Podcasts about Pisum

Lo scorso 23 maggio, Stroncature ha ospitato la presentazione dell'opera ”Le opere biologiche di Gregor Mendel per il lettore moderno” di Alessandro Volpone (Codice edizioni, 2024). Questa opera rappresenta la prima raccolta completa in Italia di tutti i testi di argomento biologico scritti da Gregor Mendel, il padre della genetica, includendo sia pubblicazioni che scritti privati. Alessandro Volpone ha tradotto questi materiali basandosi sulle edizioni critiche attualmente disponibili degli originali. Da notare che l'ultima traduzione in italiano del famoso saggio di Mendel sui piselli (Pisum) risale a circa cinquanta anni fa, e un suo lavoro su Hieracium (gli sparvieri, un tipo di fiore di campo) è stato trascurato dal 1914. Inoltre, il significativo carteggio di Mendel con il botanico Carl von Nägeli non è mai stato completamente tradotto in italiano fino a ora. Sebbene Mendel sia uno degli scienziati più celebrati nella storia, la sua produzione scientifica rimane poco conosciuta al di fuori della comunità specialistica. Le traduzioni di Volpone mirano a colmare questa lacuna editoriale, rendendo accessibile al grande pubblico un patrimonio storiografico di grande rilievo. I testi di Mendel esemplificano un modello impeccabile di lavoro sperimentale, realizzato con pazienza e tenacia da uno studioso che, contrariamente a quanto talvolta si pensa, non si arrese di fronte al mancato riconoscimento delle sue scoperte, ma interruppe il suo programma di ricerche solo a causa di crescenti impegni istituzionali. Il saggio conclusivo di Telmo Pievani offre un'ulteriore occasione per riconsiderare le relazioni tra Mendel e la teoria evoluzionistica di Darwin, con cui Mendel condivideva indubbiamente alcuni principi fondamentali. Nonostante ciò, i due naturalisti non ebbero mai l'opportunità di confrontarsi direttamente e di apprezzare la complementarità delle loro idee. Con l'autore dialogano: Mario De Tullio e Virginia Pansini.Diventa un supporter di questo podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/stroncature--4265827/support.

There is a fine line in gardening between overcrowding the plants and making efficient use of space. If we do it right, the plants benefit from each other and we can get way more out of our garden than we ever dreamed. But if we step over that line, we end up with plants competing with each other for space, water, sunlight, and nutrients and our yield is dramatically reduced. As we start planning our gardens for the year it's time to take a look at the space we have to work with and plan out our gardens to effectively use that space to our advantage. Today on Just Grow Something we're talking interplanting or intercropping. This technique not only allows for you to grow more in the exact same space, but can also reduce weeds and conserve water. Let's dig in. References and Resources: Courses | Just Grow Something Companion Planting Chart | Just Grow Something Tomato N Uptake (ucdavis.edu) CDFA - FREP - CA Fertilization Guidelines - Lettuce Nitrogen Uptake and Partitioning Nitrogen fixation in peas (Pisum sativum) (lincoln.ac.nz) Some vegetables require less water than others | OSU Extension Service (oregonstate.edu) Cornell Guide to Companion Planting.pdf (unl.edu) Just Grow Something Gardening Friends Facebook Group Check out how you can become a patron on Patreon JustGrowSomethingPodcast.com --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/justgrowsomething/message

Animales Más Tontos #2 Sapos locos de amor (Rhinella marina) Caballos VS burros (Equus caballus & Equus asinus) Arvejas que aprenden como perros! (Lavatera cretica, Pisum savitum Dionaea muscipula) Perros que quieren ser amos (Canis lupus) La evolución es tonta… (Chlamyphorus truncatus) Tontitos y gorditos (Hippopotamus amphibius) Pingüinos que roban niños! (Aptenodytes forsteri) Peces bidimensionales (Pleuronectes platessa) Kanguros de bolsillo (Allactaga tetradactyla) Las aves están locas! (Coracias caudatus & Phoenicopterus roseus) El tiburón holgazán (Mitsukurina owstoni) #1 Pandas (Ailuropoda Melanoleuca) Perezosos (Folivora) Kakapo (Strigops Habroptilus) Perros Koalas (Phascolarctos Cinereus) Los Pesticidas Te Entontecen (Apis Mellifera) Los Dodos No Eran Tan Tontos (Raphus Cucullatus) Moho Del Limo Y Sus Laberintos (Protistas) Vacas (Bos primigenius taurus) El Cambio Climático Hace Tontos A Los Lagartos (Lacertilia) Caballos Pavos May 4 - Dumbest Animals (1-2) = Animales Mas Tontos (#2-1) --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/universos-abiertos/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/universos-abiertos/support

