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In this episode of High Theory, Angela Hume tells us about Self Help, not the neoliberal strategy of self-actualization through consumer choices, but the radical political movement of gynecological self-help, that flourished in the late twentieth century and created a set of portable political tactics based in anarchist feminist philosophy. In the episode, she references Alondra Nelson's book Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight against Medical Discrimination (Minnesota UP, 2013); Michelle Murphy's Seizing the Means of Reproduction: Entanglements of Feminism, Health, and Technoscience (Duke UP, 2012); and several health activist organizations, including the Women's Choice Clinic in Oakland, CA; AidAccess which provides mail order medication assisted abortion; and MYA Network, a group of clinicians seeking to expand abortion access in primary care settings. Angela suggested we include three links that everyone should have at their fingertips, PlanC (plancpills.org) which helps people access abortion pills, AidAccess (aidaccess.org) the pill fulfillment service described above, and I Need an A (ineedana.com), a clinic locator. In our longer conversation, she also named the Keep Our Clinics campaign, a fundraising effort to support independent abortion clinics, to which pre-sales of her book contributed. We're sorry we didn't get this up early enough for you to participate in the pre-sale! But now the book is out in the world, you can even read a review of it in The Guardian. Our conversation is based Angela's new book, Deep Care: The Radical Activists Who Provided Abortions, Defied the Law, and Fought to Keep Clinics Open(link is external) (AK Press, 2023). A work of public scholarship and a history of medicine, the book tells a story of Bay Area abortion defense—from feminist clinical practice, to underground abortion provision, to street politics and clinic defense—from the 1970s to 2000s. You can read an excerpt from the book in the Post45 contemporaries collection “Abortion Now, Abortion Forever,” which was the starting point for our conversation on High Theory. Angela Hume is a feminist historian, critic, and poet, who teaches at UC Berkeley. Her creative and expository writing classes address environmental and health justice, working-class and multiethnic American literatures, feminist and queer storytelling, and more. Beyond Deep Care, Angela is co-editor of Ecopoetics: Essays in the Field(link is external) (U of Iowa P, 2018). Her full-length books of poetry include Middle Time(link is external) (Omnidawn, 2016) and Interventions for Women (Omnidawn, 2021). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network
In this episode of High Theory, Angela Hume tells us about Self Help, not the neoliberal strategy of self-actualization through consumer choices, but the radical political movement of gynecological self-help, that flourished in the late twentieth century and created a set of portable political tactics based in anarchist feminist philosophy. In the episode, she references Alondra Nelson's book Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight against Medical Discrimination (Minnesota UP, 2013); Michelle Murphy's Seizing the Means of Reproduction: Entanglements of Feminism, Health, and Technoscience (Duke UP, 2012); and several health activist organizations, including the Women's Choice Clinic in Oakland, CA; AidAccess which provides mail order medication assisted abortion; and MYA Network, a group of clinicians seeking to expand abortion access in primary care settings. Angela suggested we include three links that everyone should have at their fingertips, PlanC (plancpills.org) which helps people access abortion pills, AidAccess (aidaccess.org) the pill fulfillment service described above, and I Need an A (ineedana.com), a clinic locator. In our longer conversation, she also named the Keep Our Clinics campaign, a fundraising effort to support independent abortion clinics, to which pre-sales of her book contributed. We're sorry we didn't get this up early enough for you to participate in the pre-sale! But now the book is out in the world, you can even read a review of it in The Guardian. Our conversation is based Angela's new book, Deep Care: The Radical Activists Who Provided Abortions, Defied the Law, and Fought to Keep Clinics Open(link is external) (AK Press, 2023). A work of public scholarship and a history of medicine, the book tells a story of Bay Area abortion defense—from feminist clinical practice, to underground abortion provision, to street politics and clinic defense—from the 1970s to 2000s. You can read an excerpt from the book in the Post45 contemporaries collection “Abortion Now, Abortion Forever,” which was the starting point for our conversation on High Theory. Angela Hume is a feminist historian, critic, and poet, who teaches at UC Berkeley. Her creative and expository writing classes address environmental and health justice, working-class and multiethnic American literatures, feminist and queer storytelling, and more. Beyond Deep Care, Angela is co-editor of Ecopoetics: Essays in the Field(link is external) (U of Iowa P, 2018). Her full-length books of poetry include Middle Time(link is external) (Omnidawn, 2016) and Interventions for Women (Omnidawn, 2021). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history
In this episode of High Theory, Angela Hume tells us about Self Help, not the neoliberal strategy of self-actualization through consumer choices, but the radical political movement of gynecological self-help, that flourished in the late twentieth century and created a set of portable political tactics based in anarchist feminist philosophy. In the episode, she references Alondra Nelson's book Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight against Medical Discrimination (Minnesota UP, 2013); Michelle Murphy's Seizing the Means of Reproduction: Entanglements of Feminism, Health, and Technoscience (Duke UP, 2012); and several health activist organizations, including the Women's Choice Clinic in Oakland, CA; AidAccess which provides mail order medication assisted abortion; and MYA Network, a group of clinicians seeking to expand abortion access in primary care settings. Angela suggested we include three links that everyone should have at their fingertips, PlanC (plancpills.org) which helps people access abortion pills, AidAccess (aidaccess.org) the pill fulfillment service described above, and I Need an A (ineedana.com), a clinic locator. In our longer conversation, she also named the Keep Our Clinics campaign, a fundraising effort to support independent abortion clinics, to which pre-sales of her book contributed. We're sorry we didn't get this up early enough for you to participate in the pre-sale! But now the book is out in the world, you can even read a review of it in The Guardian. Our conversation is based Angela's new book, Deep Care: The Radical Activists Who Provided Abortions, Defied the Law, and Fought to Keep Clinics Open(link is external) (AK Press, 2023). A work of public scholarship and a history of medicine, the book tells a story of Bay Area abortion defense—from feminist clinical practice, to underground abortion provision, to street politics and clinic defense—from the 1970s to 2000s. You can read an excerpt from the book in the Post45 contemporaries collection “Abortion Now, Abortion Forever,” which was the starting point for our conversation on High Theory. Angela Hume is a feminist historian, critic, and poet, who teaches at UC Berkeley. Her creative and expository writing classes address environmental and health justice, working-class and multiethnic American literatures, feminist and queer storytelling, and more. Beyond Deep Care, Angela is co-editor of Ecopoetics: Essays in the Field(link is external) (U of Iowa P, 2018). Her full-length books of poetry include Middle Time(link is external) (Omnidawn, 2016) and Interventions for Women (Omnidawn, 2021). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
