Podcasts about Nature Geoscience

Le sable est la seconde ressource naturelle la plus exploitée au monde, après l'eau. Essentiel à la fabrication du béton, du verre, de l'asphalte ou des composants électroniques, il est au cœur des projets d'urbanisation massive — et peu de pays en ont autant besoin que la Chine. Avec 1,4 milliard d'habitants et une urbanisation toujours galopante, la Chine consomme à elle seule une part gigantesque du sable mondial. Or, cette ressource devient de plus en plus rare, poussant le pays à développer son propre sable artificiel. Scientifiquement, cette démarche repose sur des constats environnementaux, économiques et technologiques.Le sable naturel, une ressource sous pressionContrairement à une idée reçue, le sable du désert n'est pas adapté à la construction, car ses grains, arrondis par l'érosion éolienne, n'adhèrent pas bien entre eux. Le sable utilisable provient donc des lits de rivières, des carrières ou des fonds marins. Mais son extraction massive provoque des dégâts écologiques majeurs : érosion des côtes, destruction d'écosystèmes aquatiques, pollution, ou encore perturbation des cycles sédimentaires. En 2019, le Programme des Nations Unies pour l'Environnement (PNUE) a sonné l'alarme sur le risque de pénurie mondiale de sable de construction.En Chine, le problème s'est accentué avec des politiques d'urbanisation intense. Résultat : entre 2010 et 2020, l'approvisionnement en sable naturel a chuté de près de 50 %, contraignant le pays à se tourner vers une alternative.Une réponse technologique : le sable manufacturéLa solution chinoise est le sable artificiel, aussi appelé sable manufacturé. Ce sable est obtenu par concassage et tamisage de roches (comme le granite, le basalte ou le calcaire), ou de résidus miniers. Les grains ainsi produits sont calibrés pour offrir les mêmes propriétés mécaniques que le sable naturel. Ce procédé, bien que plus coûteux en énergie, est maîtrisé technologiquement et peut être adapté aux besoins précis de l'industrie du bâtiment.D'après une étude publiée en juillet 2024 dans Nature Geoscience, plus de 80 % du sable utilisé en Chine aujourd'hui est d'origine artificielle. Ce basculement a été rendu possible par des politiques publiques strictes et un encadrement gouvernemental visant à limiter l'extraction destructrice de sable naturel.Une démarche aussi environnementaleLa fabrication de sable artificiel ne vise pas uniquement à répondre à la demande, mais aussi à réduire les dommages environnementaux. Elle permet d'épargner les zones naturelles, de ralentir l'érosion côtière et de valoriser des déchets miniers qui, autrement, seraient stockés.En somme, la Chine fabrique son propre sable par nécessité, mais aussi par anticipation : pour soutenir son développement urbain tout en préservant ses écosystèmes fragiles. Hébergé par Acast. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.

Listen in as Real Science Radio host Fred Williams and co-host Doug McBurney review and update some of Bob Enyart's legendary list of not so old things! From Darwin's Finches to opals forming in months to man's genetic diversity in 200 generations, to carbon 14 everywhere it's not supposed to be (including in diamonds and dinosaur bones!), scientific observations simply defy the claim that the earth is billions of years old. Real science demands the dismissal of the alleged million and billion year ages asserted by the ungodly and the foolish.     * Finches Adapt in 17 Years, Not 2.3 Million: Charles Darwin's finches are claimed to have taken 2,300,000 years to diversify from an initial species blown onto the Galapagos Islands. Yet individuals from a single finch species on a U.S. Bird Reservation in the Pacific were introduced to a group of small islands 300 miles away and in at most 17 years, like Darwin's finches, they had diversified their beaks, related muscles, and behavior to fill various ecological niches. Hear about this also at rsr.org/spetner.  * Finches Speciate in Two Generations vs Two Million Years for Darwin's Birds?  Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands are said to have diversified into 14 species over a period of two million years. But in 2017 the journal Science reported a newcomer to the Island which within two generations spawned a reproductively isolated new species. In another instance as documented by Lee Spetner, a hundred birds of the same finch species introduced to an island cluster a 1,000 kilometers from Galapagos diversified into species with the typical variations in beak sizes, etc. "If this diversification occurred in less than seventeen years," Dr. Spetner asks, "why did Darwin's Galapagos finches [as claimed by evolutionists] have to take two million years?" * Opals Can Form in "A Few Months" And Don't Need 100,000 Years: A leading authority on opals, Allan W. Eckert, observed that, "scientific papers and textbooks have told that the process of opal formation requires tens of thousands of years, perhaps hundreds of thousands... Not true." A 2011 peer-reviewed paper in a geology journal from Australia, where almost all the world's opal is found, reported on the: "new timetable for opal formation involving weeks to a few months and not the hundreds of thousands of years envisaged by the conventional weathering model." (And apparently, per a 2019 report from Entomology Today, opals can even form around insects!) More knowledgeable scientists resist the uncritical, group-think insistence on false super-slow formation rates (as also for manganese nodules, gold veins, stone, petroleum, canyons and gullies, and even guts, all below). Regarding opals, Darwinian bias led geologists to long ignore possible quick action, as from microbes, as a possible explanation for these mineraloids. For both in nature and in the lab, opals form rapidly, not even in 10,000 years, but in weeks. See this also from creationists by a geologist, a paleobiochemist, and a nuclear chemist. * Blue Eyes Originated Not So Long Ago: Not a million years ago, nor a hundred thousand years ago, but based on a peer-reviewed paper in Human Genetics, a press release at Science Daily reports that, "research shows that people with blue eyes have a single, common ancestor. A team at the University of Copenhagen have tracked down a genetic mutation which took place 6-10,000 years ago and is the cause of the eye color of all blue-eyed humans alive on the planet today." * Adding the Entire Universe to our List of Not So Old Things? Based on March 2019 findings from Hubble, Nobel laureate Adam Riess of the Space Telescope Science Institute and his co-authors in the Astrophysical Journal estimate that the universe is about a billion years younger than previously thought! Then in September 2019 in the journal Science, the age dropped precipitously to as low as 11.4 billion years! Of course, these measurements also further squeeze the canonical story of the big bang chronology with its many already existing problems including the insufficient time to "evolve" distant mature galaxies, galaxy clusters, superclusters, enormous black holes, filaments, bubbles, walls, and other superstructures. So, even though the latest estimates are still absurdly too old (Google: big bang predictions, and click on the #1 ranked article, or just go on over there to rsr.org/bb), regardless, we thought we'd plop the whole universe down on our List of Not So Old Things!   * After the Soft Tissue Discoveries, NOW Dino DNA: When a North Carolina State University paleontologist took the Tyrannosaurus Rex photos to the right of original biological material, that led to the 2016 discovery of dinosaur DNA, So far researchers have also recovered dinosaur blood vessels, collagen, osteocytes, hemoglobin, red blood cells, and various proteins. As of May 2018, twenty-six scientific journals, including Nature, Science, PNAS, PLoS One, Bone, and Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, have confirmed the discovery of biomaterial fossils from many dinosaurs! Organisms including T. Rex, hadrosaur, titanosaur, triceratops, Lufengosaur, mosasaur, and Archaeopteryx, and many others dated, allegedly, even hundreds of millions of years old, have yielded their endogenous, still-soft biological material. See the web's most complete listing of 100+ journal papers (screenshot, left) announcing these discoveries at bflist.rsr.org and see it in layman's terms at rsr.org/soft. * Rapid Stalactites, Stalagmites, Etc.: A construction worker in 1954 left a lemonade bottle in one of Australia's famous Jenolan Caves. By 2011 it had been naturally transformed into a stalagmite (below, right). Increasing scientific knowledge is arguing for rapid cave formation (see below, Nat'l Park Service shrinks Carlsbad Caverns formation estimates from 260M years, to 10M, to 2M, to it "depends"). Likewise, examples are growing of rapid formations with typical chemical make-up (see bottle, left) of classic stalactites and stalagmites including: - in Nat'l Geo the Carlsbad Caverns stalagmite that rapidly covered a bat - the tunnel stalagmites at Tennessee's Raccoon Mountain - hundreds of stalactites beneath the Lincoln Memorial - those near Gladfelter Hall at Philadelphia's Temple University (send photos to Bob@rsr.org) - hundreds of stalactites at Australia's zinc mine at Mt. Isa.   - and those beneath Melbourne's Shrine of Remembrance. * Most Human Mutations Arose in 200 Generations: From Adam until Real Science Radio, in only 200 generations! The journal Nature reports The Recent Origin of Most Human Protein-coding Variants. As summarized by geneticist co-author Joshua Akey, "Most of the mutations that we found arose in the last 200 generations or so" (the same number previously published by biblical creationists). Another 2012 paper, in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (Eugenie Scott's own field) on High mitochondrial mutation rates, shows that one mitochondrial DNA mutation occurs every other generation, which, as creationists point out, indicates that mtEve would have lived about 200 generations ago. That's not so old! * National Geographic's Not-So-Old Hard-Rock Canyon at Mount St. Helens: As our List of Not So Old Things (this web page) reveals, by a kneejerk reaction evolutionary scientists assign ages of tens or hundreds of thousands of years (or at least just long enough to contradict Moses' chronology in Genesis.) However, with closer study, routinely, more and more old ages get revised downward to fit the world's growing scientific knowledge. So the trend is not that more information lengthens ages, but rather, as data replaces guesswork, ages tend to shrink until they are consistent with the young-earth biblical timeframe. Consistent with this observation, the May 2000 issue of National Geographic quotes the U.S. Forest Service's scientist at Mount St. Helens, Peter Frenzen, describing the canyon on the north side of the volcano. "You'd expect a hard-rock canyon to be thousands, even hundreds of thousands of years old. But this was cut in less than a decade." And as for the volcano itself, while again, the kneejerk reaction of old-earthers would be to claim that most geologic features are hundreds of thousands or millions of years old, the atheistic National Geographic magazine acknowledges from the evidence that Mount St. Helens, the volcanic mount, is only about 4,000 years old! See below and more at rsr.org/mount-st-helens. * Mount St. Helens Dome Ten Years Old not 1.7 Million: Geochron Laboratories of Cambridge, Mass., using potassium-argon and other radiometric techniques claims the rock sample they dated, from the volcano's dome, solidified somewhere between 340,000 and 2.8 million years ago. However photographic evidence and historical reports document the dome's formation during the 1980s, just ten years prior to the samples being collected. With the age of this rock known, radiometric dating therefore gets the age 99.99999% wrong. * Devils Hole Pupfish Isolated Not for 13,000 Years But for 100: Secular scientists default to knee-jerk, older-than-Bible-age dates. However, a tiny Mojave desert fish is having none of it. Rather than having been genetically isolated from other fish for 13,000 years (which would make this small school of fish older than the Earth itself), according to a paper in the journal Nature, actual measurements of mutation rates indicate that the genetic diversity of these Pupfish could have been generated in about 100 years, give or take a few. * Polystrates like Spines and Rare Schools of Fossilized Jellyfish: Previously, seven sedimentary layers in Wisconsin had been described as taking a million years to form. And because jellyfish have no skeleton, as Charles Darwin pointed out, it is rare to find them among fossils. But now, reported in the journal Geology, a school of jellyfish fossils have been found throughout those same seven layers. So, polystrate fossils that condense the time of strata deposition from eons to hours or months, include: - Jellyfish in central Wisconsin were not deposited and fossilized over a million years but during a single event quick enough to trap a whole school. (This fossil school, therefore, taken as a unit forms a polystrate fossil.) Examples are everywhere that falsify the claims of strata deposition over millions of years. - Countless trilobites buried in astounding three dimensionality around the world are meticulously recovered from limestone, much of which is claimed to have been deposited very slowly. Contrariwise, because these specimens were buried rapidly in quickly laid down sediments, they show no evidence of greater erosion on their upper parts as compared to their lower parts. - The delicacy of radiating spine polystrates, like tadpole and jellyfish fossils, especially clearly demonstrate the rapidity of such strata deposition. - A second school of jellyfish, even though they rarely fossilized, exists in another locale with jellyfish fossils in multiple layers, in Australia's Brockman Iron Formation, constraining there too the rate of strata deposition. By the way, jellyfish are an example of evolution's big squeeze. Like galaxies evolving too quickly, 

Listen in as Real Science Radio host Fred Williams and co-host Doug McBurney review and update some of Bob Enyart's legendary list of not so old things! From Darwin's Finches to opals forming in months to man's genetic diversity in 200 generations, to carbon 14 everywhere it's not supposed to be (including in diamonds and dinosaur bones!), scientific observations simply defy the claim that the earth is billions of years old. Real science demands the dismissal of the alleged million and billion year ages asserted by the ungodly and the foolish.   * Finches Adapt in 17 Years, Not 2.3 Million: Charles Darwin's finches are claimed to have taken 2,300,000 years to diversify from an initial species blown onto the Galapagos Islands. Yet individuals from a single finch species on a U.S. Bird Reservation in the Pacific were introduced to a group of small islands 300 miles away and in at most 17 years, like Darwin's finches, they had diversified their beaks, related muscles, and behavior to fill various ecological niches. Hear about this also at rsr.org/spetner.  * Finches Speciate in Two Generations vs Two Million Years for Darwin's Birds?  Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands are said to have diversified into 14 species over a period of two million years. But in 2017 the journal Science reported a newcomer to the Island which within two generations spawned a reproductively isolated new species. In another instance as documented by Lee Spetner, a hundred birds of the same finch species introduced to an island cluster a 1,000 kilometers from Galapagos diversified into species with the typical variations in beak sizes, etc. "If this diversification occurred in less than seventeen years," Dr. Spetner asks, "why did Darwin's Galapagos finches [as claimed by evolutionists] have to take two million years?" * Opals Can Form in "A Few Months" And Don't Need 100,000 Years: A leading authority on opals, Allan W. Eckert, observed that, "scientific papers and textbooks have told that the process of opal formation requires tens of thousands of years, perhaps hundreds of thousands... Not true." A 2011 peer-reviewed paper in a geology journal from Australia, where almost all the world's opal is found, reported on the: "new timetable for opal formation involving weeks to a few months and not the hundreds of thousands of years envisaged by the conventional weathering model." (And apparently, per a 2019 report from Entomology Today, opals can even form around insects!) More knowledgeable scientists resist the uncritical, group-think insistence on false super-slow formation rates (as also for manganese nodules, gold veins, stone, petroleum, canyons and gullies, and even guts, all below). Regarding opals, Darwinian bias led geologists to long ignore possible quick action, as from microbes, as a possible explanation for these mineraloids. For both in nature and in the lab, opals form rapidly, not even in 10,000 years, but in weeks. See this also from creationists by a geologist, a paleobiochemist, and a nuclear chemist. * Blue Eyes Originated Not So Long Ago: Not a million years ago, nor a hundred thousand years ago, but based on a peer-reviewed paper in Human Genetics, a press release at Science Daily reports that, "research shows that people with blue eyes have a single, common ancestor. A team at the University of Copenhagen have tracked down a genetic mutation which took place 6-10,000 years ago and is the cause of the eye color of all blue-eyed humans alive on the planet today." * Adding the Entire Universe to our List of Not So Old Things? Based on March 2019 findings from Hubble, Nobel laureate Adam Riess of the Space Telescope Science Institute and his co-authors in the Astrophysical Journal estimate that the universe is about a billion years younger than previously thought! Then in September 2019 in the journal Science, the age dropped precipitously to as low as 11.4 billion years! Of course, these measurements also further squeeze the canonical story of the big bang chronology with its many already existing problems including the insufficient time to "evolve" distant mature galaxies, galaxy clusters, superclusters, enormous black holes, filaments, bubbles, walls, and other superstructures. So, even though the latest estimates are still absurdly too old (Google: big bang predictions, and click on the #1 ranked article, or just go on over there to rsr.org/bb), regardless, we thought we'd plop the whole universe down on our List of Not So Old Things!   * After the Soft Tissue Discoveries, NOW Dino DNA: When a North Carolina State University paleontologist took the Tyrannosaurus Rex photos to the right of original biological material, that led to the 2016 discovery of dinosaur DNA, So far researchers have also recovered dinosaur blood vessels, collagen, osteocytes, hemoglobin, red blood cells, and various proteins. As of May 2018, twenty-six scientific journals, including Nature, Science, PNAS, PLoS One, Bone, and Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, have confirmed the discovery of biomaterial fossils from many dinosaurs! Organisms including T. Rex, hadrosaur, titanosaur, triceratops, Lufengosaur, mosasaur, and Archaeopteryx, and many others dated, allegedly, even hundreds of millions of years old, have yielded their endogenous, still-soft biological material. See the web's most complete listing of 100+ journal papers (screenshot, left) announcing these discoveries at bflist.rsr.org and see it in layman's terms at rsr.org/soft. * Rapid Stalactites, Stalagmites, Etc.: A construction worker in 1954 left a lemonade bottle in one of Australia's famous Jenolan Caves. By 2011 it had been naturally transformed into a stalagmite (below, right). Increasing scientific knowledge is arguing for rapid cave formation (see below, Nat'l Park Service shrinks Carlsbad Caverns formation estimates from 260M years, to 10M, to 2M, to it "depends"). Likewise, examples are growing of rapid formations with typical chemical make-up (see bottle, left) of classic stalactites and stalagmites including: - in Nat'l Geo the Carlsbad Caverns stalagmite that rapidly covered a bat - the tunnel stalagmites at Tennessee's Raccoon Mountain - hundreds of stalactites beneath the Lincoln Memorial - those near Gladfelter Hall at Philadelphia's Temple University (send photos to Bob@rsr.org) - hundreds of stalactites at Australia's zinc mine at Mt. Isa.   - and those beneath Melbourne's Shrine of Remembrance. * Most Human Mutations Arose in 200 Generations: From Adam until Real Science Radio, in only 200 generations! The journal Nature reports The Recent Origin of Most Human Protein-coding Variants. As summarized by geneticist co-author Joshua Akey, "Most of the mutations that we found arose in the last 200 generations or so" (the same number previously published by biblical creationists). Another 2012 paper, in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (Eugenie Scott's own field) on High mitochondrial mutation rates, shows that one mitochondrial DNA mutation occurs every other generation, which, as creationists point out, indicates that mtEve would have lived about 200 generations ago. That's not so old! * National Geographic's Not-So-Old Hard-Rock Canyon at Mount St. Helens: As our List of Not So Old Things (this web page) reveals, by a kneejerk reaction evolutionary scientists assign ages of tens or hundreds of thousands of years (or at least just long enough to contradict Moses' chronology in Genesis.) However, with closer study, routinely, more and more old ages get revised downward to fit the world's growing scientific knowledge. So the trend is not that more information lengthens ages, but rather, as data replaces guesswork, ages tend to shrink until they are consistent with the young-earth biblical timeframe. Consistent with this observation, the May 2000 issue of National Geographic quotes the U.S. Forest Service's scientist at Mount St. Helens, Peter Frenzen, describing the canyon on the north side of the volcano. "You'd expect a hard-rock canyon to be thousands, even hundreds of thousands of years old. But this was cut in less than a decade." And as for the volcano itself, while again, the kneejerk reaction of old-earthers would be to claim that most geologic features are hundreds of thousands or millions of years old, the atheistic National Geographic magazine acknowledges from the evidence that Mount St. Helens, the volcanic mount, is only about 4,000 years old! See below and more at rsr.org/mount-st-helens. * Mount St. Helens Dome Ten Years Old not 1.7 Million: Geochron Laboratories of Cambridge, Mass., using potassium-argon and other radiometric techniques claims the rock sample they dated, from the volcano's dome, solidified somewhere between 340,000 and 2.8 million years ago. However photographic evidence and historical reports document the dome's formation during the 1980s, just ten years prior to the samples being collected. With the age of this rock known, radiometric dating therefore gets the age 99.99999% wrong. * Devils Hole Pupfish Isolated Not for 13,000 Years But for 100: Secular scientists default to knee-jerk, older-than-Bible-age dates. However, a tiny Mojave desert fish is having none of it. Rather than having been genetically isolated from other fish for 13,000 years (which would make this small school of fish older than the Earth itself), according to a paper in the journal Nature, actual measurements of mutation rates indicate that the genetic diversity of these Pupfish could have been generated in about 100 years, give or take a few. * Polystrates like Spines and Rare Schools of Fossilized Jellyfish: Previously, seven sedimentary layers in Wisconsin had been described as taking a million years to form. And because jellyfish have no skeleton, as Charles Darwin pointed out, it is rare to find them among fossils. But now, reported in the journal Geology, a school of jellyfish fossils have been found throughout those same seven layers. So, polystrate fossils that condense the time of strata deposition from eons to hours or months, include: - Jellyfish in central Wisconsin were not deposited and fossilized over a million years but during a single event quick enough to trap a whole school. (This fossil school, therefore, taken as a unit forms a polystrate fossil.) Examples are everywhere that falsify the claims of strata deposition over millions of years. - Countless trilobites buried in astounding three dimensionality around the world are meticulously recovered from limestone, much of which is claimed to have been deposited very slowly. Contrariwise, because these specimens were buried rapidly in quickly laid down sediments, they show no evidence of greater erosion on their upper parts as compared to their lower parts. - The delicacy of radiating spine polystrates, like tadpole and jellyfish fossils, especially clearly demonstrate the rapidity of such strata deposition. - A second school of jellyfish, even though they rarely fossilized, exists in another locale with jellyfish fossils in multiple layers, in Australia's Brockman Iron Formation, constraining there too the rate of strata deposition. By the way, jellyfish are an example of evolution's big squeeze. Like galaxies e

