Podcast appearances and mentions of Ajit Varki

In this episode, Xavier Bonilla has a dialogue with Ajit Varki about the evolutionary origins of denial and self-deception. They discuss the evolutionary perspective of human origins, self-awareness in humans, theory of mind, and how false beliefs and denial evolved. They also discuss lying, self-deception, religion, positive uses of deception, climate change, future of Mind Over Reality theory, and many more topics. Ajit Varki received training in physiology, medicine, biology, and biochemistry at the Christian Medical College, Vellore, The University of Nebraska, Omaha, and Washington University, St. Louis. He was trained and board-certified in internal medicine, hematology, and oncology. He joined the faculty of the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) in 1982.Dr. Varki is an elected member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, National Academy of Medicine, American Society for Clinical Investigation, Association of American Physicians, and of Sigma Xi. He has been a recipient of a MERIT award from the NIH, the American Cancer Society Faculty Research Award, as well as three of the highest honors in the field: the Karl Meyer Award (2005), the International Glycoconjugate Organization Award (2007), the Rosalind Kornfeld Award for Lifetime Achievement in Glycobiology (2020), and the ASBMB Herbert Tabor Research Award (2023). He was also elected President of the American Society for Clinical Investigation (1998–1999), President of the Society for Glycobiology (1996) and served Editor-In-Chief of the Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992–1997). He is  recognized for creating the first major open access research journal, The Journal of Clinical Investigation, JCI (1996), as well as the first major open access textbook, Essentials of Glycobiology (2008). Dr. Varki was honored with the Old Cottonian of Eminence Award at the 150th Anniversary of Bishop Cotton Boy's School in Bangalore, India (2015) and he was also honored with the Annual Research Day Distinguished Faculty Medal and Oration at his medical school alma mater, the Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (2020). Dr. Varki's interests in human evolution also led him to propose a novel Mind Over Reality Transition theory about human origins, in the book, Denial. Get full access to Converging Dialogues at convergingdialogues.substack.com/subscribe

TIME STAMPS: 00:08 Dr. Kiltz's credentials, accomplishments, and backstory. 02:40 The “BBEBIS” diet! 04:00 Dr. Kiltz's famous ICE CREAM recipe! It's a TREAT, not a CHEAT. 07:02 HIGHLY ADDICTIVE CHEMICALS found in most plants. 09:38 GLYCATION: the opposite of GLYCOSYLATION, like “rust” to our body, especially proteins. 12:02 Plants + lean protein = ALCOHOL in your GUT! 14:04 ADIPOSE TISSUE: Why it's the most nutritious part of the animal. 18:08 Occam's Razor: problem-solving principle that recommends searching for explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements. 23:03 The value of a COMMUNITY in your EXERCISE and in your FAITH! 30:40 PLANTS are the ULTIMATE PREDATORS. 39:00 SPIRITUAL & PHYSICAL FITNESS: Strength to overcome just about anything in this universe. 43:02 Dr. Kiltz's BOOKS & WRITING HABITS. 51:18 The misunderstood SCIENCE OF METABOLISM. Books referenced: Essentials of Glycobiology, Third Edition, by Ajit Varki & Introduction to Glycobiology by Maureen E. Taylor and Kurt Drickamer 57:01 INTRAMUSCULAR FAT and INSULIN INJECTIONS: Is this why so many bodybuilders are DYING YOUNG?

People all around the world wonder what makes human beings so special. One scientist flipped the question on its head: What got in the way of other species developing a similar consciousness?Ajit Varki met Danny Bower, the man behind the theory, by chance at a conference. They spoke for two hours and never met again. Bower died before having published his theory, but Varki received the manuscript from Danny's widow. Denial: Self-Deception, False Beliefs, and the Origins of the Human Mind proposes a new theory of the origins of the human species. Bower and Varki suggest that human beings became aware of their own mortality and simultaneously, to deal with the terror of that knowledge, developed a profound capacity for reality denial.Ajit Varki is a physician-scientist and distinguished professor of medicine and cellular and molecular medicine, co-director of the Glycobiology Research and Training Center at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), and co-director of the UCSD/Salk Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA).“Everywhere you look, humans are ignoring reality – earthquakes happen and people go back and build in the same space again: “It's not gonna happen to me.”“What is optimism? Denial of reality. What is extreme optimism? Extreme denial of reality. If you didn't have optimism, humans couldn't move forward. We just ignore everything. We corrupt reality at our will look. Just look around the world today and see what's going on. What person on the people on the planet today is not ignoring reality?”Planet: Critical investigates why the world is in crisis—and what to do about it. Support the project with a paid subscription.© Rachel Donald Get full access to Planet: Critical at www.planetcritical.com/subscribe

This CARTA public symposia will address specific examples of how humans have drastically altered the planet. Acknowledged experts will discuss clearly defined global-scale negative impacts on planet earth, our life support system (other than climate change, population growth and infectious diseases, which are well-known). Each talk will succinctly describe a specific impact, the role that our species has played, and conclude with ongoing or potential approaches to mitigation. In the process, we are coming full circle to Anthropogeny, asking how a single species could have evolved the ability to so drastically alter the entire planet. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Humanities] [Science] [Show ID: 38008]