“Relationships between roots, the stay-green phenotype, and agronomic performance in barley and wheat grown in semi-arid conditions” with Dr. Maryse Bourgault and Jessica Williams. Roots are an important factor in drought-resistance as they are the primary way by which plants uptake the water they need to survive. However, measuring roots can be a difficult, time-consuming, and destructive process. In this episode, we discuss Dr. Maryse Bourgault and Jessica William's work to better understand how drought, root systems, and other traits relate by partnering across studies in greenhouses and the field to study traits that get to the roots of drought resistance. Tune in to learn: ·         How root system traits relate to drought resistance ·         Which root traits work best for different cereal and pulse crops ·         How to make a root roll-up ·         How minirhizotrons can help gather root trait data without damaging the plants and soil If you would like more information about this topic, this episode's papers are available at the following links: Relationships between roots, the stay-green phenotype, and agronomic performance in barley and wheat grown in semi-arid conditions: https://doi.org/10.1002/ppj2.20050 Genotypic variability in root length in pea (Pisum sativum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivars in a semi-arid environment based on mini-rhizotron image capture: https://doi.org/10.1002/ppj2.20037 These papers are always freely available. Contact us at podcast@sciencesocieties.org or on Twitter @FieldLabEarth if you have comments, questions, or suggestions for show topics, and if you want more content like this don't forget to subscribe. If you'd like to see old episodes or sign up for our newsletter, you can do so here: https://fieldlabearth.libsyn.com/. If you would like to reach out to Maryse, you can find her here: maryse.bourgault@usask.ca Twitter: https://twitter.com/IntegratedAgUoS If you would like to reach out to Jessica, you can find her here: jessicalwill@gmail.com Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/jess_lynn_will/   If you would like to reach out to Olanrewaju Edward Adeyemi from our Student Spotlight, you can find him here: adey4002@vandals.uidaho.edu Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100009688535520&mibe LinkedIn: http://www.linkedin.com/in/olanrewajuadeyemi Resources CEU Quiz: https://web.sciencesocieties.org/Learning-Center/Courses/Course-Detail?productid=%7b23E58FE3-58A6-ED11-AAD1-000D3A365051%7d Transcripts: https://www.rev.com/transcript-editor/shared/PGNrRZdOKlv1TEf4Q1r-azs3WuwCQZ60YAxRCeqh5IL5rKEkUn3wZ0zSTQWCKQ26UXKY8fG2hVpTi39j-ApZuIkstOU?loadFrom=SharedLink Belowground Phenotyping Special Section in The Plant Phenome Journal: TBD NARC Field Day Jessica Williams Barley Roots: https://youtu.be/qGlAksqcO2M Stay-Green Genetics & Root Traits with Jessica Williams | Virtual Field Day 2020: https://youtu.be/iq8ko8rSM48 MSU Lab Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/msu.barley.malt.brew.lab/ MSU Lab Twitter: https://twitter.com/MSUBarleyMalt Sponsored by METER Group. METER sensors deliver real-time, plant, soil, and atmospheric data that fuels environmental research. Listen to METER Group's new podcast We Measure the World to hear how innovative researchers leverage environmental data to make our world a better—and more sustainable—place at metergroup.com/fieldlabearth Field, Lab, Earth is Copyrighted by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America.

As we start to plan our gardens for this year, we may realize that we don't have enough room for everything we want to grow. This is where intercropping and succession planting come in. We're planting different plants with each other to make the most of our space or we're planting them one after each other, sometimes with some overlap. And lots of times you will hear these terms used interchangeably or in conjunction with each other. But is intercropping and companion planting the same thing, or do they serve different purposes? To my way of thinking they are two sides to the same coin, each serving their own purpose but in very much the same manner. In today's episode we'll dig into the principles of both intercropping and companion planting, explore the differences and similarities between both, and talk about how we can use both methods to our benefit in our gardens. Let's dig in! Just Grow Something Gardening Friends Facebook Group Check out how you can become a patron on Patreon Follow me on Instagram JustGrowSomethingPodcast.com Merchandise | Just Grow Something Positively Farming Media Podcast Playlist on Spotify Get 10% off with code JUSTGROW at Truly Garden Companion Planting Chart | Just Grow Something with Karin Velez (justgrowsomethingpodcast.com) Plan Like A Pro | Just Grow Something with Karin Velez (justgrowsomethingpodcast.com) Resources for this episode: Tomato N Uptake (ucdavis.edu) CDFA - FREP - CA Fertilization Guidelines - Lettuce Nitrogen Uptake and Partitioning Nitrogen fixation in peas (Pisum sativum) (lincoln.ac.nz) Agronomy | Free Full-Text | Synergistic Effects of Agronet Covers and Companion Cropping on Reducing Whitefly Infestation and Improving Yield of Open Field-Grown Tomatoes (mdpi.com) --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/justgrowsomething/message

How long have humans been cultivating peas? What types of Pisum sativum are best for your garden? At which temperatures do peas thrive? This episode is all about Pisum sativum in less than 5 minutes! Opening tune: Vegetable Canon by Carmen Porter (https://carmenporter.com (https://carmenporter.com)) References: https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_pisa6.pdf (https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_pisa6.pdf) https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_PLANTMATERIALS/publications/nypmctn13507.pdf (https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_PLANTMATERIALS/publications/nypmctn13507.pdf) https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/pea (https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/pea) https://www.britannica.com/science/nitrogen-fixing-bacteria (https://www.britannica.com/science/nitrogen-fixing-bacteria)

