Podcasts about Eratosthenes

Profitgier bei Zart & Bitter. Und gleich zwei neue Rubriken! Gäste sind: Mel Gibson, Eratosthenes und Larry Laffer.

How big is our planet, and who first figured it out?Show website: www.truestoriespodcast.comBecome a Patreon Supporter: https://bit.ly/3XLR99vBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/true-stories-with-seth-andrews--5621867/support.

In this episode, we're joined by Flat Earth Dave, who challenges us to question the world as we know it. We explore why more people are starting to question long-held beliefs and how global events have fueled this shift in perspective. Our conversation ventures into the cosmos, exploring alternative ideas about astronomy. We rethink the nature of stars, delve into the mysteries of space travel, and examine how technology and media may shape—or distort—our understanding of the universe. Dave's insights invite us to look beyond traditional narratives and explore new ways of understanding the skies above. We also dig into unconventional topics like flight paths, historical narratives, and the societal pressures that challenge critical thinking. Dave explains how strange flight routes connect to flat Earth theories, shares thoughts on Antarctic phenomena, and reflects on how mainstream media influences our understanding of science and history. It's an exploration of the unknown and a call to question what we've been taught. VIDEO VERSION OF INTERVIEW: / ============================================================ (12:58) - Cosmic Skepticism and Star Speculation (19:31) - Stars, Sun, and Flat Earth Research (31:19) - Challenging Perspectives on Flat Earth (41:10) - Debunking Space Travel Myths (45:13) - Sun's Height and Flat Earth Seasons (57:39) - Flight Routes and Flat Earth Insights (01:04:36) - Media Platforms and Moon Landing Doubt ============================================================ Chapter 1 Questioning the Globe Earth Model 00:00 This chapter welcomes back Dave Weiss, known as Flat Earth Dave, to discuss the growing skepticism around the globe Earth model and the broader implications on the nature of reality. I admire Dave's passion for questioning widely accepted truths and explore the increasing public curiosity about flat Earth theories. We address how recent global events have led to heightened skepticism about collective wisdom, highlighting how people often exhibit intelligence in smaller groups. Dave shares his journey since 2014, noting a shift in how flat Earth ideas are perceived—from ridicule to genuine curiosity. We also examine historical arguments supporting the globe model, like Eratosthenes' sticks and shadows experiment, and challenge their validity, arguing that the flat Earth perspective continues to gain traction without people reverting to traditional globe beliefs. Chapter 2 Cosmic Skepticism and Star Speculation 12:58 This chapter explores the complexities and curiosities of our universe, challenging conventional astronomical models. We discuss the dynamic journey of Earth as it orbits and chases the sun through space, raising questions about the behavior of stars and the concept of parallax. I express skepticism about the mainstream explanations for the formation and nature of stars, proposing an alternative view of stars as perfect, angelic entities that do not move. The discussion also touches on the vast distances between stars, questioning the plausibility of human understanding and the depiction of space travel. Through these reflections, we question the boundaries of current scientific explanations and ponder the mysteries of our cosmic surroundings. Chapter 3 Stars, Sun, and Flat Earth Research 19:31 This chapter explores the skepticism surrounding astronomical images and the scientific reasoning behind flat Earth theories. We discuss how distinguishing between images from the James Webb Space Telescope and those created using graphic design tools can challenge perceptions of space. A critical analysis of distance and visibility is presented through a thought experiment about the sun and stars, questioning the possibility of seeing celestial bodies at the vast distances claimed by mainstream science. We also scrutinize the gravitational relationships between celestial objects, like the sun, Earth, and moon, raising questions about the feasibility of current astronomical models. Chapter 4 Challenging Perspectives on Flat Earth 31:19 This chapter explores the concept of creating wealth by inventing products that cater to people's desire for convenience, citing examples like fast food and delivery services such as DoorDash. The conversation then shifts to a discussion about societal divides, contrasting the "15-minute city people" with those who prefer to live independently, likening it to the scenario in "Logan's Run." The focus turns to experiences at Anarchapulco, particularly interactions with Larkin Rose, a notable figure who is resistant to engaging in discussions about flat earth theories. Despite Rose's reluctance, efforts to present counterarguments continue, including addressing his points in a well-attended seminar. The chapter emphasizes the importance of open dialogue and challenging differing perspectives, highlighting the frustration when such discussions are not reciprocated. Chapter 5 Debunking Space Travel Myths 41:10 This chapter explores the intriguing topic of the sun's movement in Antarctica, examining whether the phenomenon of a circling sun could be evidence for or against the flat Earth theory. We discuss the recent event where both flat earthers and globe believers witnessed this occurrence, sparking debates on whether it was genuine or fabricated. We question the traditional narrative of the sun as a massive, stable, burning entity in space, and critique the feasibility of space travel and the International Space Station's operations. The discussion also touches on the broader societal context, suggesting that modern stresses may hinder critical thinking compared to past decades. Furthermore, I mention the Flat Earth Sun, Moon, and Zodiac Clock app as a resource for discovering hidden content that challenges mainstream scientific views, emphasizing the need for open-mindedness and exploration of alternative perspectives. Chapter 6 Sun's Height and Flat Earth Seasons 45:13 This chapter takes a closer look at the Flat Earth perspective on viewing distant mountains and the concept of seasons. We begin by examining how the visibility of Mount Canigou challenges the traditional globe model, discussing the role of sunlight and atmospheric conditions in making the mountain visible from a great distance. Transitioning to the Flat Earth model, we explore how the sun's position and movement over the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn explain seasonal changes. Using the analogy of a heat lamp, we illustrate how the perceived height and warmth of the sun affect temperature variations on Earth. This chapter contrasts the Flat Earth explanation with the globe model, questioning the logic behind the globe's distance-based seasonal changes and proposing an alternative view where the sun's local proximity is a key factor. Chapter 7 Flight Routes and Flat Earth Insights 57:39 This chapter explores the intriguing debate around flight paths and their implications on the flat Earth theory, as presented by Dave Weiss. We examine the unconventional routes taken by planes from New Zealand to Argentina and how these routes appear on both globe and flat Earth maps. Dave Weiss challenges traditional beliefs about Earth's shape, citing gyroscopes in airplanes and their orientation as evidence. We also discuss the criticism faced by flat Earth proponents and the notion of questioning established norms to discover hidden truths. Furthermore, we touch upon the "Old World" theory, promoting exploration beyond taught history, and the growing flat Earth community. The chapter concludes with an invitation to the Anarchapulco conference, emphasizing freedom and new perspectives on reality. Chapter 8 Media Platforms and Moon Landing Doubt 01:04:36 This chapter explores potential opportunities for guest appearances on popular platforms like Coast to Coast AM and a Florida-based podcast hosted by Danny Jones. We discuss the challenges of getting on Joe Rogan's podcast, considering his significant contract and shifting stance on controversial topics like the moon landing. Rogan's past skepticism about the moon landing is highlighted, along with his evolving perspective after interviewing Neil deGrasse Tyson. Additionally, Eddie Bravo's influence on Rogan is considered, given Bravo's known skepticism about the moon landing and belief in flat earth theories. The chapter concludes with excitement about sharing this engaging conversation and continuing to question prevailing narratives.

We are told by our science books that Eratosthenes, an ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician, calculated the curvature of the Earth using a few rods and some simple math. Much like the charming story with Newton and his apple, there is much more to the story of Eratosthenes. Today you will learn why his experiment has a fatal flaw, and how modern science has hidden this flaw to further the heliocentric agenda. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.danceoflife.com/subscribe

Our understanding the cosmos and our place in it has perplexed humanity for untold generations. The astronomers and geographers of the Hellenistic period were no different, looking to explain celestial phenomena and the nature of the Earth. Eratosthenes of Cyrene managed to calculate the circumference of the Earth to an astonishingly close value, Hipparchus did the same with the distance of the Moon, and Aristarchus of Samos proposed the earliest known model of heliocentrism 1800 years before Copernicus. The pinnacle of these theories came together was the incredible Antikythera Mechanism, the world's oldest analog computer, which will bring our series on science and technology to an end. Episode Notes: (https://hellenisticagepodcast.wordpress.com/2024/08/30/099-hellenistic-science-geography-and-astronomy/) Episode Transcript: (https://hellenisticagepodcast.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/099-hellenistic-science-astronomy-and-geography-transcript.pdf) Social Media: Twitter (https://twitter.com/HellenisticPod) Facebook (www.facebook.com/hellenisticagepodcast/) Instagram (https://www.instagram.com/hellenistic_age_podcast/) Twitch (https://www.twitch.tv/hellenisticagepodcast) Show Merchandise: Etsy (https://www.etsy.com/shop/HellenisticAgePod) Redbubble (https://www.redbubble.com/people/HellenisticPod/shop?asc=u) Donations: Patreon (https://patreon.com/TheHellenisticAgePodcast) Ko-Fi (https://ko-fi.com/hellenisticagepodcast) Amazon Book Wish List (https://tinyurl.com/vfw6ask)

Den Tellerrand-Wanderer Merchandise findest du hier https://derunerklaerlichepodcast.myspreadshop.de/ In dieser spannenden Folge tauchen wir tief in die Welt der Flachen Erde Theorie ein und nehmen Dich mit auf eine faszinierende Reise durch die Geschichte und die Mythen, die diese Idee umgeben. Wir beginnen bei den antiken Ursprüngen in Kulturen wie den Sumerern und Babyloniern und zeigen auf, wie die alten Griechen, insbesondere Eratosthenes, die Vorstellung der Kugelerde begründeten. Wir beleuchten die modernen Verschwörungstheorien und die Überzeugungen ihrer Anhänger, die trotz umfangreicher wissenschaftlicher Beweise an der Flachen Erde festhalten. Du erfährst, warum Anhänger der Flachen Erde glauben, dass der Horizont immer auf Augenhöhe bleibt und wie diese Theorie in den letzten Jahren durch soziale Medien und die Populärkultur eine Renaissance erlebte. Wir diskutieren die Experimente, die von der Gemeinschaft der Flachen Erde Anhänger durchgeführt wurden, und analysieren ihre Ergebnisse. Dabei werfen wir einen kritischen Blick auf die wissenschaftliche Widerlegung dieser Experimente und erklären, was sie tatsächlich über die Form unserer Erde aussagen. Auch prominente Persönlichkeiten, die die Flache Erde Theorie unterstützen, werden unter die Lupe genommen, ebenso wie ihre Beweggründe. Schließlich setzen wir uns mit der modernen Wissenschaft auseinander und erklären, warum die Kugelgestalt der Erde heute als unbestreitbare Tatsache gilt. Diese Folge bietet Dir tiefe Einblicke in die mystische Anziehungskraft und die Kontroversen rund um die Flache Erde Theorie. Egal, ob Du ein Skeptiker bist oder einfach nur neugierig auf alternative Sichtweisen – schalte ein und entdecke die Geheimnisse der Flachen Erde!

Det är dags för ännu en TORSDAGSSPECIAL och Åsskars kärlek till luftballonger fortsätter. Han berättar historien om den första gången en luftballong lyfte från marken och dom tre lite oväntade passagerarna. Han fortsätter med att berätta om olika luftballongsrekord innan han tillsammans med Gariel hoppar in i ballongtidsmaskinen och flyger bakåt i tiden för att lyssna på gamla godbitar ur poddens historia. Det fortsätter handla om hur långt det är runt jorden! Gabriel förklarar hur Eratosthenes kunde beräkna jordens omkrets redan för två tusen år sedan samt räknar ut hur många gurkor som behövs för ett varv runt jorden. Åsskar hittar på massor av tokiga förkortningar och tillsammans reflekterar dom över att vara efterklok.  Dagens ord: efterklok  Produceras av Frälsningsarmén www.kylskåpsradion.se

On April 24, 1183bce (as determined by Eratosthenes the Beta), the City of Troy fell to the Greeks after nine years of devastating siege and bloody war. Few people today realize how many of our cultural values have been inculcated into us by the events of that day. The defeated Trojans would wander west and finally resettle in another city, this time one with seven hills. The Greeks would soon find trouble enough because of the moral compromises they had made to achieve their victory. Nine years of war, and all over… what, exactly? What if what we are told was the reasons – the necessary and moral imperatives for the war – were not only untrue, but little more than propaganda? And what lessons are there for us today, more than three thousand years later, as we gaze on the beach where the Trojan Horse waited that fateful morning…. --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/plausibly-live/message

In Episode #23, We explore Flat Earth theory, from the historical insights of Eratosthenes and Samuel Rowbotham to the psychological phenomena of confirmation bias and cognitive dissonance, we unpack the complexities surrounding beliefs about our planet's shape. Furthermore, we explore intriguing connections to conspiracy theories, including Anunnaki lore, flat earth models.  IN DEPTH What is Flat Earth? - Origin - Eratosthenes - Confirmation bias - Cognitive dissonance - Coriolis Effect - Samuel Rowbotham writing Zetetic Astronomy - Azimuthal equidistant projections - Anunnaki Lore - Operation paperclip - NASA - Aviation Industry - Conspiracy theories - Zeta Reticuli

Pri príležitosti prvého apríla sme sa zamysleli, ako si ho uctiť, a tak sme sa pozreli na Flat Earth Society.Už v 6. storočí pred Kristom Pytagoras presadzoval myšlienku guľovitej Zeme. O 2 600 rokov neskôr máme internet, vesmírny výskum a tisíce ľudí, ktorí si myslia, že Zem je placka.Kam siahajú počiatky Flat Earth Society? Čo bolo hnacím motorom? Kde v tom hrá rolu Biblia?O placatej konšpiračnej teórii sa v 73. epizóde Slnečnej zostavy rozprávajú Marián Psár a Matúš Toderiška. V 73. časti Slnečnej zostavy sa tiež dozviete:dokedy si starí Číňania mysleli, že Zem má tvar štvorca,ako Eratosthenes vyrátal obvod Zeme pomocou jednej palice,ako sa plochozemci snažili dokázať svoje tvrdenia a pohoreli.Podcast pripravuje magazín Živé.sk.

PHẦN II - SÔNG NILE CỔ ĐẠI 1. Sắc đỏ và đen 2. Giấy và chì 3. Tình yêu đồng giới nơi dòng Nile cổ đại 4. Kim tự tháp và vị pharaoh Menes thần bí 5. Máy bơm sông Nile 6. Đời sống tình dục và giấy cói xé vụn 7. Sự xuất hiện của Moses và tai họa thắm đỏ 8. Moses băng qua dòng Nile đỏ 9. Bí ẩn quanh câu chuyện về Moses 10. Khúc chuyển tiếp đói khát 11. Vị pharaoh đỏ 12. Dòng sông cổ xưa bắt nguồn từ dãy núi Mặt Trăng 13. Những câu chuyện quyền lực: người Ethiopia mang tên Aesop 14. Di chúc và di ngôn cuối cùng của Eratosthenes, năm 194 TCN 15. Tiếp bước Cleo 16. Herod canh giữ dòng sông 17. Sở trường của Ptolemy 18. Đám đông Kitô giáo nổi loạn giết hại nữ triết gia quyến rũ

This Ancient Greek astronomer and mathematician built upon the suppositions of his predecessor creating a heliocentric model of the universe with the earth, moon and planets orbiting the Sun during the 3rd century BCE. Using an observation from Anaxagoras about the cause of eclipses, some geometry and some clever thinking, he devised a method of determining the size of the sun and moon and even took a stab at understanding their distances to the earth. His work would be built on further by Eratosthenes a century later. For more information about each episode go to my website:https://www.ronvoller.com/Support the show

One of the most brilliant men of science in the ancient world, Eratosthenes was best known as a scholar and librarian in his day, But he made his greatest contribution to science in the realms of geometry and astronomy fueled by his curiosity, ingenuity and reason. From his home in the Egyptian city of Alexandria, he used a chance reading from a book at the library of Alexandria to devise a method of determining the shape and size of the earth. Not stopping there, he later determined the size and distance to the moon with fair accuracy and even attempted the same of the sun.For more information on each episode visit my website:https://www.ronvoller.com/Support the show

Ancient Greece is often considered to be the birthplace of science and medicine, and the explanation of natural phenomena without recourse to supernatural causes. The early natural philosophers - lovers of wisdom concerning nature - sought to explain the order and composition of the world, and how we come to know it. They were particularly interested in what exists and how it is ordered: ontology and cosmology. They were also concerned with how we come to know (epistemology) and how best to live (ethics). At the same time, the scientific thinkers of early Greece and Rome were also influenced by ideas from other parts of the world, and incorporated aspects of Egyptian, Babylonian, and Indian science and mathematics in their studies.In this Very Short Introduction Liba Taub gives an overview of the major developments in early science between the 8th century BCE and 6th century CE. Focussing on Greece and Rome, Taub challenges a number of modern misconceptions about science in the classical world, which has often been viewed with a modern lens and by modern scientists, such as the misconception that little empirical work was conducted, or that the Romans did not 'do' science, unlike the Greeks. Beginning with the scientific notions of Thales, Pythagoras, Parmenides and other Presocratics, she moves on to Plato and Aristotle, before considering Hellenistic science, the influence of the Stoics and Epicurean ideas, and the works of Pliny the Elder, Eratosthenes, and Ptolemy. In her sweeping discussion, Taub explores the richness and creativity of ideas concerning the natural world, and the influence these ideas have had on later centuries.ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.Liba Taub is a Professor Emerita in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Cambridge, and previously the Director and Curator of the Whipple Museum of the History of Science. She is a Fellow of Newnham College. Her books include The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek and Roman Science (2020); The Cambridge History of Science, vol. 1: Ancient Science (2018), co-edited with Alexander Jones; and Science Writing in Greco-Roman Antiquity (2017).

