Podcasts about palaeogeography

2023 was a warm year. But let's put it into context. To do that, a 2024 study looked at temperature and tree core data to assemble summer temperatures all the way back to 1 CE. As for the result- the title speaks for itself... Sources for this episode: Bianchi, G. G., & McCave, I. N. (1999). Holocene periodicity in North Atlantic climate and deep-ocean flow south of Iceland. Nature, 397(6719): 515–517. Büntgen, U., Myglan, V. S., Ljungqvist, F. C., McCormick, M., Di Cosmo, N., Sigl, M., Jungclaus, J., Wagner, S., Krusic, P. J., Esper, J., Kaplan, J. O., de Vaan, M. A. C., Luterbacher, J., Wacker, L., Tegel, W., & Kirdyanov, A. V. (2016). Cooling and societal change during the Late Antique Little Ice Age from 536 to around 660 AD. Nature Geoscience, 9(3): 231–236. Dull, R. A., Southon, J. R., Kutterolf, S., Anchukaitis, K. J., Freundt, A., Wahl, D. B., Sheets, P., Amaroli, P., Hernandez, W., Wiemann, M. C., & Oppenheimer, C. (2019). Radiocarbon and geologic evidence reveal Ilopango volcano as source of the colossal ‘mystery' eruption of 539/40 CE. Quaternary Science Reviews, 222: 105855. Dytham, C. (2011). Choosing and Using Statistics: A Biologist's Guide (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. Esper, J., Torbenson, M. and Büntgen, U. (2024), 2023 summer warmth unparalleled over the past 2,000 years. Nature 631: 94-97. Goosse, H., Crespin, E., Dubinkina, S., Loutre, M.-F., Mann, M. E., Renssen, H., Sallaz-Damaz, Y., & Shindell, D. (2012). The role of forcing and internal dynamics in explaining the “Medieval Climate Anomaly.” Climate Dynamics, 39(12): 2847–2866. Graham, N. E., Ammann, C. M., Fleitmann, D., Cobb, K. M., & Luterbacher, J. (2011). Support for global climate reorganization during the “Medieval Climate Anomaly.” Climate Dynamics, 37(5–6): 1217–1245. Lamb, H. H. (1965). The early medieval warm epoch and its sequel. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1(1): 13–37. Lowe, J., & Walker, M. (2015). Reconstructing Quaternary Environments (3rd ed.). Routledge. Mann, M. E., Zhang, Z., Rutherford, S., Bradley, R. S., Hughes, M. K., Shindell, D., Ammann, C., Faluvegi, G., & Ni, F. (2009). Global Signatures and Dynamical Origins of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Climate Anomaly. Science, 326(5957): 1256–1260. Matthews, J. A., & Briffa, K. R. (2005). The ‘little ice age': re‐evaluation of an evolving concept. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography, 87(1): 17–36. Shi, F., Sun, C., Guion, A., Yin, Q., Zhao, S., Liu, T., & Guo, Z. (2022). Roman Warm Period and Late Antique Little Ice Age in an Earth System Model Large Ensemble. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 127(16): e2021JD035832.

Twenty-one episodes ago, we discussed the extinction of the dinosaurs 66 million years before the present. However, this isn't the only mass extinction event the Earth has witnessed. Let's go back to 252 million years ago and watch the Great Dying unfold... Sources for this episode: Campbell, N. A., Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V. and Reece, J. B. (2018), Biology: a global approach, 11th edition (Global Edition), Harlow, Pearson Education Limited. Clennett, C., Locke, J. and Jackson, T. (editorial consultants) (2023), How Biology Works. LonondM Darling Kindersley Ltd. Cohen, K.M., Finney, S.C., Gibbard, P.L. & Fan, J.-X. (2013; updated) The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart. Episodes 36: 199-204. Cui, Y. and Kump, L. R. (2015), Global warming and the end-Permian extinction event: Proxy and modeling perspectives. Earth-Science Reviews 149: 5-22. Herron, J. C., and Freeman, S. (2015), Evolutionary Analysis. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. Hochuli, P. A., Hermann, E., Vigran, J. O., Bucher, H.and Weissert, H. (2010), Rapid demise and recovery of planet ecosystems across the end-Permian extinction event. Global and Planetary Change 74: 144-155. Kaiser, M. J., Attrill, M. J., Jennings, S., Thomas, D. N., Barnes, D. K. A., Brierley, A. S., Graham, N. A. J., Hiddink, J. G., Howell, K. and Kaartokallio, H. (2020), Marine Ecology: Processes, Systems and Impacts (3rd edition°; Oxford: Oxford University Press. Twitchett, R. J. (2007), The Lilliput effect in the aftermath of the end-Permian extinction event. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 252: 132-144.

