Stuff You Missed in History Class

Cavendish was a prolific poet, playwright, and natural philosopher. She published multiple works under her own name before that was common for a woman, and she published at least five major works on natural philosophy. Research: Boyle, Deborah. “Margaret Cavendish on Gender, Nature, and Freedom.” Hypatia vol. 28, no. 3 (Summer 2013). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24542000 British Library. “Margaret Cavendish.” https://www.bl.uk/people/margaret-cavendish British Library. “Margaret Cavendish's Blazing World.” https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/margaret-cavendishs-blazing-world "Cavendish, Margaret." Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library, edited by Julie L. Carnagie, et al., vol. 3: Vol. 1: Biographies, UXL, 2002, pp. 60-65. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3426300052/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=36cbb94b. Accessed 25 Apr. 2022. Cavendish, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle and C.H. Firth. “The life of William Cavendish, duke of Newcastle, to which is added The true relation of my birth, breeding and life.” London : J.C. Nimmo. 1886. Cunning, David, "Margaret Lucas Cavendish", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/margaret-cavendish/. Donagan, B. Lucas, Sir Charles (1612/13–1648), royalist army officer. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 28 Apr. 2022. Donagan, B. Lucas, Sir Thomas (1597/8–1648/9), royalist army officer. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 28 Apr. 2022. English Heritage. “Margaret Cavendish.” https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/histories/women-in-history/margaret-cavendish/ Fransee, Emily Lord. “Mistress of a New World: Early Science Fiction in Europe's ‘Age of Discovery.'” Public Domain Review. 10/11/2018. https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/mistress-of-a-new-world-early-science-fiction-in-europes-age-of-discovery Frederickson, Anne. “First Lady.” Distillations. Science History Institute. 4/15/2013. https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/first-lady Gryntaki, Gelly. “Margaret Cavendish: Being A Female Philosopher In The 17th Century.” The Collector. 7/24/2021. https://www.thecollector.com/margaret-cavendish-female-philosopher-17th-century/ Knight, J. Cavendish, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle (1624?–1674). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 27 Apr. 2022, from https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.001.0001/odnb-9780192683120-e-4940. Marshall, Eugene. “Margaret Cavendish (1623—1673).” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://iep.utm.edu/margaret-cavendish/ Newcastle, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle. “The cavalier in exile; being the lives of the first Duke & Duchess of Newcastle.” London, G. Newnes, Ltd. 1903. Poetry Foundation. “Duchess of Newcastle Margaret Cavendish.” https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/margaret-cavendish Project Vox team. (2019). “Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.” Project Vox. Duke University Libraries. https://projectvox.org/cavendish-1623-1673/ Robbins, Michael. “The Royally Radical Life of Margaret Cavendish.” The Paris Review. 4/15/2019. https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2019/04/15/the-royally-radical-life-of-margaret-cavendish/ Sarasohn, Lisa T. "Cavendish, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 20, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008, pp. 79-81. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2830905568/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=88a78131. Accessed 25 Apr. 2022. Walter, J. Lucas, John, first Baron Lucas of Shenfield (1606–1671), royalist landowner. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 28 Apr. 2022. Wilkins, Emma. “Margaret Cavendish and the Royal Society.” Notes and Records. Volume 68, Issue 3. 5/14/2014. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2014.0015 Wills, Matthew. “'Mad Meg,' the Poet-Duchess of 17th Century England.” JSTOR Daily. 3/10/2019. https://daily.jstor.org/mad-meg-the-poet-duchess-of-17th-century-england/ Woolf, Virginia. “The Common Reader.” New York. Harcourt, Brace and Company. 1925. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2011 episode from previous hosts Sarah and Deblina covers John Dillinger, whose robbery career actually began when he was paroled in 1933. Several escaped inmates joined Dillinger, and they were arrested in 1934. Dillinger escaped, but was gunned down in July. To this day, conspiracy theories abound about his death. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy talk about their experiences with dentists, and the legacy of Crawford Long in Atlanta. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

As promised, part two covers dental chairs and amalgams, as well as support careers in dental medicine, and a bit about orthodontics. Research: Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Shamash". Encyclopedia Britannica, 4 Mar. 2020, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shamash Hand, Greg. “IDA GRAY WAS A PIONEERING CINCINNATI DENTIST WHO EARNED NATIONAL FAME.” Cincinnati Magazine. Feb. 15, 2022. https://www.cincinnatimagazine.com/article/ida-gray-was-a-pioneering-cincinnati-dentist-who-earned-national-fame/ Hallmann-Mikołajczak A. Papirus Ebersa. Ksiega wiedzy medycznej egipcjan z XVI w P.N.E [Ebers Papyrus. The book of medical knowledge of the 16th century B.C. Egyptians]. Arch Hist Filoz Med. 2004;67(1):5-14. Polish. PMID: 15586450. Lorenzi, Rosella. “Bad teeth tormented ancient Egyptians.” NBC News. Dec. 3, 2009. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna34258529 Faulkner, Raymond Oliver and Dorman, Peter F.. "Ramses II". Encyclopedia Britannica, 18 Mar. 2021, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ramses-II-king-of-Egypt Jones, Colin. “Pulling Teeth in Eighteenth-Century Paris.” Past & Present, no. 166, 2000, pp. 100–45, http://www.jstor.org/stable/651296. Accessed 26 Apr. 2022. Forshaw, Roger. (2013). Hesyre: The First Recorded Physician and Dental Surgeon in History. Bulletin of the John Rylands Library. 89. 181-202. 10.7227/BJRL.89.S.10. PROSKAUER, CURT. “The Two Earliest Dentistry Woodcuts.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, vol. 1, no. 1, 1946, pp. 71–86, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24619536 Riddell, William Renwick. “Teeth in Olden Times.” The Public Health Journal, vol. 16, no. 2, 1925, pp. 51–65, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41973265 “The Story of Flouridation.” National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/fluoride/the-story-of-fluoridation Jain, Shruti, and Hemant Jain. “Legendary Hero: Dr. G.V. Black (1836-1915).” Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR vol. 11,5 (2017): ZB01-ZB04. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2017/17462.9813 Peck, Sheldon. “A Biographical Portrait of Edward Hartley Angle, the First Specialist in Orthodontics, Part 1.” Angle Orthodontist, Vol 79, No 6, 2009. https://watermark.silverchair.com/021009-93_1.pdf Einhorn, Alfred. “ALKAMIN ESTERS OF PARA-AMNOEBENZOC ACID.” U.S. Patent Office. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/3b/3d/29/66b6b947ec1e06/US812554.pdf Dummett, Clifton O. “A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THIRTEEN UNHERALDED CONTRIBUTORS TO MEDICODENTAL PROGRESS.” JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, VOL. 81, NO. 3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2571621/pdf/jnma00264-0103.pdf Montalbano, M.J., Sharma, A., Oskouian, R.J. et al. The ancient Syrian physician Archigenes and his contributions to neurology and neuroanatomy. Childs Nerv Syst 33, 1419–1420 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-016-3191-2 Etter, William M. Ph.D. “False Teeth.” George Washington's Mount Vernon. https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/false-teeth/#:~:text=Contrary%20to%20later%20legend%2C%20none,to%20Washington's%20remaining%20real%20teeth. Hyson JM Jr. “History of the toothbrush.” Journal of the History of Dentistry. 2003 Jul;51(2):73-80. Wynbrandt, James. “The Excruciating History of Dentistry.”  St. Martin's Griffin. 2000. Reinberg, Steven. “Even Before Pandemic, One-Third of U.S. Adults Went Without Dental Care.” U.S. News and World Report. July 9, 2021. https://www.usnews.com/news/health-news/articles/2021-07-09/even-before-pandemic-one-third-of-us-adults-went-without-dental-care Sheridan, P G. “NIDR--40 years of research advances in dental health.” Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974) vol. 103,5 (1988): 493-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3140276/#:~:text=The%20National%20Institute%20of%20Dental,training%20to%20improve%20oral%20health. “Law Regulating the Practice of Dentistry in Alabama.” https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/81bf/51ebbc6c544da12b436c1154eb62ebeaa488.pdf “Josiah Flagg, Surgeon Dentist.” Massachusetts Historical Society. https://www.masshist.org/database/177 “Jan Steen – The Tooth-puller.” Mauritshuis. https://www.mauritshuis.nl/en/our-collection/artworks/165-the-tooth-puller/ “Alfred Einhorn.” National Inventors Hall of Fame. https://www.invent.org/inductees/alfred-einhorn Strack, Joseph Gordon. “Rx for Living: Dr. H.T. Dean – Public Health Officer.” TIC. January 1950. http://www.nobilium.com/skin/frontend/ultimo/default/pdf/tic1950jan_small.pdf Gallagher, Jennifer E. and Lynn Hutchinson. “Analysis of human resources for oral health globally: inequitable distribution.” International Dental Journal. Volume 68, Issue 3. 2018. Pages 183-189. https://doi.org/10.1111/idj.12349. “Oral health.” World Health Organization. March 15, 2022. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/oral-health ADA Library/Archives staff. “HISTORY OF DENTISTRY TIMELINE.” ARCHIVES OF THE AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION. https://www.mouthhealthy.org/~/media/ADA/Education%20and%20Careers/Files/dental_history.pdf See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This first episode covers the earliest ways humans cared for their teeth, including the belief that demons might have something to do with tooth decay. We move all the way up to the 18th century, as dentistry became a profession in the U.S., including a surprising early practitioner. Research: Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Shamash". Encyclopedia Britannica, 4 Mar. 2020, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shamash Hand, Greg. “IDA GRAY WAS A PIONEERING CINCINNATI DENTIST WHO EARNED NATIONAL FAME.” Cincinnati Magazine. Feb. 15, 2022. https://www.cincinnatimagazine.com/article/ida-gray-was-a-pioneering-cincinnati-dentist-who-earned-national-fame/ Hallmann-Mikołajczak A. Papirus Ebersa. Ksiega wiedzy medycznej egipcjan z XVI w P.N.E [Ebers Papyrus. The book of medical knowledge of the 16th century B.C. Egyptians]. Arch Hist Filoz Med. 2004;67(1):5-14. Polish. PMID: 15586450. Lorenzi, Rosella. “Bad teeth tormented ancient Egyptians.” NBC News. Dec. 3, 2009. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna34258529 Faulkner, Raymond Oliver and Dorman, Peter F.. "Ramses II". Encyclopedia Britannica, 18 Mar. 2021, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ramses-II-king-of-Egypt Jones, Colin. “Pulling Teeth in Eighteenth-Century Paris.” Past & Present, no. 166, 2000, pp. 100–45, http://www.jstor.org/stable/651296. Accessed 26 Apr. 2022. Forshaw, Roger. (2013). Hesyre: The First Recorded Physician and Dental Surgeon in History. Bulletin of the John Rylands Library. 89. 181-202. 10.7227/BJRL.89.S.10. PROSKAUER, CURT. “The Two Earliest Dentistry Woodcuts.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, vol. 1, no. 1, 1946, pp. 71–86, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24619536 Riddell, William Renwick. “Teeth in Olden Times.” The Public Health Journal, vol. 16, no. 2, 1925, pp. 51–65, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41973265 “The Story of Flouridation.” National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/fluoride/the-story-of-fluoridation Jain, Shruti, and Hemant Jain. “Legendary Hero: Dr. G.V. Black (1836-1915).” Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR vol. 11,5 (2017): ZB01-ZB04. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2017/17462.9813 Peck, Sheldon. “A Biographical Portrait of Edward Hartley Angle, the First Specialist in Orthodontics, Part 1.” Angle Orthodontist, Vol 79, No 6, 2009. https://watermark.silverchair.com/021009-93_1.pdf Einhorn, Alfred. “ALKAMIN ESTERS OF PARA-AMNOEBENZOC ACID.” U.S. Patent Office. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/3b/3d/29/66b6b947ec1e06/US812554.pdf Dummett, Clifton O. “A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THIRTEEN UNHERALDED CONTRIBUTORS TO MEDICODENTAL PROGRESS.” JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, VOL. 81, NO. 3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2571621/pdf/jnma00264-0103.pdf Montalbano, M.J., Sharma, A., Oskouian, R.J. et al. The ancient Syrian physician Archigenes and his contributions to neurology and neuroanatomy. Childs Nerv Syst 33, 1419–1420 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-016-3191-2 Etter, William M. Ph.D. “False Teeth.” George Washington's Mount Vernon. https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/false-teeth/#:~:text=Contrary%20to%20later%20legend%2C%20none,to%20Washington's%20remaining%20real%20teeth. Hyson JM Jr. “History of the toothbrush.” Journal of the History of Dentistry. 2003 Jul;51(2):73-80. Wynbrandt, James. “The Excruciating History of Dentistry.”  St. Martin's Griffin. 2000. Reinberg, Steven. “Even Before Pandemic, One-Third of U.S. Adults Went Without Dental Care.” U.S. News and World Report. July 9, 2021. https://www.usnews.com/news/health-news/articles/2021-07-09/even-before-pandemic-one-third-of-us-adults-went-without-dental-care Sheridan, P G. “NIDR--40 years of research advances in dental health.” Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974) vol. 103,5 (1988): 493-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3140276/#:~:text=The%20National%20Institute%20of%20Dental,training%20to%20improve%20oral%20health. “Law Regulating the Practice of Dentistry in Alabama.” https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/81bf/51ebbc6c544da12b436c1154eb62ebeaa488.pdf “Josiah Flagg, Surgeon Dentist.” Massachusetts Historical Society. https://www.masshist.org/database/177 “Jan Steen – The Tooth-puller.” Mauritshuis. https://www.mauritshuis.nl/en/our-collection/artworks/165-the-tooth-puller/ “Alfred Einhorn.” National Inventors Hall of Fame. https://www.invent.org/inductees/alfred-einhorn Strack, Joseph Gordon. “Rx for Living: Dr. H.T. Dean – Public Health Officer.” TIC. January 1950. http://www.nobilium.com/skin/frontend/ultimo/default/pdf/tic1950jan_small.pdf Gallagher, Jennifer E. and Lynn Hutchinson. “Analysis of human resources for oral health globally: inequitable distribution.” International Dental Journal. Volume 68, Issue 3. 2018. Pages 183-189. https://doi.org/10.1111/idj.12349. “Oral health.” World Health Organization. March 15, 2022. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/oral-health ADA Library/Archives staff. “HISTORY OF DENTISTRY TIMELINE.” ARCHIVES OF THE AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION. https://www.mouthhealthy.org/~/media/ADA/Education%20and%20Careers/Files/dental_history.pdf See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2017 episode covers how animals and humans have been living together for centuries, but standardized veterinary care developed over a long period of time in many different places. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy and Holly discuss their knowledge of rabies and how often it appears in popular culture. They then talk about touring former prisons and how varied that experience can be. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Dramatic prison escapes often have some common themes -- they often include a lot of tunneling. Here are six highly ingenious and low-violence prison breaks from history.  Research: "Warriors, witches and damn rebel bitches: The Scotswomen who stood their ground." Herald [Glasgow, Scotland], 15 Sept. 2019. Gale In Context: Global Issues, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A599477490/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=32ea1a50. Accessed 18 Apr. 2022. Abashiri Prison Museum. https://www.kangoku.jp/multilingual_english/ Alcatraz History. “The Great Escape from Alcatraz.” https://www.alcatrazhistory.com/alcesc1.htm Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Pennsylvania system". Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Jul. 1998, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pennsylvania-system. Accessed 20 April 2022. Callow, John. “Maxwell, William, fifth earl of Nithsdale.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 10/27/2010. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/18413      Carlos, Marius Jr. “Yoshie Shiratori: The Incredible Story of a Man No Prison Could Hold.” Breaking Asia. 2/3/2020. https://www.breakingasia.com/gov/yoshie-shiratori-the-incredible-story-of-a-man-no-prison-could-hold/ Cho, Hahna. “Escape from Libby Prison.” Backstory Radio. 9/28/2018.  https://www.backstoryradio.org/blog/escape-from-libby-prison/ Detwiler, Jacqueline. "How Popular Mechanics inspired the most Famous escape in history." Popular Mechanics, vol. 195, no. 1, Jan.-Feb. 2018, pp. 74+. Gale In Context: Science, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A522758178/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=e0949ca7. Accessed 18 Apr. 2022. Eastern State Penitentiary https://www.easternstate.org/ Eastern State Penitentiary. “"That's Where the Tunnel Is".” Via YouTube. 10/12/2010. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4dgaKHfbGlo Eicke, Leigh. "Maxwell [née Herbert], Winifred, countess of Nithsdale (1672–1749), Jacobite courtier." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  23. Oxford University Press. Date of access 20 Apr. 2022, FBI. “Alcatraz Escape.” https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/alcatraz-escape Kurohi, Rei. “French gangster escapes prison a second time: 5 other serial jailbreakers from around the world.” The Straits Times International Edition. 7/2/2018. https://www.straitstimes.com/world/french-gangster-escapes-prison-a-second-time-5-other-serial-jailbreakers-from-around-the-world Lewis, Robert. "Alcatraz escape of June 1962". Encyclopedia Britannica, 4 Jun. 2021, https://www.britannica.com/event/Alcatraz-escape-of-June-1962. Accessed 20 April 2022. Murray, Jean. “The Law Must Take Its Course – Limerick Women Sentenced to Transportation.” Limerick Civic Trust, September 2005 – August 2006. https://www.limerick.ie/sites/default/files/atoms/files/limerick_women_sentenced_to_transportation_by_jean_murray.pdf  Schreiber, Mark. “News outlets quick to fall in love with prison break coverage.” Japan Times. 5/5/2018. Slater, Sharon. “9 Limerick Women Escape Prison in 1930.” Limerick's Life. 10/17/2013. https://limerickslife.com/limerick-women-prison/ Stamp, Jimmy. “The Daring Escape From the Eastern State Penitentiary.” Smithsonian. 11/13/2013. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-daring-escape-from-the-eastern-state-penitentiary-180947688/ Stater, Victor. "Herbert, William, styled first marquess of Powis and Jacobite first duke of Powis (c. 1626–1696), Jacobite courtier." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  24. Oxford University Press. Zombek, Angela. "Libby Prison" Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Humanities, (07 Dec. 2020). Web. 20 Apr. 2022 https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/libby-prison/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Today's rabies prophylaxis is almost 100% effective at preventing human death from the bite of a rabid animal. How did people come to understand rabies, and then develop a vaccination for it? Research: Etymologia: Rabies. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2012 Jul [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1807.ET1807 Velasco-Villa, Andres et al. “The history of rabies in the Western Hemisphere.” Antiviral research vol. 146 (2017): 221-232. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.03.013 Pearce JLouis Pasteur and Rabies: a brief noteJournal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2002;73:82. Wendt, Diane. “Surviving rabies 100 years ago.” National Museum of American History. 10/28/2013. https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/2013/10/surviving-rabies-100-years-ago.html Blancou, Jean. “The Evolution of Rabies Epidemiology in Wildlife.” Director General, Office International des Épizooties. https://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/sites/g/files/dgvnsk491/files/inline-files/EVOLUTION_RABIES_EPIDEMIOLOGY_WILDLIFE.pdf Lite, Jordan. “Medical Mystery: Only One Person Has Survived Rabies without Vaccine--But How?.” Scientific American. 10/8/2008. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/jeanna-giese-rabies-survivor/ Zeiler, Frederick A., and Alan C. Jackson. “Critical Appraisal of the Milwaukee Protocol for Rabies: This Failed Approach Should Be Abandoned.” Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques, vol. 43, no. 1, 2016, pp. 44–51., doi:10.1017/cjn.2015.331. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. “Mass Treatment of Humans Exposed to Rabies -- New Hampshire, 1994.” 7/7/1995. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00038110.htm Ledesma, Leandro Augusto et al. “Comparing clinical protocols for the treatment of human rabies: the Milwaukee protocol and the Brazilian protocol (Recife).” Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical vol. 53 e20200352. 6 Nov. 2020, doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0352-2020 Braus, Patricia. "Rabies." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, edited by Katherine H. Nemeh and Jacqueline L. Longe, 6th ed., vol. 6, Gale, 2021, pp. 3671-3673. Gale In Context: Science, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX8124402043/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=fb022ca3. Accessed 13 Apr. 2022. Gelfand, Toby. “11 January 1887, the Day Medicine Changed: Joseph Grancher's Defense of Pasteur's Treatment for Rabies.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, Volume 76, Number 4, Winter 2002, pp. 698-718 (Article). Published by Johns Hopkins University Press https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2002.0176 Nadal, Deborah. “A Child, A Dog, A Virus and an Anthropologist.” Practicing Anthropology, Fall 2016, Vol. 38, No. 4. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26539805 Botting, Jack H. “Rabies.” From Animals and Medicine: The Contribution of Animal Experiments to the Control of Disease. Open Book Publishers. (2015). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt15m7ng5.7  Baer, George M. “The History of Rabies.” From Rabies: Second Edition. Edited by Alan C. Jackson and William H. Wunner. 2007. Jackson, Alan C. “History of Rabies Research.” From: Rabies: Scientific Basis of the Disease and Its Management. Third Edition. 2013. Hansen, Bert. “America's First Medical Breakthrough: How Popular Excitement about a French Rabies Cure in 1885 Raised New Expectations for Medical Progress.” The American Historical Review , Apr., 1998, Vol. 103, No. 2. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2649773 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2014 episode covers a 1930s a New York socialite with a dream. She wanted to be the first person to capture a panda from Asia and return to the western world with it. Her quest had a significant impact on the way the Western world viewed wild animals.  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy discuss the ways Europeans explorers wrote about the indigenous peoples of Africa, and just how good the okapi's natural camouflage is. They also discuss the unattainable beauty standards that were in place for women in entertainment from the beginning.  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Theda Bara is often referenced as the first sex symbol, or the first celebrity to have an entire persona crafted by a PR team. Photos of her are synonymous with the word vamp, and 100 years later, still have a certain mysterious appeal. But what was she really like? Research: “Theda Bara at Quimby's.” The Times Recorded. Oct. 26, 1915. https://www.newspapers.com/image/284870168/?terms=%22theda%20bara%22%20%22Louella%20parsons%22&match=1 “Gordon Theater.” Democrat and Chronicle. Jan. 10, 1915. https://www.newspapers.com/image/135289009/?terms=%22theda%20bara%22&match=1 “An Interviewer Sees Theda Bara, the Mysterious.” Waco Morning News. Nov. 5, 1915. https://www.newspapers.com/image/43896475/?terms=%22theda%20bara%22&match=1 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Theda Bara". Encyclopedia Britannica, 3 Apr. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Theda-Bara Wasserman, Suzanne. “Theda Bara.” Jewish Women's Archive. The Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women. https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/bara-theda Golden, Eve. “Vamp: The Rise and Fall of Theda Bara.” Vestal Press. 1998. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The okapi became known to European explorers in the late 19th century, and then several explorers tried and failed to even see a live okapi. Sir Harry Hamilton Johnston often gets credit for its discovery, but there's much more to the story than that.  Research: “Obituary: Dr. Wilhelm Junker.” Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York, vol. 24, 1892, pp. 148–50, http://www.jstor.org/stable/196694. Accessed 8 Apr. 2022. “Newly Discovered Beast of the Congo Forests.” Saturday Evening Kansas Commoner. June 27, 1901. https://www.newspapers.com/image/383188816/?terms=%22equus%20johnstoni%22&match=1 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Wilhelm Junker". Encyclopedia Britannica, 2 Apr. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wilhelm-Junker L., R. Dr. P. L. Sclater, F.R.S. . Nature 91, 455 (1913). https://doi.org/10.1038/091455a0 H., M. Sir Harry Johnston, S.G.M.G., K.C.B. Nature 120, 339–340 (1927). https://doi.org/10.1038/120339a0 Kinder, John M. “Year Zero: Restocking the Post-war Zoo.” National WWII Museum New Orleans. Sept. 21, 2021. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/restocking-post-world-war-ii-zoos Silverstein, Raymond O. “A note on the term “Bantu” as first used by W. H. I. Bleek.” African Studies. Volume 27. 1968. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020186808707298 “Okapi's Half-century.” Zooquarium. Spring 2014. https://www.eaza.net/assets/Uploads/Zooquaria/ZQ85.pdf “A MOST CURIOUS ANIMAL, A CULTURAL SYMBOL, A SPECIES ON THE BRINK.” Okapi Conservation Project. https://www.okapiconservation.org/the-okapi/ “World Okapi Day.” IUCN. Oct. 18, 2021. https://www.iucn.org/news/species-survival-commission/202110/world-okapi-day “Bronx Zoo Debuts Its Baby Okapi.” WCS Newsroom. July 27, 2009. https://newsroom.wcs.org/News-Releases/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/4802/Bronx-Zoo-Debuts-Its-Baby-Okapi.aspx Brzezinski, Bartosz. “Of okapis and men: Antwerp Zoo helps preserve endangered species.” Flanders Today. Aug. 14, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160814194411/http://www.flanderstoday.eu/living/okapis-and-men-antwerp-zoo-helps-preserve-endangered-species Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Sir Harry Hamilton Johnston". Encyclopedia Britannica, 27 Aug. 2021, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Harry-Hamilton-Johnston Raffaele, Paul. “The Pygmies' Plight.” Smithsonian. December 2008. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/the-pygmies-plight-93401092/ Lindsey, Susan Lyndaker, et al. “The Okapi: Mysterious Animal of Congo-Zaire.” University of Texas Press. 1999. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly Frey, host of Stuff You Missed in History Cass, sits down with Lola Omalola, one of the ten winners of Seneca Women to Hear: Search for the Next Great Female Podcasters. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2017 episode covers Maria Montessori, who worked in several fields, though is mostly associated with education. Her theories on early education still shape the way kids learn today around the globe. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy talk about their love of savory pies, the wish for a shepherd's pie with a crust, and efforts to tie pumpkin pie to abolition. Then they discuss the Gallaudet 11 and their experiences with motion sickness.   See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The Gallaudet 11 were a group of Deaf men who were subjects in NASA's research into the human body in the early years of the space program. The transcript for this episode is here: https://bit.ly/3KnAGhA Research: Bergey, Jean Lindquist. “Deaf Perspective: Inside View of Early Space Research.” Quest: The History of Spaceflight Quarterly. Vol. 25. No. 1. 2018. Bergey, Jean Lindquist. “How Being Deaf Made the Difference in Space Research.” Smithsonian Air and Space Museum. 4/7/2017. https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/how-being-deaf-made-difference-space-research Calandrelli, Emily. “In the 1960's 11 deaf men helped NASA get to the moon.” Twitter thread. 12/12/2019. https://twitter.com/thespacegal/status/1205258285412020225?lang=en Williams, Damien P., Heavenly Bodies: Why It Matters That Cyborgs Have Always Been About Disability, Mental Health, and Marginalization (June 8, 2019). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3401342 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3401342 Clark, Brant and Ashton Graybiel. “Human Performance During Adaptation to Stress in the Pensacola Slow Rotation Room.” Aerospace Medicine. Vol. 32, No. 2, February 1961. Colehour, James K. and Ashton Graybiel. “Excretion of 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids, Catechol Amines, and Uropepsin in the Urine of Normal Persons and Deaf Subjects with Bilateral Vestibular Defects Following Acrobatic Flight Stress.” United States Naval School of Aviation Medicine and National Aeronautics and Space Administration. May 10, 1963. Crowell, Rachel. “Disabled Astronauts Blaze New Space Trails.” Scientific American. 10/20/2021. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/disabled-astronauts-blaze-new-space-trails/       David, Leonard. “Equal access to space: New study investigates how to get more 'parastronauts' aloft.” Space.com. 12/31/2021. https://www.space.com/inclusive-human-spaceflight-parastronaut-study Dowd, Jim. “9 Deaf Men Volunteer for Navy Research.” Pensacola News Journal. 12/28/1962. Eveleth, Rose. “It's Time to Rethink Who's Best Suited for Space Travel.” Wired. 1/27/2019. https://www.wired.com/story/its-time-to-rethink-whos-best-suited-for-space-travel/ Fregly, Alfred and Robert S. Kennedy. “Comparative Effects of Prolonged Rotation at 10 RPM on Postural Equilibrium in Vestibular Normal and Vestibular Defective Human Subjects.” Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. March 23, 1965. Gallaudet University. “Deaf Difference + Space Survival Exhibition Video.” https://www.gallaudet.edu/museum/ddss-doc/ Gohd, Chelsea. “Disability ambassadors successfully complete Zero-G flight.” Space.com. 10/19/2021. https://www.space.com/astroaccess-disability-ambassadors-zero-g-flight Harrington, Tracy. “Three Deaf Men Serve as Human Guinea Pigs.” Pensacola News Journal. 7/11/1962. Hotovy, Hannah. “How 11 Deaf Men Helped Shape NASA's Human Spaceflight Program.” NASA. 5/4/2017. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/how-11-deaf-men-helped-shape-nasas-human-spaceflight-program Irwin, J.A. et al. “The Pathology of Sea-sickness.” The Lancet. 11/26/1881. James, William. “The Sense of Dizziness in Deaf-mutes.” American Annals of the Deaf and Dumb , APRIL, 1883, Vol. 28, No. 2. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44460811 Kellogg, Robert S. et al. “Motion Sickness Symptomatology of Labyrinthine Defective and Normal Subjects During Zero Gravity Maneuvers.” Technical Documentary Report AMRL-TDR-64-47. Air Force Systems Command. June 1964. Kennedy, Robert S. et al. “Symptomology Under Storm Conditions in the North Atlantic in Control Subjects and Persons with Bilateral Labyrinthine Defects.” United States Naval School of Aviation Medicine and National Aeronautics and Space Administration. May 1965. Larimer, Sarah. “‘I wanted to serve': These deaf men helped NASA understand motion sickness in space.” Washington Post. 5/5/2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/05/05/i-wanted-to-serve-these-deaf-men-helped-nasa-understand-motion-sickness-in-space/ NASA Video. “How Deaf and Hearing Impaired People Helped the Space Program.” Via YouTube. 5/11/2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zM47-nz24i4 Space Center Houston. “Gallaudet 11 – Deaf Right Stuff.” 2/18/2020. https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=3102869376605071 U.S. Naval School of Aviation Medicine Pensacola, Fla. “Symposium on the Role of Vestibular Organs in the Exploration of Space.” Ashton Graybiel, General Chairman. Jan. 20-22 , 1965. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The pie has been around for centuries, in both savory and sweet forms. But pies have been perceived and presented in a lot of different ways, and have even been an issue of deep contention.  Research: Tanglen, Randi. “A cultural history of pie.” The Madisonian. Nov. 24, 2020. https://www.madisoniannews.com/community/cultural-history-pie Anastolpoulo, Rossi. “Why Apple Pie Isn't So American After All.” Food 52. October 8, 2021. https://food52.com/blog/24688-apple-pie-origin-story Siegel, Matt. “'Substantial, Satisfying, Hard to Digest.' How Apple Pie is Like America.” Literary Hub. Sept. 1, 2021. https://lithub.com/substantial-satisfying-hard-to-digest-how-apple-pie-is-like-america/ Snell, Rachel A. “ As North American as Pumpkin Pie: Cookbooks and the Development of National Cuisine in North America, 1796-1854.” Erudit. Oct. 7, 2014. https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/cuizine/2014-v5-n2-cuizine01533/1026771ar/ “Pie.” New York Times. May 2, 1902. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1902/05/03/118469204.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 “A Shortcrust History of Pies.” BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zmtn2sg Simmons, Amelia. “American Cookery, or the Art of Dressing Viands, Fish, Poultry and Vegetables, and the Best Modes of Making Pastes, Puffs, Pies, Tarts, Puddings, Custards and Preservesd, and All Kinds of Cakes, From the Imperial Plumb to Plain Cake. Adapted to This Country, and All Grades of Life.” Hudson & Goodwin. 1796. Accessed online: https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/12815/pg12815.html Soyer, Alexis. “The Modern Housewife or, Menagere Comprising Nearly One Thousand Receipts, for the Economic and Judicious Preparation of Every Meal of the Day, with those of The Nursery and Sick Room, and Minute Directions for Family Management in All its Branches.” New York. D. Appleton & Co. 1850. Accessed online: https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41899/41899-h/41899-h.htm Howland, E.A. “The American economical housekeeper, and family receipt book.” H.W. Derby. 1845. Accessed online: https://d.lib.msu.edu/fa/23#page/10/mode/2up “History of Pies.” What's Cooking America. https://whatscookingamerica.net/history/piehistory.htm Hale, Sarah. “The ladies' new book of cookery : a practical system for private families in town and country; with directions for carving, and arranging the table for parties, etc. Also, preparations of food for invalids and for children.” 1852. Accessed online: https://d.lib.msu.edu/fa/48#page/2/mode/2up Masterson, Kate. “The Great American Pie.” New York Times. August 10, 1902. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1902/08/10/118475659.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 Simmons, Amelia. “American cookery, or, The art of dressing viands, fish, poultry, and vegetables : and the best modes of making pastes, puffs, pies, tarts, puddings, custards, and preserves : and all kinds of cakes, from the imperial plumb to plain cake, adapted to this country, and all grades of life.” Hudson & Goodwin. 1796. Accessed online: https://www.loc.gov/item/96126967/ Traill, Catherine Parr Strickland. “The female emigrant's guide, and hints on Canadian housekeeping.” Maclear. 1854. Accessed online: https://archive.org/details/cihm_41417/page/n11/mode/2up Kelly, Alison. “A Brief History of Pumpkin Pie in America.” Library of Congress Blof. Nov. 20, 2017. https://blogs.loc.gov/inside_adams/2017/11/a-brief-history-of-pumpkin-pie-in-america/ Clarkson, Janet. “Pie: A Global History.” Reaktion Books. 2009.  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2018 episode covers a key figure in the battle over Prohibition, which was is often framed as a battle of the sexes, with women serving as the moral voice of sobriety. But Pauline Sabin is often credited as being one of the major activists behind Prohibition's repeal. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy and Holly talk about the language used when talking about archaeology. They then talk about the domestication of geese.  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This second part of our spring Unearthed! two-parter covers some listener-favorite categories: edibles and potables, books and letters, shipwrecks, and a bit of potpourri.  Research: AFP. “Chile's National Museum Of Natural History To Return Easter Island 'Head'.” Archaeology News Network. 2/21/2022. https://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2022/02/chiles-national-museum-of-natural.html AFP. “Nigeria Returns Two Stolen Benin Bronzes To Traditional Royal Palace.” Archaeology News Network. 2/21/2022. https://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2022/02/nigeria-returns-two-stolen-benin.html Agence France-Presse. “17 Pre-Columbian Artifacts Returned to Mexico.” VOA News. 2/21/2022. https://www.voanews.com/a/pre-columbian-artifacts-returned-to-mexico/6451918.html Alex, Bridget. “Archaeologists uncover oldest ochre workshop in East Asia.” Science. 3/2/2022. https://www.science.org/content/article/archaeologists-uncover-oldest-ochre-workshop-east-asia Amaral, Brian. “Australian researchers defend finding of Captain Cook's ship in R.I.: ‘Right where we said it was'.” Boston Globe. 2/4/2022. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/02/04/metro/right-where-we-said-it-was-finding-captain-cooks-ship-ri-waters-makes-waves-among-researchers/?event=event12 Associated Press. “More possible victims of 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre found in mass grave.” AL.com. 3/3/2022. https://www.al.com/news/2022/03/more-possible-victims-of-1921-tulsa-race-massacre-found-in-mass-grave.html Australian National University. “Mysterious, giant stone jars found in India.” Phys.org. 3/30/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-03-mysterious-giant-stone-jars-india.html Barras, Colin. “Ancient smells reveal secrets of Egyptian tomb.” Nature. 3/31/2022. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00903-z BBC. “Bedfordshire A428 dig: Evidence of Roman beer production found.” 3/30/2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-60932382 Bower, Bruce. “Ancient seafarers built the Mediterranean's largest known sacred pool.” Science News. 3/16/2022. https://www.sciencenews.org/article/sacred-pool-ancient-seafarers-phoenicians-largest-mediterranean Bower, Bruce. “The world's oldest pants stitched together cultures from across Asia.” Science News. 2/18/2022. https://www.sciencenews.org/article/pants-oldest-ancient-horseman-asia-culture-origin Burke, Minyvonne. “Wreckage of 207-year-old whaling ship found on seafloor of Gulf of Mexico.” 3/23/2022. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/wreckage-207-year-old-whaling-ship-found-seafloor-gulf-mexico-rcna21189 Cambridge University Press. “Oldest known drinking straws identified.” Phys.org. 1/19/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-01-oldest-straws.html CBS/AFP. “U.S. returns gold treasure looted from 1746 shipwreck and skull stolen from Parisian catacombs to France.” 3/4/2022. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-returns-gold-treasure-skull-to-france/ Cramer, Maria. “Scotland Apologizes for History of Witchcraft Persecution.” New York Times. 