In this episode of High Theory, Angela Hume tells us about Self Help, not the neoliberal strategy of self-actualization through consumer choices, but the radical political movement of gynecological self-help, that flourished in the late twentieth century and created a set of portable political tactics based in anarchist feminist philosophy. In the episode, she references Alondra Nelson's book Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight against Medical Discrimination (Minnesota UP, 2013); Michelle Murphy's Seizing the Means of Reproduction: Entanglements of Feminism, Health, and Technoscience (Duke UP, 2012); and several health activist organizations, including the Women's Choice Clinic in Oakland, CA; AidAccess which provides mail order medication assisted abortion; and MYA Network, a group of clinicians seeking to expand abortion access in primary care settings. Angela suggested we include three links that everyone should have at their fingertips, PlanC (plancpills.org) which helps people access abortion pills, AidAccess (aidaccess.org) the pill fulfillment service described above, and I Need an A (ineedana.com), a clinic locator. In our longer conversation, she also named the Keep Our Clinics campaign, a fundraising effort to support independent abortion clinics, to which pre-sales of her book contributed. We're sorry we didn't get this up early enough for you to participate in the pre-sale! But now the book is out in the world, you can even read a review of it in The Guardian. Our conversation is based Angela's new book, Deep Care: The Radical Activists Who Provided Abortions, Defied the Law, and Fought to Keep Clinics Open(link is external) (AK Press, 2023). A work of public scholarship and a history of medicine, the book tells a story of Bay Area abortion defense—from feminist clinical practice, to underground abortion provision, to street politics and clinic defense—from the 1970s to 2000s. You can read an excerpt from the book in the Post45 contemporaries collection “Abortion Now, Abortion Forever,” which was the starting point for our conversation on High Theory. Angela Hume is a feminist historian, critic, and poet, who teaches at UC Berkeley. Her creative and expository writing classes address environmental and health justice, working-class and multiethnic American literatures, feminist and queer storytelling, and more. Beyond Deep Care, Angela is co-editor of Ecopoetics: Essays in the Field(link is external) (U of Iowa P, 2018). Her full-length books of poetry include Middle Time(link is external) (Omnidawn, 2016) and Interventions for Women (Omnidawn, 2021). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/critical-theory
In this episode of High Theory, Angela Hume tells us about Self Help, not the neoliberal strategy of self-actualization through consumer choices, but the radical political movement of gynecological self-help, that flourished in the late twentieth century and created a set of portable political tactics based in anarchist feminist philosophy. In the episode, she references Alondra Nelson's book Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight against Medical Discrimination (Minnesota UP, 2013); Michelle Murphy's Seizing the Means of Reproduction: Entanglements of Feminism, Health, and Technoscience (Duke UP, 2012); and several health activist organizations, including the Women's Choice Clinic in Oakland, CA; AidAccess which provides mail order medication assisted abortion; and MYA Network, a group of clinicians seeking to expand abortion access in primary care settings. Angela suggested we include three links that everyone should have at their fingertips, PlanC (plancpills.org) which helps people access abortion pills, AidAccess (aidaccess.org) the pill fulfillment service described above, and I Need an A (ineedana.com), a clinic locator. In our longer conversation, she also named the Keep Our Clinics campaign, a fundraising effort to support independent abortion clinics, to which pre-sales of her book contributed. We're sorry we didn't get this up early enough for you to participate in the pre-sale! But now the book is out in the world, you can even read a review of it in The Guardian. Our conversation is based Angela's new book, Deep Care: The Radical Activists Who Provided Abortions, Defied the Law, and Fought to Keep Clinics Open(link is external) (AK Press, 2023). A work of public scholarship and a history of medicine, the book tells a story of Bay Area abortion defense—from feminist clinical practice, to underground abortion provision, to street politics and clinic defense—from the 1970s to 2000s. You can read an excerpt from the book in the Post45 contemporaries collection “Abortion Now, Abortion Forever,” which was the starting point for our conversation on High Theory. Angela Hume is a feminist historian, critic, and poet, who teaches at UC Berkeley. Her creative and expository writing classes address environmental and health justice, working-class and multiethnic American literatures, feminist and queer storytelling, and more. Beyond Deep Care, Angela is co-editor of Ecopoetics: Essays in the Field(link is external) (U of Iowa P, 2018). Her full-length books of poetry include Middle Time(link is external) (Omnidawn, 2016) and Interventions for Women (Omnidawn, 2021). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/medicine
In this episode of High Theory, Angela Hume tells us about Self Help, not the neoliberal strategy of self-actualization through consumer choices, but the radical political movement of gynecological self-help, that flourished in the late twentieth century and created a set of portable political tactics based in anarchist feminist philosophy. In the episode, she references Alondra Nelson's book Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight against Medical Discrimination (Minnesota UP, 2013); Michelle Murphy's Seizing the Means of Reproduction: Entanglements of Feminism, Health, and Technoscience (Duke UP, 2012); and several health activist organizations, including the Women's Choice Clinic in Oakland, CA; AidAccess which provides mail order medication assisted abortion; and MYA Network, a group of clinicians seeking to expand abortion access in primary care settings. Angela suggested we include three links that everyone should have at their fingertips, PlanC (plancpills.org) which helps people access abortion pills, AidAccess (aidaccess.org) the pill fulfillment service described above, and I Need an A (ineedana.com), a clinic locator. In our longer conversation, she also named the Keep Our Clinics campaign, a fundraising effort to support independent abortion clinics, to which pre-sales of her book contributed. We're sorry we didn't get this up early enough for you to participate in the pre-sale! But now the book is out in the world, you can even read a review of it in The Guardian. Our conversation is based Angela's new book, Deep Care: The Radical Activists Who Provided Abortions, Defied the Law, and Fought to Keep Clinics Open(link is external) (AK Press, 2023). A work of public scholarship and a history of medicine, the book tells a story of Bay Area abortion defense—from feminist clinical practice, to underground abortion provision, to street politics and clinic defense—from the 1970s to 2000s. You can read an excerpt from the book in the Post45 contemporaries collection “Abortion Now, Abortion Forever,” which was the starting point for our conversation on High Theory. Angela Hume is a feminist historian, critic, and poet, who teaches at UC Berkeley. Her creative and expository writing classes address environmental and health justice, working-class and multiethnic American literatures, feminist and queer storytelling, and more. Beyond Deep Care, Angela is co-editor of Ecopoetics: Essays in the Field(link is external) (U of Iowa P, 2018). Her full-length books of poetry include Middle Time(link is external) (Omnidawn, 2016) and Interventions for Women (Omnidawn, 2021). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/american-studies