In der aktuellen Folge widmen sich Hannes und Holger dem Phänomen der Tsunamis. Diese sog. Wellengroßereignisse rückten durch den Tsunami 2004 (Sumatra-Andamanen-Beben) und 2011 (Tohoku-Erdbeben) in den globalen Fokus. Dabei klären sie die Frage wie ein Tsunami entsteht und warum man von den verehrenden Wellen auf dem Ozean selbst gar nicht so viel mitbekommt. Zum Weiterlesen: Brill, D., Klasen, N., Brückner, H., Jankaew, K., Scheffers, A., Kelletat, D., & Scheffers, S. (2012). OSL dating of tsunami deposits from Phra Thong Island, Thailand. Quaternary Geochronology, 10, 224-229. Feist, L., Frank, S., Bellanova, P., Laermanns, H., Cämmerer, C., Mathes-Schmidt, M., ... & Reicherter, K. (2019). The sedimentological and environmental footprint of extreme wave events in Boca do Rio, Algarve coast, Portugal. Sedimentary geology, 389, 147-160. Laermanns, H., Pint, A., Bellanova, P., Feist, L., Wagner, B., Frank, S., ... & Brückner, H. (2021). The Santo André lagoon at the Atlantic coast of Portugal–Holocene evolution and event history. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 571, 110366. Franco, A., Moernaut, J., Schneider-Muntau, B., Strasser, M., & Gems, B. (2020). The 1958 Lituya Bay tsunami–pre-event bathymetry reconstruction and 3D numerical modelling utilising the computational fluid dynamics software Flow-3D. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 20(8), 2255-2279. Fritz, H. M., Mohammed, F., & Yoo, J. (2009). Lituya Bay landslide impact generated mega-tsunami 50 th Anniversary. Tsunami Science Four Years after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami: Part II: Observation and Data Analysis, 153-175.

