Podcasts about rt pcr

Drs. Whitney Hartlage (@whithartlage11) and Sam Windham join Dr. Ryan Moenster to discuss updates in the diagnosis and management of community-acquire pneumonia. Hear from our guests on the role of rapid diagnostic tests such as multiplex PCR and urinary antigen tests in the inpatient and outpatient setting, considerations for initiating steroids and withholding macrolides, and when to use short antibiotic durations. Listen to Breakpoints on iTunes, Overcast, Spotify, Listen Notes, Player FM, Pocket Casts, TuneIn, Blubrry, RadioPublic, or by using our RSS feed: https://sidp.pinecast.co/. Visit our website! https://breakpoints-sidp.org/ References: Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, Anzueto A, Brozek J, Crothers K, Cooley LA, Dean NC, Fine MJ, Flanders SA, Griffin MR, Metersky ML, Musher DM, Restrepo MI, Whitney CG. Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia. An Official Clinical Practice Guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST. PMID: 31573350; PMCID: PMC6812437. Chaudhuri D, Nei AM, Rochwerg B, Balk RA, Asehnoune K, Cadena R, Carcillo JA, Correa R, Drover K, Esper AM, Gershengorn HB, Hammond NE, Jayaprakash N, Menon K, Nazer L, Pitre T, Qasim ZA, Russell JA, Santos AP, Sarwal A, Spencer-Segal J, Tilouche N, Annane D, Pastores SM. 2024 Focused Update: Guidelines on Use of Corticosteroids in Sepsis, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, and Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2024 May 1;52(5):e219-e233. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000006172. Epub 2024 Jan 19. PMID: 38240492. Odeyemi Y, Tekin A, Schanz C, Schreier D, Cole K, Gajic O, Barreto E. Comparative effectiveness of azithromycin versus doxycycline in hospitalized patients with community acquired pneumonia treated with beta-lactams: A multicenter matched cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2025 May 16:ciaf252. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaf252. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 40378193. Butler AM, Nickel KB, Olsen MA, Sahrmann JM, Colvin R, Neuner E, O'Neil CA, Fraser VJ, Durkin MJ. Comparative safety of different antibiotic regimens for the treatment of outpatient community-acquired pneumonia among otherwise healthy adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2024 Oct 23:ciae519. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciae519. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39442057; PMCID: PMC12355227. Furukawa Y, Luo Y, Funada S, Onishi A, Ostinelli E, Hamza T, Furukawa TA, Kataoka Y. Optimal duration of antibiotic treatment for community-acquired pneumonia in adults: a systematic review and duration-effect meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2023 Mar 22;13(3):e061023. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061023. PMID: 36948555; PMCID: PMC10040075 Schober T, Wong K, DeLisle G, et al. Clinical outcomes of rapid respiratory virus testing in emergency departments. JAMA Intern Med. 2024;184(5):528-536. Clark T, Lindsley K, Wigmosta T, et al. Rapid multiplex PCR for respiratory viruses reduces time to result and improves clinical care: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2023;86(5):462-475. May L, Robbins EM, Canchola JA, Chugh K, Tran NK. A study to assess the impact of the cobas point-of-care RT-PCR assay (SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A/B) on patient clinical management in the emergency department of the University of California at David Medical Center. J Clin Virol. 2023:168:105597. Cartuliares MB, Rosenvinge FS, Mogensen CB, Skovsted TA, Andersen SL, Østergaard C, et al. Evaluation of point-of-care multiplex polymerase chain reaction in guiding antibiotic treatment of patients acutely admitted with suspected community-acquired pneumonia in Denmark: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2023;20:e1004314. doi: 10.1371/ journal.pmed.1004314. Vaughn VM, Dickson RP, Horowitz JK, Flanders SA. Community-acquired pneumonia: a review. JAMA. 2024;332(15):1282-1295. Davis MR, McCreary EK, Trzebucki AM. Things we do for no reason – ordering Streptococcus pneumoniae urinary antigen in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2024;11(3):ofae089. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Laboratory Testing for Legionella. Updated June 9, 2025. Accessed July 13, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/legionella/php/laboratories/index.html. Jain S, Self WH, Wunderink RG. Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. adults. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(5):415-427. Kamat IS, Ramachandram V, Eswaran H, Guffey D, Musher DM. Procalcitonin to distinguish viral from bacterial pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;70(3):538-542. Christ-Crain M, Jaccard-Stolz D, Bingisser R, Gencay MM, Huber PR, Tamm M, et al. Effect of procalcitonin-guided treatment on antibiotic use and outcome in lower respiratory tract infections: cluster-randomised, single blinded intervention trial. Lancet. 2004;363:600–7. doi: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(04)15591-8. Schuetz P, Christ-Crain M, Thomann R, Falconnier C, Wolbers M, Widmer I, et al. Effect of procalcitonin-based guidelines vs standard guidelines on antibiotic use in lower respiratory tract infections: the ProHOSP randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;302:1059–66. Schuetz P, Muller B, Christ-Crain M, Stolz D, Tamm M, Bouadma L, et al. Procalci- € tonin to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Datab System Rev. 2017;10(10):CD007498. doi: 10.1002/14651858. cd007498.pub2. Huang DT, Yealy DM, Filbin MR, Brown AM, Chang C-CH, Doi Y, et al. Procalcitonin-guided use of antibiotics for lower Respiratory tract infection. New Engl J Med. 2018;379:236–49. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1802670. Dequin PF, Meziani F, Quenot JP, et al. Hydrocortisone in severe community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(19):1623-1634. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2215145. Gupta AB, Flanders SA, Petty LA, et al. Inappropriate diagnosis of pneumonia among hospitalized adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2024;184(5):548-556. Jones BE, Chapman AB, Ying J, et al. Diagnostic Discordance, Uncertainty, and Treatment Ambiguity in Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A National Cohort Study of 115 U.S. Veterans Affairs Hospitals. Ann Intern Med. 2024;177(9):1179-1189. doi:10.7326/M23-2505. Hartlage W, Imlay H, Spivak ES. The role of empiric atypical antibiotic coverage in non-severe community-acquired pneumonia. Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol. 2024;4(1):e214. doi:10.1017/ash.2024.453. Dinh A, Barbier F, Bedos JP, et al. Update of guidelines for management of community acquired pneumonia in adults by the French Infectious Disease Society (SPILF) and the French-Speaking Society of Respiratory Diseases (SPLF). Endorsed by the French Infectious Disease Society (SPILF) and the French-Speaking Society of Respiratory Diseases (SPLF); endorsed by the French Intensive Care Society (SRLF), the French Microbiology Society (SFM), the French Radiology Society (SFR), and the French Emergency Society (SFMU). Respir Med and Res. 2025. El Moussaoui R, de Borgie CAJM, van den Broek P, et al. Effectiveness of discontinuing antibiotic treatment after three days versus eight days in mild to moderate-severe community acquired pneumonia: randomised, double blind study. BMJ. 2006;332(7554):1355. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7554.1355. Dinh A, Ropers J, Duran C, et al. Discontinuing β-lactam treatment after 3 days for patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2021;397(10280):1195-1203.

Dr. Sumanta (Monty) Pal and Dr. Arielle Elkrief discuss the clinical relevance of the gut microbiome in cancer immunotherapy and the importance of antibiotic stewardship, as well as interventions currently being explored to treat gut dysbiosis and optimize immunotherapy response. TRANSCRIPT Dr. Sumanta (Monty) Pal: Hi everyone, I'm Dr. Monty Pal, welcoming you to the ASCO Daily News Podcast. I'm a medical oncologist. I'm a professor and vice chair of academic affairs at the City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center in Los Angeles.  Today we're here to discuss one of my favorite topics, which is the gut microbiome. It's almost hard to avoid the gut microbiome nowadays if you look at medical literature within oncology. It's an emerging phenomenon, but there are a couple of individuals that I would really define as pioneers in the field. And one of them is actually with me today, Dr. Arielle Elkrief, to discuss the clinical relevance of the gut microbiome, particularly amongst patients receiving immunotherapy, although I imagine our conversation today will take many twists and turns. Arielle is an assistant professor and clinician scientist in the Department of Oncology at the University of Montreal, and she is co-director of the CHUM Microbiome Center there.  FYI for the listeners, we have our full disclosures in the transcript of this episode.  Arielle, thank you so much for joining us today. Dr. Arielle Elkrief: Thanks so much, Monty. This is going to be amazing. Dr. Sumanta (Monty) Pal: Well, I have to tell you what sort of inspired me to bring you on as a guest. It was one of many things, but it was this really terrific ASCO Educational [Book] article that you wrote. Now, I have to tell you, I've read all the articles sort of cover to cover in the book, and they're always a wonderful primer, so if our audience is studying for board research or something of that sort, it's a terrific resource to go through. I have to tell you, this piece on the gut microbiome that you wrote is nothing short of a masterpiece. If you read this cover to cover, it's actually going to give you, I think, a sense of the current state and future state of the field. I wanted to start by just sort of beginning with sort of the origin story for a lot of this, which is this association between the gut microbiome and immunotherapy response. This takes us back several years to this pivotal series of papers in Science. Maybe you could walk our audience through that. Dr. Arielle Elkrief: Absolutely. Well, thank you so much for your kind words about the ASCO [Educational] Book. It was a team effort with a lot of key opinion leaders in the field, so I'm really glad to learn that you've liked it.  