Subscribe Apple | Google | Spotify | Stitcher | iHeart   Support The Daily Gardener Buy Me A Coffee    Connect for FREE! The Friday Newsletter |  Daily Gardener Community   Historical Events 1904 Birth of Salvador Dalí, Spanish surrealist artist. Educated in Madrid, Salvador was a son of Catalonia, and he never lost his love for the beauty of his homeland. Early in his career, Salvador gravitated toward surrealism. By 1929, Salvador Dali was regarded as a leading figure in the art form.  Like Sigmund Freud, Salvador Dalí used the landscape to metaphor the human mind. He once said about the coastline of his beloved Catalonia, I personify the living core of this landscape. Today, two museums are devoted to Salvador Dalí's work: the Dalí Theatre-Museum in Figueres, Spain, and the Salvador Dalí Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida. And in 2020, the Marie Selby Botanical Gardens in Sarasota, Florida, presented Salvador Dalí: Gardens of the Mind. The exhibit's centerpiece was Flordalí, a fantastically-colored series of flower lithographs from 1968. In Flordali, Salvador created imaginary surrealist enhancements to favorite blossoms. He made Dahlia unicorns, which feature a twisted horn in the middle of the bloom.  Lilium musicum has vinyl records and sheet music for petals. Pisum sensuale is a sensory plant with fingers with painted nails and voluptuous lips. Panseé (Viola cogitans) is a self-portrait with pansies for the eyes and mouth.    1907 On this day, the American botanist Nathaniel Lord Britton was in Nantucket preparing for a lecture on plant protection. Nathaniel had brought along fifty colored lantern slides from the Van Brunt collection to use in his presentation. Nathaniel and his wife co-founded the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx, New York.  Nathaniel's time in Nantucket was brief - only for a day - but he wrote these observations in a letter about his trip. [On Nantucket] The mayflower is the most abundant of spring wildflowers, carpeting the moors on the south side of the island and lending a rich, spicy fragrance to the ocean breezes that sweep over these exposed tracts. It is in less danger from picking than from the surface fires, which are common occurrences in spring.  The later blooming wildflowers suffer more or less at the hands of summer tourists, but I was glad to observe that the residents of Nantucket as a whole are keenly alive to the importance of preserving the natural beauties of the island and carefully guard the localities for many rare plants, especially the Scotch heather and the two European heaths (Erica cinerea and E. tetralix) which occur there.   1923 On this day, a schoolyard garden reported outside of Lochness gave the following update, As sheep are constantly breaking into the garden work has been stopped till the walls are rendered sheep-proof.   This little entry was discovered by the modern-day owner of the property Katharine Stewart, and she shared it in her delightful month by month garden book called A Garden in the Hills (2006).  Katharine reflected on the journal entry regarding the sheep and wrote, I know exactly what he meant. More than sixty years later, the sheep, the more agile variety, are still sometimes managing to leap over the wall, where the superimposed netting has given way. That can mean goodbye to all the summer lettuce and the winter greens, not to mention the precious flowering plants and all the work that went into producing them.   The little school in the Scottish highlands closed in 1958. A few years later, Katharine and her husband, Sam, bought the property known as the croft at Abriachan near Loch Ness. There, Katharine began her writing. Reflecting on her first days in the garden at the croft, Katharine wrote, When we arrived, wild raspberries, willowherb, and sweet cicely had largely taken over. To bees and butterflies and to many kinds of birds, this was paradise! For us, it held all the thrill of uncharted territory. Every day a fresh discovery was made. Even now, I come on surprises each summer. Digging [has] revealed many other interesting things-worn-out toys, pieces of pottery, a pile of school slates from a dump against the top wall, evidently discarded when jotters came in-and, most interesting of all, several 'scrapers' dating from prehistoric times.  Meanwhile, I often imagine my predecessors here looking on the same outline of hills, the same scoop of the burn in the hollow, listening to the same sounds of lark and owl, the bark of deer, and many more long gone-the howl of wolf, maybe the growl of bear. The heather would have been their late summer delight, making drinks of tea or ale, thatching for their roofs, and kindling for their fires.  Sometimes envy them the simplicity of their lives, though the hardships must have been great. They didn't have a Christmas to celebrate, but they knew all about the winter solstice, and they must have been happy to see the bright berries on the holly, as we do today.   Late in life, Katharine Stewart went on to become a teacher and then her town's postmistress. She died in 2013 and is survived by her daughter, Hilda.   1940 Birth of Margaret Visser, South African-born writer, and broadcaster who lives in Toronto, Paris, and southwest France. Margaret writes about history and anthropology and the mythology of everyday life. She once wrote, Salt is the only rock directly consumed by man.  It corrodes but preserves, desiccates but is wrested from the water. It has fascinated man for thousands of years not only as a substance he prized and was willing to labour to obtain but also as a generator of poetic and of mythic meaning. The contradictions it embodies only intensify its power and its links with experience of the sacred.   Grow That Garden Library™ Book Recommendation The Little Library Cookbook by Kate Young This book came out in 2018, and the British food writer and author Bee Wilson gushed, What a joy this is for hungry readers everywhere: stylish, fun, and clever. If there is comfort food, there is also comfort reading, and The Little Library Cookbook is it. The publisher writes, Would you like to taste Paddington Bear's marmalade? Or a clam chowder from Moby Dick? You'll learn how to prepare the afternoon tea served at Manderley and decadent tarts the Queen of Hearts would love—all while reading food-related excerpts from your favorite books. Kate Young was inspired to write this book based on her amazing food blog called The Little Library Café. In The Little Library Cookbook, Kate offers over 100 recipes inspired by beloved works of fiction. There are dishes from classics and contemporary bestsellers with stories for people of any age. Among many others, you will find Turkish delight from Narnia, Mint Juleps from The Great Gatsby, Bread and Butter Pudding from Atonement, Curried Chicken from Sherlock Holmes,  Pancakes from Pippi Longstocking, Coconut Shortbread by Sarah Perry's The Essex Serpent,  Black Ice Cream from The Hundred and One Dalmations, Cinnamon Rolls from Donna Tartt's The Goldfinch, Spaghetti and Meatballs from The Godfather, Apple Pie from The Railway Children, and Honey Rosemary Tea Cakes inspired by Winnie the Pooh. This book is 320 pages of food in fiction brought to life by the sweet, funny, and intrepid blogger, cook, caterer, and writer Kate Young. You can get a copy of The Little Library Cookbook by Kate Young and support the show using the Amazon link in today's show notes for around $15.   Botanic Spark 1894 On this day, Bovina ("Bo-VYE-na"), Mississippi, reported a case of turtle hail. Newspapers said that during a severe hailstorm, a six-inch-by-eight-inch gopher turtle, fell to the ground, completely encased in ice, at Bovina, which is located about seven miles east of Vicksburg in western Mississippi.    Thanks for listening to The Daily Gardener And remember: For a happy, healthy life, garden every day.

