Podcasts about irf4

FDA 批准靶向PDL1抑制剂成为尿路上皮癌的一线治疗Clin J Am Soc Nephr 老年捐赠者单肾和双肾移植的应用和结果LANCET 供氧冷灌注与标准冷灌注保存肾脏的临床研究Am J Kidney Dis ABO血型不匹配的活体肾移植对患者生存的影响Nature子刊 使用血浆和尿液无细胞DNA甲基化模式识别肾细胞癌阿维鲁单抗（avelumab）2020年7月，FDA批准PD-L1抑制剂阿维鲁单抗（avelumab）用于局部晚期或转移性尿路上皮癌患者的一线维持治疗。《JAVELIN Bladder 100研究：阿维鲁单抗用于晚期或转移性尿路上皮细胞癌的维持治疗》New England Journal of Medicine，2020年9月 (1)这项3期试验的目的是阿维鲁单抗用于化疗后尿路上皮癌患者的维持治疗的疗效。研究纳入局部晚期或转移性尿路上皮细胞癌，并且一线化疗（吉西他滨+顺铂或卡铂治疗4~6个周期）后未出现疾病进展的患者共700人，随机分入支持治疗组、或阿维鲁单抗维持治疗组。阿维鲁单抗维持性治疗显著延长了总生存期和无进展生存期。阿维鲁单抗与对照组相比，1年总生存率分别为71.3%和58.4%（中位总生存期，21.4个月vs. 14.3个月；风险比，0.69；P=0.001）；在PD-L1阳性人群中，阿维鲁单抗组和对照组相比，1年总生存率分别为79.1%和60.4%（风险比，0.56；P

The TWiM team reviews the coronavirus outbreak that began in Wuhan, China, and the finding that an IRF deficiency underlies Whipple’s disease.  2019-nCoV case tracking (JHU) Clinical features of infection with 2019-nCoV (Lancet) Early transmission dynamics of 2019-nCoV (NEJM) Isolation of 2019-nCoV (NEJM) TLR4 defect in Whipple’s disease (eLife) Become a Patron of TWiM! Music used on TWiM is composed and performed by Ronald Jenkees and used with permission. Send your microbiology questions and comments to twim@microbe.tv

¡Gracias por escuchar! En este episodio hablaré del papel que juega la inflamación en la generación de dolor en pacientes con osteoartritis. La OA tiene una morbilidad asociada sustancial y constituye un creciente problema de salud pública derivado en gran medida del envejecimiento poblacional. Los síntomas de la OA pueden ser funcionales pero se manifiestan principalmente como dolor y el manejo de la enfermedad se centra principalmente en su control.Agradezco que escuchen este podcast y les recuerdo que se encuentra disponible en el catálogo de iTunes, en Google Play (siendo accesible a través del gestor de podcasts de su dispositivo móvil), así como en Spotify. Agradezco también su retroalimentación en estas plataformas y les pido amablemente que califiquen el podcast ya que esto es importante para su continuado desarrollo.A continuación se enlistan las referencias mencionadas en este episodio: Grace, P. M., Hutchinson, M. R., Maier, S. F. & Watkins, L. R. Pathological pain and the neuroimmune interface. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 14, 217–231(2014).Owens, C. & Conaghan, P. G. Improving joint pain and function in osteoarthritis. Practitioner 260, 17–20 (2016).O’Neil, C. K., Hanlon, J. T. & Marcum, Z. A. Adverse effects of analgesics commonly used by older adults with osteoarthritis: focus on non-opioid and opioid analgesics. Am. J. Geriatr. Pharmacother. 10, 331–342 (2012).Wang, Y., Teichtahl, A. J. & Cicuttini, F. M. Osteoarthritis year in review 2015: imaging. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 24, 49–57 (2016).Haringman, J. J., Smeets, T. J., Reinders-Blankert, P. & Tak, P. P. Chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in paired peripheral blood mononuclear cells and synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and reactive arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 65, 294–300 (2006).de Lange-Brokaar, B. J. et al. Degree of synovitis on MRI by comprehensive whole knee semi-quantitative scoring method correlates with histologic and macroscopic features of synovial tissue inflammation in knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 22, 1606–1613 (2014).Cook, A. D., Christensen, A. D., Tewari, D., McMahon, S. B. & Hamilton, J. A. Immune cytokines and their receptors in inflammatory pain. Trends Immunol. 39, 240–255 (2018).Malfait, A. M. & Schnitzer, T. J. Towards a mechanism-based approach to pain management in osteoarthritis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 9, 654–664 (2013).Bellamy, N. et al. Intraarticular corticosteroid for treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2, CD005328 (2006).McAlindon, T. E. et al. Effect of intra-articular triamcinolone versus saline on knee cartilage volume and pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis:a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 317, 1967–1975 (2017).Aitken, D. et al. A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial of HUMira (adalimumab) for erosive hand OsteoaRthritis — the HUMOR trial. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 26, 880–887 (2018).Cohen, S. B. et al. A randomized, double-blind study of AMG 108 (a fully human monoclonal antibody to IL-1R1) in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Res. Ther. 13, R125 (2011).Wang, S. X. et al. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacodynamics of an anti-interleukin-1alpha/beta dual variable domain immunoglobulin in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized phase 1 study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 25, 1952–1961 (2017).Eitner, A., Hofmann, G. O. & Schaible, H. G. Mechanisms of osteoarthritic pain. Studies in humans and experimental models. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 10, 349 (2017).Basbaum, A. I., Bautista, D. M., Scherrer, G. & Julius, D. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain. Cell 139, 267–284 (2009).Ji, R. R., Xu, Z. Z. & Gao, Y. J. 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L. & McMahon, S. B. Nerve growth factor and pain mechanisms. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 40, 307–325 (2017).Minnone, G., De Benedetti, F. & Bracci-Laudiero, L. NGF and its receptors in the regulation of inflammatory response. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 18, E1028 (2017).Bagal, S. K. et al. Discovery of potent, selective, and peripherally restricted Pan-Trk kinase inhibitors for the treatment of pain. J. Med. Chem. 61, 6779–6800 (2018).Pinho-Ribeiro, F. A., Verri, W. A. Jr & Chiu, I. M. Nociceptor sensory neuron-immune interactions in pain and inflammation. Trends Immunol. 38, 5–19 (2017).Robinson, W. H. et al. Low-grade inflammation as a key mediator of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 12, 580–592 (2016).de Lange-Brokaar, B. J. et al. Synovial inflammation, immune cells and their cytokines in osteoarthritis: a review. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 20, 1484–1499 (2012).Rahmati, M., Mobasheri, A. & Mozafari, M. Inflammatory mediators in osteoarthritis: a critical review of the state-of-the-art, current prospects, and future challenges. Bone 85, 81–90 (2016).Urban, H. & Little, C. B. The role of fat and inflammation in the pathogenesis and management of osteoarthritis.Rheumatology 57, iv10–iv21 (2018).Dawes, J. M., Kiesewetter, H., Perkins, J. R.,Bennett, D. L. & McMahon, S. B. Chemokine expression in peripheral tissues from the monosodium iodoacetate model of chronic joint pain. Mol. Pain 9, 57 (2013).Driscoll, C. et al. Nociceptive sensitizers are regulated in damaged joint tissues, including articular cartilage, when osteoarthritic mice display pain behavior. Arthritis Rheumatol. 68, 857–867 (2016).Sweitzer, S. M., Hickey, W. F., Rutkowski, M. D., Pahl, J. L. & DeLeo, J. A. Focal peripheral nerve injury induces leukocyte trafficking into the central nervous system: potential relationship to neuropathic pain. Pain 100, 163–170 (2002).Hu, P., Bembrick, A. L., Keay, K. A. & McLachlan, E. M. 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Osteoarthritis Cartilage 26, 631–640 (2018).Kingsbury, S. R. et al. Hydroxychloroquine effectiveness in reducing symptoms of hand osteoarthritis: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 168, 385–395 (2018).Lee, W. et al. Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in hand osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Care Res. 70, 1320–1325 (2018).Wenham, C. Y. et al. Methotrexate for pain relief in knee osteoarthritis: an open-label study. Rheumatology 52, 888–892 (2013).Kingsbury, S. R. et al. Significant pain reduction with oral methotrexate in knee osteoarthritis; results from a randomised controlled phase III trial of treatment effectiveness [abstract 428]. Arthritis Rheumatol. 70 (Suppl. 9), 454–455 (2018).Ridker, P. M. et al. Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 377, 1119–1131 (2017).Kashyap, M. P., Roberts, C., Waseem, M. & Tyagi, P. 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Dr. James Hagman discusses a 1997 paper from the laboratory of Tak Mak, which first described the phenotype of T and B cells in mice lacking IRF4.