Moving backwards in terms of how we came to understand that the gut microbiome is essential to priming a response to cancer immunotherapy actually goes back to 2015 and seminal papers that looked at what happens when we take mice that are germ-free mice that have never been exposed to a microbiome. These are mice that are born by cesarean section and essentially live in a bubble. And when we give those mice tumors and treat them, in the first papers with anti-CTLA-4 treatment, we realized that these antibodies don't work at all. And that was the first observation that the presence of a gut microbiome was essential to mounting an anti-cancer immune response. When we supplemented those same mice with beneficial bacteria or feces from responder patients, we were able to restore the response to immunotherapy. And so those were really the first preclinical observations that made us understand the critical role of the microbiome in immunotherapy response. Moving a little bit in the future, we examined the fecal microbiome composition using shotgun metagenomic sequencing in different cohorts of patients with solid tumors, namely lung cancers, kidney cancers, and also skin tumors like melanoma, and found that patients who responded to immunotherapy had a distinct microbiome that was characterized by beneficial bacteria compared to patients who experienced resistance to immunotherapy that had a dysbiotic or diseased microbiome. Dr. Sumanta (Monty) Pal: So, you know, it's interesting, these techniques that we're using to sequence the gut, they're a little bit different. So I wonder if you can give the audience a quick primer on these techniques that you're so well versed in, shotgun metagenomic sequencing, 16S rRNA sequencing. If you had to describe this in 30 seconds, which is a tall task, how would you do that? Dr. Arielle Elkrief: That's a tall task. Much of what we know about the microbiome initially came from a technique called 16S rRNA sequencing. This is a technique that amplifies the 16S region and basically tells you at the genus level what's going on at the level of bacterial composition. This technique is fast, relatively cheap, and can be performed on a laptop computer, which is excellent. The problem is that it's prone to a lot of technical variations. Different primers might give you different results, and you're really limited at the genus resolution. You can't get a good resolution in terms of species, and we're learning that different species from the same genus might have different physiological properties, and the same thing goes at the strain level. So when we really zone in and look at inter-species changes, we're seeing that these actually have specific functions in the host. So that brings us to metagenomic sequencing, which is a whole genome sequencing, next-generation sequencing based method that looks at the whole composition and gives you information not only on bacteria, but you might also get fungal and viral properties. You can zoom in on the strain level. You can also get functional output, so we can examine what the metabolic properties of specific species or strains might look like. The negative aspects of shotgun metagenomic sequencing is that it takes a lot of computational power in order to analyze the results and it might take a little bit longer. And certainly, within the clinical setting, not something that's feasible yet.  And that brings us to more novel point-of-care biomarker tools that we've collaborated in developing along with Dr. Laurence Zitvogel and Dr. Lisa Derosa at Gustave Roussy, that learning from the shotgun metagenomics results designed a probe using quantitative PCR which looks for this specific bacteria we know to be important and developed a ratio of harmful bacteria to beneficial bacteria. This is called the TOPOSCORE, and it actually is able to predict quite nicely the response to immunotherapy using a stool sample and a really good turnaround time of almost 72 hours. Dr. Sumanta (Monty) Pal: That was a perfect overview and a lot of information in a short amount of time. It also makes you take out your high school biology textbooks, doesn't it, to understand that the bacterial ribosome, right, is a different size and shape, and that's what we're sequencing here. But these techniques I think are incredibly important, and I'm glad you actually discussed this, this RT-PCR based strategy of calculating the TOPOSCORE. It lends itself to this phenomenon of dysbiosis, and I think for our audience, that's going to be an important term to understand as time goes on. There's the normal healthy gut and then there's this phenomenon of dysbiosis, which is, I guess, simply put, an unhealthy gut. But tell us about, you know, how often you see dysbiosis in a cancer patient, maybe versus a normal healthy adult. Dr. Arielle Elkrief: So, I think we can split up your question into two parts. One is we know from cohort studies and population level-based studies that the microbiome of patients with cancer is distinct from healthy patients or healthy people. And we know that because of the global composition. We also think that there are diversity metrics that lend themselves to being described as dysbiotic. But we do know that the microbiome of people with cancer is distinct from healthy volunteers. That's the first point.  