Ärtväxter (Fabaceae), eller baljväxter, är den näst största familjen inom gömfröväxterna med omkring 650 släkten och cirka 20 000 arter. Bland dessa finns många livsmedel, såsom inom bönsläktet (Phaseolus), ärtsläktet (Pisum), jordnötssläktet (Arachis) och sojabönssläktet (Glycine). Detta kan en läsa på Wikipedia. Men förutom att figurera i naturen så figurerar det också en hel del baljväxter i sagorna. I dagens avsnitt får vi höra några såna.Sagor i detta avsnitt:Jack och Bönstängeln – hittad av mig i Andrew Langs Den röda sagoboken, från början en engelsk folksagaTuppen och den magiska kvarnen – hittad av mig här https://leilaborg.wordpress.com/2017/08/01/tuppen-och-den-magiska-kvarnen/ från början en rysk folksagaDe 12 jägarna – hittad av mig hos Bröderna Grimm.

Hair Growth System with AnaGain his package was created as a 4-step system to increase hair growth. AnaGain stimulates specific signal molecules in the hair to reactivate and promote hair growth. AnaGain combined with 50mg-100mg of CBD per container helps to give your hair the nourishment and stimulation needed to grow fuller and thicker! This discounted package includes all 4 of our hair growth products: Shampoo, Conditioner, Leave-In Solution and Moisture Treatment. AnaGain is an ingredient designed for hair care products to fight hair loss and stimulate hair growth. It is based on organic pea sprouts and has proven to reactivate hair growth by directly targeting the dermal papilla cells that are key to the hair growth cycle. AnaGain™, which is based on organic pea sprouts stimulates specific signal molecules in the dermal papilla required to reactivate hair growth. Thanks to its composition, AnaGain™ successfully offers a sustainable and novel approach to fight hair loss. In a clinical study involving AnaGain™ it was shown that the anagen : telogen coefficient (proportion of active hair follicles to degenerating ones) could be improved from 4 to 7.2 corresponding to a 78% increase in hair growth in just 3 months. AnaGain™ is thus a natural and sustainable contributor to fuller and thicker hair. Hair Growth Shampoo with AnaGain This hair mask moisture treatment should be used once or twice weekly but can be used up to five times. This is the final step of the 4-step system to increase hair growth. AnaGain stimulates specific signal molecules in the hair to reactivate and promote hair growth. AnaGain combined with 100mg of CBD per container helps to give your hair the nourishment and stimulation needed to grow fuller and thicker! This product is intended to be used in a 4-step system but can be used separately. AnaGain™ Stimulating hair growth and fighting hair loss Free Membership Wholesale Price: $49.97 Retail Price: $65.97 Plant Source The pea (Pisum sativum) is a vegetable with pod fruits. Sprouts from organic peas were selected as a source of AnaGain™ due to their being rich in phytonutrients. These “health-promoting phytochemicals” protect the plant from disease, damage, pathogens, extreme UV, pollutants and help to defend it against herbivores. In addition, many of these phytochemicals are known to exert positive effects on human health. Sprouts are the plant material with the highest level of phytonutrients. https://bhsales.myctfo.com/opportunity_ctfo.html bhsales.myctfo.com My Immune Boost Pagebhsales.myctfo.com/boost My Join Free Pagebhsales.myctfo.com/joinfree My Opportunity Pagebhsales.myctfo.com/opportunity_ctfo My 2nd Opportunity Pagebhsales.myctfo.com/opportunity --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/bhsales/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/bhsales/support

  Have you ever wondered how to grow peas? Peas are one of those tastes that embodies spring: a little crisp, a little sweet. Knowing how to grow peas means we always have access to that wonderful flavor. But peas have an interesting history, too! Before agriculture was developed by humans, peas were a staple food that hunter-gatherer peoples would forage regularly.​ Interestingly, the Romans believed that fresh peas were poisonous, so they dried all peas before consumption. This was the common practice until a French gardener under the reign of King Louis XIV developed a pea hybrid called petits pois. These smaller, delicious fresh peas exploded in popularity with the king, and thus spread to worldwide appeal. While we think of peas as a vegetable nowadays, biologically the pod is considered a fruit, and the peas themselves are seeds. All peas are considered to be part of the legume family, along with beans and other podded produce. Without further ado, let’s dive into the world of growing Pisum sativum, the pea plant. We’ll go over how to grow peas, what environments are optimal, and even how to store them for eating later! Learn More: How To Grow Peas: Everything You Need To Know (2018 Update) Keep Growing, Kevin Podcast Sponsor: Garden Maker Naturals Natural and organic fertilizers with complete ingredient transparency, custom-mixed for your garden's unique needs. Check it out by clicking this link and tell them Kevin from Epic Gardening sent you! Follow Epic Gardening Everywhere: YouTube Instagram Pinterest Facebook Facebook Group Twitter