A tree has evolved to attract lightning strikes — to eliminate the competitionScientists working in Panama noticed that a particular tropical tree species was frequently struck by lightning, but was infrequently killed by the strikes. Forest ecologist Evan Gora found that Dipteryx oleifera trees were often the last ones standing after a lightning strike, which can kill over 100 trees with a single bolt. His team discovered the giant trees were more electrically conductive than other species, which allows them to not only survive strikes, but also channel lightning into parasitic vines and competing trees around them. The research was published in the journal New Phytologist.Anti-anxiety drugs we pee out could be affecting wild salmonOur bodies only process some of the pharmaceuticals we take, which means when we pee, we're releasing traces of drugs into the ecosystem. A study of the impact of trace amounts of anti-anxiety drugs on juvenile salmon suggests they might become too brave for their own survival.  Jack Brand is a researcher at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and led the research published in the journal Science.Fossil discovery gives new insight into the mysterious DenisovansA jawbone pulled up by fishers off the coast of Taiwan in 2008 has proven to be a unique discovery. Analysis of preserved protein in the fossil has proved it is from a male Denisovan — a mysterious species of ancient human known from only fragmentary bones and ancient DNA. This gives new insight into how widespread this mysterious branch of humanity was. The research was led by a team including Takumi Tsutaya and Enrico Cappellini at the University of Copenhagen, and published in the journal Science.Earth's inner core is a lot more dynamic and smushy than we previously thoughtScientists used to think the inner core of our planet was a solid sphere of metal, but a new study in Nature Geoscience suggests its softer outer layers shift and deform over time. The researchers used pairs of earthquakes from the same location as X-rays to peer inside Earth to gauge what the inner core is doing; much like a stop-motion film. John Vidale, from the University of Southern California, said this insight can shed light on how a planet like ours evolves. Human noise has an impact on wildlife — here are two unique examplesTraffic, aircraft, industry, construction. Our world is saturated with artificial noise. We know noise impacts us and other animals, but new research is shedding light on how past experiences factor into the ways wildlife adapt to our noise pollution. Researchers in one study in Animal Behaviour found that yellow warblers in the Galapagos Islands that live closer to traffic become aggressive when defending their territory in noisy conditions compared to birds in quieter areas. Çağlar Akçay, from Anglia Ruskin University, said the birds exposed to more traffic have learned their warning calls aren't as effective when things get too noisy; and they resort to physical violence. Another study in Current Biology shows how spiders that are exposed to loud noises construct their webs differently in ways that could affect their ability to sense vibrations from prey or a potential mate. Brandi Pessman, from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, found that spiders tune their webs in noisy environments like a volume dial: city spiders turn their web volume down whereas country spiders turn it up.

durée : 00:05:31 - Avec sciences - par : Alexandre Morales - Une étude française publiée dans "Nature Geoscience" révèle les résultats de l'analyse d'une météorite dite “Black Beauty”. Elle nous fait reconsidérer l'histoire géologique de la planète rouge, mais aussi de la Terre.

2023 was a warm year. But let's put it into context. To do that, a 2024 study looked at temperature and tree core data to assemble summer temperatures all the way back to 1 CE. As for the result- the title speaks for itself... Sources for this episode: Bianchi, G. G., & McCave, I. N. (1999). Holocene periodicity in North Atlantic climate and deep-ocean flow south of Iceland. Nature, 397(6719): 515–517. Büntgen, U., Myglan, V. S., Ljungqvist, F. C., McCormick, M., Di Cosmo, N., Sigl, M., Jungclaus, J., Wagner, S., Krusic, P. J., Esper, J., Kaplan, J. O., de Vaan, M. A. C., Luterbacher, J., Wacker, L., Tegel, W., & Kirdyanov, A. V. (2016). Cooling and societal change during the Late Antique Little Ice Age from 536 to around 660 AD. Nature Geoscience, 9(3): 231–236. Dull, R. A., Southon, J. R., Kutterolf, S., Anchukaitis, K. J., Freundt, A., Wahl, D. B., Sheets, P., Amaroli, P., Hernandez, W., Wiemann, M. C., & Oppenheimer, C. (2019). Radiocarbon and geologic evidence reveal Ilopango volcano as source of the colossal ‘mystery' eruption of 539/40 CE. Quaternary Science Reviews, 222: 105855. Dytham, C. (2011). Choosing and Using Statistics: A Biologist's Guide (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. Esper, J., Torbenson, M. and Büntgen, U. (2024), 2023 summer warmth unparalleled over the past 2,000 years. Nature 631: 94-97. Goosse, H., Crespin, E., Dubinkina, S., Loutre, M.-F., Mann, M. E., Renssen, H., Sallaz-Damaz, Y., & Shindell, D. (2012). The role of forcing and internal dynamics in explaining the “Medieval Climate Anomaly.” Climate Dynamics, 39(12): 2847–2866. Graham, N. E., Ammann, C. M., Fleitmann, D., Cobb, K. M., & Luterbacher, J. (2011). Support for global climate reorganization during the “Medieval Climate Anomaly.” Climate Dynamics, 37(5–6): 1217–1245. Lamb, H. H. (1965). The early medieval warm epoch and its sequel. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1(1): 13–37. Lowe, J., & Walker, M. (2015). Reconstructing Quaternary Environments (3rd ed.). Routledge. Mann, M. E., Zhang, Z., Rutherford, S., Bradley, R. S., Hughes, M. K., Shindell, D., Ammann, C., Faluvegi, G., & Ni, F. (2009). Global Signatures and Dynamical Origins of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Climate Anomaly. Science, 326(5957): 1256–1260. Matthews, J. A., & Briffa, K. R. (2005). The ‘little ice age': re‐evaluation of an evolving concept. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography, 87(1): 17–36. Shi, F., Sun, C., Guion, A., Yin, Q., Zhao, S., Liu, T., & Guo, Z. (2022). Roman Warm Period and Late Antique Little Ice Age in an Earth System Model Large Ensemble. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 127(16): e2021JD035832.

Die Themen in den Nachrichten: +++ Mehr Ratten in den Städten auch wegen Klimawandel +++ Meeresschaum stark mit Ewigkeitschemikalien belastet +++ Fruchtfliegen schmecken und fühlen verfaultes Obst +++**********Weiterführende Quellen zu dieser Folge:Increasing rat numbers in cities are linked to climate warming, urbanization, and human population/ Science Advances, 31.01.2025PFAS im Meeresschaum Untersuchung von per- und polyfluorierten Alkylsubstanzen (PFAS) im Meeresschaum an Nord- und Ostsee-Stränden in Deutschland/ Greenpeace, 03.02.2025Stillbirth rate trends across 25 European countries between 2010 and 2021: the contribution of maternal age and multiplicity/ European Journal of Public Health, 21.01.2025Increased crevassing across accelerating Greenland Ice Sheet margins/ Nature Geoscience, 03.02.2025Food hardness preference reveals multisensory contributions of fly larval gustatory organs in behaviour and physiology/ PLOS Biology, 30.01.2025Alle Quellen findet ihr hier.**********Ihr könnt uns auch auf diesen Kanälen folgen: TikTok auf&ab , TikTok wie_geht und Instagram .

SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 13Mysteries of Water on Mars and the Origins of Earth's MoonIn this episode of SpaceTime, we explore groundbreaking discoveries about the history of water on Mars. New research reveals thousands of mounds on the Martian northern plains, rich in clay minerals, indicating that this area was once submerged under a vast ocean. These findings, reported in Nature Geoscience, suggest that the mounds preserve a complete geological history of water on Mars, making them prime targets for future exploration missions searching for signs of past life.Could the Moon be a Piece of Earth?We also delve into a fascinating study proposing that the Moon could have formed from material ejected from the Earth's mantle rather than from the impact of a Mars-sized body, as previously thought. This new hypothesis, based on isotopic similarities between Earth and Moon samples, offers fresh insights into the origins of our lunar companion and the potential pathways for water to have reached Earth.Establishing a Permanent Presence on the MoonAdditionally, we discuss the challenges and innovations required to establish a permanent human presence on the Moon as part of NASA's Artemis program. From 3D printing to robotics and artificial intelligence, experts outline the critical technologies needed to build infrastructure on the lunar surface and the hurdles that must be overcome to make this ambitious goal a reality.00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 13 for broadcast on 29 January 202500:49 New evidence of ancient water on Mars06:15 Could the Moon be a chunk of Earth?12:30 Challenges of establishing a permanent lunar base18:00 ADHD diagnosis linked to shorter lifespans22:45 Catastrophic coral bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef27:00 Blue rings in trees linked to volcanic eruptions30:15 Samsung's new AI smartphoneswww.spacetimewithstuartgary.comwww.bitesz.com

Scientists at London's Natural History Museum have discovered mysterious giant mounds on Mars that are believed to be billions of years old.Examining high-resolution images and compositional data snapped by Martian orbiters and surface rovers, the team analysed over 15,000 of the geological features - many as big as Australia's Uluru.We speak with Dr Joe McNeil, who led the study for his Open University PhD with results published in the journal Nature Geoscience.In part two, the best skincare products 2025 and the ingredients to look out for to soothe your city-weathered epidermis, with The London Standard's beauty and wellness editor, Madeleine Spencer. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 06Formation of Pluto-Charon Binary SystemA new study reveals that the formation of the Pluto-Charon dwarf planet binary system may mirror that of the Earth-Moon system. The research, published in Nature Geoscience, suggests that both systems feature a secondary body significantly large in comparison to the primary, unlike other moons in our solar system. The findings could explain Pluto's active geology and potential subsurface ocean, highlighting the significance of giant impacts in shaping planetary bodies.BepiColombo's Final Mercury FlybyThe BepiColombo spacecraft has completed its final close flyby of Mercury, passing just 295 kilometres above the planet's surface. This manoeuvre marks the last gravity assist required for the joint ESA and JAXA mission before it enters Mercury's orbit in late 2026. The mission aims to study Mercury's magnetic field, surface composition, and interaction with the solar wind, enhancing our understanding of planets close to their host stars.Astronomy Highlights for 20252025 promises exciting astronomical events, with the Sun's solar cycle nearing its peak. Highlights include a rare edge-on view of Saturn's rings, potential brightening of comet G3 Atlas, and two lunar eclipses. The year also features significant planetary alignments, meteor showers, and opportunities to observe the Southern Cross and the centre of the Milky Way. Dr. Nick Glom provides insights into these celestial events and more.00:00 This is space Time Series 28, Episode 6 for broadcast on 13 January 202500:27 A new study suggests the formation of the Pluto Charon dwarf planet binary system04:35 BepiColombo spacecraft makes its final flyby of Mercury09:27 This is space time. We take a look at the year ahead in astronomy10:47 Mid January will be a very interesting time to look at the night sky13:05 There are two big highlights in March with the eclipse of the moon and Saturn13:46 The other big event of course is the crossing of the rings of Saturn17:03 The Southern Cross is well positioned during the month of June18:38 Venus and Jupiter are the two brightest planets in the night sky19:16 Also in August, it's a great time to have a look at Sagittarius20:35 Total eclipse of the Moon occurs when Moon moves into Earth's shadow23:06 The Australasian Sky Guide has just released its 30th edition25:05 World Meteorological Organisation confirms that 2024 was the warmest year on record29:34 It's claimed that two allegedly Celtic heads could turn you into a werewolfwww.spacetimewithstuartgary.comwww.bitesz.com

Des planétologues de l'université de l'Arizona viennent de trouver une explication pour la formation du couple Pluton-Charon : Pluton aurait capturé Charon après que les deux planètes naines sont entrées en collision « douce », ce nouveau processus est appelé par les auteurs « kiss-and-capture », ils publient leur étude dans Nature Geoscience. Source Capture of an ancient Charon around PlutoAdeene Denton et al.Nature Geoscience (6 january 2025)https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-024-01612-0 Illustrations Simulation de la collision Pluton-Charon (Denton et al. Adeene Denton

Billions of years ago, in the frigid outer reaches of our solar system, two icy worlds collided. Rather than destroying each other in a cosmic catastrophe, they spun together like a celestial snowman, finally separating while remaining forever linked in orbit. This is how Pluto and its largest moon, Charon, originated, according to a new University of Arizona study that challenges decades of scientific assumptions. The formation of Pluto and its largest moon A study led by Adeene Denton, a NASA postdoctoral fellow who conducted the research at the U of A Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, has revealed this unexpected "kiss and capture" mechanism, which could help scientists better understand how planetary bodies form and evolve. By considering something planetary scientists had overlooked over decades - the structural strength of cold, icy worlds - researchers have discovered an entirely new type of cosmic collision. The findings were published in the journal Nature Geoscience. For decades, scientists have theorized that Pluto's unusually large moon Charon formed through a process similar to Earth's moon - a massive collision followed by the stretching and deformation of fluid-like bodies, Denton said. This model worked well for the Earth-moon system, where the intense heat and larger masses involved meant the colliding bodies behaved more like fluids. However, when applied to the smaller, colder Pluto-Charon system, this approach overlooked a crucial factor: the structural integrity of rock and ice. "Pluto and Charon are different - they're smaller, colder and made primarily of rock and ice. When we accounted for the actual strength of these materials, we discovered something completely unexpected," Denton said. Using advanced impact simulations on the U of A's high-performance computing cluster, the research team found that instead of stretching like silly putty during the collision, Pluto and the proto-Charon actually became temporarily stuck together, rotating as a single snowman-shaped object before separating into the binary system we observe today. A binary system occurs when two celestial bodies orbit around a common center of mass, much like two figure skaters spinning while holding hands. "Most planetary collision scenarios are classified as 'hit and run' or 'graze and merge.' What we've discovered is something entirely different - a 'kiss and capture' scenario where the bodies collide, stick together briefly and then separate while remaining gravitationally bound," said Denton. "The compelling thing about this study, is that the model parameters that work to capture Charon, end up putting it in the right orbit. You get two things right for the price of one," said senior study author Erik Asphaug, a professor in the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. The study also suggests that both Pluto and Charon remained largely intact during their collision, with much of their original composition preserved. This challenges previous models that suggested extensive deformation and mixing during the impact, Denton said. Additionally, the collision process, including tidal friction as the bodies separated, deposited considerable internal heat into both bodies, which may provide a mechanism for Pluto to develop a subsurface ocean without requiring formation in the more radioactive very early solar system - a timing constraint that has troubled planetary scientists. The research team is already planning follow-up studies to explore several key areas. The team wants to investigate how tidal forces influenced Pluto and Charon's early evolution when they were much closer together, analyze how this formation scenario aligns with Pluto's current geological features, and examine whether similar processes could explain the formation of other binary systems. "We're particularly interested in understanding how this initial configuration affects Pluto's geological evolution," Denton said. "The heat from the impact and subsequent tidal forces cou...

SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 153*The Mysterious Origins of Martian MineralsA new study suggests that some Martian minerals may have formed in liquid carbon dioxide rather than water. While traditional views link Mars' dry river channels to past water presence, this research indicates that under ancient Martian conditions, liquid CO2 could have been a significant factor in shaping the planet's geological features. This finding, published in Nature Geoscience, adds a new layer to the ongoing debate about Mars' liquid past and its implications for the planet's habitability.*Australia's Arnhem Space Centre ShutteredEquatorial Launch Australia has announced the closure of the Arnhem Space Centre due to unresolved lease issues with the Northern Land Council. Originally envisioned as a hub for commercial space launches, the project faced multiple delays over land agreements. Plans are now underway to relocate operations to Queensland, aiming to establish the Australian Space Centre, Geberic which promises significant economic benefits and indigenous employment opportunities.*Discovery of the Heaviest Antimatter ParticlePhysicists at CERN's Large Hadron Collider have identified what could be the heaviest antimatter particle ever detected. Using the ALICE experiment, researchers observed anti-hyperhelium 4, an exotic hypernucleus. This discovery provides new insights into the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe, as scientists continue to explore the mysteries of the Big Bang and the universe's evolution.00:00 Some Martian minerals may have been formed in liquid carbon dioxide rather than water06:01 Scientists find evidence for what appears to be the most massive antimatter particle ever detected13:15 Move of time projection chamber into ALICE detector starts very slowly15:22 The TPC is our main tracking detector for heavy ion collisions20:21 Living in an agricultural community with high pesticide use may increase cancer risk22:50 Former CNN reporter Tucker Carlson claims he was attacked by a demon while sleepingwww.spacetimewithstuartgary.comwww.bitesz.com

Back to talking about the impacts of climate change, and this time it's something pretty fundamental that's being impacted- the length of a day... Sources for this episode: Agnew, D. C. (2024), A global timekeeping problem postponed by global warming. Nature 628: 333-336. Mitchell, R. N. and Kirscher, U. (2023), Mid-Proterozoic day length stalled by tidal resonance. Nature Geoscience 16: 567-569. Scaife, A. A., Hermanson, L., van Niekerk, A., Andrews, M., Baldwin, M. P., Belcher, S., Bett, P., Comer, R. E., Dunstone, N. J., Geen, R., Hardiman, S. C., Ineson, S., Knight, J., Nie, Y., Ren, H.-L. and Smith, D. (2024), Long-range predictability of extratropical climate and the length of day. Nature Geoscience 15: 789-793. Author unknown, BBC (2011), Why the Moon is getting further away from Earth (online) (Accessed 30/04/2024).

SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 133*Earth's Mantle: Two Distinct Domains RevealedGroundbreaking research has unveiled that the Earth's mantle is composed of two distinct and separate types of materials, forming independent African and Pacific domains. This discovery, published in Nature Geoscience, challenges previous assumptions of a chemically uniform mantle. The study highlights how these domains have been shaped by the formation and breakup of supercontinents over the past 700 million years, revealing the Earth has two chemically distinct hemispheres.*China's Ambitious Lunar PlansChina is accelerating its space ambitions, aiming to send its first taikonauts to the moon by 2030. The China Manned Space Agency plans to use its new Long March 10 rocket to transport taikonauts and a lunar lander to the moon's surface. This mission marks a significant step in China's lunar exploration, with plans to establish a joint base with Russia on the lunar surface by the early 2030s.*NASA's SpaceX Crew 8 Returns to EarthAfter a seven-month mission aboard the International Space Station, NASA's SpaceX Crew 8 has safely returned to Earth. During their mission, the crew conducted over 200 scientific investigations, including studies on space-based manufacturing, gene editing in Space environments, and plant growth in high radiation settings. These experiments aim to advance our understanding of long-duration Space missions and their potential applications.The Science ReportAustralia's climate continues to change with more extreme heat events and extended fire seasons. The latest State of the Climate Report highlights ongoing shifts in weather patterns, rising sea levels, and increasing temperatures. Meanwhile, a new study suggests vitamin K2 could help reduce night-time leg cramps, and the Australian Defence Force receives new Black Hawk helicopters amidst regional tensions.www.spacetimewithstuartgary.comwww.bitesz.com

Mais de 80% da areia usada para construção na China é artificial. Estudo publicado na Nature Geoscience

Estudo publicado na Nature Geoscience revela que entre 1986 e 2021 a vegetação na Antártida aumentou 14 vezes, consequência da acção das alterações climáticas

A notícia de que a cobertura vegetal do continente antártico se acelerou a um ritmo surpreendente nas últimas décadas chama a atenção para os desequilíbrios em curso no polo sul, até então mais poupado das mudanças climáticas. O que acontece na Antártida, entretanto, tem consequências em todo o planeta – em especial para a regulação do clima e a preservação da biodiversidade marinha. Lúcia Müzell, da RFI em ParisImagens de satélite do continente gelado indicam que as superfícies rochosas da península antártica, ao norte, se tornaram 14 vezes mais verdes nos últimos 35 anos, graças à multiplicação de musgos e líquens, tipos de fungos vegetais. A ampliação das áreas verdes é um símbolo do aquecimento da temperatura na região, nos últimos 60 anos.Nas zonas mais expostas, a alta da temperatura pode atingir 0,34°C por década até o fim deste século. As conclusões dos cientistas da Universidade de Exeter foram publicadas na revista científica britânica Nature Geoscience.A proteção da "Amazônia branca", como apelidou o ativista ambiental brasileiro José Truda Palazzo, está há muito tempo no radar dos defensores de animais como baleias e focas, diretamente atingidos pela crise climática. A redução das emissões de gases de efeito estufa é fundamental para conter o aquecimento global e o derretimento do gelo no continente, mas ele lembra que a biodiversidade marinha em si é um elemento importante para o equilíbrio do clima na Terra."As baleias são a grande sentinela das mudanças que vêm ocorrendo nos oceanos em função do impacto humano. As pesquisas estão mostrando que elas são extremamente importantes no ciclo do carbono dos oceanos, não só por absorverem carbono nos corpos enormes delas, como por fazerem com que haja uma ciclagem de nutrientes capazes de ampliar a capacidade dos oceanos de absorver carbono”, salienta Palazzo, que acompanha há muitos anos as negociações internacionais sobre estes assuntos, como observador.Pesca do krill e criação de novas áreas protegidasNa próxima semana, a Convenção para os Recursos Vivos Marinhos Antárticos volta a se reunir e vai discutir duas pautas prioritárias para a preservação dos seus ecossistemas: a criação de novas áreas protegidas na península antártica e a maior regulação da pesca do krill, crustáceo que se encontra na base da cadeia alimentar na região e que é, ele próprio, uma fonte natural de absorção de CO2.A Rússia e a China têm barrado avanços nestes dois temas. "A frota pesqueira global da China também está se beneficiando do crescimento da pesca antártica, principalmente do krill, mas a China tem se mostrado mais aberta ao diálogo do que a Rússia. Nós esperamos que o Brasil possa envolver os nossos atores políticos, inclusive o presidente Lula, e construir um protagonismo climático voltado também para a conservação da Antártida, a partir das parcerias que mantêm com esses dois países”, indica o ambientalista.“A proteção da Antártida é a nova fronteira importante da proteção das nossas baleias e do ambiente marinho no Brasil, já que os mares austrais se conectam com o brasileiro e o alimentam", salienta Truda Palazzo.Diminuição das placas de geloPela sua posição geográfica e a rotação da Terra, a Antártida até então era mais protegida dos impactos da mudança do clima do que o polo norte, onde seus efeitos são sentidos a uma velocidade seis vezes superior ao restante do mundo. Entretanto, nos últimos anos e em especial desde 2023, as medições das placas de gelo apontam um fenômeno preocupante: dois anos consecutivos de redução surpreendente das suas extensões, que chegou a 3 milhões de quilômetros quadrados a menos de gelo, em pleno inverno austral.“Há fenômenos cruzados entre a atmosfera, o gelo e o oceano. Os três evoluem ao mesmo tempo e não sabemos ainda qual está causando o quê. Parece haver mudanças na estrutura vertical dos oceanos, ou seja, nos movimentos ascendentes e descendentes embaixo das camadas de gelo. Essa alteração poderia explicar um excesso de calor vindo do oceano em direção ao gelo, que está sendo bastante impactado desde 2016”, ressalta Martin Vancoppenolle, pesquisador do Laboratório de Oceanografia e do Clima junto ao respeitado Centro National de Pesquisas Científicas (CNRS), onde é especializado nas interações entre o gelo, o oceano e o clima.“Várias pistas estão sendo consideradas para explicar essa redução recente. A da nossa equipe é que as placas estão ficando mais finas, o que leva ao seu derretimento mais intenso e mais precoce", diz o cientista.Importância do geloO continente gelado modifica o balanço energético do planeta, ao refletir os raios solares e, assim, contribuir para limitar o aquecimento da Terra. Os ciclos de formação e derretimento das placas de gelo também são essenciais para a circulação oceânica, outro componente do clima terrestre.A comunidade científica ainda não dispõe de dados suficientes para atribuir a redução recente das placas de gelo às mudanças climáticas – a extensão delas sempre foi variável.“O derretimento do gelo não é irreversível, até que se prove o contrário. Se voltarmos a níveis de CO2 na atmosfera abaixo dos que temos hoje, em princípio não há razão de ele não se reconstruir rapidamente, porque ele tem no máximo alguns anos de idade, ou seja, é relativamente fácil para ele se recompor, à condição que faça suficientemente frio. Ele é muito diferente das calotas continentais, que precisam de dezenas de milhares de anos para se construir", explica Vancoppenolle.Uma das principais funções das placas de gelo é justamente proteger as calotas polares, formadas por água doce e cujo derretimento causam a elevação do nível do mar.

Mount Everest, standing 8.85 kilometers above sea level, is Earth's tallest mountain.珠穆朗玛峰海拔8.85公里，是地球上最高的山峰。And Mount Everest is still growing.珠穆朗玛峰仍在增长。Mount Everest and the rest of the Himalayas are continuing on an upward movement that began at their birth around 50 million years ago. The mountains are a product of a collision between Eurasia and the Indian subcontinent.珠穆朗玛峰和喜马拉雅山的其他山峰自大约 5000 万年前诞生以来，一直在继续向上运动。 这些山脉是欧亚大陆和印度次大陆碰撞的产物。But Everest is growing more than expected. And, scientists now think they know the reason why.但珠穆朗玛峰的增长速度超出了预期。 而且，科学家们现在认为他们知道其中的原因。Everest's growth has to do with the major joining, or merger, of two nearby river systems. The Kosi river joined with the Arun river around 89,000 years ago, the researchers estimated.珠穆朗玛峰的增长与附近两个河流系统的主要连接或合并有关。 研究人员估计，科西河在大约 89,000 年前与阿伦河汇合。This change in the area's river system has led to Everest gaining around 15-50 meters in height.该地区河流系统的变化导致珠穆朗玛峰高度增加了约 15-50 米。That suggests an upward movement rate of about 0.2-0.5 millimeters per year.这表明每年向上移动的速度约为 0.2-0.5 毫米。The geological process at work, researchers said, is called isostatic rebound.研究人员表示，起作用的地质过程称为等静压回弹。Isostatic rebound involves the rise of land masses on Earth's crust when the weight of the surface declines. The crust, Earth's outermost part, floats atop hot, semi-liquid rock.等静压回弹涉及当地表重量下降时地壳上陆地质量的上升。 地壳是地球的最外层部分，漂浮在炽热的半液态岩石之上。In this case, the joining of the rivers resulted in increased erosion which carried off large amounts of rock and soil. This reduced the weight of the area near Everest.在这种情况下，河流的交汇导致侵蚀加剧，带走了大量的岩石和土壤。 这减轻了珠穆朗玛峰附近地区的重量。"Isostatic rebound can be likened to a floating object adjusting its position when weight is removed," said Jin-Gen Dai of China University of Geosciences in Beijing.北京中国地质大学的戴金根表示：“等静压回弹可以比喻为当重量被移除时漂浮物体调整其位置。”Dai is one of the leaders of the study published recently in Nature Geoscience.戴是最近发表在《自然地球科学》上的这项研究的领导者之一。"When a heavy load, such as ice or eroded rock, is removed from the Earth's crust, the land beneath slowly rises in response, much like a boat rising in water when cargo is unloaded," Dai added.戴补充说：“当冰或被侵蚀的岩石等重物从地壳上移走时，下面的土地会相应地缓慢上升，就像卸载货物时船在水中上升一样。”The researchers, who used numerical models to study the development of the river system, estimated that isostatic rebound accounts for about 10 percent of Everest's yearly upward movement, or uplift rate.研究人员使用数值模型研究河流系统的发展，估计珠穆朗玛峰每年向上移动或抬升率的 10% 左右是由均衡回弹造成的。This geological process is seen in other places around the world.这种地质过程在世界其他地方也有发生。

It has been 365 days of Right Up Your Algae! 22 episodes later Clara and Emily are back and ready for a new year of sharing with you, stories and research about our natural world. The gals are taking it back to their roots and talking algae... kelp to be more specific. 1. Alexander-Michael A., et al. (2020). "The response of the northwest Atlantic Ocean to climate change." Journal of Climate 33.2: 405-428.2. Debernard, J., Sætra, Ø., & Røed, L. P. (2002). Future wind, wave and storm surge climate in the northern North Atlantic. Climate research, 23(1), 39-49.3. Fredriksen, S., Filbee-Dexter, K., Norderhaug, K.M. et al. (2020). Green gravel: a novel restoration tool to combat kelp forest decline. Sci Rep 10, 3983. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60553-x4. Hatcher, B. G., Chapman, A. O., & Mann, K. H. (1977). An annual carbon budget for the kelp Laminaria longicruris. Marine Biology, 44, 85-96.5. Johnson, C. R., & Mann, K. H. (1988). Diversity, patterns of adaptation, and stability of Nova Scotian kelp beds. Ecological Monographs, 58(2), 129-154.6. Donovan Moira. (2023). Why scientists are looking to landscaping gravel to help restore Nova Scotia's kelp, CBC.7. Khan, Amina H., et al. (2018). "The effect of global climate change on the future distribution of economically important macroalgae (seaweeds) in the northwest Atlantic." Facets 3.1: 275-286.8. Krause-Jensen, D., & Duarte, C. M. (2016). Substantial role of macroalgae in marine carbon sequestration. Nature Geoscience, 9(10), 737-742.9. Merzouk, A., & Johnson, L. E. (2011). Kelp distribution in the northwest Atlantic Ocean under a changing climate. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 400(1-2), 90-98.10. Wilson, K. L., Skinner, M. A., & Lotze, H. K. (2019). Projected 21st‐century distribution of canopy‐forming seaweeds in the Northwest Atlantic with climate change. Diversity and Distributions, 25(4), 582-602.11. Wright, L. S., Pessarrodona, A., & Foggo, A. (2022). Climate‐driven shifts in kelp forest composition reduce carbon sequestration potential. Global Change Biology, 28(18), 5514-5531.

Die Themen in den Wissensnachrichten +++ DNA-Test identifiziert mutmaßliche Schiege "Flumo" doch nur als Schaf +++ Warum der Mount Everest besonders schnell wächst +++ Corona hat Digitalisierung der Wirtschaft ausgebremst +++**********Weiterführende Quellen zu dieser Folge:Interspecific hybrids of animals - in nature, breeding and science – a review. Annals of Animal Science, 08.05.2021Recent uplift of Chomolungma enhanced by river drainage piracy. Nature Geoscience, 30.09.2024Digitale Transformation auf Sparflamme: Weniger 4.0-Investitionen in der Pandemie. ZEW policiy brief, Oktober 2024Faktencheck Artenvielfalt - Bestandsaufnahme und Perspektiven für den Erhalt der biologischen Vielfalt in Deutschland. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG für die gesellschaftliche Entscheidungsfindung. 01.10.2024A sub-Earth-mass planet orbiting Barnard's star. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 01.10.2024Alle Quellen findet ihr hier.**********Ihr könnt uns auch auf diesen Kanälen folgen: Tiktok und Instagram.

SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 115*How Black Holes Eat StarsAstronomers have developed a groundbreaking computer simulation detailing how supermassive black holes at the centres of galaxies can rip apart and consume entire stars. The study, published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, provides new insights into the mysterious optical and ultraviolet emissions observed during these catastrophic events. Lead author Daniel Price from Monash University explains that the simulation captures the full evolution of the debris from a star being tidally disrupted by a black hole.*New Revelations About Earth's MantleA new study reveals that the chemical composition of the Earth's mantle is uniform globally and only changes as it passes through different layers of crust closer to the planet's surface. Reported in the journal Nature Geoscience, the findings suggest that lavas from volcanic hotspots around the world likely originate from a worldwide uniform reservoir in the Earth's mantle.*Water More Widespread on the Moon Than Previously ThoughtNew maps from both the near and far sides of the Moon show that the lunar surface contains vast amounts of water, mostly locked in the lunar regolith. The findings, published in the Planetary Science Journal, suggest multiple sources of water and hydroxyl in sunlit rocks and soils, including water-rich rocks excavated by meteor impacts at all lunar latitudes.www.spacetimewithstuartgary.comwww.bitesz.comThis week's guests include: Professor Daniel Price from Monash University

Earthquakes create a spark in quartz that can form massive gold nuggetsScientists have figured out why up to 75 per cent of all the gold ever mined forms inside quartz in areas with a long history of earthquakes. Chris Voisey, a Canadian geologist at Monash University in Australia, said he was trying to solve how gold arose inside quartz. In his study in the journal Nature Geoscience, he found that earthquake stress on quartz crystals generates an electrical voltage that causes dissolved gold to precipitate into a solid that can grow into the largest nuggets ever found.Ice Age Teens went through puberty just like today's kidsA new analysis of the bones of teenagers from 25,000 years ago shows they experienced puberty in much the same way as teens today. An international team of researchers including Paleolithic archaeologist April Nowell analyzed the bones of 13 teens found across Europe, and by looking at particular markers in the bones, they were able to see which stage of puberty the teens were in when they died. The researchers could not only infer things like whether their voices were breaking, but by doing muscle analysis, they found that the teens were healthy and active, and likely involved in hunting and fishing. The research was published in the Journal of Human Evolution.Grey sharks are abandoning warming coral reefs in the Indian OceanThe grey shark in the Indian Ocean uses beautiful coral reefs as a home base, returning each day after a night of fishing. But lately the sharks have been staying away for longer periods of time, up to 16 months. Dr. Michael Willamson, a research scientist at the Zoological Society of London, found that climate change is stressing the reefs. The sharks seek out cooler but potentially more dangerous waters. Venturing away from the protected reef area leaves them more vulnerable to illegal shark fishing. The paper was published in the journal Communications BiologyA cosmic collision 9 billion years ago could be the origin of he supermassive black hole at the centre of our galaxy Using data from The Event Horizon Telescope, Dr. Yihan Wang worked with Dr. Bing Zhang at the Nevada Institute of Astrophysics to study the origins of the supermassive black hole at the centre of our galaxy. From the EHT image of the Sagittarius A* Dr. Wang and his team made an accretion model and saw that it spins very fast and that the spinning is misaligned. They believe it may have been made by merging with another supermassive black hole. about 9 billion years ago. Their paper was published in Nature Astronomy.Astronaut Roberta Bondar gives a bird's eye view of migration 32 years after she flew on the space shuttle, Roberta Bondar is still showing us what the Earth looks like from space — and from closer to the ground. Dr. Bondar trained as a wildlife photographer after her astronaut career. For a new project collected photos from space, from airplanes and helicopters, and from the ground, to bring a new perspective on the migration of two important bird species, the threatened lesser Flamingo and the endangered Whooping Crane. The book is called Space for Birds: Patterns and Parallels of Beauty and Flight.