In this episode of High Theory, Angela Hume tells us about Self Help, not the neoliberal strategy of self-actualization through consumer choices, but the radical political movement of gynecological self-help, that flourished in the late twentieth century and created a set of portable political tactics based in anarchist feminist philosophy. In the episode, she references Alondra Nelson's book Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight against Medical Discrimination (Minnesota UP, 2013); Michelle Murphy's Seizing the Means of Reproduction: Entanglements of Feminism, Health, and Technoscience (Duke UP, 2012); and several health activist organizations, including the Women's Choice Clinic in Oakland, CA; AidAccess which provides mail order medication assisted abortion; and MYA Network, a group of clinicians seeking to expand abortion access in primary care settings. Angela suggested we include three links that everyone should have at their fingertips, PlanC (plancpills.org) which helps people access abortion pills, AidAccess (aidaccess.org) the pill fulfillment service described above, and I Need an A (ineedana.com), a clinic locator. In our longer conversation, she also named the Keep Our Clinics campaign, a fundraising effort to support independent abortion clinics, to which pre-sales of her book contributed. We're sorry we didn't get this up early enough for you to participate in the pre-sale! But now the book is out in the world, you can even read a review of it in The Guardian. Our conversation is based Angela's new book, Deep Care: The Radical Activists Who Provided Abortions, Defied the Law, and Fought to Keep Clinics Open(link is external) (AK Press, 2023). A work of public scholarship and a history of medicine, the book tells a story of Bay Area abortion defense—from feminist clinical practice, to underground abortion provision, to street politics and clinic defense—from the 1970s to 2000s. You can read an excerpt from the book in the Post45 contemporaries collection “Abortion Now, Abortion Forever,” which was the starting point for our conversation on High Theory. Angela Hume is a feminist historian, critic, and poet, who teaches at UC Berkeley. Her creative and expository writing classes address environmental and health justice, working-class and multiethnic American literatures, feminist and queer storytelling, and more. Beyond Deep Care, Angela is co-editor of Ecopoetics: Essays in the Field(link is external) (U of Iowa P, 2018). Her full-length books of poetry include Middle Time(link is external) (Omnidawn, 2016) and Interventions for Women (Omnidawn, 2021). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
In this episode of High Theory, Angela Hume tells us about Self Help, not the neoliberal strategy of self-actualization through consumer choices, but the radical political movement of gynecological self-help, that flourished in the late twentieth century and created a set of portable political tactics based in anarchist feminist philosophy. In the episode, she references Alondra Nelson's book Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight against Medical Discrimination (Minnesota UP, 2013); Michelle Murphy's Seizing the Means of Reproduction: Entanglements of Feminism, Health, and Technoscience (Duke UP, 2012); and several health activist organizations, including the Women's Choice Clinic in Oakland, CA; AidAccess which provides mail order medication assisted abortion; and MYA Network, a group of clinicians seeking to expand abortion access in primary care settings. Angela suggested we include three links that everyone should have at their fingertips, PlanC (plancpills.org) which helps people access abortion pills, AidAccess (aidaccess.org) the pill fulfillment service described above, and I Need an A (ineedana.com), a clinic locator. In our longer conversation, she also named the Keep Our Clinics campaign, a fundraising effort to support independent abortion clinics, to which pre-sales of her book contributed. We're sorry we didn't get this up early enough for you to participate in the pre-sale! But now the book is out in the world, you can even read a review of it in The Guardian. Our conversation is based Angela's new book, Deep Care: The Radical Activists Who Provided Abortions, Defied the Law, and Fought to Keep Clinics Open(link is external) (AK Press, 2023). A work of public scholarship and a history of medicine, the book tells a story of Bay Area abortion defense—from feminist clinical practice, to underground abortion provision, to street politics and clinic defense—from the 1970s to 2000s. You can read an excerpt from the book in the Post45 contemporaries collection “Abortion Now, Abortion Forever,” which was the starting point for our conversation on High Theory. Angela Hume is a feminist historian, critic, and poet, who teaches at UC Berkeley. Her creative and expository writing classes address environmental and health justice, working-class and multiethnic American literatures, feminist and queer storytelling, and more. Beyond Deep Care, Angela is co-editor of Ecopoetics: Essays in the Field(link is external) (U of Iowa P, 2018). Her full-length books of poetry include Middle Time(link is external) (Omnidawn, 2016) and Interventions for Women (Omnidawn, 2021). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/public-policy