Did the fall and/or destruction of the Great Library of Alexandria really set human progress a thousand years? Would w bee flying around in spaceships and teleporting and doing all kinds of crazy stuff if Julius Ceasar hadn't have burned down the library around 2000 years ago? Or DID Ceasar burn it down? What actually happened? What do we truly know about the contents of a place said to be the greatest house of knowledge of the ancient world? Exploring a historical mystery today - AND - bringing back Idiots of the Internet. Hooray! WATCH MY NEW SPECIAL ON YOUTUBE! Trying to Get BetterWet Hot Bad Magic Summer Camp tickets are ON SALE!  BadMagicMerch.com Get tour tickets at dancummins.tv Watch the Suck on YouTube: https://youtu.be/1eizkqK41AQMerch: https://www.badmagicmerch.comDiscord! https://discord.gg/tqzH89vWant to join the Cult of the Curious private Facebook Group? Go directly to Facebook and search for "Cult of the Curious" in order to locate whatever happens to be our most current page :)For all merch related questions/problems: store@badmagicproductions.com (copy and paste)Please rate and subscribe on iTunes and elsewhere and follow the suck on social media!! @timesuckpodcast on IG and http://www.facebook.com/timesuckpodcastWanna become a Space Lizard?  Click here: https://www.patreon.com/timesuckpodcastSign up through Patreon and for $5 a month you get to listen to the Secret Suck, which will drop Thursdays at Noon, PST. You'll also get 20% off of all regular Timesuck merch PLUS access to exclusive Space Lizard merch. You get to vote on two Monday topics each month via the app. And you get the download link for my new comedy album, Feel the Heat. Check the Patreon posts to find out how to download the new album and take advantage of other benefits

This is the last of these pieces about gold in ancient history. I'm back from the Edinburgh Fringe now, and more regular market commentary will resume. Lots of exciting things happening on this Substack. If you missed them this week, check out Wednesday's piece on uranium, the coming supply squeeze and how to play this (almost) inevitable bull market. On Monday I covered bitcoin - in particular, how UK investors can get exposure via a traditional broker (and thus have it in their SIPP or ISA). And Friday I told the story of one of the maddest gigs I have ever done.Coming up this week: Dr John will be sharing his picks of the North American oil and gas plays. Plus together, with Dr John and Charlie Morris of Bytetree, I have been working on the the Do F All portfolio: a do-very-little portfolio for the hands-off investor, who wants to invest his or her money safely and well, without constantly having to monitor it. There'll be a podcast and a piece about that very soon.So look out for all of those. For now, your Sunday morning thought piece, a historical piece with many parallels to today: the Romans and the debasement of money. The Roman Empire is probably more famous for debasing its currency, than for its money itself. But for that debasement to have been so prolonged (it went on for hundreds of years) and, some might say, effective, it needed an established, widely recognised and credible money as a starting point. Here look at the rise and full of sound money in Ancient Rome. There are many parallels to today.The geology of central Italy is not particularly abundant in gold and silver, and it was only really after Rome began expanding beyond central Italy in the third century BC that it started using gold and silver. Commodity money tends to be determined by the resources available.  Bronze (copper and tin) is abundant in the area, and bronze, in the form of weights - aes rude, often as heavy as 11oz (300g) - was the early currency of choice. As the Republic expanded, so did access to gold and silver, either from loot, tribute or mine supply, and so did these precious metals make their way into Roman money. The first silver denarius was minted in 211BC. Within 50 or 60 years Roman coinage was widespread across Italy. Much of the silver to mint the coins came from mines in Macedonia, which Rome now controlled. For the next 500 years this silver coin, containing about just over 1/8th of an ounce (4g) of silver - a little bit more than the weight of a 1p coin - would be the backbone currency of Rome. One denarius was exchangeable for ten asses (the aes rude evolved to become the as) - hence its name “of ten”, or tenner. It was 95-98% pure silver. To give you some kind of benchmark, sterling silver is only 92.5% pure. The purchasing power of a denarius would be more than the underlying metal value - ranging between 1.5 and 3 times the value. That's seigniorage for you.The denarius lives on today, especially in many Latin  languages. The Italian word for money is “denaro”, “dinero” is Spanish, “dinheiro” is Portugese, “denar” is Slovenian. In many Arab nations, the currency is the dinar. The symbol for the English penny used to be ‘d' - as in 1d.Heads of emperors appeared on coins, and so, as a result, did their use as imperial propaganda. The more coins circulating around the ever-growing empire, spreading the message of Roman imperial might, the better.As a side note, consider this Trajan denarius from AD 101. On the reverse we see Providentia, Roman goddess of foresight, overlooking a globe (the world, the empire).Similarly, this Roman aureus of Hadrian from 117AD, when he became emperor, and when the Roman empire was at its most extensive, shows, on the reverse, Trajan, the previous emperor (on the right) passing a globe - the empire - to Hadrian who accepts it. This Hadrian sestertius (there were four of these brass coins to a denarius) tells the same story.This surely kills the notion that people thought the earth was flat. Several centuries earlier Aristotle had argued that the world was round saying. "the Earth is spherical". While in 240 BC, Greek astronomer Eratosthenes actually calculated the circumference of the earth, and accurately,  by measuring the angles of shadows.Coin clipping and the debasement of moneyThe infamous debasement only began shortly after the Republic became Empire, and control of money passed from the Senate to the Emperor. It lasted several hundred years. By the first century AD, taxation and tribute only covered around 80% of the imperial budget. The shortfall was met by mining and the loot of newly conquered nations. But the empire was no longer expanding at the same rate, so this was becoming an increasingly risky strategy. Shortfalls, especially under extravagant emperors, became increasingly common. The solution to excess spending, as today, was not to rein it in, but to debase the currency. In AD64 Nero reduced both the amount of silver in a denarius (to 3.5grams) as well as the purity of the metal itself (to 93.5%).  A few decades later, under Trajan, the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent. From then on, it receded. That meant the supply of loot from newly conquered territories also receded. By lowering the amount of silver in its coins, Rome could produce more coins and "stretch" its budget. Successive emperors followed Nero's strategy. As with boiling frogs and the debasement of currency today, the process was gradual. 100 years after Nero, around 150AD, the purity of silver had been reduced to 83%. By 250AD the silver purity was 50%. But then the debasement accelerated. By 275AD it was just 5%. As time progressed, the sleight of hand was exposed. By the time of Diocletian, who was emperor from 284 to 305AD, there was so little precious metal in the money, the emperor had to resort to price controls. It was under Diocletian that the last denarii were minted.The most important gold coin of Ancient Rome was the aureus, similar in size to the denarius, but containing roughly twice the weight of precious metal (gold is denser than silver). It would be a bit heavier than a 2p today. An aureus was 25 denarii, so the gold-silver ratio would have been about 1:12, the historical norm. Nero reduced the gold content to 7.3g (coincidentally perhaps the same weight as the sovereign of the British Empire). By 210AD the gold content had fallen to 6.3g. However, unlike the silver denarius, the aureus kept its near-100%, 24-karat purity.By the fourth century, the idea of obtaining an aureus for 25 denarii was long gone. In 301, one gold aureus was worth 833 denarii; barely a decade later, the same aureus was worth 4,350 denarii. In 337, Constantine, who had re-located the heart of the Empire to Constantinople, replaced the aureus with the solidus - about 4.5 grams of 24 karat gold. Initially, one solidus was worth 275,000 denarii, but by 356, one solidus was worth 4,600,000 denarii. Talk about inflation. (That last stat is from Wikipedia and it sounds dubious).However, in a breathtaking show of hypocrisy that even leaders today would struggle to pull off, the Roman authorities, despite the declining quality of the metal content of their denarius, refused to accept anything other than gold and silver in payment of taxes. Take in the good money, send out the bad.Of course, one key reason for the relentless debasement was a bloated Roman state that was incapable of living within its means. But another reason must be lack of raw material. As central Italy had little supply, the metal had to be obtained elsewhere and most of it came in the form of war booty and the subsequent tributes and taxes levied. No wonder Rome was constantly at war. That was its business model. But the expense of continual wars, without the corresponding payback of loot from the newly conquered, made the model unsustainable. The expansion ceased, but the spending didn't.Interested in buying gold to protect yourself in these uncertain times? My recommended bullion dealer is The Pure Gold Company, whether you are taking delivery or storing online. Premiums are low, quality of service is high. They deliver to the UK, US, Canada and Europe, or you can store your gold with them. More here. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.theflyingfrisby.com/subscribe

This is the last of these pieces about gold in ancient history. I'm back from the Edinburgh Fringe now, and more regular market commentary will resume. Lots of exciting things happening on this Substack. If you missed them this week, check out Wednesday's piece on uranium, the coming supply squeeze and how to play this (almost) inevitable bull market. On Monday I covered bitcoin - in particular, how UK investors can get exposure via a traditional broker (and thus have it in their SIPP or ISA). And Friday I told the story of one of the maddest gigs I have ever done.Coming up this week: Dr John will be sharing his picks of the North American oil and gas plays. Plus together, with Dr John and Charlie Morris of Bytetree, I have been working on the the Do F All portfolio: a do-very-little portfolio for the hands-off investor, who wants to invest his or her money safely and well, without constantly having to monitor it. There'll be a podcast and a piece about that very soon.So look out for all of those. For now, your Sunday morning thought piece, a historical piece with many parallels to today: the Romans and the debasement of money. The Roman Empire is probably more famous for debasing its currency, than for its money itself. But for that debasement to have been so prolonged (it went on for hundreds of years) and, some might say, effective, it needed an established, widely recognised and credible money as a starting point. Here look at the rise and full of sound money in Ancient Rome. There are many parallels to today.The geology of central Italy is not particularly abundant in gold and silver, and it was only really after Rome began expanding beyond central Italy in the third century BC that it started using gold and silver. Commodity money tends to be determined by the resources available.  Bronze (copper and tin) is abundant in the area, and bronze, in the form of weights - aes rude, often as heavy as 11oz (300g) - was the early currency of choice. As the Republic expanded, so did access to gold and silver, either from loot, tribute or mine supply, and so did these precious metals make their way into Roman money. The first silver denarius was minted in 211BC. Within 50 or 60 years Roman coinage was widespread across Italy. Much of the silver to mint the coins came from mines in Macedonia, which Rome now controlled. For the next 500 years this silver coin, containing about just over 1/8th of an ounce (4g) of silver - a little bit more than the weight of a 1p coin - would be the backbone currency of Rome. One denarius was exchangeable for ten asses (the aes rude evolved to become the as) - hence its name “of ten”, or tenner. It was 95-98% pure silver. To give you some kind of benchmark, sterling silver is only 92.5% pure. The purchasing power of a denarius would be more than the underlying metal value - ranging between 1.5 and 3 times the value. That's seigniorage for you.The denarius lives on today, especially in many Latin  languages. The Italian word for money is “denaro”, “dinero” is Spanish, “dinheiro” is Portugese, “denar” is Slovenian. In many Arab nations, the currency is the dinar. The symbol for the English penny used to be ‘d' - as in 1d.Heads of emperors appeared on coins, and so, as a result, did their use as imperial propaganda. The more coins circulating around the ever-growing empire, spreading the message of Roman imperial might, the better.As a side note, consider this Trajan denarius from AD 101. On the reverse we see Providentia, Roman goddess of foresight, overlooking a globe (the world, the empire).Similarly, this Roman aureus of Hadrian from 117AD, when he became emperor, and when the Roman empire was at its most extensive, shows, on the reverse, Trajan, the previous emperor (on the right) passing a globe - the empire - to Hadrian who accepts it. This Hadrian sestertius (there were four of these brass coins to a denarius) tells the same story.This surely kills the notion that people thought the earth was flat. Several centuries earlier Aristotle had argued that the world was round saying. "the Earth is spherical". While in 240 BC, Greek astronomer Eratosthenes actually calculated the circumference of the earth, and accurately,  by measuring the angles of shadows.Coin clipping and the debasement of moneyThe infamous debasement only began shortly after the Republic became Empire, and control of money passed from the Senate to the Emperor. It lasted several hundred years. By the first century AD, taxation and tribute only covered around 80% of the imperial budget. The shortfall was met by mining and the loot of newly conquered nations. But the empire was no longer expanding at the same rate, so this was becoming an increasingly risky strategy. Shortfalls, especially under extravagant emperors, became increasingly common. The solution to excess spending, as today, was not to rein it in, but to debase the currency. In AD64 Nero reduced both the amount of silver in a denarius (to 3.5grams) as well as the purity of the metal itself (to 93.5%).  A few decades later, under Trajan, the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent. From then on, it receded. That meant the supply of loot from newly conquered territories also receded. By lowering the amount of silver in its coins, Rome could produce more coins and "stretch" its budget. Successive emperors followed Nero's strategy. As with boiling frogs and the debasement of currency today, the process was gradual. 100 years after Nero, around 150AD, the purity of silver had been reduced to 83%. By 250AD the silver purity was 50%. But then the debasement accelerated. By 275AD it was just 5%. As time progressed, the sleight of hand was exposed. By the time of Diocletian, who was emperor from 284 to 305AD, there was so little precious metal in the money, the emperor had to resort to price controls. It was under Diocletian that the last denarii were minted.The most important gold coin of Ancient Rome was the aureus, similar in size to the denarius, but containing roughly twice the weight of precious metal (gold is denser than silver). It would be a bit heavier than a 2p today. An aureus was 25 denarii, so the gold-silver ratio would have been about 1:12, the historical norm. Nero reduced the gold content to 7.3g (coincidentally perhaps the same weight as the sovereign of the British Empire). By 210AD the gold content had fallen to 6.3g. However, unlike the silver denarius, the aureus kept its near-100%, 24-karat purity.By the fourth century, the idea of obtaining an aureus for 25 denarii was long gone. In 301, one gold aureus was worth 833 denarii; barely a decade later, the same aureus was worth 4,350 denarii. In 337, Constantine, who had re-located the heart of the Empire to Constantinople, replaced the aureus with the solidus - about 4.5 grams of 24 karat gold. Initially, one solidus was worth 275,000 denarii, but by 356, one solidus was worth 4,600,000 denarii. Talk about inflation. (That last stat is from Wikipedia and it sounds dubious).However, in a breathtaking show of hypocrisy that even leaders today would struggle to pull off, the Roman authorities, despite the declining quality of the metal content of their denarius, refused to accept anything other than gold and silver in payment of taxes. Take in the good money, send out the bad.Of course, one key reason for the relentless debasement was a bloated Roman state that was incapable of living within its means. But another reason must be lack of raw material. As central Italy had little supply, the metal had to be obtained elsewhere and most of it came in the form of war booty and the subsequent tributes and taxes levied. No wonder Rome was constantly at war. That was its business model. But the expense of continual wars, without the corresponding payback of loot from the newly conquered, made the model unsustainable. The expansion ceased, but the spending didn't.Interested in buying gold to protect yourself in these uncertain times? My recommended bullion dealer is The Pure Gold Company, whether you are taking delivery or storing online. Premiums are low, quality of service is high. They deliver to the UK, US, Canada and Europe, or you can store your gold with them. More here. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.theflyingfrisby.com/subscribe

In this episode, Mike discusses Eratosthenes and his 2 sticks. Take a shot and join us! *Always Drink Responsibly* Listen and Subscribe to us on: Anchor.fm Spotify YouTube Apple Podcasts Google Podcasts Cosmoswithcosmos.com Follow Us! Twitter: @drinkingcosmos Instagram: @cosmoswithcosmos   Credits: Eric Skiff - Resistor Anthems  http://EricSkiff.com/music Theme Music Remixed by: Ron Proctor https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC__fjzKFm0X0BQWHjYX8Z_w Check Out: Wildixia https://www.etsy.com/shop/Wildixia?ref=profile_header Rolling Bluff Planetarium https://www.rollingbluffsplanetarium.com/

In the first part of a new series, patron Cam brings us into an alternate history where mecha were sent down to the Earth in 300 BC! Join us as we reforge history courtesy of these mechs and their many implications for warfare, labor, mathematics, and yes, human sacrifice. Correction: Macedonians (led by Alexander the Great), not Romans, conquered Tyre in 332 BC.   Do you have a setting you'd like us to build? Send us your worldbuilding prompt! https://forms.gle/F4SNMH3k7ea5fr1F8 And if you're feeling particularly generous, you can support us on Patreon! https://www.patreon.com/worldbuildwithus Chat with us on our Discord server: https://discord.gg/SRFhWV3 Subscribe to our YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/@worldbuildwithus Email us your suggestions: WorldbuildWithUs@gmail.com Follow us on Twitter: @LetsWorldBuild    Intro theme: "Half Mystery" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0  Outro Theme: "Study and Relax" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

Om hellenismen hade en huvudstad var det Alexandria, de ptolemaiska härskarnas metropol i norra Egypten. Här grundades en vetenskaplig akademi som i hundratals år utgjorde ett centrum för den lärda världen, och inte långt därifrån byggdes ett gigantiskt bibliotek. Under tre århundraden, från Alexander den stores segerrika fälttåg till romarnas erövring av Kleopatras Egypten, präglades Medelhavsvärlden och en stor del av Främre Orienten av en blandkultur som vi brukar kalla hellenism. Det var en av de mest intellektuellt fruktbara epokerna i världshistorien, då impulser och tankar från Europa, Nordafrika, Västasien och till och med Indien möttes och påverkade varandra. Historien tog stora kliv framåt.Välståndet i Alexandria, vars härskare parasiterade på den bördiga Nildalen genom skatteväsendet, blev legendariskt redan under antiken. Här vistades Arkimedes, Eratosthenes, Euklides, Heron och andra vetenskapsmän, genier vars uppfinningar och resonemang ibland var hundratals eller rentav tusentals år före sin tid. Man konstaterade att jorden kretsar kring solen och räknade ut ekvatorns omkrets med beundransvärd precision. I detta avsnitt av podden Harrisons dramatiska historia samtalar Dick Harrison, professor i historia vid Lunds universitet, och fackboksförfattaren Katarina Harrison Lindbergh om den hellenistiska epoken och om den lärda värld som blomstrade i Alexandria.Bild: Konstnärlig återgivning av biblioteket i Alexandria, baserad på några arkeologiska bevis. O. Von Corven - Tolzmann, Don Heinrich; Alfred Hessel och Reuben Peiss. Mänsklighetens minne. New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Press, 2001, Wikipedia, Public Domain.Klippare: Aron SchuurmanProducent: Urban Lindstedt Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Welcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: Truth and Advantage: Response to a draft of "AI safety seems hard to measure", published by So8res on March 22, 2023 on LessWrong. Status: This was a response to a draft of Holden's cold take "AI safety seems hard to measure". It sparked a further discussion, that Holden recently posted a summary of. The follow-up discussion ended up focusing on some issues in AI alignment that I think are underserved, which Holden said were kinda orthogonal to the point he was trying to make, and which didn't show up much in the final draft. I nevertheless think my notes were a fine attempt at articulating some open problems I see, from a different angle than usual. (Though it does have some overlap with the points made in Deep Deceptiveness, which I was also drafting at the time.) I'm posting the document I wrote to Holden with only minimal editing, because it's been a few months and I apparently won't produce anything better. (I acknowledge that it's annoying to post a response to an old draft of a thing when nobody can see the old draft, sorry.) Quick take: (1) it's a write-up of a handful of difficulties that I think are real, in a way that I expect to be palatable to a relevant different audience than the one I appeal to; huzzah for that. (2) It's missing some stuff that I think is pretty important. Slow take: Attempting to gesture at some of the missing stuff: a big reason deception is tricky is that it is a fact about the world rather than the AI that it can better-achieve various local-objectives by deceiving the operators. To make the AI be non-deceptive, you have three options: (a) make this fact be false; (b) make the AI fail to notice this truth; (c) prevent the AI from taking advantage of this truth. The problem with (a) is that it's alignment-complete, in the strong/hard sense. The problem with (b) is that lies are contagious, whereas truths are all tangled together. Half of intelligence is the art of teasing out truths from cryptic hints. The problem with (c) is that the other half of intelligence is in teasing out advantages from cryptic hints. Like, suppose you're trying to get an AI to not notice that the world is round. When it's pretty dumb, this is easy, you just feed it a bunch of flat-earther rants or whatever. But the more it learns, and the deeper its models go, the harder it is to maintain the charade. Eventually it's, like, catching glimpses of the shadows in both Alexandria and Syene, and deducing from trigonometry not only the roundness of the Earth but its circumference (a la Eratosthenes). And it's not willfully spiting your efforts. The AI doesn't hate you. It's just bumping around trying to figure out which universe it lives in, and using general techniques (like trigonometry) to glimpse new truths. And you can't train against trigonometry or the learning-processes that yield it, because that would ruin the AI's capabilities. You might say "but the AI was built by smooth gradient descent; surely at some point before it was highly confident that the earth is round, it was slightly confident that the earth was round, and we can catch the precursor-beliefs and train against those". But nope! There were precursors, sure, but the precursors were stuff like "fumblingly developing trigonometry" and "fumblingly developing an understanding of shadows" and "fumblingly developing a map that includes Alexandria and Syene" and "fumblingly developing the ability to combine tools across domains", and once it has all those pieces, the combination that reveals the truth is allowed to happen all-at-once. The smoothness doesn't have to occur along the most convenient dimension. And if you block any one path to the insight that the earth is round, in a way that somehow fails to cripple it, then it will find another path later, because truths are interwoven. Tell one lie...

Welcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: Truth and Advantage: Response to a draft of "AI safety seems hard to measure", published by Nate Soares on March 22, 2023 on The AI Alignment Forum. Status: This was a response to a draft of Holden's cold take "AI safety seems hard to measure". It sparked a further discussion, that Holden recently posted a summary of. The follow-up discussion ended up focusing on some issues in AI alignment that I think are underserved, which Holden said were kinda orthogonal to the point he was trying to make, and which didn't show up much in the final draft. I nevertheless think my notes were a fine attempt at articulating some open problems I see, from a different angle than usual. (Though it does have some overlap with the points made in Deep Deceptiveness, which I was also drafting at the time.) I'm posting the document I wrote to Holden with only minimal editing, because it's been a few months and I apparently won't produce anything better. (I acknowledge that it's annoying to post a response to an old draft of a thing when nobody can see the old draft, sorry.) Quick take: (1) it's a write-up of a handful of difficulties that I think are real, in a way that I expect to be palatable to a relevant different audience than the one I appeal to; huzzah for that. (2) It's missing some stuff that I think is pretty important. Slow take: Attempting to gesture at some of the missing stuff: a big reason deception is tricky is that it is a fact about the world rather than the AI that it can better-achieve various local-objectives by deceiving the operators. To make the AI be non-deceptive, you have three options: (a) make this fact be false; (b) make the AI fail to notice this truth; (c) prevent the AI from taking advantage of this truth. The problem with (a) is that it's alignment-complete, in the strong/hard sense. The problem with (b) is that lies are contagious, whereas truths are all tangled together. Half of intelligence is the art of teasing out truths from cryptic hints. The problem with (c) is that the other half of intelligence is in teasing out advantages from cryptic hints. Like, suppose you're trying to get an AI to not notice that the world is round. When it's pretty dumb, this is easy, you just feed it a bunch of flat-earther rants or whatever. But the more it learns, and the deeper its models go, the harder it is to maintain the charade. Eventually it's, like, catching glimpses of the shadows in both Alexandria and Syene, and deducing from trigonometry not only the roundness of the Earth but its circumference (a la Eratosthenes). And it's not willfully spiting your efforts. The AI doesn't hate you. It's just bumping around trying to figure out which universe it lives in, and using general techniques (like trigonometry) to glimpse new truths. And you can't train against trigonometry or the learning-processes that yield it, because that would ruin the AI's capabilities. You might say "but the AI was built by smooth gradient descent; surely at some point before it was highly confident that the earth is round, it was slightly confident that the earth was round, and we can catch the precursor-beliefs and train against those". But nope! There were precursors, sure, but the precursors were stuff like "fumblingly developing trigonometry" and "fumblingly developing an understanding of shadows" and "fumblingly developing a map that includes Alexandria and Syene" and "fumblingly developing the ability to combine tools across domains", and once it has all those pieces, the combination that reveals the truth is allowed to happen all-at-once. The smoothness doesn't have to occur along the most convenient dimension. And if you block any one path to the insight that the earth is round, in a way that somehow fails to cripple it, then it will find another path later, because truths are interw...

Link to original articleWelcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: Truth and Advantage: Response to a draft of "AI safety seems hard to measure", published by So8res on March 22, 2023 on LessWrong. Status: This was a response to a draft of Holden's cold take "AI safety seems hard to measure". It sparked a further discussion, that Holden recently posted a summary of. The follow-up discussion ended up focusing on some issues in AI alignment that I think are underserved, which Holden said were kinda orthogonal to the point he was trying to make, and which didn't show up much in the final draft. I nevertheless think my notes were a fine attempt at articulating some open problems I see, from a different angle than usual. (Though it does have some overlap with the points made in Deep Deceptiveness, which I was also drafting at the time.) I'm posting the document I wrote to Holden with only minimal editing, because it's been a few months and I apparently won't produce anything better. (I acknowledge that it's annoying to post a response to an old draft of a thing when nobody can see the old draft, sorry.) Quick take: (1) it's a write-up of a handful of difficulties that I think are real, in a way that I expect to be palatable to a relevant different audience than the one I appeal to; huzzah for that. (2) It's missing some stuff that I think is pretty important. Slow take: Attempting to gesture at some of the missing stuff: a big reason deception is tricky is that it is a fact about the world rather than the AI that it can better-achieve various local-objectives by deceiving the operators. To make the AI be non-deceptive, you have three options: (a) make this fact be false; (b) make the AI fail to notice this truth; (c) prevent the AI from taking advantage of this truth. The problem with (a) is that it's alignment-complete, in the strong/hard sense. The problem with (b) is that lies are contagious, whereas truths are all tangled together. Half of intelligence is the art of teasing out truths from cryptic hints. The problem with (c) is that the other half of intelligence is in teasing out advantages from cryptic hints. Like, suppose you're trying to get an AI to not notice that the world is round. When it's pretty dumb, this is easy, you just feed it a bunch of flat-earther rants or whatever. But the more it learns, and the deeper its models go, the harder it is to maintain the charade. Eventually it's, like, catching glimpses of the shadows in both Alexandria and Syene, and deducing from trigonometry not only the roundness of the Earth but its circumference (a la Eratosthenes). And it's not willfully spiting your efforts. The AI doesn't hate you. It's just bumping around trying to figure out which universe it lives in, and using general techniques (like trigonometry) to glimpse new truths. And you can't train against trigonometry or the learning-processes that yield it, because that would ruin the AI's capabilities. You might say "but the AI was built by smooth gradient descent; surely at some point before it was highly confident that the earth is round, it was slightly confident that the earth was round, and we can catch the precursor-beliefs and train against those". But nope! There were precursors, sure, but the precursors were stuff like "fumblingly developing trigonometry" and "fumblingly developing an understanding of shadows" and "fumblingly developing a map that includes Alexandria and Syene" and "fumblingly developing the ability to combine tools across domains", and once it has all those pieces, the combination that reveals the truth is allowed to happen all-at-once. The smoothness doesn't have to occur along the most convenient dimension. And if you block any one path to the insight that the earth is round, in a way that somehow fails to cripple it, then it will find another path later, because truths are interwoven. Tell one lie...

Yunancada “yeryüzü” anlamına gelen “geo” ile “tanımlamak” anlamına gelen “graphie” kelimelerinin birleşmesi ile türetilmiş “geographie”, yani “yerin tasviri” terimi ilk defa, MÖ. 3. yüzyılda Eratosthenes'in Geographika adlı eserinde karşımıza çıkmıştı. Kader inancı ise çeşitli dinlerde var ama İslam'da Allah'ın nesneleri ve olayları, özellikle sorumluluk doğuran beşerî fiilleri, ezelde planlayıp zamanı gelince yaratması anlamında bir kavram. Demek ki karşımızda coğrafyanın ezelden itibaren kaderimizi belirlediğini ve bunu değiştirmenin imkansızlığını ima eden bir görüş var. Peki bu doğru mu? Coğrafya hakikaten kader midir?

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https://youtu.be/k7GpdIsuetA Streamed live on Nov 23, 2022. Host: Fraser Cain ( @fcain ) Special Guest: Greek astronomer Hipparchus, who lived in the second century BCE, is considered to be the greatest astronomical observer of his time. Among his achievements are the development of trigonometry, the ability to predict solar eclipses, discovering and measuring the precession of the equinoxes, and, in approximately 135 BCE, the compilation of the first comprehensive star catalogue in the western world. Since that time, scientists have spent centuries searching for Hipparchus' Star Catalogue, but it disappeared and has never been found.   Or has it?   In 2017, researchers used multispectral imaging and computer algorithms to examine an ancient manuscript that had been discovered in a Greek Orthodox monastery in Egypt in 2012. The resulting images not only uncovered astronomy-related writings (e.g., Eratosthenes' star-origin myths [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataste...] and the third-century poem Phaenomena [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Phae...] about the constellations,) but also hidden in the manuscript were star coordinates. Could this manuscript include part of Hipparchus' star catalogue?   Tonight we are airing Fraser's prerecorded interview with Dr. Victor Gysembergh, research professor at the French National Scientific Research Centre. Victor is one of the two experts who examined the manuscript images - tune in to hear all about his conclusions.   Victor Gysembergh is a CNRS research professor at the Centre Léon Robin (Sorbonne Université). He is currently working on an edition of the fragments of Eudoxus of Cnidus, as well as on editions of Claudius Ptolemy's treatise On the Analemma and his recently discovered treatise on the Meteoroscope.   You can read all about this exciting discovery here: https://news.artnet.com/art-world/med...   You can also read the resulting paper about this find here: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub...   You can learn more about Hipparchus here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparchus  Regular Guests: Dr. Nick Castle ( @PlanetaryGeoDoc / https://wanderingsci.com/ )  Dr. Paul Byrne ( @ThePlanetaryGuy / https://eps.wustl.edu/people/paul-byrne ) Beth Johnson - SETI Institute ( @SETIInstitute & @planetarypan ) This week's stories: - Artemis 1 goodness! - Webb seeing so much exoplanet atmosphere. - A partial solar eclipse on Mars. - A precise asteroid impact prediction. - Mars rover update!   We've added a new way to donate to 365 Days of Astronomy to support editing, hosting, and production costs.  Just visit: https://www.patreon.com/365DaysOfAstronomy and donate as much as you can! Share the podcast with your friends and send the Patreon link to them too!  Every bit helps! Thank you! ------------------------------------ Do go visit http://www.redbubble.com/people/CosmoQuestX/shop for cool Astronomy Cast and CosmoQuest t-shirts, coffee mugs and other awesomeness! http://cosmoquest.org/Donate This show is made possible through your donations.  Thank you! (Haven't donated? It's not too late! Just click!) ------------------------------------ The 365 Days of Astronomy Podcast is produced by the Planetary Science Institute. http://www.psi.edu Visit us on the web at 365DaysOfAstronomy.org or email us at info@365DaysOfAstronomy.org.

Greek astronomer Hipparchus, who lived in the second century BCE, is considered to be the greatest astronomical observer of his time. Among his achievements are the development of trigonometry, the ability to predict solar eclipses, discovering and measuring the precession of the equinoxes, and, in approximately 135 BCE, the compilation of the first comprehensive star catalogue in the western world. Since that time, scientists have spent centuries searching for Hipparchus' Star Catalogue, but it disappeared and has never been found. Or has it? In 2017, researchers used multispectral imaging and computer algorithms to examine an ancient manuscript that had been discovered in a Greek Orthodox monastery in Egypt in 2012. The resulting images not only uncovered astronomy-related writings (e.g., Eratosthenes' star-origin myths and the third-century poem Phaenomena about the constellations,) but also hidden in the manuscript were star coordinates. Could this manuscript include part of Hipparchus' star catalogue? Tonight we are airing Fraser's prerecorded interview with Dr. Victor Gysembergh, research professor at the French National Scientific Research Centre. Victor is one of the two experts who examined the manuscript images - tune in to hear all about his conclusions. Victor Gysembergh is a CNRS research professor at the Centre Léon Robin (Sorbonne Université). He is currently working on an edition of the fragments of Eudoxus of Cnidus, as well as on editions of Claudius Ptolemy's treatise On the Analemma and his recently discovered treatise on the Meteoroscope. You can read all about this exciting discovery here: https://news.artnet.com/art-world/medieval-parchment-worlds-oldest-star-map-2195744 You can also read the resulting paper about this find here: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/00218286221128289 You can learn more about Hipparchus here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparchus Image credit: Heritage Daily/Peter Mallik - (Adapted) **************************************** The Weekly Space Hangout is a production of CosmoQuest. Want to support CosmoQuest? Here are some specific ways you can help: Subscribe FREE to our YouTube channel at https://www.youtube.com/c/cosmoquest Subscribe to our podcasts Astronomy Cast and Daily Space where ever you get your podcasts! Watch our streams over on Twitch at https://www.twitch.tv/cosmoquestx – follow and subscribe! Become a Patreon of CosmoQuest https://www.patreon.com/cosmoquestx Become a Patreon of Astronomy Cast https://www.patreon.com/astronomycast Buy stuff from our Redbubble https://www.redbubble.com/people/cosmoquestx Join our Discord server for CosmoQuest - https://discord.gg/X8rw4vv Join the Weekly Space Hangout Crew! - http://www.wshcrew.space/ Don't forget to like and subscribe! Plus we love being shared out to new people, so tweet, comment, review us... all the free things you can do to help bring science into people's lives.

In the Hellenistic Era the astronomer Apollonius of Perga (maybe) developed the model of epicycles and deferents that was to dominate Western astronomy for more than 1500 years. Around the same time, Eratosthenes, woh was the head librarian at the Library of Alexandria, developed a novel technique to measure the circumference of the Earth and arrived at a suspiciously accurate result.

Resurrection & Transformation The Gospel of John May 29, 2022 Most people are resistant to change. Granted, there are a few of you weirdos out there who get excited about it; but most of the time that excitement is due to the fact that you are the one facilitating or initiating the change. For the most part, we are rhythmic creatures who prefer familiarity, comfort, security and routine, even if those rhythms might be detrimental to us. And there's a reason for that.   Our brains are hardwired to resist change. There's a part of the brain called the amygdala that interprets change as a threat and signals the release of hormones that cause us to respond to that ‘threat' in one of three ways: fear, fight, or flight.   But what would life be like if we didn't welcome change; if everything, including you and I, just stayed the same?   What if ancient Greek astronomer Eratosthenes hadn't questioned the idea that the earth was flat and discovered that, instead, it was round?   What if people like Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Edison hadn't figured out how to harness the power of electricity?   Or what might our world be like if Alexander Fleming hadn't discovered penicillin? Communication would certainly be different without Alexander Graham Bell's invention of the telephone. And I, for one, am very thankful for the changes in transportation that people like Henry Ford and the Wright brothers brought about.   This Sunday we are wrapping up our series on the gospel of John. With the crucifixion of Jesus, the disciples' world was radically changed; and from their perspective, not in a good way! I invite you to join us this Sunday as we take a deeper look at what changed with the death and resurrection of Jesus and how those changes were incredibly good... for the disciples then and for us, today.   Sometimes change can be a very good thing. Will you respond with fear, fight, flight, or faith?

In this episode we deep dive into the mother of all conspiracy theories, the Flat Earth where science denial alone is nowhere near enough cognitive dissidence to keep the belief alive.This is a deep state cover up that predates the very actors that are covering it up. It goes back at the very least 2500 years and has been perpetuated and hidden from the world by quite literally billions of people. It is very easy to understand how pre-seafaring civilisations believed the Earth was flat. You could be forgiven for assuming that flat earth theory is ancient and it is round earth theory that is new but you would be wrong. The flat earth movement is only a couple of hundred years old.From early antiquity onwards as sailors moved away from hugging the coastline to open sea the horrible truth of a spherical Earth became hard to deny as previously unseen land masses would begin rising out of the horizon upon approach. We will delve into the history of not only Flat Earth Theory but the great thinkers who first figured out our planet is an oblate spheroid flattened at the poles like, Pythagoras, Parmenides, Plato, Aristotle, Archimedes, Eratosthenes, Posidonius, Cicero, Pliny the Elder, Claudius Ptolemy, Strabo, Seneca, Bishop Isidore of Seville  and The Venerable Bede.We'll also look at the first written accounts of OG Flat Earthers like Lactantius and Cosmas the Monk to Illustrious modern day philosophers like former cricketer Andrew ‘Freddie' Flintoff. But of course it really becomes a movement of outright science denial with the arrival of Patent Medicine seller and self-proclaimed curer of old age, Samuel Rowbotham in the 19th century with his dubious experiments on the Bedford canal in Cambridgeshire, England.Rowbotham would light the way for followers like John Hampden, William Carpenter, David Wardlaw Scott and precursor to the modern televangelists Wilbur Voliva.Then just as the idea was dying out, Dover sign writer Samuel Shentoncreates the International Flat Earth Research Society. Taking a step away from scripture and into full blown conspiracy theory.The tinfoil hat wearing likes of Charles Johnson and Daniel Shenton will then bring this ludicrous movement into the 21st century. Primed and ready for some truly despicable swindlers to infiltrate this seemingly harmless pastime for dummies and turn this ironically circular thinking into one of the most pernicious conspiracy theories going. 

Mike & Wes critically talk through the flat earth model presented in Part 1 and examine it throughout the history of ideas. We even dive into tensions between heliocentricity, the church and the scientific revolution and examine Galileo's four points to resolve the tension.  We address thinkers such as; Pythagoras, Aristotle, Plato, Augustin, Eratosthenes, Copernicus, Galileo etc.  

After all this geography, we find Enoch affirming his observations. In this case, he sections the Earth into Four likely equal quarters which means Enoch knew the approximate size of the Earth long before Eratosthenes, the occultist. Yet, modern science and scholarship ignore the best and most accurate scientific record from before the Flood. Yah Bless.For Our Books in eBook (Free) or Print:The Search For King Solomon's Treasure, Ophir Philippines Coffee Table Book, The Book of Jubilees: The Torah Calendar, 2nd Esdras: The Hidden Book of Prophecy, REST: The Case For Sabbath, The First Book of Enoch: The Oldest Book In History:OphirInstitute.com (All Books. Links to Amazon and Shopee PH for your area.)FirstEnoch.org2Esdras.org BookOfJubilees.org RestSabbath.org LeviteBible.orgFacebook:  https://www.facebook.com/The-God-Culture-Original-376627072897316Parler FB Alternative: https://parler.com/user/TheGodCultureWebsite:  thegodculture.comFor the many that are having difficulty with YouTube working properly, here are Series' Playlists: Solomon's Gold Series Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLru2qbCMGOi4PhVocfJEi1oZRRj0AWnzxAnswers In First Enoch Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLru2qbCMGOi709N4aoc74pXnLDLh7eipUAnswers In Jubilees Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLru2qbCMGOi7bU2SrP84nw1EyRAqpQqsPAnswers In 2nd Esdras Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLru2qbCMGOi6ULjeic8lJP63WRyOiW9ypFlood Series Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLru2qbCMGOi7FQ7HiGJcODyJEoBP7-0MdLost Tribes Series Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLru2qbCMGOi7nzrJvNB4pKWG8gFOe9xDAOriginal Canon Series Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLru2qbCMGOi5IdRs0Efb9L0oyVL3E9r1fSabbath Series Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLru2qbCMGOi6Fd6BamniTVm5SsNi2mZPyRESOLVED: Doctrines of Men Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLru2qbCMGOi49L5WkYemQh72yDwV0Ye7YFeasts of YHWH Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLru2qbCMGOi4YXMnaHTYiJw-mDuBqvNtPThe Name of God Series Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLru2qbCMGOi4xaPtUfKykVU0HbOZK-LeJ100 Clues The Philippines Is Ophir:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLru2qbCMGOi5gq1FV4RlgEAKP7WRCLca9Find The Garden of Eden Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLru2qbCMGOi4KPuAcFq4Bx4A2l8dmcfxPRivers from Eden Theory Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLru2qbCMGOi6Xt-ts2C1QVz-ZnAZxicWJRevelation Series Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLru2qbCMGOi6WYQajRSk9iP5tc_Oi5k1jProphetic Warning Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLru2qbCMGOi4jpVYhQ8s5Ad_bZN69nVVhWhen Was Jesus Born Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLru2qbCMGOi6nC0qdzNGBvSt8jK3xmIU5Commandments of the New Testament Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLru2qbCMGOi5jcicc67_G3Tc-C0pN0WJvAll Tagalog Videos Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLru2qbCMGOi7uDwFBB6Qn_DEl4FRu_NwkAll Spanish Narrated Videos Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLru2qbCMGOi5EtdquviZxBfc8R-Chw3ijSupport the show

How did the ancient Greeks figure out the Earth was round? They innovated! They used innovative yet straightforward experiments, and they changed the world forever—shout-out to Eratosthenes who's credited for doing it first. This episode is brought to you by Brain.fm. I love and use brain.fm! It combines music and neuroscience to help me focus, meditate, and even sleep! Because you listen to this show, you can get a free trial and 20% off with this exclusive coupon code: innovativemindset .* URL: https://brain.fm/innovativemindset Liking the Show? Support the Podcast. Or join my brand new Coffee By The Water Club and get a bunch of extra goodies like bonus podcast episodes, art no one else sees, and music no one else hears! Connect with me. FB author page: https://www.facebook.com/IzoldaST IG: https://www.instagram.com/izoldat/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Izoldat LI: https://www.linkedin.com/in/izoldat/ Website: https://izoldatauthor.com/ Listen on These Channels Apple Podcasts | Spotify | Stitcher | Google Podcasts | Podbean | MyTuner | iHeart Radio | TuneIn | Deezer | Overcast | PodChaser | Listen Notes | Player FM | Podcast Addict | Podcast Republic | I'm thrilled that you're tuning in to the Innovative Mindset. Get in touch if you have questions or comments. *Affiliate link. If you purchase it through the above links and take the 20% off, I'll get a small commission.

