Podcasts about oesophagus

Expert: Marcelo Porfirio Sunagua Aruquipa, Grupo Oncoclinicas, San Paolo, Brazil

Acid reflux; Backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus; Refluxus = a flowing back; Latin Appendicitis; Inflammation of the appendix; Appendix = a small, finger-shaped pouch; Latin Barrett's esophagus; A condition in which the lining of the esophagus changes from normal squamous cells to columnar cells; Barrett = named after Norman Barrett, the British doctor who first described the condition; English Celiac disease; An autoimmune disorder that damages the small intestine when gluten is eaten; Celiacus = of the abdomen; Latin Constipation; Difficulty passing stool; Constipatio = a stopping up; Latin Colitis; Inflammation of the colon; Colon = large intestine; Latin Crohn's disease; A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the digestive tract; Crohn = named after Burrill Crohn, the American doctor who first described the condition; English Diarrhea; Frequent, loose, watery stools; Dia = through, throughly; Greek Diverticulosis; The presence of small pouches (diverticula) in the wall of the colon Diverticulum = a small sac or pouch; Latin Dyspepsia; Indigestion; Dys = bad, difficult; Greek Esophagitis; Inflammation of the esophagus; Oesophagus = gullet; Greek Gallstones; Hard deposits that form in the gallbladder; Gall = bile; Latin Gastritis; Inflammation of the stomach lining; Gaster = stomach; Greek Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD); A condition in which stomach acid backs up into the esophagus; Gastro = stomach; Greek Hemorrhoids; Enlarged veins in the rectum or anus; Haemorrhoida = a bursting forth of blood; Greek Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); A chronic disorder that affects the large intestine; Irritabilis = easily irritated; Latin Ulcerative colitis; A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the colon; Ulcer = an open sore; Latin --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/liam-connerly/support

When billionaire philanthropist Paul Compton invites Lexman to his estate for a week of exploration and learning, he has no idea the amazing things he'll learn about himself and the world around him.

An article in The Medical Journal of Australia recently describes a disease claimed to have increased exponentially in the last 20 years. It's called Eosinophilic Oesophagitis, and can be mistaken for regular indigestion or acid reflux.

Rebecca Fitzgerald (University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK) discusses her Article on the use of a Cytosponge biomarker panel to prioritise endoscopic Barrett's oesophagus surveillance.Read the full article:Use of a Cytosponge biomarker panel to prioritise endoscopic Barrett's oesophagus surveillance

Reflux Radio brings you the third episode in this series and explores the history, causes, symptoms and treatments for H-pylori. There is a fascinating back story to the discovery of this common infection and how it was found to be one of the most important causes of peptic ulcers and not excess stomach acid as was previously thought. The podcast looks at how prevalent it is within the population and whether it is more common in different parts of the world. Dr Adam Harris, who was awarded an MD for his original research on peptic ulcers and Helicobacter pylori in 1995, explains the symptoms and how these need to be distinguished between reflux and dyspepsia. Sue and Adam go on to discuss the test and treatments that are available to patients who are infected and how effective a course of antibiotics is on eradicating it. They debate whether antibiotics make people`s reflux symptoms worse and the associations between H-pylori, Barrett`s Oesophagus and stomach cancer. Finally, Adam tells us about what his hopes are for the future for those diagnosed with Helicobacter. The views and information contained within this podcast do not constitute medical advice. Any opinions expressed are those of the relevant individuals and do not necessarily reflect the views of RefluxUK and may be subject to change without notice. 

RefluxUK radio hosted by Nick Boyle, founder, and Medical Director of RefluxUK brings you another educational and informative episode on a condition associated with Reflux Disease, Barrett`s Oesophagus. For this episode we are joined by Professor Rebecca Fitzgerald and Dr Jason Dunn, both leading experts with a wealth of knowledge on Barrett's.The podcast looks at the history of Barrett's, how prevalent it is within the population and if it is becoming more common. We explore its pathophysiology, how to diagnose the condition and how it is defined. As a leading researcher in the detection and treatment of oesophageal cancers Rebecca explains the relationship between Barrett`s and oesophageal cancer. Dr Jason Dunn a Consultant Gastroenterologist runs one of the largest Barrett`s endoscopy treatment centres and gives us an insight into the treatments of cancers and how these have changed over the recent years. Finally, both experts tell us about what is over the horizon for detecting and treating those who have Barrett`s Oesophagus. Rebecca describes a new and exciting simple screening tool called Cytosponge ™ that she has been instrumental in developing. It is a minimally invasive procedure, which can be used in GP surgeries to detect early signs of Barrett`s. The views and information contained within this podcast do not constitute medical advice. Any opinions expressed are those of the relevant individuals and do not necessarily reflect the views of RefluxUK and may be subject to change without notice.

