Edited and produced by Rob Weinberg. The senior producer is Anne-Marie Luff.All music courtesy of Epidemic Sounds.Not Just the Tudors is a History Hit podcast.Sign up to History Hit for hundreds of hours of original documentaries, with a new release every week and ad-free podcasts. Sign up at https://www.historyhit.com/subscribe. You can take part in our listener survey here >
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In early 1554 a rebellion against queen Mary I broke out over fears that her impending marriage to Philip II of Spain would plunge England into becoming nothing more than an extension of Spain. This rebellion has become known as Wyatt's rebellion, for one of its key architects was Thomas Wyatt the younger. The rebellion would end in failure, but what actually was it and who was involved, how serious was the threat against Queen Mary and why was its biggest casualty Lady Jane Grey, despite her not being remotely involved?
Join us as we explore the love stories of the past.Swiped Left: Strange Royal Bedfellows... On this episode, we'll be talking about the many royal couples that didn't take to each other and thus the union weren't ultimately successful.Sharon Bennett Connolly kicks us off with the story of Philip II of France and Ingeborg of Denmark, and we'll continue with Henry III of Navarre/ IV of France & Marguerite de Valois (Mark Turnbull)George I of Great Britain & Sophia Dorothea of Celle (Catherine Curzon)Christian VII of Denmark & Norway & Caroline Matilda of Great BritainGeorge IV of Great Britain & Caroline of BrunswickFind Sharon here:@sharonbennettconnolly on Instagramhttps://historytheinterestingbits.com/silk-and-the-sword-the-women-of-the-norman-conquest/Sharon's Books:https://www.amberley-books.com/silk-and-the-sword.htmlhttps://www.amberley-books.com/discover-books/women-of-the-anarchy.htmlhttps://www.amberley-books.com/heroines-of-the-tudor-world.htmlhttps://www.amberley-books.com/heroines-of-the-medieval-world-9781445689449.htmlhttps://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/Sharon-Bennett-Connolly/a/3883Sharon's New BookScotland's Medieval Queens:https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/Scotlands-Medieval-Queens-Hardback/p/51759/aid/1238Get Mark's Book:https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/Charles-Is-Private-Life-Hardback/p/23661/aid/1238https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/Prince-Rupert-of-the-Rhine-Hardback/p/52608/aid/1238Find Mark:https://www.allegianceofblood.com/https://www.instagram.com/1642author/www.1642author.comhttps://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/cavaliercast-the-civil-war-in-words/id1521758820Our Favourite Books by Catherine: The Crown: https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/The-Royal-Family-vs-The-Crown-Hardback/p/51893/aid/1238Georgian Queens: https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/Queens-of-Georgian-Britain-Hardback/p/14066/aid/1238Georgian Kings: https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/Kings-of-Georgian-Britain-Hardback/p/12904/aid/1238Wives of Prince Regent: https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/The-Wives-of-George-IV-Hardback/p/20127/aid/1238Life in the Georgian Court: https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/Life-in-the-Georgian-Court-Hardback/p/12109/aid/1238Join Natalie on her London walking tours:Monarchy Anglo-Saxons to Stuarts: https://www.getyourguide.com/london-l57/london-the-royal-british-kings-and-queens-walking-tour-t426011/Monarchy Stuarts to Windsors: https://www.getyourguide.com/london-l57/royal-london-georgian-and-windsor-monarchs-walking-tour-t481355Naughty London: https://www.getyourguide.com/london-l57/london-unsavory-history-guided-walking-tour-t428452/and a new one on British Monarchy:https://www.getyourguide.com/london-l57/british-monarchy-walking-tour-saxons-to-windsors-t481358/https://www.ifitaintbaroquepodcast.art/ Get bonus content on Patreon Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
The Anglo-Spanish War was an intermittent conflict (1585–1604) between the Kingdoms of Spain and England. The war included much English privateering against Spanish treasure ships in the New World, and several major sea battles including the Spanish Armada. On May 28th, 1588, a fleet of a hundred and fifty-one Spanish ships set out from Lisbon, bound for England. Its mission was to transport a huge invasion force across the Channel. The Spanish King, Philip II, was determined to remove Queen Elizabeth from the throne and return the English to the Catholic fold. Two months later the mighty Spanish Armada was sighted off the coast of Cornwall. This tale of religious dispute, shifting political alliance and naval supremacy influenced the subsequent exploration, commercialization, settlement and colonization of America. Enjoy this HISTORICAL JESUS Extra — The STORY of AMERICA. Check out the YouTube version of this episode which has accompanying visuals including maps, charts, timelines, photos, illustrations, and diagrams at: https://youtu.be/QpuID4MUwNg https://youtu.be/VmqZoC2OZY4 THE DEAD LETTER by Mark Vinet (Elizabethan Age Denary Novel) is available at https://amzn.to/3AG63BG Spanish Armada books available at https://amzn.to/3BQzphd ENJOY Ad-Free content, Bonus episodes, and Extra materials when joining our growing community on https://patreon.com/markvinet SUPPORT this channel by purchasing any product on Amazon using this FREE entry LINK https://amzn.to/3POlrUD (Amazon gives us credit at NO extra charge to you). Mark's Video channel: https://youtube.com/c/TIMELINE_MarkVinet Website: https://markvinet.com/podcast Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mark.vinet.9 Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalJesu Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/denarynovels Mark's Books: https://amzn.to/3k8qrGM Audio Credit: BBC Radio - In Our Time with Melvyn Bragg (The Spanish Armada, 07oct2010 episode). Audio excerpts reproduced under the Fair Use (Fair Dealings) Legal Doctrine for purposes such as criticism, comment, teaching, education, scholarship, research and news reporting.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
Russell Napier enjoys a fascinating chat with Mauricio Drelichman who (together with Hans Joachim-Voth) is the author of Lending to the Borrower from Hell: Debt, Taxes, and Default in the Age of Philip II. Together, they explore how this account of the freely-defaulting 16th century King of Spain changes our perceptions of financial history.
On November 8th, 1977 archaeologist Manolis Andronikos made public one of the greatest finds of all time—the royal Macedonian tombs at Aigai (modern day Vergina), including what is likely the tomb of Philipp II himself. This week, the guys walk through this remarkable story and frame it within the chaotic historical context of the decline of Athens and the rise of Macedon in the 4th century BC. Using David Grant's recent book, Unearthing the Family of Alexander the Great (Pen and Sword Military, 2019), Dave and Jeff address a number of the ongoing controversies surrounding the finds—why did these tombs survive while most others have been found looted? Is it really Philipp II in the larnax? If so, who is the mysterious “Scythian Queen” in the antechamber? Along the way, sample a bit of Demosthenes' Second Philippic, prepare yourself for Smarch weather, and soak up the inanities.