Dr. Carolyn Lam:               Welcome to Circulation on the Run, your weekly podcast summary and backstage pass to the journal and its editors. I'm Dr. Carolyn Lam, Associate Editor from the National Heart Center, and Duke-National University of Singapore.                                                 We know that excessive sedentary time is bad in terms of health outcomes, but does it matter how that sedentary time is accrued, whether in short or long bouts? Today's feature paper gives us some answers. More soon, right after the summary of this week's journal.                                                 The first original paper in this week's journal provides insights into the mechanisms underlying neointima formation in arterial restenosis. Co-first authors, Dr. Cheng and Shi, corresponding author Dr. Li from Wuhan University in China, and their colleagues, performed an elegant series of experiments in which they demonstrated that interferon regulatory factor 4, or IRF4, which is a member of a family of key, innate, immune regulators known to play a role in cardiometabolic disease, actually protects arteries against neointima formation.                                                 They further probed the mechanism underlying this protective effect and found that IRF4 promoted the expression of Krüppel-like factor 4 by directly binding to its promoter. Genetic over-expression of Krüppel-like factor 4 in smooth muscle cells reversed the neointima promoting effect of IRF4 ablation. Whereas, ablation of Krüppel-like factor 4 abolished the protective function of IRF4, thus indicating that the protective effects of IRF4 against neointima formation were Krüppel-like factor 4 dependent.                                                 These findings suggest that the previously undiscovered IRF4 Krüppel-like factor 4 axis plays an important role in vascular proliferative pathology and thus may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of arterial restenosis.                                                 The next paper highlights that high-spacial resolution in gene expression signatures can reveal new regulators, genetic pathways, and transcription factors that are active in well-defined regions of the heart.                                                 Now we know that traditional genome-wide transcriptome analysis has been disadvantaged by the fact that the signals are derived from tissue homogenates. Thus, the authors of this current paper, including Co-First authors Dr. Lacraz and Junker, corresponding author Dr. Van Rooij from University Medical Center Utrecht in the Netherlands used tomo-seq to obtain genome-wide gene expression signature with a high spacial resolution, spanning from the infarcted area to the remote areas to identify new regulators of cardiac remodeling.                                                 Using this technique, they identified SOX9 as a potent regulator of cardiac fibrosis. In vivo loss of SOX9 reduced the expression of many extracellular matrix genes, which coincided with a blended cardiac fibrotic response upon ischemic injury.                                                 These data therefore were able to unveil currently unknown relevance of SOX9 as a key regulator of cardiac fibrosis, thus underscoring that tomo-seq can be used to increase our mechanistic insights into cardiac remodeling, and to help guide the identification of novel therapeutic candidates.                                                 The next paper reports the primary results of the effect of ferric carboxymaltose on exercise capacity in patients with iron deficiency and chronic heart failure, or EFFECT-HF study, which is a randomized control trial of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose, compared to standard of care on the primary end point of change in peak Vo2 from baseline, to 24 weeks in patients with symptomatic, chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and iron deficiency.                                                 In this report from Dr. van Veldhuisen from University Medical Center Groningen and colleagues, intravenous ferric carboxymaltose was shown to significantly increase serum ferritin and transferrin saturation. At 24 weeks, peak Vo2 had decreased in the control group, but was maintained in the group receiving intravenous ferric carboxymaltose.                                                 Although a favorable effect on peak Vo2 was observed with ferric carboxymaltose, compared to standard of care in the primary analysis, this effect was highly sensitive to the imputation strategy for peak Vo2 among patients who died.                                                 