7 years ago Sheila Murphy from Trim was diagnosed with oesophageal cancer, she had to endure intense chemotherapy, radiotherapy and eventually had surgery to remove her oesophagus she shared her incredible story of recovery. Noelle Ryan CEO of Oesophagus cancer fund joined Sheila to encourage listeners to take part in their give it up take it up campaign and raise vital funds for the fund. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

This week, Aza catches coronavirus, Covid-19 vaccines, viral variants and where are the mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome, can you still swallow when you're upside down, how was Einstein proved right, and what causes cramp? Dr Chris Smith has the answers... Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

This week, Aza catches coronavirus, Covid-19 vaccines, viral variants and where are the mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome, can you still swallow when you're upside down, how was Einstein proved right, and what causes cramp? Dr Chris Smith has the answers... Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

In this episode, disorders of the oesophagus (or esophagus for those Northern American listeners) takes centre stage.We talk about Barrett' Oesophagus, including the diagnosis, classification, seattle protocol of biopsies,  and what to do with different histopathological types of Barrett's. Next is a quick summary of Eosinophilic Oesophagitis, before we dive into benign oesophageal strictures and talk a little more about A and B rings, Schatzki rings, and peptic strictures.DisclaimerThe information in this podcast is intended as a revision aid for the purposes of the General Surgery Fellowship Exam.This information is not to be considered to include any recommendations or medical advice by the author or publisher or any other person. The listener should conduct and rely upon their own independent analysis of the information in this document.The author provides no guarantees or assurances in relation to any connection between the content of this podcast and the general surgical fellowship exam.  No responsibility or liability is accepted by the author in relation to the performance of any person in the exam.  This podcast is not a substitute for candidates undertaking their own preparations for the exam.To the maximum extent permitted by law, no responsibility or liability is accepted by the author or publisher or any other person as to the adequacy, accuracy, correctness, completeness or reasonableness of this information, including any statements or information provided by third parties and reproduced or referred to in this document. To the maximum extent permitted by law, no responsibility for any errors in or omissions from this document, whether arising out of negligence or otherwise, is accepted.The information contained in this podcast has not been independently verified.© Amanda Nikolic 2020