This CARTA public symposia addresses specific examples of how humans have drastically altered the planet. Acknowledged experts will discuss clearly defined global-scale negative impacts on planet earth, our life support system (other than climate change, population growth and infectious diseases, which are well-known). Each talk succinctly describes a specific impact, the role that our species has played, and concludes with ongoing or potential approaches to mitigation. In the process, we are coming full circle to Anthropogeny, asking how a single species could evolve the ability to so drastically alter the entire planet. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Humanities] [Science] [Show ID: 38008]

This CARTA public symposia addresses specific examples of how humans have drastically altered the planet. Acknowledged experts will discuss clearly defined global-scale negative impacts on planet earth, our life support system (other than climate change, population growth and infectious diseases, which are well-known). Each talk succinctly describes a specific impact, the role that our species has played, and concludes with ongoing or potential approaches to mitigation. In the process, we are coming full circle to Anthropogeny, asking how a single species could evolve the ability to so drastically alter the entire planet. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Humanities] [Science] [Show ID: 38008]

This CARTA public symposia addresses specific examples of how humans have drastically altered the planet. Acknowledged experts will discuss clearly defined global-scale negative impacts on planet earth, our life support system (other than climate change, population growth and infectious diseases, which are well-known). Each talk succinctly describes a specific impact, the role that our species has played, and concludes with ongoing or potential approaches to mitigation. In the process, we are coming full circle to Anthropogeny, asking how a single species could evolve the ability to so drastically alter the entire planet. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Humanities] [Science] [Show ID: 38008]

This CARTA public symposia addresses specific examples of how humans have drastically altered the planet. Acknowledged experts will discuss clearly defined global-scale negative impacts on planet earth, our life support system (other than climate change, population growth and infectious diseases, which are well-known). Each talk succinctly describes a specific impact, the role that our species has played, and concludes with ongoing or potential approaches to mitigation. In the process, we are coming full circle to Anthropogeny, asking how a single species could evolve the ability to so drastically alter the entire planet. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Humanities] [Science] [Show ID: 38008]

This CARTA public symposia addresses specific examples of how humans have drastically altered the planet. Acknowledged experts will discuss clearly defined global-scale negative impacts on planet earth, our life support system (other than climate change, population growth and infectious diseases, which are well-known). Each talk succinctly describes a specific impact, the role that our species has played, and concludes with ongoing or potential approaches to mitigation. In the process, we are coming full circle to Anthropogeny, asking how a single species could evolve the ability to so drastically alter the entire planet. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Humanities] [Science] [Show ID: 38008]

This CARTA public symposia addresses specific examples of how humans have drastically altered the planet. Acknowledged experts will discuss clearly defined global-scale negative impacts on planet earth, our life support system (other than climate change, population growth and infectious diseases, which are well-known). Each talk succinctly describes a specific impact, the role that our species has played, and concludes with ongoing or potential approaches to mitigation. In the process, we are coming full circle to Anthropogeny, asking how a single species could evolve the ability to so drastically alter the entire planet. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Humanities] [Science] [Show ID: 38008]

In Episode #191 I sit down with Stanford University Professor's Dr Christopher Gardner and Dr Justin Sonnenburg to talk about fermented foods, fibre, gut health and immunity. This conversation was organised following the results of their latest randomised controlled trial 'Gut-microbiota-targeted diets modulate human immune status' which was published in Cell Press in 2021.In this conversation we cover:Dr Sonnenburg's background and journey into studying the microbiomeDefining the terms ‘microbiome' and ‘microbiotaThe development of technology in learning more about the microbiomeWhat defines a healthy microbiome and dysbiosisStudying the microbiomes of traditional populations such as the Hadza tribeThe benefits of microbiome diversityLack of microbiome diversityIntestinal permeabilityHow Justin and Christopher came to working togetherThe mission behind their study of fibre and fermented foodsThe methodology of the studyThe definition of fermented foodsMicrobes being added to packaged fermented foodsWhat the study found in terms of fermented foodConducting studies with humans vs animalsWhat can the study tell us about the effectiveness of probioticsSodium in fermented foodsWhat the study found in terms of fibre intakeAccuracy of stool/microbiome testingKey takeaways from the studyand plenty moreJustin Sonnenburg, PhD bio:Dr Sonnenburg is an associate professor in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Stanford University School of Medicine, where he studies the gut microbiota in health and disease and co-directs the Center for Human Microbiome Studies. He and his wife Erica, are the authors of the book The Good Gut: Taking Control of Your Weight, Your Mood, and Your Long-Term Health. Their laboratory at Stanford develops and employs diverse technologies to understand basic principles that govern interactions within the intestinal microbiota and between the microbiota and the host. An ongoing objective of the research program is to devise and implement innovative strategies to prevent and treat disease in humans via the gut microbiota. Current pursuits include genetic engineering commensal bacteria to enable therapeutic delivery within the gut, as well as understanding the health impact of microbiome change that has occurred during industrialization. Justin conducted his Ph.D. in Biomedical Sciences at the University of California, San Diego in the laboratory of Ajit Varki. His postdoctoral work was conducted at Washington University in Saint Louis, Missouri in the laboratory of Jeffrey Gordon. He has received an NIH Director's New Innovator Award and Pioneer Award. He serves on several scientific advisory boards and is a co-founder of Novome Biotechnologies.Christopher Gardner, PhD bio:Dr Gardner is the Rehnborg Farquhar professor of medicine at Stanford, the director of Stanford Prevention Research Center's (SPRC) Nutrition Studies Group, and the director of the SPRC postdoctoral research fellow training program. His primary research focus for the past decade has been randomized controlled nutrition intervention trials (soy, garlic, antioxidants, ginkgo, omega-3 fats, vegetarian diets, weight loss diets), testing the effects of these on chronic disease risk factors that have included blood cholesterol, weight, inflammatory markers, and the microbiome. His research interests have recently shifted to two new areas. The first is to approach helping individuals make healthful improvements in diet through motivators beyond health, linking to ongoing social movements around animal rights and welfare, climate change, and social justice, and their relationships to food. The second is to focus less on trying to improve individual behaviors around food, and more on a food systems approach that addresses the quality of food provided by universities, worksites, hospitals, schools, etc., using a community-based participatory research approach and taking advantage of the many complementary disciplines represented on the Stanford campus, such as medicine, business, education, law, and earth sciences.Resources:The new study on fermented foods, fibre and the immune systemDr Gardner on TwitterThe Sonnenburg lab on TwitterSonnenburg Lab websiteThe Good Gut by Drs Justin & Erica SonnenburgPrevious episodes with Dr Christopher Gardner on plant-based meat and low versus high carb diets and weight loss.Want to support the show?If you are enjoying the Plant Proof podcast a great way to support the show is by leaving a review on the Apple podcast app. It only takes a few minutes and helps more people find the episodes.Simon Hill, Nutritionist, Sports PhysiotherapistCreator of Plantproof.com and host of the Plant Proof PodcastAuthor of The Proof is in the PlantsConnect with me on Instagram and TwitterDownload my two week meal plan