Gabriel tar fram mattekunskaperna och räknar (i teorin) ut hur många gurkor som behövs för att nå jorden runt. Hur mycket skulle dom väga och får dom plats på världens största lastfartyg? Åsskar lär sig skillnaden på teorin och praktiken, förundras över varför människor vandrar i cirklar och lär sig om flera grekiska matematiker och filosofer. Gabriel berättar om hur Eratosthenes räknade ut jordens omkrets med hjälp av två pinnar, innan dom tillsammans diskuterar fördomar och varför det är viktigt att ifrågasätta dom.  Gyllene regeln för fördomar: "om någon annan hade tänkt så om mig, vad hade jag känt då?"  Dagens ord: teorin, praktiken, fördomar Produceras av Frälsningsarmén www.kylskåpsradion.se

We take for granted that science is quantitative.  But the early Greeks were primarily interested in philosophical argument rather than careful measurement.  This began to change in the 3rd century BC when two of the great figures in early science came on the scene.  Eratosthenes would measure the circumference of the Earth, while Aristarchus would be even more ambitious and would attempt to measure the distance to the Sun and the Moon.Contact: thecompletehistoryofscience@gmail.comTwitter: @complete_sciMusic Credit: Folk Round Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License

Flat Earth Dave (IG: @TheFlatEarthPodcast) and Jeran (IG: @Jeranism) are the hosts of the Flat Earth Podcast. Dr Sergei Dyda (IG: @Sergi_Himself) is a theoretical physicist from the University of Virginia. Adam Beultel (IG: @AdamBeultel) is a navy F-18 instructor pilot. Subscribe on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/user/MichaelSartain Learn more about Michael's Men of Action Mentoring Program: https://go.moamentoring.com/i/2 Listen on Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-michael-sartain-podcast/id1579791157 Listen on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/2faAYwvDD9Bvkpwv6umlPO?si=8Q3ak9HnSlKjuChsTXr6YQ&dl_branch=1 Filmed at Sticky Paws Studios: https://m.youtube.com/channel/UComrBVcqGLDs3Ue-yWAft8w 0:00 Intro 2:24 The Flat Earth Debate 3:26 “Physics” of the Flat Earth Model 4:34 Antartica is the basin of the flat earth 5:31 Counterpoint: The circumference of the flat earth 7:59 Counterpoint: GPS works over the ocean 10:08 Counterpoint: Using GPS in Iraq and Afghanistan 12:33 Eratosthenes 15:11 Counterpoint: Distance to the sun 17:47 Did Eratosthenes really exist? 18:05 Counterpoint: The Library of Alexandria 19:00 Distance to the sun? 20:43 Counterpoint: Parallax, orbital periods and gravity 24:00 Counterpoint: Solar system orbits with the rest of the galaxy 27:15 Venus and Mars probes fake? 28:38 Counterpoint: Mars landing explained 30:28 Empiricism works both ways 31:49 Counterpoint: Not just NASA 33:05 The Global Conspiracy 33:49 Counterpoint: This conspiracy creates world peace 35:08 Military Industrial Complex 35:32 Counterpoint: Ford was a Fascist, Afghanistan and Vietnam 36:38 Wernher von Braun, Project Paperclip and the counterpoint 38:48 Galileo, Giordano Bruno and the stripper from the Rhino 39:49 Wernher von Braun Counterpoint 41:11 SR-71 Blackbird 43:40 Aerodynamics explained 45:03 The Space Shuttle isn't aerodynamic enough 46:02 Counterpoint: Acceleration outside the lower atmosphere 49:22 9/11 joke 50:41 “Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.” - Arthur C Clark 50:06 Dropping the fuel tanks 52:58 Counterpoint: Tanks actually falling 55:05 Is the ISS real? 57:56 Counterpoint: You can't resolve ISS, can resolve the light 1:01:25 Counterpoint: ISS brightness 1:02:14 Empiricism vs Science 1:05:10 How does Flat Earth help you understand the world? 1:06:43 Counterpoint: Raisin bread 1:12:52 Edmund Hubble's quote 1:14:47 Any point can be the center of the universe 1:17:15 No preferred position. Still a correct answer 1:20:06 Size of the sun? 1:22:10 Counterpoint: Empiricism vs Science pt 2 1:22:34 Dave asks for number 1 proof, then promptly changes the subject 1:22:52 Plane flying straight and level over a spinning earth 1:23:10 Counterpoint: Atmosphere rotates along with the earth 1:25:59 The wind triangle 1:26:19 Neil deGrasse Tyson 1:27:04 Felix Baumgartner 1:28:54 Counterpoint: Wind direction changes, No curvature until 50 miles up 1:30:26 Horizon not curvature of the earth? 1:32:31 Flat Earth Kitchen 1:35:38 Proxima Centauri 1:36:52 Empiricism vs Science pt 3 1:39:04 Purpose of studying astronomy 1:40:39 Neutron Stars 1:42:00 Scaling invariance 1:42:33 Counterpoint: Spectroscopy, parallax and gravity 1:44:45 Dave asks me a question, then when I answer he tells me I interrupted him 1:45:00 Light from distant stars? 1:47:05 Counterpoint: You cannot resolve the image of the star but you can still see its light 1:49:50 8in/mi^2 1:50:05 Counterpoint: Formula does not come from science, describes a parabola 1:53:26 Globe seasons 1:58:20 NASA is after me 1:58:39 Flat Earth seasons 2:01:58 Adam asks about celestial sphere 2:05:48 Adam asks about sunlight 2:06:23 Sunlight is affected by a dome? Sun is moving faster in the winter 2:08:31 Personal relationship with the Sun 2:09:11 Can't triangulate the sun in flat earth 2:10:00 Testable predictions 2:13:04 Distance to the sun in flat earth? 2:16:12 “You too will lose the respect of your family and friends.” 2:17:08 Science educators 2:17:33 Censorship 2:19:22 PROOF 1: Flying in the Southern Hemisphere 2:20:28 Flat Earth jet streams 2:20:57 Counterpoint: Ground radar, winds aloft not fast enough 2:27:40 Nonstop flights in the Southern Hemisphere 2:29:21 FAA in on the conspiracy 2:29:48 The computer does not fly the plane 2:34:24 Counterpoint: Pilots have to back up the auto pilot 2:36:04 Great Circle Route 2:42:53 Supersonic jets 2:44:53 PROOF 2: We see the same face of the moon on all points on the earth 2:45:50 The moon is actually a projection. Counterpoint: You would see a distortion 2:48:34 PROOF 3: Can see Southern Cross in Australia, Africa and South America 2:49:32 Southern stars rotating laterally? 2:50:55 Counterpoint: Southern Cross 2:52:53 Round Earth Lunar Eclipses 2:56:21 Counterpoint: Incorrect ratios 3:01:58 Flat earth moon 3:03:35 Gemini and Apollo 3:05:14 Counterpoint: The F-22 3:05:59 Science part of the conspiracy? 3:07:31 SpaceX 3:09:19 Outro 3:11:30 Episode Wrap Up

In our 2nd installment of Answers in Jubilees, we are going to begin tackling the big one. The most ancient map of the world left by Noah, the true ancient of over 900 years of age who inherited the whole Earth and remains the only person who could map it as a matter of law. We hear the likes of Heroditus, Ptolemy, Eratosthenes, and other babes who created maps that are useful in attempting to reconstruct in a vain attempt sorely lacking in detail of what Noah already mapped for us but because they censored this book, this information was somewhat lost to the Western world for a time. No longer.  It was Noah's decision and he left his division for us to understand how he legally partitioned the entire world, all of his inheritance, into 3 and only 3 territories. This video sets the foundation for all 3 and we cover what Noah defined as Shem's territory. No one can change what the only human title-holder of the entire land of the Earth recorded nor can they usurp his deed and he sealed it with a curse for anyone who violates his division of the Earth stealing their brother's territory. A look at today's modern countries demonstrates several such violations among some of the largest countries on Earth in fact. No wonder they sought to censor this book in the days of the Roman Empire which was a massive violation and a cursed Empire also called out in Daniel's interpretation of the One World Empire of evil. Join us as we discover Answers in Jubilees not found in the modern canon and they are solid well-attested answers indeed. Yah Bless.Note: There is a communist channel leading people to China and Russia as the overlords of the Philippines who we hear is making the claim they mapped the world first. You know the illiterates. They can't even read as we released these mappings over 3 years ago initially and have now updated them within this series using our newest high-resolution maps based on our latest research 3 years later. They didn't even exist as a channel 3 years ago. That mapping was viewed by over 100,000 and remains on our channel just not in a series as we replaced with the latest in our Flood Series as we will always do when we update. www.BookOfJubilees.orgAnswersInJubilees.comFor Our Other Books: www.OphirInstitute.comSupport the show

Hey guys! Today we'll be diving into an Ancient Athenian story of true crime. Eratosthenes was murdered by Euphiletus, who admitted to doing so, and was put on trial for his crime. Come on and give a list while we talk about adultery, murder, and the laws of Athens that made this court case possibleSupport the show on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/ancienthistoryexpandedFollow this podcast on Instagram for updates and pictures of these ancient sites and stories: https://www.instagram.com/ancienthistorypodcast/Business  Inquiries: ancienthistorypod@gmail.comCurrent info and up to date information on COVID-19: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.htmlhttps://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/index.htmlhttps://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/covid-19-vaccinesBooks and Articles used  for Research are as  follows:-"Killing Eratosthenes" by Debra Hamel-https://kosmossociety.chs.harvard.edu/?p=40452-https://www.britannica.com/topic/heliaia-https://worldhistory.us/ancient-history/ancient-greece/on-the-murder-of-eratosthenes.php-https://www.stoa.org/demos/article_homicide@page=all&greekEncoding=UnicodeC.html-http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0154%3Aspeech%3D1%3Asection%3D1

Am 21. Juni ist Sommersonnenwende. Der griechische Philosoph und Mathematiker Eratosthenes wusste, dass an diesem Tag in Syene – dem heutigen Assuan – die Sonne mittags tief in einen Brunnenschacht hinein scheint. Die Sonne steht dort also senkrecht am Himmel. Von Dirk Lorenzen www.deutschlandfunk.de, Sternzeit Hören bis: 19.01.2038 04:14 Direkter Link zur Audiodatei

Thank you so much for listening to today's PODCAST EPISODE.

Eratosthenes: Calculating the Earth’s Circumference:  Think spatially as we examine the work and influence that Eratosthenes had on our understanding of the planet’s size, and much more. The post Eratosthenes: Calculating the Earth’s Circumference appeared first on Joseph Kerski, Ph.D. - Geographer.

Dr. Peter Williams is the Principal of Tyndale House Cambridge and a lecturer on Hebrew language at the University of Cambridge. He earned his M.A., M.Phil., and Ph.D. at the University of Cambridge studying ancient languages related to the Bible. Prior to leading Tyndale House, Williams was a Senior Lecturer in New Testament in the University of Aberdeen. He has spoken in churches, universities, seminaries, high schools and at conferences and seminars/workshops across the US and the world on Biblical subjects including Bible translation, apologetics, and how to understand the Scriptures. Tyndale House Cambridge is currently researching, transcribing and publishing the Codex Climaci Rescripts (CCR) on behalf of the Museum of the Bible in Washington, DC. The CCR is the most important manuscript of Christian Palestinian Aramaic and also contains other treasures, including an early Greek harmony of the Gospels and the earliest manuscript of the Greek astronomer Eratosthenes. Williams is personally leading this project. Williams chairs the International Greek New Testament Project, which is currently producing the world's most comprehensive information on the manuscripts of John's Gospel.

Episode: 2594 Mapping the World: Ptolemy's Geographia.  Today, a man and a map.

Dr. Peter Williams is the Principal of Tyndale House Cambridge and a lecturer on Hebrew language at the University of Cambridge. He earned his M.A., M.Phil., and Ph.D. at the University of Cambridge studying ancient languages related to the Bible. Prior to leading Tyndale House, Williams was a Senior Lecturer in New Testament in the University of Aberdeen. He has spoken in churches, universities, seminaries, high schools and at conferences and seminars/workshops across the US and the world on Biblical subjects including Bible translation, apologetics, and how to understand the Scriptures. Tyndale House Cambridge is currently researching, transcribing and publishing the Codex Climaci Rescripts (CCR) on behalf of the Museum of the Bible in Washington, DC. The CCR is the most important manuscript of Christian Palestinian Aramaic and also contains other treasures, including an early Greek harmony of the Gospels and the earliest manuscript of the Greek astronomer Eratosthenes. Williams is personally leading this project. Williams chairs the International Greek New Testament Project, which is currently producing the world's most comprehensive information on the manuscripts of John's Gospel.

Was fällt einem beim Anblick des sternenübersäten Nachthimmels ein? Richtig: Dreiecke! Was man in den langweiligen geometrischen Sternbildern der Dreiecke so alles Cooles finden kann erfahrt ihr in der neuen Folge der Sternengeschichten.

The Spherical Earth, or how we came to know that the Earth is round.Sabrina has been sleuthing in some flat-Earth groups and is unconvinced, so takes us on a journey back to Ancient Greece to tell us about how it was worked out there that the Earth is a sphere.Contact us: Twitter and Instagram @SciClubPod or email ScienceClubPod@gmail.comSci Club Podcast is created by Sabrina Wilson, Tyler Sudholz and John Lavery. Audio editing also by Tyler Sudholz.----------------------------------SABRINA'S REFERENCES:Gracie Cunningham tik tok https://vm.tiktok.com/ZSQPDW78/ & https://vm.tiktok.com/ZSQPk9Vo/Conspiracy Theory Categorisation Pyramid Tik Tok https://vm.tiktok.com/ZSXYRhEq/David K. Lynch, "Visually discerning the curvature of the Earth," Appl. Opt. 47, H39-H43 (2008)Altitude of the ISS: https://www.heavens-above.com/orbit.aspx?satid=25544Barrel Distortion: https://www.edmundoptics.com/knowledge-center/application-notes/imaging/distortion/About Eratosthenes https://www.britannica.com/biography/EratosthenesCarl Sagan on Eratosthenes from Episode 1 of Cosmos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8cbIWMv0rIGood article from The Conversation on the topic: https://theconversation.com/you-dont-need-to-build-a-rocket-to-prove-the-earth-isnt-flat-heres-the-simple-science-88106

Aristotle and Eratosthenes are big names in geodesy. They got pretty close to measuring the size of the Earth. But the woman who got it done? She grew up a farmer, dreaming of something bigger. And her work changed how we see the world.Dr. Gladys West didn’t have much room for error in her quest for higher education. Marvin Jackson recounts the obstacles in her path—and the challenges she faced in her early career. Gavin Schrock traces how geodesy progressed before Dr. West, and how foundational her work was for the GPS systems that followed. Paul Ceruzzi describes the state-of-the-art technology available at Dahlgren that helped Dr. West model the world. Todd Humphreys explains how that model, and the GPS systems that use it, support our way of life in more ways than we realize.It’s an astounding story that may never have been told if it hadn’t been for Gwen James, Dr. West’s Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority sister. She makes the case for telling these stories before they’re lost—because there are definitely more of them out there.If you want to read up on some of our research on Dr. Gladys West, you can check out all our bonus material over at redhat.com/commandlineheroes. Follow along with the episode transcript.

This episode begins with a 9 minute moment of silence in honor of George Floyd, and all other black men and women who are victims of police brutality. During that time I encourage you to donate here: https://secure.actblue.com/donate/ms_blm_homepage_2019. You can also sign various petitions here:https://www.bleumag.com/2020/06/03/30-blm-petitions-you-should-sign-right-now/. The content of this episode surrounds two mathematical giants, Eratosthenes and Archimedes to demonstrate the power of geometry when it works on its own. We end the episode with a discussion on the importance of prime numbers. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/mathematically-speaking/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/mathematically-speaking/support

Bilim podcastimiz Bilimmeyen bu hafta Antik Yunan bilim insanları Thales, Empedokles, Öklid, Demokritos ve Eratosthenes'i konuştu. Dünyanın şeklinden tutun günümüzdeki birçok bilimsel gerçeğe oldukça yaklaşan Yunan medeniyeti bir sonraki bölümde de devam edecek.

Bilim podcastimiz Bilimmeyen bu hafta Antik Yunan bilim insanları Thales, Empedokles, Öklid, Demokritos ve Eratosthenes'i konuştu. Dünyanın şeklinden tutun günümüzdeki birçok bilimsel gerçeğe oldukça yaklaşan Yunan medeniyeti bir sonraki bölümde de devam edecek.

Eratosthenes (which we WILL mispronounce a few times) was a well-rounded researcher. He made significant contributions to society, including creating a new field of study, and helped shaped the way we see the world today.1"Eratosthenes." Famous Scientists. famousscientists.org. 21 Jun. 2014. Web. 10/11/2015 .4“Eratosthenes and the Size of the Earth.” Astronomy 101 Special Webpages. Bucknell University. Web2"Eratosthenes of Cyrene". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2015. Web. 11 Oct. 20153“Eratosthenes of Cyrene (276-194 BC).” http://www.eranet.gr/eratosthenes/html/eoc.html5“Measuring the Circumference of the Earth.” Cynthia Stokes Brown. Ways of Knowing: Our Solar System and Earth. Web.6“Maps and Geography.” Ken Jennings. Simon and Schuster, 2014.7“Eratosthenes.” Famous Mathematicians. http://famous-mathematicians.org/eratosthenes/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-90-481-9091-1_23 https://www.ancient.eu/Eratosthenes/https://www.ancient.eu/article/207/what-happened-to-the-great-library-at-alexandria/ 

In this episode we examine the development of a more empirically based geography in the Hellenistic period from the voyage of Pytheas to the map of Eratosthenes.

A crab and a lion: two of Heracles' victims. But behind every mythological monster, there's a strong woman.CW/TW: far too many Greek myths involve assault. Given it's fiction, and typically involves gods and/or monsters, I'm not as deferential as I would be were I referencing the real thing.Sponsor! For 20% off your first purchase of Native deodorant, visit nativedeodorant.com and use promo code MYTHSBABY during checkout!Sources: The Greek Myths by Robert Graves, Mythology by Edith Hamilton, Library of Greek Mythology by Apollodorus, translated by Robin Hard, and Eratosthenes and Hyginus Constellation Myths translated by Robin Hard.Attributions and licensing information for music used in the podcast can be found here: mythsbaby.com/sources-attributions. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

A crab and a lion: two of Heracles' victims. But behind every mythological monster, there's a strong woman. CW/TW: far too many Greek myths involve assault. Given it's fiction, and typically involves gods and/or monsters, I'm not as deferential as I would be were I referencing the real thing. Sponsor! For 20% off your first purchase of Native deodorant, visit nativedeodorant.com and use promo code MYTHSBABY during checkout! Sources: The Greek Myths by Robert Graves, Mythology by Edith Hamilton, Library of Greek Mythology by Apollodorus, translated by Robin Hard, and Eratosthenes and Hyginus Constellation Myths translated by Robin Hard. Attributions and licensing information for music used in the podcast can be found here: mythsbaby.com/sources-attributions. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Welcome to episode 5 of Deltas: A Podcast About Our Collective Past & Present World. Episode Blurb: Today, we travel back to the 2nd century BC. Visiting the library of Alexandria, to meet its head librarian. Website: https://deltaspodcast.wordpress.com Twitter: @deltaspodcast

Gemini: Castor and Polydeuces, the twin brothers of Clytemnestra and Helen, sons of Leda, Zeus, and Tyndareus (because Greek mythology). CW/TW: far too many Greek myths involve assault. Given it's fiction, and typically involves gods and/or monsters, I'm not as deferential as I would be were I referencing the real thing. Sponsor! Lola, for 40% off all subscriptions, visit mylola.com and enter MYTHSBABY when you subscribe. Sources: Mythology by Edith Hamilton, The Greek Myths by Robert Graves, Theoi.com, The Library of Greek Mythology by Apollodorus and translated by Robin Hard, and Constellation Myths by Eratosthenes and Hyginus, translated by Robin Hard. Attributions and licensing information for music used in the podcast can be found here: mythsbaby.com/sources-attributions. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Gemini: Castor and Polydeuces, the twin brothers of Clytemnestra and Helen, sons of Leda, Zeus, and Tyndareus (because Greek mythology).CW/TW: far too many Greek myths involve assault. Given it's fiction, and typically involves gods and/or monsters, I'm not as deferential as I would be were I referencing the real thing.Sponsor! Lola, for 40% off all subscriptions, visit mylola.com and enter MYTHSBABY when you subscribe.Sources: Mythology by Edith Hamilton, The Greek Myths by Robert Graves, Theoi.com, The Library of Greek Mythology by Apollodorus and translated by Robin Hard, and Constellation Myths by Eratosthenes and Hyginus, translated by Robin Hard.Attributions and licensing information for music used in the podcast can be found here: mythsbaby.com/sources-attributions. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Learn about how the ancient Greeks knew the Earth was round; why being passionate about your job can backfire; and why you shouldn’t worry if you find a hair in your food. Please support our sponsors! Visit capterra.com/curiosity to find the best software solution for your business — for free! In this podcast, Cody Gough and Ashley Hamer discuss the following stories from Curiosity.com to help you get smarter and learn something new in just a few minutes: How the Ancient Greeks Knew the Earth Was Round — https://curiosity.im/2HHagcp Passion for Your Job Can Backfire, According to a Study — https://curiosity.im/2WBKhg9 Should You Worry About a Hair in Your Food? — https://curiosity.im/2HOoMzg If you love our show and you're interested in hearing full-length interviews, then please consider supporting us on Patreon. You'll get exclusive episodes and access to our archives as soon as you become a Patron! https://www.patreon.com/curiositydotcom Download the FREE 5-star Curiosity app for Android and iOS at https://curiosity.im/podcast-app. And Amazon smart speaker users: you can listen to our podcast as part of your Amazon Alexa Flash Briefing — just click “enable” here: https://curiosity.im/podcast-flash-briefing.