They also reported that patient's global assessment and functional class, as assessed by New York Heart Association, improved on ferric carboxymaltose compared to standard of care.                                                 Whether ferric carboxymaltose is associated with an improved outcome in these high risk patients, deserves further study.                                                 The final study provides important long term clinical data to guide lead management decisions in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices.                                                 Dr. Pokorney from Duke University Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina, and colleagues, analyzed over 6,000 Medicare patients and found that device extraction was associated with a lower adjusted five year infection rate, compared with a cap and abandon strategy. There was a lower absolute five year mortality with extraction, but after adjustment there was no association between extraction and a lower five year mortality.                                                 In summary, therefore, elective lead extraction for non-infectious indications in this Medicare cohort had similar long term survival, but lower risk of device infections at five years, compared to capping and abandoning leads.                                                 Patient and provider preferences are critical to decision making when considering extraction versus capping and abandonment of leads.                                                 Well, that wraps it up for your summaries. Now for our feature discussion.                                                 For today's feature discussion, we are talking about sedentary time and a metabolic risk of having too much of it. But, today's paper is so interesting because it tells us that it's not just the total amount of sedentary time that may matter, but how we accrue the sedentary time. Very, very novel concept in my point of view and I'm so pleased to have the first and corresponding author of this paper, Dr. Keith Diaz from Columbia University Medical Center with us, as well as Associate Editor from Johns Hopkins, Dr. Wendy Post.                                                 So pleased to have you both. Keith, could we just dive right into it? Tell us what population you were looking at, and what you found. Dr. Keith Diaz:                    Sure, so we were studying a population of participants enrolled in the Hispanic Community Health Study, so it's a US populations of over 16,000 Hispanic adults. And essentially what we found was that sitting for prolonged bouts, so sitting for one, two hours at a time, was associated with poor glucose regulation. Dr. Carolyn Lam:               Well, yikes. I've actually been sitting for a few hours in a row right now, actually. I think these results are phenomenal, but could you maybe expand a little bit on the details, like how long is too long? And, how often a break needs to happen for you to see differences in the metabolic risk? Dr. Keith Diaz:                    It's a good question and, to be honest, we don't know. I think that's where the research needs to head, but right now it seems to be that taking a break every 30 to 60 minutes could be beneficial. I think that's what we've found thus far. Dr. Wendy Post:               Keith, we were really excited to get your paper in. I think everyone on the Associate Editorial Board was especially interested in it because we can all relate. As Carolyn said, she's been sitting for a long time and when we have these meetings we have two hour meetings at a time and maybe we need to start saying that in the middle we should all stand up and take a break. So we can all relate to this.                                                 But I think one the biggest questions that we had related to data itself, was the association between the total sedentary time and the sedentary bout duration. Maybe you can tell us a little bit more about those correlations in the interaction and tell us also how you also measure sedentary bout duration and total sedentary time in this observational cohort. Dr. Keith Diaz:                    Sure, so I'll start with that latter question. So, we measured sedentary time [inaudible 00:09:32] subjectively. So we actually used an activity monitor called an accelerometer to see how sedentary they are. And how we quantified sedentary bouts is we just looked at how long consecutively a person sat without moving. That was considered sedentary bout. In terms of correlation, what we found is that there are very closely linked. So, people who sit for long hours during the day for total volume, also sit in long bouts. And so what we wanted to do was try to figure out and piece apart, which one is more important? When we're trying to ... If we're thinking about guidelines and what we should be doing