In Episode #191 I sit down with Stanford University Professor's Dr Christopher Gardner and Dr Justin Sonnenburg to talk about fermented foods, fibre, gut health and immunity. This conversation was organised following the results of their latest randomised controlled trial 'Gut-microbiota-targeted diets modulate human immune status' which was published in Cell Press in 2021. In this conversation we cover: Dr Sonnenburg's background and journey into studying the microbiome Defining the terms ‘microbiome' and ‘microbiota The development of technology in learning more about the microbiome What defines a healthy microbiome and dysbiosis Studying the microbiomes of traditional populations such as the Hadza tribe The benefits of microbiome diversity Lack of microbiome diversity Intestinal permeability How Justin and Christopher came to working together The mission behind their study of fibre and fermented foods The methodology of the study The definition of fermented foods Microbes being added to packaged fermented foods What the study found in terms of fermented food Conducting studies with humans vs animals What can the study tell us about the effectiveness of probiotics Sodium in fermented foods What the study found in terms of fibre intake Accuracy of stool/microbiome testing Key takeaways from the study and plenty more Justin Sonnenburg, PhD bio: Dr Sonnenburg is an associate professor in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Stanford University School of Medicine, where he studies the gut microbiota in health and disease and co-directs the Center for Human Microbiome Studies. He and his wife Erica, are the authors of the book The Good Gut: Taking Control of Your Weight, Your Mood, and Your Long-Term Health. Their laboratory at Stanford develops and employs diverse technologies to understand basic principles that govern interactions within the intestinal microbiota and between the microbiota and the host. An ongoing objective of the research program is to devise and implement innovative strategies to prevent and treat disease in humans via the gut microbiota. Current pursuits include genetic engineering commensal bacteria to enable therapeutic delivery within the gut, as well as understanding the health impact of microbiome change that has occurred during industrialization. Justin conducted his Ph.D. in Biomedical Sciences at the University of California, San Diego in the laboratory of Ajit Varki. His postdoctoral work was conducted at Washington University in Saint Louis, Missouri in the laboratory of Jeffrey Gordon. He has received an NIH Director's New Innovator Award and Pioneer Award. He serves on several scientific advisory boards and is a co-founder of Novome Biotechnologies. Christopher Gardner, PhD bio: Dr Gardner is the Rehnborg Farquhar professor of medicine at Stanford, the director of Stanford Prevention Research Center's (SPRC) Nutrition Studies Group, and the director of the SPRC postdoctoral research fellow training program. His primary research focus for the past decade has been randomized controlled nutrition intervention trials (soy, garlic, antioxidants, ginkgo, omega-3 fats, vegetarian diets, weight loss diets), testing the effects of these on chronic disease risk factors that have included blood cholesterol, weight, inflammatory markers, and the microbiome. His research interests have recently shifted to two new areas. The first is to approach helping individuals make healthful improvements in diet through motivators beyond health, linking to ongoing social

Sialic acid-recognizing immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglecs) are a family of cell surface proteins prominently expressed on immune cells in mammals. Siglec-11 is an example of an inhibitory Siglec. It was the first protein in the brain found to be “human-specific”: non-human primates express Siglec-11 in other tissues but not in the central nervous system. UC San Diego School of Medicine professor Ajit Varki discusses the importance of Siglec-11 and the paired receptor Siglec-16, and how they play significant roles in regulating inflammation, and have several uniquely human features including expression in brain. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Humanities] [Science] [Show ID: 37380]

Sialic acid-recognizing immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglecs) are a family of cell surface proteins prominently expressed on immune cells in mammals. Siglec-11 is an example of an inhibitory Siglec. It was the first protein in the brain found to be “human-specific”: non-human primates express Siglec-11 in other tissues but not in the central nervous system. UC San Diego School of Medicine professor Ajit Varki discusses the importance of Siglec-11 and the paired receptor Siglec-16, and how they play significant roles in regulating inflammation, and have several uniquely human features including expression in brain. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Humanities] [Science] [Show ID: 37380]