We've often marveled at the incestuous nature of royal marriages in Europe, but the inbreeding really came to a head in 16th century Spain, when King Philip II married and had a son with his double first cousin, Maria Manuela of Portugal. Carlos, their baby boy, came into the world with significant disadvantages; his legs were different lengths and his spine curved abnormally, causing problems with his gait and posture. These are issues to be compassionate about, but Carlos's behavior from infancy forward tended toward the violent and sadistic. He injured his wet nurses by biting them, and was known to torture animals and humans alike as a child and adolescent. It's unclear whether his behavioral issues might have been inherited as well; among his four great-grandparents (most people have eight) and six great-great-grandparents (most people have sixteen) was Juana I of Castile, better known to us as Juana the Mad. While Carlos was clearly unfit to become a monarch, Philip II was in a bit of a bind because he had no other sons, and his wives - he would be married four times in total - kept dying on him. Carlos's mother, Philip's first wife, died from complications from delivering him, Mary I of England died four years into their childless marriage, Elisabeth of Valois - originally betrothed to Carlos - died after nine years of marriage and several daughters, and finally, Anna of Austria was able to produce a living heir before she died after ten years of marriage. In the meantime, Philip found himself going to extreme lengths to protect his kingdom from his son - perhaps even by murdering him. Listen ad-free at patreon.com/trashyroyalspodcast. To advertise on this podcast, reach out to info@amplitudemediapartners.com. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
On this week's episode, I'm joined by Dr. Adrian Goldsworthy, ancient historian and novelist, who has authored nearly 30 books. From his deep dives into the lives of Julius Caesar and Augustus to his gripping novels set in Roman Britain, Dr. Goldsworthy is a master storyteller who brings history vividly to life. Today, we'll be delving into ancient Rome and the fascinating world of Philip II and Alexander the Great—two legendary figures whose vision and ambition reshaped the ancient world.Adrain's website: http://www.adriangoldsworthy.com/Adrain's YT Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@AdrianGoldsworthytheAuthorDark Finds Podcast IG - https://www.instagram.com/darkfindspodcast/Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/darkfindspodcast/membershipDark Finds IG - https://www.instagram.com/dark.finds/Dark Finds YouTube Channel for more dark long-form content - https://www.youtube.com/@DarkFindsChannelDark Finds book - https://amzn.eu/d/3VHPOTjAncient HistoryAncient RomeAlexander the GreatPhilip IIAncient WarfareHedrains Wall Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Miracles and Machines: A Sixteenth-Century Automaton and Its Legend (Getty Publications, 2023) tells the singular story of an uncanny, rare object at the cusp of art and science: a 450-year-old automaton known as “the monk.” The walking, gesticulating figure of a friar, in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History, is among the earliest extant ancestors of the self-propelled robot. According to legend connected to the court of Philip II of Spain, the monk represents a portrait of Diego de Alcalá, a humble Franciscan lay brother whose holy corpse was said to be agent to the miraculous cure of Spain's crown prince as he lay dying in 1562. In tracking the origins of the monk and its legend, the authors visited archives, libraries, and museums across the United States and Europe, probing the paradox of a mechanical object performing an apparently spiritual act. They identified seven kindred automata from the same period, which, they argue, form a paradigmatic class of walking “prime movers,” unprecedented in their combination of visual and functional realism. While most of the literature on automata focuses on the Enlightenment, this enthralling narrative journeys back to the late Renaissance, when clockwork machinery was entirely new, foretelling the evolution of artificial life to come. Elizabeth King, a sculptor and writer, is professor emerita of sculpture and extended media at Virginia Commonwealth University School of the Arts in Richmond. W. David Todd is associate curator emeritus and former conservator of timekeeping at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Lauren Fonto is a Master's student in the program Heritage and Cultural Sciences: Heritage Conservation at the University of Pretoria, South Africa. She is also a collections management intern in the public sector. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network
Miracles and Machines: A Sixteenth-Century Automaton and Its Legend (Getty Publications, 2023) tells the singular story of an uncanny, rare object at the cusp of art and science: a 450-year-old automaton known as “the monk.” The walking, gesticulating figure of a friar, in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History, is among the earliest extant ancestors of the self-propelled robot. According to legend connected to the court of Philip II of Spain, the monk represents a portrait of Diego de Alcalá, a humble Franciscan lay brother whose holy corpse was said to be agent to the miraculous cure of Spain's crown prince as he lay dying in 1562. In tracking the origins of the monk and its legend, the authors visited archives, libraries, and museums across the United States and Europe, probing the paradox of a mechanical object performing an apparently spiritual act. They identified seven kindred automata from the same period, which, they argue, form a paradigmatic class of walking “prime movers,” unprecedented in their combination of visual and functional realism. While most of the literature on automata focuses on the Enlightenment, this enthralling narrative journeys back to the late Renaissance, when clockwork machinery was entirely new, foretelling the evolution of artificial life to come. Elizabeth King, a sculptor and writer, is professor emerita of sculpture and extended media at Virginia Commonwealth University School of the Arts in Richmond. W. David Todd is associate curator emeritus and former conservator of timekeeping at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Lauren Fonto is a Master's student in the program Heritage and Cultural Sciences: Heritage Conservation at the University of Pretoria, South Africa. She is also a collections management intern in the public sector. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history
Miracles and Machines: A Sixteenth-Century Automaton and Its Legend (Getty Publications, 2023) tells the singular story of an uncanny, rare object at the cusp of art and science: a 450-year-old automaton known as “the monk.” The walking, gesticulating figure of a friar, in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History, is among the earliest extant ancestors of the self-propelled robot. According to legend connected to the court of Philip II of Spain, the monk represents a portrait of Diego de Alcalá, a humble Franciscan lay brother whose holy corpse was said to be agent to the miraculous cure of Spain's crown prince as he lay dying in 1562. In tracking the origins of the monk and its legend, the authors visited archives, libraries, and museums across the United States and Europe, probing the paradox of a mechanical object performing an apparently spiritual act. They identified seven kindred automata from the same period, which, they argue, form a paradigmatic class of walking “prime movers,” unprecedented in their combination of visual and functional realism. While most of the literature on automata focuses on the Enlightenment, this enthralling narrative journeys back to the late Renaissance, when clockwork machinery was entirely new, foretelling the evolution of artificial life to come. Elizabeth King, a sculptor and writer, is professor emerita of sculpture and extended media at Virginia Commonwealth University School of the Arts in Richmond. W. David Todd is associate curator emeritus and former conservator of timekeeping at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Lauren Fonto is a Master's student in the program Heritage and Cultural Sciences: Heritage Conservation at the University of Pretoria, South Africa. She is also a collections management intern in the public sector. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Miracles and Machines: A Sixteenth-Century Automaton and Its Legend (Getty Publications, 2023) tells the singular story of an uncanny, rare object at the cusp of art and science: a 450-year-old automaton known as “the monk.” The walking, gesticulating figure of a friar, in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History, is among the earliest extant ancestors of the self-propelled robot. According to legend connected to the court of Philip II of Spain, the monk represents a portrait of Diego de Alcalá, a humble Franciscan lay brother whose holy corpse was said to be agent to the miraculous cure of Spain's crown prince as he lay dying in 1562. In tracking the origins of the monk and its legend, the authors visited archives, libraries, and museums across the United States and Europe, probing the paradox of a mechanical object performing an apparently spiritual act. They identified seven kindred automata from the same period, which, they argue, form a paradigmatic class of walking “prime movers,” unprecedented in their combination of visual and functional realism. While most of the literature on automata focuses on the Enlightenment, this enthralling narrative journeys back to the late Renaissance, when clockwork machinery was entirely new, foretelling the evolution of artificial life to come. Elizabeth King, a sculptor and writer, is professor emerita of sculpture and extended media at Virginia Commonwealth University School of the Arts in Richmond. W. David Todd is associate curator emeritus and former conservator of timekeeping at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Lauren Fonto is a Master's student in the program Heritage and Cultural Sciences: Heritage Conservation at the University of Pretoria, South Africa. She is also a collections management intern in the public sector. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/art