3/9/2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/09/world/europe/scotland-nicola-sturgeon-apologizes-witches.html Deutsches Archaologisches Institut. “4000 year old boat salvaged near the ancient city of Uruk.” 3/28/2022. https://www.dainst.org/en/dai/meldungen/-/asset_publisher/nZcCAiLqg1db/content/4000-jahre-altes-boot-bei-der-antiken-stadt-uruk-notgeborgen Dijkstra, Mischa. “Ancient art and genetics combine to reveal origin of world's most expensive spice.” EurekAlert. 3/8/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/945749 El-Aref, Nevine. “The Largest Embalming Cache Ever Found In Egypt Unearthed At Abusir.” Archaeology News Network. 2/8/2022. https://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2022/02/the-largest-embalming-cache-ever-found.html Ferrarin, Federica. “Agnese, the unknown daughter of Marco Polo.” 2/7/2022. https://www.unive.it/pag/16584/?tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=11938&cHash=92cbc9af6f08744a0a46e4cd860f4c92 Gast, Phil. “A dozen more Revolutionary War-era cannons have been found and raised from the Savannah River.” CNN. 2/8/2022. https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/08/us/savannah-river-cannons-discovery/index.html Geggel, Laura. “2,000-year-old Celtic hoard of gold 'rainbow cups' discovered in Germany.” LiveScience. 1/13/2022. https://www.livescience.com/celtic-gold-hoard-discovered-germany Gershon, Livia. “Hungry Badger Digs Up a Trove of Roman Coins in Spain.” Smithsonian. 1/11/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/hungry-badger-digs-up-roman-coins-in-spain-180979378/ Gershon, Livia. “Researchers Digitally Unwrap Egyptian Pharaoh's 3,500-Year-Old Mummy.” Smithsonian. 1/5/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/mummy-of-egyptian-pharaoh-digitally-unwrapped-180979309/ Gershon, Livia. “The Horned Helmets Falsely Attributed to Vikings Are Actually Nearly 3,000 Years Old.” Smithsonian. 1/10/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/iconic-viking-horned-helmets-actually-3000-years-old-180979339/ Gross, Jenny. “Decoding Dickens's Secret Notes to Himself, One Symbol at a Time.” New York Times. 2/8/2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/08/books/charles-dickens-secret-notes.html Gutman, David. “Ancient Native American Artifacts: Seattle to return items to tribe.” The Columbian. 3/25/2022. https://www.columbian.com/news/2022/mar/25/ancient-native-american-artifacts-seattle-to-return-items-to-tribe/     Jones, Sam. “Roman boat that sank in Mediterranean 1,700 years ago gives up its treasures.” The Guardian. 3/8/2022. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/mar/08/roman-boat-that-sank-in-mediterranean-1700-years-ago-gives-up-its-treasures Kindy, David. “A Gladiator Arena, Possibly the Last Ever Built, Discovered in Switzerland.” Smithsonian. 2/3/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/what-may-be-the-last-gladiator-arena-ever-built-discovered-in-switzerland-180979497/ Kindy, David. “Amelia Earhart's Leather Flying Cap Sells at Auction for $825,000.” Smithsonian. 3/1/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/amelia-earharts-leather-flying-cap-sells-at-auction-for-825000-180979649/ Kindy, David. “Archaeologists Unearth 4,000-Year-Old Stone Board Game in Oman.” Smithsonian. 1/11/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/archaeologists-unearth-4000-year-old-stone-board-game-in-oman-180979340/ Kindy, David. “Rubin Museum Agrees to Return Stolen Religious Artifacts to Nepal.” Smithsonian. 1/13/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/rubin-museum-agrees-to-return-stolen-religious-artifacts-to-nepal-180979391/        Kubota, Taylor. “Genomic analysis supports ancient Muwekma Ohlone connection.” Stanford University via EurekAlert. 3/21/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/946684 Lynch, Brendan. “Archaeological dig reveals participants in California's Gold Rush dined on salted Atlantic cod.” University of Kansas via EurekAlert. 1/6/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/939427 Magni, Paola et al. “How centuries-old bones from Australia's historic shipwrecks can help us solve crimes.” The Conversation via Phys.org. 2/8/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-02-centuries-old-bones-australia-historic-shipwrecks.html Manhattan District Attorney. “D.A. Bragg Returns Two Antiquities Valued at Over $500,000 to the People of Libya.” 3/30/2022. https://www.manhattanda.org/d-a-bragg-returns-two-antiquities-valued-at-over-500000-to-the-people-of-libya/ McGlone, Peggy. “Smithsonian to give back its collection of Benin bronzes.” Washington Post. 3/8/2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/03/08/smithsonian-benin-bronzes-nigeria-return/ McGreevy, Nora. “Dismissed as a Copy for Decades, This Flemish Masterpiece Could Now Fetch Thousands.” Smithsonian. 1/13/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/dismissed-as-copy-for-decades-this-flemish-masterpiece-could-now-fetch-thousands-180979387/          Medievalists.net. “More than 90% of medieval literature manuscripts have been lost, researchers suggest.” 2/2022. https://www.medievalists.net/2022/02/medieval-manuscripts-have-been-lost/ Miller, Michael. “Did comet's fiery destruction lead to downfall of ancient Hopewell?” EurekAlert. 1/22/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/942039 Murphy, Luke John et al. “An Anatomy of the Blood Eagle: The Practicalities of Viking Torture.” Speculum.  Volume 97, Number 1. January 2022. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/717332 Ormseth, Matthew. “Federal agents return 4,000-year-old artifacts to Iraqi government.” Phys.org. 1/21/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-01-federal-agents-year-old-artifacts-iraqi.html Pratt, Mark. “New analysis provides more clues about Pilgrim-era shipwreck.” Phys.org. 3/11/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-03-analysis-clues-pilgrim-era-shipwreck.html Rankin, Jennifer. “‘Justice can triumph': painting looted by Nazis returned to owners after 80 years.” The Guardian. 2/10/2022. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/feb/10/justice-can-triumph-painting-looted-by-nazis-returned-to-owners-after-80-years Recker Jane. “France to Return 15 Works of Nazi-Looted Art to Jewish Families.” Smithsonian Magazine. 1/31/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/france-to-return-15-works-of-nazi-looted-art-to-jewish-families-180979487/ Recker, Jane. “An Ornate, 5,000-Year-Old Stone Drum Is the U.K.'s Most Significant Prehistoric Art Find in a Century.” Smithsonian. 2/18/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/an-ornate-5000-year-old-stone-drum-is-the-uks-most-significant-prehistoric-art-find-in-a-century-180979604/ Rogulj, Daniela. “1800-year-old Roman Goddess Venus Statue in Zadar Discovered at Future Hotel Site.” Total Croatia News. 1/15/2022. https://www.total-croatia-news.com/lifestyle/59345-venus-statue-in-zadar Rutgers University. “Ancient Mesopotamian discovery transforms knowledge of early farming.” Phys.org. 1/11/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-01-ancient-mesopotamian-discovery-knowledge-early.html Sjoberg, Cecilia. “Medieval Ship Found Off The West Coast Of Sweden.” The Archaeology News Network. 2/4/2022. https://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2022/02/medieval-ship-found-off-west-coast-of.html Solomon, Tessa. “Archaeologists in Mexico Recover Coyote-Man Sculpture, Shedding Light on a Pre-Hispanic Civilization.” ArtNews. 1/27/2022. https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/coyote-man-sculpture-tacambro-mexico-recovered-1234617012/ Solomon, Tessa. “Lebanese Museum Returns More than 300 Allegedly Looted Artifacts to Iraq.” ARTNews. 2/1/2022. https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/nabu-museum-artifacts-returned-iraq-1234618272/ Sonia Díaz-Navarro et al, The first otologic surgery in a skull from El Pendón site (Reinoso, Northern Spain), Scientific Reports (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06223-6 The History Blog. “1,000-year-old surgical kit found in Sican tomb.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/63683 University of Aberdeen. “Rare Pictish Symbol Stone Found Near Potential Site Of Famous Battle.” Archaeology News Network. 3/7/2022. https://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2022/03/rare-pictish-symbol-stone-found-near.html University of Cambridge. “Identifying the portable toilets of the ancient Roman world.” Phys.org. 2/10/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-02-portable-toilets-ancient-roman-world.html University of Exeter. “Medieval warhorses were surprisingly small in stature, study shows.” https://www.exeter.ac.uk/research/news/articles/medievalwarhorsesweresurp.html University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. “Study ties present-day Native American tribe to ancestors in San Francisco Bay Area.” 3/21/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-03-ties-present-day-native-american-tribe.html University of Vienna. “Origin of the 30,000-year-old Venus of Willendorf discovered.” Phys.org. 2/28/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-02-year-old-venus-willendorf.html Ward, Bob. “New England Unsolved: How a Lynn murder is providing a new lead in Gardner Art Heist investigation.” Boston25. 2/21/2022. https://www.boston25news.com/news/local/new-england-unsolved-how-lynn-murder-is-providing-new-lead-gardner-art-heist-investigation/NVS6SKXQMVHDLLOMAKDJVGCFAU/ Yirka, Bob. “Evidence found of goose domestication in China 7,000 years ago.” 3/8/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-03-evidence-goose-domestication-china-years.html See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