Sialic acid-recognizing immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglecs) are a family of cell surface proteins prominently expressed on immune cells in mammals. Siglec-11 is an example of an inhibitory Siglec. It was the first protein in the brain found to be “human-specific”: non-human primates express Siglec-11 in other tissues but not in the central nervous system. UC San Diego School of Medicine professor Ajit Varki discusses the importance of Siglec-11 and the paired receptor Siglec-16, and how they play significant roles in regulating inflammation, and have several uniquely human features including expression in brain. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Humanities] [Science] [Show ID: 37380]

Sialic acid-recognizing immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglecs) are a family of cell surface proteins prominently expressed on immune cells in mammals. Siglec-11 is an example of an inhibitory Siglec. It was the first protein in the brain found to be “human-specific”: non-human primates express Siglec-11 in other tissues but not in the central nervous system. UC San Diego School of Medicine professor Ajit Varki discusses the importance of Siglec-11 and the paired receptor Siglec-16, and how they play significant roles in regulating inflammation, and have several uniquely human features including expression in brain. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Humanities] [Science] [Show ID: 37380]

Sialic acid-recognizing immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglecs) are a family of cell surface proteins prominently expressed on immune cells in mammals. Siglec-11 is an example of an inhibitory Siglec. It was the first protein in the brain found to be “human-specific”: non-human primates express Siglec-11 in other tissues but not in the central nervous system. UC San Diego School of Medicine professor Ajit Varki discusses the importance of Siglec-11 and the paired receptor Siglec-16, and how they play significant roles in regulating inflammation, and have several uniquely human features including expression in brain. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Humanities] [Science] [Show ID: 37380]

Sialic acid-recognizing immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglecs) are a family of cell surface proteins prominently expressed on immune cells in mammals. Siglec-11 is an example of an inhibitory Siglec. It was the first protein in the brain found to be “human-specific”: non-human primates express Siglec-11 in other tissues but not in the central nervous system. UC San Diego School of Medicine professor Ajit Varki discusses the importance of Siglec-11 and the paired receptor Siglec-16, and how they play significant roles in regulating inflammation, and have several uniquely human features including expression in brain. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Humanities] [Science] [Show ID: 37380]

Sialic acid-recognizing immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglecs) are a family of cell surface proteins prominently expressed on immune cells in mammals. Siglec-11 is an example of an inhibitory Siglec. It was the first protein in the brain found to be “human-specific”: non-human primates express Siglec-11 in other tissues but not in the central nervous system. UC San Diego School of Medicine professor Ajit Varki discusses the importance of Siglec-11 and the paired receptor Siglec-16, and how they play significant roles in regulating inflammation, and have several uniquely human features including expression in brain. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Humanities] [Science] [Show ID: 37380]

CARTA Co-Director Ajit Varki introduces the Comparative Anthropogeny symposium - Exploring The Human-Ape Paradox. Each species of our primate cousins is unique as it represents the outcome of independent evolution. Yet, humans appear to be a remarkable outlier as we have numerous characteristics so far un-described in any other primate. Why should this be? This symposium will address several important distinctly human "biologically enculturated" characteristics, both in relation to each other and in contrast to our evolutionary cousins, and will also help to organize how and in what sequence distinctly human physical, mental, social, and cultural features evolved. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 36408]

CARTA Co-Director Ajit Varki introduces the Comparative Anthropogeny symposium - Exploring The Human-Ape Paradox. Each species of our primate cousins is unique as it represents the outcome of independent evolution. Yet, humans appear to be a remarkable outlier as we have numerous characteristics so far un-described in any other primate. Why should this be? This symposium will address several important distinctly human "biologically enculturated" characteristics, both in relation to each other and in contrast to our evolutionary cousins, and will also help to organize how and in what sequence distinctly human physical, mental, social, and cultural features evolved. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 36408]

CARTA Co-Director Ajit Varki introduces the Comparative Anthropogeny symposium - Exploring The Human-Ape Paradox. Each species of our primate cousins is unique as it represents the outcome of independent evolution. Yet, humans appear to be a remarkable outlier as we have numerous characteristics so far un-described in any other primate. Why should this be? This symposium will address several important distinctly human "biologically enculturated" characteristics, both in relation to each other and in contrast to our evolutionary cousins, and will also help to organize how and in what sequence distinctly human physical, mental, social, and cultural features evolved. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 36408]

CARTA Co-Director Ajit Varki introduces the Comparative Anthropogeny symposium - Exploring The Human-Ape Paradox. Each species of our primate cousins is unique as it represents the outcome of independent evolution. Yet, humans appear to be a remarkable outlier as we have numerous characteristics so far un-described in any other primate. Why should this be? This symposium will address several important distinctly human "biologically enculturated" characteristics, both in relation to each other and in contrast to our evolutionary cousins, and will also help to organize how and in what sequence distinctly human physical, mental, social, and cultural features evolved. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 36408]

CARTA Co-Director Ajit Varki introduces the Comparative Anthropogeny symposium - Exploring The Human-Ape Paradox. Each species of our primate cousins is unique as it represents the outcome of independent evolution. Yet, humans appear to be a remarkable outlier as we have numerous characteristics so far un-described in any other primate. Why should this be? This symposium will address several important distinctly human "biologically enculturated" characteristics, both in relation to each other and in contrast to our evolutionary cousins, and will also help to organize how and in what sequence distinctly human physical, mental, social, and cultural features evolved. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 36408]

