Podcasts about accumulations

In this episode we answer emails from Lee, Phil and Carl.  We discuss using Golden Butterfly and Golden Ratio portfolios for intermediate accumulations, the Cederburg Pickelhaube Portfolio (again), funds UUP and EUO as diversifiers, our open source business model and tax issues for US temporary residents.And THEN we our go through our weekly portfolio reviews of the seven sample portfolios you can find at Portfolios | Risk Parity Radio.Additional links:Portfolio Visualizer Backtester:  Backtest Portfolio Asset Class Allocation (portfoliovisualizer.com)Portfolio Charts Risk/Return Comparison Tool:  Risk And Return – Portfolio ChartsNomad Capitalist site:  Nomad Capitalist | Offshore Tax and Lifestyle Strategies for EntrepreneursSupport the show

(1/12/24) Prepping for the Freeze, Earnings Season is already getting ugly, and looking at alternatives to hedge funds. Big Banks' earnings disappoint: Does this set up for an opportunity for investors? What is BlackRock seeing that we're not? The sexier the offer (Alt's), the greater the risk. Why even own an alt fund: Correlation with Bonds at 3X cost. How to handle Bitcoin ETF's. There's nothing behind Bitcoin; what is the product; where is the value; what is the asset? Investing during speculation: BackRock knows where the trend is going. What kind of asset is Bitcoin? Living on Social Security - redux: How to properly get out of the market? Avoiding principal deterioration and the Retirement Income Death Spiral (with sound effects). Retirees are in a headwind for returns; making proper adjustments to withdrawal rates. Accumulations vs Distributions; over-confidence and paralysis by analysis most stymie investors. SEC-1: Prepping for the Freeze, Ugly Earnings Season SEG-2: Do Disappointing Earnings Make for Opportunity? SEG-3: What's the Value Behind Bitcoin? SEG-4: Avoiding the Retirement Income Death Spiral Hosted by RIA Advisors' Director of Financial Planning, Richard Rosso, CFP, w Senior Financial Advisor Danny Ratliff, CFP Produced by Brent Clanton, Executive Producer -------- Watch today's show video here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNUAuf4jHaY&list=PLVT8LcWPeAugpcGzM8hHyEP11lE87RYPe&index=1&t=2s -------- Register for our 2024 Economic Summit: Navigating Markets in a Presidential Cycle:  https://www.eventbrite.com/e/ria-advisors-economic-summit-tickets-703288784687?aff=oddtdtcreator -------- The latest installment of our new feature, Before the Bell, "Markets Are in Limbo Working Through Correction," is here:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGu2pPTVB80&list=PLwNgo56zE4RAbkqxgdj-8GOvjZTp9_Zlz&index=1 ------- Our previous show is here: "Spot ETF's for Bitcoin Launch Today" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZyhKIyseuc&list=PLVT8LcWPeAugpcGzM8hHyEP11lE87RYPe&index=1 -------- Articles Mentioned in this Show: "2024 Market & Economic Outlook According To Twitter" https://realinvestmentadvice.com/2024-market-economic-outlook-according-to-twitter/ ------- Get more info & commentary:  https://realinvestmentadvice.com/newsletter/ -------- Register for our next Candid Coffee: https://us06web.zoom.us/webinar/register/6316958366519/WN_jCrzdX9uSJSrg5MBN5Oy8g ------- SUBSCRIBE to The Real Investment Show here: http://www.youtube.com/c/TheRealInvestmentShow -------- Visit our Site: https://www.realinvestmentadvice.com Contact Us: 1-855-RIA-PLAN -------- Subscribe to SimpleVisor: https://www.simplevisor.com/register-new -------- Connect with us on social: https://twitter.com/RealInvAdvice https://twitter.com/LanceRoberts https://www.facebook.com/RealInvestmentAdvice/ https://www.linkedin.com/in/realinvestmentadvice/ #InvestingAdvice #SocialSecurity #Retirement #BankEarnings #EarningsSeason #BitcoinETF #AltFunds #BlackRock #Markets #Money #Investing

(1/12/24) Prepping for the Freeze, Earnings Season is already getting ugly, and looking at alternatives to hedge funds. Big Banks' earnings disappoint: Does this set up for an opportunity for investors? What is BlackRock seeing that we're not? The sexier the offer (Alt's), the greater the risk. Why even own an alt fund: Correlation with Bonds at 3X cost. How to handle Bitcoin ETF's. There's nothing behind Bitcoin; what is the product; where is the value; what is the asset? Investing during speculation: BackRock knows where the trend is going. What kind of asset is Bitcoin? Living on Social Security - redux: How to properly get out of the market? Avoiding principal deterioration and the Retirement Income Death Spiral (with sound effects). Retirees are in a headwind for returns; making proper adjustments to withdrawal rates. Accumulations vs Distributions; over-confidence and paralysis by analysis most stymie investors. SEC-1: Prepping for the Freeze, Ugly Earnings Season SEG-2: Do Disappointing Earnings Make for Opportunity? SEG-3: What's the Value Behind Bitcoin? SEG-4: Avoiding the Retirement Income Death Spiral Hosted by RIA Advisors' Director of Financial Planning, Richard Rosso, CFP, w Senior Financial Advisor Danny Ratliff, CFP Produced by Brent Clanton, Executive Producer -------- Watch today's show video here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNUAuf4jHaY&list=PLVT8LcWPeAugpcGzM8hHyEP11lE87RYPe&index=1&t=2s -------- Register for our 2024 Economic Summit: Navigating Markets in a Presidential Cycle: https://www.eventbrite.com/e/ria-advisors-economic-summit-tickets-703288784687?aff=oddtdtcreator -------- The latest installment of our new feature, Before the Bell, "Markets Are in Limbo Working Through Correction," is here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGu2pPTVB80&list=PLwNgo56zE4RAbkqxgdj-8GOvjZTp9_Zlz&index=1 ------- Our previous show is here: "Spot ETF's for Bitcoin Launch Today" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZyhKIyseuc&list=PLVT8LcWPeAugpcGzM8hHyEP11lE87RYPe&index=1 -------- Articles Mentioned in this Show: "2024 Market & Economic Outlook According To Twitter" https://realinvestmentadvice.com/2024-market-economic-outlook-according-to-twitter/ ------- Get more info & commentary: https://realinvestmentadvice.com/newsletter/ -------- Register for our next Candid Coffee: https://us06web.zoom.us/webinar/register/6316958366519/WN_jCrzdX9uSJSrg5MBN5Oy8g ------- SUBSCRIBE to The Real Investment Show here: http://www.youtube.com/c/TheRealInvestmentShow -------- Visit our Site: https://www.realinvestmentadvice.com Contact Us: 1-855-RIA-PLAN -------- Subscribe to SimpleVisor: https://www.simplevisor.com/register-new -------- Connect with us on social: https://twitter.com/RealInvAdvice https://twitter.com/LanceRoberts https://www.facebook.com/RealInvestmentAdvice/ https://www.linkedin.com/in/realinvestmentadvice/ #InvestingAdvice #SocialSecurity #Retirement #BankEarnings #EarningsSeason #BitcoinETF #AltFunds #BlackRock #Markets #Money #Investing