Die Themen in den Wissensnachrichten +++ Große WHO-Übersichtsstudie gibt Entwarnung in Sachen Elektrosmog durch Handys +++ Wildbienen lieben Ritzen im Straßenpflaster +++ Wenn Rülpsen zum Problem wird +++**********Weiterführende Quellen zu dieser Folge:The effect of exposure to radiofrequency fields on cancer risk in the general and working population: A systematic review of human observational studies – Part I: Most researched outcomes. Environmental International, 30.08.2024Urban pavements as a novel habitat for wild bees and other ground-nesting insects. Urban Ecosystems, 27.08.2024Prevalence of Belching Disorders and Their Characteristics in the General Adult Population. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 16.07.2024Gold nugget formation from earthquake-induced piezoelectricity in quartz. Nature Geoscience, 02.09.2024Work-related resilience, engagement and wellbeing among music industry workers during the Covid-19 pandemic: A multiwave model of mindfulness and hope. Stress&Health, 30.08.2024Alle Quellen findet ihr hier.**********Ihr könnt uns auch auf diesen Kanälen folgen: Tiktok und Instagram.

WORT 89.9FM Madison · Undersea Mining Company Seeks To Discredit Research On Dark Oxygen In July, the science journal Nature Geoscience published a groundbreaking paper describing evidence that large amounts […] The post Undersea Mining Company Seeks to Discredit “Dark Oxygen” R... appeared first on WORT-FM 89.9.

Das sind die Themen in den Wissensnachrichten: +++ Koks im Körper von Haien nachgewiesen +++ Schwefel auf dem Mars gefunden +++ Mögliche Sauerstoffquelle in der Tiefsee entdeckt +++**********Weiterführende Quellen zu dieser Folge:“Cocaine Shark”: First report on cocaine and benzoylecgonine detection in sharks, Science of The Total Environment, 15.7.2024Nasa's Curiosity Rover Discovers a Surprise in a Martian Rock, Nasa, 18.7.2024The use of vocal coordination in male African elephant group departures: evidence of active leadership and consensus, PeerJ, 22.7.24Evidence of dark oxygen production at the abyssal seafloor, Nature Geoscience, 22.7.2024Chimpanzee gestural exchanges share temporal structure with human language, Current Biology, 22.7.2024Alle Quellen findet ihr hier.**********Ihr könnt uns auch auf diesen Kanälen folgen: Tiktok und Instagram.

Les scientifiques alertent sur un nouveau "point de bascule" imminent : l'Antarctique pourrait entrer dans une phase de "fonte incontrôlée" de ses calottes glaciaires. Cette mise en garde provient d'une étude publiée mardi 25 juin dans la revue Nature Geoscience. Les vastes calottes de l'Antarctique, reposant sur un socle rocheux et s'étendant au-delà des côtes pour flotter sur l'océan, sont de plus en plus vulnérables à l'infiltration de l'eau de mer réchauffée par le changement climatique.Des recherches antérieures avaient déjà montré que l'eau de mer, chauffée par les activités humaines, pouvait s'infiltrer à la jonction terre-mer, progressant sous la glace et provoquant une fonte accélérée. L'étude récente confirme cette hypothèse et la quantifie à travers des modèles. L'eau de mer réchauffée pénètre sous la glace, accélérant la fonte sur des distances allant de 100 mètres à plusieurs dizaines de kilomètres. "Cela pourrait déclencher un point de bascule, au-delà duquel l'infiltration de l'eau océanique sous la calotte glaciaire deviendrait illimitée, entraînant une fonte incontrôlée", explique Alexander Bradley, auteur principal de l'étude. Une telle situation pourrait provoquer une élévation significative du niveau de la mer, surpassant la formation de nouvelle glace, et menaçant les populations côtières mondiales.Les modèles actuels du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (GIEC) n'ont pas intégré ce phénomène crucial, sous-estimant systématiquement la perte de glace observée jusqu'à présent. L'étude insiste sur la nécessité de mettre à jour ces modèles. En mai, la température moyenne des océans a atteint un record de 20,93°C pour le 14e mois consécutif, selon le réseau européen Copernicus. "Chaque dixième de degré supplémentaire rapproche ces points de bascule, les rendant de plus en plus probables", prévient Bradley. Hébergé par Acast. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.

1. Concarneau: visite de la plus vieille station marine au monde encore en activité Sarah Dirren sʹest rendue dans le Finistère en Bretagne, en France, pour visiter la plus ancienne station de recherche marine encore en activité dans le monde. Outre ses activités de recherche depuis son ouverture en 1859, la station fait partie du Musée national d'histoire naturelle et sert d'espace pédagogique où le public peut explorer la faune marine de la région. Grâce à des installations comme le Marinarium, les visiteurs et visiteuses partent à la découverte de la diversité des espèces marines, des méduses aux homards bleus, en passant par les coraux et les cultures de plancton. Découverte de ce lieu magique avec Stéphanie Massé, responsable dʹexploitation à la Station marine de Concarneau. 2. Quand les volcans de Mars se couvrent dʹun petit givre matinal Une équipe internationale de chercheurs, dirigée par l'Université de Berne (UNIBE), a fait une découverte surprenante sur Mars: une fine couche de givre au sommet des volcans martiens, les plus hautes montagnes de notre système solaire. Cette glace, visible uniquement au lever du jour, a pu être observée grâce à des milliers de photos en couleurs à haute résolution capturées par la caméra CaSSIS (Color and Stereo Surface Imaging System) à bord de la sonde ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) de l'Agence spatiale européenne (ESA). Les images montrent clairement du givre dans les zones moins exposées au soleil, comme le bord nord de l'Olympus Mons, un volcan qui s'élève à 26 kilomètres au-dessus des plaines environnantes. Un phénomène difficile à expliquer pour les Terriens, puisque ces volcans se trouvent à des latitudes basses, près de l'équateur martien, où normalement la température devrait être plus élevée. Cécile Guérin éclaircit le sujet en compagnie dʹAntoine Pommerol, planétologue au Département de recherche spatiale et des sciences planétaires à lʹUNIBE, co-auteur de cette étude parue dans Nature Geoscience (10.06.24). 3. La preuve par le slip: deux mois plus tard, les résultats de lʹexpérience En avril 2024, lʹOffice fédéral de lʹenvironnement (OFEV) lançait une action de science participative à la population dénommée "La preuve par le slip". Les 20 et 21 avril, les personnes intéressées pouvaient découvrir lʹétat de santé et le degré de vitalité du sol de leur terrain via une technique toute particulière. Pour participer à lʹexpérience, il suffisait dʹenterrer des sous-vêtements dans son jardin et dʹattendre deux mois. Deux mois plus tard, nous y sommes, il est lʹheure dʹaller récolter petites culottes et autres caleçons colorés pour voir dans quel état de dégradation ils se trouvent. Pour rappel: moins il reste de sous-vêtement, plus le sol est sain! Explications avec Elena Havlicek, pédologue, docteure en science du sol à lʹOFEV. Un sujet de Sarah Dirren. À réécouter: "La preuve par le slip! Ou quel est lʹétat de santé de notre sol" (CQFD, 17.04.24). 4. Cher docteur, voilà qui je suis Un projet de lʹHôpital régional de Lugano propose aux patient.e.s de rédiger une lettre biographique adressée aux médecins et soignants qui vont les opérer. Cette initiative, visant à humaniser les soins, permet à l'équipe médicale de mieux connaître les personnes qu'elles vont traiter, au-delà du strict cadre médical. Explications de Pietro Majno-Hurst, chirurgien, chef du Service de chirurgie à lʹHôpital régional de Lugano et directeur du projet, au micro dʹArditë Shabani.

Die Themen in den Wissensnachrichten: +++ Tauender Permafrost ist kein Kippelement im Klimasystem +++ Mr. Spocks Planet existiert nicht +++ Mehrheit der Deutschen hat keine Warnapp +++**********Weiterführende Quellen zu dieser Folge:No respite from permafrost-thaw impacts in the absence of a global tipping point, Nature Climate Change, 3.6. 2024The Death of Vulcan: NEID Reveals That the Planet Candidate Orbiting HD 26965 Is Stellar Activity, The Astronomical Journal, 26.4. 2024Haben Sie auf Ihrem Mobiltelefon eine Warnapp, wie NINA oder KATWARN, aktiviert, die Menschen vor Gefahrensituationen, beispielsweise Hochwasser oder Extremwetter, warnt?, YouGov, 3.6. 2024Onset of the Earth's hydrological cycle four billion years ago or earlier, Nature Geoscience, 3.6. 2024Iridescent harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones: Sclerosomatidae) from the Eocene of Messel, Germany, Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 27.5. 2024Alle Quellen findet ihr hier.**********Ihr könnt uns auch auf diesen Kanälen folgen: Tiktok und Instagram.

Killer whales are likely ramming boats because they're bored and having funSeveral years ago a small population of killer whales living off the coast of Spain began attacking boats, particularly sailboats, damaging some severely and even sinking a handful. While social media speculation has suggested whale rage as a cause, an international team of killer whale experts recently published a report suggesting the behaviour is not aggression, but is instead an example of these giant social creatures just playing and having fun with a toy. We speak with two contributors to the report: John Ford, research scientist emeritus at the Pacific Biological Station with Fisheries & Oceans Canada, and Renaud de Stephanis, the president of Spanish conservation group CIRCE.4,000-year-old Egyptian skull shows signs of possible surgery for brain cancerResearchers studying the history of cancer in human history recently hit the jackpot. In a collection of human remains at the University of Cambridge they found two skulls from Egypt, both thousands of years old, that show signs of advanced cancer. One of those skulls bore cut marks around the lesions. Lead study author and University of Santiago de Compostela professor Edgard Camarós said that regardless of whether these cuts were made as attempts at treatment or a post-mortem investigation, they show off the sophisticated medical knowledge of ancient Egyptians — and can also help better understand the evolution of cancer.This study was published in Frontiers in Medicine.Gorillas' tiny penises and low sperm count can help us understand infertility in humansGorillas are the biggest of the great apes, but their reproductive anatomy is diminutive. The males have small penises and testes, and low sperm quality. A new genetic analysis, published in the scientific journal eLife, identified the mutations that are responsible for male gorillas' peculiar fertility. Vincent Lynch, an associate professor of biological sciences at the State University of New York at Buffalo, said these findings can help us better understand the genes responsible for lower sperm quality in humans.1Illuminating plumes of hot magma in the Earth's mantle with earthquake seismic dataTo understand the source of the magma fueling volcanic eruptions, scientists are using another significant geological event: earthquakes. The seismic waves that earthquakes send through our planet can shine a light on the chimneys of magma that connect the core of the Earth through the mantle to the surface. Karin Sigloch, a professor of geophysics at CNRS — France's National Centre for Scientific Research, is part of an international effort to deploy seismic sensors throughout the oceans to illuminate the mantle plumes. Their research from recent observations in the Indian Ocean around Réunion Island was in Nature Geoscience. It's intelligence all the way down: How cells, tissues and organs have their own smartsWe tend to think of collective intelligence as something we see among animals that work cooperatively to solve problems, like in an ant colony, a school of fish or flock of birds. But biologist Michael Levin, from Harvard and Tufts' universities, thinks collective intelligence also extends to functions within the cell, all the way up to networks of cells, tissues and even organs. He suggests evolution has granted simpler biological layers in living systems the ability to flexibly solve problems. In a recent paper in Communications Biology, he argues we can harness these lower level problem-solving capabilities to make significant advances in regenerative medicine, and treating aging and disease.  

(Conversation recorded on April 23rd, 2024)   Show Summary:  On this episode, Nate is joined by climate physicist Levke Caesar for a comprehensive overview of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and its connections to broader planetary systems. Amid a complex and heavily interconnected climate system, the AMOC is a powerful force for regulating temperature between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres along the Atlantic Ocean - yet it's estimated to have slowed down by about 15% over the last few decades. What are the possible domino effects of this slowing oceanic powerhouse at a regional and global scale? How well do we understand what drives the AMOC, its cyclical patterns, and connections with other currents? More importantly, how does the AMOC interact with other biospheric mechanisms that have shaped our stable, life-supporting planetary home? About Levke Caesar: Levke Caesar is a climate physicist at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, mainly known for her studies on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and its pivotal role in the climate system. Her research primarily focuses on the past, present, and future evolution of the AMOC and its intricate interactions within the North Atlantic region. Caesar's seminal work on the historical evolution of the AMOC has been featured in prestigious journals such as Nature and Nature Geoscience, garnering hundreds of citations. Since October 2023, she has assumed the role of scientific lead for the newly launched Planetary Boundary Science Initiative (PBScience) at PIK. Show Notes Watch this video episode on Youtube 00:00 - Intro 1:59 - Levke's Background 4:29 - What is the AMOC? 10:45 - AMOC Risks 15:25 - Ocean Salinity 20:47 - Three Potential Scenarios 31:11 - Canfield Ocean 36:46 - Effects in Europe and Globally 45:31 - Public Awareness 49:02 - Measuring AMOC 52:40 - The Gulf Stream 56:24 - AMOC Feedbacks 1:00:18 - Scientific Consensus 1:04:53 - Levke's Work 1:10:02 - Interventions and Suggestions 1:16:52 - How to Live a Normal Life 1:21:38 - Personal Advice 1:26:35 - What Would You Do with a Magic Wand? 1:27:36 - Closing Thoughts

Une équipe de planétologues vient de démontrer que les lignes de faille d'Encelade qui sont visibles à son pôle sud sont responsables de ses panaches d'eau salée. Ils ont publié leur étude dans Nature Geoscience. Source Jet activity on Enceladus linked to tidally driven strike-slip motion along tiger stripesAlexander Berne et al.Nature Geoscience (29 april 2024)https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-024-01418-0

Die Themen in den Wissensnachrichten: +++ Bienen können sich vor Hitze schützen +++ Flecken auf dem Mond enthalten viel Titan +++ Benachteiligung von Frauen bei Gesundheitsversorgung teuer für die Weltwirtschaft +++**********Weiterführende Quellen zu dieser Folge:Flying, nectar-loaded honey bees conserve water and improve heat tolerance by reducing wingbeat frequency and metabolic heat production, PNAS, January 16, 2024Titanium-rich basaltic melts on the Moon modulated by reactive flow processes. Nature Geoscience, 15 January 2024Closing the Women's Health Gap: A $1 Trillion Opportunity to Improve Lives and Economies, WEF, Januar 2024Associations of Menstrual Cycle and Progesterone-to-Estradiol Ratio With Alcohol Consumption in Alcohol Use Disorder: A Sex-Separated Multicenter Longitudinal Study. AJP, 10 Jan 2024Neuroimaging and behavioral evidence that violent video games exert no negative effect on human empathy for pain and emotional reactivity to violence. eLife, Nov 17, 2023Alle Quellen findet ihr hier.**********Ihr könnt uns auch auf diesen Kanälen folgen: Tiktok und Instagram.

Die Themen in den Wissensnachrichten: +++ CO2-Ausstoß hat weltweit 2023 einen Rekordwert erreicht +++ Früher haben wohl auch Mücken-Männchen gestochen +++ Jeder zurückgeschickte Artikel kostet Händler im Schnitt fünf bis zehn Euro +++**********Weiterführende Quellen zu dieser Folge:Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth System Science Data, 5.12.2023Aktuelle Recyclingbilanz: Erfolge, Verfehlungen und Herausforderungen, Umweltbundesamt, 4.12.2023The earliest fossil mosquito, Current Biology, 4.12.2023Retouren vermeiden, EHI Retail Institute, 5.12.2023Local cooling and drying induced by Himalayan glaciers under global warming, Nature Geoscience, 4.12.2023Compounds derived from Humulus lupulus inhibit SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease and virus replication, ScienceDirect, 15.11.2023**********Ihr könnt uns auch auf diesen Kanälen folgen: Tiktok und Instagram.