CARTA Co-Director Ajit Varki introduces the Comparative Anthropogeny symposium - Exploring The Human-Ape Paradox. Each species of our primate cousins is unique as it represents the outcome of independent evolution. Yet, humans appear to be a remarkable outlier as we have numerous characteristics so far un-described in any other primate. Why should this be? This symposium will address several important distinctly human "biologically enculturated" characteristics, both in relation to each other and in contrast to our evolutionary cousins, and will also help to organize how and in what sequence distinctly human physical, mental, social, and cultural features evolved. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 36408]

CARTA Co-Director Ajit Varki introduces the Comparative Anthropogeny symposium - Exploring The Human-Ape Paradox. Each species of our primate cousins is unique as it represents the outcome of independent evolution. Yet, humans appear to be a remarkable outlier as we have numerous characteristics so far un-described in any other primate. Why should this be? This symposium will address several important distinctly human "biologically enculturated" characteristics, both in relation to each other and in contrast to our evolutionary cousins, and will also help to organize how and in what sequence distinctly human physical, mental, social, and cultural features evolved. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 36408]

CARTA Co-Director Ajit Varki introduces the Comparative Anthropogeny symposium - Exploring The Human-Ape Paradox. Each species of our primate cousins is unique as it represents the outcome of independent evolution. Yet, humans appear to be a remarkable outlier as we have numerous characteristics so far un-described in any other primate. Why should this be? This symposium will address several important distinctly human "biologically enculturated" characteristics, both in relation to each other and in contrast to our evolutionary cousins, and will also help to organize how and in what sequence distinctly human physical, mental, social, and cultural features evolved. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 36408]

CARTA Co-Director Ajit Varki introduces the Comparative Anthropogeny symposium - Exploring The Human-Ape Paradox. Each species of our primate cousins is unique as it represents the outcome of independent evolution. Yet, humans appear to be a remarkable outlier as we have numerous characteristics so far un-described in any other primate. Why should this be? This symposium will address several important distinctly human "biologically enculturated" characteristics, both in relation to each other and in contrast to our evolutionary cousins, and will also help to organize how and in what sequence distinctly human physical, mental, social, and cultural features evolved. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 36408]

CARTA Co-Director Ajit Varki introduces the Comparative Anthropogeny symposium - Exploring The Human-Ape Paradox. Each species of our primate cousins is unique as it represents the outcome of independent evolution. Yet, humans appear to be a remarkable outlier as we have numerous characteristics so far un-described in any other primate. Why should this be? This symposium will address several important distinctly human "biologically enculturated" characteristics, both in relation to each other and in contrast to our evolutionary cousins, and will also help to organize how and in what sequence distinctly human physical, mental, social, and cultural features evolved. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 36408]

Invest Alongside Boston's Top Angels: Our Investment Syndicates How to fund scrappy biotech startups is foremost on Jeff Behrens’ mind. He was CEO if a startup that raised $20 million in funding but not one cent from VCs. An invaluable interview for anyone thinking of starting or investing in a life science company. Highlights include: Jeff Behrens Studied Philosophy at Harvard but Stumbled Upon Entrepreneurship: Renaissance Man for the 21st Century MIT/Harvard Medical School Collaboration, HST, is Discussed Siamab Therapeutics Siamab Pursues Therapies Based on the Work of Ajit Varki on the Weird Sugars on the Surface of Cancer Cells Siamab Did Not Go the VC Route, I Took a Scrappier Approach to Funding from Other Sources Ovarian or Pancreatic Cancers Are Tough to Fight; Siamab Targeted them Based on the Unique Sugars on the Outside of the Cancer Cells Creating Lethal Molecules that Attack only the Cancer Cells Standard Chemotherapy Is a Carpet-Bombing Approach, Doing Harm to Healthy Cells Jeff Behrens Has Started and Run Companies but He has an Unusually Thoughtful Approach to the Work VC Are Making Large Bets on “Big-Idea” Companies, Leaving More Targeted Startups Struggling for Funding More Targeted Approaches May Be Promising but How Do They Get Funding? The Early-Validation Trap “So, I think there's an opportunity, there's some funding available, but I think there's a real need for more attention and more creativity around sort of those next stages of how we take those ideas forward”. Sal Updates Us on Portfolio Company SQZ Biotech How Jeff Behrens Went from Philosophy Major to Entrepreneur “…my roommate said at the time, "You're really a business person. Why don't you just make this your thing."” Built Telluride Group to 35 Employees & It Got Acquired by a Fidelity-Backed Group “And we had enough money from that exit to be able to support that so I started thinking what would I be interested in learning about the life sciences…” “…but in biology, it struck me, we just don't know what we're doing. It's just it's hard”. “…who makes more money, drugs, devices, healthcare IT or other healthcare investments?” Unusual PhD Program for Business People at Lausanne’s EPFL “…how often do angel-funded companies go on to raise venture capital?... in tech companies that’s true only 8% of the time…” “…only about 4 to 5% of biotech firms start in angel land and then transition on to venture land.” Venture Capitalist in Life Sciences: “…have evolved their model dramatically from 10, 15 years ago. So, they're doing much larger rounds. They are syndicating a lot less. They're taking more of the early equity, and most importantly they're creating companies.” “...companies that are born out of this model start... They are born with $50 million…” Crucial Question for Biotech Entrepreneurs: “…how you get to that pharma exit without needing the venture money?” Capital Efficiency Is Growing in Biotech How LabShares Newton Came About Tenancy in Shared Labs Has Low Turnover Since It’s Not Easy to Get Your Lab Up and Running A Discussion of Meenta as Part of the Trend Towards More Capital Efficiency in the Life Sciences Jeff Behrens Urges Entrepreneurial Postdocs to Spend Time in Large Companies to Learn How they Work, Before Venturing Out on Their Own “One of the few ways you can get to know pharma is working at pharma for a while.” Savran Technologies as an Example of a Scrappy Life Science Startup “…memo to founders. When you're offered money, take it. You will need more than you expect.” Different Paths of Lives Well Lived – The Life of Joe Tosti Getting into Business Alongside Your Spouse “It's not easy working with your spouse…And you're never far away from the company and all those things.” Having His Wife as His Co-Founder Was Key to the Success of Jeff Behrens’ First Company “I think there is this unsolved problem of funding, not the first steps of an entrepreneurial scrappy biotech, but sort of the next steps.”