The Grounded Futures Show, Ep #19 Liberated Care, with Zena Sharman “I think about care as a process, as an ongoing act of weaving — that it is this active thing that we do, that happens in relationships, that happens in communities.” Zena Sharman joins the show to talk casting spells and weaving webs of care beyond institutions. This episode is all about intergenerational solidarity, and queering kinship and care in the everyday. Zena is a writer, speaker, strategist and LGBTQ+ health advocate and our conversation goes deep into the radical possibilities for care as an ongoing, consensual process — from grief care to ageing and dying, to gender open parenting, to centring pleasure and disability justice in health care. Show Notes Follow Zena on Twitter Zena's two books: The Care We Dream Of: Liberatory and Transformative Approaches to LGBTQ+ Health The Remedy: Queer and Trans Voices on Health and Health Care Photo of Zena for show is by K. Ho Recommendations: Leah Lakshmi Piepzna-Samarasinha's books Care Work: Dreaming Disability Justice and The Future is Disabled Megan Linton's Invisible Institutions podcast Hil Malatino's book Trans Care (the free open access version is available here) Jules Gill-Peterson's article Doctors Who? Radical lessons from the history of DIY transition I didn't mention it during the interview, but this podcast interview The Legend of the Orchi Shed with Guest Eilís Ni Fhlannagáin is another wonderful example of an oral history about trans DIY health care The book Trans Bodies, Trans Selves (second edition) Katie Batza's book Before AIDS: Gay Health Politics in the 1970s Dean Spade's mutual aid course syllabus, which includes Katie Batza's book alongside other health-related titles like Alondra Nelson's book Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight against Medical Discrimination and the history of the Young Lords' health organizing, which is also covered in Mia Donovan's Dope is Death podcast and documentary Interrupting Criminalization's brief We Must Fight In Solidarity With Trans Youth: Drawing the Connections Between Our Movements Transcript Zena Sharman is a writer, speaker, strategist and LGBTQ+ health advocate. She's the author of three books, including The Care We Dream Of: Liberatory and Transformative Approaches to LGBTQ+ Health (published by Arsenal Pulp Press in the fall of 2021). Zena edited the Lambda Literary award-winning anthology The Remedy: Queer and Trans Voices on Health and Health Care. She's also an engaging speaker who brings her passion for LGBTQ+ health to audiences of health care providers, students and community members at universities and conferences across North America. You can learn more about Zena and her work at https://zenasharman.com/ Music for our show by: Sour Gout The GF Show art by Robin Carrico Thanks for listening!
This episode we’re reading Sociology Non-Fiction! We discuss the differences between sociology and psychology, what Karl Marx and Aziz Ansari have in common, the over-educated but kind-of-broke worker, and the difficulties of reading books that make us both sad and angry. Plus: Pandemic Monkey Brains! You can download the podcast directly, find it on Libsyn, or get it through Apple Podcasts, Stitcher, Google Podcasts, Spotify, or your favourite podcast delivery system. In this episode Anna Ferri | Meghan Whyte | Matthew Murray | Amanda Wanner Things We Read (or tried to read) From Here to Eternity: Traveling the World to Find the Good Death by Caitlin Doughty Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor by Virginia Eubanks (this is better than Matthew implied in the episode, it is worth reading) Everybody Lies: Big Data, New Data, and What the Internet Can Tell Us About Who We Really Are by Seth Stephens-Davidowitz Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City by Matthew Desmond The Secret Life of Groceries: The Dark Miracle of the American Supermarket by Benjamin Lorr Palaces for the People: How Social Infrastructure Can Help Fight Inequality, Polarization, and the Decline of Civic Life by Eric Klinenberg Talking to Strangers: What We Should Know About the People We Don't Know by Malcolm Gladwell All the Rage: Mothers, Fathers and the Myth of Equal Partnership by Darcy Lockman Can't Even: How Millennials Became the Burnout Generation by Anne Helen Petersen What We Don't Talk About When We Talk About Fat by Aubrey Gordon Other Media We Mentioned The Age of Surveillance Capitalism by Shoshona Zuboff Disasters: A Sociological Approach by Kathleen Tierney The Credential Society: An Historical Sociology of Education and Stratification by Randall Collins Engines of Anxiety: Academic Rankings, Reputation, and Accountability by Wendy Nelson Espeland and Michael Sauder Beyond the Body: Death and Social Identity by Elizabeth Hallam, Glennys Howarth, Jenny Hockey The Protestant Work Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism by Max Weber The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life by Erving Goffman Grocery: The Buying and Selling of Food in America by Michael Ruhlamn Three Squares: The Invention of the American Meal by Abigail Carroll Death of Sandra Bland (Wikipedia) Food Mirages in Guelph, Ontario: The Impacts of Limited Food Accessibility and Affordability on Low-income Residents by Benjamin Reeve (not mentioned during the episode, but this is someone’s actual sociology thesis that Matthew thinks is neat) Body Politics: Power, Sex, and Nonverbal Communication by Nancy M. Henley (Amanda meant to mention this book but forgot!) Links, Articles, and Things Where Do Librarians Come From? Examining Educational Diversity in Librarianship by Rachel Ivy Clarke (I think this is way less humanities-focussed than our program was…) Michel Foucault (Wikipedia) Dr. Thomas Kemple Readers' Advisory for Library Staff (Facebook Group) JUMPSUIT - “Jumpsuit: how to make a personal uniform for the end of capitalism” Code Switch (NPR Podcast) Louder Than A Riot (NPR Podcast) According to Need (99% Invisible Podcast) Sabrina and Friends: Answers in Progress How Conspiracy Theories Work (a good example of a video showing the research process) Trader Joe's (Wikipedia) What does it mean to be working class in Canada? (Macleans article) 15 Sociology Books by BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, & People of Colour) Authors Every month Book Club for Masochists: A Readers’ Advisory Podcasts chooses a genre at random and we read and discuss books from that genre. We also put together book lists for each episode/genre that feature works by BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, & People of Colour) authors. All of the lists can be found here. Beauty Diplomacy: Embodying an Emerging Nation by Oluwakemi M. Balogun W. E. B. Du Bois's Data Portraits: Visualizing Black America edited by by Whitney Battle-Baptiste and Britt Rusert The Next American Revolution: Sustainable Activism for the Twenty-First Century by Grace Lee Boggs & Scott Kurashige Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States by Eduardo Bonilla-Silva Women, Race & Class by Angela Y. Davis Winners Take All: The Elite Charade of Changing the World by Anand Giridharadas Follow Me, Akhi: The Online World of British Muslims by Hussein Kesvani I Am Woman: A Native Perspective on Sociology and Feminism by Lee Maracle Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and The Fight Against Medical Discrimination by Alondra Nelson Finding Latinx: In Search of the Voices Redefining Latino Identity by Paola Ramos Fruteros: Street Vending, Illegality, and Ethnic Community in Los Angeles by Rocío Rosales Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples by Linda Tuhiwai Smith Off the Books: The Underground Economy of the Urban Poor by Sudhir Venkatesh Indigenous Writes: A Guide to First Nations, Métis & Inuit Issues in Canada by Chelsea Vowel Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents by Isabel Wilkerson Watch us Stream! Our Twitch channel - Fridays in January, 9pm Eastern Our YouTube channel - Recordings of streams Give us feedback! Fill out the form to ask for a recommendation or suggest a genre or title for us to read! Check out our Tumblr, follow us on Twitter or Instagram, join our Facebook Group, or send us an email! Join us again on Tuesday, January 19th when we’ll be talking about our Reading Resolutions for 2021! Then on Tuesday, February 2nd, just in time for Valentine’s Day, we’ll be doing our annual romance fiction episode and talking about the genre of Regency Romance!