These animals have been marking time largely unaware of all the ups and downs and intrigues of humanity. And stories about them often have more to do with the way people perceive them than the animals themselves.  Research: Butler, Paul G. et al. “Variability of marine climate on the North Icelandic Shelf in a 1357-year proxy archive based on growth increments in the bivalve Arctica islandica.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. Volume 373, 2013. Pages 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.016. Barber, Elizabeth. “Scientists discover world's oldest clam, killing it in the process.” Christian Science Monitor. Nov. 15, 2013. https://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/1115/Scientists-discover-world-s-oldest-clam-killing-it-in-the-process Binns, Daniel. “Blungling Scientists Kill World's Oldest Creature – a Clam – After 507 Years in Sea.” Metro UK. Nov. 13, 2013. https://metro.co.uk/2013/11/13/bungling-scientists-kill-worlds-oldest-creature-a-clam-after-507-years-in-sea-4185580/ Brix, Lise. “New record: World's oldest animal is 507 years old.” Science Nordic. Nov. 6, 2013. https://sciencenordic.com/ageing-denmark-geochemistry/new-record-worlds-oldest-animal-is-507-years-old/1392743 Free, Cathy. “The world's oldest living land animal? At age 190, it's Jonathan the tortoise.” The Washington Post. January 30, 2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2022/01/31/oldest-animal-tortoise-jonathan-/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2022/01/31/oldest-animal-tortoise-jonathan-/ “Daughter Scotches Churchill Parrot Claim.” BBC. Jan. 21, 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/3417353.stm Elliot, Danielle. “Ming the Clam, World's Oldest Animal, Was Actually 507 Years Old.” CBS News. Nov. 14, 2013. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ming-the-clam-worlds-oldest-animal-was-actually-507-years-old/ Farrar, Steve. “Ming the Mollusk Holds Secret to Long Life.” The Times. October 28, 2007. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ming-the-mollusc-holds-secret-to-long-life-mfcvbtxl6gr Gamillo, Elizabeth. “At 190, Jonathan the Tortoise Is the World's Oldest. Smithsonian. Feb. 4, 2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/at-190-jonathan-the-tortoise-is-the-worlds-oldest-living-land-animal-180979514/ Holmes, Anna. “Meet Ming the Clam – the Oldest Animal in the World!” Amgueddfa Blog. Feb. 11, 2020. https://museum.wales/blog/2122/Meet-Ming-the-clam---the-oldest-animal-in-the-world/#:~:text=At%20507%20years%20the%20Ocean,together%20as%20a%20collective%20form.·       “In A Flap Over 'Churchill's' Old Bird.” SkyNews. Jan. 20, 2004. https://web.archive.org/web/20091204165346/http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Sky-News-Archive/Article/20080641119993 Kolirin, Lianne. “Meet 190-year-old Jonathan, the world's oldest-ever tortoise.” CNN. Jan. 26, 2022. https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/oldest-tortoise-jonathan-scli-intl-scn/index.html “Historic Tortoise.” The Jersey Journal. June 28, 1968. https://www.newspapers.com/image/908625184/?terms=%22tortoise%20st.%20helena%22%20&match=1 “How are seashells made?” Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/did-you-know/how-are-seashells-made “Jonathan at 140 Looks to the Future.” The Kansas City Times. Aug. 20, 1969. https://www.newspapers.com/image/675666450/?terms=%22tortoise%20st.%20helena%22%20&match=1 Lyall, Sarah. “Reigate Journal; Parrot May Have Been Churchill's, but She's Not Saying.” New York Times. March 9, 2004. https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/09/world/reigate-journal-parrot-may-have-been-churchill-s-but-she-s-not-saying.html Madden, Chris. “Having a chat with Churchill's parrot and - at 114-years-old - one of Reigate's oldest residents.” Surrey Live. Aug. 26, 2014. https://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/local-news/having-chat-churchills-parrot-114-13642592 Triesman, Rachel. “Jonathan, the world's oldest tortoise, marks his 190th with fanfare and salad cake.” NPR. Dec. 7, 2022. https://www.npr.org/2022/12/07/1141180557/jonathan-tortoise-birthday-190 “Unique Distinction.” The Daily Times. Nov. 18, 1947. https://www.newspapers.com/image/303381370/?terms=%22tortoise%20st.%20helena%22%20&match=1 “Jonathan's 190th” St. Helena Tourism. https://www.sthelenatourism.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Jonathan-turns-190.pdf Larson, Samantha. “Oldest Clam Consternation Overblown.” National Geographic. Nov. 17, 2013. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/131116-oldest-clam-dead-ming-science-ocean-507?loggedin=true&rnd=1690833236811 “Ming the clam is oldest mollusc.” BBC. Oct. 28, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7066389.stm Morelle, Rebecca. “Clam-gate: The Epic Saga of Ming.” BBC. Nov. 14, 2013. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-24946983 Wallenfeldt, Jeff. “History of Saint Helena.” Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Saint-Helena-island-South-Atlantic-Ocean/History “RIP Ming the Clam.” The Daily Telegraph.” October 29, 2007. https://www.newspapers.com/image/753409282/?terms=ming%20quahog&match=1 Roach, John. “405-year-old Clam Called Longest-lived Animal.” National Geographic. October 29, 2007. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/405-year-old-clam-called-longest-lived-animal “Winston's Obscene Parrot Lives On.” BBC. Jan. 19, 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3410893.stm See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Olá, bio-ouvinte! No novo episódio do nosso podcast, vamos dar início à minissérie sobre Paleobiologia! Vamos começar viajando pelo tempo geológico com as mudanças que ocorreram no planeta e como se formaram os fósseis.    CONTATOS cartinhas@biologiainsitu.com.br Instagram, Facebook e LinkedIn: @biologiainsitu Twitter e TikTok: @bioinsitu APOIO Apoie pela Orelo em "Fazer parte"! Pix: cartinhas@biologiainsitu.com.br CRÉDITOS Coordenação: Bruna Canellas, Cristianne Santos, Heloá Caramuru, Ricardo Gomes e Vitor Lopes. Pesquisa de pauta: Vanusa Gatteli e Viviane Turman. Revisão científica: Isabela Mayara e Nadja Lopes. Roteirização: Ana Victória. Revisão textual: Sueli Rodrigues. Locução: Renata Santos e Ricardo Gomes. Direção: Vitor Lopes. Edição e mixagem de áudio: Ricardo Gomes. Arte de capa: Larissa Castro.   REFERÊNCIAS ALLISON, Peter A.; BOTTJER, David J. (ed.). Taphonomy: process and bias through time. Londres: Springer, 2011. 603 p. Disponível em: https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebhklfn4x73alfj4wd2ef7ctoe4idkqdpxn6ef6qzgksrb7bgi5la?filename=%28Aims%20%26%20Scope%20Topics%20in%20Geobiology%20Book%20Series%2032%29%20Peter%20A.%20Allison%2C%20David%20J.%20Bottjer%20%28auth.%29%2C%20Peter%20A.%20Allison%2C%20David%20J.%20Bottjer%20%28eds.%29%20-%20Taphonomy_%20Process%20and%20Bias%20Through%20Time-Springer%20Netherlands.pdf. Acesso em: 15 mar. 2023 ANELLI, L.E.; LEME, J.M.; OLIVEIRA, P.E.; FAIRCHILD, T,R. 2020. Paleontologia. Guia de aulas práticas, uma introdução ao estudo dos fósseis. Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Geociências. Disponível em: https://didatico.igc.usp.br/fosseis/processos-de-fossilizacao. Acesso em: 12 mar. 2023. A História do planeta contada pelas rochas. Disponível em: https://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/a-historia-do-planeta-contada-pelas-rochas/. Acesso em: 3 mar. 2023.  A primeira fratura. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 13 mar. 2023.  Biostratigraphy | Palaeontology and life history. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 3 mar. 2023.  BUCK, P. V. et al. A new tetrapod ichnotaxon from Botucatu Formation, Lower Cretaceous (Neocomian), Brazil, with comments on fossil track preservation on inclined planes and local paleoecology. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 466, p. 21–37, 15 jan. 2017.  BUSS, L. W.; SEILACHER, A. The Phylum Vendobionta: a sister group of the Eumetazoa? Paleobiology, v. 20, n. 1, p. 1–4, ed 1994. Dinossauros - Materiais Didáticos. , 10 ago. 2020. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 10 mar. 2023 CASATI, Rafael. Tafonomia: o estudo de como se formam os fósseis. O estudo de como se formam os fósseis. 2023. Instituto de Geociências da Universidade de São Paulo. Disponível em: https://didatico.igc.usp.br/tafonomia-o-estudo-fosseis/. Acesso em: 11 mar. 2023. CASTRO, Ana Flávia. Chapada do Araripe: conheça a riqueza cultural e histórica do cariri. Metrópoles. Brasília, 30 abr. 2021. p. 1-9. Disponível em: https://www.metropoles.com/vida-e-estilo/turismo/chapada-do-araripe-conheca-a-riqueza-cultural-e-historica-do-cariri?amp. Acesso em: 11 mar. 2023. CUNHA, Lucca; FRANCISCHINI, Heitor. Museu de Paleontologia Irajá Damiani Pinto: fósseis. 2023. UFRGS. Disponível em: https://www.ufrgs.br/museupaleonto/?page_id=735. Acesso em: 15 mar. 2023. FÓSSIL. In: Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, 2023. Disponível em https://dicionario.priberam.org/Fóssil. Acesso em 14 de março de 2023. GRADSTEIN, F. M. et al. Geologic Time Scale 2020. [s.l.] Elsevier, 2020. Há 200 milhões de anos, mudanças climáticas foram essenciais para dinossauros espalharem-se pelo planeta. Jornal da USP, 11 jan. 2023. Disponível em:  . Acesso em: 10  mar. 2023 HOLZ, Michael; SIMÕES, Marcello G.. Elementos Fundamentais de Tafonomia. Porto Alegre: Ufrgs, 2002. 231 p. Disponível em: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marcello-Simoes/publication/309122335_Elementos_Fundamentais_de_Tafonomia/links/57ffd98c08aec3e477eac69d/Elementos-Fundamentais-de-Tafonomia.pdf. Acesso em: 11 mar. 2023. INSTITUTO VIRTUAL DE PALEONTOLOGIA DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO (IVP-RJ) (Rio de Janeiro). Parque Paleontológico de São José de Itaboraí. 2023. Disponível em: http://www.ivprj.uerj.br/parquepaleontologicoitabora.html. Acesso em: 12 mar. 2023. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 10 mar. 2023.  Jornal da USP ano XXI n.751. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 10 mar. 2023.  KELLER, Thiago. ‘Mundo Perdido': conheça 5 espécies de dinossauros encontradas no Brasil. 2022. Disponível em: https://ndmais.com.br/meio-ambiente/mundo-perdido-conheca-5-especies-de-dinossauros-encontradas-no-brasil/. Acesso em: 12 mar. 2023. KERBER, B. B. et al. O registro fossilífero de metazoários ediacaranos na América do Sul e suas implicações nos estudos sobre origem e complexificação da vida animal. Geologia USP. Série Científica, v. 13, n. 3, p. 51–64, 1 set. 2013. LEVIN, Harold L.. Time and Geology. In: LEVIN, Harold L.. The Earth Through Time. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 1978. Cap. 5. p. 123-147. Disponível em: https://openlibrary.org/works/OL1801376W/The_earth_through_time?edition=key%3A/books/OL4564379M. Acesso em: 18 fev. 2023. MARSOLA, J. No labirinto dos arcossauros. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 13 mar. 2023. O lugar dos insetos na biodiversidade. Jornal da USP, 16 fev. 2023. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 12 mar. 2023 O'NEIL, J. et al. Neodymium-142 Evidence for Hadean Mafic Crust. Science, v. 321, n. 5897, p. 1828–1831, 26 set. 2008.  Pedaço de um supercontinente. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 13 mar. 2023.  PEDROSA, M. S. [UNESP. Mudanças ambientais e extinções durante o Eon Fanerozoico. Alma, p. 175 f., 13 dez. 2018. Pré-Cambriano - Materiais Didáticos. , 6 ago. 2020. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 2 mar. 2023. TAFONOMIA. In: Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, 2023. Disponível em https://dicionario.priberam.org/tafonomia. Acesso em 14 de março de 2023. Tempo Geológico – Museu de Paleontologia Irajá Damiani Pinto. , [s.d.]. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 3 mar. 2023. Uma breve história da escrita. [s.d.]. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 3 mar. 2023. What Was the Biggest Dinosaur? What Was the Smallest? Disponível em: . Acesso em: 13 mar. 2023. WILLIAMS, F.M. (2016). Geological Time. In: Understanding Ethiopia. GeoGuide. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02180-5_2 YORK, D.; FARQUHAR, R. M. Earth's Age and Geochronology. Oxford, New York: Pergamon Pr, 1972.  