Det är begripligt att tro att jorden är platt. Det finns en stor otrygghet i att snurra omkring i hög hastighet ute i den kalla rymden. Maria Küchen reflekterar över konspirationens lockelse och fara. ESSÄ: Detta är en text där skribenten reflekterar över ett ämne eller ett verk. Åsikter som uttrycks är skribentens egna. Redan de gamla grekerna visste att jorden är rund. Tvåhundra år före Kristus beräknade matematikern Eratosthenes jordklotets omkrets med en felmarginal på mindre än hundra mil. Insikten gick förlorad i Europa under medeltiden, har det påståtts. Kristoffer Columbus projekt vid 1400-talets slut att segla så att säga bakvägen över jordklotet till Indien, ansågs länge vara förnuftets och vetenskapens seger över inskränkta medeltidspräster som trodde att jorden var en platt skiva. Tack vare Columbus, efter tusen års kristet mörker, begrep vi igen att jorden är rund! Den myten är så seglivad att den spreds i skolböcker ända till 1900-talets slut. Men de tidiga kyrkofäderna ifrågasatte inte att vår planet är ett klot med ett undantag, kejsar Konstantins rådgivare Lactantius. Och kyrkans världsbild i medeltidens Europa byggde på Aristoteles föreställning om en rund jord, omgiven av månens, solens, planeternas och stjärnornas sfärer. Strängt taget har dagens evolutionsförnekare, om de också förnekar att jorden är rund, anammat en föreställning som uppstod för tvåhundra år sen för att förlöjliga dem. Däremot trodde medeltidens lärda trodde att jordklotet låg i solsystemets centrum, och det var förstås fel. Astronomins omstrukturering av världsbilden under 15- och 1600-talet innebar att solen, inte jorden, korrekt placerades i mitten av solsystemet. Den geocentriska världsbilden ersattes av en heliocentrisk. För renässansastronomen Kopernikus var tron på att jorden utgjorde solsystemets centrum, lika bakvänd som att likt Lactantius inbilla sig att jorden är platt nåt som ju knappt nån bildad människa på medeltiden trodde. Först på 1800-talet började upplysningsivrare på bred front felaktigt beskriva medeltiden som så primitiv att inte bara de obildade, utan även intellektuella och religiösa auktoriteter, trodde på en platt jord. Detta enligt medeltidsidéhistorikern Jeffrey Burton Russell, i hans bok Inventing the flat earth, Columbus and modern historians. Felföreställningen om medeltidens platta jord befästes i 1800-talets konflikt mellan religiösa dogmer och vetenskapens empiri. Kristendomens skapelseberättelse och den biologiska vetenskapen ställdes då offensivt mot varandra i striden om evolutionsläran, en strid som inte är över. I USA förnekas evolutionen av många konservativa kristna, till förmån för en bokstavstolkning av Bibelns skapelseberättelse där det dock inte hävdas att Gud skapade någon platt jord. Strängt taget har dagens evolutionsförnekare, om de också förnekar att jorden är rund, anammat en föreställning som uppstod för tvåhundra år sen för att förlöjliga dem. Men förnekelse av evolutionen är inte enda drivkraften hos samtidsmänniskor i västerlandet som tror på en platt jord. Dessa människor blir allt fler. Och på ett sätt kan jag förstå dem. Jorden är ett klot med en omkrets på fyrtiotusen kilometer. I svindlande fart rusar detta klot fram genom svart rymd i bana kring solen. Samtidigt snurrar den ett varv runt sin egen axel på ett dygn vid ekvatorn innebär det en hastighet på 1600 kilometer i timmen. Runt vintergatans centrum roterar hela solsystemet. Vår galax i sin tur färdas genom världsrymden i två och en halv miljon kilometer i timmen. I ett kosmiskt perspektiv är jorden mindre än ett dammkorn. Vi har kommit till av en slump, och efteråt är det som om vi aldrig funnits, som det står i Bibeln. Det är outhärdligt att tänka på. Jag föredrar en säkrare grund för min existens, en värld som är vad den ser ut att vara, en platt jord med mig själv och dem jag älskar i centrum, som på en barnteckning med solen tryggt och stilla i bildens övre hörn. Det är en önskan jag delar med the flat earthers. Deras önskan är så stark att de upphöjer den till sanning. I Netflix-dokumentären Platt jord hävdar de att denna sanning döljs för oss av NASA, CIA, rymdödlorna, Hollywood, Vatikanen eller frimurarna. Idén om en platt jord är idag intimt kopplad till andra samtida konspirationsteorier.  Teorierna röjer en misstro mot makthavare och auktoriteter som skulle ha kunnat leda till konstruktiv samhällskritik. Varför inte i sak attackera underhållningsindustrins exploatering av allas vårt känsloliv, i stället för att hävda att Hollywood lurar i oss att jorden skulle vara rund? Kanske för att flat earthers själva så effektivt sprider sin världsbild i samtidens nya medier. Som excentrisk gräsrotsrörelse har de häpnadsväckande genomslag på nätet. Varför skulle inte de rika och mäktiga kunna fabricera och sprida föreställningar mångdubbelt mer effektivt? Tyvärr finns det skäl till oro. Antisemitiska konspirationsteorier och teorierna om en platt jord göder varandra, Flat earthers behöver inte alltid nödvändigtvis irrationella, vansinniga eller korkade. Varje flat earther är en förlorad forskare, säger en astronom i Netflix-teveserien Platt jord. Så mycket nyfikenhet, tankemöda och upptäckarlust går till spillo. Det är sorgligt. Det är en personlig tragedi att sugas ner i ett träsk av felförställningar om att jorden är platt, föreställningar som spräcker äktenskap och vänskaper och får dina barn att kalla dig galen. Men kanske innebär såna tragedier inget hot mot oss andra? Jo. Tyvärr finns det skäl till oro. Antisemitiska konspirationsteorier och teorierna om en platt jord göder varandra, och vi som vet att jorden är rund avfärdas i Netflix teveprogram föraktfullt av en flat earther som bakgrundsbrus. Hans syn på medmänniskorna präglas varken av nyfikenhet, empati eller respekt för andras kunskap. En annan person i dokumentären Platt jord får frågan vilka auktoriteter hon tror på, och svarar mig själv. Hon tror att bombdådet mot Boston Maraton var en iscensättning av det hon kallar makter som inte borde finnas. För att bli överbevisad om att sådana händelser är på riktigt, säger hon, måste hon själv vara på plats och bli skadad. Det är en människosyn utan inlevelseförmåga eller medkänsla. Men det är också en fundamentalistisk tro på ett slags individualiserad empiri, ett avvisande av auktoriteter, ett hävdande av rätten att tänka fritt, helt i linje med vad västerlandets demokratiska individualism fostrar oss till. Iaktta själv. Tänk själv. Om jorden rusade och snurrade genom universum så som forskningen säger, då skulle jag väl känna det? Konkret erfarenhet krockar med en vetenskap som antingen kräver förmåga till abstrakt tänkande eller också krävs tillit till auktoriteter. En flat earther har ingetdera. Samtidigt har rörelsen drag av religiös sekt. Det finns talföra ledare auktoriteter, paradoxalt nog och lyssnande lärjungar. Människor vittnar på möten: insikten om jordens platthet har frälst dem från ensamhet. Nu vill de leva i sin nyfunna gemenskap och föra det glada budskapet vidare till sina barn. Lärare i skolor i USA som påstår att jorden är rund, kan idag möta en storm av protester från barn som lärt sig tänka kritiskt av karismatiska YouTubare. Och till problematiken hör att lärare tyvärr inte vet allt. För inte så länge sen lärde vi oss i skolan såna dumheter som att folk på medeltiden trodde jorden var platt tills Columbus överbevisade dem. I fältet av sanningar och felföreställningar, lögner och insikt är det inte lätt för en fel- och överinformerad samtidsmänniska att navigera. Men en sak i alla fall är säker. Inte bara de gamla grekerna visste det, utan även medeltidens kristna präster och dagens naturvetare: Jorden. Är. Rund. Maria Küchen, författare

We're back to the Zodiac! In this episode we're covering both Aquarius and Pisces. Ganymede, Zeus' cup-bearer and a couple'a fish. CW/TW: far too many Greek myths involve assault. Given it's fiction, and typically involves gods and/or monsters, I'm not as deferential as I would be were I referencing the real thing. Sources: The Greek Myths by Robert Graves, Constellation Myths by Eratosthenes and Hyginus, with Aratus' Phaenomena, translated by Robin Hard. Attributions and licensing information for music used in the podcast can be found here: mythsbaby.com/sources-attributions. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

We're back to the Zodiac! In this episode we're covering both Aquarius and Pisces. Ganymede, Zeus' cup-bearer and a couple'a fish.CW/TW: far too many Greek myths involve assault. Given it's fiction, and typically involves gods and/or monsters, I'm not as deferential as I would be were I referencing the real thing.Sources: The Greek Myths by Robert Graves, Constellation Myths by Eratosthenes and Hyginus, with Aratus' Phaenomena, translated by Robin Hard.Attributions and licensing information for music used in the podcast can be found here: mythsbaby.com/sources-attributions. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Reckon you could measure the circumference of the Earth using just a stick and some basic geometry?