It's time for another two-part edition of things that were unearthed in recent months. Today's episode covers updates, lots of repatriations, some mummy stuff, Viking stuff, animal stuff, and a handful of miscellany.  Research: AFP. “Chile's National Museum Of Natural History To Return Easter Island 'Head'.” Archaeology News Network. 2/21/2022. https://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2022/02/chiles-national-museum-of-natural.html AFP. “Nigeria Returns Two Stolen Benin Bronzes To Traditional Royal Palace.” Archaeology News Network. 2/21/2022. https://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2022/02/nigeria-returns-two-stolen-benin.html Agence France-Presse. “17 Pre-Columbian Artifacts Returned to Mexico.” VOA News. 2/21/2022. https://www.voanews.com/a/pre-columbian-artifacts-returned-to-mexico/6451918.html Alex, Bridget. “Archaeologists uncover oldest ochre workshop in East Asia.” Science. 3/2/2022. https://www.science.org/content/article/archaeologists-uncover-oldest-ochre-workshop-east-asia Amaral, Brian. “Australian researchers defend finding of Captain Cook's ship in R.I.: ‘Right where we said it was'.” Boston Globe. 2/4/2022. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/02/04/metro/right-where-we-said-it-was-finding-captain-cooks-ship-ri-waters-makes-waves-among-researchers/?event=event12 Associated Press. “More possible victims of 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre found in mass grave.” AL.com. 3/3/2022. https://www.al.com/news/2022/03/more-possible-victims-of-1921-tulsa-race-massacre-found-in-mass-grave.html Australian National University. “Mysterious, giant stone jars found in India.” Phys.org. 3/30/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-03-mysterious-giant-stone-jars-india.html Barras, Colin. “Ancient smells reveal secrets of Egyptian tomb.” Nature. 3/31/2022. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00903-z BBC. “Bedfordshire A428 dig: Evidence of Roman beer production found.” 3/30/2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-60932382 Bower, Bruce. “Ancient seafarers built the Mediterranean's largest known sacred pool.” Science News. 3/16/2022. https://www.sciencenews.org/article/sacred-pool-ancient-seafarers-phoenicians-largest-mediterranean Bower, Bruce. “The world's oldest pants stitched together cultures from across Asia.” Science News. 2/18/2022. https://www.sciencenews.org/article/pants-oldest-ancient-horseman-asia-culture-origin Burke, Minyvonne. “Wreckage of 207-year-old whaling ship found on seafloor of Gulf of Mexico.” 3/23/2022. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/wreckage-207-year-old-whaling-ship-found-seafloor-gulf-mexico-rcna21189 Cambridge University Press. “Oldest known drinking straws identified.” Phys.org. 1/19/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-01-oldest-straws.html CBS/AFP. “U.S. returns gold treasure looted from 1746 shipwreck and skull stolen from Parisian catacombs to France.” 3/4/2022. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-returns-gold-treasure-skull-to-france/ Cramer, Maria. “Scotland Apologizes for History of Witchcraft Persecution.” New York Times. 3/9/2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/09/world/europe/scotland-nicola-sturgeon-apologizes-witches.html Deutsches Archaologisches Institut. “4000 year old boat salvaged near the ancient city of Uruk.” 3/28/2022. https://www.dainst.org/en/dai/meldungen/-/asset_publisher/nZcCAiLqg1db/content/4000-jahre-altes-boot-bei-der-antiken-stadt-uruk-notgeborgen Dijkstra, Mischa. “Ancient art and genetics combine to reveal origin of world's most expensive spice.” EurekAlert. 3/8/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/945749 El-Aref, Nevine. “The Largest Embalming Cache Ever Found In Egypt Unearthed At Abusir.” Archaeology News Network. 2/8/2022. https://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2022/02/the-largest-embalming-cache-ever-found.html Ferrarin, Federica. “Agnese, the unknown daughter of Marco Polo.” 2/7/2022. https://www.unive.it/pag/16584/?tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=11938&cHash=92cbc9af6f08744a0a46e4cd860f4c92 Gast, Phil. “A dozen more Revolutionary War-era cannons have been found and raised from the Savannah River.” CNN. 2/8/2022. https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/08/us/savannah-river-cannons-discovery/index.html Geggel, Laura. “2,000-year-old Celtic hoard of gold 'rainbow cups' discovered in Germany.” LiveScience. 1/13/2022. https://www.livescience.com/celtic-gold-hoard-discovered-germany Gershon, Livia. “Hungry Badger Digs Up a Trove of Roman Coins in Spain.” Smithsonian. 1/11/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/hungry-badger-digs-up-roman-coins-in-spain-180979378/ Gershon, Livia. “Researchers Digitally Unwrap Egyptian Pharaoh's 3,500-Year-Old Mummy.” Smithsonian. 1/5/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/mummy-of-egyptian-pharaoh-digitally-unwrapped-180979309/ Gershon, Livia. “The Horned Helmets Falsely Attributed to Vikings Are Actually Nearly 3,000 Years Old.” Smithsonian. 1/10/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/iconic-viking-horned-helmets-actually-3000-years-old-180979339/ Gross, Jenny. “Decoding Dickens's Secret Notes to Himself, One Symbol at a Time.” New York Times. 2/8/2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/08/books/charles-dickens-secret-notes.html Gutman, David. “Ancient Native American Artifacts: Seattle to return items to tribe.” The Columbian. 3/25/2022. https://www.columbian.com/news/2022/mar/25/ancient-native-american-artifacts-seattle-to-return-items-to-tribe/     Jones, Sam. “Roman boat that sank in Mediterranean 1,700 years ago gives up its treasures.” The Guardian. 3/8/2022. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/mar/08/roman-boat-that-sank-in-mediterranean-1700-years-ago-gives-up-its-treasures Kindy, David. “A Gladiator Arena, Possibly the Last Ever Built, Discovered in Switzerland.” Smithsonian. 2/3/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/what-may-be-the-last-gladiator-arena-ever-built-discovered-in-switzerland-180979497/ Kindy, David. “Amelia Earhart's Leather Flying Cap Sells at Auction for $825,000.” Smithsonian. 3/1/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/amelia-earharts-leather-flying-cap-sells-at-auction-for-825000-180979649/ Kindy, David. “Archaeologists Unearth 4,000-Year-Old Stone Board Game in Oman.” Smithsonian. 1/11/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/archaeologists-unearth-4000-year-old-stone-board-game-in-oman-180979340/ Kindy, David. “Rubin Museum Agrees to Return Stolen Religious Artifacts to Nepal.” Smithsonian. 1/13/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/rubin-museum-agrees-to-return-stolen-religious-artifacts-to-nepal-180979391/        Kubota, Taylor. “Genomic analysis supports ancient Muwekma Ohlone connection.” Stanford University via EurekAlert. 3/21/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/946684 Lynch, Brendan. “Archaeological dig reveals participants in California's Gold Rush dined on salted Atlantic cod.” University of Kansas via EurekAlert. 1/6/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/939427 Magni, Paola et al. “How centuries-old bones from Australia's historic shipwrecks can help us solve crimes.” The Conversation via Phys.org. 2/8/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-02-centuries-old-bones-australia-historic-shipwrecks.html Manhattan District Attorney. “D.A. Bragg Returns Two Antiquities Valued at Over $500,000 to the People of Libya.” 3/30/2022. https://www.manhattanda.org/d-a-bragg-returns-two-antiquities-valued-at-over-500000-to-the-people-of-libya/ McGlone, Peggy. “Smithsonian to give back its collection of Benin bronzes.” Washington Post. 3/8/2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/03/08/smithsonian-benin-bronzes-nigeria-return/ McGreevy, Nora. “Dismissed as a Copy for Decades, This Flemish Masterpiece Could Now Fetch Thousands.” Smithsonian. 1/13/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/dismissed-as-copy-for-decades-this-flemish-masterpiece-could-now-fetch-thousands-180979387/          Medievalists.net. “More than 90% of medieval literature manuscripts have been lost, researchers suggest.” 2/2022. https://www.medievalists.net/2022/02/medieval-manuscripts-have-been-lost/ Miller, Michael. “Did comet's fiery destruction lead to downfall of ancient Hopewell?” EurekAlert. 1/22/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/942039 Murphy, Luke John et al. “An Anatomy of the Blood Eagle: The Practicalities of Viking Torture.” Speculum.  Volume 97, Number 1. January 2022. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/717332 Ormseth, Matthew. “Federal agents return 4,000-year-old artifacts to Iraqi government.” Phys.org. 1/21/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-01-federal-agents-year-old-artifacts-iraqi.html Pratt, Mark. “New analysis provides more clues about Pilgrim-era shipwreck.” Phys.org. 3/11/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-03-analysis-clues-pilgrim-era-shipwreck.html Rankin, Jennifer. “‘Justice can triumph': painting looted by Nazis returned to owners after 80 years.” The Guardian. 2/10/2022. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/feb/10/justice-can-triumph-painting-looted-by-nazis-returned-to-owners-after-80-years Recker Jane. “France to Return 15 Works of Nazi-Looted Art to Jewish Families.” Smithsonian Magazine. 1/31/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/france-to-return-15-works-of-nazi-looted-art-to-jewish-families-180979487/ Recker, Jane. “An Ornate, 5,000-Year-Old Stone Drum Is the U.K.'s Most Significant Prehistoric Art Find in a Century.” Smithsonian. 2/18/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/an-ornate-5000-year-old-stone-drum-is-the-uks-most-significant-prehistoric-art-find-in-a-century-180979604/ Rogulj, Daniela. “1800-year-old Roman Goddess Venus Statue in Zadar Discovered at Future Hotel Site.” Total Croatia News. 1/15/2022. https://www.total-croatia-news.com/lifestyle/59345-venus-statue-in-zadar Rutgers University. “Ancient Mesopotamian discovery transforms knowledge of early farming.” Phys.org. 1/11/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-01-ancient-mesopotamian-discovery-knowledge-early.html Sjoberg, Cecilia. “Medieval Ship Found Off The West Coast Of Sweden.” The Archaeology News Network. 2/4/2022. https://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2022/02/medieval-ship-found-off-west-coast-of.html Solomon, Tessa. “Archaeologists in Mexico Recover Coyote-Man Sculpture, Shedding Light on a Pre-Hispanic Civilization.” ArtNews. 1/27/2022. https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/coyote-man-sculpture-tacambro-mexico-recovered-1234617012/ Solomon, Tessa. “Lebanese Museum Returns More than 300 Allegedly Looted Artifacts to Iraq.” ARTNews. 