Our premiere episode begins with Chicago Women's Health Center's roots in the feminist health movement of the 1960s. Terri Kapsalis, author and long-time CWHC Collective Member, describes the clinic's model of care, its historic context, and how it remains at the heart of our work 45-years later.How does CWHC continue to create a place for clients to receive health care that's actually about care and not profit? What is the historic foundation for CWHC's approach and why is this approach as important as ever? And...why “mirror and a flashlight”?Join Terri as she explores these questions, and tune in throughout this season to learn more about how each of CWHC's programs practice the model of care that has been evolving since 1975.A Note from CWHC: This episode contains archival audio that identifies Andrea Smith as a member of the Cherokee Nation, a false claim made by Smith that has been harmful, as documented in The New York Times', "The Native Scholar Who Wasn't."Learn more about Chicago Women's Health Center and this podcast on our website at chicagowomenshealthcenter.org. Follow us:FacebookInstagramMirror and a Flashlight is made possible by our community of support. Our special thanks to Corbett Vs Dempsey, Women Unite!, Early to Bed, Women & Children First Bookstore, Laura McAlpine Consulting for Growth, Mats Gustafsson and Catalytic Sound. Additional thanks to the generous clients who shared their experiences.This podcast was produced by Ari Mejia and edited by A.J. Barks, Sarah Rebecca Gaglio, and Terri Kapsalis, with additional editorial support from Lisa Schergen.Make our work possible with a donation here.Learn more about Terri Kapsalis and her work at terrikapsalis.net. Archival tape featured in this episode:- Black Panther Health Clinics, featuring Fred Hampton- Taking Our Bodies Back: The women's health movement, from Cambridge Documentary Films- Andrea Smith at Women's Worlds 2011For more information on some of the topics discussed in this episode, we recommend the following resources:The History of the Women's Health MovementOur Bodies, Our SelvesBodies of Knowledge: Sexuality, Reproduction, and Women's Health in the Second Wave by Wendy KlineWitches, Midwives, and Nurses by Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English“The Campaign to Eliminate the Midwife” by Kate DawleyWomen of Color and the Reproductive Rights Movement by Jennifer NelsonMore than Medicine: A History of the Feminist Women's Health Movement by Jennifer NelsonNew View of a Woman's Body: A Fully Illustrated Guide by the Federation Of Feminist Women's Health CentersHistory of Gynecology and Sterilization Abuses in the United StatesMedical Bondage: Race, Gender, and the Origins of American Gynecology by Deirdre Cooper OwensNo Mas Bebes (2015), directed by Renee Tajima-PeñaConquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide by Andrea SmithReproductive Justice: An Introduction by Loretta Ross and Rickie SolingerWitches, Witch Hunts, and Women by Silvia FedericiKilling the Black Body by Dorothy E. RobertsThe Face of Women's Health: Helen Rodriguez-Trias by Joyce WilcoxBlack Panthers & Young Lords Health ClinicsBody and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight Against Medical Discrimination by Alondra NelsonHillbilly Nationalists, Urban Race Rebels, and Black Power: Community Organizing in Radical Times by Amy Sonnie and James TracyJane, the Underground Abortion ServiceThe Story of Jane: The Legendary Underground Abortion Service by Laura Kaplan
Today we have a discussion of the social sciences and COVID-19 with Alondra Nelson.Alondra Nelson, President of the Social Science Research Council and Harold F. Linder Professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, is an acclaimed researcher and author, who explores questions of science, technology, and social inequality. Nelson’s books include, Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight Against Medical Discrimination and The Social Life of DNA: Race, Reparations, and Reconciliation after the Genome. She is coeditor of Genetics and the Unsettled Past: The Collision of DNA, Race and History (with Keith Wailoo and Catherine Lee). Nelson serves on the Board of Trustees of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Russell Sage Foundation, and on the Board of Directors of the Teagle Foundation and the Data & Society Research Institute. She is an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the National Academy of Medicine.