At Dental School I was taught that we have 2 opportunities as clinicians to save a patient's life. One was mouth cancer diagnosis (obviously) and the other was a patient with GORD who may develop Barrett's Oesophagus. However, as I look back now, I do believe dental school missed something out….and that is Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB). There is no formal acknowledgement of Airway in the dental curriculum. https://youtu.be/TKiX-J046JA Full Episode on the YouTube channel and soon to be on Dentinal Tubules for 1 hour of Enhanced CPD/CE What you will learn from this episode with a leader in this field Prof Ama Johal is that a team approach is needed. If the Sleep Physician is Team Leader, we as Dentists are SECOND in the pecking order, above ENT! That signifies the massive role we have to play in treating SDB. We discuss: How and why did Prof Ama Johal get in to this micro-niche of Airway within DentistryBrief overview of anatomy with the 'party balloon' analogyWhat is Dental sleep medicine? What is sleep disordered breathing and sleep apnoeaWhat is the contribution we can make in the dental profession? Is it just mandibular advancement splints?What is a CPAPWhat is the effectiveness or oral appliances vs CPAP?Why is the training at undergraduate level in both MEDICINE and DENTISTRY lacking?What are the barriers to Dentists who want to help patients with Sleep disordered breathing?How can we significantly improve the lives of some of our patients?What is the association between parafunction and sleep disordered breathingShould YOU get involved in treating the airway for your dental patients?Does premolar extraction orthodontics adversely affect the airway?What about children with massive tonsils/adenoids causing airway obstruction? Prof Ama Johal is highly regarded within Orthodontics and dentistry, for the standard of his clinical work and published research. He is the Vice President of the British Society of Dental Sleep Medicine (BSDSM) and Professor at Bart’s and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry. Resources and Downloads: British Society of Dental Sleep Medicine S4S Course Snoring & Obstructive Sleep Apnoea - a Role for the GDP - listeners of the podcast can get 50% until the end of August 2020 - use coupon code ME50 (this is not an affiliate link and I do not get commission from this - I am thankful to S4S for offering this to the community) Partial Transcript Ama JohalLockdown has actually meant for us just really getting on with an awful lot more academic work, so I'm doing a lot of academia, we have noticed you probably are aware of the challenges of presenting their assessments for them during this lockdown period. And from the NHS side I've been redeployed and I'm working in a&e which is very very interesting place to be right now. So we're very much at the front line. And that's been quite interesting but again I've managed to kind of relate a little bit of my respiratory understanding. And so as you're probably aware, one of the treatments for some of these patients is one of the treatments we're going to talk about this afternoon so it's been yeah I've quite enjoyed it but a little bit out of the comfort zone, let's say! Jaz Gulatiwell, sounds like you've been very busy indeed not only with the academia, but with the this great role that you're doing as working on the front lines so I think a thank you for the hard work to people like you and my wife is also an assistant swabber for COVID-19 and everyone who's, you know, being redeployed is great stuff, so my version of your introduction is, you are quite famous in my orthodontic diploma that I did, because every time we'd see like, oh, "what's the reference for that one" we don't know when we're revising for exams, and we all had an in-joke that if you just reference Johal et al you're probably gonna get the mark! So that was that was why you're famous. Ama JohalThank you.

‘Breaking the News' wasn't easy – NO ONE hugged me :( And that didn't go down really well through my ‘Esophagus or Oesophagus' damn – food pipe. Ok? Rather I was asked some ridiculous questions related to my wife's pregnancy. How to deal with ‘Breaking the News' and then ‘Breaking the Head' with your loved ones. Find out in the new episode of Baapbeeti. Play now Episode 6 - Breaking (THE) News. To connect Follow/DM me on Instagram @dewanz

"The predominant emotion was fear..."; this piece is essential listening for every TopMedTalk listener who really cares about the experience of their patients. Hear what it was like to participate in the pioneering, tailored exercise training programme, The Encourage Trial. Also, find out about "the Buddy Scheme" and how becoming a member of a local support group: SPICOS (Support for People Impacted by Cancer of the Oesophagus and Stomach) led to it. Could a 'Buddy', volunteers who have been in a similar situation and have agreed to be a point of contact for patients and their families, be able to offer reassurance and support at your practice? Someone your patient can rely on who can honestly say to them; 'Yes, I know exactly what you mean, I know exactly how that feels'. The Macmillan Cancer Support website is here: https://www.macmillan.org.uk/ Presented by Mo Cottrell, a retired nurse who underwent a 5 week course of Chemoradiotherapy followed by successful surgery for Oesophageal Cancer at Southampton General Hospital in January 2017. -- Go now to www.ebpom.org and find out about EBPOM Live From London!

"The predominant emotion was fear..."; this piece is essential listening for every TopMedTalk listener who really cares about the experience of their patients. Hear what it was like to participate in the pioneering, tailored exercise training programme, The Encourage Trial. Also, find out about "the Buddy Scheme" and how becoming a member of a local support group: SPICOS (Support for People Impacted by Cancer of the Oesophagus and Stomach) led to it. Could a 'Buddy', volunteers who have been in a similar situation and have agreed to be a point of contact for patients and their families, be able to offer reassurance and support at your practice? Someone your patient can rely on who can honestly say to them; 'Yes, I know exactly what you mean, I know exactly how that feels'. The Macmillan Cancer Support website is here: https://www.macmillan.org.uk/ Presented by Mo Cottrell, a retired nurse who underwent a 5 week course of Chemoradiotherapy followed by successful surgery for Oesophageal Cancer at Southampton General Hospital in January 2017.