2/1/2022. https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/nabu-museum-artifacts-returned-iraq-1234618272/ Sonia Díaz-Navarro et al, The first otologic surgery in a skull from El Pendón site (Reinoso, Northern Spain), Scientific Reports (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06223-6 The History Blog. “1,000-year-old surgical kit found in Sican tomb.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/63683 University of Aberdeen. “Rare Pictish Symbol Stone Found Near Potential Site Of Famous Battle.” Archaeology News Network. 3/7/2022. https://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2022/03/rare-pictish-symbol-stone-found-near.html University of Cambridge. “Identifying the portable toilets of the ancient Roman world.” Phys.org. 2/10/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-02-portable-toilets-ancient-roman-world.html University of Exeter. “Medieval warhorses were surprisingly small in stature, study shows.” https://www.exeter.ac.uk/research/news/articles/medievalwarhorsesweresurp.html University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. “Study ties present-day Native American tribe to ancestors in San Francisco Bay Area.” 3/21/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-03-ties-present-day-native-american-tribe.html University of Vienna. “Origin of the 30,000-year-old Venus of Willendorf discovered.” Phys.org. 2/28/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-02-year-old-venus-willendorf.html Ward, Bob. “New England Unsolved: How a Lynn murder is providing a new lead in Gardner Art Heist investigation.” Boston25. 2/21/2022. https://www.boston25news.com/news/local/new-england-unsolved-how-lynn-murder-is-providing-new-lead-gardner-art-heist-investigation/NVS6SKXQMVHDLLOMAKDJVGCFAU/ Yirka, Bob. “Evidence found of goose domestication in China 7,000 years ago.” 3/8/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-03-evidence-goose-domestication-china-years.html See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2016 episode covers the first woman to ever become a court painter in France. She painted royalty and nobility throughout Europe, including Marie Antoinette, even as her personal life had its ups and downs. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy reminisce about their families' first microwave ovens and their favorite chocolate chip cookie recipes. Then they discuss Ivy Lee's career and dubious associations. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Ivy Lee was one of the founders of the fields of public relations and crisis communications. His approach to public relations was revolutionary for the time, and he helped establish a lot of practices that still exist today. Research:  Auerbach, Jonathan. “Weapons of Democracy: Propaganda, Progressivism, and American Public Opinion.” New Studies in American Intellectual and Cultural History. Jeffrey Sklansky, Series Editor. Johns Hopkins University Press. 2015. Committee of Coal Mine Managers. “The Struggle in Colorado for Industrial Freedom.” 1914. https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=9kowAAAAYAAJ&rdid=book-9kowAAAAYAAJ&rdot=1 Congress of the United States. “Investigation of Nazi Propaganda Activities and Investigation of Certain Other Propaganda Activities.” United States Government Printing Office. 1934. https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=shUWAAAAIAAJ&pg=GBS.PP7 Cutlip, Scott M. “The Unseen Power: Public Relations. A History.” Routledge, 1994. Dinsmore, William H. “PR to the Rescue – Again!” Public Relations Quarterly. Summer 1979. Georgia Historical Society. “Marker Monday: Ivy Ledbetter Lee, Founder Of Modern Public Relations 1877-1934.” https://georgiahistory.com/marker-monday-ivy-ledbetter-lee-founder-of-modern-public-relations-1877-1934/ Hainsworth, Brad E. “Retrospective: Ivy Lee and the German Dye Trust.” Public Relations Review. Volume 13, Issue 1, Spring 1987. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363-8111(87)80071-1 Hallahan, Kirk. “Ivy Lee and the Rockefellers' Response to the 1913–1914 Colorado Coal Strike.” JOURNAL OF PUBLIC RELATIONS RESEARCH, 14(4), 265–315. 2002. Hiebert, Ray Eldon. “Biographers for Billionaires.” The Public Relations Quarterly. Summer 1966. Hiebert, Ray Eldon. “Courtier to the crowd; the story of Ivy Lee and the development of public relations.” Iowa State University Press. 1966. Hiebert, Ray Eldon. “Ivy Lee and Rockefeller Press Relations.” Journalism Quarterly; Summer 1966. Hiebert, Ray Eldon. “Ivy Lee: ‘Father of Modern Public Relations.'” The Princeton University Library Chronicle , WINTER 1966, Vol. 27, No. 2. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26409644 Hiebert, Ray Eldon. “Lucky Lindy: A Public Relations Hero.” Public Relations Quarterly. Spring 1975. "Ivy Ledbetter Lee." Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1944. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/BT2310009213/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=7478f6e9. Accessed 22 Mar. 2022. "Ivy Ledbetter Lee." Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History, edited by Thomas Carson and Mary Bonk, Gale, 1999. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1667000116/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=30efc6d4. Accessed 22 Mar. 2022. Meade, Jared. “Father of PR, Ivy Lee, Pioneered Tactics We Use Today.” 8/24/2020. (3/23/2022). https://www.prnewsonline.com/ivy-lee-crisis-history/ New York Times. “Ivy Lee, as Adviser to Nazis, Paid $25,000 by Dye Trust.” 7/12/1934. https://nyti.ms/3LqanZh Olasky, Marvin N. “Ivy Lee: Minimizing Competition through Public Relations.” Public Relations Quarterly. Fall 1987. Olasky, Marvin N. “The Agenda-Setting of Ivy Lee.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, August 1985. Via ERIC. O'Neill, Kathleen. "U.S. public relations evolves to meet society's needs." Public Relations Journal, vol. 47, no. 11, Nov. 1991, pp. 28+. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A11595331/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=14ce8464. Accessed 22 Mar. 2022. Russell, Karen Miller and Carl O. Bishop. “Understanding Ivy Lee's declaration of principles: U.S. newspaper and magazine coverage of publicity and press agentry, 1865–1904.” Public Relations Review 35 (2009) 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.004 SNAC. “Lee, Ivy L. (Ivy Ledbetter), 1877-1934.” (3/23/2022) https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64j0h2p#biography Turney, Michael. “Ivy Lee was decades ahead of his contemporaries.” On-line Readings in Public Relations. 2015. (3/23/2022) https://www.nku.edu/~turney/prclass/readings/3eras2x.html See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Often, inventions that are made quite by accident end up becoming an everyday part of life. This episode covers two of those: the microwave oven and the chocolate chip cookie. Research:  Balsley, Betsy. “Microwave Ovens Put the Space Age in the Kitchen.” Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Dec. 4, 1968. https://www.newspapers.com/image/271185585/?terms=radarange&match=1 Ratheon Company. “Technology Leadership.” https://web.archive.org/web/20130322044917/http://www.raytheon.com/ourcompany/history/leadership/ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "microwave oven". Encyclopedia Britannica, 26 Oct. 2018, https://www.britannica.com/technology/microwave-oven  Weiss, Stanley I. and Amir, Amir R.. "Raytheon Company". Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 Apr. 2016, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Raytheon-Company “Amana.” Whirlpool. https://www.whirlpoolcorp.com/2010annual/brand-amana.html “Percy Spencer.” Atomic Heritage Foundation. https://www.atomicheritage.org/profile/percy-spencer#:~:text=Percy%20Spencer%20was%20an%20American,at%20a%20local%20paper%20mill. “Tappan Stove Company.” Ohio History Central. https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Tappan_Stove_Company#:~:text=In%201955%2C%20the%20Tappan%20Stove,too%20expensive%20for%20home%20use. Jorgensen, Timothy J. “Hot Food, Fast: The Home Microwave Oven.” Smithsonian. March 16, 2017. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/hot-food-fast-home-microwave-oven-turns-50-180962545/ “Patent No. 2,495,429 – P.L. Spencer – Method of Treating Foodstuffs.” United States Patent and Trademark Office. January 24, 1950. https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=0&docid=02495429&IDKey=261705CF6164&HomeUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPALL%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D2495429.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F2495429%2526RS%3DPN%2F2495429 “Revolution in Kitchens Is Created by Amana's Microwave Radarange.” The commercial Appeal. Sept. 30, 1968. https://www.newspapers.com/image/770831761/?terms=radarange&match=1 Wyman, Carolyn. “The Great American Chocolate Chip Cookie Book: Scrumptious Recipes & Fabled History From Toll House to Cookie Cake Pie.” Countryman Press. 2013. Roberts, Sam. “Forgotten No More: Overlooked No More: Ruth Wakefield, Who Invented the Chocolate Chip Cookie.” New York Times. March 21, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/21/obituaries/overlooked-ruth-wakefield.html “CONTROL IS SOUGHT OF LAMONT, CORLISS.” New York Times. December 23, 1949. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1949/12/23/84292752.html?pageNumber=29 Blitz, Matt. “The Amazing True Story of How the Microwave Was Invented by Accident.” Popular Mechanics. Sept. 2, 2021. https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/gadgets/a19567/how-the-microwave-was-invented-by-accident/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2017 episode covers several days in 1934 during which Adolf Hitler, who was at the time the Nazi Party Leader and Reich Chancellor, directed an action which eliminated all of his political enemies and enabled him to declare himself Fuhrer. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy and Holly discuss Shackleton's leadership, how unsuited to isolation exploration they both are, and how much trash such exploration can leave behind.  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