about our sedentary time, is it important to reduce our volume or interrupt our bouts? And so what we found is that they're not independent, and that they're in many ways synergistic. And that the association of prolonged sedentary bouts with glycemic biomarkers varied according to how much total volume you sit and vice-versa. Dr. Wendy Post:               Can you expand a little bit more on that? So tell us about the interaction that you found between sedentary bout duration and total sedentary time. Dr. Keith Diaz:                    Sure, so we did find that there was a specifically significant interaction between the two variables and so what we tried to do is actually categorize people as to whether they were high for both characteristics or high for just one of them. And so what we found was that those participants who are high for both, so they had high volume and sat in long bouts, they had the worst glucose regulation, and that those individuals that were high for just one of the characteristics had a little bit better glucose regulation. And so really what we thought the take home message was when thinking about how do we improve our sedentary behaviors is that it's targeting both. It's not sitting for large volumes during the day, but also making sure to take frequent breaks every 30 or 60 minutes. Dr. Wendy Post:               And tell us about the glucose measures that you included in your study. Dr. Keith Diaz:                    Yep, we had a couple glucose measures. One we had people do a two hour glucose tolerance test, so they took a glucose drink and then we measured their blood sugar levels two hours after having that drink. We also measured their H1Ac levels as well as their fasting glucose and fast to link insulin measures from which we can then derive measures of something called HOMA IR, which is a measure of insulin resistance. Dr. Wendy Post:               And the associations that you saw were primarily with the HOMO IR and the two hour glucose levels but less with the hemoglobin A1c? Dr. Keith Diaz:                    Correct. Dr. Wendy Post:               So it really appears to be that insulin resistance that's most affected by the total sedentary time and sedentary bout duration. Tell us about potential confounders and how you factored that into your analysis. Dr. Keith Diaz:                    Yeah, there was quite a number of potential confounders between this relationship of sedentary behavior and glycemic biomarkers. One of them in particular that we were concerned about most were things like body mass index or exercise or physical activity levels. And so we took a look at what we adjusted for those confounders how the relationship changed. And what we did find was that there was an attenuation and association between sedentary behavior and the glucose markers, but there was also ... were still statistically significant. So suggestive that maybe they're partly in the pathway of body mass index or exercise but they didn't make the relationship go away. I should add that we looked at a couple other confounders, we looked at things like inflammation, C-reactive protein, as well as whole bunch of other measures of cardiovascular risk factors. I'll stop there. Dr. Wendy Post:               And what about the fact that study is cross-sectional, are there any caveats related to the study design that you'd like to point out to the audience? Dr. Keith Diaz:                    Yeah, I think that's an important point, that this is cross-sectional, so by no means can we infer causality that sedentary behavior causes glucose dysregulation, it's just purely an association. So I think anyone listening to this podcast should keep that in mind when reading this paper or listening to this podcast. Dr. Wendy Post:               So if you were writing the next set of guidelines what would you recommend in terms of how you implement these findings into guidelines? Not to imply that we think that these cross-sectional observational data mean that we're ready to change guidelines but, if these were replicated in randomized trial or some other more objective data study design, how do you think we should use these results to change our behaviors? Dr. Keith Diaz:                    I think these guidelines point ... or, with the current guidelines are, sit less, move more, where the guidelines that came out from AHA in October of 2016. In part, they were not as specific because we don't have quite the quality of guidelines or data that we need for more qualitative guidelines, or quantitative guidelines. I think if we're able to replicate these data with [inaudible 00:14:10] or point us towards at least is, also, that we should be interrupting our sedentary bouts. And so what I'd like to see hopefully if we can replicate something