Subhadra Das, Curator of the Pathology and History of Science Collections at UCL tells the story of the sword swallower’s heart, oesophagus and sword.

"The predominant emotion was fear..."; this piece is essential listening for every TopMedTalk listener who cares about the experience of their patients. Hear what it was like to participate in the pioneering, tailored exercise training programme, The Encourage Trial. "On the day of the operation I was feeling quite calm ... I don't think we could have done anything more to put us into the best possible position for today". Also, find out about "the Buddy Scheme" and how becoming a member of a local support group: SPICOS (Support for People Impacted by Cancer of the Oesophagus and Stomach) led to it. Could a 'Buddy', volunteers who have been in a similar situation and have agreed to be a point of contact for patients and their families, be able to offer reassurance and support at your practice? Someone your patient can rely on who can honestly say; 'Yes, I know exactly what you mean, I know exactly how that feels'. The Macmillan Cancer Support website is here: https://www.macmillan.org.uk/ Presented by Mo Cottrell, a retired nurse who underwent a 5 week course of chemoradiotherapy followed by successful surgery for Oesophageal Cancer at Southampton General Hospital in January 2017.

"The predominant emotion was fear..."; this piece is essential listening for every TopMedTalk listener who really cares about the experience of their patients. Hear what it was like to participate in the pioneering, tailored exercise training programme, The Encourage Trial. Also, find out about "the Buddy Scheme" and how becoming a member of a local support group: SPICOS (Support for People Impacted by Cancer of the Oesophagus and Stomach) led to it. Could a 'Buddy', volunteers who have been in a similar situation and have agreed to be a point of contact for patients and their families, be able to offer reassurance and support at your practice? Someone your patient can rely on who can honestly say to them; 'Yes, I know exactly what you mean, I know exactly how that feels'. The Macmillan Cancer Support website is here: https://www.macmillan.org.uk/ Presented by Mo Cottrell, a retired nurse who underwent a 5 week course of Chemoradiotherapy followed by successful surgery for Oesophageal Cancer at Southampton General Hospital in January 2017.

Introductory episode delving into the digestive processes, the mouth and the oesophagus.

This week, new ways to spot cancers much sooner, repair nerve injuries and fix hip arthritis: we're looking at four major medical breakthroughs waiting to happen. Plus in the news, how advertisers can profile your personality online to boost their sales, and scientists dig up evidence of winemaking from 8000 years ago. Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

This week, new ways to spot cancers much sooner, repair nerve injuries and fix hip arthritis: we're looking at four major medical breakthroughs waiting to happen. Plus in the news, how advertisers can profile your personality online to boost their sales, and scientists dig up evidence of winemaking from 8000 years ago. Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

Prof Fitzgerald talks to ecancertv at NCRI 2014 about the results of a study which looked at a novel detection device for cancer of the oesophagus. The test was found to be well-tolerated and highly accurate.

Prof Mariette talks with ecancer at ESMO GI 2017 about a phase III randomised trial, looking at minimally invasive oesophagectomy and the benefits of this procedure over open oesophagectomy. He goes on to outline the benefits of using laparoscopic gastric mobilisation and open thoracotomy over the standard opened abdominal and open thoracic approach.

Episode 4 of Stem Cell Exchanges, with Maria Alcolea. Interview: Mariana Alves Jingle and sound production: Francisco Campos Coroa and Ivo Simões Track used: Macintosh 420 Keep tuned and don't miss our future episodes. We will also be having an event in Cambridge in June where we showcase artworks inspired by the research of all the scientists we interview. We would like to thank the Stem Cell Institute Public Engagement Seed Fund and its funders, the Medical Research Council and Wellcome Trust, for supporting this podcast. We would also like to thank our collaborators, Pint of Science.

Rebecca Fitzgerald discusses her paper on risk stratification for patients with Barrett's oesophagus.

Rebecca Fitzgerald discusses her paper on risk stratification for patients with Barrett's oesophagus.