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In my thesis 25 feline ovaries (Felis catus) were studied using histological, glycohistochemical, immunhistochemical and ultrastructural methods. Additionally to the different follicle stages, the ovarian stroma and the thecal glands were also evaluated. For the glycohistochemical investigations, an appropriate panel of lectins was used, including Concanavalin Agglutinin (Con A), Wheat germ Agglutinin (WGA), Wheat germ Agglutinin succinylated (WGAs), Sambucus nigra Agglutinin (SNA) , Pisum sativum Agglutinin (PSA), Ricinus communis Agglutinin (RCA), Viscum album Agglutinin (VAA), Phaseolus vulgatis Erythroagglutinin (PHA E), Maackia amurensis Agglutinin I (MAA I), Phaseolus vulgaris Leukoagglutinin (PHA L), Sophora japonica Agglutinin (SJA) and Griffonia simplicifolia Agglutinin I (GSA I). The most interesting glycohistochemical staining was the strong reaction of WGA in the zona pellucida and the surrounding corona radiata cells. The staining with WGA-FITC demonstrates N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acids in the zona pellucida and the surrounding corona radiata. The immunhistochemical examination using antibodies against cytokeratins, vimentin, laminin, desmin, synemin, tubulin, SMA, S100, connexin 43, ERα and progesterone receptors showed the localization of cytoskeletal components within the different compartments of the feline ovary and the distribution of steroid hormone receptors. The ovarian surface epithelium contains not only cytokeratins but also synemin and nuclear estrogen receptors. The interstitial gland cells show a strong immunohistochemical staining with antibodies against vimentin, S100 and connexin 43. A similar immunohistochemical staining pattern was also observed in cells of the theca interna of tertiary follicles. The immunohistochemical staining pattern differs between the luteal cells derived from granulosa cells (granulosa lutein cells) or from thecal cells (theca lutein cells). The small theca cells only showed a distinct reaction with tubulin and S100 antibodies, in contrast to the large luteal cells which reacted much more strongly. In the rete ovarii the expression of cytokeratins, tubulin, progesterone receptors and ERα could be immunohistochemically demonstrated. Oocytes of the follicles of different developmental stages only showed a positive reaction with the synemin antibody. At all developmental stages, the follicle cells showed a strong immunohistochemical staining with the tubulin antibody. The intensity of connexin immunostaining increased during follicular development within the follicular epithelium from primordial to tertiary follicles. This proves the increase in the number of gap junctions in the follicular epithelium during follicle growth. In contrast the staining intensity with the vimentin antibody decreased in granulosa cells from primordial to tertiary follicles. This may indicate the remodelling of the cytoskeleton of the granulosa cells in growing follicles to obtain steroidogenic potential. The formation of nuclear ERα and progesterone receptors varies under the influence of different hormones, depending on the ovarian cycle. The rete ovarii is the only structure in which both receptor types are expressed. ERα can be detected in granulosa cells of some primary follicles, as well as in the ovarian surface epithelium. Progesterone receptors are localized in the theca interna of tertiary follicles and in small luteal cells and fibrocytes of the corpus luteum. In conclusion the feline ovary shows, in comparison to other mammals, an early differentiation of cytoskeletal and glykan containing elements. The zona pellucida is already formed in primary follicles and the granulosa cells contain vimentin filaments and gap junctions, which can already be observed in the stage of primordial follicle. The distribution of the S100 protein in the ovary of the cat differs fundamentally from all other species investigated so far. S100 was predominantly found in steroidogenic cells and may indicate its involvement in steroidogenesis, in conjunction with the expression of vimentin and connexin.

Meine Arbeit befasst sich mit der histologischen, histochemischen und elektronenmikroskopischen Analyse des Eileiters des Straußes (Struthio camelus). Als Untersuchungsmaterial dienten die Eileiter von acht geschlechtsreifen und zwei nicht geschlechtsreifen Blauhals-Schwarzhals-Hybriden aus der Straußenfarm Donaumoos in Leipheim. Die Histomorphologie wurde mittels konventioneller Färbungen (H.E.-Färbung, van Gieson-Resorcinfuchsin-Färbung, Trichromfärbung nach Masson und Goldner, Alcianblau 8GX-Färbung, Perjodsäure-Schiff-Reaktion) dargestellt. Glykohistochemisch wurden durch den Einsatz von Lektinen die Kohlenhydratstrukturen untersucht. Mittels immunhistochemischer Techniken wurde das Zytoskelett sowie die Verteilung von Östrogen- und Progesteronrezeptoren im Straußeneileiter studiert. Unter Verwendung eines Transmissionselektronenmikroskops konnte die Ultrastruktur ermittelt werden. Der Eileiter kann in die fünf Abschnitte Infundibulum, Magnum, Isthmus, Uterus und Vagina unterteilt werden. Das Epithel der untersuchten Tiere war im gesamten Eileiter ein mehrreihiges, hochprismatisches Epithel, welches sich aus Zilienzellen und sekretorischen Zellen zusammensetzt. In der Lamina propria mucosae finden sich charakteristische Drüsen im kaudalen Infundibulum, Magnum, Isthmus, Uterus und im uterovaginalen Übergangsbereich. Die Alcianblau-Färbung zeigt sich für pH 2,5 und pH 1,0 positiv im Oberflächenepithel des Infundibulums und Magnums der geschlechtsreifen Strauße und im Oberflächenepithel von Uterus und Vagina sowohl der adulten als auch der juvenilen Tiere. In der Vagina sind es vorrangig die Epithelzellen am Boden von Schleimhauteinstülpungen, die Alcianblau-positiv erscheinen. Die PAS-Reaktion fällt bei den adulten Straußen im Epithel des Infundibulums, und in Epithel und Drüsen sowohl des Magnums als auch des Isthmus positiv aus. Geschlechtsreife und nicht geschlechtsreife Laufvögel weisen eine positive PAS-Reaktion im Oberflächenepithel von Uterus und Vagina auf. Durch die Trichromfärbung konnten Mukosubstanzen zum einen im Epithel des tubulären Infundibulums und des Uterus, zum anderen in den Magnum- und Isthmusdrüsen der adulten Tiere festgestellt werden. Das Vaginalepithel zeigt sich bei geschlechtsreifen und nicht geschlechtsreifen Tieren positiv für Mukosubstanzen. Mittels glykohistochemischer Untersuchungen wurden die Zuckerstrukturen auf den Zellen des Eileiters nachgewiesen. Es wurden sowohl FITC-konjugierte als auch biotinylierte Lektine verwendet. Für die Durchführung der Analysen mit FITC-konjugierten Lektinen kamen Canavalia ensiformis Agglutinin (ConA), Pisum sativum Agglutinin (PSA), Lens culinaris Agglutinin (LCA), Ricinus communis Agglutinin (RCA), Peanut Agglutinin (PNA), Griffonia simplicifolia Lektin I (GSL-I), Dolichos biflorus Agglutinin (DBA), Soybean Agglutinin (SBA), Wheat germ Agglutinin (WGA), succinyliertes Wheat germ Agglutinin (WGAs), Ulex europaeus Agglutinin I (UEA-I), Phaseolus vulgaris Erythroagglutinin (PHA-E) und Phaseolus vulgaris Leukoagglutinin (PHA-L) zum Einsatz. Als biotinylierte Lektine wurden Viscum album Agglutinin (VAA), Sophora japonica Agglutinin (SJA), Sambucus nigra Agglutinin (SNA), und Maackia amurensis Agglutinin I (MAA-I) verwendet. Im Eileiter des Straußes konnte die Bindung von ConA, LCA, PSA, VAA, SJA, SNA, WGA, WGAs, MAA-I, PHA-E und PHA-L festgestellt werden. Lediglich schwach binden RCA und DBA. Keine Bindung konnte für die Lektine PNA, GSL-I, SBA und UEA-I ermittelt werden. Anhand immunhistochemischer Methoden wurden zytoskelettale Elemente sowie Hormonrezeptoren im Eileiter des Straußes untersucht. Hierbei wurde mittels spezifischer Antikörper die Lokalisation von Tubulin, Vimentin, Panzytokeratin, Zytokeratin (CK) 5, CK 14, CK 18, CK 19, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), non-muscle myosin (NMM), Östrogenrezeptor alpha (ER-α) und Progesteronrezeptor (PR) bestimmt. CK 19 konnte hierbei lediglich im Vaginalepithel festgestellt werden. ER-α zeigt sich ausschließlich in den Uterindrüsen der geschlechtsreifen Strauße immunpositiv. Für CK 7 und CK 8 konnten keine immunpositiven Strukturen im Eileiter ermittelt werden.