The gang celebrates their 10 year anniversary by talking about two papers on the same topic that are 10 years apart. Both papers take a critical look at how we define the “big five” mass extinctions and what this term means. Meanwhile, everyone waxes philosophical for the last 20 minutes, discussing how things have changed in our lives since we started this weird show. Thanks for listening!   Up-Goer Five (Curt Edition): Our friends talk about two papers that were written ten years from each other. Both papers look at times when a lot of animals died. The first paper is looking at how these times changed the types of animals that were around after the big dying, and it finds that some times that didn't kill as many animals had much bigger changes in the types of animals around than times when a lot more animals died. The second paper continues this idea to ask, why do we look at the big times that we do and is there anything about these times that make the all the same. What do these times mean?   References: Marshall, Charles R. "Forty years later: The status of the “Big Five” mass extinctions." Cambridge Prisms: Extinction 1 (2023): e5. McGhee Jr, George R., et al. "A new ecological-severity ranking of major Phanerozoic biodiversity crises." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 370 (2013): 260-270.

We all do it. We've done it for millions of years. It's the Poopisode, a Very Special Sponsor pick! Anna and Amber discuss coprolites (archaeological poo), and some of the surprising things we've learned from it. Anna's pun game has rarely been stronger, and Amber...well, Amber survived this episode.If you want to learn more (and admit it, you do), check out: To Truly Know an Ancient Society, One Must Analyze Its Feces (Atlas Obscura)Paleoscatologists dig up stools 'as precious as the crown jewels' (The Guardian)What is the Maillard Reaction? (Science of Cooking)Divining Diet and Disease From DNA (Science)Archaeological coprolite science: The legacy of Eric O. Callen (1912–1970) (Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, via ResearchGate)Biomolecular and micromorphological analysis of suspected faecal deposits at Neolithic Çatalhöyük, Turkey (Journal of Archaeological Science, via ResearchGate)What Discovery of Oldest Human Poop Reveals About Neanderthals' Diet (National Geographic)Recovering parasites from mummies and coprolites: an epidemiological approach (Parasites & Vectors)The control of defecation in humans: an evolutionary advantage? (Techniques in Coloproctology)Probable human hair found in a fossil hyaena coprolite from Gladysvale cave, South Africa (Journal of Archaeological Science, via ResearchGate)How the Remnants of Human Poop Could Help Archaeologists Study Ancient Populations (Smithsonian)Paleomicrobiology: Revealing Fecal Microbiomes of Ancient Indigenous Cultures (PLOS ONE)Lewis and Clark expedition left a trail of heavy-metal laxatives (Offbeat Oregon)The Poop on Lewis and Clark (Sarah Albee Books)