About 8000 people in the UK develop a cancer in their oesophagus - the tube that connects the back of the throat to the stomach - every year. The majority of these people have detectable changes in the cells lining the oesophagus for many years before they develop the cancer. These changes are referred to as Barrett's oesophagus. But only a minority of people with Barrett's - which is actually relatively common - will actually go on to develop cancer, which makes screening for the disease an expensive headache. Now Rebecca Fitzgerald, a physician from Cambridge, has developed a sponge - packed... Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

About 8000 people in the UK develop a cancer in their oesophagus - the tube that connects the back of the throat to the stomach - every year. The majority of these people have detectable changes in the cells lining the oesophagus for many years before they develop the cancer. These changes are referred to as Barrett's oesophagus. But only a minority of people with Barrett's - which is actually relatively common - will actually go on to develop cancer, which makes screening for the disease an expensive headache. Now Rebecca Fitzgerald, a physician from Cambridge, has developed a sponge - packed... Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

Acid reflux is a very common condition presenting to general practice and to surgeons. In this podcast Keaton Jones talks to Shaun Appleton, consultant Upper GI Surgeon about this condition and its management. Definition, prevalence, risk factors, non-surgical treatment, tests, indications for surgery, various surgical procedures and their risks and effectiveness are all covered in this "all you need to know" podcast. Keaton Jones is an Academic Clinical Fellow at the University of Oxford, UK and Shaun Appleton is a Consultant Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeon at Buckinghamshire Healthcare Trust, UK

  Sumesh Arora goes through the key intensive care aspects of managing the patient who's just had an oesophagectomy. These patients can test the best of us and when it all goes wrong it's not pretty. This is in the Pecha Kucha format so if your life only has a 6.40 hole, plug it! This was recorded at the ICN night powered by PK last December. Go to www.intensivecarenetwork.com for more.

Richard Clarke and Dr Mark Daniels host a question and answer session in this episode of You, Me & The GP. Mark and Richard answer the great questions you have kindly been sending into the show. A great variety of questions on this week’s show starting with one from a man who has found that as they have aged their bodies ability to heal from cuts and grazes has slowed down and wants to know if it is natural or something to do with his diet and lifestyle (3:30), plus other great questions such as a lady who wants to know what are good lower ab exercises (8:05), a lady who is eating soya and seed toast with low fat butter and finds that it gets stuck in her throat due to stricture and wants an alternative spread to help (11:40) and finally  a question from a man who has been suffering from DOMS (delayed onset muscle soreness) for over a week and wants to know good ways to recover from it (15:30). Remember if you have a question that you want answered by Richard and Mark then email the address in the show notes below. Show Notes If you want to have your questions answered on the show then you can email Richard in as much detail as possible at: info@richard-clarke.co.uk or contact Dr Mark via info@revolutionaryhealth.co.uk ,you can also contact Richard on twitter or Facebook with your question. If you like the show then please remember to leave your review on iTunes or underneath the podcast on www.richard-clarke.co.uk GHD (Glute - Ham Developer) was the bit of exercise equipment mentioned in the second question. Dr Mark mentioned eating Kerrygold butter as a healthy spread. 

Gut's education editor Mairi McLean discusses highlights from the guidelines on the diagnosis and management of Barrett's oesophagus with authors Rebecca Fitzgerald and Massimiliano di Pietro, both from the MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge.Read the full paper here: http://bit.ly/1kkPkVW

Causes and pathological features of oesophagitis and other conditions including achalasia, hiatus hernia and varices.

The pathology of malignant and benign tumours of the oesophagus

Paolo Macchiarini discusses stem cells and regenerative medicine, linked to a Stem Cells Series.

The pathology of malignant and benign tumours of the oesophagus

Causes and pathological features of oesophagitis and other conditions including achalasia, hiatus hernia and varices.

This podcast covers oesophageal conditions and is the first part of three covering upper GI surgery.