Die überwiegende Mehrzahl der chloroplastidären Proteine ist im Nukleus kodiert und muss folglich posttranslational in das Organell importiert werden. Der Transport dieser Vorstufenproteine in die Chloroplasten wird von zwei multimeren Proteinkomplexen bewerkstelligt, den Toc- (Translocon at the outer envelope of chloroplasts) und Tic- (Translocon at the inner envelope of chloroplasts) Komplexen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden verschiedene Aspekte des Proteinimports analysiert: (i) die Evolution des Proteintransports, (ii) die Importwege von Proteinen der inneren Hüllmembran und (iii) die Struktur und Funktion des Kanalproteins Tic110. Zur Untersuchung der Evolution des Proteinimports wurde die Translokation verschiedener Vorstufenproteine in Chloroplasten höherer Pflanzen mit der in Chloroplasten des Mooses Physcomitrella patens verglichen. Dabei wurden Kinetik, Energiebedarf und Prozessierung analysiert. Dies ermöglicht Aussagen über die Entwicklung des Proteintransports, da bekannt ist, dass die Zusammensetzung der Toc- und Tic-Komplexe in der nicht-vaskulären Pflanze P. patens Unterschiede zu den Importapparaten höherer Pflanzen aufweist. Es konnte verdeutlicht werden, dass die untersuchten Vorstufenproteine dennoch das gleiche Importverhalten in den analysierten Modelsystemen zeigen, was darauf hinweist, dass die Importwege trotz der Unterschiede in den Translokationskomplexen konserviert sind. Im weiteren Verlauf dieser Arbeit wurde der Import von Proteinen der inneren Hüllmembran analysiert, für welche zwei unterschiedliche Wege beschrieben wurden: im „conservative-sorting“-Weg werden die Proteine über die Toc- und Tic-Komplexe in das Stroma transportiert, wo das Erkennungssignal von der stromalen Prozessierungspeptidase vom maturen Protein getrennt wird, bevor anschließend die Insertion der Proteine in die Membran erfolgt. Beim „stop-transfer“-Weg dagegen stagnieren die Proteine auf Höhe des Translokationskanals der inneren Hüllmembran und werden von dort lateral in die Membran inseriert. Eine systematische Charakterisierung der Importwege hydrophober Proteine der inneren Membran in Chloroplasten von Pisum sativum bezüglich Energiebedarf, Nutzung von Rezeptorkomponenten, sowie Bildung löslicher Intermediate konnte zeigen, dass die Insertion der untersuchten Vorstufenproteine in die innere Hüllmembran mittels des „stop-transfer“-Weges erfolgt. Des Weiteren wurde die Struktur und Funktion des Kanalproteins der inneren Chloroplastenmembran - Tic110 - näher untersucht, wobei vor allem die Verankerung von Tic110 in die Membran von Interesse war. Tic110 besitzt zwei N-terminale, hydrophobe Transmembranhelices, welche für die Verankerung in die Membran verantwort-lich sind, sowie vier C-terminale, amphipatische Transmembrandomänen. In dieser Arbeit konnte mittels Sequenzanalyse ein konservierter Bereich am Ende der ersten amphipatischen Helix identifiziert werden, welcher ebenfalls maßgeblich an der Membranverankerung beteiligt ist. Eine Mutation dieser Domäne führt zu einer Konformationsänderung des Proteins, woraufhin es nicht mehr in der Lage ist, stabil in Membranen zu inserieren. Die Topologie von Tic110 macht deutlich, dass große Teile des Proteins sowohl in den Intermembranraum, als auch in das Stroma hineinragen, wohingegen die amphipatischen Transmembrandomänen den Translokationskanal bilden. In dieser Arbeit konnte ein künstliches Importsystem mittels in Liposomen rekonstituiertem Tic110 etabliert werden, wodurch nicht nur gezeigt werden konnte, dass Tic110 in der Lage ist, Vorstufenproteine zu binden, sondern auch, dass eine Translokation der Proteine erfolgen kann. Die Daten weisen auf eine bedeutende Rolle von Tic110 als Proteinimportkanal der inneren Hüllmembran hin.