Miracles and Machines: A Sixteenth-Century Automaton and Its Legend (Getty Publications, 2023) tells the singular story of an uncanny, rare object at the cusp of art and science: a 450-year-old automaton known as “the monk.” The walking, gesticulating figure of a friar, in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History, is among the earliest extant ancestors of the self-propelled robot. According to legend connected to the court of Philip II of Spain, the monk represents a portrait of Diego de Alcalá, a humble Franciscan lay brother whose holy corpse was said to be agent to the miraculous cure of Spain's crown prince as he lay dying in 1562. In tracking the origins of the monk and its legend, the authors visited archives, libraries, and museums across the United States and Europe, probing the paradox of a mechanical object performing an apparently spiritual act. They identified seven kindred automata from the same period, which, they argue, form a paradigmatic class of walking “prime movers,” unprecedented in their combination of visual and functional realism. While most of the literature on automata focuses on the Enlightenment, this enthralling narrative journeys back to the late Renaissance, when clockwork machinery was entirely new, foretelling the evolution of artificial life to come. Elizabeth King, a sculptor and writer, is professor emerita of sculpture and extended media at Virginia Commonwealth University School of the Arts in Richmond. W. David Todd is associate curator emeritus and former conservator of timekeeping at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Lauren Fonto is a Master's student in the program Heritage and Cultural Sciences: Heritage Conservation at the University of Pretoria, South Africa. She is also a collections management intern in the public sector. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/european-studies
Miracles and Machines: A Sixteenth-Century Automaton and Its Legend (Getty Publications, 2023) tells the singular story of an uncanny, rare object at the cusp of art and science: a 450-year-old automaton known as “the monk.” The walking, gesticulating figure of a friar, in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History, is among the earliest extant ancestors of the self-propelled robot. According to legend connected to the court of Philip II of Spain, the monk represents a portrait of Diego de Alcalá, a humble Franciscan lay brother whose holy corpse was said to be agent to the miraculous cure of Spain's crown prince as he lay dying in 1562. In tracking the origins of the monk and its legend, the authors visited archives, libraries, and museums across the United States and Europe, probing the paradox of a mechanical object performing an apparently spiritual act. They identified seven kindred automata from the same period, which, they argue, form a paradigmatic class of walking “prime movers,” unprecedented in their combination of visual and functional realism. While most of the literature on automata focuses on the Enlightenment, this enthralling narrative journeys back to the late Renaissance, when clockwork machinery was entirely new, foretelling the evolution of artificial life to come. Elizabeth King, a sculptor and writer, is professor emerita of sculpture and extended media at Virginia Commonwealth University School of the Arts in Richmond. W. David Todd is associate curator emeritus and former conservator of timekeeping at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Lauren Fonto is a Master's student in the program Heritage and Cultural Sciences: Heritage Conservation at the University of Pretoria, South Africa. She is also a collections management intern in the public sector. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/science-technology-and-society
Miracles and Machines: A Sixteenth-Century Automaton and Its Legend (Getty Publications, 2023) tells the singular story of an uncanny, rare object at the cusp of art and science: a 450-year-old automaton known as “the monk.” The walking, gesticulating figure of a friar, in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History, is among the earliest extant ancestors of the self-propelled robot. According to legend connected to the court of Philip II of Spain, the monk represents a portrait of Diego de Alcalá, a humble Franciscan lay brother whose holy corpse was said to be agent to the miraculous cure of Spain's crown prince as he lay dying in 1562. In tracking the origins of the monk and its legend, the authors visited archives, libraries, and museums across the United States and Europe, probing the paradox of a mechanical object performing an apparently spiritual act. They identified seven kindred automata from the same period, which, they argue, form a paradigmatic class of walking “prime movers,” unprecedented in their combination of visual and functional realism. While most of the literature on automata focuses on the Enlightenment, this enthralling narrative journeys back to the late Renaissance, when clockwork machinery was entirely new, foretelling the evolution of artificial life to come. Elizabeth King, a sculptor and writer, is professor emerita of sculpture and extended media at Virginia Commonwealth University School of the Arts in Richmond. W. David Todd is associate curator emeritus and former conservator of timekeeping at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Lauren Fonto is a Master's student in the program Heritage and Cultural Sciences: Heritage Conservation at the University of Pretoria, South Africa. She is also a collections management intern in the public sector. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Miracles and Machines: A Sixteenth-Century Automaton and Its Legend (Getty Publications, 2023) tells the singular story of an uncanny, rare object at the cusp of art and science: a 450-year-old automaton known as “the monk.” The walking, gesticulating figure of a friar, in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History, is among the earliest extant ancestors of the self-propelled robot. According to legend connected to the court of Philip II of Spain, the monk represents a portrait of Diego de Alcalá, a humble Franciscan lay brother whose holy corpse was said to be agent to the miraculous cure of Spain's crown prince as he lay dying in 1562. In tracking the origins of the monk and its legend, the authors visited archives, libraries, and museums across the United States and Europe, probing the paradox of a mechanical object performing an apparently spiritual act. They identified seven kindred automata from the same period, which, they argue, form a paradigmatic class of walking “prime movers,” unprecedented in their combination of visual and functional realism. While most of the literature on automata focuses on the Enlightenment, this enthralling narrative journeys back to the late Renaissance, when clockwork machinery was entirely new, foretelling the evolution of artificial life to come. Elizabeth King, a sculptor and writer, is professor emerita of sculpture and extended media at Virginia Commonwealth University School of the Arts in Richmond. W. David Todd is associate curator emeritus and former conservator of timekeeping at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Lauren Fonto is a Master's student in the program Heritage and Cultural Sciences: Heritage Conservation at the University of Pretoria, South Africa. She is also a collections management intern in the public sector. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/technology
Renaissance English History Podcast: A Show About the Tudors
In 1584 William of Orange - a leader of Protestants fighting against Philip II - was assassinated. Let's discuss the ramifications for England, and Elizabeth. Link to the Tudorcon presentation submission form. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
We talk with Hans-Joachim Voth about the link between financial crisis and Hitler's rise to power. Hans-Joachim Voth (D.Phil, Oxford, 1996), holds the UBS Chair of Macroeconomics and Financial Markets at the Economics Department, Zurich University. He is an economic historian with interests in financial history, long-term persistence and growth, as well as political risk and macroeconomic instability. Hans-Joachim Voth is a Research Fellow in the International Macroeconomics Program at CEPR (London), a member of the Royal Historical Society, a joint Managing Editor of the Economic Journal, an Editor of Explorations in Economic History, and an Associate Editor at the Quarterly Journal of Economics. His research has appeared in the American Economic Review, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Journal of Political Economy, Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economics and Statistics, Economic Journal, Journal of Economic Growth, European Economic Review, Explorations in Economic History, Journal of Economic History, as well as in three academic books (including, in 2014, Lending to the Borrower from Hell: Debt, Taxes, and Default in the Age of Philip II, Princeton University Press). A Correction Podcast Episodes RSS Subscribe to our newsletter todayA note from Lev:I am a high school teacher of history and economics at a public high school in NYC, and began the podcast to help demystify political economy for teachers. The podcast is now within the top 2% of podcasts worldwide in terms of listeners (per Listen Notes) and individual episodes are frequently listed by The Syllabus (the-syllabus.com) as among the 10 best political economy podcasts of a particular week. The podcast is reaching thousands of listeners each month. The podcast seeks to provide a substantive alternative to mainstream economics media; to communicate information and ideas that contribute to equitable and peaceful solutions to political and economic issues; and to improve the teaching of high school and university political economy. Best, Lev
In this episode, Dr Amy Saunders and Dr Johanna Strong join Susannah to speak about their Royal Studies Journal Cluster, “Queenship and Cross-Confessional Identity”. The Cluster features in the December issue of the Royal Studies Journal and is available open-access through the RSJ website. Guest Bios:Amy has recently completed a PhD in early modern history and heritage at the University of Winchester, supervised by Dr Ellie Woodacre and Dr Simon Sandall. Her research examines the representation of Stuart royal narratives in modern heritage sites, exploring the reconstructed narratives of James VI & I, Anna of Denmark, Charles I, Henrietta Maria, Charles II, and Catherine of Braganza. Confessional and national identity are central themes in Amy's research and are relevant in both her work on the seventeenth century and the modern heritage sites she examines. Her forthcoming book chapter, “Curating a Conduit: Elizabeth Stuart, Motherhood and National Identity in Heritage Sites”, explores how James and Anna's daughter Elizabeth has been repositioned as the ideal ‘English' royal woman in modern heritage sites in England. Johanna completed her PhD at the University of Winchester under the supervision of Drs Ellie Woodacre and Simon Sandall. Her thesis focused on how narratives of religion, national identity, and gender influenced the creation and perpetuation of Mary I's legacy in the dominant English historical narrative from 1558 until 1660. Her research has been featured on a variety of podcasts and informed Winchester Cathedral's 3-part series on Mary I and Philip II's wedding at the Cathedral. Her first published chapter appeared in Valerie Schutte and Jessica S. Hower's award-winning volume Writing Mary I: History, Historiography, and Fiction and her first monograph is forthcoming. Johanna is the Digital Seminar Series Coordinator for the Royal Studies Network and is the Social Media Coordinator for all things RSN. You can follow Johanna and her research on X (formerly Twitter), Instagram, and her website.