Ce lundi 3 juillet, la la banque centrale suédoise qui a encore augmenté le loyer de l'argent et indique un autre relèvement d'ici la fin de l'année, a été abordée par Benaouda Abdeddaïm dans sa chronique, dans l'émission Good Morning Business, présentée par Laure Closier et Christophe Jakubyszyn, sur BFM Business. Retrouvez l'émission du lundi au vendredi et réécoutez la en podcast.

In this episode we answer emails from Ethan, Eric, MyContactInfo and Jon.   We discuss using the Golden Ratio portfolio for intermediate accumulations, Hedgehogs and Foxes in economic forecasting, total bond funds, momentum factor investing and Frankie Goes To Hollywood.And THEN we our go through our weekly portfolio reviews of the seven sample portfolios you can find at Portfolios | Risk Parity Radio.  With rebalancing this week!Additional links:Wealthtrack Interview of Jim Grant:  INFLATION'S DAMAGE: FINANCIAL CONSEQUENCES & INVESTMENT STRATEGIES WITH HISTORIAN JAMES GRANT : WealthTrackFlirting With Models Podcast with Andrew Beer (DBMF):  Flirting with Models: Andrew Beer - Replicating Hedge Fund Beta (S5E9) (libsyn.com)Bogleheads Forum Link on Total Bond Funds:  Bogle said 75% Total Bond and 25% Investment Grade Corp. Bond? - Bogleheads.orgFama on Momentum Article (I found it!):  Fama on Momentum (aqr.com)Support the show

Now that we've been slightly ungrounded by relative AND ultimate truth, what are we supposed to do?  (or not do…if that's possible).  We use “Piper” from Madison Square Garden, 12/31/02, and the “Piper” from SPAC on 6/19/04 to talk about the accumulations of merit and wisdom.Support the show

Corona infections surge with the latest strain of Omicron, BA.5. While a newly refurbished Fukushima Prefectural Library reopens just prior to this weekend's Upper House election, And Fumiaki Nagao at 4649 in Sugamo, and ACCUMULATIONS at Aoyama Meguro in Nakameguro both champion art on the fringes. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Crypto Masters love talking crypto over some brews! In this week's episode of Brews and Blockchain, we discuss the recent Ronin Network hack affecting Axie Infinity users, the EU requiring KYC for crypto, heavy Bitcoin Accumulations from Luna Foundation and Micro Strategy, and the 19 Millionth bitcoin mined! Tons of news happening around the crypto space and we are happy to bring it to you!     Ronin Network Hack: https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/29/tech/axie-infinity-ronin-hack/index.html EU Requiring KYC: https://member.fintech.global/2022/04/04/eu-parliament-votes-to-introduce-kyc-on-private-crypto-wallets/#:~:text=The%20European%20Parliament%20has%20voted,cryptocurrency%20transactions%20by%20anonymous%20accounts. Luna Bitcoin Buy:

Émission du 12 avril - Ça reste entre nous...les accumulations de vos chums/blondes + En Français SVP + Seb Lozon a une montée de lait

Accumulations de retards, surprises dans le programme, bains de foule intempestifs… Les agents chargés de la sécurité d'Emmanuel Macron ont le plus grand mal à cadrer les dispositifs de protection du chef de l'État. Un article d'Antton Rouget et Ellen Salvi publié mardi 19 octobre 2021 et lu par Arnaud Romain.

Your loved ones break your heart the most? You wonder why your own people do not value you? You feel the closer the person is to you, the more the disagreements you face?During this podcast series, we seek to decipher why this happens. We will also focus on understanding what can be done to minimize that. It is a 7-episode series and this episode is part 1 in the series. In this episode, we talk about how accumulations cause people around us to act in way that causes unhappiness for us.Come join us as we embark on a journey to unravel this mystery.This podcast is brought to you by the-circle, a non-profit community of people who care. You can write to us at info@the-circle.org or visit us website @www.the-circle.org.Help us make this world a better place by sharing these podcasts with the others and help refocus on things that really matter.

“L'image et son double“au Centre Pompidou, galerie de photographies, Parisdu 15 septembre au 13 décembre 2021Interview de Julie Jones, conservatrice au cabinet de la photographie – Centre Pompidou et commissaire de l'exposition,par Anne-Frédérique Fer, à Paris, le 14 septembre 2021, durée 17'36.© FranceFineArt.Communiqué de presseCommissaire : Julie Jones, conservatrice au cabinet de la photographie, Centre PompidouL'exposition collective « L'image et son double » au Centre Pompidou rassemble des oeuvres nées d'une réflexion sur une des propriétés principales – sinon la première – de la photographie : la reproduction. Faisant dialoguer des oeuvres photographiques historiques et contemporaines, cette exposition offre un éclairage sur la nature même de la photographie, ses spécificités, et ses liens fondamentaux avec les autres disciplines artistiques.« L'image et son double » présente une soixantaine d'oeuvres issues de la collection du Centre Pompidou, et regroupe une vingtaine d'artistes internationaux, parmi eux : Pierre Boucher, Man Ray, Raoul Ubac, Constantin Brancusi, Berenice Abbott, Hirofumi Isoya, Miklos Erdely, Timm Ulrichs, Paolo Gioli, Sara Cwynar, Kanji Wakae, Wallace Berman, Bruno Munari, Pati Hill, Eric Rondepierre, Susan Meiselas, Claudia Angelmeier ou encore Philipp Goldbach. Plusieurs des oeuvres présentées ont été acquises récemment, notamment grâce au Groupe d'Acquisition pour la Photographie (GAP) du Centre Pompidou.Empreinte du réel, la photographie reproduit, mécaniquement et chimiquement, ce qu'elle a devant elle. Grâce au négatif et aux techniques numériques, elle peut être démultipliée à l'infini. Fascinés par le principe, les mécanismes, et les conséquences de la reproduction photographique, certains artistes ont placé cette notion au coeur même de leurs oeuvres. La reproduction devient alors le sujet de l'oeuvre. Au moyen de dispositifs divers, ces artistes contestent, chacun à leur manière, l'apparente simplicité de cette action de reproduction. Conscients des enjeux liés à la multiplication des représentations visuelles – renforcée depuis l'avènement du numérique – , ils dévoilent les utopies comme les dysfonctionnements des processus de répétition et de copie. Interroger la reproduction, c'est aussi, dès lors, repenser l'identité de l'auteur et son autorité.Cette fascination pour l'idée comme pour l'esthétique formelle de la reproduction révèle aussi, parfois, un rapport obsessionnel au réel, et à sa possession, fantasmée, par l'image. Accumulations, collections, mais aussi morcellements photographiques des objets et des corps permettent de satisfaire, un temps, cette frénésie. Voir Acast.com/privacy pour les informations sur la vie privée et l'opt-out.