Join us as we chat with Amanda Anuraga, EAMP owner of Tacoma East Asian Medicine while we talk about acupuncture and how it can help heal individuals and communities. We venture into system impacts, equity and the potential ripple effects of choosing to invest in our communities with healing and regenerative actions. She shares incredible stories of the power of acupuncture, offers encouragement to business owners who want to do more for their communities than offer products and services for purchase, and even shares a few helpful health tips! You can learn more about Amanda on her website, facebook or reach her at hello@TacomaEastAsianMed.com Mentioned in the show: Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight Against Medical Discrimination --------------- Want to be a guest on the show? Send us an email at hello@paradoxumconsulting.com with your contact info and why you'd like to be on the show! Resources for you: Learn more about our services at Paradoxum Consulting Want to begin implementing regenerative business practices? Check out our 6-Day Regenerative Business Challenge E-Workbook Access our Free Resources Let's be friends! Connect with Ashley and Arianna at Paradoxum Consulting: Paradoxum Instagram Paradoxum Facebook Website Email: hello@paradoxumconsulting.com
Sociologist Alondra Nelson calls it “root-seeking” – individuals wanting to know their ethnic background. Knowing who your people were as a way to know who you are verges on being a human need – witness the Hebrew Bible or the carefully tended genealogies of royal houses. In her own seeking, Nelson has studied the rise and use of direct-to-consumer genetic testing as made popular by companies like 23andme, Ancestry.com and AncestryDNA. Those firms and others promise to decode, at least in part, stories found in your own chromosomal makeup. As Nelson achieved other career milestones, including being the current president of the Social Science Research Council and the Harold F. Linder Professor at the Institute for Advanced Study, she’s also spent close to two decades unraveling the story of consumer genetic testing, accounts of which resulted in two of her books, Genetics and the Unsettled Past: The Collision of DNA, Race, and History and the new The Social Life of DNA: Race, Reparations, and Reconciliation after the Genome. In this Social Science Bites podcast, Nelson describes her particular interest in those root-seekers whose journeys usually aren’t captured in antebellum church registries or in tales passed down in the same hamlet through countless generations. She's focused on the descendants of people 'stolen from Africa' in the slave trade, who make up so much of the African diaspora. In surveys and later in extensive interviewing among the African-American community, Nelson found a great deal of interest among Black Americans in DNA testing despite some historical misgivings. “Marginalized communities, and in the context of the U.S., African-Americans in particular, have a very understandable historic distrust of genetic research and medical experimentation,” she explains to interviewer David Edmonds. “So the fact that African Americans were early adopters in this space is surprising given that history. What’s not surprising is the genealogical aspiration that many African Americans are trying to fulfill – a profound and pronounced and often very living and present longing sense of loss and longing about identity, original family names, of points and places on the continent of Africa where one’s ancestors might have come from.” She also learned, as her investigations branched out from surveys of the genealogical community to interviews with test-takers, that “getting the test results was really the beginning of the endeavor, rather than the end. “What in the world did you think you could do with this information, besides filing it away in a drawer and telling your family that we now know that we have Ibo, Yoruba, whatever the test provided for ancestry?” Answering that question meant Nelson’s own approach must evolve. “That transformed the methodology to a kind of ethnographic methodology that I call the ‘social life of DNA’ in which I followed what happened with the test, what happened with the information, what did they think that these genetic inferences could do with the world. That really opens up a whole other space of thinking about the importance of genetic testing.” Part of that space she explored is uniquely American. For much of (White) America, one’s ethnic ties to the ‘old country’ – to be Irish or Italian, say -- are a linchpin of identity. “That’s not been available to African Americans,” she notes, whose roots are assigned to an amorphous blob of sub-Saharan Africa, since specific roots were eradicated when now enslaved peoples arrived in the New World. “People lost their given names, lost the languages of their foremothers and forefathers,” Nelson said. “[P]art of the work of what slave-making entailed was taking people from often very different places on the continent of Africa, with different languages, cultural norms, religious backgrounds and to create out of a multicultural and multiethnic diverse group of people of different backgrounds a ‘caste’.” The dark-skinned newcomers were henceforth categorized as a race, and that race was assigned the caste of enslaved person. Genetic testing, in turn opens up that ‘Black box’ of lost identity and reveals what place and culture forebearers were likely ripped from. (Nelson, for example, had her own code analyzed and discovered a component of her heritage was from what is now Cameroon.) In this podcast, Nelson also talks about how Black Americans may respond to their growing awareness of their specific genetic identities, how this might impact the reparations debate in the United states, and why people are primed to be emotional at reveals of their genetic heritage. In addition to her two books on genetic testing, Nelson writes extensively at the nexus of science, technology, and social inequality. Her publications, for example, include the books Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight against Medical Discrimination and Technicolor: Race, Technology, and Everyday Life. She is also editor of “Afrofuturism,” an influential special issue of Social Text.
Self-care and wellness are everywhere around us. From cereal boxes to the makeup counter to furniture rental, CBD sticks, mobile apps and coffee - a new mindset about how to be… but also how to consume, has settled in. As second nature as this may all seem right now, the concept of self-care actually comes from a very radical and politically charged place in recent American history. In this episode of Unseen Unknown, we speak with New York Times journalist and editor Aisha Harris about the connected history of politics, race, gender and identity that underpins the self-care space today, and how it’s many interpretations reflect our American culture.The history or self-care and wellness is deep and rich, stemming from the civil rights movement, Black and LGBT communities, the hippie wellness movement of the 1960s, and then going mainstream with a new political resurgence after the 2016 election.We also speak with founder Jerome Nichols of The Butters, a self-care beauty brand and cult favorite that signals a new approach in the space among upstarts looking to bring self-care back to its communal roots through very intentional branding and user experiences. Links to interesting things mentioned in this episode and further reading:A History of Self-Care (Slate):http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2017/04/the_history_of_self_care.html ‘Self-care’: how a radical feminist idea was stripped of politics for the mass market (The Guardian):https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/aug/21/self-care-radical-feminist-idea-mass-market