Stuff You Missed in History Class

Ruth Fulton Benedict was one of the first women to become really prominent in the field of anthropology. She had a huge impact, but she's often overshadowed by some of her students, including Zora Neale Hurston and Margaret Mead.  Research: Banner, Lois W. “Intertwined Lives: Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, and Their Circle.” New York. Alfred A. Knopf. 2003. Banner, Lois W. “Mannish Women, Passive Men, and Constitutional Types: Margaret Mead's Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies as a Response to Ruth Benedict's Patterns of Culture.” Signs. Vol. 28, No. 3, Gender and Science: New Issues (Spring 2003). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/345325 Benedict, Ruth, 1887-1948, and Gene Weltfish. The Races of Mankind. New York: Public Affairs Committee, 1943. Borovoy, Amy. “Ruth Benedict and the Study of Japanese Culture.” UC San Diego School of Global Policy and Strategy. 8/26/2020. Via YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IfZYIGltfsE Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Ruth Benedict". Encyclopedia Britannica, 13 Sep. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ruth-Benedict. Accessed 17 May 2023. Burns, J. Conor. "Anthropology." History of Modern Science and Mathematics, edited by Brian S. Baigrie, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002. Gale In Context: Science, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CV2640700006/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=4a63896c. Accessed 22 May 2023. Kent, Pauline. “Japanese Perceptions of ‘The Chrysanthemum and the Sword.'” Dialectical Anthropology, June 1999, Vol. 24, No. 2 (June 1999). https://www.jstor.org/stable/29790600 Lie, John. “Ruth Benedict's Legacy of Shame: Orientalism and Occidentalism in the Study of Japan.” Asian Journal of Social Science , 2001, Vol. 29, No. 2 (2001). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23653936 Mead, Margaret and Ruth Benedict. “An Anthropologist At Work Writings Of Ruth Benedict.” Secker & Warburg. 1959. "Patterns of Culture." American Decades Primary Sources, edited by Cynthia Rose, vol. 4: 1930-1939, Gale, 2004, pp. 645-647. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3490200798/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=fa7f9002. Accessed 17 May 2023. "Ruth Fulton Benedict." Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1974. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/BT2310017919/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=0181011f. Accessed 17 May 2023. "Ruth Fulton Benedict." Scientists: Their Lives and Works, UXL, 2006. Gale In Context: Science, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K2641500229/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=4fba0976. Accessed 17 May 2023. Salamone, Frank A., 2018. “Life‑affirming versus Life‑denying Cultures : Ruth Benedict and Social Synergy”, in BEROSE International Encyclopaedia of the Histories of Anthropology, Paris. https://www.berose.fr/article1333.html?lang=en Schachter, Judith . "Ruth Benedict". In obo in Anthropology. 18 May. 2023. . Vassar Encyclopedia. “Ruth Benedict '1909.” 2009. https://vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/distinguished-alumni/ruth-benedict/ Yong, Daniel. “Ruth Benedict: Strength in Disability.” University of Chicago. 12/13/2020. https://womanisrational.uchicago.edu/2020/12/13/ruth-benedict-strength-in-disability/ Young, Virginia Heyer. “Ruth Benedict: Beyond Relativity, Beyond Pattern.” Critical Studies in the History of Anthropology. Series editors Regna Darnell and Stephen O. Murray. University of Nebraska Press. 2005. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Lucy Stone is sometimes written about as the person who should be mentioned alongside Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and Susan B. Anthony. She lived an incredibly unique life for a woman of her time and station.   Research: Michals, Debra “Lucy Stone.” National Women's History Museum. 2017. www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/lucy-stone Million, Joelle. “Woman's Voice, Woman's Place: Lucy Stone and the Birth of the Woman's Rights Movement.” Praeger. 2003. Kerr, Andrea Moore. “Lucy Stone: Speaking Out for Equality.” Rutgers University Press. 1992. Accessed online: https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780813518602/page/n323/mode/2up Blackwell, Henry B. “What the South can do. How the Southern states can make themselves masters of the situation. To the legislatures of the Southern states.” New York. Robert J. Johnston, printer. January 15, 1867. Library of Congress: https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/rbc/rbpe/rbpe12/rbpe127/12701100/12701100.pdf Tucker, Neely. “Stone/Blackwell Marriage: To Love And Honor, But Not ‘Obey.'” Library of Congress Blog. May 5, 2020. https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2020/05/stone-blackwell-marriage-to-love-and-honor-but-not-obey/ com Editors. “Lucy Stone.” Biography. Com. Nov. 23, 2021. https://www.biography.com/activists/lucy-stone Smith, Bonnie Hurd. “Lucy Stone.” Boston Women's Heritage Trail. https://bwht.org/lucy-stone/ “Lucy Stone.” National Women's Hall of Fame. https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/lucy-stone/ “Garrisonians.” Vermont Christian Messenger. Jan. 30, 1850. https://www.newspapers.com/image/490750662/?terms=%22Lucy%20Stone%22&match=1 Hays, Elinor. “Morning Star.” New York. Harcourt, Brace & World. 1961. Accessed online: https://archive.org/details/morningstar00hays/page/n7/mode/2up Lang, Allison. “The 14th and 15th Amendments.” National Women's History Museum. Fall 2015. https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/14-15-amendments/ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Lucy Stone". Encyclopedia Britannica, 14 Oct. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lucy-Stone Wheeler, Marjoeiw Spruill. “New Women of the New South: The Leaders of the Woman Suffrage Movement in the Southern States.” Oxford University Press. 1993. McMillen, Sally Gregory. “Lucy Stone: An Unapologetic Life.” Oxford University Press. 2015. “Love and Protest in a Marriage.” Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/exhibitions/women-fight-for-the-vote/about-this-exhibition/seneca-falls-and-building-a-movement-1776-1890/family-friends-and-the-personal-side-of-the-movement/love-and-protest-in-a-suffrage-marriage/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2018 episode covers a conflict that wasn't really a riot, and wasn't really about the zoot suits -- although they had come to symbolize A LOT in Los Angeles when this happened.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy talk about a critical letter that Mrs. Pat once received from a fan. Then Tracy mentions the way that Randolph's work is sometimes eclipsed by other Civil Rights events.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

A. Philip Randolph was a key figure in the history of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. But that was just one effort in a lifetime of activism for racial equality. Research: "A. Philip Randolph." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, Gale, 1998. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631005446/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=a02165a4. Accessed 10 May 2023. AFL-CIO. “A. Philip Randolph.” https://aflcio.org/about/history/labor-history-people/asa-philip-randolph American Experience. “A. Philip Randolph.” From Marcus Garvey: Look for Me in the Whirlwind. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/garvey-philip-randolph/ American Friends Service Committee. “Honoring A. Philip Randolph, a leader in the March on Washington.” 9/3/2020. https://afsc.org/news/honoring-philip-randolph-leader-march-washington Bishop, M. (2017, June 11). Lucille Campbell Green Randolph (1883-1963). BlackPast.org. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/randolph-lucille-campbell-green-1883-1963/ Bracey, John H. Jr. and “August Meier. “Allies or Adversaries?: The NAACP, A. Philip Randolph and the 1941 March on Washington.” The Georgia Historical Quarterly , Spring 1991, Vol. 75, No. 1. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40582270 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "A. Philip Randolph". Encyclopedia Britannica, 12 May. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph. Accessed 12 May 2023. Bynum, Cornelius. “A Philip Randolph and the Struggle for Civil Rights.” University of Illinois Press. 2010. Green, James R. “A. Philip Randolph and Boston's African-American Railroad Worker.” Trotter Review. Vol. 6, Issue 2. 9/21/1992. http://scholarworks.umb.edu/trotter_review Hill, Norman. "A. Philip Randolph. (Labor)." Social Policy, vol. 32, no. 4, summer 2002, pp. 9+. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A90747203/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=f45caf0e. Accessed 10 May 2023. Marable, Manning. “A. Philip Randolph and the Foundations of Black American Socialism.” From Workers' Struggles, Past and Present, edited by James Green. Temple University Press. Prescod, Paul. “You Should Know More About A. Philip Randolph, One of America's Greatest Socialists.” Jacobin. 5/23/2020. https://jacobin.com/2020/05/a-philip-randolph-socialist-civil-rights-march-bscp "Randolph, A. Philip." Development of the Industrial U.S. Reference Library, edited by Sonia G. Benson, et al., vol. 2: Biographies, UXL, 2006, pp. 182-192. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3442000053/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=643ce2c8. Accessed 10 May 2023. Randolph, A. Philip, "Letter from A. Philip Randolph, International President of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters to Fiorello La Guardia, Mayor of New York City," 5 June 1941. Courtesy of National Archives. https://iowaculture.gov/history/education/educator-resources/primary-source-sets/protest-america/letter-philip-randolph-to See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Mrs. Patrick Campbell was a hugely famous actress in the early 20th century, though she hasn't really retained her iconic status. She quickly had a reputation as a stage diva with a sharp tongue, and originated one of the most beloved characters of the stage and screen. Research: Campbell, Mrs. Patrick. “My Life and Some Letters.” New York. Dodd, Mead. 1922. Accessed online: https://archive.org/details/mylifesomeletter00camp Sudermann, Hermann. “Magda.” Lamson, Wolffe and Company. New York. 1895. Accessed online: https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/34184/pg34184-images.html Woods, Leigh. “'The Golden Calf': Noted English Actresses in American Vaudeville, 1904-1916.” Journal of American Culture. 1992. https://www.academia.edu/47469417/The_Golden_Calf_Noted_English_Actresses_in_American_Vaudeville_1904_1916 Aston, Elaine. “Campbell [née Tanner], Beatrice Stella [performing name Mrs Patrick Campbell].” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Jan. 3, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/32261 Whitaker, Alma. “Personal Reminiscences of Mrs. Patrick Campbell.” Los Angeles Sunday Times. Nov. 3, 1912. https://www.newspapers.com/image/380204798/?terms=Mrs.%20Patrick%20Campbell&match=1 Peters, Margot. “Mrs. Pat: The Life of Mrs. Patrick Campbell.” Bodley Head. 1984. “Famous Actress at Death's Door.” Salt Lake Tribune. Sept. 19, 1912. https://www.newspapers.com/image/76001747/?terms=Mrs.%20Patrick%20Campbell&match=1 “Mrs. Patrick Campbell Ill.” The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Sept. 20, 1912. https://www.newspapers.com/image/54225938/?terms=Mrs.%20Patrick%20Campbell&match=1 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "problem play". Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Jul. 1998, https://www.britannica.com/art/problem-play Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Mrs. Patrick Campbell". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Apr. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mrs-Patrick-Campbell “Mrs. Campbell, 75, Famous Actress.” New York Times. April 11, 1940. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1940/04/11/92937919.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 Shaw, George Bernard. “Pygmalion.” 1912. Digitized March 1, 2003. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3825/3825-h/3825-h.htm Atkinson, J. Brooks. “Mrs. Campbell Returns.” New York Times. Feb. 8, 1927. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/02/08/110039988.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters became the first African-American labor union to be recognized by the American Federation of Labor. This 2014 episode covers how the group became an important force for social change.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy talk about Ruby Payne-Scott's progressive marriage. They also cover Japan's global connectivity earlier than people may realize.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Hasekura Rokuemon Tsunenaga was a samurai who led a diplomatic delegation to New Spain, Spain and Rome in the 17th century. But many of the Japanese records about their mission were lost or destroyed after they returned. Research: Carl, Katy. “Aiming for Japan and Getting Heaven Thrown In.” Genealogies of Modernity. 12/2/2020. https://genealogiesofmodernity.org/journal/2020/11/25/scales-of-value-shusaku-endos-the-samurai Christensen, Thomas. “1616: The World in Motion.” Counterpoint. 2012. https://archive.org/details/1616worldinmotio0000chri/ Corradini, Piero. “Some Problems concerning Hasekura Tsunenaga's Embassy to the Pope." From Rethinking Japan Vol. 2. Routledge. 1995. Frederic, Louis. “Japan Encyclopedia.” Translated by Käthe Roth. 2002. https://archive.org/details/japanencyclopedi0000loui/mode/1up Fujikawa, Mayu. “Pope Paul V's global design.” Renaissance Studies, APRIL 2016, Vol. 30, No. 2 (APRIL 2016). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26618847 Gessel, Van C. “Historical Background.” From The Samurai by Shusaku Endo. Gutierrez, Ed. “Samurai in Spain.” Japan Quarterly, Jan. 1, 2000. Jones, Josh. “The 17th Century Japanese Samurai Who Sailed to Europe, Met the Pope & Became a Roman Citizen.” Open Culture. 11/29/2021. https://www.openculture.com/2021/11/the-17th-century-japanese-samurai-who-sailed-to-europe-met-the-pope-became-a-roman-citizen.html Kamens, Edward. “'The Tale of Genji' and ‘Yashima' Screens in Local and Global Contexts.” Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin , 2007, Japanese Art at Yale (2007). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40514681 KCP International. “Hasekura Tsunenaga and his Travels.” KCP International Japanese Language School. 9/6/2017. https://www.kcpinternational.com/2017/09/hasekura-tsunenaga-and-his-travels/ Lee, Christina H. “The Perception of the Japanese in Early Modern Spain: Not Quite ‘The Best People Yet Discovered'.” eHumanista: Volume 11, 2008. Massarella, Derek. “The Japanese Embassy to Europe (1582–1590).” The Japanese Embassy to Europe (1582–1590). February 2013. https://www.hakluyt.com/downloadable_files/Journal/Massarella.pdf Mathes, W. Michael. “A Quarter Century of Trans-Pacific Diplomacy: New Spain and Japan, 1592-1617.” Journal of Asian History , 1990, Vol. 24, No. 1 (1990). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41925377 Musillo, Marco. “The Borghese papacy's reception of a samurai delegation and its fresco image at Palazzo del Quirinale, Rome.” From Western visions of the Far East in a transpacific age, 1522-1657. Ashgate, 2012. Pasciuto, Greg. “Hasekura Tsunenaga: The Adventures of a Christian Samurai.” The Collector. 12/7/2022. https://www.thecollector.com/hasekura-tsunenaga-christian-samurai/ Sanabrais, Sofia. “'Spaniards of Asia': The Japanese Presence in Colonial Mexico.” Bulletin of Portuguese Japanese Studies. 2009, 18/19. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/361/36129851009.pdf Shigemi, Inaga. “Japanese Encounters with Latin America and Iberian Catholicism (1549–1973): Some Thoughts on Language, Imperialism, Identity Formation, and Comparative Research.” The Comparatist, Vol. 32 (MAY 2008). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26237176 Strusiewicz, Cezary Jan. “The Samurai Who Met the Pope.” Tokyo Weekender. 4/26/2021. https://www.tokyoweekender.com/art_and_culture/japanese-culture/the-samurai-who-met-the-pope/ Theroux, Marcel. “The samurai who charmed the courts of Europe.” The Guardian. 6/7/2020. https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2020/jun/07/hasekura-rokuemon-tsunenaga-japan-samurai-charmed-courts-europe Tucci, Giuseppe. “Japanese Ambassadors as Roman Patricians.” East and West , JULY 1951, Vol. 2, No. 2. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757935 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Ruby Payne-Scott is often called a pioneer in radio astronomy, but she was also a pioneer in advocating for women's rights. She was clearly brilliant, but her work was cut short by her desire to have a spouse and a family.  Erickson, Dorothy. “Payne-Scott, Ruby Violet (1912 - 1981).” THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OFWOMEN & LEADERSHIP IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY AUSTRALIA. https://www.womenaustralia.info/leaders/biogs/WLE0692b.htm M. Goss and Claire Hooker. “Payne-Scott, Ruby Violet (1912–1981).” Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/payne-scott-ruby-violet-15036/text26233 Halleck, Rebecca. “Overlooked No More: Ruby Payne-Scott, Who Explored Space With Radio Waves.” New York Times. August 29, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/29/obituaries/ruby-payne-scott-overlooked.html “What is an Interferometer?” LIGO Caltech. https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/what-is-interferometer#:~:text=Interferometers%20are%20investigative%20tools%20used,%2Dmeter'%2C%20or%20interferometer. Marr, Jonathan M. et al. “Demonstrating the Principles of Aperture Synthesis with the Very Small Radio Telescope.” Bridgewater State University, Virtual Commons. Physics Faculty Publications. 2011. https://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=physics_fac#:~:text=In%20aperture%20synthesis%20a%20number,signals%20can%20also%20be%20added Robertson, Peter. “Pawsey, Joseph Lade (Joe) (1908–1962).” Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/pawsey-joseph-lade-joe-11353/text2027 “Our History.” AWA Technology Services. http://www.awa.com.au/about-us/our-history/ “Hall (nee Payne Scott), Ruby Violet.” The Sydney Morning Herald. Obituaries. May 30, 1981. https://www.newspapers.com/image/122698551/?terms=Ruby%20Payne-Scott&match=1 Ward, Colin. “Ruby Payne-Scott [1912-1981].” CSIROpedia. March 23, 2011. https://csiropedia.csiro.au/payne-scott-ruby/ “Magnetism and Life.” For Worth Start Telegraph. March 29, 1936. https://www.newspapers.com/image/635960090/?terms=Ruby%20Payne%20Scott&match=1 Freeman, Joan. “A Passion for Physics: The Story of a Woman Physicist.” CRC Press. 1991. “Our History.” CSIRO. https://www.csiro.au/en/about/achievements/our-history Goss, W. M. and Richard McGee. “Under the Radar: The First The First Woman in Radio Astronomy: Ruby Payne-Scott.” Springer Science & Business Media. 