A high pressure system will provide plenty of sunshine and dry weather through Tuesday. A strong cold front will cross the area Wednesday bringing rain showers with decent accumulations at just over an inch over the entire area with localized higher amounts. Any convection that materializes could cause rain amounts to become significantly greater causing potential for flash flooding through the daytime as a wave develops along the frontal boundary. Temperatures will plummet behind the system to promote a mix of rain and snow showers for the lowlands and just snow showers for the higher terrain for a good part of Thursday. Accumulations are minor and only expecting measurable amounts in the higher elevations. Cold temperatures will continue into the weekend and fall well below normal for this time of year although high pressure builds in to promote dry weather into next week.

Skin protection recommended today after yesterday's glorious spring day. We have some snow on the way this evening but only forecast to amount to 3cm with a further 5cm predicted to fall tomorrow morning! Accumulations are uncertain for the rest of the week right now but trending on light precip. Get that Vitamin D!

Entrevue avec Simon Legault, météorologue à Environnement Canada : une grosse tempête de neige frappera le Québec demain, avec des accumulations prévues de 50 cm par endroits! Pour de l’information concernant l’utilisation de vos données personnelles - https://omnystudio.com/policies/listener/fr

What You'll Learn✅ How to Set Up an Environment for Success✅ The Biggest Misconception About Making a Change✅ 4 Performance Benefits of Uplifting Self-Talk✅ How to Increase Your Chances of Completing a Goal up to 95%✅ Accumulations of 1000's of Small WinsI appreciate you!

Winter storm warnings and advisories are posted for all of Siouxland. Moderate to heavy snow could continue into tonight according to the National Weather Service. Accumulations of 3 to 7 inches of snow expected, with higher amounts possible along with some drifting snow. The National Weather Service issued winter storm warnings for parts of Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, South Dakota, Wisconsin and Illinois. By Tuesday morning, snow was so heavy in western Nebraska that Interstates 80 and 76 were closed in both directions after several accidents. Authorities in Omaha, Nebraska, and in the Kansas City area also reported several accidents blamed on slippery roads. Travel is not advised in central Iowa according to an official with the Iowa State Patrol. He told KCCI-TV in Des Moines road conditions have deteriorated very rapidly across the state contributed to several crashes across the state. The Iowa Department of Transportation reported slick roads over more than half of the state

A major nor’easter​​​​​​​ is expected to take shape at midweek and unload the biggest snowstorm in years across a good portion of the Northeast. Snowfall totals are expected to be measured in feet in some areas across the interior as winds ramp up and create near-blizzard conditions for parts of the region late Wednesday into Thursday morning. AccuWeather's Bernie Rayno (@AccuRayno on Twitter) has all the updated snow accumulations on today's "Weather Insider" podcast! Winter Center: https://www.accuweather.com/en/us/winter-weather Download the new AccuWeather app today, available now in the App Store on iOS and in the Google Play Store - https://accuweather.onelink.me/dZpv/49183895 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

January 12 – March 5, 2015Kathleen O. Ellis Gallery and UVP EversonArtist Talk: Tuesday, January 27, 6:30pmReception: Wednesday, January 28, 5-7pmLight Work and Urban Video Project are proud to present Accumulations and Number Sixteen, concurrent exhibitions featuring the work of multidisciplinary artist Xaviera Simmons.The works within these exhibitions present an artist working with— and through— formal languages of performance, video, sculpture, photography, and social and art histories.Accumulations presents a group of photographs from Simmons’s Index/ Composition series. At first glance, the images emerge as a series of complex and abstract sculptural collages. Closer inspection reveals something else: textiles pulled taught over what appears to be a torso, with a barrage of objects hanging from the body. Fabric, a cache of photographic texture and imagery, feathers, palm fronds and other diverse materials tumble across the center of each photograph—composing an explosion referent to the sculptural within the photographic. Accumulations works to both obscure and define the formal qualities of photography by using elements of sculpture, assemblage, chance, and other methods to produce the works.Number Sixteen is an hour-long, unedited video documenting a performance produced without an audience which engages endurance, abstraction, and the energies beneath abstraction. In the video, a vocalist and performer work together in a studio space. The video’s audience becomes witness to a layered convergence: materials and texts, script and chance, sound and image, time and space, the body and its limits. Like the photographic and sculptural works in Accumulations, Number Sixteen reveals a complex network of accumulated inspirations, cultural allusions, and visceral histories.lg.ht/XavieraSimmons—Xaviera Simmons received her BFA from Bard College in 2004 after spending two years on a walking pilgrimage retracing the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade with Buddhist Monks. She completed the Whitney Museum’s Independent Study Program in Studio Art in 2005 while simultaneously completing a two-year actor-training conservatory with The Maggie Flanigan Studio. Simmons has exhibited nationally and internationally. Major exhibitions and performances include The Museum of Modern Art, NYC; MoMA PS1, NYC; The Studio Museum In Harlem, NYC; The Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, Houston, TX; The Public Art Fund, NYC; David Castillo Gallery, Miami, FL; among many others. Her works are in major museum and private collections including Deutsche Bank, UBS, The Guggenheim Museum, The Agnes Gund Art Collection, The Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, The Studio Museum in Harlem, MOCA Miami, and The Perez Art Museum, Miami.davidcastillogallery.com/xaviera-simmons—Special thanks to Marcia Dupratmarciaduprat.comSpecial thanks to Daylight Blue Mediadaylightblue.comLight Worklightwork.orgUrban Video Projecturbanvideoproject.comMusic: "Vela Vela" by Blue Dot Sessionssessions.blue See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Right now, Odell is bringing significant snowfall numbers to the Midwest. Southern Michigan could see around 5-8 inches as this storm passes through. The other big story in the Midwest is the extreme winds producing flooding concerns and 12 foot waves on Lake Michigan! As Odell moves in the Northeast, it combines with another low that is moving up the East Coast. This will bring a ton of energy into the system leading to over a foot of snow in select locations of New York, New Hampshire, and Maine. Lake effect snow will play a large role in New York, where accumulations are still possible as we move into the weekend. Subscribe for more updates on this storm, and thanks for watching! This is the audio version of a video. For best viewing experience, check out Holt Hanley Weather on Youtube, or go to www.holthanleyweather.com.