Ajit Varki presents fascinating historical background on efforts to understand the acquisition of language via some very questionable means - and provides commentary on the ethics of such excessive practices. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Show ID: 35317]

Ajit Varki presents fascinating historical background on efforts to understand the acquisition of language via some very questionable means - and provides commentary on the ethics of such excessive practices. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Show ID: 35317]

Ajit Varki presents fascinating historical background on efforts to understand the acquisition of language via some very questionable means - and provides commentary on the ethics of such excessive practices. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Show ID: 35317]

Ajit Varki presents fascinating historical background on efforts to understand the acquisition of language via some very questionable means - and provides commentary on the ethics of such excessive practices. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Show ID: 35317]

Ajit Varki presents fascinating historical background on efforts to understand the acquisition of language via some very questionable means - and provides commentary on the ethics of such excessive practices. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Show ID: 35317]

Ajit Varki presents fascinating historical background on efforts to understand the acquisition of language via some very questionable means - and provides commentary on the ethics of such excessive practices. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Show ID: 35317]

This CARTA symposium focuses on the contributions of scientists and scholars of anthropogeny who live and work in Africa. Closing remarks from Ajit Varki, CARTA Co-Director, UC San Diego, Lyn Wadley, University of the Witwatersrand, and Berhane Asfaw, Rift Valley Research Service. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 34991]

This CARTA symposium focuses on the contributions of scientists and scholars of anthropogeny who live and work in Africa. Closing remarks from Ajit Varki, CARTA Co-Director, UC San Diego, Lyn Wadley, University of the Witwatersrand, and Berhane Asfaw, Rift Valley Research Service. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 34991]

This CARTA symposium focuses on the contributions of scientists and scholars of anthropogeny who live and work in Africa. Closing remarks from Ajit Varki, CARTA Co-Director, UC San Diego, Lyn Wadley, University of the Witwatersrand, and Berhane Asfaw, Rift Valley Research Service. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 34991]

This CARTA symposium focuses on the contributions of scientists and scholars of anthropogeny who live and work in Africa. Closing remarks from Ajit Varki, CARTA Co-Director, UC San Diego, Lyn Wadley, University of the Witwatersrand, and Berhane Asfaw, Rift Valley Research Service. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 34991]

This CARTA symposium focuses on the contributions of scientists and scholars of anthropogeny who live and work in Africa. Closing remarks from Ajit Varki, CARTA Co-Director, UC San Diego, Lyn Wadley, University of the Witwatersrand, and Berhane Asfaw, Rift Valley Research Service. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 34991]

This CARTA symposium focuses on the contributions of scientists and scholars of anthropogeny who live and work in Africa. Closing remarks from Ajit Varki, CARTA Co-Director, UC San Diego, Lyn Wadley, University of the Witwatersrand, and Berhane Asfaw, Rift Valley Research Service. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 34991]

CARTA celebrates its 10th anniversary with a whirlwind tour of anthropogeny, the study of the origin of humans, by addressing these questions across multiple disciplines: What do we know for certain? What do we think we know? What do we need to know? How do we proceed? Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 34703]

CARTA celebrates its 10th anniversary with a whirlwind tour of anthropogeny, the study of the origin of humans, by addressing these questions across multiple disciplines: What do we know for certain? What do we think we know? What do we need to know? How do we proceed? Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 34703]

CARTA celebrates its 10th anniversary with a whirlwind tour of anthropogeny, the study of the origin of humans, by addressing these questions across multiple disciplines: What do we know for certain? What do we think we know? What do we need to know? How do we proceed? Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 34703]

CARTA celebrates its 10th anniversary with a whirlwind tour of anthropogeny, the study of the origin of humans, by addressing these questions across multiple disciplines: What do we know for certain? What do we think we know? What do we need to know? How do we proceed? Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 34703]

CARTA celebrates its 10th anniversary with a whirlwind tour of anthropogeny, the study of the origin of humans, by addressing these questions across multiple disciplines: What do we know for certain? What do we think we know? What do we need to know? How do we proceed? Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 34703]

CARTA celebrates its 10th anniversary with a whirlwind tour of anthropogeny, the study of the origin of humans, by addressing these questions across multiple disciplines: What do we know for certain? What do we think we know? What do we need to know? How do we proceed? Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 34703]

CARTA celebrates its 10th anniversary with a whirlwind tour of anthropogeny, the study of the origin of humans, by addressing these questions across multiple disciplines: What do we know for certain? What do we think we know? What do we need to know? How do we proceed? Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 34696]