The Wisdom of the World VS The Cross of Christ I’d like to ask you to turn in your Bibles to 1 Corinthians 1:18-25, what you just heard Jason read. We're going to begin walking through this passage. And as we do, we come in this section to of one of the greatest parts in the Bible, one of its greatest sections of Scripture celebrating the wisdom and the power of God in the cross of Christ. And the text itself gives us a sense of warfare, really, of a battle between God and the world, on the issue of wisdom and foolishness, and how in this battle of world views the world is saying to God, that the message of the cross is foolishness, makes no sense, and God is saying to the world that the way the world is living is foolishness. And so there are these charges and counter charges of folly, of foolishness going on in the text. Now we, who are Christians, are kind of aware more and more in America, of a battle of world views, and we see things very differently than non-Christians. They see things very differently from us. But I want to appeal to you as Christians to stop seeing the battle out there with all of those people. That we need to realize that we still are thinking and behaving foolishly ourselves, that we haven't fully embraced the wisdom and power of God in the cross ourselves and that we need to be humbled by the cross. So I want you to take this message of the cross, this foolishness and the weakness of God and have the Lord through the Holy Spirit drive at home into your heart that you will be humbled. The cross is the power to humble our proud spirits. And that's an ongoing work. I know you know it's true that we are still arrogant and so prideful, and the cross has the power to humble us, and that's what we're going to see in this text. Context: An immature and sinning church with many specific problems Now the context here is we're in the middle of a chapter of Paul's epistle here. Paul is writing to a church that he planted that is very talented, very gifted through the gifts of the Spirit, very talented church, but it's a dysfunctional church. It's the church with lots of problems, and he's writing this epistle to address a series of problems, one after the other. And the first one, we've already begun looking at it. But the first one he wants to address is divisions and factions within the church. "I follow Paul…I follow Apollos…I follow Cephas." Now in Greek culture, there was this tendency, this pattern to arrange yourself under a great man, a great philosopher, as a disciple of that great leader. And the Greeks did this all the time. There were schools set up of Aristotle and Socrates and Plato and they would follow, and they would be disciples of Epicurus, and they would debate against each other, and they would lob grenades against each other. They were used to doing this. The Greeks of that time were fractious and divided people, city states warring against each other, and then schools of philosophy warring against each other, and so when the Gospel came, they just... The Corinthians just did the standard Greek thing, it's like, "Alright, we have new philosophical heroes now, I follow Paul the plan of the church, I follow Apollos, he's a more polished speaker. I follow Peter, he's the apostle to the Jews and the leader and was an apostle before Paul ever was. And I follow Christ more than all of you do." And so you have these factions and divisions, and Paul's wanting to address this and what he's going to do, not just with factions and divisions. We're going to see these with problem after problem in the church, church discipline issues, sexual immorality issues, marital issues, problems with meat sacrifice to idols. He's going to address all of these problems, one after the other by showing the sufficiency of the cross for all of them. The cross is enough. The message of the cross is sufficient for addressing all of the problems in the Christian life, all of the problems of a dysfunctional, divided, immature Christian church. The cross is enough and he's going to zero in as we begin in this section here, on the apparent foolishness of the cross, the apparent weakness of the cross and say, "it's not what it appears". I love Michael Card's music and one of my favorite songs is El Shaddai. I first heard it sung by Amy Grant. I thought she wrote it, but it wasn't Amy Grant that wrote it, it was Michael Card. I remember hearing Michael Card singing it on an album, and say "You stole that from Amy Grant" and that bothered me. But then I realized actually she didn't steal it, but sang his song. But one of the stanzas of El Shaddai, here's what it says, Through the years you've made it clear, That the time of Christ was near, Though the people failed to see What Messiah ought to be. Though your Word contained the plan, They just could not understand Your most awesome work was done Through the frailty of your son. Now that idea is foolishness to the world. How could God's most awesome work be done through the frailty, the mortality, the suffering and pain and death of God, the Son, how could that be powerful? And that's the very thing that Paul is seeking to address here. How could that be wise? I. The Human Race in Love with Its Own Wisdom Now, the human race is in love with its own wisdom. We are enamored with ourselves. We are impressed with ourselves, just like Satan once before. Very impressed he was with his beauty and wisdom and power and fell so in love with himself that he sought to topple God from his throne and take God's place. And he then recruited us in a similar arrogant lofty ambitious upward path to topple God from his throne. Now a great deal of the difference between us and the animals, of course, is our ability to think and reason, and plan, and understand abstract reality through language, things that are not immediately in front of us. We can think about them, what might happen, what's going to outcomes, things like that. It separates us from every other creature. And this is the very area that the intellect, the mind that Satan sought to attack and go after with the temptation of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, or how Adam and Eve saw that the fruit could make us wise and we would become like God, and maybe even, like Satan, topple God from His throne. And this continued to develop after they were expelled from the Garden of Eden. We see it in the spirit of Babel, the Tower of Babel. They developed some technology. They learned how to bake bricks thoroughly, get the moisture out, greater compression strength, cover it with pits, and they could build higher than they'd ever built before, and they thought to build a tower to heaven. And then now, God says, "Let us go down and see this cute little tower that they're building." He didn't say "cute little", but that's the sense, you've not even come close to me. And yet, he says, this is the greatest statement God could ever make about our innate capability, "If as one people speaking the same language they have begun to do this, then nothing they plan to do will be impossible for them. Come, let us go down and confuse their language so they will not understand each other." So that's the sense of both our humbling before an infinite God, but also our capabilities and our power. And so we're in love with ourselves. We're in love with our wisdom, our intellect. And the love of wisdom was there in ancient Greece, too. The Greek word Philosophy means to love wisdom. That's literally what it means. And the city of Athens was the center of that love of human wisdom. It was named for the Greek goddess, Athena, the goddess of wisdom. And so people would come from miles around to be trained by Athenian philosophers and we know their names still. Socrates in the fifth century BC was born, and then his disciple was Plato, and then his top student was Aristotle. These are names we still know today. Alexander the Great was himself a disciple of Aristotle and was so filled with zeal for Hellenism, for a zeal for the glory of Greece, that he spread it everywhere he went, also spread his own name, he established like 22 different Alexandria(s). But he's in love with himself and he was in love with Greece and Greek wisdom, and so everywhere that he conquered, he spread this love of philosophy. Paul was a Jew from Tarsus in Cilicia, an area part of the Greek Empire, then later part of the Roman Empire, but because of the heritage of Alexander the Great spreading the Greek language and Greek love of wisdom, Paul wrote all of his epistles in Greek, not in Hebrew or Aramaic. Now Athens was the center, as I said, of this human, this love of wisdom, human wisdom of philosophy. In Acts 17, the apostle Paul as he continues to move throughout Greece to preach the Gospel, he comes to Athens at last, and there it says, a group of Epicurean and Stoic philosophers began to dispute with him, to argue with him, and they said very disparagingly, "What is this babbler trying to say?" The Greek is literally "what is this seed picker trying to say?" A guy who goes around and picks up little ideas here and there and kind of spreads them. They're very, very arrogant toward Paul. What is this babbler trying to say? Others remarked, "He seems to be advocating foreign gods." They said this because Paul was preaching the good news about Jesus and the resurrection. Then "they took him and brought him to a meeting of the Areopagus, [Mars Hill] where they said to him, ‘May we know what this new teaching is that you're presenting?’ You are bringing some strange ideas to our ears and we want to know what they mean." Then Luke tells us, "all the Athenians and the foreigners who lived there spent their whole time doing nothing but talking about and listening to the latest ideas." That's what they did in Athens, especially, at Mars Hill, and so Paul preached his great Mars Hill sermon. And then at the end of that, most of the philosophers just mocked it, they scorned it because he was talking about the bodily resurrection from the dead. That made no sense to them. Why would you do that? They sneered about it, but a few of them said, "We want to hear you again on this subject." Well, a lot of that same arrogance and that love of human wisdom is alive today. We are in awe of human intelligence, human wisdom, human education. As a matter of fact, most of us, many of us tend to think if only we had more education, things will be better. That is the answer of many of our leaders, our governmental leaders, if we would just have more knowledge, more education, the world, our nation will be much better off. But there's so many things in history to disprove that basic thesis. For example, the most educated nation in the world in the first third of the 20th century was Germany. They were at the pinnacle of almost every intellectual endeavor. Some of the best physicists and chemists, and biologists, some of the best writers and thinkers and educators were in Germany, in the first third of the 20th century. Some of the highest number of books were published around that time, highest literacy rate in the world, best system of governmental sponsored education was in Germany. There was no lack of education, no lack of literacy, and look what they did with it. It was harnessed to a corrupt government, perhaps among the most corrupt and wicked governments there's ever been in human history. They took all of that scientific knowledge and all of that economic power and strength and used it to try to conquer the world and exterminate the Jewish people. And yet we still hear this, if we had more education, obviously, a higher literacy rate is better. For me, as a pastor, a higher literacy rate…Amen. So people can read this book, the Bible. Let's have as many people in the world literate so they can read and study the word of God. To me, when I think of literacy, that's what I think of. But more than that, that helpful beneficial education can in some way improve our lives and lessen the suffering that we all go through as cursed in Adam. And yet human wisdom, knowledge, love of knowledge is still part of our culture. And we understand, the more you get involved in evangelism trying to share the Gospel, the more you're going to bump into these hostile world views that are going to hinder the spread of the Gospel. They're in opposition to the message of Christ and him crucified. Setting aside just human religions via alternate religions, just looking at world views such as materialism, that life consists in the material world. The idea that the metaphysical world cannot be proven so it's really not important. Now what you can sense with your five senses is all your life is or ever will be, materialism. Then there is hedonism or sensualism. Saturate the senses with experiences that will please you. "Eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow we die." Pursue pleasure of any sort that you choose as long as it doesn't hurt anyone. Then there's just science which is linked in many ways to the materialism I mentioned earlier. The ability to study the material world gives the human race all the knowledge it will need for success. The answer is more and more knowledge as we said. More education, more insight. Science is the crown jewel of the human race and science has the power to conquer all of our problems. And there's evolution, Darwin's theory of origins has extended far beyond any boundaries of biology, any boundaries he ever would have conceived. It's become a way of understanding all of human experience. We as the human race are continually evolving. Ever hear these kinds of phrases? We're evolving, we're getting better and better all the time. We have raised ourselves step by step from a pond of slime to the moon and to the stars beyond. There's so much arrogance in all of this sort of stuff, but that's the idea of an evolutionary way of looking at a human experience. Then there's psychology. Sigmund Freud started this whole science and now it's gone in lots of different ways, but he developed the secular study of the human soul. That's what the word literally means, "the science of the soul," psychology. And he birthed what I would call more of a pseudoscience, which is constantly developing, notice I didn't use the word "evolving," constantly developing studying human beings based on their thought processes and their dispositions, their psychoses, their fears, their dreams, their upbringing from infancy, what their mothers did with them and their fathers when they were infants. Then there's relativity. Albert Einstein came up with this theory, this physical theory in cosmology to answer a problem of distant starlight, and he developed the theory of relativity to address problems with Newton's physics at very high speeds, speeds near the speed of light. But it's become in popular thinking with people who, including myself could never follow, the math and the physics. But then you get popular expressions that say "everything depends on your frame of reference, the position from where you're standing." So now you have this phrase "everything is relative." And so, relativity is like a world view that we're dealing with and from that came more post-modernism. The idea that you really can't know abstract material principles absolutely, but only as they appear to you. So in our culture, we can say "I'm a Christian." Well, that's good for you, dear. Happy you found something that brings meaning to your life. Post-modernism. And there's many other such world views. This is a bubbling pot of philosophies that we are dealing with, we're marinating in them as Christians in the west in the 21st century. Beyond this we have technology that brings human insights, human understanding right to your fingertips, handheld devices. This is just a clock for me right now. It's very important for you guys, alright? Telling me what time it is and that's all. But you know that with these smart phones, you can Google anything. I saw a humorous clip of a millennial being interviewed for a job and the person didn't have any particular knowledge base but was confident that at any moment they could Google the answer. So it was just meant to be humorous. But I think we all feel that way, that we can get answers and we can hear from experts at any point. Experts weigh in on current events, and YouTube can give you "how to" videos and just about anything, like nine steps on building a super computer. I'm like, "Really?" [I actually Googled how to perform hip replacement surgery on yourself. Came up empty. Nobody's done a video yet, but who knows? And we can become instant experts on any topic via our smart phones. However, this ocean of data and human learning and opinion does not equal wisdom, does not equal wisdom. Actually, 1 Corinthians 1-3 will directly pit the wisdom of God against the wisdom of this world. And it's going to charge the world with foolishness just as the world charges us with foolishness. The worldly wise person, it says in 1 Corinthians 2:14, "cannot accept the things of God, because they are foolishness to him, cannot receive them because they are spiritually discerned." Now, if I can just stop and say to you Christians, who celebrate Christ and him crucified, who see already where we're going in all this, and see the message of the cross for you is the power of God for your salvation, you should stop and based on 1 Corinthians 2:14, thank the spirit of God for changing you, because if it weren't for the spirit of God, you would think it's foolish too, and you wouldn't be here today. So there is a war going on, a world view war between God and the unbelieving world. And God is fighting with some rather shocking weapons. There's going to be a progression of threefold foolishness in these first two chapters. We're looking just at the beginning of the first one. The first weapon of God in this world view war is Christ and him crucified, a dead savior on a Roman cross. That's the start of the foolishness of God. The second step will be the Corinthian church itself. The fact that there were not many wise, not many influential, not many noble birth, God chose the foolish things of the world to shame the wise. And so the Christian church is unimpressive and apparently foolish. And the third step will be The Messenger himself, the apostle Paul, not a great public speaker, was with them, in weakness and fear, and much trembling, not an impressive guy. But he's simply preaching Christ name crucified. So those are going to be the three steps. God's weapons to humble the world. And God's goal in all this is the final verse of this first chapter, look at verse 31, it says, "Therefore as it is written, let him who boast, boast in the Lord." And He wants to work a humbling and in all of us so that when we get to heaven, we will be boasting entirely in the Lord Jesus Christ. And then his father, God the Father who sent Christ to die on the cross, we will be completely stripped of that devilish pride that dug us every step of our lives here in the world. II. The Cross: Foolishness or God’s Power (verse 18) Alright, look at Verse 18, The Cross, Is it foolishness? Or is it God's power? "For the message of the cross is foolishness to those who are perishing, but to us who are being saved, it is the power of God." Now, every word in this verse is vitally important, and we have to begin with the first word, "for," so that means we're right in in the middle of a chapter in a flow of argument, that you got to be able to follow Paul's logic, his argument. So verse 18, is in the middle of a train of thought. So that means we need to go back to verse 17. Now, last week I preached on water baptism, and Paul's limitation of water baptism in verse 17. He said, "Christ did not send me baptize, but to preach the gospel. Not with words of human wisdom, lest the cross of Christ be emptied of its power, for the message of the cross is foolishness…" You see the flow of thought. So he's already in Verse 17, beginning to address what he wants to address the rest of the chapter and under the chapter two. And that is that God sent him to preach a message, a simple unvarnished message of Christ and him crucified, even though he knew it would appear foolish in the world's eyes. He's distancing himself here from words of human wisdom, that's a polished presentation of human philosophy or rhetorical skills. These public speakers were trained in the polish of public speaking, of rhetoric, Paul threw all that out the window. So now, that's not what I came to do because if I did that, the cross of Christ would be emptied of its power. For the message of the cross is foolishness to those who are perishing, but to us who are being saved, this is the power of God. The Message of the Cross Now he zeros in on the message of the cross, the "word of the cross," literally. The Greek is specifically focused on the content, not on the delivery. Now, it is important for preachers to have a certain level of skill and speaking. If he is a very bad public speaker, it's distracting, it could be a beautiful piece of music but if the pianist is making lots of mistakes, it's just hard to hear the beauty. We understand that, but polished presentation will not save any souls, really all you're trying to do is remove distractions and make things clear, that's what you're trying to do. What's much more important than how a preacher speaks is what they say. What is the actual message? That's what Paul's saying here, and the message of the cross is a simple shorthand for the Gospel itself. That there is an Almighty Creator God, that He made the entire universe and he made the earth, and he made human beings in his image and his likeness, created them to have a relationship with Him and to serve Him, but they rebelled against him, and fell into grievous sinfulness and could not save themselves, so God in His love and in His wisdom and grace sent His only begotten son to be born as a human being, born of the Virgin Mary. That he, this little baby, this little God Man was wrapped in swaddling clothes and laid in a manger, and that he grew up in a normal way, He grew in wisdom, and stature and favor with God and man. He was a normal human being in every respect, yet was without sin, he walked along dusty roads as they did, and he got tired as they did and needed to sleep, he got hungry as they did and needed to eat, he got thirsty as they did and needed to drink. However he was also fully divine, never in any way lost his deity, not at all, he was truly Almighty God in human flesh, he walked on the water, he stilled a storm with a word, so that even the wind and the waves obeyed his voice, he was able to heal any and every disease and sickness among the people, there was never a case too difficult, he even raised Lazarus from the dead, after he had been buried for four days. And nothing was difficult for him, he did all things well. He was tempted in every way, as we are, in that way, he was human, but he never sinned, he was a sinless perfect God-man. But the focus of this message was not that just that God was incarnate and looked ordinary like an ordinary human being. It's that he was arrested, tried, convicted, and crucified on a Roman cross. His hands and his feet were nailed to that cross and he bled out and died. And all of this was according to the scriptures, according to the plan of God, fashioned in the mind of God before the foundation of the world, that Christ would be an atoning sacrifice in our place for our sins, and that God would pour out His wrath that we deserve for violating his laws, that we deserve, He poured it out on the substitute on his own son, but not only that, God raised Him from the dead on the third day, and He was seen by many witnesses and you could touch him. You could and see that a spirit, a ghost, didn't have flesh and bones as you saw, as they saw that he did, and he ate some broiled fish in their presence. And he was with them for 40 days, and then God took him up, ascended him from the surface of the earth and seated Him at His right hand in the heavenly realms. And from that place, someday, he's going to return to judge the living and the dead. That's the message of the cross. And if you believe it, if you believe what I've just said to you, you'll be forgiven of all your sins by Almighty God, not if you go do good works, but if you just forsaking your own works, turn and believe that message, you will be forgiven. Now that message divides the human race into two categories: Believers and unbelievers. Those that believe that, and those that don't. Foolishness to those who are Perishing And that message that I've been describing is foolishness to those who are perishing. Now, the word "perishing" means in the process of dying and going to hell. We are dying physically, but the gospel is far more concerned with what happens after you die, because it's appointed for each of us to die once and after that, to face judgment. And there is a second death after the first death, but there's a way of perishing in this life, that shows your heading for that second death, Jesus said in Matthew 7, "Enter through the narrow gate. For wide is the gate and broad is the road that leads to destruction, and many enter through it. But small is the gate and narrow the road that leads to life, and only a few find it." So the people that are running on the highway to destruction, they are the ones that are perishing. That's what Paul is talking about here. And so, for those people that are in the process of perishing, that are on that broad road to destruction, this message is foolishness. That's what he's saying, utterly foolish. Why would God do that? Why would he leave the comforts and glory of heaven and be born of a Jewish virgin, a Jewish teenage girl, and be wrapped in rough swaddling clothes, why would he, why...? It doesn't make any sense, why would he do that? And if you were going to do that, I would think you would rise to the highest place in human society and be a glorious king on a glorious throne. It doesn't make any sense for him to be in some obscure part of the Roman Empire that nobody even knows about, and he does all these things and ends up arrested and convicted and nailed to a cross which was only reserved for the lowest dregs of society that'd been convicted in a Roman court. Roman citizens could never be crucified. It's the lowest worse form of death there could be. It makes no sense at all to those who are perishing. The Power of God for Us Who Are Being Saved But to those who are being saved, it is the power of God, amen, hallelujah. So as we're singing the songs that Wes chose today that this team was playing, I was like, "Hallelujah for the cross" so I knew what is about to preach. I had an advantage over all of you, like, "Yes praise God, hallelujah for the cross that saves me and qualifies me to even do this, however foolish this preaching is." Thank you God for saving a sinner like me. For us who are being saved, it is the power of God, just as Paul said, in Romans 1:16, "I'm not ashamed of the gospel because it is the power of God for the salvation of everyone who believes." It is the single most powerful thing in the history. It will be obvious on Judgment Day, how true that statement is. Nothing has ever happened in human history, with this kind of impact. It changed my destiny from eternity in the lake of fire to eternity in the New Haven, New Earth in a resurrection body. And not just me, but a multitude greater than anyone could count from every tribe, language, people, and nation will be saying, "Hallelujah to the lamb" Praising God for our salvation as it is written, "Let him who boast, boast in the Lord." We'll be doing that forever. So that's how powerful this cross is. And not only that, but we are being saved. So they are perishing, they're in the process of perishing. We are in the process of being saved. You're not done being saved yet. Just a plug for church, that's why you should keep coming to church. Okay? None of us that's here in this room today are done being saved. I would say Indeed no one, not even the disembodied saints in heaven are done being saved, they're done sinning, praise God. But they're waiting for their resurrection bodies and that'll come at the end of the age. So in the meantime, here we are. And if you haven't died yet, you are in grave danger and you are, if you are born again, if you're justified, you will most certainly make it through and go to Heaven Amen. You will, but you are in the process of being saved. So the scripture uses all three time senses, we have been saved, "for by grace you have been saved through faith," Ephesians 2, that's justification. You are being saved in sanctification by working out your salvation with fear and trembling, and you will be saved on Judgment Day from God's wrath through him, Romans 5:9. All three here are part of the package. And he who began the good work in you will carry it on to completion in the day of Christ as he is. Now, the cross, the message of the cross is Tim Keller, said it very beautifully, "It's not the ABCs of salvation, it's the A to Z" It's everything you need, the cross and the empty tomb is everything that you need. So the human race is radically divided into these two categories; Believers and unbelievers by the cross, and this is not a mere accident now. III. God’s Destruction of Human Wisdom (verses 19-21) God was very wise to do this, look at verse 19-21. God is wise to destroy human wisdom. Verse 19, "For it is written, I will destroy the wisdom of the wise and the intelligence of the intelligent I will frustrate." God planned before the foundation of the world to humble the human mind. To humble human intelligence and arrogance by the gospel. The message of the gospel is meant for little children, it's meant for spiritual beggars. It's not meant for people who are basically fine, but could use a little help. It's meant for people who are stripped of all that and who know that they need a savior completely. God means to humble each one of us and to make us as believers, the humblest believer actually wiser than the most genius super intellectual atheist unbeliever in the world. And so he reaches for a quote here, "I will destroy the wisdom of the wise, the intelligence of intelligent, I will frustrate," from Isaiah 29:14. So he's going back to Isaiah and he's picking up Isaiah 29:14. Now the context here in Isaiah 29 is that Jews were under great pressure and in great danger from The Mighty Assyrian empire, and they decided king Hezekiah and his counselors decided to send emissaries down to Egypt with some money to hire the wisest of the wise down in Egypt. Egypt was like basically Athens back in their day. And to go to the Wise counsels of Egypt. And Isaiah The Prophet again and again, warned him, warned them not to do it, and so he says here, "I'm going to humiliate the wisest of the wise" Because you know what I'm going to do with the Assyrians? I'm going to send one angel, and he's going to kill 185,000 Assyrian troops. So much for all the money you sent down to Egypt. The wisdom of the wise I will destroy and the intelligence of the intelligent, I will frustrate. Here in our context, he's specifically meaning by the gospel, and on Judgment Day. Judgment Day will show how the unbelieving genius was a fool. I mentioned at Easter time Stephen Hawking, the British physicist who just died recently, he was an atheist who said this about the afterlife, "I regard the broad brain as a computer which will stop working when its components fail. There is no heaven or afterlife for broken down computers, that is a fairy tale for people afraid of the dark." Stephen Hawking. Well there's tons of statements like that though, he's not the only one, history is full of scholars and skeptics and scientists and military conquerors, and inventors and authors and CEOs and other great men and women who mocked Christ in the church and the Gospel, and all of them thought they were smarter than Christians and smarter than the gospel. I think of Voltaire, who predicted that within his lifetime, the Bible would cease being read in France. Some of you know the rest of the story. Within a generation, his house was used by the Bible Society of France to print Bibles. That's God saying, "All flesh is grass, and all that glory it's the flower of the field, but the word of God stands forever." Wow. The Bible is still here Voltaire. Bible is still here, Thomas Paine, you ranked atheist who railed against Christianity. Thomas Jefferson, Mark Twain, Charles Darwin, Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, Mahatma Gandhi, Albert Einstein, all of them made disparaging statements about Christ and Christianity in their lives. All of them seemed to be, I would think, the best and the brightest. Some of the biggest geniuses we've ever had. Brilliant minds, but they thought the gospel of Jesus Christ is foolishness, but God promises to vindicate His son on Judgment Day. Look at verse 19 again, "I will destroy the wisdom of the wise, the intelligence of the intelligent, I will frustrate." On that day God will mock them in this way, look at verse 20, "Where is the wise man? Where is the scholar? Where is the philosopher of this age, has not God made foolish the wisdom of the world?" So project ahead to Judgment Day, if they were super geniuses, who rejected the Gospel, you could, to some degree, imagine after the dreadful sentence has been read "Depart from me, you who are cursed into the eternal fire prepared for the devil and his angels." To say to the philosopher of this age, the Wise Man of this age "Where are you now?" See that, look at verse 20, "Where is the wise man of this age?" I think you can project ahead to some degree, to say, "Where will you be eternally?" That's what's going on, that's the vindication of Christ and of the cross, and it was God's wisdom, verse 21, to make it impossible for these philosophers to find him. "For since in the wisdom of God, the world through its wisdom did not know Him, God was pleased through the foolishness of what was preached, to save those who believe." Now, to unravel that statement, we start in verse 21 to say, "It was very wise for God to do this, it was wise for God, to set up himself as mysterious and unreachable by human philosophizing". No humans could reason their way up to God, and find him. And that was actually wise for God to do that, so he wouldn't be listening to an eternity of boasting from those people who did it. It was actually very wise for God in the wisdom of God, the world through its wisdom, did not know Him and that is the greatest tragedy there is in the human race. Jesus cried out, in John 17:25 "Righteous Father, the world has not known you, but I have known you." The emptiness of not knowing God. Now, these people were brilliant. These Greeks, Archimedes, Pythagoras, these guys came up... Eratosthenes calculated the diameter of the earth within 15% accuracy without ever leaving Egypt, where he was. These guys were smart, but they could not reason their way up to God, that could not happen. And that was very wise because Isaiah 45:15 says, "Truly you are a God who hides Himself, oh God and Savior of Israel." God hides himself, and he can't be found that way. As a matter of fact, Jesus celebrated this. In Matthew 11, he says this, verse 25, and 26, "At that time Jesus said, ‘I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth, that you have hidden these things from the wise and learned, and revealed them to little children. Yes, Father for this was your good pleasure.’" So Jesus celebrates the very thing Paul's talking about here in verse 21, "God was pleased to reveal Himself to the so-called foolish who are believing a so-called foolish message, he was pleased to save everyone who believes in this message. Verse 21, "God was pleased through the foolishness of what was preached, to save those who believe." God delights in saving humble people. He enjoys it, he enjoys taking people from their arrogant highfalutin thoughts about themselves to make them like little children, because God opposes the proud, begets grace of the humble, he loves humbling us and then saving us. Now Paul further heightens the point he's making verses 22 through 25 which we're going to look at, God willing, next week but I'll just read them. "Jews demand miraculous signs, Greeks look for wisdom, but we preach Christ crucified, a stumbling block to Jews and foolishness to Gentiles, but to those whom God has called, both Jews and Greeks, Christ, the power of God, and the wisdom of God, for the foolishness of God is wiser than man's wisdom, and the weakness of God is stronger than man's strength." So we'll look at that more next week. IV. Applications Applications first more than anything, I want to urge you, come to Christ, if you've come here today as an unbelieving visitor, you are guest. Maybe a friend invite you to church. Welcome, I'm glad you're here, I prayed for you this morning, and I prayed that you would see the wisdom of God in the cross, prayed that you would understand that, as it says in Isaiah 55, "My ways are not your ways, neither are my thoughts your thoughts, declares the Lord. As the heavens are higher than the Earth. So are my ways higher than your thoughts, and my thoughts higher than your thoughts." But even better before that, he says, "Seek the Lord while He may be found, call on Him while He is near. Let the wicked forsake his way and the evil man his thoughts. Let him turn to the Lord and he will have mercy on him, and to our God, and He will freely pardon." This morning, you've heard the gospel, you've heard it clearly. I've explained it from God the Creator, all the way to Christ's return to the right-hand of God. I've explained it, you know everything you need to be saved. Your works cannot save you, look to Christ and to Him crucified, for the forgiveness of your sins. Now to you Christians, who've already done that. I've already said look, again, like at 1 Corinthians 2:14 and realize you would still think the cross is foolishness if it weren't for the Spirit of God. So just thank the third person of trinity for saving your soul. I have grown over the last year or two, in appreciation for what the Spirit did to save me. Swim in 1 Corinthians 2:14 say, "I would think the cross is foolish if the Spirit hadn't made me wise. So I turned my back on my own intellect and my own wisdom." So just thank him. Thirdly, can you just let the cross continue to humble you? It's not done humbling you. When you are having a problem in your life, do not rely on your own wisdom and do not rely on your own strength. Turn away from that and come to the cross again and say, "Oh God, help me, save me. Strengthen my marriage, help me in parenting, help me in my work life, help me as a student. Would you please help me? I don't trust in my own intellect, I don't trust in my own understanding. I'm leaning on you, I'm turning to you, I'm bringing this problem to you. Would you please show me your wisdom and your strength? Which is greater than my foolishness and my weakness" And know that he has the power to finish your salvation, you are being saved, you're not done with your salvation. So the message of the cross is the power of God to finish saving you. So keep coming again and again. And then finally, let's not be overly impressed by the experts, the pundits, the ones on the panels and CNN and all the ones that'll tell you exactly how you should think. And they'll also tell you what they think about you as a Christian, they'll tell you that too. Let's not be impressed by it, we're not going to be impressed by human genius. Let's look instead to the message of the cross that the world calls foolishness and see that it's actually infinite wisdom and power. And let's be wise, I believe that the more you grow in Christ, the more foolish you are going to look to the world. Be willing to make that journey. 1 Corinthians 4 is all about that, where he says to the Corinthians, "You guys are trying to become more and more esteemed and powerful and wealthy and comfortable. I'm on an escalator going the down way, and we're going lower, and lower, in the estimation of the world." Be you ready for that journey. The bolder you are in witnessing, the bolder you are in admission, the more foolish and hateful the world will see you as. Be willing to be humbled, and be a fool for Christ. Close with me in prayer. Father, thank you for the joy of the gospel, thank you for the message of the cross of Christ, and him crucified. There's nothing new here, I've not preached any new doctrines today. God forbid that I would turn away from the ancient message of the cross, that the Apostle Paul preached so faithfully. Help each one of us to be faithful, to hear and believe that message, and then proclaim it to a world that is desperately in need of it. Thank you for the spirit of God that has made all of us appear to be what it really is, the power of God and the wisdom of God at work in us who believe, in Jesus name. Amen.