Snow For The South-Central Plains; Wet Weather Lingers In The Northwest - A dynamic and compact system will exit the Rockies and arrive into the south-central Plains to produce a wintry mix of heavy wet snow. Accumulations are possible across parts of the Oklahoma into the Texas Panhandle and from portions of Kansas into Missouri. Meanwhile, wet weather continues across the Northwest to the northern Rockies with showers and mountain snow. Stay weather aware at: bit.ly/2P4Z8eS --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/xtremeweather/support

durée : 00:03:20 - Jacques Bonnaffé lit la poésie - "Chemin de fer abandonné. Le ballast ne tient plus. / Des traverses en bois cèdent. Poussent, entre les rails, des plantes en tout genre. Accumulations de composants en plastique, de déchets soumis à des années de pluie, de soleil, d’oubli. »

Yes, this is a very long episode!  Have a listen to short intro to understand more but it is all the audio of more than 10 sessions at the two day conference "Future prospects for charity law, accounting and regulation" held 11-12 April 2019 at Te Papa and providing it all here so accessible to all those who were not in the room but would be challenged and empowered by the content.  I was on organising committee and all of those on it wanted to make the content readily available to others through this platform.  Check out other episodes of seeds podcast for close to 100 interviews with more good stories and challenges.  We had around 40 speakers including several from overseas and more than 10 sessions.  This was put on by CAANZ, CLAANZ and supported by Charities Services.  These are put in the order they appeared at the conference but you can skip to the right point by looking at this index: Session 1: Do charities need to be "regulated" 7:59 Keynote: How to prove public benefit by Jennifer Batrouney QC: 1:19:01 Session 2: Advocacy - Are Charities able to advocate against Government Policy? 1:44:45 Session 3: Accumulations or application - what to do about Charities' reserves? 2:32:23 Session 4: Future of Charities and Tax 3:07:55 Session 5: Governing charities 4:04:32 Session 6: Current Research in the Charitable Sector 4:48:51 Session 7: Review of the Charities Act - emerging issues and implications 5:36:16 Session 8: Social Enterprise - this is a separate seeds episode Session 9: Seeds podcast interview: A History of Financial Reporting - this is a separate seeds episode Session 10: Future of Financial Reporting 6:22:01 Group discussion 7:39:49 Final Keynote: Dr Oonagh Breen, Call to Action 8:29:20 End: 9:18:57  For more content visit www.theseeds.nz  For session 8 on social enterprise visit here. For Session 9 on History of Financial Reporting - an interview for seeds podcast visit here Videos and descriptions of speakers etc also up here    