Alexander The Great was crowned king of Macedon at twenty and went off to conquer the world... and he just kept going! One of the most epic stories from the ancient world, this is the seventh most voted for topic of Block 2024. This is a comedy/history podcast, the report begins at approximately 07:25 (though as always, we go off on tangents throughout the report).Support the show and get rewards like bonus episodes: patreon.com/DoGoOnPodLive show tickets: https://dogoonpod.com/live-shows/ For all our important links: https://linktr.ee/dogoonpod Check out our other podcasts:Book Cheat: https://play.acast.com/s/book-cheatPrime Mates: https://play.acast.com/s/prime-mates/Listen Now: https://play.acast.com/s/listen-now/Who Knew It with Matt Stewart: https://play.acast.com/s/who-knew-it-with-matt-stewart/Do Go On acknowledges the traditional owners of the land we record on, the Wurundjeri people, in the Kulin nation. We pay our respects to elders, past and presentREFERENCES AND FURTHER READING:https://www.worldhistory.org/Alexander_the_Great/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philip-II-king-of-Macedonia/Legacyhttps://www.history.com/topics/ancient-greece/alexander-the-great https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-the-Great https://www.historyskills.com/classroom/ancient-history/anc-philip-ii-reading/?srsltid=AfmBOopXirlb02Bb7JRoty3vmAZfeT7BlKhkKHNvzqfa_DVFyb3l9ieK https://www.thecollector.com/philip-ii-of-macedon/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philip-II-king-of-Macedonia/Legacyhttps://www.history.com/topics/ancient-greece/alexander-the-great https://www.dancarlin.com/product/hardcore-history-71-mania-for-subjugation/ Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Alexander the Great - king of MacedoniaAlexander III of Macedon (Ancient Greek: Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. He succeeded his father Philip II to the throne in 336 BC at the age of 20 and spent most of his ruling years conducting a lengthy military campaign throughout Western Asia, Central Asia, parts of South Asia, and Egypt. By the age of 30, he had created one of the largest empires in history, stretching from Greece to northwestern India. He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered to be one of history's greatest and most successful military commanders We appreciate your support! Tune in for fresh episodes every week. Let's keep the conversation going,join our community, subscribe and grow with us!Support the showWelcome to 'Facts Or Nonsense Podcast,' where the past, present, and future converge in a symphony of discovery.
A look at how the struggles between the Protestants and Catholics in 16th Century Europe will lead to a series of wars over religion. This episode has a special focus on Philip II, the Netherlands, and Queen Elizabeth of England.
From a childhood on an Irish mountainside to the banquets of Hampton Court Palace, Barnaby Fitzpatrick lived a remarkable life. Best friends to the Tudor boy-king, he dazzled the court of Catherine de Medici, rescued a relative from kidnapping, fought an emperor, impressed Philip II, and charmed Elizabeth I.
Many pepole know Alexander the Great. After all, he conquered most of the known world before the age of twenty-five and was considered a military genius, but few know about his little sister, who contributed to his success. Cleo grew up in a chaotic household with two parents constantly at each other's throats and living in the shadow of her golden child brother. However, when she married into the royal family of Epirus, she was able to exercise her own authority as regent for her husband and son, and she would later work with her mother to keep the peace in Greece while her brother expanded his rule across Asia where he would not have been able to do without her support. Join me in this episode to learn the story of the little sister who supported the Macedonian empire. This Podcast is sponsored by Common Era Jewellery. Use code: AYDEN for 15% off your entire order. Bibliography Livius. “Cleopatra of Macedonia.” Accessed July 10, 2024. https://www.livius.org/articles/person/cleopatra-of-macedonia/. Contributors to Wikimedia projects. “Alexander I of Epirus.” Wikipedia, December 10, 2023. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Epirus. ———. “Cleopatra of Macedon.” Wikipedia, March 20, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_of_Macedon. ———. “Epirus (Ancient State).” Wikipedia, March 27, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state). ———. “Neoptolemus II of Epirus.” Wikipedia, May 3, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoptolemus_II_of_Epirus. ———. “Olympias.” Wikipedia, June 4, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympias. ———. “Philip II of Macedon.” Wikipedia, June 21, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon. Klimczak, Natalia. “Standing in the Shadow of Alexander the Great: Cleopatra of Macedon and Her Life of Danger.” Ancient Origins, December 23, 2016. https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-famous-people/standing-shadow-alexander-great-cleopatra-macedon-and-her-life-danger-007239#google_vignette. primeo. “Alexander the Great's Sister: Cleopatra of Macedonia (354-308 BC).” Totally History, May 16, 2022. https://totallyhistory.com/alexander-the-greats-sister-cleopatra/. Xhabrahimi, Kreshnik. “Cleopatra of Macedon: Ruling in Two Continents - Albanopedia.” Albanopedia, June 5, 2020. https://www.albanopedia.com/biographies/cleopatra-of-macedon#google_vignette. Lyngsnes, Øystein Wiklund. "The Women Who Would Be Kings": A study of the Argead royal women in the early Diadochoi Wars (323-316 BCE): The Rivalry of Adea-Eurydike and Olympias and the Death of the Argead dynasty. [Master's Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology] https://ntnuopen.ntnu.no/ntnu-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2503322/Lyngsnes_%C3%98ystein_Wiklund.pdf?sequence=1 Carney, Elizabeth D. (2003-01-01). "Chapter Nine: Women in Alexander's Court". Brill's Companion to Alexander the Great. Brill. pp. 227–252. doi:10.1163/9789004217553_010. ISBN 978-90-04-21755-3. Carney, Elizabeth (1995). "Women and Basileia: Legitimacy and Female Political Action in Macedonia." The Classical Journal. 90 (4): 367–391. ISSN 0009-8353. JSTOR 3297828.