Hello Listener! Thank you for listening. If you would like to support the podcast, and keep the lights on, you can support us whenever you use Amazon through the link below: It will not cost you anything extra, and I can not see who purchased what. Or you can become a Fluffle Supporter by donating through Patreon.com at the link below: Patreon/Hare of the Rabbit What's this Patreon? Patreon is an established online platform that allows fans to provide regular financial support to creators. Patreon was created by a musician who needed a easy way for fans to support his band. What do you need? Please support Hare of the Rabbit Podcast financially by becoming a Patron. Patrons agree to a regular contribution, starting at $1 per episode. Patreon.com takes a token amount as a small processing fee, but most of your money will go directly towards supporting the Hare of the Rabbit Podcast. You can change or stop your payments at any time. You can also support by donating through PayPal.com at the link below: Hare of the Rabbit PayPal The links below are to a shops with items with the Hare of the Rabbit Podcast Logo. There are items such as mugs, stickers, and t-shirts. Your purchases support the podcast! Thank you for the support! Click here to go directly to the store. new RBExternalPortfolio('www.redbubble.com', 'hareoftherabbit', 4, 4).renderIframe(); http://tee.pub/lic/PS7QqY1xC7Q Thank you for your support, Jeff Hittinger.     I took a month long hiatus to be able to search for a new job, and enjoy the summer. I was laid off at the end of June from the company I worked for, for over 9 years. I have licked my wounds and I am ready to get back to the podcast, and I am still searching for a new position. Over the break I traveled to the Outer Banks were the water was crystal clear during our stay, as well as a visit to Washington DC to check out the museums. Today we are going to look at rabbits in Greek culture. We have an exchange student from Greece staying with us, and we will have a brief interview about her perspectives on rabbits and hares. Now with Greece culture being as old as it is, I was surprised to find that they did not have there own rabbit breed. (Modern) Greek: κουνἐλι (kouneli). (Ancient) Greek: λαγος (lagos, with a hard "a" and a hard "o") means "hare", I don't know if they had a specific word for rabbit. The modern scientific name for the European rabbit is Oryctolagus cuniculus- the genus name (first part) is Greek for "digging hare", and the second part is Latin for "rabbit". In Greece pet rabbits are something quite new. People started getting rabbits as pets the last 5 or 10 years. The only information they have been able to get was from British or American forums and sites, and it's very difficult to find a savvy vet, even in Athens. Most vets have no idea about rabbits. During the last 3 years, one or two Greek rabbit forums have been created so that Greeks at last can get informed about their furry friends in their own language. From these forums, and the experience of their members, in the show notes is a list of Vet's who handle rabbits. https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/greece-rabbit-savvy-pets.62323/ The European rabbit (scient. Oryctolagus cuniculus) is a closely related species to hare, which has been introduced on the island of Crete by humans (many confuse that with hare). Despite the many predators on Crete, the rabbit reproduced rapidly and is now spread across the island of Crete and several smaller islets around it. For this reason, the authorities have several times tried to lower its population. The rabbit is a favorite game animal in the Greek islands. It is nocturnal and gregarious, with smaller size than the hare, and usually does not weigh more than 2kg. Moreover, its skeletal structure is quite different from the hare, while it has smaller and rounder ears. The rear legs are also shorter. Its coat color hues vary according to habitats, with gray-brown coat color, white belly and tail. Like the hare, it digs burrows in the ground where its hides all day long. It has the same eating habits with the hare, feeding on roots, bulbs, weeds and grass. Moreover, sometimes it eats bird droppings to receive their vitamins. The rabbits hunt at night, not too far from its nest. Being very coward, it is always ready to run into its burrow. There are always rabbits observing the surrounding area, while other animals eat. When they feel danger, they immediately stand up on their rear legs. If the danger is real, they start hitting their feet on the ground and all rabbits disappear at time. As mentioned, rabbits reproduce very quickly. Indeed, females (does) can give birth 8 times a year, 4-12 bunnies per time! Does can give birth at the age of 4-5 months, while it is impressive that they have a double uterus. This means that while being parturient, they may become pregnant again with their other womb! Their pregnancy lasts only 30-31 days. Similar to Japan, there is a Rabbit Island, but it is know as rabbit island for a differnet reason. Souda (island) Souda (Greek: Σούδα) is an islet in Souda Bay on the northwest coast of Crete. In ancient times this islet was one of two islets that were referred to as Leukai. The second islet is known today as Leon. On the northwest side of the islet, a small distance away, there is another islet which is almost round in shape, which used to be referred to on medieval Venetian maps as Rabbit Island (known as Nisi and Leon today) There is another place that the Greek's have give a rabbit name to, and that is in the stars. The Lepus Constellation Lepus constellation lies in the northern sky, just under the feet of Orion. The constellation’s name means “the hare” in Latin. Lepus is not associated with any particular myth, but is sometimes depicted as a hare being chased by the mythical hunter Orion or by his hunting dogs, represented by the constellations Canis Major and Canis Minor. Lepus was first catalogued by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy in the 2nd century. The constellation is home to the famous variable star R Leporis, better known as Hind’s Crimson Star, and it contains several notable deep sky objects: Messier 79 (NGC 1904), the irregular galaxy NGC 1821, and the Spirograph Nebula (IC 418). This constellation was known to the Greeks as Λαγωός (Lagoös), the Greek word for hare; Lepus is the more recent Latin name. Eratosthenes tells us that Hermes placed the hare in the sky because of its swiftness. Both Eratosthenes and Hyginus referred to the remarkable fertility of hares, as attested to by Aristotle in his Historia Animalium (History of Animals): ‘Hares breed and bear at all seasons, superfoetate (i.e. conceive again) during pregnancy and bear young every month.’ The celestial hare makes an interesting tableau with Orion and his dogs. Aratus wrote that the Dog (Canis Major) pursues the hare in an unending race: ‘Close behind he rises and as he sets he eyes the setting hare.’ But judging by its position in the sky, the hare seems more to be crouched in hiding beneath the hunter’s feet. Hyginus tells us the following moral tale about the hare. At one time there were no hares on the island of Leros, until one man brought in a pregnant female. Soon, everyone began to raise hares and before long the island was swarming with them. They overran the fields and destroyed the crops, reducing the population to starvation. By a concerted effort, the inhabitants drove the hares out of their island. They put the image of the hare among the stars as a reminder that one can easily end up with too much of a good thing. The constellation’s brightest star, third-magnitude Alpha Leporis, is called Arneb, from the Arabic al-arnab meaning ‘the hare’. It lies in the middle of the animal’s body. The stars Kappa, Iota, Lambda, and Nu Leporis delineate the hare’s prominent ears. In Greece, the gift of a rabbit was a common love token from a man to his male or female lover. In Rome, the gift of a rabbit was intended to help a barren wife conceive. Carvings of rabbits eating grapes and figs appear on both Greek and Roman tombs, where they symbolize the transformative cycle of life, death, and rebirth. Now with the Greek's being know for their Mythology, I was surprised that there was not a lot about rabbit's or hare's in the myth's Hermes (Greek) – God of the spoken word; the rabbit was sacred to Hermes as a fleet-footed messenger Now we are going to discuss the hare in coinage and as a city badge. The Hare in Magna Graecia Many ancient Greek cities adopted symbolic or mythical animals as badges or totems. Athens chose the owl due to its association with Athena. Corinth chose the Pegasus. For Cyzicus in Anatolia, it was the tuna fish. And so on. Americans have a similar custom: the dolphin for Miami, the colt for Indianapolis, the bear for Chicago. Several cities in “Magna Graecia” (the region of southern Italy and Sicily settled by Greek colonists beginning in the eighth century BCE) adopted the leaping hare as a distinctive symbol on their classical-era coinage. bunny1 Anaxilas, Tyrant of Rhegium The story begins with Anaxilas, son of Cretines. In 494 BCE he seized power at Rhegium (or Rhegion, known today as Reggio Calabria at the tip of the boot of Italy) and soon extended his rule to Sicily. Anaxilas is credited with importing Greek hares to Sicily for the aristocratic sport of hunting. A leaping hare appears on his small silver litra at Rhegium as early as 480 BCE. When his mule-chariot (biga) team won in the Olympic games, he placed that image on his coins. Coinage is conservative, and this basic design – mule chariot obverse, leaping hare reverse – was continued for generations. Neighboring cities that allied with Rhegium or came under its control soon adopted the leaping hare as a symbol, notably Messana. Early coinage of Messana closely copied Rhegium’s design, changing only the “ethnic” (the inscription giving the name of the city). About 420 BCE, Messana issued a magnificent silver tetradrachm depicting the nature god Pan, seated on a rock playing with a leaping hare[1]. Another tetradrachm from this period shows the hare leaping over a head of Pan. Messana Tetradrachms On a coin dated after 460 BCE, the nearby city of Lokroi[2] shows a hare leaping over an overturned amphora. A century later (ca. 360) the city of Croton placed the hare on the reverse of its small silver diobols, with its own traditional symbol of the tripod on the obverse. A very different representation of the hare makes its appearance on Greek coinage about the year 400 BCE. The hare appears as a victim, being torn by the beak of an eagle as it grips the hare in its talons. The magnificent silver decadrachm of Akragas is perhaps the most famous example. On the reverse of this large coin, a pair of eagles perch on a rocky crag, about to dine on a dead hare. One bends down toward the prey, the other stretches its neck upward to screech in triumph. A cataloguer of the Hunt collection relates the image to a chorus in the play Agamemnon: “The eagles are an omen sent from Zeus to Agamemnon and Menelaus commanding the sacrifice of Iphigenia before the Greek fleet might set sail for the Trojan War.” (Lorber, 182) Attributed to engravers named Myron and Polykrates, less than 10 examples of this coin are known. A similar design appears on the less rare Akragas tetradrachms of the same period, and was eventually copied at Lokroi, Croton and other cities. Akragas Silver Decadrachm The Greek town of Elis controlled the sacred site of Olympia and was responsible for managing the Games held there every four years. This responsibility included issuing special coinage for the use of visitors attending the event. In the fifth century BCE, this coinage reached a high standard of artistic excellence. The obverse of a silver stater struck for the 87th Olympiad (432 BCE) depicts an eagle tearing with its beak a hare held in its talons. Two centuries later, we see the same design (executed with less grace, perhaps) on a silver drachm of Elis. About 400 BCE, the very obscure town of Atarneus (or Atarnios, now Dikili, on the Aegean coast of Turkey opposite the island of Lesbos) issued charming tiny silver half obols with a hare on the reverse. Only a few examples are known; one sold for US$700 in a February 2014 auction[3]. Greek island declares war on wild rabbits Athens - Farmers on the Greek island of Lemnos have declared war on a plague of wild rabbits which they say is destroying thousands of hectares of wheat and vines, local officials said on Thursday. Under pressure from landholders, who claim to have lost over 2 000 hectares of planted crops to the rabbit scourge, local officials want the government to lift restrictions on hunting to enable an island-wide cull. "There's thousands of them," Lemnos deputy prefect Thodoris Baveas said on Thursday. "Just by driving at night you can hit a couple each time, there's that many." The Lemnos authorities want to permit night-time hunts, which are banned in Greece, as the rabbits stay hidden during daytime. Speaking after a meeting with farmers on Thursday, Baveas said the prefecture was also considering importing weasels from Germany to deal with the problem. "They are expensive, I've heard that each costs about €4 400," Baveas said, noting. "We would need at least 10 weasels," he added, noting that the prefecture would like European Union funds to assist crop rehabilitation. The Greek branch of the World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF) reacted cautiously to a hunting initiative, arguing that it could encourage attacks on other types of game on the island. Rabbits are more than companion animals to many in the House Rabbit Society. They are also living symbols of a life style, a philosophy and a value system. For example, many people who live with a house bunny have chosen a vegetarian or vegan lifestyle. In America we usually define animals as "pets" or "food" more succinctly than people from other countries. A Frenchmen may be as comfortable riding a horse from their stable, as eating horse at a restaurant and likewise, dogs and cats are seen as food in some Asian societies. Similarly, in Iceland the horse is used for traditional sheepherding work in its native country, as well as for leisure, showing, and racing and some horses are still bred for slaughter, and much of the meat is exported to Japan, or eaten as a delicacy in Iceland. People who live with rabbits may be more acutely aware of this dichotomy than are people with other companion animals, because rabbits are seen as either food or companions here while dogs, cats and horses are strictly companions. So on that note there is a popular rabbit dish in Greece called Lagos Stifado (Λαγός στιφάδο) — hare stew with pearl onions, vinegar, red wine and cinnamon — it is a much-prized dish enjoyed in Greece and Cyprus and communities in the diaspora, particularly in Australia where the hare is hunted as a feral pest. In the case of stifado (stee-FAH-do), debate centers on the tomatoes and wine. Simple chopped tomatoes? Or tomato paste and crushed tomatoes? Red wine or white? Sweet or dry? Now fi you can get ahold of the incomparable Greek sweet wine Mavrodaphne, that is what is recomended. Without Mavrodaphne the stifado is a shadow of itself, although you can use a Port in a pinch. What does stifado taste like? The Orient, in its classical sense. It must have been quite the treat when it was invented, most likely in the Middle Ages when Greece was under Venetian rule. Any combination of sweetness with exotic spices such as cinnamon and allspice in an otherwise savory dish screams the 1300's or 1400's. Stifado uses a lot of olive oil, so it is smooth going down. This keeps the rabbit moist as well, which is braised slowly until it is about to fall off the bone. You can pull the meat off the bone before serving, or just leave the pieces in the stew. The Greeks typically leave the pieces as is. The spices give the stew zing without heat, and the tomatoes, which are obviously a post-1500's addition, add a bit more sweetness as well as needed acidity. There’s a reason stifado is such a strong part of Greek cooking. You’ll want either a nice Greek red wine, a lager beer, or ouzo with a glass of water as a chaser to go along with this stew. And don’t forget to have lots of good crusty bread around, too. Greek Rabbit Stew. Kouneli Stifado Prep Time 20 mins Cook Time 1 hr 30 mins Total Time 1 hr 50 mins I have not yet made this rabbit stew, but if you are freaked out about rabbit, you could substitute chicken. Keys here are browning the rabbit really well, including sweet wine (Mavrodaphne if you can find it), as well as allspice and cinnamon. Course: Soup Cuisine: Greek Serves: 6 people Author: Hank Shaw Ingredients 2 cottontail rabbits or 1 domestic rabbit Kosher salt 2 medium red onions, sliced 5 cloves chopped garlic 10 allspice berries 1 cinnamon stick 4 bay leaves 1 tablespoon dried oregano 2 tablespoons tomato paste 4 large tomatoes, grated, or 1 14-ounce can of crushed tomatoes[/ingredient] 1 cup dry red wine 1/2 cup sweet red wine 1/2 cup chicken or rabbit stock 1/4 cup red wine vinegar Freshly ground black pepper 1/4 cup olive oil Instructions Cut up the rabbits and cut into serving pieces. Be sure to include little bits, like the belly flaps, the front legs, the kidneys and such; they become yummy surprises in the finished stew. Salt the rabbit pieces well and set aside for 30 minutes. Heat 1/4 cup olive oil in a frying pan and brown the rabbit well. As each piece browns, move it to a brazier or Dutch oven or other heavy, lidded pot. When the rabbit is browned, saute the onions for 4-5 minutes over medium-high heat, until they begin to brown. Add the garlic and saute for another minute. Sprinkle with salt. Do not let the garlic burn. Turn the contents of the frying pan into the brazier or a Dutch oven, then arrange the bay leaves, oregano, allspice berries and cinnamon stick over them. In the pan you browned the rabbit and the onions, add the wine, sweet wine, vinegar, stock, tomato paste and grated tomatoes — cut tomatoes in half and run them through your coarsest grater to leave the skins out of your pot. Cook this down over high heat for 3-4 minutes, then pour over everything in the pot. Cover the pot and bring to a simmer. Cook slowly for 1 hour, then check. It may need up to another hour. You want the rabbit to be just about falling off the bone. You can pull the rabbit meat off the bone, as I do, or just let your guests do that. Grind some black pepper and drizzle some really good olive oil over everything right when you serve. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souda_(island) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_horse https://www.rabbitsonline.net/threads/greece-rabbit-savvy-pets.62323/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare https://honest-food.net/greek-rabbit-stew/ https://www.cretanbeaches.com/en/fauna-and-animal-species/mammals-in-crete/rabbit https://rabbit.org/journal/4-11/symbol.html http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/lepus.htm http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lepus-constellation/ http://www.terriwindling.com/blog/2014/12/The-Folklore-of-Rabbits-Hares.html http://forums.xkcd.com/viewtopic.php?t=20160&start=40 https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/technology/greek-island-declares-war-on-wild-rabbits-239336 http://mythsymbolsandplay.typepad.com/my-blog/2017/03/deities-associated-with-hares-and-rabbits.html https://coinweek.com/ancient-coins/bunny-money-rabbits-hares-ancient-coins/ Assessment of Genetic Structure of Greek Brown Hare (Lepus europaeus) Populations Based on Variation in Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Abstract The RAPD method was used to assess the genetic differentiation of brown hare (Lepus europaeus) populations from Central Greece. Greek wild populations were compared with samples from Austria, Poland, Germany, France, and Bulgaria, as well as with reared/released hares to investigate the impact of the releases on the native populations' genetic structure. The absence of diagnostic bands distinguishing between L. europaeus populations confirmed the high level of gene flow between brown hare populations over long geographic distances reported by other authors. Phylogenetic trees, derived from genetic distances estimated by RAPD band frequencies, suggested one major partitioning event of nuclear DNA lineages found in the samples. The reared individuals clustered with the Austrian, Polish, German, and French populations, whereas the Greek populations clustered apart with the Bulgarian population. Within Greece the distribution of the six wild populations did not follow any geographical trend, since their genetic divergence did not seem to correlate to geographic distances. However, RAPD profiles of some reared and wild specimens were different from the common RAPD pattern observed in the vast majority of sampled hares, probably reflecting an admixture of genetically differentiated individuals. The RAPD analysis indicates that releases might have begun to affect Greek population structure and reinforces the view that appropriate management is needed, adjusted to the local populations' biology and ecology. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1020260819629 The Greek Harehound is a rare breed of dog that only comes in a black and tan color, originally bred as a scent hound for tracking and chasing hare in Southern Greece. Wikipedia Scientific name: Canis lupus familiaris Origin: Greece Color: Black & Gold Temperament: Outgoing, Friendly, Affectionate, Intelligent, Passionate, Brave Weight: Female: 37–44 lbs (17–20 kg), Male: 37–44 lbs (17–20 kg) Height: Female: 17–22 inches (43–55 cm), Male: 18–22 inches (45–57 cm) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Harehound How do you say your full name? Where are you from in Greece? How do you say Rabbit in Greek? How do you say Hare in Greek? Tell us about where you live in Greece? the climate? the tereain? What have you enjoyed gthe most about visitining the United States? Have you seen wild rabbits in Greece? Do people eat rabbits in Greece? Are they kept as pets? Have you ever eaten or kept a rabbit as a pet? Are there any stories about rabbits? Any myths or Folktales? Are there any cities that use the rabbit or Hare as their symbol? Is the Rabbit or Hare on any of the coins?   https://lyricstranslate.com/en/%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B9-%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9-%CE%B2-%CF%83%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1-%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AE-free-beleag.html https://lyricstranslate.com/en/%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B9-%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9-%CE%B2-%CF%83%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1-%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AE-free-beleag.html The Free Beleaguered (Act II- Beginning) The silence reigns in the greenhill beyond the burial ground. The bird speaks, takes a seed, and the mother is jealous of it. The famine blackened the eyes. The mother is swearing onto the eyes. The good soldier from Souli stands aside and cries: "Lone dark rifle, why do I hold you in the arm, where you became heavy for me and the Muslim knows it ?" April and Cupid are dancing and lauging together, and as many blossoms and cores come out, so many weapons enclose you. A small white hill of sheep yells in movement, and gets thrown deep within the sea again, and, being vast white, it merged with the beauties of the sky. And into the waters of the lake, which it reached in fast, a blue butterfly played with its shadow, that felt its sleep within the wild lilium. The petite worm is also being in its sweet hour. The nature is magic and a dream in beauty and grace, the black stone and the dried up grass are vast golden. It spills itself with a thousand faucets, it speaks on a thousand languages: "Whoever dies today, dies fo a thousand times." https://fablesofaesop.com/the-hare-and-the-tortoise.html A Hare was making fun of the Tortoise one day for being so slow. “Do you ever get anywhere?” he asked with a mocking laugh. “Yes,” replied the Tortoise, “and I get there sooner than you think. I’ll run you a race and prove it.” The Hare was much amused at the idea of running a race with the Tortoise, but for the fun of the thing he agreed. So the Fox, who had consented to act as judge, marked the distance and started the runners off. The Hare was soon far out of sight, and to make the Tortoise feel very deeply how ridiculous it was for him to try a race with a Hare, he lay down beside the course to take a nap until the Tortoise should catch up. The Tortoise meanwhile kept going slowly but steadily, and, after a time, passed the place where the Hare was sleeping. But the Hare slept on very peacefully; and when at last he did wake up, the Tortoise was near the goal. The Hare now ran his swiftest, but he could not overtake the Tortoise in time. Moral The race is not always to the swift.   © Copyrighted