Welcome to episode two of a miniseries focusing on the zooarchaeology of various world regions. This episode is centred around African zooarchaeology, focusing on the natural history and anatomy of the most prominent wild and domesticated species. Find out more about African Giant Rats, how loud Guinea fowls can be and what a zebrinny is. Interested in learning about how to use X-Rays and similar technology in archaeology? Check out the linked PaleoImaging course from James Elliot! Connect with James on Twitter: @paleoimaging Interested in sponsoring this show or podcast ads for your business? Zencastr makes it really easy! Click this message for more info. Start your own podcast with Zencastr and get 30% off your first three months with code ANIMALS. Click this message for more information. For rough transcripts of this episode go to www.archpodnet.com/animals/46 Links Beja-Pereira, A., et al. (2004). African origins of the domestic donkey. Science, 304, 1781. Boeyens, J. C., & Van der Ryst, M. M. (2014). The cultural and symbolic significance of the African rhinoceros: a review of the traditional beliefs, perceptions and practices of agropastoralist societies in southern Africa. Southern African Humanities, 26(1), 21-55. Marshall, F. (1989). Rethinking the role of Bos indicus in sub-Saharan Africa. Current Anthropology, 30(2), 235-240. Parkinson, J. A. (2018). Revisiting the hunting-versus-scavenging debate at FLK Zinj: a GIS spatial analysis of bone surface modifications produced by hominins and carnivores in the FLK 22 assemblage, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 511, 29-51. Pikirayi, I. (2018). The demise of Great Zimbabwe, AD 1420–1550: an environmental re-appraisal. In A Green and R Leech (eds) Cities in the World, 1500-2000.Routledge, 31-47.. Potts, R. (1984). Home Bases and Early Hominids: Reevaluation of the fossil record at Olduvai Gorge suggests that the concentrations of bones and stone tools do not represent fully formed campsites but an antecedent to them. American Scientist, 72(4), 338-347. Rossel, S. et al. (2008). Domestication of the donkey: Timing, processes, and indicators. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(10), 3715-3720. Shen, Q. et al. (2021). Genomic analyses unveil helmeted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) domestication in West Africa. Genome biology and evolution, 13(6). Stiner, M. C. (2004). Comparative ecology and taphonomy of spotted hyenas, humans, and wolves in Pleistocene Italy. Revue de Paléobiologie, 23(2), 771-785. Wylie, D. (2009). Elephant. Reaktion Books Contact Alex FitzpatrickTwitter: @archaeologyfitz Simona FalangaTwitter: @CrazyBoneLady Alex's Blog: Animal Archaeology Music "Coconut - (dyalla remix)" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2UiKoouqaY Affiliates Wildnote TeePublic Timeular Motion

Welcome to episode two of a miniseries focusing on the zooarchaeology of various world regions. This episode is centred around African zooarchaeology, focusing on the natural history and anatomy of the most prominent wild and domesticated species. Find out more about African Giant Rats, how loud Guinea fowls can be and what a zebrinny is. Interested in learning about how to use X-Rays and similar technology in archaeology? Check out the linked PaleoImaging course from James Elliot! Connect with James on Twitter: @paleoimaging Interested in sponsoring this show or podcast ads for your business? Zencastr makes it really easy! Click this message for more info. Start your own podcast with Zencastr and get 30% off your first three months with code ANIMALS. Click this message for more information. For rough transcripts of this episode go to www.archpodnet.com/animals/46 Links Beja-Pereira, A., et al. (2004). African origins of the domestic donkey. Science, 304, 1781. Boeyens, J. C., & Van der Ryst, M. M. (2014). The cultural and symbolic significance of the African rhinoceros: a review of the traditional beliefs, perceptions and practices of agropastoralist societies in southern Africa. Southern African Humanities, 26(1), 21-55. Marshall, F. (1989). Rethinking the role of Bos indicus in sub-Saharan Africa. Current Anthropology, 30(2), 235-240. Parkinson, J. A. (2018). Revisiting the hunting-versus-scavenging debate at FLK Zinj: a GIS spatial analysis of bone surface modifications produced by hominins and carnivores in the FLK 22 assemblage, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 511, 29-51. Pikirayi, I. (2018). The demise of Great Zimbabwe, AD 1420–1550: an environmental re-appraisal. In A Green and R Leech (eds) Cities in the World, 1500-2000.Routledge, 31-47.. Potts, R. (1984). Home Bases and Early Hominids: Reevaluation of the fossil record at Olduvai Gorge suggests that the concentrations of bones and stone tools do not represent fully formed campsites but an antecedent to them. American Scientist, 72(4), 338-347. Rossel, S. et al. (2008). Domestication of the donkey: Timing, processes, and indicators. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(10), 3715-3720. Shen, Q. et al. (2021). Genomic analyses unveil helmeted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) domestication in West Africa. Genome biology and evolution, 13(6). Stiner, M. C. (2004). Comparative ecology and taphonomy of spotted hyenas, humans, and wolves in Pleistocene Italy. Revue de Paléobiologie, 23(2), 771-785. Wylie, D. (2009). Elephant. Reaktion Books Contact Alex FitzpatrickTwitter: @archaeologyfitz Simona FalangaTwitter: @CrazyBoneLady Alex's Blog: Animal Archaeology Music "Coconut - (dyalla remix)" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2UiKoouqaY Affiliates Wildnote TeePublic Timeular Motion