Channels of the plastid and mitochondrial outer membranes facilitate the turnover of molecules and ions via these membranes. Although channels have been studied many questions pertaining to the whole diversity of plastid and mitochondrial channels in Arabidopsis thaliana and Pisum sativum remain unanswered. In this thesis I studied OEP16, OEP37 and VDAC families in two model plants, in Arabidopsis and pea. The Arabidopsis OEP16 family represents four channels of α-helical structure, similar to the pea OEP16 protein. These channels are suggested to transport amino acids and compounds with primary amino groups. Immunoblot analysis, GFP/RFP protein fusion expression, as well as proteomic analysis showed that AtOEP16.1, AtOEP16.2 and AtOEP16.4 are located in the outer envelope membrane of plastids, while AtOEP16.3 is in mitochondria. The gene expression and immunoblot analyses revealed that AtOEP16.1 and AtOEP16.3 proteins are highly abundant and ubiquitous; expression of AtOEP16.1 is regulated by light and cold. AtOEP16.2 is highly expressed in pollen, seeds and seedlings. AtOEP16.4 is a low expressed housekeeping protein. Single knockout mutants of AtOEP16.1, AtOEP16.2 and AtOEP16.4, and double mutants of AtOEP16 gene family did not show any remarkable phenotype. However, macroarray analysis of Atoep16.1-p T-DNA mutant revealed 10 down-regulated and 6 up-regulated genes. In contrast to the α-helical OEP16 proteins, the OEP37 and VDAC proteins are of β-barrel structure. The PsOEP37 and AtOEP37 channel proteins form a selective barrier in the outer envelope of chloroplasts. Electrophysiological studies in lipid bilayer membranes showed that the PsOEP37 channel is permeable for cations. Specific expression profiles showed that AtOEP37 and PsOEP37 are highly expressed in the entire plant. The isolated PsVDAC gene encodes a protein, which is located in mitochondria. In Arabidopsis gene database, five Arabidopsis genes, which code for VDAC-like proteins were announced. One gene was not detected, whereas four of these genes expressed in leaves, roots, flower buds and pollen.

The aim of this study was to increase the understanding of diversity and activity of dominant bacterial populations in the rhizospheres of three economically important grain legumes (Vicia faba, Lupinus albus and Pisum sativum). A cultivation-independent approach was employed to achieve this aim bearing in mind the limitation of cultivation-dependent technique that only 10% of bacteria present in rhizosphere can be cultured. PCR amplification of 16S rDNA and subsequent separation of the amplicons by DGGE was used in an initial screening of replicates for experimental variation and for the first characterization of bacterial community composition of the three rhizospheres under study. Specific profiles generated by the three legumes, derived by both 16S rDNA and rRNA, emphasized the need to perform detailed analysis of the communities present in these rhizospheres. Clone libraries for PCR and RT-PCR products were generated for representative samples of all the three legumes. Firmicutes were found to be the most dominant in all the legumes, both in DNA- and RNA-derived libraries, indicating them to be the most active group as well. A plant-dependent rhizosphere effect was reflected by the absence of ?-subdivision members in Pisum and ?-subdivision members of proteobacteria in Vicia rhizosphere. High numbers of as yet unclassified bacteria were also obtained. With this experimental set-up, using the same soil material but three different legumes and a uniform inoculation with Rhizobium sp., it became evident that plant roots influence the development of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere in a plant-specific manner. The extent of the rhizosphere effect could vary in natural field conditions as the present study was performed under controlled conditions in green house using soil from agricultural site. Extraction and analysis of rRNA has enabled identification of active taxa in the present study. Fingerprints were obtained for total RNA using two different primers. The profiles generated revealed marked differences between the three rhizospheres of the three legumes under study, indicating differences between the metabolic status of the bacterial communities present in the rhizospheres of these three legumes. To address the question of functional diversity, mRNA extraction and subsequent RT-PCR were performed for various genes important in nutrient cycling. The presence of chitinase genes could be established by specific PCR amplification using DNA extracted from the three rhizospheres. However, no expression of the gene could be detected by RT-PCR. Enzyme assays confirmed no or very low levels of the chitinase protein in the rhizospheres. Analysis of proteolytic enzymes (serine and neutral metallopeptidases) showed the presence and activity of serine peptidase in the three rhizospheres. Neutral metallopeptidase gene was also present in the three rhizospheres but no expression could be detected in the Lupinus rhizosphere. This was a confirmation of plant-dependent effect at the level of functioning of the bacterial communities. Genes for nitrite reductase (nirK and nirS), which may lead to removal of nitrogen from the system by denitrification, were targeted to gain an understanding of the importance of this enzyme in a nitrogen-enriching environment. The presence of nirS was not detected in any of the legume rhizospheres, but both the presence and activity of nirK was established for the three rhizospheres. The diversity of this gene was investigated by generating clone libraries with the RT-PCR products from the three plant rhizospheres. The observation of distinct differences in the distribution of phylotypes of expressed nirK gene in the three legume rhizospheres confirmed a plant specific effect on the functions of the rhizosphere bacterial communities. The present study revealed a hitherto unknown diversity of rhizospheric bacteria associated with grain legumes. Entirely cultivation-independent approaches to characterize the structure and function of the bacterial community of the rhizosphere of the three grain legumes clearly revealed plant-dependent rhizosphere effect on bacterial community structure and function.

Chloroplasts of higher plants contain a nuclear-encoded protein that is a functional homolog of the Escherichia coli chaperonin 10 (cpn10; also known as groES). In pea (Pisum sativum), chloroplast cpn10 was identified by its ability to (i) assist bacterial chaperonin 60 (cpn60; also known as groEL) in the ATP-dependent refolding of chemically denatured ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and (ii) form a stable complex with bacterial cpn60 in the presence of Mg.ATP. The subunit size of the pea protein is approximately 24 kDa--about twice the size of bacterial cpn10. A cDNA encoding a spinach (Spinacea oleracea) chloroplast cpn10 was isolated, sequenced, and expressed in vitro. The spinach protein is synthesized as a higher molecular mass precursor and has a typical chloroplast transit peptide. Surprisingly, however, attached to the transit peptide is a single protein, comprised of two distinct cpn10 molecules in tandem. Moreover, both halves of this "double" cpn10 are highly conserved at a number of residues that are present in all cpn10s that have been examined. Upon import into chloroplasts the spinach cpn10 precursor is processed to its mature form of approximately 24 kDa. N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis reveals that the mature pea and spinach cpn10 are identical at 13 of 21 residues.