2009. Goss, W. M. “Making Waves: The Story of Ruby Payne-Scott: Australian Pioneer Radio Astronomer.” Springer. 2013.  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2018 episode covers Levi Strauss, whose life story touches on a lot of important moments in U.S. history. His business was tied to the California Gold Rush, the U.S. Civil War and American clothing culture.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy talks about the likely wrap up of the Mother Goose series. Holly shares a story about growing up with chickens.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In the 1940s the U.S. Department of Agriculture and A&P supermarkets teamed up to hold a contest to see who could breed the meatiest, most efficient, most visually appealing chicken.  Research: Audio Productions inc. “The Chicken of Tomorrow.” Documentary. (1948). Boyd, William. “Making Meat: Science, Technology, and American Poultry Production.” Technology and Culture , Oct., 2001, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Oct., 2001). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25147798 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Robert Bakewell". Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Jan. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Bakewell. Accessed 21 April 2023. Bugos, Glenn E. “Intellectual Property Protection in the American Chicken-Breeding Industry.” The Business History Review , Spring, 1992, Vol. 66, No. 1. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3117055 Cook, Robert E. et al. “How Chicken on a Sunday Became an Anyday Treat.” USDA. 1975. https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/catalog/CAIN769013731 Cornell University. “Backyard Revival: American Heritage Poultry.” https://exhibits.library.cornell.edu/backyard-revival-american-heritage-poultry Elfick, Dominic. “A Brief History of Broiler Selection: How Chicken Became a Global Food Phenomenon in 50 Years.” Aviagen. http://en.aviagen.com/assets/Sustainability/50-Years-of-Selection-Article-final.pdf Horowitz, Roger. “Making the Chicken of Tomorrow: Reworking Poultry as Commodities and as Creatures, 1945-1990.” From “Industrializing Organisms.” Susan R. Schrepfer and Philip Scranton, editors. Routledge. 2003. Killgrove, Kristina. “Ancient DNA Explains How Chickens Got To The Americas.” Forbes. 11/23/2017. https://www.forbes.com/sites/kristinakillgrove/2017/11/23/ancient-dna-explains-how-chickens-got-to-the-americas/ Laatsch, David R. “The ‘Chicken of Tomorrow.'” University of Wisconsin-Madison. Livestock Division of Extension. https://livestock.extension.wisc.edu/articles/the-chicken-of-tomorrow/ Long, Tom. “Henry Saglio; his breeding knowhow changed poultry industry.” Boston.com. 12/26/2003. http://archive.boston.com/news/globe/obituaries/articles/2003/12/16/henry_saglio_his_breeding_knowhow_changed_poultry_industry/ McKenna, Maryn. “The Surprising Origin of Chicken as a Dietary Staple.” National Geographic. 5/1/2018. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/poultry-food-production-agriculture-mckenna Peters, Joris et al. “The biocultural origins and dispersal of domestic chickens.” PNAS. Vol. 119, No. 24. June 2022. https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2121978119 Short, Michael. “Delmarva's $4.8 Billion Chicken Industry Was Accidentally Hatched 100 Years Ago.” Lancaster Farming. 2/19/2023. https://www.lancasterfarming.com/farming-news/poultry/delmarva-s-4-8-billion-chicken-industry-was-accidentally-hatched-100-years-ago/article_36af9702-f119-51d1-a122-aee4b78955ce.html Shrader H.L. “The Chicken-of-Tomorrow Program; Its Influence on ‘Meat-Type' Poultry Production.” Poultry Science. Volume 31, Issue 1, 1 January 1952, Pages 3-10. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579119513013 Wiehoff, Dale. “How the Chicken of Tomorrow became the Chicken of the World.” Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy. 3/26/2013. https://www.iatp.org/blog/201303/how-the-chicken-of-tomorrow-became-the-chicken-of-the-world See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

It's our third installment of shows about the origins of Mother Goose nursery rhymes. Spoiler alert: Many of the real stories are hard to pin down.  Research: Cheadle, Roberta Eaton. “Dark Origins – Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush.” Writing To Be Read. https://writingtoberead.com/2021/06/30/dark-origins-here-we-go-round-the-mulberry-bush/ Historic UK. “More Nursery Rhymes.” 4/15/2015. https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/More-Nursery-Rhymes/ Halliwell-Phillipps, J. O. “Popular rhymes and nursery tales : a sequel to the Nursery rhymes of England .” London : John Russell Smith. 1849. Howard, Jennifer. “The Realities Behind the Rhymes.” Washington Post. 6/11/1997. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/1997/06/11/the-realities-behind-the-rhymes/9fbd7d36-4bb9-4fc0-af38-58fbe3fb7e43/ Ker, John Bellenden. “An essay on the archaiology [sic] of popular English phrases and nursery rhymes.” London. Whittaker. 1834. https://archive.org/details/b29309670/ Littlechild, Chris. “The Egg-Citing Truth Behind Humpty Dumpty.” Ripley's. 7/4/2019. https://www.ripleys.com/weird-news/humpty-dumpty/ Opie, Iona Archibald and Peter Opie. “The Singing Game.” Oxford University Press. 1998. Opie, Iona and Peter. “The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes.” Oxford University Press. 1997. Overstreet, Mikkaka. “10 Disturbing Nursery Rhyme Origin Stories to Celebrate Nursery Rhyme Week.” Book Riot. 11/4/2021. https://bookriot.com/nursery-rhyme-origin-stories/ Seaver, Carl. “The Strange Historical Origins of the Humpty Dumpty Nursery Rhyme.” History Defined. 1/24/2023. https://www.historydefined.net/humpty-dumpty-history/ Tearle, Oliver. “A Short Analysis of the ‘Hickory Dickory Dock' Nursery Rhyme.” Interesting Literature. 9/2018. https://interestingliterature.com/2018/09/a-short-analysis-of-the-hickory-dickory-dock-nursery-rhyme-history-origins/ Tearle, Oliver. “A Short Analysis of the ‘Sing a Song of Sixpence' Nursery Rhyme.” Interesting Literature. https://interestingliterature.com/2018/10/a-short-analysis-of-the-sing-a-song-of-sixpence-nursery-rhyme-origins-history/ Thomas, Katherine Elwes. “The Real Personages Of Mother Goose.” Lothrop, Lee & Shepard. 1930. Wood, Jennifer M. “The Dark and Mysterious Origins of 10 Classic Nursery Rhymes.” Mental Floss. 10/28/2015. https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/55035/dark-origins-11-classic-nursery-rhymes See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2019 episode covers Julian of Norwich, a medieval mystic who wrote down her visions, which she called showings. In this episode, we talk about her life in context of mysticism and how it fit into the context of Christianity in medieval Europe.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy talks through the many paths she went down trying to track down Wautier's birth year. The hosts also discuss Louis Sullivan's incredibly quotable autobiography.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Louis Sullivan was an architect working in Chicago at the dawn of the skyscraper. He sought to define a new, bold style of design in the U.S., and was deeply frustrated when his peers didn't do the same.  Research: Sullivan, Louis. “An Autobiography of an Idea.” Dover Architecture. 2012. Kindle Edition. “Louis Sullivan.” Chicago Architecture Center. https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/louis-sullivan/ “Auditorium Building.” Chicago Architecture Center. https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/auditorium-building/ Smith, Mark Richard. “Louis Sullivan – The Struggle for American Architecture.” Whitecap Films. 2010. “Charnley-Persky House Museum.” https://www.sah.org/about-sah/charnley-persky-house Glancey, Jonathan. “The city that changed architecture forever.” BBC Culture. October 5, 2015. https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20150930-chicago-birthplace-of-the-skyscraper “Auditorium Theater.” https://auditoriumtheatre.org/ Chewning, John Andrew. “William Robert Ware and the beginnings of architectural education in the United States, 1861-1881.” Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1986. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/14983 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Dankmar Adler". Encyclopedia Britannica, 13 Apr. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dankmar-Adler Koeper, H.F.. "Louis Sullivan". Encyclopedia Britannica, 10 Apr. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-Sullivan Lowe, David Garrard. “Architecture: The First Chicago School.” Encyclopedia of Chicago. http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/62.html “World's Columbian Exposition of 1893.” American Experience. PBS. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/chicago-worlds-columbian-exposition-1893/ Crook, David H. “Louis Sullivan and the Golden Doorway.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, vol. 26, no. 4, 1967, pp. 250–58. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/988451 Mumford, Mark. “Form Follows Nature: The Origins of American Organic Architecture.” Journal of Architectural Education (1984-), vol. 42, no. 3, 1989, pp. 26–37. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1425061 Gary C. Meyer. “Louis Sullivan's Columbus Jewel Box.” The Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol. 88, no. 3, 2005, pp. 2–17. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4637133 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "William Le Baron Jenney". Encyclopedia Britannica, 21 Sep. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Le-Baron-Jenney See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Flemish painter Michaelina Wautier's style was realistic and detailed, with a dark, almost somber color palette. And for a long time, she remained an unknown, even among art historians. Research: Atkins, Christopher D.M. and Jeffrey Muller, editors. “Michaelina Wautier and The Five Senses: Innovation in 17th-Century Flemish Painting.” CNA Studies. December 2022. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 2022. Atkins, Christopher and Alyssa Trejo. Email correspondence. Center for Netherlandish Art, Museum of Fine Arts Boston. 4/12/2023. “Six Paintings by 17th-Century Artist Michaelina Wautier Sought by Rubens House.” 4/26/2017. https://www.codart.nl/art-works/six-paintings-17th-century-artist-michaelina-wautier-sought-rubens-house/ Dill, Vithória Konzen. “5 Things You Should Know About Michaelina Wautier.” Daily Art Magazine. 1/8/2023. https://www.dailyartmagazine.com/michaelina-wautier/ Esterow, Milton. “For Centuries, Her Art Was Forgotten, or Credited to Men. No More.” New York Times. 12/5/2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/02/arts/design/michaelina-wautier-artist-boston.html Kairis, Pierre-Yves. “Interview with Pierre-Yves Kairis.” MAS. https://mas.be/en/page/interview-pierre-yves-kairis Kimball, Jill. “Student-curated MFA Boston exhibition spotlights long-forgotten female Flemish painter.” Brown University. 12/7/2022. https://www.brown.edu/news/2022-12-07/wautier Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien. “Looking at the Overlooked: A live conversation on the life and work of Michaelina Woutier.” Via YouTube. 12/9/2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJArJm9kR7Q “Michaelina Baroque's Leading Lady.” Exhibition pamphlet. 2018. McCouat, Philip. “Forgotten Women Artists #4: Michaelina Wautier: Entering the Limelight After 300 Years.” Journal of Art in Society. 2019. https://www.artinsociety.com/forgotten-women-artists-4-michaelina-wautier-entering-the-limelight-after-300-years.html Museum of Fine Arts Boston. “Michaelina Wautier and ‘The Five Senses'.” https://www.mfa.org/gallery/michaelina-wautier-and-the-five-senses Needleman, Sam. “Michaelina's Boys.” The New York Review. 3/12/2023. https://www.nybooks.com/online/2023/03/12/michaelinas-boys/ Nordenfalk, Carl. “The Five Senses in Late Medieval and Renaissance Art.” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes , 1985, Vol. 48 (1985). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/751209 Van der Stighelen, Katlijne. “CHAPTER 6 Anna Francisca de Bruyns (1604/5–1656), Artist, Wife and Mother: a Contextual Approach to Her Forgotten Artistic Career.” Women and Gender in the Early Modern Low Countries, 2019. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctvrxk3hp.12 Van der Stighelen, Katlijne. “‘Doing justice to an artist no one knows is quite an undertaking'.” Apollo Magazine. 7/2/2018. https://www.apollo-magazine.com/doing-justice-to-an-artist-no-one-knows-is-quite-an-undertaking/ Van der Stighelen, Katlijne. “Michaelina Wautier 1604-1689: Glorifying a Forgotten Talent.” Rubenshuis and BAI Publishers. Translated. 2018. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2015 episode covers Artemisia Gentileschi, often called the greatest female painter of the Baroque period. Her work is extraordinary, and reflects the influences of her father Orazio Gentileschi and Caravaggio.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy discuss the commercial nature of Canaletto's work. They also talk about how Lully managed to achieve his many ambitions. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Jean-Baptistle Lully is perhaps best known for the unusual circumstances of his death. But he lived a fascinating life that would rival any fictional rags-to-riches story.  Research: James R. Anthony. “Lully's Airs. French or Italian?” The Musical Times, vol. 128, no. 1729, 1987, pp. 126–29. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/964491 Brett, Philip. “Issues in Music and Sexuality in the Long Eighteenth Century.” Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques, vol. 33, no. 1, 2007, pp. 69–77. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41299400 Fairleigh, James P. “Lully as ‘Secrétaire Du Roi.'” Bach, vol. 15, no. 4, 1984, pp. 16–22. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41640222 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Baroque music". Encyclopedia Britannica, 18 Mar. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/art/Baroque-music.  Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "the Fronde". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Feb. 2014, https://www.britannica.com/event/The-Fronde Anthony, James R. “The New Grove French Baroque Masters: Lully, Charpentier, Lalande, Couperin, Rameau.” New York. Norton. 1986. Accessed online: https://archive.org/details/newgrovefrenchba00anth/page/30/mode/2up?view=theater “The Sun King's Musician, 1632-1687.” Chateau de Versailles. https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/great-characters/lully “Jean Baptiste Lully.” New World Encyclopedia. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Jean_Baptiste_Lully See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Canaletto rose to fame painting remarkable views of Venice. He became especially popular with wealthy tourists, who commissioned his paintings as souvenirs of their travels. Research: Constable, William G.. "Canaletto". Encyclopedia Britannica, 14 Oct. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Canaletto Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "War of the Austrian Succession". Encyclopedia Britannica, 3 Mar. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/event/War-of-the-Austrian-Succession Binion, A., & Barton, L.  Canaletto. Grove Art Online.Retrieved 17 Apr. 2023, from https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000013627 “The Stonemason's Yard.” The National Gallery. https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/canaletto-the-stonemasons-yard “London: Interior of the Rotunda at Ranelagh.” The National Gallery. https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/canaletto-london-interior-of-the-rotunda-at-ranelagh “Canaletto's Drawings.” Royal Collection Trust. https://www.rct.uk/collection/themes/exhibitions/canaletto-in-venice/the-queens-gallery-palace-of-holyroodhouse/canalettos-drawings Baetjer, Katherine and J.G. Links. “Canaletto.” Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 1989. Accessed through The Met: Watson Library Digital Collections. https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15324coll10/id/49280 “Imaginary View of Venice.” The Met. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/335287#:~:text=It%20was%20in%20these%20years,representing%20actual%20sites%2C%20others%20imaginary. Erkelens, C. J. (2020). Perspective on Canaletto's Paintings of Piazza San Marco in Venice, Art & Perception, 8(1), 49-67. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/22134913-20191131 “Canaletto.” The Art Story. https://www.theartstory.org/artist/canaletto/ “Canaletto.” National Gallery of Art. https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.1080.html?artistId=1080&pageNumber=1 “Piazzo San Marco.” The Met. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/435839 “Architectural Capriccio.” https://www.themorgan.org/collection/drawings/141078 “Owen McSwiney.” The Fitzwilliam Museum. https://fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/objects-and-artworks/highlights/context/patrons-donors-collectors/owen-mcswiny  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2017 episode covers Great Zimbabwe, a massive stone city in southeastern Africa that was a thriving trade center from the 11th to 15th centuries. When Europeans learned of it in the 16th century, they were certain it wasn't African at all.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy and Holly discuss the ways they speculate about the backstories of the many finds that appear on Unearthed!See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

To wrap up Unearthed! for spring 2023, we've got potpourri, jewelry and adornments, edibles and potables, mistaken identity stories, repatriations, and the always popular shipwrecks. Research: Agence France-Presse. “New Easter Island moai statue discovered in volcano crater.” The Guardian. 1/3/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/02/new-easter-island-moai-statue-discovered-in-volcano-crater Alberge, Dalya. “‘Incredible' Roman bathers' gems lost 2,000 years ago found near Hadrian's Wall.” The Observer. 1/28/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/jan/28/roman-bathers-gems-carved-stones-archaeologists-hadrians-wall Amador, Marisela. “Swiss museum returns two artifacts to the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) confederacy.” The Canadian Press. Town and Country Today. 2/22/2023. https://www.townandcountrytoday.com/beyond-local/swiss-museum-returns-two-artifacts-to-the-haudenosaunee-iroquois-confederacy-6589516 Amundsen, Bard. “World's oldest rune stone found in Norway, archaeologists believe.” Science Norway. 1/17/2023. https://sciencenorway.no/archaeology-language-runes/worlds-oldest-rune-stone-found-in-norway-archaeologists-believe/2141404 1/12/2023. “Archaeology: 4,500-year-old ostrich eggs found in Israel.” https://www.ansa.it/ansamed/en/news/sections/culture/2023/01/12/archaeology-4500-year-old-ostrich-eggs-found-in-israel_899fa202-941d-4520-8be4-28397c1d89fc.html ArtNet News. “Art Industry News: The Met Will Repatriate 15 Sculptures Linked to Disgraced Dealer Subhash Kapoor + Other Stories.” 