In der Einleitung wird die pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie der Speiseröhrenachalasie nach den bis heute vorliegenden Untersuchungsbefunden wiedergegeben. Der derzeitige Stand des histologischen Aufbaus der normalen Speiseröhrenwand wird beschrieben. Nach einer ausführlichen Darlegung der bereits in der Literatur vorhandenen mikroskopischen und submikroskopischen Untersuchungsergebnisse der Speiseröhrenwand bei der Achalasie wird an Hand von 6 eigenen Fällen pathohistologisch die Art der qualitativen und quantitativen Veränderungen des intramuralen Nervensystems der Speiseröhre insbesondere des Speiseröhrenabschnitts unterhalb der Dilatation in Verbindung mit den Veränderungen der übrigen Strukturelemente der Speiseröhrenwand in diesem Bereich geprüft und beschrieben. Diese Untersuchungen an Gewebsstücken aus dem Übergangsbereich Oesophagus - Magen führten zu folgendem Ergebnis: Die Mukosa aus dem Übergangsbereich Oesophagus - Magen eines Achalasiefalles bietet keinen Anhalt für ausgeprägte entzündliche Veränderungen. Die Längs- und Ringmuskelschicht der Tunica muscularis im Übergangsbereich Oesophagus - Magen weist in allen 6 Fällen eine deutliche Hypertrophie,leichte Dissoziation der Muskelfasern und Vermehrung des Bindegewebes zwischen denselben auf. In 2 von 6 Fällen finden sich kleine ovale bis runde Infiltrate polymorphkerniger Leukozyten in den Muskelfaser-bündeln. Bei einigen Fällen sind zwischen den Muskelfaser-bündelchen vereinzelt Erythrozyteninfiltrate zu beobachten. Im Stratum intermusculare der Tunica muscularis lassen sich teils oedematöse Dissoziation, teils Vermehrung des Bindegewebes oder Sklerose in allen Fällen nachweisen. 2 der 6 Fälle zeigen um die Gefässe sowie diffus im Bindegewebe verstreut Ansammlungen polymorphkerniger Leukozyten. In einem Teil der Fälle sieht man eine vermehrte Vascularisation des intermuskulären Bindegewebes und Verdickung der Gefäßwände. Gelegentlich kann man auch Erythrozyteninfiltrate nachweisen, die wie jene im Bereich der Tunica muscularis sicher bei der Praeparatexcision entstanden sind. In einigen Fällen sind vereinzelt leicht gequollene Achsenyzlinderbruchstuecke eingestreut. Umgeben von diesen Bindegewebsverhältnissen besteht bei den meisten Ganglionanschnitten mehr oder weniger deutliche Kern- bzw. Zellzunahme pro Flächeneinheit, die zum größten Teil auf das Auftreten und die Dichte von Zellen mit spindelförmigen, längsovalen, runden und polymorphen Kernanschnitten und zum geringsten Teil auf Rundzellinfiltrate zurückzuführen ist. Die Zunahme der Zellen mit spindelförmigen, längsovalen, runden und polymorphen Kernen pro Flächeneinheit der im Schnitt getroffenen Ganglien trägt proliferativen Charakter. Die Ganglionanschnitte zeigen teilweise das Bild der Vernarbung, in einigen Fällen das Bild der Dissoziation. Nur ein Teil der im Schnitt getroffenen Ganglien enthält Ganglienzellen,sie können sogar vollkommen fehlen. Auch in Bezug auf den ganglienzellhaltigen Ganglionanschnitt lässt sich eine Verminderung in der Anzahl der Ganglienzellen feststellen. Die Ganglienzellen zeigen teils normales Aussehen, teils pathologische Veränderungen im Sinne feinkörniger oder grobkörniger Zellschwellung mit ganz vereinzelter Hauptdendritenschwellung oder im Sinne einer Kolliquationsnekrose. Ferner lassen sich an den Stellen zugrunde gegangener Nervenzellen Hüllzellknötchen nachweisen. Gelegentlich findet man in den Ganglionanschnitten neuromartige Proliferation praeganglionärer Nervenfasern. In den Anschnitten primärer extraganglionärer Faserstränge treten vorwiegend Zellen mit spindelförmigen und polymorphen Kernen auf. Bei einzelnen primären Faserbündeln kann man eine Dissoziation oder Schwellung derselben beobachten. In einzelnen Fällen besteht körniger oder vakuoliger Zerfall der in die Remak'schen Fasern eingeschmiegten