You Feel Like Shit: An Interactive Self-Care Guide:https://philome.la/jace_harr/you-feel-like-shit-an-interactive-self-care-guide/play/index.html Post-election, Minorities Are Taking Self-Defense Classes In Droves (Slate):https://slate.com/human-interest/2017/01/post-election-minorities-are-taking-self-defense-classes-in-droves.html Inside the $2,000-a-Month, Invite-Only Fitness Clubs (Elemental):https://elemental.medium.com/inside-the-2-000-a-month-invite-only-fitness-clubs-b44dc031bf54 How Self-Care Became So Much Work (Harvard Business Review): https://hbr.org/2018/08/how-self-care-became-so-much-work Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight against Medical Discrimination (University of Minnesota Press):https://www.amazon.com/Body-Soul-Panther-against-Discrimination/dp/0816676496 Understanding the radical history of self-care is essential to practicing it successfully (Hello Giggles): https://hellogiggles.com/lifestyle/health-fitness/understanding-radical-history-of-self-care/ The Dark Truths Behind Our Obsession With Self-Care (Vice): https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/zmdwm4/the-young-and-the-uncared-for-v25n4 Where Group Prayer Meets Group Fitness (New York Times):https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/19/style/religious-fitness-wellness-streaming-coronavirus.html For more brand strategy thinking: https://www.theconceptbureau.com/
In this one, we sat down with Pres to discuss the long and depressing history of Reproductive Rights, Patriarchy, Eugenics and how they all tie together. SPOILER ALERT: deathtoamerica CORRECTION: The Proles were lied to; Dep (Depo Prevera) is an injection that is re-administered every three months, whereas the arm implant referred to in the episode is Nexplanon (formerly Implanon) which lasts three years. IUDs can last three to ten years depending on the type. @marxymarx2 to contact Pres. If you haven't already, go to www.prolespod.com or you can help the show improve over at www.patreon.com/prolespod and in return can get access to our spicy discord, exclusive episodes, guest appearances, etc.! All kinds of great stuff. Please subscribe on your favorite podcast apps and rate or review to help extend our reach. Like and rate our facebook page at facebook.com/prolespod and follow us on Twitter @prolespod. If you have any questions or comments, DM us on either of those platforms or email us at prolespod@gmail.com All episodes prior to episode 4 can be found on YouTube, so go check that out as well! Suggested Reading: Stamped From the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America, Ibram X. Kendi The Counter-Revolution of 1776, Gerald Horne When The Welfare People Come: Race and Class in the US Child Protection Service, Don Lash Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty, Dorothy Roberts Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present, Harriet Washington Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight Against Medical Discrimination, Alondra Nelson The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making of a Vast Industry, Paul Starr (More liberal standard academic text) Labor's Love Lost: The Rise and Fall of the Working-Class Family in America, Andrew Cherlin (more liberal standard academic text) The Zero Trimester: Pre-Pregnancy Care and the Politics of Reproductive Risk, Miranda Waggoner Women, Race, and Class, Angela Davis On how men's reproductive health is under represented: sci-hub.tw/10.1177/1557988314556670 On China's One Child Policy (Warning! This paper is super orientalist/racist and very liberal--read at your own peril. Only snippets of what comes out of this paper are actually interesting and what Pres used in the episode): sci-hub.tw/10.2307/3115224 On Puerto Rico's sterilization program: sci-hub.tw/10.1177/0094582X7700400405 Sterilization as part of plea deal for man: https://insider.foxnews.com/2014/06/24/va-man-required-get-vasectomy-part-plea-deal Intro music: "Proles Pod Theme" by Ransom Notes Outro music: "A Single Spark" by Xiangyu (you can order the album here)
In this week's episode, Neil, Niki, and Natalia debate the viral New Yorker short story “Cat Person”, the disproportionately high maternal death rate among black women, and the Elf on the Shelf phenomenon. Support Past Present on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/pastpresentpodcast Here are some links and references mentioned during this week’s show: Kristen Roupenian’s New Yorker short story “Cat Person” went surprisingly viral last week. Natalia cited Laura Kipnis’ Unwanted Advances to dissuade readers from equating bad and coercive sex. Natalia cited Jennifer Weiner’s New York Times op-ed about the snobbery often directed at her career writing “chick lit.” Neil recommended Roupenian’s interview with Deborah Treisman. ProPublica published a damning article highlighting the many reasons black women die in pregnancy and childbirth. Neil recommended anthropologist Carolyn Rouse’s book Uncertain Suffering: Racial Health Care Disparities and Sickle Cell Disease, and Natalia recommended Alondra Nelson’s Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight Against Medical Discrimination and Susan Reverby’s Examining Tuskegee: The Infamous Syphilis Study and its Legacy. We discussed the newest Christmas tradition – the now decade-plus old Elf on the Shelf. In our regular closing feature, What’s Making History: Neil discussed the history of the claw foot tub. Natalia commented on the new PBS documentary, Pervert Park. Niki shared The Cut article, “The Life and Death of a Radical Sisterhood.”
Alondra Nelson (@alondra) is the Dean of Social Science at Columbia University. An interdisciplinary social scientist, she writes about the intersections of science, technology, medicine, and inequality. She is author of the award-winning book Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight Against Medical Discrimination. Her latest book, The Social Life of DNA: Race, Reparations and Reconciliation after the Genome, was published in January. In this episode, we discussed: the meaning and importance of "racial reconciliation" and the potential for genetic research in helping to promote it. the extent to which the concept of race is based on biology as opposed to being socially-constructed. the role of DNA evidence in historical analysis. key national priorities policymakers ought to focus on as they consider ways in which genetic research can help to advance social equality. Resources Columbia University Division of Social Science The Social Life of DNA: Race, Reparations, and Reconciliation After the Genome by Alondra Nelson Dark Matters on the Surveillance of Blackness by Simone Browne NEWS ROUNDUP FCC Republican Commissioners Ajit Pai and Michael O'Rielly sent a letter to associations representing Internet Service Providers saying they plan to roll back the FCC's net neutrality rules. The FCC passed the landmark rules which state that ISPs must treat all internet traffic equally, without prioritizing their own content, in 2015. The rules were subsequently upheld by a 3-judge DC Circuit Panel. A complete reversal of the rules would take some time, since a public comment period would need to be conducted first. Ajit Pai, who is expected to serve as the interim FCC Chairman once current Chairman Wheeler resigns in January, has said the days of the net neutrality rules are quote-unquote "numbered". -- The FCC has passed new rules enabling consumers who are deaf and hard of hearing to communicate. Previously, those who are deaf and hard of hearing had to rely on clunky, so-called teletype (TTY) devices to communicate with others. TTY devices converted tones into text and required the recipients to read on paper. Under the new rules, the FCC will now require wireless