Primitive Human Institutions (772.1) 69:0.1 EMOTIONALLY, man transcends his animal ancestors in his ability to appreciate humor, art, and religion. Socially, man exhibits his superiority in that he is a toolmaker, a communicator, and an institution builder. (772.2) 69:0.2 When human beings long maintain social groups, such aggregations always result in the creation of certain activity trends which culminate in institutionalization. Most of man’s institutions have proved to be laborsaving while at the same time contributing something to the enhancement of group security. (772.3) 69:0.3 Civilized man takes great pride in the character, stability, and continuity of his established institutions, but all human institutions are merely the accumulated mores of the past as they have been conserved by taboos and dignified by religion. Such legacies become traditions, and traditions ultimately metamorphose into conventions. 1. Basic Human Institutions (772.4) 69:1.1 All human institutions minister to some social need, past or present, notwithstanding that their overdevelopment unfailingly detracts from the worth-whileness of the individual in that personality is overshadowed and initiative is diminished. Man should control his institutions rather than permit himself to be dominated by these creations of advancing civilization. (772.5) 69:1.2 Human institutions are of three general classes: (772.6) 69:1.3 1. The institutions of self-maintenance. These institutions embrace those practices growing out of food hunger and its associated instincts of self-preservation. They include industry, property, war for gain, and all the regulative machinery of society. Sooner or later the fear instinct fosters the establishment of these institutions of survival by means of taboo, convention, and religious sanction. But fear, ignorance, and superstition have played a prominent part in the early origin and subsequent development of all human institutions. (772.7) 69:1.4 2. The institutions of self-perpetuation. These are the establishments of society growing out of sex hunger, maternal instinct, and the higher tender emotions of the races. They embrace the social safeguards of the home and the school, of family life, education, ethics, and religion. They include marriage customs, war for defense, and home building. (772.8) 69:1.5 3. The institutions of self-gratification. These are the practices growing out of vanity proclivities and pride emotions; and they embrace customs in dress and personal adornment, social usages, war for glory, dancing, amusement, games, and other phases of sensual gratification. But civilization has never evolved distinctive institutions of self-gratification. (773.1) 69:1.6 These three groups of social practices are intimately interrelated and minutely interdependent the one upon the other. On Urantia they represent a complex organization which functions as a single social mechanism. 2. The Dawn of Industry (773.2) 69:2.1 Primitive industry slowly grew up as an insurance against the terrors of famine. Early in his existence man began to draw lessons from some of the animals that, during a harvest of plenty, store up food against the days of scarcity. (773.3) 69:2.2 Before the dawn of early frugality and primitive industry the lot of the average tribe was one of destitution and real suffering. Early man had to compete with the whole animal world for his food. Competition-gravity ever pulls man down toward the beast level; poverty is his natural and tyrannical estate. Wealth is not a natural gift; it results from labor, knowledge, and organization. (773.4) 69:2.3 Primitive man was not slow to recognize the advantages of association. Association led to organization, and the first result of organization was division of labor, with its immediate saving of time and materials. These specializations of labor arose by adaptation to pressure — pursuing the paths of lessened resistance. Primitive savages never did any real work cheerfully or willingly. With them conformity was due to the coercion of necessity. (773.5) 69:2.4 Primitive man disliked hard work, and he would not hurry unless confronted by grave danger. The time element in labor, the idea of doing a given task within a certain time limit, is entirely a modern notion. The ancients were never rushed. It was the double demands of the intense struggle for existence and of the ever-advancing standards of living that drove the naturally inactive races of early man into avenues of industry. (773.6) 69:2.5 Labor, the efforts of design, distinguishes man from the beast, whose exertions are largely instinctive. The necessity for labor is man’s paramount blessing. The Prince’s staff all worked; they did much to ennoble physical labor on Urantia. Adam was a gardener; the God of the Hebrews labored — he was the creator and upholder of all things. The Hebrews were the first tribe to put a supreme premium on industry; they were the first people to decree that “he who does not work shall not eat.” But many of the religions of the world reverted to the early ideal of idleness. Jupiter was a reveler, and Buddha became a reflective devotee of leisure. (773.7) 69:2.6 The Sangik tribes were fairly industrious when residing away from the tropics. But there was a long, long struggle between the lazy devotees of magic and the apostles of work — those who exercised foresight. (773.8) 69:2.7 The first human foresight was directed toward the preservation of fire, water, and food. But primitive man was a natural-born gambler; he always wanted to get something for nothing, and all too often during these early times the success which accrued from patient practice was attributed to charms. Magic was slow to give way before foresight, self-denial, and industry. 3. The Specialization of Labor (773.9) 69:3.1 The divisions of labor in primitive society were determined first by natural, and then by social, circumstances. The early order of specialization in labor was: (774.1) 69:3.2 1. Specialization based on sex. Woman’s work was derived from the selective presence of the child; women naturally love babies more than men do. Thus woman became the routine worker, while man became the hunter and fighter, engaging in accentuated periods of work and rest. (774.2) 69:3.3 All down through the ages the taboos have operated to keep woman strictly in her own field. Man has most selfishly chosen the more agreeable work, leaving the routine drudgery to woman. Man has always been ashamed to do woman’s work, but woman has never shown any reluctance to doing man’s work. But strange to record, both men and women have always worked together in building and furnishing the home. (774.3) 69:3.4 2. Modification consequent upon age and disease. These differences determined the next division of labor. The old men and cripples were early set to work making tools and weapons. They were later assigned to building irrigation works. (774.4) 69:3.5 3. Differentiation based on religion. The medicine men were the first human beings to be exempted from physical toil; they were the pioneer professional class. The smiths were a small group who competed with the medicine men as magicians. Their skill in working with metals made the people afraid of them. The “white smiths” and the “black smiths” gave origin to the early beliefs in white and black magic. And this belief later became involved in the superstition of good and bad ghosts, good and bad spirits. (774.5) 69:3.6 Smiths were the first nonreligious group to enjoy special privileges. They were regarded as neutrals during war, and this extra leisure led to their becoming, as a class, the politicians of primitive society. But through gross abuse of these privileges the smiths became universally hated, and the medicine men lost no time in fostering hatred for their competitors. In this first contest between science and religion, religion (superstition) won. After being driven out of the villages, the smiths maintained the first inns, public lodginghouses, on the outskirts of the settlements. (774.6) 69:3.7 4. Master and slave. The next differentiation of labor grew out of the relations of the conqueror to the conquered, and that meant the beginning of human slavery. (774.7) 69:3.8 5. Differentiation based on diverse physical and mental endowments. Further divisions of labor were favored by the inherent differences in men; all human beings are not born equal. (774.8) 69:3.9 The early specialists in industry were the flint flakers and stone masons; next came the smiths. Subsequently group specialization developed; whole families and clans dedicated themselves to certain sorts of labor. The origin of one of the earliest castes of priests, apart from the tribal medicine men, was due to the superstitious exaltation of a family of expert swordmakers.