Dame Emmeline Tanner writes of the Renaissance that its "special characteristic was the revolt against authority and the rise to importance of the individual." Politically, "the Renaissance marks the death of the idea of the universal authority of the Empire." Ecclesiastically, "the period marks the breaking-up of the idea of the World Church and the rise of national churches. The authority of the Church was overthrown, and in Teutonic lands the Renaissance became the Reformation." This is a book about broad concepts and remarkable individuals: the Borgia Pope, Alexander VI, the Emperor Charles V, Queen Elizabeth of England, Martin Luther, John Calvin, William the Silent, and Philip II of Spain and his terrible Inquisition.Advertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brandsPrivacy & Opt-Out: https://redcircle.com/privacy
Dame Emmeline Tanner writes of the Renaissance that its "special characteristic was the revolt against authority and the rise to importance of the individual." Politically, "the Renaissance marks the death of the idea of the universal authority of the Empire." Ecclesiastically, "the period marks the breaking-up of the idea of the World Church and the rise of national churches. The authority of the Church was overthrown, and in Teutonic lands the Renaissance became the Reformation." This is a book about broad concepts and remarkable individuals: the Borgia Pope, Alexander VI, the Emperor Charles V, Queen Elizabeth of England, Martin Luther, John Calvin, William the Silent, and Philip II of Spain and his terrible Inquisition.Advertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brandsPrivacy & Opt-Out: https://redcircle.com/privacy
Dame Emmeline Tanner writes of the Renaissance that its "special characteristic was the revolt against authority and the rise to importance of the individual." Politically, "the Renaissance marks the death of the idea of the universal authority of the Empire." Ecclesiastically, "the period marks the breaking-up of the idea of the World Church and the rise of national churches. The authority of the Church was overthrown, and in Teutonic lands the Renaissance became the Reformation." This is a book about broad concepts and remarkable individuals: the Borgia Pope, Alexander VI, the Emperor Charles V, Queen Elizabeth of England, Martin Luther, John Calvin, William the Silent, and Philip II of Spain and his terrible Inquisition.Advertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brandsPrivacy & Opt-Out: https://redcircle.com/privacy
Dame Emmeline Tanner writes of the Renaissance that its "special characteristic was the revolt against authority and the rise to importance of the individual." Politically, "the Renaissance marks the death of the idea of the universal authority of the Empire." Ecclesiastically, "the period marks the breaking-up of the idea of the World Church and the rise of national churches. The authority of the Church was overthrown, and in Teutonic lands the Renaissance became the Reformation." This is a book about broad concepts and remarkable individuals: the Borgia Pope, Alexander VI, the Emperor Charles V, Queen Elizabeth of England, Martin Luther, John Calvin, William the Silent, and Philip II of Spain and his terrible Inquisition.Advertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brandsPrivacy & Opt-Out: https://redcircle.com/privacy
Dame Emmeline Tanner writes of the Renaissance that its "special characteristic was the revolt against authority and the rise to importance of the individual." Politically, "the Renaissance marks the death of the idea of the universal authority of the Empire." Ecclesiastically, "the period marks the breaking-up of the idea of the World Church and the rise of national churches. The authority of the Church was overthrown, and in Teutonic lands the Renaissance became the Reformation." This is a book about broad concepts and remarkable individuals: the Borgia Pope, Alexander VI, the Emperor Charles V, Queen Elizabeth of England, Martin Luther, John Calvin, William the Silent, and Philip II of Spain and his terrible Inquisition.Advertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brandsPrivacy & Opt-Out: https://redcircle.com/privacy
In this episode of Stupiracy, dive into a curious slice of medieval diplomacy where kings shared more than just their realms—they shared their beds! Join Rizz and Tim as they unpack the tradition of monarchs sleeping together to seal alliances and foster unity. It's history with a twist, exploring how powerful rulers once cuddled up to resolve conflicts!Show Notes:Overview: Episode 6 of "Stupiracy" explores a fascinating medieval practice where kings would literally share a bed to symbolize and celebrate peace agreements. This episode digs into the historical context, the personal dynamics involved, and how these actions were perceived then and now.Topics Discussed: The tradition of kings sleeping together as a peace gesture, with a focus on Richard the Lionheart and Philip II of France. Cultural and historical perspectives on the practice, including its implications and symbolism. How this seemingly strange tradition compares to modern diplomatic practices. Examination of how personal relationships between rulers influenced political decisions and historical narratives. Entities Mentioned: Richard the Lionheart Philip II of France Medieval European monarchies Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoicesSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.
In this episode of Stupiracy, dive into a curious slice of medieval diplomacy where kings shared more than just their realms—they shared their beds! Join Rizz and Tim as they unpack the tradition of monarchs sleeping together to seal alliances and foster unity. It's history with a twist, exploring how powerful rulers once cuddled up to resolve conflicts! Show Notes: Overview: Episode 6 of "Stupiracy" explores a fascinating medieval practice where kings would literally share a bed to symbolize and celebrate peace agreements. This episode digs into the historical context, the personal dynamics involved, and how these actions were perceived then and now. Topics Discussed: The tradition of kings sleeping together as a peace gesture, with a focus on Richard the Lionheart and Philip II of France. Cultural and historical perspectives on the practice, including its implications and symbolism. How this seemingly strange tradition compares to modern diplomatic practices. Examination of how personal relationships between rulers influenced political decisions and historical narratives. Entities Mentioned: Richard the Lionheart Philip II of France Medieval European monarchies Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
In this episode of Stupiracy, dive into a curious slice of medieval diplomacy where kings shared more than just their realms—they shared their beds! Join Rizz and Tim as they unpack the tradition of monarchs sleeping together to seal alliances and foster unity. It's history with a twist, exploring how powerful rulers once cuddled up to resolve conflicts!Show Notes:Overview: Episode 6 of "Stupiracy" explores a fascinating medieval practice where kings would literally share a bed to symbolize and celebrate peace agreements. This episode digs into the historical context, the personal dynamics involved, and how these actions were perceived then and now.Topics Discussed: The tradition of kings sleeping together as a peace gesture, with a focus on Richard the Lionheart and Philip II of France. Cultural and historical perspectives on the practice, including its implications and symbolism. How this seemingly strange tradition compares to modern diplomatic practices. Examination of how personal relationships between rulers influenced political decisions and historical narratives. Entities Mentioned: Richard the Lionheart Philip II of France Medieval European monarchies Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoicesSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.
In this episode of Stupiracy, dive into a curious slice of medieval diplomacy where kings shared more than just their realms—they shared their beds! Join Rizz and Tim as they unpack the tradition of monarchs sleeping together to seal alliances and foster unity. It's history with a twist, exploring how powerful rulers once cuddled up to resolve conflicts! Show Notes: Overview: Episode 6 of "Stupiracy" explores a fascinating medieval practice where kings would literally share a bed to symbolize and celebrate peace agreements. This episode digs into the historical context, the personal dynamics involved, and how these actions were perceived then and now. Topics Discussed: The tradition of kings sleeping together as a peace gesture, with a focus on Richard the Lionheart and Philip II of France. Cultural and historical perspectives on the practice, including its implications and symbolism. How this seemingly strange tradition compares to modern diplomatic practices. Examination of how personal relationships between rulers influenced political decisions and historical narratives. Entities Mentioned: Richard the Lionheart Philip II of France Medieval European monarchies Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
In this episode of Stupiracy, dive into a curious slice of medieval diplomacy where kings shared more than just their realms—they shared their beds! Join Rizz and Tim as they unpack the tradition of monarchs sleeping together to seal alliances and foster unity. It's history with a twist, exploring how powerful rulers once cuddled up to resolve conflicts! Show Notes: Overview: Episode 6 of "Stupiracy" explores a fascinating medieval practice where kings would literally share a bed to symbolize and celebrate peace agreements. This episode digs into the historical context, the personal dynamics involved, and how these actions were perceived then and now. Topics Discussed: The tradition of kings sleeping together as a peace gesture, with a focus on Richard the Lionheart and Philip II of France. Cultural and historical perspectives on the practice, including its implications and symbolism. How this seemingly strange tradition compares to modern diplomatic practices. Examination of how personal relationships between rulers influenced political decisions and historical narratives. Entities Mentioned: Richard the Lionheart Philip II of France Medieval European monarchies Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
In this episode of Stupiracy, dive into a curious slice of medieval diplomacy where kings shared more than just their realms—they shared their beds! Join Rizz and Tim as they unpack the tradition of monarchs sleeping together to seal alliances and foster unity. It's history with a twist, exploring how powerful rulers once cuddled up to resolve conflicts!Show Notes:Overview: Episode 6 of "Stupiracy" explores a fascinating medieval practice where kings would literally share a bed to symbolize and celebrate peace agreements. This episode digs into the historical context, the personal dynamics involved, and how these actions were perceived then and now.Topics Discussed: The tradition of kings sleeping together as a peace gesture, with a focus on Richard the Lionheart and Philip II of France. Cultural and historical perspectives on the practice, including its implications and symbolism. How this seemingly strange tradition compares to modern diplomatic practices. Examination of how personal relationships between rulers influenced political decisions and historical narratives. Entities Mentioned: Richard the Lionheart Philip II of France Medieval European monarchies Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoicesSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.