-- Finches Diversify in Decades, Opals Form in Months,  Man's Genetic Diversity in 200 Generations, C-14 Everywhere: Real Science Radio hosts Bob Enyart and Fred Williams present their classic program that led to the audience-favorites rsr.org/list-shows! See below and hear on today's radio program our list of Not So Old and Not So Slow Things! From opals forming in months to man's genetic diversity in 200 generations, and with carbon 14 everywhere it's not supposed to be (including in diamonds and dinosaur bones!), scientific observations fill the guys' most traditional list challenging those who claim that the earth is billions of years old. Many of these scientific finds demand a re-evaluation of supposed million and billion-year ages. * Finches Adapt in 17 Years, Not 2.3 Million: Charles Darwin's finches are claimed to have taken 2,300,000 years to diversify from an initial species blown onto the Galapagos Islands. Yet individuals from a single finch species on a U.S. Bird Reservation in the Pacific were introduced to a group of small islands 300 miles away and in at most 17 years, like Darwin's finches, they had diversified their beaks, related muscles, and behavior to fill various ecological niches. Hear about this also at rsr.org/spetner. * Opals Can Form in "A Few Months" And Don't Need 100,000 Years: A leading authority on opals, Allan W. Eckert, observed that, "scientific papers and textbooks have told that the process of opal formation requires tens of thousands of years, perhaps hundreds of thousands... Not true." A 2011 peer-reviewed paper in a geology journal from Australia, where almost all the world's opal is found, reported on the: "new timetable for opal formation involving weeks to a few months and not the hundreds of thousands of years envisaged by the conventional weathering model." (And apparently, per a 2019 report from Entomology Today, opals can even form around insects!) More knowledgeable scientists resist the uncritical, group-think insistence on false super-slow formation rates (as also for manganese nodules, gold veins, stone, petroleum, canyons and gullies, and even guts, all below). Regarding opals, Darwinian bias led geologists to long ignore possible quick action, as from microbes, as a possible explanation for these mineraloids. For both in nature and in the lab, opals form rapidly, not even in 10,000 years, but in weeks. See this also from creationists by a geologist, a paleobiochemist, and a nuclear chemist. * Finches Speciate in Two Generations vs Two Million Years for Darwin's Birds?  Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands are said to have diversified into 14 species over a period of two million years. But in 2017 the journal Science reported a newcomer to the Island which within two generations spawned a reproductively isolated new species. In another instance as documented by Lee Spetner, a hundred birds of the same finch species introduced to an island cluster a 1,000 kilometers from Galapagos diversified into species with the typical variations in beak sizes, etc. "If this diversification occurred in less than seventeen years," Dr. Spetner asks, "why did Darwin's Galapagos finches [as claimed by evolutionists] have to take two million years?" * Blue Eyes Originated Not So Long Ago: Not a million years ago, nor a hundred thousand years ago, but based on a peer-reviewed paper in Human Genetics, a press release at Science Daily reports that, "research shows that people with blue eyes have a single, common ancestor. A team at the University of Copenhagen have tracked down a genetic mutation which took place 6-10,000 years ago and is the cause of the eye colour of all blue-eyed humans alive on the planet today." * Adding the Entire Universe to our List of Not So Old Things? Based on March 2019 findings from Hubble, Nobel laureate Adam Riess of the Space Telescope Science Institute and his co-authors in the Astrophysical Journal estimate that the universe is about a billion years younger than previously thought! Then in September 2019 in the journal Science, the age dropped precipitiously to as low as 11.4 billion years! Of course, these measurements also further squeeze the canonical story of the big bang chronology with its many already existing problems including the insufficient time to "evolve" distant mature galaxies, galaxy clusters, superclusters, enormous black holes, filaments, bubbles, walls, and other superstructures. So, even though the latest estimates are still absurdly too old (Google: big bang predictions, and click on the #1 ranked article, or just go on over there to rsr.org/bb), regardless, we thought we'd plop the whole universe down on our List of Not So Old Things!   * After the Soft Tissue Discoveries, NOW Dino DNA: When a North Carolina State University paleontologist took the Tyrannosaurus Rex photos to the right of original biological material, that led to the 2016 discovery of dinosaur DNA, So far researchers have also recovered dinosaur blood vessels, collagen, osteocytes, hemoglobin, red blood cells, and various proteins. As of May 2018, twenty-six scientific journals, including Nature, Science, PNAS, PLoS One, Bone, and Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, have confirmed the discovery of biomaterial fossils from many dinosaurs! Organisms including T. Rex, hadrosaur, titanosaur, triceratops, Lufengosaur, mosasaur, and Archaeopteryx, and many others dated, allegedly, even hundreds of millions of years old, have yielded their endogenous, still-soft biological material. See the web's most complete listing of 100+ journal papers (screenshot, left) announcing these discoveries at bflist.rsr.org and see it in layman's terms at rsr.org/soft. * Rapid Stalactites, Stalagmites, Etc.: A construction worker in 1954 left a lemonade bottle in one of Australia's famous Jenolan Caves. By 2011 it had been naturally transformed into a stalagmite (below, right). Increasing scientific knowledge is arguing for rapid cave formation (see below, Nat'l Park Service shrinks Carlsbad Caverns formation estimates from 260M years, to 10M, to 2M, to it "depends"). Likewise, examples are growing of rapid formations with typical chemical make-up (see bottle, left) of classic stalactites and stalagmites including:- in Nat'l Geo the Carlsbad Caverns stalagmite that rapidly covered a bat - the tunnel stalagmites at Tennessee's Raccoon Mountain - hundreds of stalactites beneath the Lincoln Memorial - those near Gladfelter Hall at Philadelphia's Temple University (send photos to Bob@rsr.org) - hundreds of stalactites at Australia's zinc mine at Mt. Isa.   - and those beneath Melbourne's Shrine of Remembrance. * Most Human Mutations Arose in 200 Generations: From Adam until Real Science Radio, in only 200 generations! The journal Nature reports The Recent Origin of Most Human Protein-coding Variants. As summarized by geneticist co-author Joshua Akey, "Most of the mutations that we found arose in the last 200 generations or so" (the same number previously published by biblical creationists). Another 2012 paper, in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (Eugenie Scott's own field) on High mitochondrial mutation rates, shows that one mitochondrial DNA mutation occurs every other generation, which, as creationists point out, indicates that mtEve would have lived about 200 generations ago. That's not so old! * National Geographic's Not-So-Old Hard-Rock Canyon at Mount St. Helens: As our List of Not So Old Things (this web page) reveals, by a kneejerk reaction evolutionary scientists assign ages of tens or hundreds of thousands of years (or at least just long enough to contradict Moses' chronology in Genesis.) However, with closer study, routinely, more and more old ages get revised downward to fit the world's growing scientific knowledge. So the trend is not that more information lengthens ages, but rather, as data replaces guesswork, ages tend to shrink until they are consistent with the young-earth biblical timeframe. Consistent with this observation, the May 2000 issue of National Geographic quotes the U.S. Forest Service's scientist at Mount St. Helens, Peter Frenzen, describing the canyon on the north side of the volcano. "You'd expect a hard-rock canyon to be thousands, even hundreds of thousands of years old. But this was cut in less than a decade." And as for the volcano itself, while again, the kneejerk reaction of old-earthers would be to claim that most geologic features are hundreds of thousands or millions of years old, the atheistic National Geographic magazine acknowledges from the evidence that Mount St. Helens, the volcanic mount, is only about 4,000 years old! See below and more at rsr.org/mount-st-helens. * Mount St. Helens Dome Ten Years Old not 1.7 Million: Geochron Laboratories of Cambridge, Mass., using potassium-argon and other radiometric techniques claims the rock sample they dated, from the volcano's dome, solidified somewhere between 340,000 and 2.8 million years ago. However photographic evidence and historical reports document the dome's formation during the 1980s, just ten years prior to the samples being collected. With the age of this rock known, radiometric dating therefore gets the age 99.99999% wrong. * Devils Hole Pupfish Isolated Not for 13,000 Years But for 100: Secular scientists default to knee-jerk, older-than-Bible-age dates. However, a tiny Mojave desert fish is having none of it. Rather than having been genetically isolated from other fish for 13,000 years (which would make this small school of fish older than the Earth itself), according to a paper in the journal Nature, actual measurements of mutation rates indicate that the genetic diversity of these Pupfish could have been generated in about 100 years, give or take a few. * Polystrates like Spines and Rare Schools of Fossilized Jellyfish: Previously, seven sedimentary layers in Wisconsin had been described as taking a million years to form. And because jellyfish have no skeleton, as Charles Darwin pointed out, it is rare to find them among fossils. But now, reported in the journal Geology, a school of jellyfish fossils have been found throughout those same seven layers. So, polystrate fossils that condense the time of strata deposition from eons to hours or months, include: - Jellyfish in central Wisconsin were not deposited and fossilized over a million years but during a single event quick enough to trap a whole school. (This fossil school, therefore, taken as a unit forms a polystrate fossil.) Examples are everywhere that falsify the claims of strata deposition over millions of years. - Countless trilobites buried in astounding three dimensionality around the world are meticulously recovered from limestone, much of which is claimed to have been deposited very slowly. Contrariwise, because these specimens were buried rapidly in quickly laid down sediments, they show no evidence of greater erosion on their upper parts as compared to their lower parts.- The delicacy of radiating spine polystrates, like tadpole and jellyfish fossils, especially clearly demonstrate the rapidity of such strata deposition. - A second school of jellyfish, even though they rarely fossilized, exists in another locale with jellyfish fossils in multiple layers, in Australia's Brockman Iron Formation, constraining there too the rate of strata deposition. By the way, jellyfish are an example of evolution's big squeeze. Like galaxies evolving too quickly, galaxy clusters, and even human feet (which, like Mummy DNA, challenge the Out of Africa paradigm), jellyfish have gotten into the act squeezing evolution's timeline, here by 200 million years when they were found in strata allegedly a half-a-billion years old. Other examples, ironically referred to as Medusoid Problematica, are even found in pre-Cambrian strata. - 171 tadpoles of the same species buried in diatoms. - Leaves buried vertically through single-celled diatoms powerfully refute the claimed super-slow deposition of diatomaceous rock. - Many fossils, including a Mesosaur, have been buried in multiple "varve" layers, which are claimed to be annual depositions, yet they show no erosional patterns that would indicate gradual burial (as they claim, absurdly, over even thousands of years). - A single whale skeleton preserved in California in dozens of layers of diatom deposits thus forming a polystrate fossil. - 40 whales buried in the desert in Chile. "What's really interesting is that this didn't just happen once," said Smithsonian evolutionist Dr. Nick Pyenson. It happened four times." Why's that? Because "the fossil site has at least four layers", to which Real Science Radio's Bob Enyart replies: "Ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha", with RSR co-host Fred Williams thoughtfully adding, "Ha ha!" * Polystrate Trees: Examples abound around the world of polystrate trees:  - Yellowstone's petrified polystrate forest (with the NPS exhibit sign removed; see below) with successive layers of rootless trees demonstrating the rapid deposition of fifty layers of strata. - A similarly formed polystrate fossil forest in France demonstrating the rapid deposition of a dozen strata. - In a thousand locations including famously the Fossil Cliffs of Joggins, Nova Scotia, polystrate fossils such as trees span many strata. - These trees lack erosion: Not only should such fossils, generally speaking, not even exist, but polystrates including trees typically show no evidence of erosion increasing with height. All of this powerfully disproves the claim that the layers were deposited slowly over thousands or millions of years. In the experience of your RSR radio hosts, evolutionists commonly respond to this hard evidence with mocking. See CRSQ June 2006, ICR Impact #316, and RSR 8-11-06 at KGOV.com. * Yellowstone Petrified Trees Sign Removed: The National Park Service removed their incorrect sign (see left and more). The NPS had claimed that in dozens of different strata over a 40-square mile area, many petrified trees were still standing where they had grown. The NPS eventually removed the sign partly because those petrified trees had no root systems, which they would have had if they had grown there. Instead, the trees of this "fossil forest" have roots that are abruptly broken off two or three feet from their trunks. If these mature trees actually had been remnants of sequential forests that had grown up in strata layer on top of strata layer, 27 times on Specimen Ridge (and 50 times at Specimen Creek), such a natural history implies passage of more time than permitted by biblical chronology. So, don't trust the National Park Service on historical science because they're wrong on the age of the Earth. * Wood Petrifies Quickly: Not surprisingly, by the common evolutionary knee-jerk claim of deep time, "several researchers believe that several millions of years are necessary for the complete formation of silicified wood". Our List of Not So Old and Not So Slow Things includes the work of five Japanese scientists who proved creationist research and published their results in the peer-reviewed journal Sedimentary Geology showing that wood can and does petrify rapidly. Modern wood significantly petrified in 36 years these researchers concluded that wood buried in strata could have been petrified in "a fairly short period of time, in the order of several tens to hundreds of years." * The Scablands: The primary surface features of the Scablands, which cover thousands of square miles of eastern Washington, were long believed to have formed gradually. Yet, against the determined claims of uniformitarian geologists, there is now overwhelming evidence as presented even in a NOVA TV program that the primary features of the Scablands formed rapidly from a catastrophic breach of Lake Missoula causing a massive regional flood. Of course evolutionary geologists still argue that the landscape was formed over tens of thousands of years, now by claiming there must have been a hundred Missoula floods. However, the evidence that there was Only One Lake Missoula Flood has been powerfully reinforced by a University of Colorado Ph.D. thesis. So the Scablands itself is no longer available to old-earthers as de facto evidence for the passage of millions of years. * The Heart Mountain Detachment: in Wyoming just east of Yellowstone, this mountain did not break apart slowly by uniformitarian processes but in only about half-an-hour as widely reported including in the evolutionist LiveScience.com, "Land Speed Record: Mountain Moves 62 Miles in 30 Minutes." The evidence indicates that this mountain of rock covering 425 square miles rapidly broke into 50 pieces and slid apart over an area of more than 1,300 square miles in a biblical, not a "geological," timeframe.  * "150 Million" year-old Squid Ink Not Decomposed: This still-writable ink had dehydrated but had not decomposed! The British Geological Survey's Dr. Phil Wilby, who excavated the fossil, said, "It is difficult to imagine how you can have something as soft and sloppy as an ink sac fossilised in three dimensions, still black, and inside a rock that is 150 million years old." And the Daily Mail states that, "the black ink was of exactly the same structure as that of today's version", just desiccated. And Wilby added, "Normally you would find only the hard parts like the shell and bones fossilised but... these creatures... can be dissected as if they are living animals, you can see the muscle fibres and cells. It is difficult to imagine... The structure is similar to ink from a modern squid so we can write with it..." Why is this difficult for evolutionists to imagine? Because as Dr. Carl Wieland writes, "Chemical structures 'fall apart' all by themselves over time due to the randomizing effects of molecular motion."Decades ago Bob Enyart broadcast a geology program about Mount St. Helens' catastrophic destruction of forests and the hydraulic transportation and upright deposition of trees. Later, Bob met the chief ranger from Haleakala National Park on Hawaii's island of Maui, Mark Tanaka-Sanders. The ranger agreed to correspond with his colleague at Yellowstone to urge him to have the sign removed. Thankfully, it was then removed. (See also AIG, CMI, and all the original Yellowstone exhibit photos.) Groundbreaking research conducted by creation geologist Dr. Steve Austin in Spirit Lake after Mount St. Helens eruption provided a modern-day analog to the formation of Yellowstone fossil forest. A steam blast from that volcano blew over tens of thousands of trees leaving them without attached roots. Many thousands of those trees were floating upright in Spirit Lake, and began sinking at varying rates into rapidly and sporadically deposited sediments. Once Yellowstone's successive forest interpretation was falsified (though like with junk DNA, it's too big to fail, so many atheists and others still cling to it), the erroneous sign was removed. * Asiatic vs. European Honeybees: These two populations of bees have been separated supposedly for seven million years. A researcher decided to put the two together to see what would happen. What we should have here is a failure to communicate that would have resulted after their "language" evolved over millions of years. However, European and Asiatic honeybees are still able to communicate, putting into doubt the evolutionary claim that they were separated over "geologic periods." For more, see the Public Library of Science, Asiatic Honeybees Can Understand Dance Language of European Honeybees. (Oh yeah, and why don't fossils of poorly-formed honeycombs exist, from the millions of years before the bees and natural selection finally got the design right? Ha! Because they don't exist! :) Nautiloid proves rapid limestone formation. * Remember the Nautiloids: In the Grand Canyon there is a limestone layer averaging seven feet thick that runs the 277 miles of the canyon (and beyond) that covers hundreds of square miles and contains an average of one nautiloid fossil per square meter. Along with many other dead creatures in this one particular layer, 15% of these nautiloids were killed and then fossilized standing on their heads. Yes, vertically. They were caught in such an intense and rapid catastrophic flow that gravity was not able to cause all of their dead carcasses to fall over on their sides. Famed Mount St. Helens geologist Steve Austin is also the world's leading expert on nautiloid fossils and has worked in the canyon and presented his findings to the park's rangers at the invitation of National Park Service officials. Austin points out, as is true of many of the world's mass fossil graveyards, that this enormous nautiloid deposition provides indisputable proof of the extremely rapid formation of a significant layer of limestone near the bottom of the canyon, a layer like the others we've been told about, that allegedly formed at the bottom of a calm and placid sea with slow and gradual sedimentation. But a million nautiloids, standing on their heads, literally, would beg to differ. At our sister stie, RSR provides the relevant Geologic Society of America abstract, links, and video. *  Now It's Allegedly Two Million Year-Old Leaves: "When we started pulling leaves out of the soil, that was surreal, to know that it's millions of years old..." sur-re-al: adjective: a bizarre mix of fact and fantasy. In this case, the leaves are the facts. Earth scientists from Ohio State and the University of Minnesota say that wood and leaves they found in the Canadian Arctic are at least two million years old, and perhaps more than ten million years old, even though the leaves are just dry and crumbly and the wood still burns! * Gold Precipitates in Veins in Less than a Second: After geologists submitted for decades to the assumption that each layer of gold would deposit at the alleged super slow rates of geologic process, the journal Nature Geoscience reports that each layer of deposition can occur within a few tenths of a second. Meanwhile, at the Lihir gold deposit in Papua New Guinea, evolutionists assumed the more than 20 million ounces of gold in the Lihir reserve took millions of years to deposit, but as reported in the journal Science, geologists can now demonstrate that the deposit could have formed in thousands of years, or far more quickly! Iceland's not-so-old Surtsey Island looks ancient. * Surtsey Island, Iceland: Of the volcanic island that formed in 1963, New Scientist reported in 2007 about Surtsey that "geographers... marvel that canyons, gullies and other land features that typically take tens of thousands or millions of years to form were created in less than a decade." Yes. And Sigurdur Thorarinsson, Iceland's chief  geologist, wrote in the months after Surtsey formed, "that the time scale," he had been trained "to attach to geological developments is misleading." [For what is said to] take thousands of years... the same development may take a few weeks or even days here [including to form] a landscape... so varied and mature that it was almost beyond belief... wide sandy beaches and precipitous crags... gravel banks and lagoons, impressive cliffs… hollows, glens and soft undulating land... fractures and faultscarps, channels and screes… confounded by what met your eye... boulders worn by the surf, some of which were almost round... -Iceland's chief geologist * The Palouse River Gorge: In the southeast of Washington State, the Palouse River Gorge is one of many features formed rapidly by 500 cubic miles of water catastrophically released with the breaching of a natural dam in the Lake Missoula Flood (which gouged out the Scablands as described above). So, hard rock can be breached and eroded rapidly. * Leaf Shapes Identical for 190 Million Years?  From Berkley.edu, "Ginkgo biloba... dates back to... about 190 million years ago... fossilized leaf material from the Tertiary species Ginkgo adiantoides is considered similar or even identical to that produced by modern Ginkgo biloba trees... virtually indistinguishable..." The literature describes leaf shapes as "spectacularly diverse" sometimes within a species but especially across the plant kingdom. Because all kinds of plants survive with all kinds of different leaf shapes, the conservation of a species retaining a single shape over alleged deep time is a telling issue. Darwin's theory is undermined by the unchanging shape over millions of years of a species' leaf shape. This lack of change, stasis in what should be an easily morphable plant trait, supports the broader conclusion that chimp-like creatures did not become human beings and all the other ambitious evolutionary creation of new kinds are simply imagined. (Ginkgo adiantoides and biloba are actually the same species. Wikipedia states, "It is doubtful whether the Northern Hemisphere fossil species of Ginkgo can be reliably distinguished." For oftentimes, as documented by Dr. Carl Werner in his Evolution: The Grand Experiment series, paleontogists falsely speciate identical specimens, giving different species names, even different genus names, to the fossil and living animals that appear identical.) * Box Canyon, Idaho: Geologists now think Box Canyon in Idaho, USA, was carved by a catastrophic flood and not slowly over millions of years with 1) huge plunge pools formed by waterfalls; 2) the almost complete removal of large basalt boulders from the canyon; 3) an eroded notch on the plateau at the top of the canyon; and 4) water scour marks on the basalt plateau leading to the canyon. Scientists calculate that the flood was so large that it could have eroded the whole canyon in as little as 35 days. See the journal Science, Formation of Box Canyon, Idaho, by Megaflood, and the Journal of Creation, and Creation Magazine. * Manganese Nodules Rapid Formation: Allegedly, as claimed at the Wikipedia entry from 2005 through 2021: "Nodule growth is one of the slowest of all geological phenomena – in the order of a centimeter over several million years." Wow, that would be slow! And a Texas A&M Marine Sciences technical slide presentation says, “They grow very slowly (mm/million years) and can be tens of millions of years old", with RWU's oceanography textbook also putting it at "0.001 mm per thousand years." But according to a World Almanac documentary they have formed "around beer cans," said marine geologist Dr. John Yates in the 1997 video Universe Beneath the Sea: The Next Frontier. There are also reports of manganese nodules forming around ships sunk in the First World War. See more at at youngearth.com, at TOL, in the print edition of the Journal of Creation, and in this typical forum discussion with atheists (at the Chicago Cubs forum no less :). * "6,000 year-old" Mitochondrial Eve: As the Bible calls "Eve... the mother of all living" (Gen. 3:20), genetic researchers have named the one woman from whom all humans have descended "Mitochondrial Eve." But in a scientific attempt to date her existence, they openly admit that they included chimpanzee DNA in their analysis in order to get what they viewed as a reasonably old date of 200,000 years ago (which is still surprisingly recent from their perspective, but old enough not to strain Darwinian theory too much). But then as widely reported including by Science magazine, when they dropped the chimp data and used only actual human mutation rates, that process determined that Eve lived only six thousand years ago! In Ann Gibbon's Science article, "Calibrating the Mitochondrial Clock," rather than again using circular reasoning by assuming their conclusion (that humans evolved from ape-like creatures), they performed their calculations using actual measured mutation rates. This peer-reviewed journal then reported that if these rates have been constant, "mitochondrial Eve… would be a mere 6000 years old." See also the journal Nature and creation.com's "A shrinking date for Eve," and Walt Brown's assessment. Expectedly though, evolutionists have found a way to reject their own unbiased finding (the conclusion contrary to their self-interest) by returning to their original method of using circular reasoning, as reported in the American Journal of Human Genetics, "calibrating against recent evidence for the divergence time of humans and chimpanzees,"  to reset their mitochondrial clock back to 200,000 years. * Even Younger Y-Chromosomal Adam: (Although he should be called, "Y-Chromosomal Noah.") While we inherit our mtDNA only from our mothers, only men have a Y chromosome (which incidentally genetically disproves the claim that the fetus is "part of the woman's body," since the little boy's y chromosome could never be part of mom's body). Based on documented mutation rates on and the extraordinary lack of mutational differences in this specifically male DNA, the Y-chromosomal Adam would have lived only a few thousand years ago! (He's significantly younger than mtEve because of the genetic bottleneck of the global flood.) Yet while the Darwinian camp wrongly claimed for decades that humans were 98% genetically similar to chimps, secular scientists today, using the same type of calculation only more accurately, have unintentionally documented that chimps are about as far genetically from what makes a human being a male, as mankind itself is from sponges! Geneticists have found now that sponges are 70% the same as humans genetically, and separately, that human and chimp Y chromosomes are  "horrendously" 30%