The gang discusses two papers that look at trackway fossils. The first paper uses a modern study to determine how many tracks are needed to get a reasonable estimate on the trace morphology, and the second paper looks at trackways from an early tetrapod and attempts to determine the likely trace maker. Meanwhile, James has thoughts on Luigi, Amanda gives the birds the bird, Curt regrets a burn, and everyone loves Christopher Walken's line delivery in Ripper.   Up-Goer Five (Amanda Edition): Today our friends talk about people walking on ground that is wet and animals with four legs that also had a long back end part. The first paper looks at how many people need to walk on ground that is wet before it is enough people to make the numbers good. It also looks at how different kinds of ground and different types of wet also change the way things look. There actually does not need to be too many people walking on ground that is wet before the numbers are good. That means it is easier to do this with things that are not live anymore. The second paper looks at animals with four legs that were walking around a long time ago. The paper does a good job of figuring out just what those animals with four legs probably were, and about how they walked. They also had a long back end that dragged on the ground. That also tells us about how they walked. But there needs to be more stuff done on these animals with four legs and their walking marks, as well as their legs, before we know exactly what the back end marks mean.   References: Logghe, A., et al. "Hyloidichnus  trackways with digit and tail drag traces from the Permian of Gonfaron  (Var, France): New insights on the locomotion of captorhinomorph  eureptiles." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 573 (2021): 110436. Belvedere, Matteo, et al. "When is enough, enough? Questions of sampling in vertebrate ichnology." Palaeontology (2021).

The gang discusses two papers that look at ecological patterns in the Mesozoic. The first paper looks at ecomorphic trends in Triassic herbivorous tetrapods, while the second paper uses morphological and chemical evidence to estimate the behavioral patterns of Cretaceous mosasaurs. Meanwhile, James has ideas about electrolites, Curt has a 99% average, and Amanda manages to record an entire podcast while having vertigo (that last bit isn't a joke).   Up-Goer Five (Amanda Edition): Today our friends talk about where and how things live. The first paper looks at all kinds of animals with four feet that eat green things from the first part of the age of big angry animals with lots of teeth and no hair. This paper is trying to use the parts of the animal's face to see how they eat. There are different kinds of ways to eat green things, and some ways of doing things have more types of these animals with four feet than others. They also find that there are big changes that happen at some times in different groups of these animals. The second paper is really cool and looks at big angry animals with hard skin that go back to the water. This paper shows that these big angry animals, which live in water that isn't good to drink, sometimes go to places where there is more water that is good to drink. Some go back to water that is good to drink every 4 to 7 days if they live in one place, or 12 to 20 days if they live in the other place. It is possible that these big angry animals with hard skin that go back to the water might have also gone from top of the world towards the middle of the world over longer times, and back again, like animals with light bodies and no teeth and no hair, but they are not sure here, they need to look more.   References: Taylor, Leah Travis, et al. "Oxygen  isotopes from the teeth of Cretaceous marine lizards reveal their  migration and consumption of freshwater in the Western Interior Seaway,  North America." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 573 (2021): 110406. Singh, Suresh A., et al. "Niche partitioning shaped herbivore macroevolution through the early Mesozoic." Nature communications 12.1 (2021): 1-13.

The gang discusses two papers that look at interesting new arthropod fossil finds. The first paper is the discovery of a new early arthropod which complicates our understanding of their evolution, and the second paper is a large deposit of trace fossils which could be caused by mass arthropod molting. Meanwhile, James has issues with formatting, Amanda’s cat is a butt, and Curt has some important legal disclaimers to share.   Up-Goer Five (Curt Edition): Our friends talk about some animals with many legs that lived in the water and lose their hard skin a long time ago. The first paper is talking about a new type of these animals from a very long time ago which has a lot of different parts on it which look like parts that are found in different animals from around that same time. It has really long arms and also five eyes. These very different parts that don't look like they go together means that it can tell us a lot about how these animals with many legs that lose their hard skin have changed over time. And then our friends run out of things to talk about. The second paper looks at marks left in the broken up bits of rock. These marks were probably made by one of these animals with many legs that was in the middle of breaking out of its hard skin. The marks look the animals put their bottoms in the ground as they broke out of their skin. Also, the type of broken up bits of rock leads the people who wrote the paper to think that these animals might be moving to place that is not great to live in in order for them to be safe when they break out of their skin. They find lots of marks in the broken up its of rock all at the same time. This might mean that the animals that made these marks were able to move into these places just to break out of their skin.   References: Mángano, M. Gabriela, et al.  "Paleoecologic and paleoenvironmental implications of a new trace fossil  recording infaunal molting in Devonian marginal-marine settings." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 561 (2021): 110043. Zeng, Han, et al. "An early Cambrian euarthropod with radiodont-like raptorial appendages." Nature 588.7836 (2020): 101-105.

The gang discusses two papers that look at important points in the evolutionary history of land plants. The first paper is a review of the available data for the first time plants moved onto land in the Ordovician, and the second paper looks at the impact that the evolution of herbivory had on plant diversity. Meanwhile, James invents a new insect, Amanda reaches out and touches someone, and Curt is impressed by a brief moment of professionalism.   Up-Goer Five (Curt Edition) Our friends talk about very old green things that grow in the ground and use the sun. The first paper looks at this very old time when green things move from water to the ground. This was a very very very long time ago, and most of what we have that lets us know about these green things are actually the small bits that the green things let go of. This paper looks at what we know about these first green things move onto land, and says that maybe as these green things go to the ground they may have changed the air. Also, the time that these things move onto land is the same time that things in the water become more different. The second paper looks at when animals started to first eat these green things. The paper looks at changes in the animals that eat these green things, and tries to see if these animals can change how many green things there are. Big animals eat lots of different types of green things, while small animals often eat just a few types of green things. How big the animals appears to change the number of different green things. This means that animals that eat green things can have a strong control on the number of different types of green things.   References:  Brocklehurst, Neil, Christian F. Kammerer, and Roger J. Benson. "The origin of tetrapod herbivory: effects on local plant diversity." Proceedings of the Royal Society B 287.1928 (2020): 20200124.   Servais, Thomas, et al. "Revisiting the Great Ordovician Diversification of land plants: Recent data and perspectives." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (2019): 109280. 