In "Sacred Band of Thebes Part 2," continue the exploration of the Sacred Band's impact on ancient warfare and its eventual defeat by Philip II of Macedon. Rachel Teichman, LMSW and Victor Varnado, KSN discuss the legacy and cultural significance of this unique military unit.Produced and hosted by Victor Varnado & Rachel TeichmanFull Wikipedia article here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_ThebesSubscribe to our new newsletter, WikiWeekly at https://newsletter.wikilisten.com/ for a fun fact every week to feel smart and impress your friends, and MORE! https://www.patreon.com/wikilistenpodcastFind us on social media!https://www.facebook.com/WikiListenInstagram @WikiListenTwitter @Wiki_ListenGet bonus content on Patreon Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Full Text of ReadingsMemorial of Saint Aloysius Gonzaga, Religious Lectionary: 369The Saint of the day is Saint Aloysius GonzagaSaint Aloysius Gonzaga's Story The Lord can make saints anywhere, even amid the brutality and license of Renaissance life. Florence was the “mother of piety” for Aloysius Gonzaga despite his exposure to a “society of fraud, dagger, poison, and lust.” As a son of a princely family, he grew up in royal courts and army camps. His father wanted Aloysius to be a military hero. At age 7 Aloysius experienced a profound spiritual quickening. His prayers included the Office of Mary, the psalms, and other devotions. At age 9 he came from his hometown of Castiglione to Florence to be educated; by age 11 he was teaching catechism to poor children, fasting three days a week, and practicing great austerities. When he was 13 years old, he traveled with his parents and the Empress of Austria to Spain, and acted as a page in the court of Philip II. The more Aloysius saw of court life, the more disillusioned he became, seeking relief in learning about the lives of saints. A book about the experience of Jesuit missionaries in India suggested to him the idea of entering the Society of Jesus, and in Spain his decision became final. Now began a four-year contest with his father. Eminent churchmen and laypeople were pressed into service to persuade Aloysius to remain in his “normal” vocation. Finally he prevailed, was allowed to renounce his right to succession, and was received into the Jesuit novitiate. Like other seminarians, Aloysius was faced with a new kind of penance—that of accepting different ideas about the exact nature of penance. He was obliged to eat more, and to take recreation with the other students. He was forbidden to pray except at stated times. He spent four years in the study of philosophy and had Saint Robert Bellarmine as his spiritual adviser. In 1591, a plague struck Rome. The Jesuits opened a hospital of their own. The superior general himself and many other Jesuits rendered personal service. Because he nursed patients, washing them and making their beds, Aloysius caught the disease. A fever persisted after his recovery and he was so weak he could scarcely rise from bed. Yet he maintained his great discipline of prayer, knowing that he would die three months later within the octave of Corpus Christi, at the age of 23. Reflection As a saint who fasted, scourged himself, sought solitude and prayer, and did not look on the faces of women, Aloysius seems an unlikely patron of youth in a society where asceticism is confined to training camps of football teams and boxers, and sexual permissiveness has little left to permit. Can an overweight and air-conditioned society deprive itself of anything? It will when it discovers a reason, as Aloysius did. The motivation for letting God purify us is the experience of God loving us in prayer. Saint Aloysius Gonzaga is the Patron Saint of: Catholic YouthTeenagersSeminarians Click here for quotes from some of our favorite saints! Saint of the Day, Copyright Franciscan Media
Alexander the Great was one of the most famous people from the ancient world. He defeated a vastly larger Persian Empire and conquered everything from Egypt to India. Yet, what Alexander achieved wouldn't have been possible without his father. In fact, if Alexander hadn't accomplished what he did, his father would probably be the one given the title “great.” Learn more about Philip II of Macedon and how he changed the world of Ancient Greece and laid the foundations for his son on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. Sponsors Available nationally, look for a bottle of Heaven Hill Bottled-in-Bond at your local store. Find out more at heavenhilldistillery.com/hh-bottled-in-bond.php Sign up today at butcherbox.com/daily and use code daily to choose your free offer and get $20 off. Visit BetterHelp.com/everywhere today to get 10% off your first month. Use the code EverythingEverywhere for a 20% discount on a subscription at Newspapers.com. Visit meminto.com and get 15% off with code EED15. Listen to Expedition Unknown wherever you get your podcasts. Get started with a $13 trial set for just $3 at harrys.com/EVERYTHING. Subscribe to the podcast! https://link.chtbl.com/EverythingEverywhere?sid=ShowNotes -------------------------------- Executive Producer: Charles Daniel Associate Producers: Ben Long & Cameron Kieffer Become a supporter on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/everythingeverywhere Update your podcast app at newpodcastapps.com Discord Server: https://discord.gg/UkRUJFh Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/everythingeverywhere/ Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/everythingeverywheredaily Twitter: https://twitter.com/everywheretrip Website: https://everything-everywhere.com/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
This is a free preview of a paid episode. To hear more, visit www.americanprestigepod.comHappy Father's Day! Patrick Wyman, host of the Tides of History podcast and author of The Verge: Reformation, Renaissance, and Forty Years that Shook the World, returns to the program to talk about the all-important topic of fathers. Since it's American Prestige, though, the group decided to focus on one of the great dads of history: Philip II of Macedo…
Hey, Hi, Hello, this is the History Wizard and welcome back for Day 9 of Have a Day w/ The History Wizard. Thank you to everyone who tuned in for Day 8 last week, and especially thank you to everyone who rated and/or reviewed the podcast. I hope you all learned something last week and I hope the same for this week. This week we're going to be looking at infighting within Christianity. There are many differing opinions within the faith on the whos and whats and whys and hows, and very oft en they decide to kill each other over these, ultimately minor, differences. The Cathar Genocide, often known as the Albegensian Crusade, was just such an event. It was a time when the Pope felt threatened by those who he deemed to be heretics and so decided to kill them. But, first it's time to craft our potions. Todays libations, gods I love that word, is called Melting Snow. Take two ounces of sake, 1 ounce of triple sec, 3-4 dashes of black lemon bitters, shake and pour into a rocks glass before gently pouring 1 tsp of grenadine syrup into it. The resulting drink should have the grenadine settle at the bottom initially making a lovely presentation. Though I'd mix it before actually imbibing. With that out of the way let's talk about who the Cathar were. The name Cathar comes from the Greek word katharoi, meaning “the pure ones”. Their other name, the Albegensians, comes from the fact that many adherents during the Crusade lived in or around the city of Albi. Catharism is described as a somewhat dualist, somewhat Gnostic heretical branch of Christianity. Though, it bears mentioning that both are likely exonyms and the followers of this particular faith often self identifies as Good Men, Good Women, or Good Christians. So what is dualism and what is gnosticism? Well in the case of the Cathars they were pretty much the same thing. Dualism is the moral or spiritual belief that two fundamental concepts exist, which often oppose each other. Gnosticism draws a distinction between a supreme, and hidden God above all, and a lesser deity (sometimes called the demiurge) who created the material world. Consequently, Gnostics considered material existence flawed or evil, and held the principal element of salvation to be direct knowledge of the hidden divinity, attained via mystical or esoteric insight. Many Gnostic texts deal not in concepts of sin and repentance, but with illusion and enlightenment. Gnosticism preferred people to have personal knowledge and experience with the divine, something that threatened the power of the early Church. Cathar cosmology identified two Gods. One who created the perfect spiritual world and the other, the demiurge who created the imperfect and sinful physical world. The demiurge is often identified as Yahweh and is referred to as Rex Mundi, King of the World. All visible matter, including the human body, was created or crafted by this Rex Mundi; matter was therefore tainted with sin. Under this view, humans were actually angels seduced by Satan before a war in heaven against the army of Michael, after which they would have been forced to spend an eternity trapped in the evil God's material realm. The Cathars taught that to regain angelic status one had to renounce the material self completely. Until one was prepared to do so, they would be stuck in a cycle of reincarnation, condemned to suffer endless human lives on the corrupt Earth. Also, while they revered Jesus Christ, they also denied