Esta é a segunda e última parte do episódio duplo sobre a edição 2023 do prêmio IgNobel, trazendo as categorias Medicina, Nutrição, Educação, Psicologia e Física.Confira no papo entre o leigo curioso, Ken Fujioka, e o cientista PhD, Altay de Souza.> OUÇA (39min 55s)*Naruhodo! é o podcast pra quem tem fome de aprender. Ciência, senso comum, curiosidades, desafios e muito mais. Com o leigo curioso, Ken Fujioka, e o cientista PhD, Altay de Souza.Edição: Reginaldo Cursino.http://naruhodo.b9.com.br*PARCERIA: ALURAAprofunde-se de vez: garantimos conhecimento com profundidade e diversidade, para se tornar um profissional em T - incluindo programação, front-end, data science, devops, ux & design, mobile, inovação & gestão.Navegue sua carreira: são mais de 1300 cursos e novos lançamentos toda semana, além de atualizações e melhorias constantes.Conteúdo imersivo: faça parte de uma comunidade de apaixonados por tudo que é digital. Mergulhe na comunidade Alura.Aproveite o desconto para ouvintes Naruhodo no link:https://bit.ly/naruhodo_alura*PRÊMIO DE MEDICINA [EUA, CANADÁ, MACEDÔNIA, IRÃ, VIETNÃ]Christine Pham, Bobak Hedayati, Kiana Hashemi, Ella Csuka, Tiana Mamaghani, Margit Juhasz, Jamie Wikenheiser e Natasha Mesinkovska, por usar cadáveres para explorar se há o mesmo número de pelos em cada uma das duas narinas de uma pessoa.REFERENCE: “The Quantification and Measurement of Nasal Hairs in a Cadaveric Population,” Christine Pham, Bobak Hedayati, Kiana Hashemi, Ella Csuka, Margit Juhasz, and Natasha Atanaskova Mesinkovska, Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology, vol. 83, no. 6, 2020, pp. AB202-AB202. doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.06.902PRÊMIO DE NUTRIÇÃO [JAPÃO]Homei Miyashita e Hiromi Nakamura, por experimentos para determinar como hashis eletrificados e canudos podem alterar o sabor dos alimentos.REFERENCE: “Augmented Gustation Using Electricity,” Hiromi Nakamura and Homei Miyashita, Proceedings of the 2nd Augmented Human International Conference, March 2011, article 34. doi.org/10.1145/1959826.1959860PRÊMIO DE EDUCAÇÃO [CHINA, CANADÁ, REINO UNIDO, HOLANDA, IRLANDA, EUA, JAPÃO]Katy Tam, Cyanea Poon, Victoria Hui, Wijnand van Tilburg, Christy Wong, Vivian Kwong, Gigi Yuen e Christian Chan, por estudar metodicamente o tédio de professores e estudantes.REFERENCE: “Boredom Begets Boredom: An Experience Sampling Study on the Impact of Teacher Boredom on Student Boredom and Motivation,” Katy Y.Y. Tam, Cyanea Y. S. Poon, Victoria K.Y. Hui, Christy Y. F. Wong, Vivian W.Y. Kwong, Gigi W.C. Yuen, Christian S. Chan, British Journal of Educational Psychology, vol. 90, no. S1, June 2020, pp. 124-137. doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12549REFERENCE: “Whatever Will Bore, Will Bore: The Mere Anticipation of Boredom Exacerbates its Occurrence in Lectures,” Katy Y.Y. Tam, Wijnand A.P. Van Tilburg, Christian S. Chan, British Journal of Educational Psychology, epub 2022. doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12549PRÊMIO DE PSICOLOGIA [EUA]Stanley Milgram, Leonard Bickman e Lawrence Berkowitz por experimentos em uma rua da cidade para ver quantas pessoas param para olhar para cima quando veem estranhos olhando para cima.REFERENCE: “Note on the Drawing Power of Crowds of Different Size,” Stanley Milgram, Leonard Bickman, and Lawrence Berkowitz, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 13, no. 2, 1969, pp. 79-82. psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0028070PRÊMIO DE FÍSICA [ESPANHA, GALÍCIA, SUÍÇA, FRANÇA, REINO UNIDO]Bieito Fernández Castro, Marian Peña, Enrique Nogueira, Miguel Gilcoto, Esperanza Broullón, Antonio Comesaña, Damien Bouffard, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato e Beatriz Mouriño-Carballido, por medir até que ponto a mistura de água do oceano é afetada pela atividade sexual de anchovas.REFERENCE: “Intense Upper Ocean Mixing Due to Large Aggregations of Spawning Fish,” Bieito Fernández Castro, Marian Peña, Enrique Nogueira, Miguel Gilcoto, Esperanza Broullón, Antonio Comesaña, Damien Bouffard, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, and Beatriz Mouriño-Carballido, Nature Geoscience, vol. 15, 2022, pp. 287–292. doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-00916-3*REFERÊNCIASThe 33rd First Annual Ig Nobel Prize Ceremonyhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P9UQi0ORXv4Naruhodo #29 - O que é e como acontece o déjà vu?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MsgpP0CWrZsNaruhodo #141 - Cheirar pum faz bem a saúde?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISe5ObqFjT0Naruhodo #375 - Por que cutucamos o nariz?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_iB-EHHh5gNaruhodo #384 - Por que tomamos choque quando encostamos em certas coisas?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DhKsqKRHwswNaruhodo #389 - Por que repetir palavras deixa elas estranhas?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKN89pAb10UNaruhodo #397 - Por que ficamos entediados?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FAZ9BPv_6O4Naruhodo #151 - Especial Prêmio Ig Nobel 2018 - Parte 1 de 2https://www.b9.com.br/shows/naruhodo/naruhodo-151-especial-premio-ig-nobel-2018-parte-1-de-2/Naruhodo #152 - Especial Prêmio Ig Nobel 2018 - Parte 2 de 2https://www.b9.com.br/shows/naruhodo/naruhodo-152-especial-premio-ig-nobel-2018-parte-2-de-2/Naruhodo #202 - Especial Prêmio Ig Nobel 2019 - Parte 1 de 2https://www.b9.com.br/shows/naruhodo/naruhodo-202-especial-premio-ig-nobel-2019-parte-1-de-2/Naruhodo #203 - Especial Prêmio Ig Nobel 2019 - Parte 2 de 2https://www.b9.com.br/shows/naruhodo/naruhodo-203-especial-premio-ig-nobel-2019-parte-2-de-2/Naruhodo #254 - Especial Prêmio Ig Nobel 2020 - Parte 1 de 2https://www.b9.com.br/shows/naruhodo/naruhodo-254-especial-premio-ignobel-2020-parte-1-de-2/Naruhodo #255 - Especial Prêmio Ig Nobel 2020 - Parte 2 de 2https://www.b9.com.br/shows/naruhodo/naruhodo-255-especial-premio-ignobel-2020-parte-2-de-2/Naruhodo #302 - Prêmio IgNobel 2021 - Parte 1 de 2https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tos9wQyGSTINaruhodo #303 - Prêmio IgNobel 2021 - Parte 2 de 2https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3QDkBx7_osNaruhodo #355 - Prêmio IgNobel 2022 - Parte 1 de 2https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIx5uHKgHLsNaruhodo #356 - Prêmio IgNobel 2022 - Parte 2 de 2https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WIOVn1hDt8s*APOIE O NARUHODO PELA PLATAFORMA ORELO!Um aviso importantíssimo: o podcast Naruhodo agora está no Orelo: https://bit.ly/naruhodo-no-oreloE é por meio dessa plataforma de apoio aos criadores de conteúdo que você ajuda o Naruhodo a se manter no ar.Você escolhe um valor de contribuição mensal e tem acesso a conteúdos exclusivos, conteúdos antecipados e vantagens especiais.Além disso, você pode ter acesso ao nosso grupo fechado no Telegram, e conversar comigo, com o Altay e com outros apoiadores.E não é só isso: toda vez que você ouvir ou fizer download de um episódio pelo Orelo, vai também estar pingando uns trocadinhos para o nosso projeto.Então, baixe agora mesmo o app Orelo no endereço Orelo.CC ou na sua loja de aplicativos e ajude a fortalecer o conhecimento científico.https://bit.ly/naruhodo-no-orelo

All plants, including algae and cyanobacteria, carry out photosynthesis. During the process of photosynthesis, plants remove carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen to the air.  As a result, plants play a crucial role in the fight against climate change.  According to a new study recently published in the journal Nature Geoscience, mosses – […]

Predecir el clima futuro es un reto impresionante que los científicos afrontan utilizando modelos teóricos elaborados y ajustados con datos reales presentes y pasados. Durante las décadas recientes, gracias a los grandes avances de la instrumentación terrestre y espacial, se tiene datos en abundancia, pero no así del clima de tiempos más remotos. Una forma de conocer cómo se comportó el clima en el pasado consiste en analizar los restos acumulados en los sedimentos de los lagos. En un reciente trabajo, publicado en Nature Geoscience, la investigadora y profesora de la Universidad Royal Holloway de Londres, Celia Martín Puertas y sus colegas muestran los resultados del estudio de los registros del clima almacenados durante 10.500 años en el fondo de un pequeño lago en el centro este de Inglaterra, de nombre Diss Mere.

Predecir el clima futuro es un reto impresionante que los científicos afrontan utilizando modelos teóricos elaborados y ajustados con datos reales presentes y pasados. Durante las décadas recientes, gracias a los grandes avances de la instrumentación terrestre y espacial, se tiene datos en abundancia, pero no así del clima de tiempos más remotos. Una forma de conocer cómo se comportó el clima en el pasado consiste en analizar los restos acumulados en los sedimentos de los lagos. En un reciente trabajo, publicado en Nature Geoscience, la investigadora y profesora de la Universidad Royal Holloway de Londres, Celia Martín Puertas y sus colegas muestran los resultados del estudio de los registros del clima almacenados durante 10.500 años en el fondo de un pequeño lago en el centro este de Inglaterra, de nombre Diss Mere.