CARTA celebrates its 10th anniversary with a whirlwind tour of anthropogeny, the study of the origin of humans, by addressing these questions across multiple disciplines: What do we know for certain? What do we think we know? What do we need to know? How do we proceed? Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 34696]

CARTA celebrates its 10th anniversary with a whirlwind tour of anthropogeny, the study of the origin of humans, by addressing these questions across multiple disciplines: What do we know for certain? What do we think we know? What do we need to know? How do we proceed? Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 34696]

CARTA celebrates its 10th anniversary with a whirlwind tour of anthropogeny, the study of the origin of humans, by addressing these questions across multiple disciplines: What do we know for certain? What do we think we know? What do we need to know? How do we proceed? Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 34696]

Tracing evolution through past genomic events. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 32974]

Tracing evolution through past genomic events. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 32974]

Tracing evolution through past genomic events. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 32974]

Tracing evolution through past genomic events. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 32974]

Tracing evolution through past genomic events. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 32974]

Tracing evolution through past genomic events. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 32974]

The way cells differentiate to eventually form the human brain and all the unique connections that make us human is ultimately the result of processes forged in evolution. Three experts share their investigations into characteristics of the human genome and its changes throughout evolution that make us human. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 32928]

The way cells differentiate to eventually form the human brain and all the unique connections that make us human is ultimately the result of processes forged in evolution. Three experts share their investigations into characteristics of the human genome and its changes throughout evolution that make us human. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 32928]

The way cells differentiate to eventually form the human brain and all the unique connections that make us human is ultimately the result of processes forged in evolution. Three experts share their investigations into characteristics of the human genome and its changes throughout evolution that make us human. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 32928]

The way cells differentiate to eventually form the human brain and all the unique connections that make us human is ultimately the result of processes forged in evolution. Three experts share their investigations into characteristics of the human genome and its changes throughout evolution that make us human. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 32928]

In this talk, Ajit Varki (UC San Diego) offers some surprising examples of common human diseases that appear to be either absent in our closest living evolutionary cousins (the so-called "great apes"), or manifest in a rather modified form. Given the close genetic similarity of all of these species, he contends that it is worth investigating these differences, with the goal of better understanding the pathological processes involved. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 31604]

In this talk, Ajit Varki (UC San Diego) offers some surprising examples of common human diseases that appear to be either absent in our closest living evolutionary cousins (the so-called "great apes"), or manifest in a rather modified form. Given the close genetic similarity of all of these species, he contends that it is worth investigating these differences, with the goal of better understanding the pathological processes involved. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 31604]

In this talk, Ajit Varki (UC San Diego) offers some surprising examples of common human diseases that appear to be either absent in our closest living evolutionary cousins (the so-called "great apes"), or manifest in a rather modified form. Given the close genetic similarity of all of these species, he contends that it is worth investigating these differences, with the goal of better understanding the pathological processes involved. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 31604]

In this talk, Ajit Varki (UC San Diego) offers some surprising examples of common human diseases that appear to be either absent in our closest living evolutionary cousins (the so-called "great apes"), or manifest in a rather modified form. Given the close genetic similarity of all of these species, he contends that it is worth investigating these differences, with the goal of better understanding the pathological processes involved. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 31604]

Ajit Varki explores the human capacity for denial of reality and how that has shaped our evolution; Sheldon Solomon different philosophies surrounding mortality; and Nicholas Humphrey provides a comprehensive look at the motivations for, prevalence of and reactions to the uniquely human act for suicide. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 32048]

Ajit Varki explores the human capacity for denial of reality and how that has shaped our evolution; Sheldon Solomon different philosophies surrounding mortality; and Nicholas Humphrey provides a comprehensive look at the motivations for, prevalence of and reactions to the uniquely human act for suicide. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 32048]

Ajit Varki gives an in-depth look at how and why the unique human characteristics or abilities of denying reality, self-deception, holding false beliefs, optimism bias and irrational risk-taking behavior; traits that should be evolutionarily maladaptive, developed, and are part of what makes us human. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 32053]

Ajit Varki gives an in-depth look at how and why the unique human characteristics or abilities of denying reality, self-deception, holding false beliefs, optimism bias and irrational risk-taking behavior; traits that should be evolutionarily maladaptive, developed, and are part of what makes us human. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 32053]

In this inaugural presentation to incoming UC San Diego Medical School students, Dr. Ajit Varki, Executive Co-Director of CARTA, provides an evolutionary perspective on understanding human health and disease. Why? Because The biological aspects of medicine are rooted in understanding the evolution of our species, and those of other organisms that interact with us in health and disease. Thus, to paraphrase Dobzhansky, “nothing in the biological aspects of medicine makes sense except in the light of evolution.” Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 31730]

In this inaugural presentation to incoming UC San Diego Medical School students, Dr. Ajit Varki, Executive Co-Director of CARTA, provides an evolutionary perspective on understanding human health and disease. Why? Because The biological aspects of medicine are rooted in understanding the evolution of our species, and those of other organisms that interact with us in health and disease. Thus, to paraphrase Dobzhansky, “nothing in the biological aspects of medicine makes sense except in the light of evolution.” Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 31730]

Closing Remarks and Audience Questions for the CARTA syposium, Implications of Anthropogeny for Medicine and Public Health. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 31610]

Closing Remarks and Audience Questions for the CARTA syposium, Implications of Anthropogeny for Medicine and Public Health. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 31610]

Philip Rightmire and Ajit Varki wrap up the symposium with a questions and answer session and closing remarks. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 30646]