I'd like guidelines that say every 30 minutes or every 60 minutes of sitting you should stand up and move. And hopefully with future studies that are coming out that we can make them even more specific and something along the lines of every 30, 60 minutes you stand up and walk for 5 minutes or you just stand up for 1 minute. That's where I'd like to see the science head and I think this study points us in the that direction of maybe we have to start thinking about breaking up our sedentary bouts. Dr. Carolyn Lam:               All right you guys, I don't know about you, but I am literally standing up right now while I'm listening to you both. This is so interesting and I love the way, Wendy, you reflected the robust discussions we had as team when we were working through this paper. Congratulations again, Keith, for just this remarkable paper. Actually, maybe I could just ask, Wendy, what do you think? What do you think our next steps that may need to get these kinds of recommendations, perhaps into guidelines? Dr. Wendy Post:               I think as was alluded to before, these are observational data so they're important for hypothesis generation, but really to have evidence that would lead to changes in guidelines maybe having a randomized trial, where obviously you can't have very hard outcomes, but randomized trials of some duration that could potentially lead to changes and important outcomes, would then maybe lead to changes in guidelines. But there isn't anything that we would lose from trying to implement these kinds of behavior, changes into our lifestyle since the downside and the risk is pretty low. So even if they don't make the strongest level of evidence at this point, I think we can still all be mindful of this and so.                                                 One thing that we've been trying to do in our preventive cardiology group at Hopkins is trying to implement walking meetings. In fact, I just had an email discussion with one of my colleagues about meeting tomorrow and she said, "Well, where do you want to meet?" And I said, "Well, why don't we go for a walk? The weather should be nice." And so I think if we're all mindful of trying to, not only increase our amount of physical activity, but trying to limit the sedentary bout duration by being creative and trying to change, sort of, long standing traditions of having meetings sitting in an office, then that could be helpful.                                                 So, just something for our audience to think about as well. Dr. Carolyn Lam:               That's brilliant. You know, the one thing that I was thinking, though, just thinking about the reception of these data in my country, in where I practice, in Asia. This was a purely Hispanic or Latino population. I suppose there is a perception that that population may be predisposed to cardiometabolic disease and so on, and so you know, what's the applicability to us in Asia? So, I'm really happy, particularly to hear how you've taken it on. I mean, it's a simple thing, why not, right? Just to be more active. There's surely can't be something wrong with that. What do you think of that? Dr. Wendy Post:               Totally, I think it's important to emphasize the unique nature of these data and that they come from a Hispanic study, which is a really important addition to our literature in epidemiology and cardiovascular disease and certainly there are significant differences in lifestyle among different communities within the United States and across the globe, as you've experienced having lived in different countries. And so, I think we need obtain more data about how there might be differences based on various traditions and different lifestyles, and try to target those who are at greatest risk. Dr. Carolyn Lam:               Keith, did you have anything to add to that? Dr. Keith Diaz:                    Yeah, I think Wendy is right on and certainly I don't think we have any reason to suspect that sedentary behavior acting differently in Hispanics versus other populations, and so I still think going forth with this notion that we all should be reducing our sedentary behaviors is important to highlight. Dr. Carolyn Lam:               Fantastic. Well, thank you both for a really wonderful discussion. This is really cool, I think a lot of people will be talking about this.                                                 Listeners, you've heard it first, though, in Circulation on the Run. Thank you for joining us today and don't forget to tune in next week.  