After Shackleton's team abandoned the Endurance to the ice, they faced a harrowing journey over the ice of Antarctica. Meanwhile, the support team aboard the Aurora was also faced with a grueling and treacherous race for survival. Research: LeBrun, Nancy. “Survival! The Shackleton Story.” National Geogrpahic. Via YouTube. 1991. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sgh_77TtX5I "Ernest Shackleton, Sir." Explorers & Discoverers of the World, Gale, 1993. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1614000271/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=b93f5648. Accessed 14 Mar. 2022. Savours, Ann. “Shackleton, Sir Ernest Henry.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  9/23/2004. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/36034 "Patience and Endurance; Underwater archaeology." The Economist, 12 Mar. 2022, p. 69(US). Gale OneFile: Business, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A696334375/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=e2fe8a81. Accessed 14 Mar. 2022. Falkland Maritime Heritage Trust. “Endurance 22.” https://endurance22.org/ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Ernest Shackleton". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Feb. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernest-Henry-Shackleton. Accessed 15 March 2022. Tyler, Kelly. “Shackleton's Lost Men.” Shackleton: Voyage of Endurance. Nova. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/shackleton/1914/lostmen.html Roisman-Cooper, Barbara. “Part I: Polar dreams, polar disappointments.” British Heritage. Jun/Jul99, Vol. 20 Issue 4, p32. Roisman-Cooper, Barbara. “Part 2: Polar dreams, polar disappointments.” British Heritage. Oct/Nov99, Vol. 20 Issue 6, p52. Schultheiss, Katrin. “The Ends of the Earth and the “Heroic Age” of Polar Exploration: A Review Essay.” Historically Speaking, Volume 10, Number 2, April 2009, pp. 14-17. https://doi.org/10.1353/hsp.0.0026 Alexander, Caroline. “The Endurance: Shackleton's Legendary Antarctic Expedition.” With the American Museum of Natural History. Knopf. 1998. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Shackleton is famous for his expeditions in Antarctica, but he started his career as a Merchant Marine. Part one of this story covers his early life, early expeditions, and the treacherous start of his most famous expedition, just after WWI began. Research: LeBrun, Nancy. “Survival! The Shackleton Story.” National Geogrpahic. Via YouTube. 1991. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sgh_77TtX5I "Ernest Shackleton, Sir." Explorers & Discoverers of the World, Gale, 1993. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1614000271/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=b93f5648. Accessed 14 Mar. 2022. Savours, Ann. “Shackleton, Sir Ernest Henry.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  9/23/2004. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/36034 "Patience and Endurance; Underwater archaeology." The Economist, 12 Mar. 2022, p. 69(US). Gale OneFile: Business, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A696334375/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=e2fe8a81. Accessed 14 Mar. 2022. Falkland Maritime Heritage Trust. “Endurance 22.” https://endurance22.org/ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Ernest Shackleton". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Feb. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernest-Henry-Shackleton. Accessed 15 March 2022. Tyler, Kelly. “Shackleton's Lost Men.” Shackleton: Voyage of Endurance. Nova. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/shackleton/1914/lostmen.html Roisman-Cooper, Barbara. “Part I: Polar dreams, polar disappointments.” British Heritage. Jun/Jul99, Vol. 20 Issue 4, p32. Roisman-Cooper, Barbara. “Part 2: Polar dreams, polar disappointments.” British Heritage. Oct/Nov99, Vol. 20 Issue 6, p52. Schultheiss, Katrin. “The Ends of the Earth and the “Heroic Age” of Polar Exploration: A Review Essay.” Historically Speaking, Volume 10, Number 2, April 2009, pp. 14-17. https://doi.org/10.1353/hsp.0.0026 Alexander, Caroline. “The Endurance: Shackleton's Legendary Antarctic Expedition.” With the American Museum of Natural History. Knopf. 1998. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2017 episode covers a naturalist illustrator who helped dispel many entomological myths and improved the scientific study of insects and plants. And she did it beautifully. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy talk about their relationship with Thomas Hardy's writing, homework, and the parts of the story that didn't make it into the regular episode. Then, they talk about how surprisingly tricky it can be to research events in other cultures, even if the source material is all in English.  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 1956 march was a protest against pass laws that were part of South Africa's system of apartheid – and specifically the requirement that women carry passes. The protest was simultaneously part of the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa, and the movement for women's rights.  Research: "Apartheid." Gale World History Online Collection, Gale, 2021. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/NUBLZL400705235/WHIC?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=a66fcd94 International Women's Day. “National Women's Day in South Africa is a powerful day for equal rights.” https://www.internationalwomensday.com/Missions/15556/National-Women-s-Day-in-South-Africa-is-a-powerful-day-for-equal-rights Akpan, Idara . “The 1956 Women's March in Pretoria.” South African History Online. https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/1956-womens-march-pretoria South African History Online. “The 1956 Women's March, Pretoria, 9 August.” https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/1956-womens-march-pretoria-9-august Pan Africanism Today Secretariat. “The lessons of South Africa's 1956 Women's March resonate to this day.” 8/9/2020. https://peoplesdispatch.org/2020/08/09/the-lessons-of-south-africas-1956-womens-march-resonate-to-this-day/ Ogola, Esther. “South Africa: The icons behind the 1956 women's march.” BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-55106942 Till, Christopher. “Our Triumphs and Our Tears: Women's Struggles in 20th Century South Africa.” Apartheid Museum. https://www.apartheidmuseum.org/uploads/files/Our-Triumphs-and-Our-Tears.pdf Lenser, Amber Michelle, "The South African Women's Movement: The Roles of Feminism and Multiracial Cooperation in the Struggle for Women's Rights" (2019). Theses and Dissertations. 3397. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/3397 South African History Online. “Women's Charter.” https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/womens-charter See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Once you know about Hardy's life, it's natural to see parallels to the events of his life in his writing. Two women were deeply important to his life and work: his first wife Emma Gifford, and his second wife Florence Dugdale. Research: “Max Gate.” United Kingdom National Trust. https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/max-gate Morris, Steven.”Discovery of letters shines light on Thomas Hardy's second marriage.” The Guardian. April 1, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/apr/02/discovery-of-letters-shines-light-on-thomas-hardys-second-marriage THOMAS, JANE. “IN DEFENCE OF EMMA HARDY.” The Hardy Society Journal, vol. 9, no. 2, Thomas Hardy Society, 2013, pp. 39–59, https://www.jstor.org/stable/48563706 Johnson, Ben. “Thomas Hardy.” Historic UK. https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/Thomas-Hardy/ Fincham, Tony. “Life of Thomas Hardy.” Hardy Society. Feb. 3, 2019. https://www.hardysociety.org/life/ Richardson, Angelique. “Life behind the gates.”  Times Literary Supplement.  April 3, 2020. https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/newly-discovered-letters-thomas-hardy-wife-florence/ Tomalin, Claire. “Thomas Hardy.” Penguin. 2007. Hardy, Thomas, “Wessex Poems and Other Verses.” Macmillan. 1919. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3167/3167-h/3167-h.htm Atkinson, Tim. “An old flame that burned bright – An Irishman's Diary on Thomas Hardy and Emma Gifford.” Irish Times. March 2, 2020. https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/an-old-flame-that-burned-bright-an-irishman-s-diary-on-thomas-hardy-and-emma-gifford-1.4189326 Norman, Andrew. “Thomas Hardy: Behind the Mask.” The Historic Press. 2011. “Thomas Hardy.” Poetry Foundation. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/thomas-hardy See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2019 episode covers the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion, which was part of the Women's Army Corps during World War II. The 6888th was the only battalion of black women from the U.S. to serve in Europe during World War II. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy shares how she learned about Maria Gertrudis Barceló, and then the hosts DO talk about Bruno, and his know-it-all behavior. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Bruno was a mathematician, philosopher, astronomer, occultist, and according to the Catholic church of 16th-century Italy, a heretic. He met a bad end because of his views, but he started out as a friar. Research:  Aquilecchia, Giovanni. "Giordano Bruno". Encyclopedia Britannica, 13 Feb. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Giordano-Bruno “Giordano Bruno.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. May 30, 2018. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bruno/ Martinez, Alberto A. “Burned Alive: Bruno, Galileo and the Inquisition.” Reaktion Books. 2018. Rosenthal, Erwin I.J.. "Averroës". Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Jan. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Averroes Alberto A. Martinez Giordano Bruno and the heresy of many worlds, Annals of Science. 73:4, 345-374. 2016. 10.1080/00033790.2016.1193627 Rowland, Ingrid D. “Giordano Bruno Philosopher, Heretic.” Farrar, Straus & Giroux. 2008. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.