Philip Rightmire and Ajit Varki wrap up the symposium with a questions and answer session and closing remarks. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 30646]

Co-Director of The Center for Advanced Research and Training in Anthropogen, Ajit Varki, welcomes guests and partcipants to this symposium which presents varied perspectives from earth scientists, ecologists, and paleoanthropologists on how climate may have shaped human evolution, as well as the prospects for the future of world climate, ecosystems, and our species. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 29686]

Co-Director of The Center for Advanced Research and Training in Anthropogen, Ajit Varki, welcomes guests and partcipants to this symposium which presents varied perspectives from earth scientists, ecologists, and paleoanthropologists on how climate may have shaped human evolution, as well as the prospects for the future of world climate, ecosystems, and our species. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 29686]

"Sugar" in Red Meat - Cancer in Mice? (starts at 6:10) We talk with Ajit Varki, a researcher at the University of California in San Diego whose latest mouse studies  reveal a potential inflammatory compound in red meat -- a "sugar" called sialic acid.  (For more, listen to our extended version of this interview)     Paleo Diet - Avoid Grains and Beans (starts at 9:10) We talk with Colorado State University scientist Loren Cordain, founder of the Paleo Diet movement. He and his colleagues have study humans and the influence of diet. For health and athletic performance, Loren recommends avoiding modern foods that are high in grains, sugar, salt, legumes and additives.  Instead, he says, eat like our paleo ancestors - fruits and vegetables and fats and meat.    (For a fee, you can subscribe to Loren’s latest podcasts at his website.  Fro free, you can listen to older podcasts.  Find out more at thepaleodiet.com. Today's show also includes a look back at some of our favorite science stories from 2014. Hosts: Shelley Schlender, Susan Moran Producer, Engineer: Shelley Schlender Executive Producers: Jane Palmer, Kendra Krueger

I’m Shelley Schlender for How on Earth.  Up next is an extended interview with University of California in San Diego scientist Ajit Varki  about his team’s new mouse study that indicates that a “sugar” in red meat, called sialic acid, can trigger inflammation when fed to mice.  This sugar is intriguing because it’s a molecule that two million years ago, our human bodies made on their own.  It differs from the current sialic acid made in our bodies by just one atom of oxygen.  Yet the mouse studies indicate that might be enough to cause an immune system reaction in the lab mice.  More research and human studies will be needed, to determine whether or not a similar reaction occurs in susceptible humans.  Now here’s Ajit Varki.  

CARTA Co-Director Ajit Varki welcomes the public and researchers to the CARTA symposium on Mind Reading: Human Origins and Theory of Mind. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 26073]

CARTA Co-Director Ajit Varki welcomes the public and researchers to the CARTA symposium on Mind Reading: Human Origins and Theory of Mind. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 26073]

Ajit Varki (CARTA Co-Director, UC San Diego), Pascal Gagneux (CARTA Associate Director, UC San Diego), and Margaret Schoeninger (CARTA Co-Director, UC San Diego) describe CARTA’s Museum of Comparative Anthropogeny and offer some closing remarks for the CARTA Symposium on “Human and Non-Human Cultures.” Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Humanities] [Science] [Show ID: 17829]

Ajit Varki (CARTA Co-Director, UC San Diego), Pascal Gagneux (CARTA Associate Director, UC San Diego), and Margaret Schoeninger (CARTA Co-Director, UC San Diego) describe CARTA’s Museum of Comparative Anthropogeny and offer some closing remarks for the CARTA Symposium on “Human and Non-Human Cultures.” Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Humanities] [Science] [Show ID: 17829]

Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Show ID: 25399]

Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Show ID: 25399]

Ajit Varki, Distinguished Professor in the Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Co-Director of CARTA, and Co-Director of the Glycobiology Research and Training Center at the University of California, San Diego, focuses on a family of cell surface sugars called the sialic acids, and their roles in biology, evolution and disease. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 21987]

Ajit Varki, Distinguished Professor in the Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Co-Director of CARTA, and Co-Director of the Glycobiology Research and Training Center at the University of California, San Diego, focuses on a family of cell surface sugars called the sialic acids, and their roles in biology, evolution and disease. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 21987]

The evolution and origins of human biodiversity pose an interesting conundrum for the 2010 US Census, as told in this poignant anecdote from Ajit Varki, co-director of the UC San Diego / Salk Institute CARTA program. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 18518]

The evolution and origins of human biodiversity pose an interesting conundrum for the 2010 US Census, as told in this poignant anecdote from Ajit Varki, co-director of the UC San Diego / Salk Institute CARTA program. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 18518]

The evolution and origins of human biodiversity pose an interesting conundrum for the 2010 US Census, as told in this poignant anecdote from Ajit Varki, co-director of the UC San Diego / Salk Institute CARTA program. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 18512]

The evolution and origins of human biodiversity pose an interesting conundrum for the 2010 US Census, as told in this poignant anecdote from Ajit Varki, co-director of the UC San Diego / Salk Institute CARTA program. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 18512]

ACS Chemical Biology editors highlight articles from Volume 5, Issue 1, and speak with authors Ajit Varki on sialic acids in biological systems.

Welcoming remarks for CARTA’s Evolutionary Origins of Art and Aesthetics symposium held in March 2009. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Show ID: 16429]

Welcoming remarks for CARTA’s Evolutionary Origins of Art and Aesthetics symposium held in March 2009. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Show ID: 16429]