* (774.9) 69:3.10 The first group specialists in industry were rock salt exporters and potters. Women made the plain pottery and men the fancy. Among some tribes sewing and weaving were done by women, in others by the men. (774.10) 69:3.11 The early traders were women; they were employed as spies, carrying on commerce as a side line. Presently trade expanded, the women acting as intermediaries — jobbers. Then came the merchant class, charging a commission, profit, for their services. Growth of group barter developed into commerce; and following the exchange of commodities came the exchange of skilled labor. 4. The Beginnings of Trade (775.1) 69:4.1 Just as marriage by contract followed marriage by capture, so trade by barter followed seizure by raids. But a long period of piracy intervened between the early practices of silent barter and the later trade by modern exchange methods. (775.2) 69:4.2 The first barter was conducted by armed traders who would leave their goods on a neutral spot. Women held the first markets; they were the earliest traders, and this was because they were the burden bearers; the men were warriors. Very early the trading counter was developed, a wall wide enough to prevent the traders reaching each other with weapons. (775.3) 69:4.3 A fetish was used to stand guard over the deposits of goods for silent barter. Such market places were secure against theft; nothing would be removed except by barter or purchase; with a fetish on guard the goods were always safe. The early traders were scrupulously honest within their own tribes but regarded it as all right to cheat distant strangers. Even the early Hebrews recognized a separate code of ethics in their dealings with the gentiles. (775.4) 69:4.4 For ages silent barter continued before men would meet, unarmed, on the sacred market place. These same market squares became the first places of sanctuary and in some countries were later known as “cities of refuge.” Any fugitive reaching the market place was safe and secure against attack. (775.5) 69:4.5 The first weights were grains of wheat and other cereals. The first medium of exchange was a fish or a goat. Later the cow became a unit of barter. (775.6) 69:4.6 Modern writing originated in the early trade records; the first literature of man was a trade-promotion document, a salt advertisement. Many of the earlier wars were fought over natural deposits, such as flint, salt, and metals. The first formal tribal treaty concerned the intertribalizing of a salt deposit. These treaty spots afforded opportunity for friendly and peaceful interchange of ideas and the intermingling of various tribes. (775.7) 69:4.7 Writing progressed up through the stages of the “message stick,” knotted cords, picture writing, hieroglyphics, and wampum belts, to the early symbolic alphabets. Message sending evolved from the primitive smoke signal up through runners, animal riders, railroads, and airplanes, as well as telegraph, telephone, and wireless communication. (775.8) 69:4.8 New ideas and better methods were carried around the inhabited world by the ancient traders. Commerce, linked with adventure, led to exploration and discovery. And all of these gave birth to transportation. Commerce has been the great civilizer through promoting the cross-fertilization of culture. 5. The Beginnings of Capital (775.9) 69:5.1 Capital is labor applied as a renunciation of the present in favor of the future. Savings represent a form of maintenance and survival insurance. Food hoarding developed self-control and created the first problems of capital and labor. The man who had food, provided he could protect it from robbers, had a distinct advantage over the man who had no food. (775.10) 69:5.2 The early banker was the valorous man of the tribe. He held the group treasures on deposit, while the entire clan would defend his hut in event of attack. Thus the accumulation of individual capital and group wealth immediately led to military organization. At first such precautions were designed to defend property against foreign raiders, but later on it became the custom to keep the military organization in practice by inaugurating raids on the property and wealth of neighboring tribes. (776.1) 69:5.3 The basic urges which led to the accumulation of capital were: (776.2) 69:5.4 1. Hunger — associated with foresight. Food saving and preservation meant power and comfort for those who possessed sufficient foresight thus to provide for future needs. Food storage was adequate insurance against famine and disaster. And the entire body of primitive mores was really designed to help man subordinate the present to the future. (776.3) 69:5.5 2. Love of family — desire to provide for their wants. Capital represents the saving of property in spite of the pressure of the wants of today in order to insure against the demands of the future. A part of this future need may have to do with one’s posterity. (776.4) 69:5.6 3. Vanity — longing to display one’s property accumulations. Extra clothing was one of the first badges of distinction. Collection vanity early appealed to the pride of man. (776.5) 69:5.7 4. Position — eagerness to buy social and political prestige. There early sprang up a commercialized nobility, admission to which depended on the performance of some special service to royalty or was granted frankly for the payment of money. (776.6) 69:5.8 5. Power — the craving to be master. Treasure lending was carried on as a means of enslavement, one hundred per cent a year being the loan rate of these ancient times. The moneylenders made themselves kings by creating a standing army of debtors. Bond servants were among the earliest form of property to be accumulated, and in olden days debt slavery extended even to the control of the body after death. (776.7) 69:5.9 6. Fear of the ghosts of the dead — priest fees for protection. Men early began to give death presents to the priests with a view to having their property used to facilitate their progress through the next life. The priesthoods thus became very rich; they were chief among ancient capitalists. (776.8) 69:5.10 7. Sex urge — the desire to buy one or more wives. Man’s first form of trading was woman exchange; it long preceded horse trading. But never did the barter in sex slaves advance society; such traffic was and is a racial disgrace, for at one and the same time it hindered the development of family life and polluted the biologic fitness of superior peoples. (776.9) 69:5.11 8. Numerous forms of self-gratification. Some sought wealth because it conferred power; others toiled for property because it meant ease. Early man (and some later-day ones) tended to squander his resources on luxury. Intoxicants and drugs intrigued the primitive races. (776.10) 69:5.12 As civilization developed, men acquired new incentives for saving; new wants were rapidly added to the original food hunger. Poverty became so abhorred that only the rich were supposed to go direct to heaven when they died. Property became so highly valued that to give a pretentious feast would wipe a dishonor from one’s name. (777.1) 69:5.13 Accumulations of wealth early became the badge of social distinction. Individuals in certain tribes would accumulate property for years just to create an impression by burning it up on some holiday or by freely distributing it to fellow tribesmen. This made them great men. Even modern peoples revel in the lavish distribution of Christmas gifts, while rich men endow great institutions of philanthropy and learning. Man’s technique varies, but his disposition remains quite unchanged. (777.2) 69:5.14 But it is only fair to record that many an ancient rich man distributed much of his fortune because of the fear of being killed by those who coveted his treasures. Wealthy men commonly sacrificed scores of slaves to show disdain for wealth. (777.3) 69:5.15 Though capital has tended to liberate man, it has greatly complicated his social and industrial organization. The abuse of capital by unfair capitalists does not destroy the fact that it is the basis of modern industrial society. Through capital and invention the present generation enjoys a higher degree of freedom than any that ever preceded it on earth. This is placed on record as a fact and not in justification of the many misuses of capital by thoughtless and selfish custodians. 