3/31/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/art-industry-news-march-31-2023-2278598 ArtNet News. “Researchers in Vietnam Discovered That Two Deer Antlers Languishing in Museum Storage Are Actually 2,000-Year-Old Musical Instruments.” 2/27/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/deer-antler-long-an-museum-storage-earliest-known-stringed-instruments-2261298 Bacon, B., Khatiri, A., Palmer, J., Freeth, T., Pettitt, P., & Kentridge, R. (2023). An Upper Palaeolithic Proto-writing System and Phenological Calendar. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 1-19. doi:10.1017/S0959774322000415 BBC News. “Londoner solves 20,000-year Ice Age drawings mystery.” 1/5/2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-64162799 BBC News. “Oldest tartan found to date back to 16th Century.” 3/26/2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-65081312 “Comb made from human skull found among A14 artefacts.” 2/28/2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-64797376 “Mary Queen of Scots: Secret letters written during imprisonment decoded.” 2/8/2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-64568222 Begg, Tristin James Alexander et al. “Genomic analyses of hair from Ludwig van Beethoven.” Current Biology. 3/22/2023. https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(23)00181-1 Berger, Michele W. “At a southern Iraq site, unearthing the archaeological passing of time.” Penn Today. 1/23/2023. https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/lagash-southern-iraq-site-unearthing-archaeological-passing-time Bernardi, Dan. “In “an international act of diplomacy,” Syracuse University alumnus Brennen Ferguson '19 helps repatriate ceremonial Native American items from a museum in Geneva, Switzerland..” Syracuse 3/10/2023. https://thecollege.syr.edu/news-all/news-2023/sacred-indigenous-objects-find-their-way-home/ Brooks, James. “Oldest reference to Norse god Odin found in Danish treasure.” Associated Press. 3/8/2023. https://apnews.com/article/gold-god-odin-norse-denmark-buried-ca2959e460f7af301a19083b6eec7df4 Burakoff, Maddie. “What made Beethoven sick? DNA from his hair offers clues.” Associated Press. 3/22/2023. https://apnews.com/article/beethoven-dna-hair-deaf-liver-d2d8c50fdd951eb5f5b9fdae00f795a3 Cascone, Sarah. “Ancient Stone Tools Once Thought to be Made by Humans Were Actually Crafted by Monkeys, Say Archaeologists.” ArtNet. 1/3/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/ancient-tools-monkeys-2237820 CBS Baltimore Staff. “Maryland archaeologists find West African spirit cache at Harriet Tubman's birthplace.” 2/14/2023. https://www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/harriet-tubman-west-african-spirit-cache-found-dorchester-county-maryland/ Correa-Lau J, Agüero C, Splitstoser J, Echenique E, Martens T, Santoro CM (2023) Inka Unku: Imperial or provincial? State-local relations. PLoS ONE 18(2): e0280511. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280511 Davies, Caroline. “‘Remarkable': Eastbourne shipwreck identified as 17th-century Dutch warship.” The Guardian. 1/27/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2023/jan/27/remarkable-eastbourne-shipwreck-identified-as-17th-century-dutch-warship De Cupere, Bea. “Newly discovered crocodile mummies of variable quality from an undisturbed tomb at Qubbat al-Hawā (Aswan, Egypt).” PLOS One. 1/18/2023. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0279137#sec024 Dedovic, Yaz. “Mysterious new behavior seen in whales may be recorded in ancient manuscripts.” EurekAlert. 2/28/2023. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/980816 Devlin, Hannah. “Discovery of 3m-year-old stone tools sparks prehistoric whodunnit.” The Guardian. 2/9/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/feb/09/discovery-ancient-stone-tools-prehistoric-mystery-whodunnit Dijkstra, Mischa. “‘Golden boy' mummy was protected by 49 precious amulets, CT scans reveal.” EurekAlert. 1/24/2023. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/977129 Duncan-Pitt, Lindsey. “It's not a Roman dildo, it's a drop spindle.” The Guardian. 2/26/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/feb/26/its-not-a-roman-dildo-its-a-drop-spindle El-Aref , Nevine. “Ancient Egypt's Ramses II temple reveals animal mummy menagerie.” AhramOnline. 3/25/2023. https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/492386.aspx Enking, Molly. “Archaeologists Find 2,000-Year-Old Gemstones in Drain Beneath a Roman Bathhouse.” Smithsonian. 2/2/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/lost-gems-over-2000-years-old-found-in-roman-baths-180981566/ Feldman, Ella. “French Museum Will Return ‘Talking Drum' to Ivory Coast.” Smithsonian. 2/6/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/french-museum-returns-talking-drum-to-ivory-coast-180981577/ Field Museum. “Authentic 3,000-Year-Old Bronze Age sword put on display at Field Museum.” 1/16/2023. https://www.fieldmuseum.org/about/press/authentic-3-000-year-old-bronze-age-sword-put-on-display-at-field-museum Gammelby, Peter. “New research uncovers the "water" mystery of the first large city in southern Africa.” EurekAlert. 1/24/2023. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/977674 Handwerk, Brian. “This Man Underwent Brain Surgery 3,500 Years Ago.” Smithsonian. 2/22/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/in-roughly-1500-bce-this-middle-eastern-man-underwent-brain-surgery-180981679/ Henton, Lesley. “Texas A&M-led research team identifies oldest bone spear point In the Americas.” Texas A&M University via EurekAlert. 2/2/2023. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/978632 Hirsch, Arthur. “How the $75,000 Whaling Museum thefts went down.” New Bedford Light. 2/21/2023. https://newbedfordlight.org/how-the-75000-whaling-museum-thefts-went-down/ Kuta, Sarah. “5,000-Year-Old Tavern With Food Still Inside Discovered in Iraq.” Smithsonian. 1/1/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/5000-year-old-tavern-discovered-in-iraq-180981564/ Kuta, Sarah. “Archaeologists Unearth 3,000-Year-Old Wishing Well in Germany.” Smithsonian. 1/18/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/archaeologists-discover-3000-year-old-wishing-well-in-germany-180981428/ Kuta, Sarah. “Iraq dig uncovers 5,000 year old pub restaurant.” Phys.org. 2/15/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-02-iraq-uncovers-year-pub-restaurant.html Kuta, Sarah. “Is This Wooden Artifact an Ancient Roman Phallus?” Smithsonian. 2/27/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/what-was-this-2000-year-old-phallus-used-for-180981693/ Kuta, Sarah. “Neanderthals Hunted and Butchered Massive Elephants 125,000 Years Ago.” Smithsonian. 2/3/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/neanderthals-hunted-and-butchered-massive-elephants-125000-years-ago-180981578/ Kuta, Sarah. “Neutron Imaging Reveals Tiny Bones Inside 800-Year-Old Pendant.” Smithsonian. 1/17/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/neutrons-help-scientists-see-inside-800-year-old-pendant-and-find-tiny-bones-180981444/ Larson, Shannon. “‘It gives me chills': Messages found in bottle on Cape Cod may have been left by World War II POWs.” Boston Globe. 2/1/2023. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/02/01/nation/it-gives-me-chills-messages-found-bottle-cape-cod-may-have-been-world-war-ii-pows/ Lawson-Tancred, Jo. “Dispelling Rumors, Greece Has Rejected the British Museum's Offer to Return the Parthenon Marbles as a Long-Term Loan.” ArtNet. 1/11/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/greece-rejects-british-museum-loan-deal-parthenon-marbles-2241261 net. “Heart-shaped pendant discovered in England.” 2/2023. https://www.medievalists.net/2023/02/heart-shaped-pendant-discovered-in-england/ Metcalfe, Tom. “Bronze Age ice skates with bone blades discovered in China.” LiveScience. https://www.livescience.com/bronze-age-ice-skates-with-bone-blades-discovered-in-china Metcalfe, Tom. “Painful 'cross-shaped incision' in medieval woman's skull didn't kill her, but second surgery did.” LiveScience. 2/25/2023. https://www.livescience.com/painful-cross-shaped-incision-in-medieval-womans-skull-didnt-kill-her-but-second-surgery-did “Milk residue found at ancient site on Tibetan Plateau.” China Daily. 2/14/2023. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202302/14/WS63eade74a31057c47ebae956.html Morris, Steven. “‘3D medieval puzzle': Newport ship to be reassembled from 2,500 pieces of timber.” The Guardian. 1/19/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/jan/19/3d-medieval-puzzle-newport-ship-reassembled-2500-pieces-timber Niazi, Asaad and Tony Gamal-Gabriel. “Iraq dig uncovers 5,000 year old pub restaurant.” Phys.org. 2/15/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-02-iraq-uncovers-year-pub-restaurant.html Nowakowski, Teresa. “Neanderthals Dined on Crab 90,000 Years Ago.” Smithsonian. 2/8/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/neanderthals-dined-on-crab-90000-years-ago-180981604/ Oltermann, Philip. “‘Blind chance' or plot? Exhumation may help solve puzzle of 1933 Reichstag blaze.” The Guardian. 2/26/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/26/blind-chance-or-plot-exhumation-may-help-solve-puzzle-of-1933-reichstag-blaze Orie, Amarachi. “World's oldest dated runestone discovered in Norway -- with a mysterious inscription.” CNN. 1/18/2023. https://www.cnn.com/style/article/worlds-oldest-runestone-norway-intl-scli-scn/index.html Osborne, Margaret. “Ancient DNA Confirms the Origin Story of the Swahili People.” Smithsonian. 