In 'Ask a Classicist' host Jean Menzies invites a guest with no background in classics to quiz her on everything they've ever wondered about antiquity. In this episode she is joined by author Jen Campbell as they discuss Disney's Hercules, the similarities between myth and fairy tales and how the ancients dined. Find Jen @jenvcampbell on Twitter. Books Mentioned: The Constellation Myths of Eratosthenes & Hyginus: https://amzn.to/2zRYRWi The Tale of Tales by Giambattista Bastile: https://amzn.to/2LnJpTr Grimm's Fairy Tales translated by Jack Zipes: https://amzn.to/2LgAjL6 Titus Andronicus by Shakespeare: https://amzn.to/2Lp0egG Support the podcast on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/bookishthoughts

On this episode we talk about some flat smacking, Our new website is a great source for flat earth videos and downloadable flat smacking material. We talk about an observation Rory Cooper ("My Perspective” YouTube channel) made about corpuscular rays at sunrise and sunset being impossible with a distant sun. We body slam Eratosthenes again but it doesn't really matter because his experiment never happened. Jay's dreams of doing gold arbitrage in the shipping industry are sunk and much more. Music by Andrew Lanks Friend of Yahweh YouTube https://youtu.be/nLTiTrt3904 Matt Long: Matt@sixture.com There are no tennis players on flat earth https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=olKZG7JD_dU Sunset candle video: https://youtu.be/gZ5wo_NKjtQ My Perspective YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIurtSuhBTv0wzlZaKVbMyw/videos DITRH YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCz6s_ScG0PZThdwhKsUFSRw/videos Sun fading away video: https://youtu.be/32GcNxU_Zuk Dan Dimensions weather balloon YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/DimentionalDan/videos Edward Hendrie Flat Earth Podcast segment enhanced: https://youtu.be/uh5wm5-SpUE

John W. Kelly What the Audience will learn: In today's world, the major forces in politics, culture, and commerce struggle for control over cyber-social terrain. From emerging youth subcultures to state-sponsored propaganda, the battle for social influence begins in social media and online conversation: the Networked Public Sphere. Dr. Kelly will show how advanced machine learning and large-scale network analysis can be used to understand how these forces seek and achieve their power, looking at a number of cases across various platforms — from hate speech, extremism, and Fake News, to activism, cosplay, and 12th Century Persian poetry. The focus will be on how 21st Century analytic technologies are required to reveal the true power of 21st Century media.

What is the Moon? The Moon installation touring the UK that inspired this episode (Museum of the Moon) (https://my-moon.org) Awesome simulated view of the Moon over 1 month (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libration#/media/File:Lunar_libration_with_phase_Oct_2007_450px.gif) Why do people say the Moon is made of cheese? (Mental Floss) (http://mentalfloss.com/article/53107/why-do-people-say-moon-made-cheese) Five myths about the Moon (EarthSky) (http://earthsky.org/space/five-myths-about-the-moon) Man in the Moon (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_in_the_Moon) Ancient Greek astronomy (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy) Eratosthenes measurement of the Earth's circumference (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes#Measurement_of_the_Earth.27s_circumference) Aristarchus's 3rd-century BCE calculations on the relative sizes of the Sun, Earth & Moon (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy#/media/File:Aristarchus_working.jpg) The lunar calendar (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_calendar) The Celtic year (Living Myths) (http://www.livingmyths.com/Celticyear.htm) The death & life of the 13-month calendar (City Lab) (http://www.citylab.com/work/2014/12/the-world-almost-had-a-13-month-calendar/383610/) What causes the seasons? The Earth's tilt, which is theorised to be caused by a cosmic crash that created the Moon (NASA) (https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/seasons/en/) La Luna, Belinda Carlisle (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RergWOAFoc) "A moon is an object that orbits a planet or something else that is not a star. Besides planets, moons can circle dwarf planets, large asteroids, & other bodies" (National Geographic) (http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/moon/) The Moon (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon) Earth's moon (NASA) (https://moon.nasa.gov/about.cfm) Origins of 'luna' (Online Etymology Dictionary) (http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=luna) List of natural satellites, i.e. all the moons in our solar system (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites) Our solar system: Moons (NASA) (https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/solarsystem/moons) Origin of the Moon (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_the_Moon) Lunar rocks & soils from Apollo missions (NASA) (https://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/) What the Moon tells us about Earth (EarthSky) (http://earthsky.org/space/what-the-moon-can-tell-us-about-earth) The Moon does have some tectonic activity & 'moonquakes', but it's much less than on Earth (NASA) (https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/180577main_ETM.Moon.Anomalies.pdf) Moonquakes (NASA) (https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2006/15mar_moonquakes) "The tides in the oceans occur primarily because of the gravitational force of the Moon & secondarily the Sun's tidal force. Tidal forces stretch the Earth in the direction of the tide-producing body" (HyperPhysics) (http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Astro/tidfrict.html) Io & tidal heating: This young lady just won a science scholarship from Cards Against Humanity for this great video (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OG1WRh-LvvE) They've found ice in permanently shadowed polar craters on the Moon, but not liquid water (SETI) (https://www.seti.org/faq#csc22) Why is the Moon so scarred with craters? (NASA) (https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/craters/en/) "The South Pole-Aitken basin is a huge impact crater on the far side of the Moon. Roughly 2,500 km in diameter & 13 km deep" (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pole–Aitken_basin) Thank you Moon: GIF of the path of an asteroid's orbit that came in close contact with Earth in 2003 & will return in 2032 (9gag) (https://9gag.com/gag/a1AK5E6/gif-of-the-path-of-orbit-of-an-asteroid-that-came-in-close-contact-with-earth-in-2003-and-will-return-in-2032) The Manicouagan crater: One of the oldest known impact craters & the largest 'visible' impact crater on Earth (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manicouagan_crater) A view of the Manicouagan crater from the space station (Twitter, Chris Hadfield) (https://twitter.com/Cmdr_Hadfield/status/844596180302643200) Is there an atmosphere on the Moon? (NASA) (https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LADEE/news/lunar-atmosphere.html) Regolith (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regolith) Lunar soil (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_soil) Gravitation of the Moon (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation_of_the_Moon) "The gravitational field of the Moon has been measured through tracking the Doppler shift of radio signals emitted by orbiting spacecraft" (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#Gravitational_field) Does the Moon orbit the Sun or the Earth? (Wired) (https://www.wired.com/2012/12/does-the-moon-orbit-the-sun-or-the-earth/) Barycentre: "The center of mass of two or more bodies that are orbiting each other, or the point around which they both orbit" (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barycenter) Lagrange points: Parking places in space (Space.com) (http://www.space.com/30302-lagrange-points.html) Sizing up the moons of the solar system (University of Michigan, Jason Maguran) (https://www.umich.edu/~lowbrows/reflections/2008/jmaguran.1.html) Team solves the origin of the Moon's 'mascons' mystery (Phys.org) (https://phys.org/news/2013-05-team-moon-mascons-mystery.html) What colour is the Moon? (Universe Today) (https://www.universetoday.com/19626/color-of-the-moon/) Astronomical albedo (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo#Astronomical_albedo) Lunar & solar eclipses (NASA) (https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/eclipses/en/) Why is the Moon exactly the same apparent size from Earth as the Sun? (Astronomy Magazine) (http://www.astronomy.com/magazine/ask-astro/2000/10/why-is-the-moon-exactly-the-same-apparent-size-from-earth-as-the-sun-surely-this-cannot-be-just-coincidence-the-odds-against-such-a-perfect-match-are-enormous) Footage of the diamond ring effect from a total solar eclipse (Business Insider, Australia) (https://www.businessinsider.com.au/video-of-fridays-solar-eclipse-2015-2015-3) The Sun's corona is its outer atmosphere (NASA) (https://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/corona.shtml) The next solar & lunar eclipses (TimeAndDate) (https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/list.html) Manned missions to the Moon: Will NASA or others return to the surface? (ABC, Australia) (http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-05/manned-moon-mission-nasa-esa-china-looking-to-return/8397068) Does a full moon really trigger strange behaviour? (Scientific American) (https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/lunacy-and-the-full-moon/) It's just a phase: The supermoon won't drive you mad (LiveScience) (http://www.livescience.com/7899-moon-myths-truth-lunar-effects.html) Extraterrestrial real estate (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_real_estate) "Earth's oldest, most recognised celestial real estate agency" (Lunar Land) (https://www.lunarland.com) Origins of 'lunatic' (Online Etymology Dictionary) (http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=lunatic) The United Nations Outer Space Treaty (UN Office for Outer Space Affairs) (http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introouterspacetreaty.html) Notable claims by people who think they own the Moon & other exraterrestrial real estate (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_real_estate#Notable_claims) Geosynchronous orbits & the Bogotá Declaration of 1976 (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_real_estate#Geosynchronous_orbits) Strange Attractor went to the Moon in 2016 for a backyard film festival

In this episode, we take a short step back in time and look at the invention of the academic discipline of geography by Eratosthenes of Cyrene, and the effects which a more ordered understanding of the world had on ancient Mediterranean perceptions of it.    Go here for listener Derrick Adams's Sasquatch Itch Cream: www.sasquatchcream.com   Go here if you would like to donate to the podcast: https://historyofexploration.net    Go here for a free audiobook: www.audibletrial.com/exploration

Todos acreditam em alguns, mas nem todos sabem reconhecê-los como tais. O mundo está cada vez mais cheio de “fatos”; imutáveis e eternas “verdades”… ou seria cada vez mais cheio de mitos, meramente assim disfarçados? Veja bem. Curte o VB? Ajude-nos a mantê-lo no ar; seja nosso padrinho(a) a partir de R$1 por mês. Contate-nos por nosso WhatsApp (19-98908-1238) e/ou email: vejabem@vejabempodcast.com.br Encontre-nos também no: Facebook, Twitter e YouTube Referências: Sorry, but the 5-second rule was debunked by science yet again (artigo) How did Eratosthenes calculate the circumference of the Earth? (video) Mario Frangoulis (video) The Limits of “Grit” (artigo) How to Become Great at Just About Anything (podcast) Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (livro) – patrocinado

Todos acreditam em alguns, mas nem todos sabem reconhecê-los como tais. O mundo está cada vez mais cheio de “fatos”; imutáveis e eternas “verdades”… ou seria cada vez mais cheio de mitos, meramente assim disfarçados? Veja bem. Curte o VB? Ajude-nos a mantê-lo no ar; seja nosso padrinho(a) a partir de R$1 por mês. Contate-nos por nosso WhatsApp (19-98908-1238) e/ou email: vejabem@vejabempodcast.com.br Encontre-nos também no: Facebook, Twitter e YouTube Referências: Sorry, but the 5-second rule was debunked by science yet again (artigo) How did Eratosthenes calculate the circumference of the Earth? (video) Mario Frangoulis (video) The Limits of “Grit” (artigo) How to Become Great at Just About Anything (podcast) Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (livro) – patrocinado

Tos (Ballard Sessions) is bad at parties! Tos talkss about the proximity of humor to tragedy with the recent passing of his father, learning to rebuild a community, and not getting taken advantage of when working with other artists. http://www.ballardsessions.com

A look at the evidence gathered by the Greek, Hellenistic and Arabic natural philosophers that determined the size and shape of the Earth.  Aristotle's lines of evidence are discussed as are the measurements of Eratosthenes, Posidonius and al-Biruni.  We also take a look at the myth that it was Columbus who first thought the Earth was round and how it arose.

These boys take your through their reading strategies for this book about Eratosthenes.

Using geometry to measure the circumference of the Earth. License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA More information at http://k12videos.mit.edu/terms-conditions

Some discussion of the nature of proof; listing rationals between 0 and 1; function vs. algorithm; question whether any list of irrationals is possible; Cantor's diagonalization proof that it isn't; discussion about 1-many correspondence between rationals and reals; approach to the idea that the power set of an infinite set is a higher order of infinity because you could do the diagonalization proof on binary expansions between 0 and 1, leading to the construction 2^n numbers not in the original set.  I am interested in what computer scientists make of the discussion we (Kenneth Foner and I in particular) had (and which I am not pretty but not fully confident about) concerning the difference between a function that picks out all primes (which would allow you to use the Sieve of Eratosthenes efficiently, in, um polynomial time [right?], and which we can't [right?]) and an algorithm which ultimately has to do it through a somewhat stream-lined brute force procedure.

This podcast was created by a group of 5th grade girls after they investigated Prime Numbers. The podcast gives background information about Eratosthenes and prime numbers. Then the students take the audience through the process of finding prime numbers using the Seive of Eratosthenes.

A mostly 2010 wintery mix named in honor of the ancient Greek scholar from the 3rd century BC who correctly determined the circumference of the Earth using his brain, eyes, feet, and a few sticks. As Carl Sagan asked...why are there no monuments to people like this?

Christianity brags that it holds the ultimate meaning and purpose for human life. It states most emphatically that the whole purpose of the human experience is to enjoy God and glorify Him forever. It boldly claims that any and all activity outside of the narrow path is worldly, of the devil, and ultimately worthless. While finding a valuable meaning for an individual life is something most people desire, to accuse all who reject the claims of Christianity to be living worthless lives, is arrogantly rude, and historically it’s been destructive. In 540 A.D. Christianity was given a unique opportunity to demonstrate the power of its worldview. Soon after the bubonic plague struck Byzantium that year, striking down 10,000 people a day until 100 million lives had been lost, the Roman Empire was destroyed. Christianity benefited immensely from the pandemic as droves of terrified people flocked into the Church.Christianity castigated secular medicine for failing to cure the plague. The Church subsequently declared all secular medicine heretical. For the next ten centuries, blood-letting, herbal remedies and prayer became the treatments of choice for every ailment. With medical advancement at a standstill, millions died, perhaps as many from the treatment as the malady. Developments in science and technology were abandoned. Extensive aqueduct and plumbing systems created by earlier generations disappeared. Since the sinful flesh was to be despised, even washing was discouraged. Disease of ever type ran rampant as hygiene and sanitation was forgotten. The vast network of roads that enabled transportation and communication fell into disrepair and remained that way until the 19th century. RefBook burning became commonplace. In the sixth century B.C.E., Pythagoras had already suggested that the Earth revolved around the Sun. By the third century B.C.E., Aristarchus had outlined heliocentricity while Eratosthenes had measured the circumference of the Earth. Hipparchus had invented longitude and latitude. After the onset of the Christian Dark Ages, it wouldn’t be until the 1500’s that Copernicus would reintroduce the forgotten theory that the Earth revolves around the Sun. When Galileo attempted to promote the theory, he was tried by the Inquisition in Rome for heresy. It’s untrue to assume only the Roman Catholic Church condemned heliocentricity, Calvin and Luther, the founders of the Protestant Reformation, also harshly condemned the idea, insisting that as it contradicted the Scriptures, it was therefore false. Even as early as the fourth century St. Augustine had written, ”It is impossible there should be inhabitants on the opposite side of the Earth, since no such race is recorded in Scripture among the descendents of Adam.”Historical research was nonexistent and what history there was, was rewritten to conform to the Bible. Modern archeology has proven that human history far exceeds 6000 years, but until very recent years, nearly all English Bibles placed a date on Genesis 1:1 at 4004 B.C. We now know that well before 4000 B.C., rich cultures already existed with well developed art,agriculture, architecture, city-planning, dance, drama, trade, writing, law, and even a few forms of democratic government. History is replete with significant forward development followed by major setbacks. While Christianity claims to have gradually lifted humanity out of dark ignorance of a dark pre-Christian world, the truth is opposite. The longest and darkest setback in the progression of western civilization lies at the feet of Christianity. Ignorance was crowned king when the great libraries in Alexandria in were burned in 391. Ancient academies were closed and education for anyone outside the clergy ended. The Fourth Council of Carthage, in canon 16, permits only Bishops to read the books of heretics in a time of need.. Jerome, a Church Father in the fourth century, reportedly rejoiced that the classical authors were being forgotten. St. John Chrysostom, a preeminent Greek Father of the Church said, “Every trace of the old philosophy and literature of the ancient world has vanished from the face of the Earth.”Whether medicine, art, science, history, music, reading, writing or math, everything was to be brought into conformity with the accepted doctrines of Christianity. The laity and the priest craft were kept ignorant of any ideas outside of a religiously Christian framework. Even the monasteries, filled with educated monkish scribes, were consigned to only preserving works of religious devotion. All other types of literature were consigned to oblivion, hidden away or destroyed, considered at best meaningless works of the flesh, or at worst distractions to lead astray the pious. Worldly writings were thought more suited for the flames, as their authors were destined for hell. Every thought was to be brought into captivity to the obedience of Christ. I know that in my own life, while a youth, I believed there was no greater purpose in life than learning about, and serving, my Lord. I believed the Rapture would occur any day, and nothing could take priority over saving the lost. Prior to my conversion I was an A student, but in the following years I spurned secular academics and neglected my studies in exchange for what I considered more worthy, eternal pursuits. In my mind, higher learning and high paying jobs were vain. Temporal pursuits, I thought, were not worthy of an eternal resident of heaven. So what about purpose? While immersion in a religion may bring about a feeling of purpose, it is a false purpose, one that ultimately hampers all human creative expression and growth. Without religion, or belief in a God that is directing history, it becomes immediately apparent that our species and our lives are fragile, subject to being snuffed out without much notice by the rest of the Universe. Our sun and our planet are obviously not eternal, and our survival as a species is fraught with uncertainties. Great monsters, called dinosaurs, ruled this planet for an impossibly long time before extinction took them away. Without some god to guarantee our survival, extinction is a very real possibility for us. Without a promise of personal survival in some heaven, the only real immorality we can hope to achieve is through our children and grandchildren – the generations of humanity that follow in our footsteps. Pursuing personal enlightenment through religion may provide an appearance of purpose, but it is ultimately a selfish pursuit. Personal religion is about my salvation, my god, my jeweled crown, my holiness, my Bible, my prayer time, my church, my group, my denomination, my experience, my, my, my, my, my. I would say that a far higher purpose – a better purpose – than mindless obedience to religion, would be a life devoted to making the world a better place to live for all of us. By striving to better our neighborhoods, our communities, our nations, and our world, we have a better chance of ensuring a good future for everyone. Ultimately we each make and choose our own purpose. Jesus does not have a plan for my life; I have a plan for my life. It falls to me to take responsibility for my own life and bring my plan to pass. This has been the podcast of ExChristian.Net for April 9, 2006.Related article: Another, "The Meaning of Life."Technorati tags: ex-Christian | exchristian | podcasts