6. Fire in Relation to Civilization (777.4) 69:6.1 Primitive society with its four divisions — industrial, regulative, religious, and military — rose through the instrumentality of fire, animals, slaves, and property. (777.5) 69:6.2 Fire building, by a single bound, forever separated man from animal; it is the basic human invention, or discovery. Fire enabled man to stay on the ground at night as all animals are afraid of it. Fire encouraged eventide social intercourse; it not only protected against cold and wild beasts but was also employed as security against ghosts. It was at first used more for light than heat; many backward tribes refuse to sleep unless a flame burns all night. (777.6) 69:6.3 Fire was a great civilizer, providing man with his first means of being altruistic without loss by enabling him to give live coals to a neighbor without depriving himself. The household fire, which was attended by the mother or eldest daughter, was the first educator, requiring watchfulness and dependability. The early home was not a building but the family gathered about the fire, the family hearth. When a son founded a new home, he carried a firebrand from the family hearth. (777.7) 69:6.4 Though Andon, the discoverer of fire, avoided treating it as an object of worship, many of his descendants regarded the flame as a fetish or as a spirit. They failed to reap the sanitary benefits of fire because they would not burn refuse. Primitive man feared fire and always sought to keep it in good humor, hence the sprinkling of incense. Under no circumstances would the ancients spit in a fire, nor would they ever pass between anyone and a burning fire. Even the iron pyrites and flints used in striking fire were held sacred by early mankind. (777.8) 69:6.5 It was a sin to extinguish a flame; if a hut caught fire, it was allowed to burn. The fires of the temples and shrines were sacred and were never permitted to go out except that it was the custom to kindle new flames annually or after some calamity. Women were selected as priests because they were custodians of the home fires. (778.1) 69:6.6 The early myths about how fire came down from the gods grew out of the observations of fire caused by lightning. These ideas of supernatural origin led directly to fire worship, and fire worship led to the custom of “passing through fire,” a practice carried on up to the times of Moses. And there still persists the idea of passing through fire after death. The fire myth was a great bond in early times and still persists in the symbolism of the Parsees. (778.2) 69:6.7 Fire led to cooking, and “raw eaters” became a term of derision. And cooking lessened the expenditure of vital energy necessary for the digestion of food and so left early man some strength for social culture, while animal husbandry, by reducing the effort necessary to secure food, provided time for social activities. (778.3) 69:6.8 It should be remembered that fire opened the doors to metalwork and led to the subsequent discovery of steam power and the present-day uses of electricity. 7. The Utilization of Animals (778.4) 69:7.1 To start with, the entire animal world was man’s enemy; human beings had to learn to protect themselves from the beasts. First, man ate the animals but later learned to domesticate and make them serve him. (778.5) 69:7.2 The domestication of animals came about accidentally. The savage would hunt herds much as the American Indians hunted the bison. By surrounding the herd they could keep control of the animals, thus being able to kill them as they were required for food. Later, corrals were constructed, and entire herds would be captured. (778.6) 69:7.3 It was easy to tame some animals, but like the elephant, many of them would not reproduce in captivity. Still further on it was discovered that certain species of animals would submit to man’s presence, and that they would reproduce in captivity. The domestication of animals was thus promoted by selective breeding, an art which has made great progress since the days of Dalamatia. (778.7) 69:7.4 The dog was the first animal to be domesticated, and the difficult experience of taming it began when a certain dog, after following a hunter around all day, actually went home with him. For ages dogs were used for food, hunting, transportation, and companionship. At first dogs only howled, but later on they learned to bark. The dog’s keen sense of smell led to the notion it could see spirits, and thus arose the dog-fetish cults. The employment of watchdogs made it first possible for the whole clan to sleep at night. It then became the custom to employ watchdogs to protect the home against spirits as well as material enemies. When the dog barked, man or beast approached, but when the dog howled, spirits were near. Even now many still believe that a dog’s howling at night betokens death. (778.8) 69:7.5 When man was a hunter, he was fairly kind to woman, but after the domestication of animals, coupled with the Caligastia confusion, many tribes shamefully treated their women. They treated them altogether too much as they treated their animals. Man’s brutal treatment of woman constitutes one of the darkest chapters of human history. 8. Slavery as a Factor in Civilization (778.9) 69:8.1 Primitive man never hesitated to enslave his fellows. Woman was the first slave, a family slave. Pastoral man enslaved woman as his inferior sex partner. This sort of sex slavery grew directly out of man’s decreased dependence upon woman. (779.1) 69:8.2 Not long ago enslavement was the lot of those military captives who refused to accept the conqueror’s religion. In earlier times captives were either eaten, tortured to death, set to fighting each other, sacrificed to spirits, or enslaved. Slavery was a great advancement over massacre and cannibalism. (779.2) 69:8.3 Enslavement was a forward step in the merciful treatment of war captives. The ambush of Ai, with the wholesale slaughter of men, women, and children, only the king being saved to gratify the conqueror’s vanity, is a faithful picture of the barbaric slaughter practiced by even supposedly civilized peoples. The raid upon Og, the king of Bashan, was equally brutal and effective. The Hebrews “utterly destroyed” their enemies, taking all their property as spoils. They put all cities under tribute on pain of the “destruction of all males.” But many of the contemporary tribes, those having less tribal egotism, had long since begun to practice the adoption of superior captives. (779.3) 69:8.4 The hunter, like the American red man, did not enslave. He either adopted or killed his captives. Slavery was not prevalent among the pastoral peoples, for they needed few laborers. In war the herders made a practice of killing all men captives and taking as slaves only the women and children. The Mosaic code contained specific directions for making wives of these women captives. If not satisfactory, they could be sent away, but the Hebrews were not allowed to sell such rejected consorts as slaves — that was at least one advance in civilization. Though the social standards of the Hebrews were crude, they were far above those of the surrounding tribes. (779.4) 69:8.5 The herders were the first capitalists; their herds represented capital, and they lived on the interest — the natural increase. And they were disinclined to trust this wealth to the keeping of either slaves or women. But later on they took male prisoners and forced them to cultivate the soil. This is the early origin of serfdom — man attached to the land. The Africans could easily be taught to till the soil; hence they became the great slave race. (779.5) 69:8.6 Slavery was an indispensable link in the chain of human civilization. It was the bridge over which society passed from chaos and indolence to order and civilized activities; it compelled backward and lazy peoples to work and thus provide wealth and leisure for the social advancement of their superiors. (779.6) 69:8.7 The institution of slavery compelled man to invent the regulative mechanism of primitive society; it gave origin to the beginnings of government. Slavery demands strong regulation and during the European Middle Ages virtually disappeared because the feudal lords could not control the slaves. The backward tribes of ancient times, like the native Australians of today, never had slaves. (779.7) 69:8.8 True, slavery was oppressive, but it was in the schools of oppression that man learned industry. Eventually the slaves shared the blessings of a higher society which they had so unwillingly helped create. Slavery creates an organization of culture and social achievement but soon insidiously attacks society internally as the gravest of all destructive social maladies. (779.8) 69:8.9 Modern mechanical invention rendered the slave obsolete. Slavery, like polygamy, is passing because it does not pay. But it has always proved disastrous suddenly to liberate great numbers of slaves; less trouble ensues when they are gradually emancipated. (780.1) 69:8.10 Today, men are not social slaves, but thousands allow ambition to enslave them to debt. Involuntary slavery has given way to a new and improved form of modified industrial servitude. (780.2) 69:8.11 While the ideal of society is universal freedom, idleness should never be tolerated. All able-bodied persons should be compelled to do at least a self-sustaining amount of work. (780.3) 69:8.12 Modern society is in reverse. Slavery has nearly disappeared; domesticated animals are passing. Civilization is reaching back to fire — the inorganic world — for power. Man came up from savagery by way of fire, animals, and slavery; today he reaches back, discarding the help of slaves and the assistance of animals, while he seeks to wrest new secrets and sources of wealth and power from the elemental storehouse of nature. 