3/31/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/ancient-dna-confirms-the-origin-story-of-the-swahili-people-180981909/ Parker, Christopher. “129-Year-Old Vessel Still Tethered to Lifeboat Found on Floor of Lake Huron.” Smithsonian. 3/3/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/ironton-shipwreck-lake-huron-180981741/ “Looted ancient sarcophagus returned to Egypt from US.” 1/2/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-01-looted-ancient-sarcophagus-egypt.html Public Library of Science. “Mummified crocodiles provide insights into mummy-making over time.” Phys.org. 1/18/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-01-mummified-crocodiles-insights-mummy-making.html Schmall, Emily. “Stripping Confederate Ties, the U.S. Navy Renames Two Vessels.” New York Times. 3/11/2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/11/us/navy-ship-confederate-robert-smalls.html Shaw, Garry. “'Where the swords met bone': Archaeological evidence found of Ancient Egyptian rebellion mentioned on the Rosetta Stone.” The Art Newspaper. 1/27/2023. https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/01/27/where-the-swords-met-bone-archaeological-evidence-found-of-ancient-egyptian-rebellion-mentioned-on-the-rosetta-stone Sherburne, Morgan. “Yak milk consumption among Mongol Empire elites.” Michigan News. 3/31/2023. https://news.umich.edu/yak-milk-consumption-among-mongol-empire-elites/ Siegel-Itzkovich, Judy. “Luxury fabrics from 1,300 years ago apparently from China, India and Sudan found in Arava.” The Jerusalem Post via MSN. 1/18/2023. https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/luxury-fabrics-from-1300-years-ago-apparently-from-china-india-and-sudan-found-in-arava/ar-AA16uFqX Sivaraman, R. “New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art to return 15 sculptures to India.” The Hindu. 3/31/2023. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/us-museum-to-return-15-antique-sculptures-linked-to-subash-kapoor/article66683728.ece “National Museum of Asian Art Announces Historic Partnership With Republic of Yemen Government as U.S. Government Repatriates 77 Cultural Objects to Yemen.” 2/21/2023. https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/national-museum-asian-art-announces-historic-partnership-republic-yemen-government The History Blog. “Medieval chess set DNA tested.” 3/26/2023. http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/66860 The History Blog. “Replica” sword is authentic Bronze Age artifact.” 1/21/2023. http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/66223 The History Blog. “Scotland's oldest tartan found in Highlands bog.” 3/31/2023. http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/66890 “The King's Mirror - Speculum regale-Konungs skuggsjá.” https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61264/61264-h/61264-h.htm Topping, Alexandra. “‘He did not want this': one man's two-decade quest to let the ‘Irish Giant' rest in peace.” The Guardian. 1/14/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2023/jan/14/he-did-not-want-this-one-mans-two-decade-quest-to-let-the-irish-giant-rest-in-peace University at Albany. “New poem by famed early American poet Phillis Wheatley discovered.” Phys.org. 1/24/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-01-poem-famed-early-american-poet.html University of South Florida. “A researcher's life's work uncovers first ancient DNA from Swahili civilization.” PhysOrg. 3/29/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-03-life-uncovers-ancient-dna-swahili.html University of York. "Neolithic ceramics reveal dairy processing from milk of multiple species." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 14 March 2023. sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/03/230314205400.htm Voigt, Kathrin. “Neanderthals hunted elephants: Earliest evidence found of humans killing elephants for food.” EurekAlert. 2/2/2023. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/978530 “1,300-year-old rice residue found at Tibetan ancient site.” 3/14/2023. https://english.news.cn/20230314/e547b3ff93c5458b8e9413ee389f3ac8/c.html Yirka, Bob. “Trove of spices from around the world found on sunken fifteenth-century Norse ship.” Phys.org. 2/10/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-02-trove-spices-world-sunken-fifteenth-century.html See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The first part of our spring 2023 edition of Unearthed! features updates, books and letters, fabric, mummies, and a whole bunch of stuff involving skulls or bones. Research:  Agence France-Presse. “New Easter Island moai statue discovered in volcano crater.” The Guardian. 1/3/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/02/new-easter-island-moai-statue-discovered-in-volcano-crater Alberge, Dalya. “‘Incredible' Roman bathers' gems lost 2,000 years ago found near Hadrian's Wall.” The Observer. 1/28/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/jan/28/roman-bathers-gems-carved-stones-archaeologists-hadrians-wall Amador, Marisela. “Swiss museum returns two artifacts to the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) confederacy.” The Canadian Press. Town and Country Today. 2/22/2023. https://www.townandcountrytoday.com/beyond-local/swiss-museum-returns-two-artifacts-to-the-haudenosaunee-iroquois-confederacy-6589516 Amundsen, Bard. “World's oldest rune stone found in Norway, archaeologists believe.” Science Norway. 1/17/2023. https://sciencenorway.no/archaeology-language-runes/worlds-oldest-rune-stone-found-in-norway-archaeologists-believe/2141404 1/12/2023. “Archaeology: 4,500-year-old ostrich eggs found in Israel.” https://www.ansa.it/ansamed/en/news/sections/culture/2023/01/12/archaeology-4500-year-old-ostrich-eggs-found-in-israel_899fa202-941d-4520-8be4-28397c1d89fc.html ArtNet News. “Art Industry News: The Met Will Repatriate 15 Sculptures Linked to Disgraced Dealer Subhash Kapoor + Other Stories.” 3/31/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/art-industry-news-march-31-2023-2278598 ArtNet News. “Researchers in Vietnam Discovered That Two Deer Antlers Languishing in Museum Storage Are Actually 2,000-Year-Old Musical Instruments.” 2/27/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/deer-antler-long-an-museum-storage-earliest-known-stringed-instruments-2261298 Bacon, B., Khatiri, A., Palmer, J., Freeth, T., Pettitt, P., & Kentridge, R. (2023). An Upper Palaeolithic Proto-writing System and Phenological Calendar. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 1-19. doi:10.1017/S0959774322000415 BBC News. “Londoner solves 20,000-year Ice Age drawings mystery.” 1/5/2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-64162799 BBC News. “Oldest tartan found to date back to 16th Century.” 3/26/2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-65081312 “Comb made from human skull found among A14 artefacts.” 2/28/2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-64797376 “Mary Queen of Scots: Secret letters written during imprisonment decoded.” 2/8/2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-64568222 Begg, Tristin James Alexander et al. “Genomic analyses of hair from Ludwig van Beethoven.” Current Biology. 3/22/2023. https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(23)00181-1 Berger, Michele W. “At a southern Iraq site, unearthing the archaeological passing of time.” Penn Today. 1/23/2023. https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/lagash-southern-iraq-site-unearthing-archaeological-passing-time Bernardi, Dan. “In “an international act of diplomacy,” Syracuse University alumnus Brennen Ferguson '19 helps repatriate ceremonial Native American items from a museum in Geneva, Switzerland..” Syracuse 3/10/2023. https://thecollege.syr.edu/news-all/news-2023/sacred-indigenous-objects-find-their-way-home/ Brooks, James. “Oldest reference to Norse god Odin found in Danish treasure.” Associated Press. 3/8/2023. https://apnews.com/article/gold-god-odin-norse-denmark-buried-ca2959e460f7af301a19083b6eec7df4 Burakoff, Maddie. “What made Beethoven sick? DNA from his hair offers clues.” Associated Press. 3/22/2023. https://apnews.com/article/beethoven-dna-hair-deaf-liver-d2d8c50fdd951eb5f5b9fdae00f795a3 Cascone, Sarah. “Ancient Stone Tools Once Thought to be Made by Humans Were Actually Crafted by Monkeys, Say Archaeologists.” ArtNet. 1/3/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/ancient-tools-monkeys-2237820 CBS Baltimore Staff. “Maryland archaeologists find West African spirit cache at Harriet Tubman's birthplace.” 2/14/2023. https://www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/harriet-tubman-west-african-spirit-cache-found-dorchester-county-maryland/ Correa-Lau J, Agüero C, Splitstoser J, Echenique E, Martens T, Santoro CM (2023) Inka Unku: Imperial or provincial? State-local relations. PLoS ONE 18(2): e0280511. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280511 Davies, Caroline. “‘Remarkable': Eastbourne shipwreck identified as 17th-century Dutch warship.” The Guardian. 1/27/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2023/jan/27/remarkable-eastbourne-shipwreck-identified-as-17th-century-dutch-warship De Cupere, Bea. “Newly discovered crocodile mummies of variable quality from an undisturbed tomb at Qubbat al-Hawā (Aswan, Egypt).” PLOS One. 1/18/2023. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0279137#sec024 Dedovic, Yaz. “Mysterious new behavior seen in whales may be recorded in ancient manuscripts.” EurekAlert. 2/28/2023. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/980816 Devlin, Hannah. “Discovery of 3m-year-old stone tools sparks prehistoric whodunnit.” The Guardian. 