carriers and device manufacturers to enable "real time" text messaging, or RTT standard, which allows messaging recipients to see, in real time, what deaf and hard of hearing individuals are communicating. Sam Gustin has the story in Motherboard. -- Researchers at Google, UT Austin, and the Toyota Technological Institute in Chicago have devised a new way to test algorithms for biases. Examples of biases in machine learning have included computer programs that take data and target black neighborhoods, show advertisements for payday loans to African Americans and Latinos, or display executive-level jobs only to white male applicants. The approach developed by the researchers, entitled the Equality of Opportunity in Supervised Learning, would enable algorithms to determine that particular demographic groups were more likely to have particular behaviors, but would not target or exclude all individuals based on their race, ethnicity or gender, simply because some individuals within a particular sample had the behaviors. For example, if the algorithm determined that white women were in general more likely to buy wine, and then conclude that someone who bought wine was likely to be a white woman, that would be less biased than excluding non-white women from ad campaigns for white wine. Hannah Devlin has the story in The Guardian. Separately, the White House released a report warning of the dangers of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the workforce. The report concludes AI can lead to significant economic opportunities, but have detrimental impact on millions of workers. -- Nokia has sued Apple for patent infringement in Germany and in a federal court in Texas, accusing Apple of not renewing some patents the mobile industry relies on, and which Nokia now relies on for profit. Apple is stating that Nokia is acting like a patent troll by extorting Apple and not licensing the patents on reasonable terms. Nate Lanxon, Ian King and Joel Rosenblatt have the story at Bloomberg. -- Two consumer groups have filed a Federal Trade Commission complaint against Google accusing it of privacy violations after the company updated its privacy policy back in June. Consumer Watchdog and the Privacy Rights Clearinghouse claim the company had its users opt-in to a privacy change in which the company allegedly merged data from several Google services without providing adequate notice. Craig Timberg has the story in the Washington Post. -- Pinterest released its diversity data, and while the company hit some of its internal hiring goals, black employment at the company remains at 2% with Hispanic employment at 4% of the company's total, tech and non-tech workforce. -- Facebook released its annual Global Government Requests report showing a 27% uptick globally in the number of government requests for user data, to over 59,000 total requests. -- Finally, HUD Secretary Julian Castro announced a major White House initiative to help students living in HUD-assisted housing to gain access to computers and the internet at home. In the partnership between HUD, New York City Mayor Bill DeBlasio, the New York City Housing Authority and T-Mobile, 5,000 families living in public housing in the Bronx will get internet connected tablets. The ConnectHome program has thus far reached 43 states, with other major partners including Google Fiber, Comcast, AT&T, Sprint, Best Buy, the Boys and Girls Club of America, PBS, and others.
Alondra Nelson is Dean of Social Science and professor of sociology and gender studies at Columbia University. She is author of the award-winning book Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight Against Medical Discrimination and editor of Genetics and the Unsettled Past: The Collision of DNA, Race, and History. Her reviews, writing and commentary have also appeared in the New York Times, Washington Post, Science, Boston Globe, and the Guardian. She lives in New York City. The Social Life of DNA, Alondra Nelson takes us on an unprecedented journey into how the double helix has wound its way into the heart of the most urgent contemporary social issues around race. These cutting-edge DNA-based techniques, she reveals, are being used in myriad ways, including grappling with the unfinished business of slavery: to foster reconciliation, to establish ties with African ancestral homelands, to rethink and sometimes alter citizenship, and to make legal claims for slavery reparations specifically based on ancestry. Weaving together keenly observed interactions with root-seekers alongside illuminating historical details and revealing personal narrative, The Social Life of DNA shows that genetic genealogy is a new tool for addressing old and enduring issues.
DNA has been a master key unlocking medical and forensic secrets, but its genealogical life has also been notable. Genealogy is the second most popular hobby in the U.S., and the outpouring of interest in it from the African American community has been remarkable.After studying this phenomenon for more than a decade, Alondra Nelson realized that genetic testing is being used to grapple with the unfinished business of slavery. It is being used for reconciliation, to establish ties with African ancestral homelands, to rethink citizenship, and to make unprecedented legal claims for slavery reparations based on genetic ancestry. Arguing that DNA offers a new tool for enduring issues, Nelson shows that the social life of DNA is affecting and transforming 21st century racial politics.Alondra Nelson is professor of sociology and Dean of Social Science at Columbia University, where she has served as director of the Institute for Research on Women, Gender, and Sexuality. She is the author of Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight Against Medical Discrimination.
DNA has been a master key unlocking medical and forensic secrets, but its genealogical life has also been notable. Genealogy is the second most popular hobby in the U.S., and the outpouring of interest in it from the African American community has been remarkable.After studying this phenomenon for more than a decade, Alondra Nelson realized that genetic testing is being used to grapple with the unfinished business of slavery. It is being used for reconciliation, to establish ties with African ancestral homelands, to rethink citizenship, and to make unprecedented legal claims for slavery reparations based on genetic ancestry. Arguing that DNA offers a new tool for enduring issues, Nelson shows that the social life of DNA is affecting and transforming 21st century racial politics.Alondra Nelson is professor of sociology and Dean of Social Science at Columbia University, where she has served as director of the Institute for Research on Women, Gender, and Sexuality. She is the author of Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight Against Medical Discrimination. Recorded On: Tuesday, January 19, 2016
In this episode, Dr. Cherie Ann Turpin interviews Dr. Alondra Nelson, Associate Professor of Sociology at Columbia University, whose latest work Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight Against Medical Discrimination brings to light the significance of the Black Panther Party's role in challenging mainstream medicine's mistreatment of and discrimination against poor people of African descent in the United States. Dr. Nelson, whose groundbreaking work on theorization of Afrofuturism continues to inspire scholars, will discuss her book, as well as other aspects of her research.
Mark Anthony Neal interviews Jonathan Gayles to talk about his new documentary, White Scripts and Black Supermen: Black Masculinities in American Comic Books. Later, Mark is join in conversation with Alondra Nelson to talk about her new book, Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight Against Medical Discrimination.