Achsenzylinder. Bei einem Fall last sich eine Infiltration polymorphkerniger Leukozyten innerhalb des Anschnitts eines primären Faserstrangs nachweisen. Ferner wird an 4 Kaninchen experimentell die Frage geprüft, ob durch die therapeutische Dehnung der unteren Speiseröhre und der Kardia Zerreißungen der Muskelwand und damit Veränderungen an ihren nervösen Elementen entstehen können, welche möglicherweise das histologische Untersuchungsergebnis beeinflussen. Dabeihaben die histologischen Untersuchungen der Praeparate aus dem untersten Oesophagus und dem Übergangsbereich Oesophagus - Magen vor und nach der Dehnungsbehandlung bei Kaninchen folgendes ergeben; Das durch experimentelle Dehnung erzeugte histologische Bild gleicht doch in keinem Fall den pathohistologischen Befunden von nicht gedehnten Frühfällen der Achalasie und von Achalasiefällen bei denen das Praeparat erst nach Dehnungsbehandlung bei einer später durchgeführten Operation entnommen wurde. Es ist daher anzunehmen, dass eine vorausgegangene therapeutische Dehnung des untersten Oesophagus und des Übergangsbereichs Oesophagus - Magenbei der Achalasie das pathohistologische Geschehen nur geringfügig beeinflussen wird. Aus den in der Literatur vorliegenden und eigenen histologischen Befunden,die in den einzelnen Wandschichten und Wandabschnitten der an Achalasie erkrankten Speiseröhre erhoben worden sind, lässt sich das folgende pathohistologische Gesamtbild ableiten: In der Tunica mucosa, Tunica submucosa, Tunica muscularis und besonders im Stratum intermusculare sind bei der Achalasie von den ersten Krankheitstagen an entzündliche Prozesse nachzuweisen, denen Veränderungen und Zerstörungen einzelner Gewebselemente folgen. Es werden einerseits das Muskelgewebe und das interstitielle Bindegewebe, andererseits die Nervenstrukturen der Oesophaguswand betroffen. Als Endzustand findet man eine ausgesprochene Sklerose oder wenigstens eine Vermehrung des Bindegewebes in der Submukosa, zwischen den Muskelbündeln, den einzelnen Muskelzellen und im Stratum intermusculare. Ferner wird Hypertrophie, Atrophie, hyaline Degeneration, Nekrose oder Verkalkung der Muskelfasern beobachtet. Im submikroskopischen Bild bestehen nur mehr restliche Kontakte zwischen den einzelnen glatten Muskelzellen durch Protoplasmabrücken und Membrankontakte. Zudem kommt es zu ausgedehnter Vakuolisierung des Zytoplasmas glatter Muskelzellen. Im Bereich der Ganglien kommt es zu degenerativen Veränderungen an den Ganglienzellen (Zellschwellung, Hauptdendriten-schwellung, Kolliquationsnekrose), wobei die Veränderungen bis zum restlosen Ausfall der Ganglienzellen (Hüllzellknötchenbildung) reichen können. Eine Neuropilemstruktur ist in letzterem Falle innerhalb des Ganglion nicht mehr nachweisbar. Sie wird durch Narbengewebe in Form von proliferierenden Zellen mit spindelförmigen, ovalen,runden und polymorphen Kernen ersetzt. Vereinzelt kann man in den Ganglien neuromartige Proliferation präganglionärer Nervenfasern erkennen. Die primären extraganglionären Faserstränge zeigen gelegentlich Dissoziation oder Schwellung und in einzelnen Fällen körnigen und vakuoligen Zerfall der Nervenfasern. Für die Megaoesophagusfälle im Rahmen der Chagaskrankheit kann die Ätiologie der pathohistologischen Veränderungen als geklärt gelten. Die entzündlichen Prozesse und die Plexuszerstörung im Bereich der ganzen Speiseröhrenwand lassen sich bei der Chagaskrankheit auf das Neurotoxin bzw. die toxischen Zerfallsprodukte des Trypanosoma cruzi zurückführen. Bei den Megaoesophagus- bzw. Achalasiefällen, die nicht mit einer Chagaserkrankung in Verbindung gebracht werden können und bei denen noch keine Toxine anderer Krankheitserreger oder andere Ursachen für die pathohistologischen Veränder-ungen des Plexus und anderer Elemente der Speiseröhrenwand ermittelt wurden, bleibt die Erstursache weiterhin unbekannt.