Trotz einer deutlichen Verbesserung der Prognose bleibt der systemische Lupus erythematodes (SLE) eine unheilbare Autoimmunkrankheit mit hoher Mortalität und insbesondere Morbidität. Da bei unvollständig verstandener Pathogenese weiterhin nur symptomatische Behandlungen verfügbar sind, steigt die Prävalenz des systemischen Lupus kontinuierlich, wobei die verursachten Kosten durch Behandlung und Arbeitsausfall aktuell in den USA jährlich bei umgerechnet über 10 Mrd. Euro liegen. Bisher ist bekannt, dass der Endorganschaden durch das Auftreten von autoreaktiven T-Zellen und insb. B-Zellen sowie von diesen produzierten Autoantikörpern vermittelt wird, sodass die Behandlung in vielen Fällen der Chemotherapie niedrig-maligner B-Zell-Lymphome ähnelt und daher viele unerwünschte Nebenwirkungen mit sich bringt. Die genaue Art und Herkunft der nukleären Autoantigene ist bislang ebenso unbekannt wie die beteiligten molekularen Signalwege, wobei hier unter anderem Toll-like-Rezeptoren sowie deren intrazelluläre Signalkaskaden, inklusive der Interferon-regulatorischen Faktoren (IRFs) diskutiert werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Rolle des Interferon-regulatorischen Faktor 4 (IRF4) in der Entstehung des systemischen Lupus erythematodes zu untersuchen. IRF4 wird fast ausschließlich in Zellen des Immunsystems exprimiert und reguliert als Transkriptionsfaktor die Entwicklung und Polarisierung von B-Zellen, T-Zellen und Makrophagen. Zusätzlich wirkt IRF4 aber insbesondere in dendritischen Zellen auch als negativer Regulator des pro-entzündlichen Toll-like-Rezeptor-Signalweges. Diese duale Rolle von IRF4 spiegelt sich auch in den Auswirkungen auf die Krankheitsentwicklung im untersuchten murinen SLE-Modell wieder: Während im Vergleich zu IRF4-kompetenten (wt) Mäusen IRF4-defiziente (KO) Tiere deutlich früher und stärker ausgeprägt Zeichen der systemischen Entzündung zeigen, sind sie vor der Entwicklung der SLE-typischen Endorganschäden vollständig geschützt. So weisen IRF4-KO-Mäuse stark erhöhte Plasmaspiegel von IL-12 und TNF-α sowie eine ausgeprägte Splenomegalie auf, zeigen aber weder detektierbare Autoantikörper im Plasma noch die typische Lupusnephritis. Neben der Wichtigkeit von autoreaktiven Lymphozyten in der Pathogenese des SLE zeigt die vorliegende Arbeit damit, dass trotz hyperaktiver innater Immunität der autoimmune Endorganschaden vermieden werden kann, was perspektivisch die Möglichkeiten einer eher immunmodulatorischen als rein immunsuppressiven Therapie mit ihren zahlreichen Nebenwirkungen aufzeigt.

The cell type-, organ-, and species-specific expression of the pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) are well described but little is known about the respective expression profiles of their negative regulators. We therefore determined the mRNA expression levels of A20, CYLD, DUBA, ST2, CD180, SIGIRR, TANK, SOCS1, SOCS3, SHIP, IRAK-M, DOK1, DOK2, SHP1, SHP2, TOLLIP, IRF4, SIKE, NLRX1, ERBIN, CENTB1, and Clec4a2 in human and mouse solid organs. Humans and mice displayed significant differences between their respective mRNA expression patterns of these factors. Additionally, we characterized their expression profiles in mononuclear blood cells upon bacterial endotoxin, which showed a consistent induction of A20, SOCS3, IRAK-M, and Clec4a2 in human and murine cells. Furthermore, we studied the expression pattern in transient kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury versus post-ischemic atrophy and fibrosis in mice. A20, CD180, ST2, SOCS1, SOCS3, SHIP, IRAK-M, DOK1, DOK2, IRF4, CENTB1, and Clec4a2 were all induced, albeit at different times of injury and repair. Progressive fibrosis was associated with a persistent induction of these factors. Thus, the organ- and species-specific expression patterns need to be considered in the design and interpretation of studies related to PRR-mediated innate immunity, which seems to be involved in tissue injury, tissue regeneration and in progressive tissue scarring.

Die Ischämie-Reperfusion in der Niere führt zur Aktivierung des angeborenen Immunsystems mit nachfolgender steriler Entzündungsreaktion und Gewebeschädigung der Niere, das v.a. das Tubulussystem betrifft. Es werden v.a. residente dendritische Zellen aktiviert, die die größte Immunzellpopulation in der Niere darstellen.In der weiteren Signaltransduktion sind v.a. TLR2 und TLR4 involviert, die über MyD88 proinflammatorischen Zytokinen/Chemokinen induzieren. Die proinflammatorische Wirkung wird dabei u.a. über IRF5 bewirkt, das an MyD88 andockt. Diese Funktion wird von IRF4 gehemmt, das als kompetitiver Faktor IRF5 von seiner Bindungsstelle verdrängt. Die negativ regulatorische Wirkung von IRF4 schützt die Niere vor zu starker Entzündung und dadurch vor zu starker Gewebeschädigung. Dadurch wird das Ausmaß des aktuen Nierenversagens reduziert. IRF4 wird durch Sauerstoffradikale im Rahmen der Ischämie-Reperfusion induziert. Nach der Gewebeschädigung und Induktion einer Entzündung wird IRF4 erst verzögert exprimiert, um die Entzündung wieder zu begrenzen.