Beasts to Bring in the Harvest (3) (Audio) David Eells - 3/8/23 Seek Me NOW! Tiannah Fire - 1/18/23  I started feeling Gods presence and had this urge to write down what was coming to me in the Spirit so I did. “I Am wanting vessels who want to remain until the end, to go through all that is about to come on the world, in My peace, love, and My Joy, manifesting and witnessing to the world of My Son in His Power and Glory and Might. This world is desperate for My Son, and My Son is who they are going to get.  All alive on the earth will be given the choice to reject or accept Me before everything is destroyed. All that will remain is My Spirit, everything else will be destroyed and already is, for it is about to manifest. The time is now to seek Me with everything that you are, with your whole mind and strength. You are to be constantly focusing on Me; setting your mind on things above and not on things on the earth. I Am the only satisfaction and Glory. I want to commune with you. I desire you to be one with My Son. I have already done it all, but You need to agree with Me and go along with what I have already prepared. Your life is for Me. Your mind, soul, spirit and body were created for Me and My Glory. This world and everything in it were created for Me to express my love and everlasting grace. I Am everything good and there is nothing but Me. (1Co. 15:27-28 For, He put all things in subjection under his feet. But when he saith, All things are put in subjection, it is evident that he is excepted who did subject all things unto him. 28 And when all things have been subjected unto him, then shall the Son also himself be subjected to him that did subject all things unto him, that God may be all in all.) The time is coming and already is here. I Am here and I am coming. I Am increasing Myself in those who want Me. I want you more than you know, and more than you could ever want me. I want to grow you as quickly as you will allow Me Stop thinking about and spending your time on physical things. I provide ALL your needs. Your spiritual needs are greater than your physical [needs]. Seek spiritual food not physical. You are blessed when in My presence and praising Me. Sacrificing yourself brings the greatest glory. I Am life. Awaken to Me. I live in you and through you. Focus on Me. Remain steadfast and hold on to Me till the end. I Am coming and have already come. (Because He doesn't live in time.) Every second is another moment closer to eternity. Every second focused on Me has an increase of Me in you. Seek Me. I am closer than your breath and I desire to increase. Allow Me. I know you more than you know yourself. I love you more than you can comprehend but choose Me in full.  I want your whole heart, your whole strength and might. Without Me you can do nothing. With Me, we together can and will do all things, above what your carnal [mind] can understand. Choose Me. Focus on Me NOW and forever. If You don't spend your time with Me now, how will you spend your time with Me for Eternity? If you don't serve Me and do My will now, how will You serve Me for Eternity? I choose you and want you here with me in full, not in part. Come to Me for your daily bread. Every moment that goes by that you aren't communing with Me are moments missed of My increase and My spiritual blessings. Only I can satisfy your soul. Only I can make you breathe and your heart to beat. I Am. Seek me NOW.”    A Sudden Move of God Debbie Fenske - 1/16/23 (David's notes in red) During our morning Zoom meeting, the Lord allowed me to see in the Spirit, those whom we would call, the lowliest of people, and those addicted to every kind of sin. I could see the Spirit of the Lord suddenly coming upon them, moving in their spirits. I could discern their intense desire for God. These were dry, needy, and homeless people on the streets. (These represent spiritually homeless people as well.)  I could see them dropping to their knees, and raising their hands to heaven with a sudden, but awesome desire for Jesus; to truly want to know Him.  “I am doing this. I am doing the work. But even My people, who know My truths, and are walking in My ways, will see, and wonder if such persons could be touched in such a way. But I say to you, ‘What a remnant I am bringing forth!' So, I warn you. I warn My people to be prepared. Be ready to receive My gift to minister to those who I will allow you to run into as you go about your business of the day. And I say, do not let their appearance stop you from being moved by My spirit, to minister by My Spirit as I bring you face-to-face with them.  Be alert and do the work of God. Even those affluent ones who have sat before Bible teachers hearing My Word preached, and receiving it with joy, and walking in My ways to the best of their knowledge, now will suddenly receive revelation from My Spirit that they are yet so empty, and needy of the deeper truths of My Word. They are going to suddenly desire more of Me, and they will seek Me with all their hearts, praying with earnest out of a sudden yearning desire which I will suddenly impart to them. (In revivals in the past, sinners and self-righteous people suddenly, for no apparent reason, have been overcome with grief for their sins and cried out to God.) And many will find you and will truly find Me through the ministry and revelation truths you have received in Me through My Word and are so freely giving out.  Be ready, My People. For I will suddenly do a quick work. Have you not heard? The harvest is ready to be picked.. Therefore, I say to you, ‘Stay prepared in Me, and go forth, intentionally, into My harvest field. Drop all things that would hinder you from being My vessels. For I have called you.” Thank you, Father! Bless us all, in Jesus' name, to receive this word from You, and to move with Your Spirit, to bring many into Your kingdom, and into Your eternal kingdom truths. Amen!   Meteors Falling from the Sky  Winnie Osegueda - 2/14/23 (David's notes in red)   Our daughter, Zoé, who is 6 years old, woke up saying she had a crazy dream.  She said meteors were falling from the sky and through our ceiling. She said, “One fell on my lap, but I wasn't harmed because Jesus protected me.” (We have been told that we are going through an area of the galaxy in which many meteors would fall to earth and also going through the tail of Planet X would have this affect.) She also said she caught a couple in her hands and it caused her no harm either. (Zoe' means, “God's life”. Those who have God's life will be protected supernaturally through their faith.) She doesn't really know about the things that are about to come so I believe the Lord has been giving her dreams.   Our Entire Solar System is Changing Rapidly, But Nobody is Really Talking About It Songs of Ascent - 12/12/22 Strange Sounds - All the major bodies of our Solar System are changing rapidly, but nobody is talking about it. (Historically, Planet X affects all the planets. Hag. 2:6 For thus saith Jehovah of hosts: Yet once, it is a little while, and I will shake the heavens, and the earth, and the sea, and the dry land.)  We are in the upswing of Solar Cycle 25. Could it be related? https://strangesounds.org/2022/12/our-entire-solar-system-is-changing-rapidly-but-nobody-is-really-talking-about-it.html We are seeing rapid observable changes to almost every single planet: Pluto's atmosphere has recently collapsed (Astronomy) Neptune's storms have suddenly begun rotating backwards (SS) and the planet is mysteriously cooling down (SS) Uranus' polar regions are visibly flaring (Texplorist) Jupiter has recently experienced a 700 degree temperature impulse originating from its northern pole, and its great red spot is fading [SS] Mars is suddenly displaying seismic activity (SS) Venus' planetary winds have increased their velocity by 33% in the last 20 years (Space) It goes on from there, we've recently observed: large-scale changes in the ice cover on Jupiter's moon Europa (PhysicsWorld) large-scale changes in the polar ice cap on Mars (SS) Saturn is losing its rings (The Atlantic) a mysterious darkening of the atmosphere of Venus (Astronomy) unusual changes in the temperature and pressure of the atmosphere of Neptune (NASA) a brightening of the atmosphere of Jupiter (AGU) Here on earth, our own magnetosphere is rapidly losing it's strength as our magnetic poles continue to race away from their usual positions, wreaking havoc on animal migrations – See all the beached whales this year as well as the spike in reports of unusual bird sightings. Things have gotten to the point where we are now updating our magnetic models yearly, and soon there will be zones of flux broken bad enough to cause real danger to flying due to constant magnetic reconnection. Our aurorae are reaching levels of intensity not normally seen, with recent high-energy'pink' aurorae being observed. The fundamental electromagnetic nature of this planet – electromagnetism responsible for a variety of effects on life, most especially cardiac and pulmonary health in humans, is changing rapidly. Volcanic activity on our planet is currently at a record, with more and more volcanoes showing [a] concerning lift, erupting, or showing increases in lava flow. Every single active volcano along the pacific rim is showing increased activity. Mount Rainier looks ready soon. The Sisters in Oregon are showing lift. Given only one of two data points, it would be easy to discount the events as isolated and unrelated outliers with no significance. Taken together, however, the total body of evidence becomes impossible to ignore, and, once the presumption is made that this information is known by our leaders, pretty much explains the motivations for their actions. Everything is changing. Nobody is telling you. In fact, they built us a world where these questions are taboo, where every answer leads you away from the glaring, obvious truth. William Casey, former director of the CIA, upon being asked what the goal of the agency was (in 1981) said, “We'll know our disinformation program is complete when everything the American public believes is false.” We are in the upswing of Solar Cycle 25. All planets are connected to the sun, eg by what NASA calls magnetic flux ropes – stable energetic connections exchange energy in the form of a charged particle stream. These transfer energy and charged material to the planets and drive their rotation. Because the planet's rotation is tied to this inductive transfer, it is highly likely that during the most pronounced moment of a magnetic pole excursion the earth would stop its rotation. This sounds like crazy talk until you read historical accounts of the sun rising in the wrong place. Earthquake/Core relation video: This one addresses both. (THIS COULD HAVE BEARING ON THE BIG QUAKES COMING.)   Terrawatch: Why Has the Earth's Spinning Inner Core Slowed Down? Kate Ravilious - 2/22/23   Earth's inner core appears to have stopped spinning faster than its mantle. New measurements suggest that the rotation of the inner core has slowed in recent decades and is now about to reverse direction, spinning more slowly than the mantle. The finding helps to explain recent changes in Earth's magnetic field and the length of day. The Earth's solid inner core is contained within the liquid outer core, enabling it to rotate differently from the Earth itself. Its spin is driven by the magnetic field generated in the outer core, and balanced by gravitational effects within Earth's mantle. Terrawatch: is Earth's core going rusty? Read more By analyzing earthquake seismic waves that have passed through the inner core, researchers were able to calculate how the spin of the inner core has changed since the 1960s. They found that seismic waves have tended to follow a very similar path since about 2009, suggesting that the inner core rotation has paused. The data showed something similar occurred in the early 1970s, indicating that the inner core appears to change in a similar way every few decades. The new finding, which is published in Nature Geoscience, is helping scientists to better understand the interaction between different layers of the Earth, and the impact that processes deep inside the Earth can have on the surface, including the gradual increase in length of day: adding a fraction of a millisecond each year since 2020. By Nikk Ogasa 1/ 23/23 “We see strong evidence that the inner core has been rotating faster than the surface, [but] by around 2009 it nearly stopped,” says geophysicist Xiaodong Song of Peking University in Beijing. “Now it is gradually mov[ing] in the opposite direction.” Uniform Depth Earthquakes Unnatural Missy Pollock Most of the earthquakes in the photo below are unconfirmed, 10 km deep and Dutch-sinse isn't showing most of them in his reports that I've seen. (If they are all 10 km, they are not natural earthquakes but to prepare Earthquakes.) This is the NY / Ala fault, where Sandy and one other dreamed the earthquakes would start crossing America.  All of these being uniformly 10 KM deep shows they are not natural earthquakes, but the DS is attempting to make that fault fail. Over by Charlies house the eastern fault was being bombed to make sure it fails when the time comes. By that and fracking they are preparing the quakes to go where they want them to go. Turkey and Syria lost tens of thousands so far from tectonic weapons of DS. It is started. The earth plates are ultimately being moved by God. The Lord told Ken Dewey, “I AM shaking many things and moving things in the ground around, rearranging them. Many changes, [will come] suddenly! Get ready, for the time of my great miracles are come, and many will move to do exploits for Me.” (The Lord is coming for the Bride as this EQ war proceeds.) The Alliance under Trump repatriated the stolen gold and returned it to the nations and the DS wants it back. According to Operation Disclosure: The Khazarian Mafia has been reduced to threatening use of earthquake weapons to force countries to hand over their gold. Indonesian authorities tell us they are being told to hand over gold and other natural resources, or a very large earthquake will occur later this month. The threats came from the Dutch embassy in Jakarta. It was passed on to a high-level official in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Indonesia in Jakarta, Indonesian intelligence sources say. Washington Monument Crumbles Marie Kelton - 2/13/23 (David's notes in red) I had a vision of it being cloudy and foggy around the water that is by the Washington monument. All of a sudden, the vision zoomed in above the water toward the monument. Then the ground shook like an earthquake had happen and the Washington monument cracked in the middle and the top half fell over. I saw this multiple times. (This is the NY/Alabama fault we were speaking of. The Eastern fault that starts it all.)   The UAE Deal: Earthquake Sign Michelle Rogers - 10/23/20 (David's notes in red)  On January 28, 2020 President Trump held a news conference in D.C with Netanyahu in which the UAE deal was announced. The announcement included plans to give over more territory to the Palestinians provided they met certain conditions.  Just about two hours later, a 7.7 earthquake struck in the Caribbean and was felt all the way to Miami Florida where Trump has his famous Mar-a-Lago resort. The quake was so strong that it shook the city to the point that people had to evacuate high rise buildings.  I felt in my spirit that the 7.7 quake corresponded to Isa. 7:7 thus saith the Lord Jehovah, It shall not stand, neither shall it come to pass. (Meaning the division of Israel at this time. This also speaks of born again spiritual Israel, the true Church. Eventually Israel will be divided and greater judgment will fall.)   Tennessee Cracked in Half Taryn Ezell - 2/20/23 (David's notes in red) I dreamed I was sitting in the car looking out the window as we were driving. I was asking the Lord when these things should be regarding the Tribulation because of what was going on at the Asbury revival. I was praying as we drove to Cracker Barrel. When we got to Cracker Barrel [and went inside], a huge earthquake happened while we were sitting there. I knew in the dream that this was the beginning of the days foretold; days that would have to be shortened to save the elect.  I realized that Cracker Barrel had been moved [by the quake] all the way to downtown Maryville. I saw a huge, gaping crack, miles wide in width, and smoke smoldering. There was damage everywhere. The look on peoples faces was that of horror. I tried to call Matt and we talked briefly. Then I called my dad and he said he'd heard about it. But nothing had happened where he was yet.  I was given the knowledge that more were coming. More earthquakes would break the US and the world apart. Destruction was everywhere in my location from just one earthquake. It had cracked Tennessee in half. Then I woke up. (At least two fault lines, one on both sides of the TN Valley will separate Tennessee. In our dreams it will be like a boat shaped piece of land in the water. We are in the middle of the boat.)   Cutting Off the Flesh Brings Earthquakes Marie Kelton - 8/1/22 (David's notes in red) …I dreamed that I was at Amber's house. I was telling a few people that were there about an earthquake that happened. I was telling them about the fault line but I couldn't remember what it was called, so I grabbed a math book from off of Amber's bookshelf and I looked it up. It said that the fault line was called, “Stratosphere”.  The dream changed… and this time I was standing in an open area on the grass (The grass represents the flesh 1Pe. 1:24 For, All flesh is as grass, And all the glory thereof as the flower of grass. The grass withereth, and the flower falleth.). I was cutting ham with a meat slicer that I use at work. (Representing cutting off the “unclean” flesh.)  I was talking to a person and I was telling them that I was afraid to cut to the meat because I thought it would start the earthquake. (We must cast down our fears of death to self and cut off our flesh. The earthquakes will motivate this. The earthquakes are coming regardless and we need God's divine protection.) I knew in the dream that the area I was in would be the last place the earthquake would hit. Then I woke up. Mat. 24:6-7 "And ye shall hear of wars and rumors of wars; see that ye be not troubled: for these things must needs come to pass; but the end is not yet. For nation shall rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom; and there shall be famines and earthquakes in divers places." These earthquakes will inevitably cause Tsunami's around the globe too.   A Gigantic Wave Coming Samuel Fire - 2/22/23 (David's notes in red) I saw Tiannah, myself, and many other UBM brethren standing together on the beach as a group, and behind us, spread all around, were a large crowd of different people that I didn't know. The place was completely full. I saw from afar, a gigantic wave coming. The wave was about 42 stories high. (The beast will persecute the saints for 42 months. Rev. 13:4-5 and they worshipped the dragon, because he gave his authority unto the beast; and they worshipped the beast, saying, Who is like unto the beast? And who is able to war with him? 5 and there was given to him a mouth speaking great things and blasphemies; and there was given to him authority to continue forty and two months.) All the people that I didn't know began freaking out. Some were screaming and crying and others were trying to run away. All those people were so scared and shocked. All the UBM Brethren were so joyful and excited for this wave to come. It was as if we all had been waiting for this wave. (For us, this wave will bring victory for the kingdom of God in that it will separate the tares from the wheat which will shine forth in the kingdom. Mat. 13:40-43 As therefore the tares are gathered up and burned with fire; so shall it be in the end of the world. 41 The Son of man shall send forth his angels, and they shall gather out of his kingdom all things that cause stumbling, and them that do iniquity, 42 and shall cast them into the furnace of fire: there shall be the weeping and the gnashing of teeth. (Notice what comes at the end of verse 42 as in 42 months.) 43 Then shall the righteous shine forth as the sun in the kingdom of their Father. He that hath ears, let him hear. For those who are dead to self there is no fear of the Beast. The end of this 42 months is the coming of the Lord for His saints.)  Some of the crowd kept trying to run away to save themselves. A few others fell on their knees in repentance crying to God because they knew they couldn't save themselves or do anything. (God will bring repentance through judgment to His elect.)  As the wave came the brethren had special equipment for the water and they had experience and had been trained to ride the wave, so they were prepared and knew exactly what to do. When the wave came, we were gently lifted up and we just surfed the wave, riding it and some were just walking on the water. (1Th. 4:13 For this we say unto you by the word of the Lord, that we that are alive, that are left unto the coming of the Lord, shall in no wise precede them that are fallen asleep.)   Everyone else, was wiped out from the wave; but we brethren were all calm and having fun and a great time. (Psa. 37:18-20  Jehovah knoweth the days of the perfect; And their inheritance shall be for ever. 19 They shall not be put to shame in the time of evil; And in the days of famine they shall be satisfied. 20 But the wicked shall perish, And the enemies of Jehovah shall be as the fat of lambs: They shall consume; In smoke shall they consume away.)   Two Visions of a Wave of Destruction Marie Kelton - 2-17-23 (David's notes in red)   Vision #1: During our evening meeting, I had a vision of a city with a few tall buildings in it. There were white cars that were parked in the city. (Representing the righteous who are in the rest.) I then saw a huge wave come in from the right and flood the city. (Judgment begins in the house of God then the wicked are judged as we will see. 1Pe. 4:17 For the time is come for judgment to begin at the house of God: and if it begin first at us, what shall be the end of them that obey not the gospel of God?) Vision #2: Later on in the meeting I had another vision,  of people in a city. The people were trying to run away from a huge wave of water that was coming towards them.  (God is going to give His people a 3-year grace period during these times to work in Revival for His People and Kingdom. All provision will be given.)   Christ, the Only Sure Foundation Samuel Fire - 11/26/22  “My presence will manifest the provision and care for you to work and to sow for My Kingdom. Be prepared as you can feel the quickening and power to flow all over. Sensitivity to Me allows much of an increase and anointing. Keep in the faith and remain vigilant to speak out the Word and truth. Crush the lies and enemy and keep cutting off the world and [the] carnal and remain separate in sanctification.  The foundation is Christ. Being rooted and deep without any form or function of doubt or weakness. Strong and zealous with fervent love to Me. Have everything on the complete and clean foundation of My Word. Take hold and do not let yourself be moved by any distraction.   Those who are stronger and solidified in Me and My Son and in the power of My Word can then be revealed and grow with the manifestation of the hidden manna. This amazing and wonderful and exciting treasure will be like finding a rare and precious gem than anything that has been encountered before. As such a treasure you would be diligent to share or speak, as everything would come from Me.   Pray, as I know of your desires and delight in Me. But pray that you cannot lose your hold on the perfect, clear, and strong foundation of My Word. All and everything you have hidden and done for Me, shall be openly honored, and given back to Me. Not by works or by boasting, but to do so without seeking any fame or recognition. When you offer and uplift Me in everything, I accept and reward it before the next thought. Think on the spiritual aspect of the creation I made for you. I am and you are and we are already together.”  (I saw how there is a spiritual meaning to the existence we know. The vessels, the earth, and all the darkness is like a journey through a maze, to find a way to the exit; like a type of game to get closer and walk with our Father. …We encounter and experience more and grow deeper and more advanced in our trials. Yet, the whole time and until eternity it is as though the Almighty Father had already laid it out before we existed. His delight is this constant relationship. He desires to work through all our lives.)    I Have Them in My Hands Debbie Fenske - 2/10/23 “You are on the right path, My children, this straight and narrow path. You must consign yourselves to remaining on this path. Keep your mind, and your eyes, and your feet always going forward in Me. You must not deviate from this path, neither to the left, or to the right. Even as I have chosen you, so, you have chosen Me when you walk this path. This path is a high priority walk of sanctification. This, My children, is My Great Divide. Your walk of total sanctification from this world has you entering My great, set-apart, High Calling. My grace is, and will always be, sufficient for you. My grace keeps you desiring to press on into Me, and into the eternal truths, and glorious wonders that lie ahead of you. I sovereignly am taking away from you all burdens, worry, fear, and constant wondering about those you love who are on the other side. I say to you that you need not worry, or be bothered about them, as I have them in My hands. My light will be shining on them as I bring them along the path set for them. Many will also walk My straight and narrow path that I will set before them. They will desire more of Me through My Word. They will desire My ways, and My will, and how to cross My Great Divide, and on to the path of total sanctification. They will understand. Many will not know how to receive my divine truths. But, My grace will enable them to walk in what they know. They, too, are in My hands. So, My children, rejoice, in your Faithful One! For it will all be good. I have not, and will not reject your prayers. By faith, know that these have chosen me, and they will not be without My mercy. As you know, the present evil will become so much worse. Great evil, and darkness. But all who are Mine are in My hands, no matter what befalls them; some to martyrdom; some I will take up to Me, that they escape the sting of death.  Stay the course. Stay strong in your faith, and in your trust in Me and My Words to you, which will always be your shield and your protection.” SERVICES Ubbs Outreach Friday Night Worship CONTACT Share Your Testimony Request Prayer Technical Support Questions   SUPPORT US We are a non-profit organisation based in United States. Our goal is to empower and equip people to discover more about Christianity and point them to a life of happiness, peace and purpose. Donate

En las últimas décadas los científicos han comenzado a tener algunas certezas de cómo es y cómo se comporta el corazón de nuestro planeta. Hace unos días, se publicó una nueva investigación cuyas conclusiones, de ser confirmadas, ofrecen una perspectiva diferente sobre lo que está pasando en lo más profundo de la Tierra y cómo nos puede afectar. ¿Usted creería que el planeta está girando diferente? ¿Siente que los días duran menos o que el tiempo ya no alcanza como antes? ¿Usted considera que esto protege a las mujeres o por el contrario lo considera peligroso, tomando en cuenta que cualquier queja o acusación podría acabar con la vida profesional de alguien? Como todos los jueves, el Dr. Mejía Torres nos acompaña para iluminarnos de su conocimiento Josselin Castillo, analista Política. Nos acompaña para hablar de la Carrera por La Casa Blanca Dr. Carlos Suárez Plascencia, profesor investigador del Departamento de Geografía, nos habla de que Científicos aseguran que el núcleo de la Tierra se frenó y estaría cambiando su dirección. En Contacto Deportivo, Aldo Sánchez nos acompaña para hablar de lo acontecido en la NHL, MLB y NBA, además de la actualidad del fútbol mexicano con Expansión, Liga MX Femenil y varonil. Mañana más, en Buenos Días América, no olvides en conectarte. Si te gusto, recuerda compartir con tus amigos que pueden encontrarnos en la App de UFORIA o en cualquier plataforma de podcast. Envíanos tus comentarios, inquietudes o sugerencias, a nuestras redes sociales en Facebook @buenosdiasam, Instagram buenosdiasamericaam o escríbenos a nfoudradio@UNIVISION.NET estaríamos encantados de recibirlas.