Isolated outer envelope membrane from pea (Pisum sativum L.) chloroplasts can be used in vitro to study binding and partial translocation of precursor proteins destined for the inside of the organelle. Efficient binding to a receptor protein on the outside of the membrane vesicle and generation of a translocation intermediate depends strictly on the presence of ATP. Protease treatment of the translocation intermediate demonstrates its insertion into the membrane. The membraneinserted precursor protein cannot be extracted by 1 M NaCl and is also NaOH resistant to a large extent. Mild solubilization of outer envelope membranes by detergent resulted in the isolation of a complex which still contained the precursor protein. We have identified a constitutively expressed homologue hsc 70 as part of this membrane complex. Antibodies against hsp 70 (inducible heat shock protein 70) were able to immunoprecipitate the complex bound precursor protein. A second protein of 86 kDa molecular weight (OEP 86) from the outer envelope membrane was also identified as a major component of this complex.

A 64-kilodalton (kDa) protein, situated in the lumen between the inner and outer envelopes of pea (Pisum sativum L.) chloroplasts (Soll and Bennett 1988, Eur. J. Biochem., 175, 301–307) is shown to undergo reversible phosphorylation in isolated mixed envelope vesicles. It is the most conspicuously labelled protein after incubation of envelopes with 33 nmol·1-1 [-32P]ATP whereas incubation with 50 mol·1-1 [-32P]ATP labels most prominently two outer envelope proteins (86 and 23 kDa). Half-maximum velocity for phosphorylation of the 64-kDa protein occurs with 200 nmol·1-1 ATP, and around 40 mol·1-1 ATP for phosphorylation of the 86- and 23-kDa proteins, indicating the operation of two distinct kinases. GGuanosine-, uridine-, cytidine 5-triphosphate and AMP are poor inhibitors of the labelling of the 64-kDa protein with [-32P]ATP. On the other hand, ADP has a potent influence on the extent of labelling (half-maximal inhibition at 1–5 mol·1-1). The ADP-dependent appearance of 32P in ATP indicates that ADP acts by reversal of kinase activity and not as a competitive inhibitor. However, the most rapid loss of 32P from pre-labelled 64-kDa protein occurs when envelope vesicles are incubated with ATP t1/2=15 s at 20 molsd1-1 ATP). This induced turnover of phosphate appears to be responsible for the rapid phosphoryl turnover seen in situ.

An ATP-dependent protein kinase was partially purified from isolated outer envelope membranes of pea (Pisum sativum L., Progress No. 9) chloroplasts. The purified kinase had a molecular weight of 70 kilodaltons, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was of the cyclic nucleotide and Ca2+, calmodulin-independent type. The purification involved the detergent solubilization of purified outer envelopes by 0.5% cholate and 1% octylglycoside, followed by centrifugation on a linear 6 to 25% sucrose gradient. Active enzyme fractions were further purified by affinity chromatography on histone III-S Sepharose 4B and ion exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose. The protein kinase eluted at 100 millimolar and 50 millimolar NaCl, respectively. The protein kinase was essentially pure as judged by Western blot analysis. The enzyme has a KM of 450 micromolar for ATP and a Vmax of 25 picomoles of 32P incorporated into histone III-S per minute per microgram. Inhibition by ADP is competitive (Ki 150 micromolar).

A guanosine 5-triphosphate (GTP)-dependent protein kinase was detected in preparations of outer chloroplast envelope membranes of pea (Pisum sativum L.) chloroplasts. The protein-kinase activity was capable of phosphorylating several envelope-membrane proteins. The major phosphorylated products were 23- and 32.5-kilo-dalton proteins of the outer envelope membrane. Several other envelope proteins were labeled to a lesser extent. Following acid hydrolysis of the labeled proteins, most of the label was detected as phosphoserine with only minor amounts detected as phosphothreonine. Several criteria were used to distinguish the GTP-dependent protein kinase from an ATP-dependent kinase also present in the outer envelope membrane. The ATP-dependent kinase phosphorylated a very different set of envelope-membrane proteins. Heparin inhibited the GTP-dependent kinase but had little effect upon the ATP-dependent enzyme. The GTP-dependent enzyme accepted phosvitin as an external protein substrate whereas the ATP-dependent enzyme did not. The outer membrane of the chloroplast envelope also contained a phosphotransferase capable of transferring labeled phosphate from [-32P]GTP to ADP to yield (-32P]ATP. Consequently, addition of ADP to a GTP-dependent protein-kinase assay resulted in a switch in the pattern of labeled products from that seen with GTP to that typically seen with ATP.

A protein kinase was found in envelope membranes of purified pea (Pisum sativum L.) chloroplasts. Separation of the two envelope membranes showed that most of the enzyme activity was localized in the outer envelope. The kinase was activated by Mg2+ and inhibited by ADP and pyrophosphate. It showed no response to changes in pH in the physiological range (pH 7-8) or conventional protein substrates. Up to ten phosphorylated proteins could be detected in the envelope-membrane fraction. The molecular weights of these proteins, as determined by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis were: two proteins higher than 145 kDa, 97, 86, 62, 55, 46, 34 and 14 kDa. The 86-kDa band being the most pronounced. Experiments with separated inner and outer envelopes showed that most labeled proteins are also localized in the outer-envelope fraction. The results indicate a major function of the outer envelope in the communication between the chloroplast and the parent cell.