2/9/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/feb/09/discovery-ancient-stone-tools-prehistoric-mystery-whodunnit Dijkstra, Mischa. “‘Golden boy' mummy was protected by 49 precious amulets, CT scans reveal.” EurekAlert. 1/24/2023. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/977129 Duncan-Pitt, Lindsey. “It's not a Roman dildo, it's a drop spindle.” The Guardian. 2/26/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/feb/26/its-not-a-roman-dildo-its-a-drop-spindle El-Aref , Nevine. “Ancient Egypt's Ramses II temple reveals animal mummy menagerie.” AhramOnline. 3/25/2023. https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/492386.aspx Enking, Molly. “Archaeologists Find 2,000-Year-Old Gemstones in Drain Beneath a Roman Bathhouse.” Smithsonian. 2/2/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/lost-gems-over-2000-years-old-found-in-roman-baths-180981566/ Feldman, Ella. “French Museum Will Return ‘Talking Drum' to Ivory Coast.” Smithsonian. 2/6/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/french-museum-returns-talking-drum-to-ivory-coast-180981577/ Field Museum. “Authentic 3,000-Year-Old Bronze Age sword put on display at Field Museum.” 1/16/2023. https://www.fieldmuseum.org/about/press/authentic-3-000-year-old-bronze-age-sword-put-on-display-at-field-museum Gammelby, Peter. “New research uncovers the "water" mystery of the first large city in southern Africa.” EurekAlert. 1/24/2023. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/977674 Handwerk, Brian. “This Man Underwent Brain Surgery 3,500 Years Ago.” Smithsonian. 2/22/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/in-roughly-1500-bce-this-middle-eastern-man-underwent-brain-surgery-180981679/ Henton, Lesley. “Texas A&M-led research team identifies oldest bone spear point In the Americas.” Texas A&M University via EurekAlert. 2/2/2023. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/978632 Hirsch, Arthur. “How the $75,000 Whaling Museum thefts went down.” New Bedford Light. 2/21/2023. https://newbedfordlight.org/how-the-75000-whaling-museum-thefts-went-down/ Kuta, Sarah. “5,000-Year-Old Tavern With Food Still Inside Discovered in Iraq.” Smithsonian. 1/1/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/5000-year-old-tavern-discovered-in-iraq-180981564/ Kuta, Sarah. “Archaeologists Unearth 3,000-Year-Old Wishing Well in Germany.” Smithsonian. 1/18/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/archaeologists-discover-3000-year-old-wishing-well-in-germany-180981428/ Kuta, Sarah. “Iraq dig uncovers 5,000 year old pub restaurant.” Phys.org. 2/15/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-02-iraq-uncovers-year-pub-restaurant.html Kuta, Sarah. “Is This Wooden Artifact an Ancient Roman Phallus?” Smithsonian. 2/27/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/what-was-this-2000-year-old-phallus-used-for-180981693/ Kuta, Sarah. “Neanderthals Hunted and Butchered Massive Elephants 125,000 Years Ago.” Smithsonian. 2/3/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/neanderthals-hunted-and-butchered-massive-elephants-125000-years-ago-180981578/ Kuta, Sarah. “Neutron Imaging Reveals Tiny Bones Inside 800-Year-Old Pendant.” Smithsonian. 1/17/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/neutrons-help-scientists-see-inside-800-year-old-pendant-and-find-tiny-bones-180981444/ Larson, Shannon. “‘It gives me chills': Messages found in bottle on Cape Cod may have been left by World War II POWs.” Boston Globe. 2/1/2023. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/02/01/nation/it-gives-me-chills-messages-found-bottle-cape-cod-may-have-been-world-war-ii-pows/ Lawson-Tancred, Jo. “Dispelling Rumors, Greece Has Rejected the British Museum's Offer to Return the Parthenon Marbles as a Long-Term Loan.” ArtNet. 1/11/2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/greece-rejects-british-museum-loan-deal-parthenon-marbles-2241261 net. “Heart-shaped pendant discovered in England.” 2/2023. https://www.medievalists.net/2023/02/heart-shaped-pendant-discovered-in-england/ Metcalfe, Tom. “Bronze Age ice skates with bone blades discovered in China.” LiveScience. https://www.livescience.com/bronze-age-ice-skates-with-bone-blades-discovered-in-china Metcalfe, Tom. “Painful 'cross-shaped incision' in medieval woman's skull didn't kill her, but second surgery did.” LiveScience. 2/25/2023. https://www.livescience.com/painful-cross-shaped-incision-in-medieval-womans-skull-didnt-kill-her-but-second-surgery-did “Milk residue found at ancient site on Tibetan Plateau.” China Daily. 2/14/2023. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202302/14/WS63eade74a31057c47ebae956.html Morris, Steven. “‘3D medieval puzzle': Newport ship to be reassembled from 2,500 pieces of timber.” The Guardian. 1/19/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/jan/19/3d-medieval-puzzle-newport-ship-reassembled-2500-pieces-timber Niazi, Asaad and Tony Gamal-Gabriel. “Iraq dig uncovers 5,000 year old pub restaurant.” Phys.org. 2/15/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-02-iraq-uncovers-year-pub-restaurant.html Nowakowski, Teresa. “Neanderthals Dined on Crab 90,000 Years Ago.” Smithsonian. 2/8/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/neanderthals-dined-on-crab-90000-years-ago-180981604/ Oltermann, Philip. “‘Blind chance' or plot? Exhumation may help solve puzzle of 1933 Reichstag blaze.” The Guardian. 2/26/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/26/blind-chance-or-plot-exhumation-may-help-solve-puzzle-of-1933-reichstag-blaze Orie, Amarachi. “World's oldest dated runestone discovered in Norway -- with a mysterious inscription.” CNN. 1/18/2023. https://www.cnn.com/style/article/worlds-oldest-runestone-norway-intl-scli-scn/index.html Osborne, Margaret. “Ancient DNA Confirms the Origin Story of the Swahili People.” Smithsonian. 3/31/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/ancient-dna-confirms-the-origin-story-of-the-swahili-people-180981909/ Parker, Christopher. “129-Year-Old Vessel Still Tethered to Lifeboat Found on Floor of Lake Huron.” Smithsonian. 3/3/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/ironton-shipwreck-lake-huron-180981741/ “Looted ancient sarcophagus returned to Egypt from US.” 1/2/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-01-looted-ancient-sarcophagus-egypt.html Public Library of Science. “Mummified crocodiles provide insights into mummy-making over time.” Phys.org. 1/18/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-01-mummified-crocodiles-insights-mummy-making.html Schmall, Emily. “Stripping Confederate Ties, the U.S. Navy Renames Two Vessels.” New York Times. 3/11/2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/11/us/navy-ship-confederate-robert-smalls.html Shaw, Garry. “'Where the swords met bone': Archaeological evidence found of Ancient Egyptian rebellion mentioned on the Rosetta Stone.” The Art Newspaper. 1/27/2023. https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/01/27/where-the-swords-met-bone-archaeological-evidence-found-of-ancient-egyptian-rebellion-mentioned-on-the-rosetta-stone Sherburne, Morgan. “Yak milk consumption among Mongol Empire elites.” Michigan News. 3/31/2023. https://news.umich.edu/yak-milk-consumption-among-mongol-empire-elites/ Siegel-Itzkovich, Judy. “Luxury fabrics from 1,300 years ago apparently from China, India and Sudan found in Arava.” The Jerusalem Post via MSN. 1/18/2023. https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/luxury-fabrics-from-1300-years-ago-apparently-from-china-india-and-sudan-found-in-arava/ar-AA16uFqX Sivaraman, R. “New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art to return 15 sculptures to India.” The Hindu. 3/31/2023. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/us-museum-to-return-15-antique-sculptures-linked-to-subash-kapoor/article66683728.ece “National Museum of Asian Art Announces Historic Partnership With Republic of Yemen Government as U.S. Government Repatriates 77 Cultural Objects to Yemen.” 2/21/2023. https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/national-museum-asian-art-announces-historic-partnership-republic-yemen-government The History Blog. “Medieval chess set DNA tested.” 3/26/2023. http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/66860 The History Blog. “Replica” sword is authentic Bronze Age artifact.” 1/21/2023. http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/66223 The History Blog. “Scotland's oldest tartan found in Highlands bog.” 3/31/2023. http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/66890 “The King's Mirror - Speculum regale-Konungs skuggsjá.” https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61264/61264-h/61264-h.htm Topping, Alexandra. “‘He did not want this': one man's two-decade quest to let the ‘Irish Giant' rest in peace.” The Guardian. 1/14/2023. https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2023/jan/14/he-did-not-want-this-one-mans-two-decade-quest-to-let-the-irish-giant-rest-in-peace University at Albany. “New poem by famed early American poet Phillis Wheatley discovered.” Phys.org. 1/24/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-01-poem-famed-early-american-poet.html University of South Florida. “A researcher's life's work uncovers first ancient DNA from Swahili civilization.” PhysOrg. 3/29/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-03-life-uncovers-ancient-dna-swahili.html University of York. "Neolithic ceramics reveal dairy processing from milk of multiple species." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 14 March 2023. sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/03/230314205400.htm Voigt, Kathrin. “Neanderthals hunted elephants: Earliest evidence found of humans killing elephants for food.” EurekAlert. 2/2/2023. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/978530 “1,300-year-old rice residue found at Tibetan ancient site.” 3/14/2023. https://english.news.cn/20230314/e547b3ff93c5458b8e9413ee389f3ac8/c.html Yirka, Bob. “Trove of spices from around the world found on sunken fifteenth-century Norse ship.” Phys.org. 2/10/2023. https://phys.org/news/2023-02-trove-spices-world-sunken-fifteenth-century.html See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2018 episode covers the many ways people have dealt with heat and humidity in history. As mechanical cooling became more ubiquitous, some of the cultural practices for keeping cool were made obsolete.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Holly and Tracy talk about their relationships with Shirley Temples and Negronis. Tracy then shares her attempt to chase down the location of Mary Dyer's execution.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Mary Dyer endured religious persecution and personal tragedy. Then, she was banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony for her religious activities.  Research: Bremer, Francis J. "Dissenting Puritans: Anne Hutchinson and Mary Dyer." Historical Journal of Massachusetts, vol. 46, no. 1, winter 2018, pp. 22+. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A530009148/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=fe325ce2. Accessed 4 Apr. 2023. Burns, Jesse. “The Antinomian Disputations.” Lutheran Reformation.org. 10/23/2017. https://lutheranreformation.org/history/the-antinomian-disputations/ Burrough, Edward and Royster, Paul , editor, "A Declaration of the Sad and Great Persecution and Martyrdom of the People of God, called Quakers, in New-England, for the Worshipping of God (1661)" (1661). Electronic Texts in American Studies. 23. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas/23 Canavan, Michael J. “Where Were The Quakers Hanged in Boston? A Paper Read Before the Bostonian Society, May 17, 1910.” Boston. Reprinted from the Proceedings. 1911. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044086361060 "Dyer, Mary." Colonial America Reference Library, edited by Peggy Saari and Julie L. Carnagie, vol. 3: Biographies: Volume 1, UXL, 2000, pp. 88-93. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3425300060/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=d1836273. Accessed 4 Apr. 2023. Gill, Catie. "Dyer [née Barrett], Mary (d. 1660), Quaker martyr in America." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Date of access 7 Apr. 2023, https://proxy.bostonathenaeum.org:2261/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-69098 Myles, Anne G. “From Monster to Martyr: Re-Presenting Mary Dyer.” Early American Literature , 2001, Vol. 36, No. 1 (2001). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25057215 Pestana, Carla Gardina. “The Quaker Executions as Myth and History.” The Journal of American History , Sep., 1993, Vol. 80, No. 2 (Sep., 1993), pp.441-469. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2079866 Sconyers, Jake. Twitter conversation 4/8/2023. https://twitter.com/HUBhistory/status/1644847372285931532 Winsser, Johan. “Mary Dyer and the ‘Monster' Story.” Quaker History , Spring 1990, Vol. 79, No. 1 (Spring 1990). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41947156 Winsser, Johan. “Quieting Mary Dyer: Edward Burrough and Dyer's Letter to the Massachusetts General Court, 26 October 1659.” Quaker History , Spring 2016, Vol. 105, No. 1 (Spring 2016). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24896279 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This edition of eponymous consumables features a drink named after a child star, a cocktail with a much-debated origin, and a brand of soda that may or may not have been named for a doctor. Research: “Dr. Pepper Drug Store to Close.” The Daily News Leader. April 7, 1994. https://www.newspapers.com/image/288796641/?clipping_id=57950269&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjI4ODc5NjY0MSwiaWF0IjoxNjc5OTY3NDc0LCJleHAiOjE2ODAwNTM4NzR9.EEq4KJ9NnYjObwXi-4eD3uuO8u4EcTnL7rphr6CvtKo Davis, Bob. “Bob Davis Recalls.” Spokane Chronicle. June 25, 1928. https://www.newspapers.com/image/562197576/?terms=negroni&match=1 Picchi, Luca. “Negroni Cocktail. An Italian Legend.” Giunti. 2015. Kindle edition. Regan, Gary. “The Negroni.” Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed. 2015. Boylan, Jennifer Finney. “The Negroni Is 100 Years Old — and the Perfect Cocktail for 2019.” New York Times. June 12, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/12/opinion/negroni-2019.html Bishop, Katherine. “THE LAW; Shirley Temple: Celebrity or Generic Term?” New York Times. October 28, 1988. https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/28/us/the-law-shirley-temple-celebrity-or-generic-term.html Sutcliffe, Theodora. “Fosco Scarselli.” Difford's Guuide. https://www.diffordsguide.com/encyclopedia/2873/people/fosco-scarselli Bates, Kames. “Shirley Teed.” Los Angeles Times. Sept. 27, 1988. https://www.newspapers.com/image/405034465/?terms=shirley%20temple&match=1 Associated Press. “Shirley Temple Black Angry Over ‘Shirley T' Soft Drink.” Sept. 16, 1988. https://apnews.com/article/319cc7747919df46564f875e041e4447 “Shirley Temple Wins Round.” Los Angeles Times. Oct. 31, 1988. https://www.newspapers.com/image/404972201/?terms=%22soda%20pop%20kids%22&match=1 Rothman, Lily, “Inside the Shirley Temple: How Did the Mocktail Get Its Name?” Time. Feb. 11, 2014. https://time.com/6659/shirley-temple-drink/ “Shirley Temple.” Biography. April 20, 2021. https://www.biography.com/actors/shirley-temple Wondrich, David. “Imbibe!” Penguin, 2007. Dart, Bob. “Dr. Pepper's Drugstore Keeps His Secrets.” Detroit Free Press. April 17, 1994. https://www.newspapers.com/image/97516191/?fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjk3NTE2MTkxLCJpYXQiOjE2Nzk5Njc0NjIsImV4cCI6MTY4MDA1Mzg2Mn0.3vHBeoCmdb1ZIYZPIJK636tYWfr2k0xNjtRK6KdirFc Reed, David. “Virginia Town Says It's a Pepper, Too.” The Times Leader. March 15, 1992. https://www.newspapers.com/image/416033562/?fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjQxNjAzMzU2MiwiaWF0IjoxNjc5OTY3NDU5LCJleHAiOjE2ODAwNTM4NTl9.eKRjapmbt8ACx88O9EG2JhxQYEa-5jR2d28Oxhr6Kbs&clipping_id=57978378 “Negroni Cocktail.” Difford's Guide. https://www.diffordsguide.com/g/1078/negroni-cocktail/negroni-story Bellis, Mary. "The Early History of Dr Pepper." ThoughtCo, Aug. 29, 2020, thoughtco.com/history-of-dr-pepper-4070939. Bellis, Mary. "The Early History of Dr Pepper." ThoughtCo, Aug. 29, 2020, thoughtco.com/history-of-dr-pepper-4070939. Pepper Museum. “History.” https://drpeppermuseum.com/history/ Hawthorne, Rusty. "New Evidence Negroni was Invented in Africa – Sorry Italy." Drinking Cup. https://web.archive.org/web/20190722110015/http://www.drinkingcup.net/negroni-invented-africa-sorry-italy/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This 2017 episode covers a window from the late 1800s to the early 1900s, people in the United States were watching train wrecks for fun. These staged spectacles would draw thousands and thousands of paying onlookers, but why exactly were they so popular?See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tracy talks about how long she's wanted to cover Scott Joplin, and the way his cause of death is often omitted from accounts. Holly then mentions the long reaching tendrils of the papacy in 14th century politics. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

William of Ockham is best known today for the model of problem solving known as Ockham's (or Occam's) Razor. But the event that defined his life was an argument with Pope John XXII. Research: Lieberich, Heinz. "Louis IV". Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 Oct. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-IV-Holy-Roman-emperor Kilcullen, John. “Ockham's Political Writings.” “The Cambridge Companion to Ockham. Cambridge University Press. 1999. Republished online: http://publications.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/pubs/dialogus/polth.html Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Peter Lombard". Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Aug. 2020, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peter-Lombard Gál, Gedeon, O.F.M. "William of Ockham Died "impenitent" in April 1347." Franciscan Studies, vol. 42, 1982, p. 90-95. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/frc.1982.0011 Lambert, M. D. “THE FRANCISCAN CRISIS UNDER JOHN XXII.” Franciscan Studies, vol. 32, 1972, pp. 123–43. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44000287 Donovan, Stephen M. “Bonagratia of Bergamo.” Catholic Encyclopedia. https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/bonagratia-of-bergamo Nold, Patrick. “Pope John XXII's Annotations on the Franciscan Rule: Content and Contexts.” Franciscan Studies, vol. 65, 2007, pp. 295–324. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41975430 Knysh, George. “BIOGRAPHICAL RECTIFICATIONS CONCERNING OCKHAM'S AVIGNON PERIOD.” Franciscan Studies, vol. 46, 1986, pp. 61–91. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41975065 Spade, Paul Vincent. “William of Ockham.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. March 5, 2019. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ockham/ Vignaux, Paul D.. "William of Ockham". Encyclopedia Britannica, 24 Aug. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-of-Ockham See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.