that he was ever a mortal man, instead believing that both he and Mary were Angels taking the semblance of a human form in order to teach our sin tainted flesh to grow closer to the purity of divinity. Other Cathar beliefs included the pescetarian diet, their view that women were pretty purely to tempt men away from divine purity and some Cathars believed that Eve had sex with Satan and gave birth to a race of giants who were all wiped out in the Great Flood. Cathars also rejected the Catholic priesthood, labeling its members, including the pope, unworthy and corrupted. Disagreeing on the Catholic concept of the unique role of the priesthood, they taught that anyone, not just the priest, could consecrate the Eucharistic host or hear a confession. There were, however, men selected amongst the Cathars to serve as bishops and deacons. Now, while the Cathar Crusade took place over a 20 year period between 1209 and 1229, the persecution against them began almost as soon as they were founded. The Cathars were denounced as heretics by 8 separate church councils between 1022 and 1163. However the true troubles wouldn't begin until 1208 when Pope Innocent III sent a legate named Pierre du Castelnau to chastise Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse for his lack of action against these heretical Cathars who lived on his land. Castelnau withdrew from Toulouse after 6 months of Raymond basically ignoring him. On January 15, 1208 Pierre was assassinated. Innocent suspected, and acted on the suspicion that the assassination was carried out by an agent of Reymond, although this was never proven. Still, when has lack of evidence ever stopped the Church from killing people? The assassination of Pierre du Castelnau was causus belli for the Albigensian Crusade. The Albigensian Crusade, the Cathar Genocide, took place all around the area known as Languedoc, also known as Occitania. Today the province is a part of southern France, but for a while it was its own region with distinct culture and its own language. Occitan wasn't very similar to French, it was not mutually understandable. In fact it was closer to Catalan than it was to French. Now, because Catharism rejected both the authority of the French King and the Pope in favor of a far more egalitarian relationship with their nation and their God many nobles from France embraced Catharism, at least at a surface level due to their desire to also reject the authority of the King of France. This made Catharism not just a threat to the spiritual and material authority of the Pope, but also a threat to the material authority of the King. After the assassination of Castelnau Raymond VI Count of Toulouse was excommunicated from the Church. Although there was a very brief period when Raymond sent embassies to Rome and exchanged gifts. They reconciled and the excommunication was lifted, only for him to be excommunicated AGAIN on the grounds that he didn't properly meet the terms of reconciliation. And so it was that in 1209, after assembling an army of about 10,000 men near the city of Lyons that Pope Innocent III declared his crusade against the Albigensians, stating that a Europe free of heresy could better defend its borders against Muslim armies. This crusade against the Albigensians also coincided with the Fifth and Sixth Crusades in the Holy Land. Most of the troops for the crusade came from Northern France, although there would also be volunteers from England and Austria. After some initial dispute over who would lead the quote righteous armies of the Lord unquote Papal Legate Arnaud Amalric was chosen as the commander. As the Crusaders assembled, Raymond attempted to reach an agreement with his nephew and vassal, Raymond Roger Trencavel, viscount of Béziers and Carcassonne, for a united defense, but Raymond Roger refused him. Raymond decided to make an accommodation with the Crusaders. He was fiercely opposed by Amalric, but at Raymond's request, Innocent appointed a new legate, Milo, whom he secretly ordered to obey Amalric. On 18 June 1209, Raymond pronounced himself repentant. He was scourged by Milo and declared restored to full Communion with the Church. The following day, he took the Cross, affirming his loyalty to the crusade and promising to aid it. With Raymond restored to unity with the Church, his lands could not be attacked. The Crusaders therefore turned their attention to the lands of Raymond Roger, aiming for the Cathar communities around Albi and Carcassonne. Béziers would be the first major engagement of the Cathar Genocide, although at around the same time, another Crusader army commanded by the Archbishop of Bordeaux took Casseneuil and burned several accused heretics at the stake. The crusading armies arrived at Béziers on 21 July, 1209 and demanded that the Catholics of the city leave and that the Cathars surrender. Both groups ignored them and the city settled in for a long siege. The siege lasted for exactly one day. The troops within Béziers attempted to sortie beyond the gates of their city and after being routed they were pursued through the open gates of the city and it fell within 24 hours. Amalric then proceeded to order the slaughter of every single person, adult or child, within the walls of the city. What follows is possibly apocryphal, a phrase which hears means made up, but allegedly when asked by his troops how they should distinguish between Catholic and Cathar Amalric said “Caedite eos. Novit enim Dominus qui sunt eius” The literal translation of which is “Kill them. The Lord knows those that are his own” There's some dispute over whether or now Amalric actually said this, but it is agreed that it captures the vibe rather well as the entire city of Béziers was killed. There were no survivors. The death toll is placed at around 20,000 people, though this is thought to be an exaggeration. Raymond Roger was not at Béziers when it fell. He had fled with most of his troops to the city of Carcassonne (yes, like the board game) intending to hold there. After the surrounding towns and villages heard about the slaughter at Béziers they all surrendered without a fight. This made Carcassonne the next major target of Amalric and his band of brigands. The 45 mile march to Carcassonne took the crusaders 6 days to complete. Once arrayed around Carcassonne they settled in for a siege that lasted slightly longer than the one at Béziers. But, after 6 days and after cutting the cities water supply Raymond Roger sought to negotiate. Amalric agreed to parley, but took Roger prisoner while speaking under truce. Carcassonne would not be the site of another slaughter though. All the people of the city were marched out of the city at sword point. They were naked according to Peter of Vaux-de-Cernay, a monk and eyewitness to many events of the crusade, but "in their shifts and breeches", according to Guillaume de Puylaurens, a contemporary. Rogers died several months later, either of dysentery or from being assassinated. In each city the armies approached, they reacted differently and treated the people differently. The fall of Lastours and castle Cabaret took much longer than the others, although this was largely because of the onset of winter. The area around Cabaret was full of communes like Lastours, Minerve, and Bram. After Minerve fell to bombardment from siege weapons, destroying the main well of the commune, it surrendered. The crusaders, now under the command of Simon de Montfort wished to be more lenient to the people of Minerve. He allowed to defending soldiers, the Catholics, and the non-perfecti Cathars. Perfecti was the title of those Cathars who were considered adept in the teachings of their faith. They were roughly analogous to deacons. The Perfecti were given the option to recant their beliefs and return to the Catholic faith. Of the 143 perfecti in Minerve, only 3 elected to do this. The rest were burned at the stake, many walking directly into the flames of their own volition, not even waiting for their executioners to force them. There were some successes for the Cathars though. The siege of Termes almost ended with the Cathar being slaughtered, but in the end them managed to abandon the city and escape before the walls could be breached, owning in part to a massive rain storm. In May of 1211 the castle of Aimery de Montréal was retaken; he and his senior knights were hanged, and several hundred Cathars were burned. The crusade was turning towards its end. Montfort began to position his troops around the city of Toulouse meaning to crush one of the last major Cathar bastions in France. The Cathars, in their fear, turned to Peter II of Aragon for aid and support. Peter's sister Eleanor was married to Raymond VI. Peter, named a valiant hero for his actions against the Moors was able to use his influence to get Innocent to call a halt of the crusade and used that time to try and negotiate peace. When those peace negotiations failed Peter decided to come to their aid of Toulouse against Simon de Montfort, fearing that Montfort was becoming too powerful and gaining too much influence within the Catholic Church. This alarmed Innocent III who immediately declared the Crusade begun again. Meanwhile Raymond VI had had his excommunication lifted and then reinstated AGAIN during this time. Unfortunately for the Cathars and for Peter II, he would die in his first major engagement with Simon's forces. The Battle of Muret saw a devastating loss for Peter's forces. Despite outnumbering Simon's armies Simon had better tactics and carried the day. The next few years was a flurry of