9. Private Property (780.4) 69:9.1 While primitive society was virtually communal, primitive man did not adhere to the modern doctrines of communism. The communism of these early times was not a mere theory or social doctrine; it was a simple and practical automatic adjustment. Communism prevented pauperism and want; begging and prostitution were almost unknown among these ancient tribes. (780.5) 69:9.2 Primitive communism did not especially level men down, nor did it exalt mediocrity, but it did put a premium on inactivity and idleness, and it did stifle industry and destroy ambition. Communism was indispensable scaffolding in the growth of primitive society, but it gave way to the evolution of a higher social order because it ran counter to four strong human proclivities: (780.6) 69:9.3 1. The family. Man not only craves to accumulate property; he desires to bequeath his capital goods to his progeny. But in early communal society a man’s capital was either immediately consumed or distributed among the group at his death. There was no inheritance of property — the inheritance tax was one hundred per cent. The later capital-accumulation and property-inheritance mores were a distinct social advance. And this is true notwithstanding the subsequent gross abuses attendant upon the misuse of capital. (780.7) 69:9.4 2. Religious tendencies. Primitive man also wanted to save up property as a nucleus for starting life in the next existence. This motive explains why it was so long the custom to bury a man’s personal belongings with him. The ancients believed that only the rich survived death with any immediate pleasure and dignity. The teachers of revealed religion, more especially the Christian teachers, were the first to proclaim that the poor could have salvation on equal terms with the rich. (780.8) 69:9.5 3. The desire for liberty and leisure. In the earlier days of social evolution the apportionment of individual earnings among the group was virtually a form of slavery; the worker was made slave to the idler. This was the suicidal weakness of communism: The improvident habitually lived off the thrifty. Even in modern times the improvident depend on the state (thrifty taxpayers) to take care of them. Those who have no capital still expect those who have to feed them. (780.9) 69:9.6 4. The urge for security and power. Communism was finally destroyed by the deceptive practices of progressive and successful individuals who resorted to diverse subterfuges in an effort to escape enslavement to the shiftless idlers of their tribes. But at first all hoarding was secret; primitive insecurity prevented the outward accumulation of capital. And even at a later time it was most dangerous to amass too much wealth; the king would be sure to trump up some charge for confiscating a rich man’s property, and when a wealthy man died, the funeral was held up until the family donated a large sum to public welfare or to the king, an inheritance tax. (781.1) 69:9.7 In earliest times women were the property of the community, and the mother dominated the family. The early chiefs owned all the land and were proprietors of all the women; marriage required the consent of the tribal ruler. With the passing of communism, women were held individually, and the father gradually assumed domestic control. Thus the home had its beginning, and the prevailing polygamous customs were gradually displaced by monogamy. (Polygamy is the survival of the female-slavery element in marriage. Monogamy is the slave-free ideal of the matchless association of one man and one woman in the exquisite enterprise of home building, offspring rearing, mutual culture, and self-improvement.) (781.2) 69:9.8 At first, all property, including tools and weapons, was the common possession of the tribe. Private property first consisted of all things personally touched. If a stranger drank from a cup, the cup was henceforth his. Next, any place where blood was shed became the property of the injured person or group. (781.3) 69:9.9 Private property was thus originally respected because it was supposed to be charged with some part of the owner’s personality. Property honesty rested safely on this type of superstition; no police were needed to guard personal belongings. There was no stealing within the group, though men did not hesitate to appropriate the goods of other tribes. Property relations did not end with death; early, personal effects were burned, then buried with the dead, and later, inherited by the surviving family or by the tribe. (781.4) 69:9.10 The ornamental type of personal effects originated in the wearing of charms. Vanity plus ghost fear led early man to resist all attempts to relieve him of his favorite charms, such property being valued above necessities. (781.5) 69:9.11 Sleeping space was one of man’s earliest properties. Later, homesites were assigned by the tribal chiefs, who held all real estate in trust for the group. Presently a fire site conferred ownership; and still later, a well constituted title to the adjacent land. (781.6) 69:9.12 Water holes and wells were among the first private possessions. The whole fetish practice was utilized to guard water holes, wells, trees, crops, and honey. Following the loss of faith in the fetish, laws were evolved to protect private belongings. But game laws, the right to hunt, long preceded land laws. The American red man never understood private ownership of land; he could not comprehend the white man’s view. (781.7) 69:9.13 Private property was early marked by family insignia, and this is the early origin of family crests. Real estate could also be put under the watchcare of spirits. The priests would “consecrate” a piece of land, and it would then rest under the protection of the magic taboos erected thereon. Owners thereof were said to have a “priest’s title.” The Hebrews had great respect for these family landmarks: “Cursed be he who removes his neighbor’s landmark.” These stone markers bore the priest’s initials. Even trees, when initialed, became private property. (782.1) 69:9.14 In early days only the crops were private, but successive crops conferred title; agriculture was thus the genesis of the private ownership of land. Individuals were first given only a life tenureship; at death land reverted to the tribe. The very first land titles granted by tribes to individuals were graves — family burying grounds. In later times land belonged to those who fenced it. But the cities always reserved certain lands for public pasturage and for use in case of siege; these “commons” represent the survival of the earlier form of collective ownership. (782.2) 69:9.15 Eventually the state assigned property to the individual, reserving the right of taxation. Having made secure their titles, landlords could collect rents, and land became a source of income — capital. Finally land became truly negotiable, with sales, transfers, mortgages, and foreclosures. (782.3) 69:9.16 Private ownership brought increased liberty and enhanced stability; but private ownership of land was given social sanction only after communal control and direction had failed, and it was soon followed by a succession of slaves, serfs, and landless classes. But improved machinery is gradually setting men free from slavish toil. (782.4) 69:9.17 The right to property is not absolute; it is purely social. But all government, law, order, civil rights, social liberties, conventions, peace, and happiness, as they are enjoyed by modern peoples, have grown up around the private ownership of property. (782.5) 69:9.18 The present social order is not necessarily right — not divine or sacred — but mankind will do well to move slowly in making changes. That which you have is vastly better than any system known to your ancestors. Make certain that when you change the social order you change for the better. Do not be persuaded to experiment with the discarded formulas of your forefathers. Go forward, not backward! Let evolution proceed! Do not take a backward step. (782.6) 69:9.19 [Presented by a Melchizedek of Nebadon.]