This episode features Dr. Lujia Feng, a Principal Research fellow at the Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. She  is a geodesist who is trained as a geologist and geophysicist and now explores the atmosphere. In her research, Dr. Feng uses GNSS to study natural hazards related to tectonics, earthquakes, volcanoes and climate. Listen in as Dr. Gopika Suresh talks to Dr. Lujia Feng about Southeast Asia, seismology, atmospheric water vapour from GNSS, challenges of being an immigrant and how diverse voices bring diverse perspectives to remote sensing.  Dr. Lujia Feng: EOS page https://earthobservatory.sg/about-us/our-people/feng-lujia Dr. Lujia Feng's Email: lfeng@ntu.edu.sg  -------- Show notes: Research paper about Earthquake in Costa Rica:  The paper before the earthquake:  Feng, L., Newman, A. V., Protti, M., González, V., Jiang, Y., & Dixon, T. H. (2012). Active deformation near the Nicoya Peninsula, Northwestern Costa Rica, between 1996 and 2010: Interseismic megathrust coupling. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 117. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JB009230 https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2012jb009230 A paper describing the story after the earthquake Protti, M., González, V., Newman, A. V., Dixon, T. H., Schwartz, S. Y., Marshall, J. S., et al. (2014). Nicoya earthquake rupture anticipated by geodetic measurement of the locked plate interface. Nature Geoscience, 7(2), 117–121. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2038 https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2038 SuGAr Network: https://earthobservatory.sg/research/tectonics/geodesy-group/sumatran-tectonic-geodesy-sugar- Exploring the Application of GPS for Climate Research https://earthobservatory.sg/news/blog/exploring-the-application-of-gps-for-climate-research Dr. Feng's role model: Prof. Kristine M. Larson (https://www.kristinelarson.net/) What is GPS? https://earthobservatory.sg/earth-science-education/earth-science-faqs/miscellaneous/what-is-gps What are the uses of GPS? https://earthobservatory.sg/earth-science-education/earth-science-faqs/miscellaneous/what-are-the-uses-of-gps Earth Science FAQs - Geology and Tectonics https://earthobservatory.sg/earth-science-education/earth-science-faqs/geology-and-tectonics Hosts: Dr. Flavia de Souza Mendes https://twitter.com/flasmendes Dr. Gopika Suresh https://twitter.com/Go__pika Dr. Morgan Crowley https://twitter.com/morganahcrowley News correspondent: Rafaela Tiengo https://twitter.com/RafaelaTiengo_ Rafaela's newsletter: https://www.getrevue.co/profile/rafaelatiengo   Season 13 of Scene from Above is brought to you by Geoawesomeness and UP42. Be sure to check out the EO Hub article by Aleks Buczkowski: ‘https://geoawesomeness.com/eo-hub/understanding-the-earth-observation-value-chain/'   Our next speaker: They are a self-employed Earth observation expert, They are a long-time user of Google Earth Engine, They cofounded Women+ in Geospatial.    

Esta semana ha saltado a la palestra un resultado científico según el cual el núcleo terrestre "se había parado". Esta afirmación, quizá porque tenemos muy presentes algunas películas de ciencia-ficción, ha generado cierto revuelo; al fin y al cabo, si el núcleo se parara ¿no sería malo para nosotros? ¿No se generarían todo tipo de anomalías en nuestro planeta? Vamos a dedicar unos minutos a explicar qué es realmente lo que se ha descubierto en un artículo que acaba de aparecer en la revista Nature Geoscience, y alerta de espoilers: no es que se haya parado el núcleo. Os explicamos cómo es la estructura interna de nuestro planeta y por qué eso da cierta libertad a la rotación del núcleo, y os contamos cuáles son los efectos reales del nuevo descubrimiento. Si a alguno os interesa leer el artículo científico, es "Multidecadal variation of the Earth’s inner-core rotation", de Yi Yang y Xiaodong Song. Lo tenéis en este enlace: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-022-01112-z Si os interesa el interior de nuestro planeta y cómo eso afecta al campo magnético o a la duración del día os recomiendo que repaséis los episodios s08e31 y s01e14. Este programa se emitió originalmente el 27 de enero de 2023. Podéis escuchar el resto de audios de La Brújula en la app de Onda Cero y en su web, ondacero.es

What's Behind The Strange Slowing Of The Earth's Core? Even though some days feel more chaotic than others, the rotation of the surface of the planet proceeds at a pretty constant rate—about one full rotation every 24 hours. But the rotational speed of the inner core is less stable, and has been known to shift over time. Now, researchers are reporting in the journal Nature Geoscience that according to seismic data, the Earth's inner core may have recently paused its rotation, and could even go on to reverse direction relative to the rest of the planet. Tim Revell, deputy United States editor of New Scientist, joins SciFri producer Kathleen Davis to talk about the shift in rotation and other stories from the week in science, including shared language characteristics between humans and wild apes, and a wolf population that has started to enjoy snacking on sea otters. They'll also talk about an ancient Egyptian mummy with a heart of gold, research into why some mushrooms glow in the dark, and a tiny robot with morphing liquid metal capabilities straight out of Hollywood.   Here's What We Know About Long COVID, Three Years Later Just a few months into the pandemic, it became clear that in some people, the SARS-CoV-2 virus caused a cascade of symptoms for months after their initial infections. These lingering effects are now commonly referred to as Long COVID. And as long as the pandemic barrels on, the population of Long COVID patients will continue to grow. Over the past three years, researchers have closely studied these symptoms, seeking to better understand its underlying causes and improve treatment. Guest host Maddie Sofia talks with Hannah Davis, co-founder of the Patient-Led Research Collaborative and co-author of a recently published comprehensive review on the state of Long COVID research, and Dr. Bhupesh Prusty, principal investigator at the Institute for Virology and Immmunobiology at the University of Würzburg in Germany.   Meet The Art Sleuths Using Science To Find Frauds At the end of last year, a big case was decided in the world of art crime. Qatari Sheikh Hamad al Thani won a case against his former art dealer, after nearly $5 million dollars worth of purchased ancient artifacts were all determined to be fake. Among the artifacts was a Hari Hara sandstone statue purported to be from 7th century Vietnam. In reality, the piece was made in 2013. Art experts say forged antiquities are extremely common in museums and private art collections: Former director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art Thomas Hoving estimated 40% of artworks for sale at any given time were fake. The task of determining what art is real and what art is fake falls to scientists, who use tools like X-rays and carbon dating to get accurate readings of time and place of origin for artifacts. Joining guest host Kathleen Davis to talk about this are Erin Thompson, art crime professor at the City University of New York, and Patrick Degryse, professor of archeometry at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in Belgium. Transcripts for each segment will be available the week after the show airs on sciencefriday.com.  

Uh, Earth's Inner Core Just Stopped SpinningEarth's inner core's spin has slowed and “paused.”Scientists believe this happens roughly every seven decades as the core will then start spinning a different direction.A new study says there's a direct connection between the inner core's spin and life on Earth's surface.Earth's inner core stopped spinning. But don't fret, it appears this happens from time to time, say every seven decades or so.A new study published in Nature Geoscience by geophysicists Yi Yang and Xiadong Song of Peking University in Beijing explored the nature of movement of Earth's inner core, largely made up of iron and molten liquids. They found the inner core's movement recently reduced enough they consider it “paused,” all part of what “seems to be associated with a gradual turning back of the inner core as a part of an approximately seven-decade oscillation.”The last turning point was in the early 1970s.Our understanding of Earth's inner core doesn't have a strong history. Ancient days, of course, had folks believing in a hollow core. Then came the understanding of iron and a molten mixture making up Earth's middle, coupled with the theory of spinning happening separate from the rest of Earth. Song confirmed the spinning theory in 1996.We don't quite know the speed of spinning, but it appears that may be because the inner core remains in a constant state of flux and switches directions roughly every seven decades thanks to electromagnetic imbalances and gravitational forces.The new study further tracked seismic waves through the core to see how they played out on the other side of Earth. “This globally consistent pattern suggests that inner-core rotation has recently paused,” the study says.With the spin changing throughout the decades, the authors believe there's an interplay between the spinning of the core and Earth's mantle, and not just a spinning core for spinning's sake.“This multidecadal periodicity coincides with changes in several other geophysical observations especially the length of day and magnetic field,” the authors write. “These observations provide evidence for dynamic interactions between the Earth's layers, from the deepest interior to the surface, potentially due to gravitational coupling, and the exchange of angular momentum from the core and mantle to the surface.”

Uh, Earth's Inner Core Just Stopped SpinningEarth's inner core's spin has slowed and “paused.”Scientists believe this happens roughly every seven decades as the core will then start spinning a different direction.A new study says there's a direct connection between the inner core's spin and life on Earth's surface.Earth's inner core stopped spinning. But don't fret, it appears this happens from time to time, say every seven decades or so.A new study published in Nature Geoscience by geophysicists Yi Yang and Xiadong Song of Peking University in Beijing explored the nature of movement of Earth's inner core, largely made up of iron and molten liquids. They found the inner core's movement recently reduced enough they consider it “paused,” all part of what “seems to be associated with a gradual turning back of the inner core as a part of an approximately seven-decade oscillation.”The last turning point was in the early 1970s.Our understanding of Earth's inner core doesn't have a strong history. Ancient days, of course, had folks believing in a hollow core. Then came the understanding of iron and a molten mixture making up Earth's middle, coupled with the theory of spinning happening separate from the rest of Earth. Song confirmed the spinning theory in 1996.We don't quite know the speed of spinning, but it appears that may be because the inner core remains in a constant state of flux and switches directions roughly every seven decades thanks to electromagnetic imbalances and gravitational forces.The new study further tracked seismic waves through the core to see how they played out on the other side of Earth. “This globally consistent pattern suggests that inner-core rotation has recently paused,” the study says.With the spin changing throughout the decades, the authors believe there's an interplay between the spinning of the core and Earth's mantle, and not just a spinning core for spinning's sake.“This multidecadal periodicity coincides with changes in several other geophysical observations especially the length of day and magnetic field,” the authors write. “These observations provide evidence for dynamic interactions between the Earth's layers, from the deepest interior to the surface, potentially due to gravitational coupling, and the exchange of angular momentum from the core and mantle to the surface.”

Canicules, sécheresse : comment s'adapter ? LES INVITÉ.ES : - Eric BROCARDI - Porte-parole de la fédération des sapeurs-pompiers de France - Anne BRINGAULT - Coordinatrice des Programmes au Réseau Action Climat - Emma HAZIZA - Hydrologue - Benoit HARTMANN - Géographe, spécialiste des questions environnementales La France est de nouveau frappée par une vague de chaleur, qui risque d'aggraver une situation déjà critique après un mois de juillet considéré comme le second plus sec depuis 1958. Une majorité du territoire national est ainsi placée en alerte sécheresse. En découlent des interdictions pour éviter les pénuries d'eau. Les préfets ont notamment la possibilité de limiter voire de suspendre certains usages comme le remplissage de piscines privées, l'arrosage de jardins ou le nettoyage de véhicules. Les contrevenants risquent alors jusqu'à 1 500 € d'amende pour un particulier et 7 500 € pour un professionnel. Les conséquences sont importantes aussi pour l'agriculture, première activité consommatrice d'eau. Les restrictions inquiètent notamment pour le maïs dont la production s'annonce déjà très touchée par les aléas climatiques. L'économie du tourisme également est en difficulté, notamment celle du tourisme fluvial dans les régions où le niveau des cours d'eau est au plus bas. La France n'est pas la seule à souffrir de ces canicules à répétitions. Dans le sud de l'Espagne, « potager de l'Europe », l'équilibre à trouver pour les agriculteurs est difficile entre restrictions nécessaires et besoins vitaux. Selon la revue Nature Geoscience, la péninsule ibérique n'a jamais été aussi aride depuis un millénaire. Sa récolte d'huile d'olive est aujourd'hui en danger. Ces épisodes caniculaires oblige les villes à d'adapter. À Paris, près de 800 bâtiments, l'opéra Garnier ou le musée du Louvre par exemple, utilisent un système unique de refroidissement via l'utilisation de l'eau de la Seine. Un système écologique qui pourrait à l'avenir être étendu aux particuliers. Alors, comment les secteurs les plus touchés par la sécheresse font-ils face ? Quelles solutions reste-t-il dans l'agriculture, là notamment où la situation est la plus grave comme en Espagne ? Paris peut-elle construire le 1er réseau de froid au monde avec l'eau de la Seine ? DIFFUSION : du lundi au samedi à 17h45 FORMAT : 65 minutes PRÉSENTATION : Caroline Roux - Axel de Tarlé REDIFFUSION : du lundi au vendredi vers 23h40 RÉALISATION : Nicolas Ferraro, Bruno Piney, Franck Broqua, Alexandre Langeard, Corentin Son PRODUCTION : France Télévisions / Maximal Productions Retrouvez C DANS L'AIR sur internet & les réseaux : INTERNET : francetv.fr FACEBOOK : https://www.facebook.com/Cdanslairf5 TWITTER : https://twitter.com/cdanslair INSTAGRAM : https://www.instagram.com/cdanslair/

En Atapuerca se ha presentado la cara del primer europeo, una parte del pómulo, la mandíbula superior y el diente de un homínido que vivió hace entre 1,2 y 1,4 millones de años en la sierra burgalesa. Los restos no se han podido atribuir a ninguna especie, sólo al género Homo. Es muy probable que este nuevo fósil de la Sima del Elefante pertenezca a una de las primeras poblaciones que colonizaron Europa. Con testimonios de Eudald Carbonell, José María Bermúdez de Castro y Juan Luis Arsuaga, codirectores de las excavaciones, y Rosa Huguet, coordinadora de los trabajos en la Sima del elefante. La célula es la unidad básica de la vida. Se estima que el cuerpo humano contiene entre 30.000 y 40.000 millones, sin contar los microorganismos que forman parte de nuestra microbiota y cuyo número es todavía mucho mayor. Todas descienden de un óvulo fecundado, y contienen por tanto la misma información genética, pero cada una expresa solamente una parte del genoma de forma que mientras unas se especializan en transmitir el impulso nervioso, otras se encargan de almacenar grasa, defendernos contra patógenos o marcar el ritmo del corazón. Al menos hay 500 tipos celulares distintos, aunque todavía existe mucho desconocimiento en cuanto al número total de células, sus características moleculares, su función y su situación en el organismo. Ese es precisamente el objetivo del consorcio internacional Atlas Celular Humano, para comprender la salud humana y diagnosticar, controlar y tratar las enfermedades. Hemos entrevistado a Cecilia Domínguez Conde, coautora de un reciente estudio del Wellcome Sanger, de la Universidad de Cambridge, sobre poblaciones de células inmunitarias. Con José Antonio López Guerrero hemos comentado la séptima ola de COVID 19 en la que nos encontramos y las últimas novedades sobre la viruela del mono. El doctor Pedro Gargantilla nos ha contado como una enfermedad neurológica degenerativa que sufrió Maurice Ravel influyó en la composición del famoso bolero que lleva su nombre. Hemos informado del comienzo de una nueva ronda de funcionamiento a su máxima potencia del LHC, después de una parada técnica de tres años; del descubrimiento en el LHCb de tres nuevas partículas "exóticas" (un nuevo tipo de pentaquark y el primer par de tetraquarks de la historia), de que los seres vivos han desempeñado un papel clave en la formación de casi la mitad de las especies minerales de la Tierra, mientras que el agua es responsable de más del 80 % de la diversidad mineral, según sendos estudios liderados por el Instituto Carnegie de Washington; y de que la expansión del anticiclón de las Azores está provocando las condiciones más secas en la península Ibérica de los últimos 1.200 años, según un modelo publicado en Nature Geoscience que apunta como responsable a la acción humana. Sergio Villalba nos ha informado del desarrollo de un oleogel saludable en el Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos del CSIC que sustituye a las grasas sólidas tradicionales (mantequilla, margarina) en la elaboración de productos de bollería y confitería. Con testimonios de Teresa Sanz, coordinadora del estudio. Fernando Blasco nos ha hecho una breve semblanza de los cuatro galardonados con la medalla Fields de matemáticas, considerada el premio Nobel de esta disciplina científica: el francés Hugo Duminil-Copin, el estadounidense de origen coreano June Huh, el británico James Maynard y la ucraniana Maryna Viazovska, la segunda mujer que recibe este premio. Con Lluis Montoliu hemos analizado los graves problemas que sufren algunas razas de perros que han sido seleccionadas por lo extravagantes que eran, muchas con deformaciones y enfermedades que afectan a la calidad y expectativa de vida de los animales. En nuestra sección "Mujer y ciencia" Eulalia Pérez Sedeño ha trazado la biografía de Ana María Muñoz Amilibia, arqueóloga pionera española. Sus trabajos abarcaron prácticamente todos los periodos desde la prehistoria a la época medieval.  Escuchar audio

“In the spring of 1816, the weather in New England turned suddenly chilly. A distant volcanic eruption of Mt. Tambora in Indonesia in 1815 had expelled sulfur dioxide particles into the atmosphere in such quantity that they reduced the amount of solar energy that could reach Earth's surface…”So begins today's story from Emma C. Moesswilde.For further listening:Climate HistoryFor further reading:J. Luterbacher and C. Pfister, “The Year Without a Summer,” Nature Geoscience 8 (2015): 246–48.