The gang discusses two very different papers that are sort of united together based upon the importance of taphonomy. First, they look at a paper about how the ways in which conodont elements are preserved can affect our understanding of their evolution. Second, they talk about the recent finding of exceptionally preserved therizinosaur dinosaur nesting sites. Meanwhile, Amanda finds herself dealing with a failing webcam, Curt enjoys burying the lede, and James is never wrong unless he wants to be.   Up-Goer Five (Curt Edition): Our friends talk about how the ways that things wear down can really change how we understand our past. First, they look at these things that are like teeth but are not and are part of this very old group of animals that are aunt or uncle to a lot of animals that have hard parts in their backs which live today. Some of these old animals that have not teeth have changes through time in their not teeth. The bottom of these not teeth appears to disappear in the animals we find which are closer to today. However, this paper finds new animals that show maybe the bottom of these teeth have not actually disappeared, but instead it turns out that this bottom part is very easy to break off. This is important because it means that the not teeth may still have some deep relationship to how actual teeth teeth form. Next, our friends look at the places where big angry animals would lay bag like things that hold babies, here after we will call them sit places. A big question has been if these big angry animals liked to find sit places close to each other or far away. It is hard to tell this in the past because we can't always be sure all of the sit places were used at the same time. This paper find a single red line that runs across all of the sit places, which allows the people who wrote the paper to say that all of the sit places were probably used at the same time. Also, the number of babies that didn't die is a lot like the number of babies that don't die in animals who also find sit places together today. So it looks like these big angry animals probably shared sit places.   References: Tanaka, Kohei, et al. "Exceptional preservation of a Late Cretaceous dinosaur nesting site from Mongolia reveals colonial nesting behavior in a non-avian theropod." Geology(2019).   Souquet, Louise, and Nicolas Goudemand. "Exceptional basal-body preservation in some Early Triassic conodont elements from Oman." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (2019). 

The gang discusses two papers that use ichnology (the study of traces left by animals) as evidence for biological diversity in regions where body fossils are not preserved. Also, Amanda and James have a vigorous debate about nouns while Curt retreats to his happy place, and everybody kind of vaguely remembers that thing from that one episode of Dragon Ball.   Up-Goer Five (Amanda Edition): Today our friends talk about things that were once there but aren't now but you can still see where they were. Using these things that you can see where they once were, we can tell what these things were doing and what kind of place they lived in. A lot of the time we find the things that you can see where they once were, but we don't actually find the things themselves. That can mean a lot of different things. It might mean that the place they were living in was very small and didn't have a lot of space for lots of things to live in. It might mean that the place was not very good to live in and only a few things could live there. Our friends talk about a paper that says that things living in this one place were very different than things that probably lived in other places because the space was very different. Our friends also look at a paper that says someone found something of an animal that was once there but is not there now, and at the same time we have actual body pieces of the animal, just in different places. They think this thing that was left behind when the animal was once there but isn't there now means that this animal was in water. People don't know if this animal first showed up on land or in water and it seems like this should mean they first show up in water. These things that were made by something that was once there but isn't there anymore is really very good for showing things that might be around but we don't know for sure. Using these things we can show that sometimes things were around before we actually thought they were when we look at body pieces.   References:  Reolid, Matías, et al. "Ichnological evidence of semi-aquatic locomotion in early turtles from eastern Iberia during the Carnian Humid Episode (Late Triassic)." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 490 (2018): 450-461.   Marriott, Susan B., Lance B. Morrissey, and Robert D. Hillier. "Trace fossil assemblages in Upper Silurian tuff beds: evidence of biodiversity in the Old Red Sandstone of southwest Wales, UK." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 274.3-4 (2009): 160-172. 

The gang discuss two papers that use biogeochemical evidence to determine the diets of two specialist species. Just how restricted are the diets of these species? Meanwhile, Amanda finds a new pet she desperately needs, James copes with a changing environment, and Curt  gives James some advice on social situations. If you want to support the podcast, you can go to www.patreon.com/palaeoafterdark to find out more.   Up-Goer Five (Amanda Edition): Today our friends talk about animals that can only do one thing or animals that can do many things. Most people think that animals that can only do one thing are not very good and will die fast. They also think that animals that can do many different things are good and will live a long time and have lots of babies. One paper our friends read actually says that sometimes animals look like they can do only one thing, but really they just really, really like to do that one thing, and if they have to they will do something else so that they can live. The other paper says that big stupid black and white animals that are not good are really not good and have been not good for a long time. A long time ago, there were even very small big stupid black and white animals that were not good, and even then they were not good.    References:   Terry, Rebecca C., Megan E. Guerre, and David S. Taylor. "How specialized is a diet specialist? Niche flexibility and local persistence through time of the Chisel‐toothed Kangaroo Rat." Functional Ecology.   Stacklyn, Shannon, et al. "Carbon and oxygen isotopic evidence for diets, environments and niche differentiation of early Pleistocene pandas and associated mammals in South China." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 468 (2017): 351-361.    "Scheming Weasel slower" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed by Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Everybody is back in the same zip code for an extra special episode focusing on fish faces and evolving trace fossils through time. Also, James enjoys the perks of podcasting in person, Amanda decides to be as general as possible, and Curt decides to aggressively Godwin's Law the podcast. Also, the gang invents a mixed drink on air and then things get.... weird. This episode is pretty much all over the place. "The Ichnofacies": 1 part Dark Spiced Rum, 1 part agave syrup, served over ice "Hyperfun" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)  Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ References: Szrek, Piotr, et al. "A glimpse of a fish face—An exceptional fish feeding trace fossil from the Lower Devonian of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland."Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 454 (2016): 113-124. Lehane, James R., and A. A. Ekdale. "Morphometric analysis of graphoglyptid trace fossils in two dimensions: implications for behavioral evolution in the deep sea." Paleobiology 42.2 (2016): 317-334.