activity and victory fo Simon, who was eventually named the new count over all of Raymond VI's lands that had already been captured. Any land that had not yet been captured would fall under the control of the Catholic Church who would hold onto them until Raymond VII, who was currently in England with his father, having fled a few years ago, was old enough to govern them himself. The crusade would continue for a few years more, though there were periods of confusion and relative peace. One such period was when Pope Innocent III died suddenly and unexpectedly and the crusade was taken over by the much more cautious King Philip II of France. The crusade was resumed with greater vigor in 1217 on orders from Pope Honorius III and for the remainder of it would center around Toulouse and maintaining control of it. By 1222 Raymond VII, who had returned from exile with his father had reclaimed all the lands that he had lost and the crusaders were firmly on the backfoot. Come 1225 Raymond VII was excommunicated, like his father (now deceased) and King Louis VII of France, son of Philip II (now deceased) renewed the Crusade. The Cathar heresy was going to be dealt with one way or another. The exact number of troops that Louis brought with him to renew the Crusade is unknown, but it is known that it was the largest force to be brought against the Cathars throughout the entirety of the genocide. Louis began his campaign in earnest in June of 1226 and quickly recaptured the towns of Béziers, Carcassonne, Beaucaire, and Marseille, this time with no resistance. Eventually the armies surrounded Toulouse and Raymond, not having the manpower to resist surrendered and signed the Treaty of Paris at Meaux on April 12, 1229. Now, something important to be aware of is that Historian Daniel Power notes that the fact that Peter of Vaux-de-Cernay's Historia Albigensis, which many historians of the crusade rely heavily upon, was published only in 1218 and this leaves a shortage of primary source material for events after that year. As such, there is more difficulty in discerning the nature of various events during the subsequent time period. With the war over we would transition into the next phase of the genocide, that of destroying Catharism as a cultural element and forcing surviving Cathars to repent and convert. With the military phase of the campaign against the Cathars now primarily at an end, the Inquisition was established under Pope Gregory IX in 1234 to uproot heretical movements, including the remaining Cathars. Operating in the south at Toulouse, Albi, Carcassonne and other towns during the whole of the 13th century, and a great part of the 14th, it succeeded in crushing Catharism as a popular movement and driving its remaining adherents underground. Punishments for Cathars varied greatly. Most frequently, they were made to wear yellow crosses atop their garments as a sign of outward penance. Others made obligatory pilgrimages, which often included fighting against Muslims. Visiting a local church naked once each month to be scourged was also a common punishment, including for returned pilgrims. Cathars who were slow to repent or who relapsed suffered imprisonment and, often, the loss of property. Others who altogether refused to repent were burned. The vast majority of those accused escaped death and were sentenced to a lighter penalty. Still, Catharism as a distinct religion was all but destroyed. Raphael Lemkin, who coined the word "genocide" in the 20th century, referred to the Albigensian Crusade as "one of the most conclusive cases of genocide in religious history". And, at the risk of making an appeal to authority fallacy, if the guy who invented the term and died fighting for its recognition in national and international law calls it a genocide, it is one. That's it for this week folks. No new reviews, so let's get right into the outro. Have a Day! w/ The History Wizard is brought to you by me, The History Wizard. If you want to see/hear more of me you can find me on Tiktok @thehistorywizard or on Instagram @the_history_wizard. Please remember to rate, review, and subscribe to Have a Day! On your pod catcher of choice. The more you do, the more people will be able to listen and learn along with you. Thank you for sticking around until the end and, as always, Have a Day.
On today's Saturday Matinee, we travel back to the fourth century BCE, and explore the path blazed by military genius Philip II of Macedon.Link to Warlords of History: https://warlordsofhistory.com/Support the show! Join Into History for ad-free listening and more.History Daily is a co-production of Airship and Noiser.Go to HistoryDaily.com for more history, daily.See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.
Dr. James Horn is President and Chief Officer of Jamestown Rediscovery (Preservation Virginia) at Historic Jamestowne. Previously, he has served as Vice President of Research and Historical Interpretation at the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Saunders Director of the International Center for Jefferson Studies at Monticello, and taught for twenty years at the University of Brighton, England. He has been a Fulbright Scholar and held fellowships at the Johns Hopkins University, the College of William and Mary, and Harvard University. He is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. A leading scholar of early Virginia and English America, Dr. Horn is the author and editor of numerous books and articles including three that we have leaned on extensively in this podcast, A Land As God Made It: Jamestown and the Birth of America; 1619: Jamestown and the Forging of American Democracy; and most recently A Brave and Cunning Prince: The Great Chief Opechancanough and the War for America. (I'll get a little tip if you buy them through the links above.) Our conversation focuses on the extraordinary life of Opechancanough, the fascinating man who twice led the Powhatan Confederacy in wars to expel English settlers from the James River and the Chesapeake. As longstanding and attentive listeners know, Opechancanough may or may not have been the same man as Paquiquineo, taken by the Spanish in the Chesapeake in 1561, received in the court of Philip II, christened Don Luis de Velasco in Mexico City, and returned to his homeland in 1570. Jim persuades me that Opechancanough was, in fact, the same man. Along the way I learn, a bit too late, how to pronounce various names properly. X (Twitter): @TheHistoryOfTh2 Facebook: The History of the Americans Podcast
The Dutch Rebellion is the longest domestic revolt in modern European history. Over 80 years the Dutch slowly but surely ground Philip II into bankruptcy. While Philip had what he thought was an inexhaustible pool of Mexican and Peruvian gold and silver to draw from, what he did not understand were the modern forces of inflation and interest. In the end, more even than the Dutch people, Philip found himself undone by modern economics.WebsitePatreon Support
MASTERS OF WAR (2) - We travel back in time to the 4th Century BCE and the tension filled world of the Greeks and Persians, where the greatest military commanders needed to be truly great to prevail. Featuring Epaminondas, Philip II of Macedon, Darius III of Persia and Alexander the Great.
In many countries where polygamy is practiced, Kings and emperors have had harems of hundred or even thousands of wives and concubines. It's good to be the King. But in Europe, Christianity has reigned for a millennia and the church is pretty sticked on their one woman at a time policy. But that didn't stop a handful of monarchs from taking multiple trips down the aisle. Royal brides were under a lot of pressure to produce as many heirs as possible, and they died often in childbirth or because their bodies were warn out from constant pregnancy. If a monarch wasn't getting the heirs he wanted from his wife, or if he had grown tired of her and she hadn't done him the courtesy of dying, there was always divorce or even murder to clear the throne for another consort to take her place. Many rulers managed to marry 3 times, but today we'll be counting down 6 serial monogamist monarchs who had 4 or marriages. Philip II, King of Spain, 1527 – 1598, 4 wives William the Silent, Prince of Orange & Ruler of The Netherlands, 1533 – 1584, 4 wives Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, 1784 – 1833, 4 wives Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland & Grand Duke of Lithuania 4 wives Henry VIII, King of England, 1491 – 1547, 6 wives Ivan the Terrible, Tsar of Russia, 1530 – 1584, 6-8 wives Honorable Mentions: Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor, 4 wives, 5 Concubines Casimir III the Great, King of Poland, 4 wives Catherine Parr, Queen of England, 4 Husbands Join me every Tuesday when I'm Spilling the Tea on History! Check out my Youtube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/lindsayholiday Follow me on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100091781568503 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historyteatimelindsayholiday/ Tik Tok: https://www.tiktok.com/@historyteatime Please consider supporting me at https://www.patreon.com/LindsayHoliday and help me make more fascinating episodes! Intro Music: Baroque Coffee House by Doug Maxwell Music: Butterflies in Love by Sir Cubworth #HistoryTeaTime #LindsayHoliday Please contact advertising@airwavemedia.com if you would like to advertise on this podcast. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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