Thanks to Audible for supporting this video. Get your free 30-day trial at https://www.audible.com/minuteearth Thanks also to our Patreon patrons: Today I Found Out, Maarten Bremer, Mark Roth, Jeff Straathof, Tony Fadell, Ahmed, Muhammad Shifaz, Vidhya Krishnaraj, Luka Leskovsek, Duhilio Patino, Alberto Bortoni, Valentin, Nicholas Buckendorf, and Antoine Coeur ___________________________________________ Want to learn more about the topic in this week’s video? Here are some keywords/phrases to get your googling started: – Mass Extinction Event: a significant, global decrease in the diversity of life – "Big 5": The five biggest mass extinction events since the Cambrian explosion of Life 550 million years ago – Biodiversity Crisis: Like a mass extinction, a biodiversity crisis is a marked depletion in diversity in the fossil record. Some scientists prefer to call the late-Devonian extinction a "biodiversity crisis" because a lack of speciation contributed to the loss in diversity just as much as extinction did. – Diversity curve: A line chart that shows the diversity of life (usually by genera, but sometimes by species or family) over time – Lagerstatte: a deposit of sedimentary rock that contains a profound number of fossils, often with excellent preservation – Shareholder Quorum Subsampling: A statistical method that corrects for some of the biases in the fossil record, allowing scientists to generate more accurate diversity curves ___________________________________________ Credits: Script Writer: Emily Elert (twitter:@eelert) Script Editor: Kate Yoshida (twitter:@KateYoshida) Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (twitter:@eversalazar) Video Director: Emily Elert (twitter:@eelert) With Contributions From: Henry Reich (twitter:@minutephysics), Alex Reich (twitter:@alexhreich), Peter Reich Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder _________________________________________ Like our videos? Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd And for exclusive early access to all our videos, sign up with Vessel: https://goo.gl/hgD1iJ Already subscribed? Help us keep making MinuteEarth by supporting us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ Also, say hello on: Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n ________________________ References: Alroy, J. (2015). Personal Communication. Alroy, J. (2008). Dynamics of origination and extinction in the marine fossil record. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 11536-11542. Retrieved April 8, 2015, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/artic... Alroy, J. (n.d.). Accurate and precise estimates of origination and extinction rates. Paleobiology, 40(3), 374-397. Retrieved September 20, 2015, from https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/pdf... Benton, M. (2003). When life nearly died: The greatest mass extinction of all time. New York: Thames & Hudson. Barrett, Paul M. (2015). Personal Communication. Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database. http://fossilworks.org/?page=paleodb Lloyd, GT, Smith, AB and Young, JR, (2011). Quantifying the deep-sea rock and fossil record bias using coccolithophores. Geological Society Special Publication, 358 (1), 167-177. Mcghee, G., Clapham, M., Sheehan, P., Bottjer, D., & Droser, M. (2013). A new ecological-severity ranking of major Phanerozoic biodiversity crises. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 370, 260-270. Raup, D. (1979). Biases in the fossil record of species and genera. Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History 13: 85–91. Raup, D., & Sepkoski, J. (1982). Mass Extinctions in the Marine Fossil Record. Science, 215(4539), 1501-1503. Vermeij, GJ. (2015). Personal Communication.

In this week's episode we discuss a paper about using paleobotany to reconstruct paleoclimate, and then spin this discussion into a longer talk about niche conservatism. Meanwhile, Curt violates Godwin's Law by comparing something that is merely horribly unethical with something that is an absolute evil, James gives the Internet and by extension the world an ultimatum, and Amanda confesses to serial herbicide. We also completely mess up our discussion of what stomatal density is used as a proxy for (hint: it's actually CO2 concentration.... but we apparently forgot that).   References: Utescher, T., et al. "The Coexistence Approach–theoretical background and practical considerations of using plant fossils for climate quantification."Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (2014). Crisp, Michael D., et al. "Phylogenetic biome conservatism on a global scale."Nature 458.7239 (2009): 754-756.

In this episode, the gang “gives the people what they want” by talking about two papers that look at a giant theropod dinosaur from the Iberian Peninsula. Also, Curt discusses alternate Star Wars history, James requests that everything be cut, and Amanda goes “full dragon”.   References: Cobos et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 399 (2014) 31–41   Hendrickx C, Mateus O (2014) Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods. PLoS ONE 9(3):  

Transcript -- A lecturer explains what is involved in environmental field work; aims, objectives and the assessment of a field study.

A lecturer explains what is involved in environmental field work; aims, objectives and the assessment of a field study.

Transcript -- A lecturer explains what is involved in environmental field work; aims, objectives and the assessment of a field study.

A lecturer explains what is involved in environmental field work; aims, objectives and the assessment of a field study.