In terms of how frequently dysbiosis occurs in patients with cancer, it's not very well defined. We know that even among healthy people, there is a certain level of dysbiosis. Laurence in her talk mentioned that to be about 10% to 20%. And the other fascinating component is that when we're thinking about dysbiosis and the cancer associated microbiome, in terms of the species that are enriched, it's quite striking that a lot of these dysbiotic or negative bacteria are also found to be enriched in patients with metabolic disease, like cardiovascular disease, for example. And so it's unclear if dysbiosis is the cause or consequence, but there definitely seems to be a general pattern of disease when looking at the microbiome compared to healthy people. Dr. Sumanta (Monty) Pal: That's interesting. So, I'll tell you, my second favorite portion of your article, and I'll tell you my favorite portion as well in the context of this podcast, but my second favorite part was the section around antibiotic stewardship. You know, the utilization of antibiotics in a very pragmatic fashion amongst our patients. Can you describe why that's so critical in the context of the microbiome? Dr. Arielle Elkrief: Antibiotics can disrupt the gut microbiome composition. We know this from mouse studies, but also cohort studies of patients that are exposed to antibiotics. And most importantly, we know that patients who are exposed to antibiotics, either before or during the immunotherapy period, have significantly worse progression-free survival and overall survival to immunotherapy. And this is true for immunotherapy in the monotherapy setting, but also when combined with chemotherapy. What's striking is that when we look at patients who are just treated with chemotherapy, we don't see the negative outcome of antibiotics on outcome and progression-free survival and overall survival, suggesting that the negative impact of antibiotics on outcomes is really specific to immunotherapy backbones. The other important point is that this negative signal is maintained even after adjusting for standard prognostic variables in the specific malignancies that we're looking at. And then most importantly, at the mechanistic level, we were able to actually pinpoint the mechanism behind this antibiotic related dysbiosis. And we see this with a bloom of negative bacteria which induces a loss of MAd-CAM, which is an endothelial gut checkpoint immune marker, and that causes an efflux of immunosuppressive T cells, which are usually in the gut, to go straight into the tumor where they make the tumor unamenable to an immunotherapy response. And so now we finally have the mechanism as to why antibiotics are harmful and why we need to practice antibiotic stewardship. Dr. Sumanta (Monty) Pal: And just to be clear for the audience, I mean, if a patient needs antibiotics, they need antibiotics. But perhaps it just suggests that, and we have, I suppose, this predilection as oncologists, just for the minor cold or cough or what have you, we maybe should be a little bit more cognizant of whether or not antibiotics are truly necessary. Is that fair? Dr. Arielle Elkrief: Absolutely. So what we're advocating for is antibiotic stewardship, and this is the clear recommendation that we can make. So that means confirming a bacterial infection. If it's there and antibiotics are indicated, to choose the most narrow spectrum for the shortest course and constantly re-evaluate the indication of antibiotics. And of course, we need to work with our colleagues in infectious diseases who've done incredible work in antibiotic stewardship. And all along this process we also need to be mindful of other medications and polypharmacy, such as proton pump inhibitors or narcotics, for example, we think that these other medications which are frequently prescribed in our cancer population can also potentially have negative impacts on the microbiome and immunotherapy response. Dr. Sumanta (Monty) Pal: I think that's a terrific summary and big guidance for the audience.  I promised you I'd tell you my favorite part of your article, and this is this huge table. I think the table is two and a half pages long, if I remember correctly, but it's an awesome table, and I highly recommend our audience to check this out. It lists literally every therapeutic trial for the microbiome under the sun. And so it begins with the approach of fecal microbiota transplant, which I'm going to ask you to tell us about in a second, but it also hinges on a lot of really cool sort of novel therapies, live bacterial products, mixes of different microbial products. Maybe take us through this whole approach of FMT (fecal microbiota transplantation). I actually wasn't aware of the dozens of trials that you listed there in this space. It seems like it's a very active area of research. Dr. Arielle Elkrief: Definitely. So, as you alluded to, FMT or fecal microbiota transplantation is the most well studied and direct way to modify the patient's microbiome. This technique aims to replace the patient's dysbiotic microbiome with that of a healthy microbiome, either from a healthy donor volunteer that's been heavily screened, or from a patient who experienced response to immunotherapy. And, as three landmark studies so far that have been published demonstrated the potential of FMT to reduce primary resistance or secondary resistance to immunotherapy, and this has been in melanoma.  We also recently reported on the results of our FMT-LUMINate trial, which looked at patients with lung cancer and melanoma. Once again, FMT, when combined with immunotherapy was safe and led to a higher proportion of responses than we would normally expect.  We're now also looking at randomized trials that have come out. So the first being the TACITO trial in kidney cancer, which compared FMT plus pembrolizumab and axitinib to placebo in patients with RCC, and again, FMT was safe and feasible and also led to an increased progression-free survival at one year, meeting the study's primary endpoint.  And so, so far, there's a wealth of data really showing the promise of FMT when combined with immunotherapy, and we're now in the process of conducting larger randomized trials, including in melanoma with the CCTG (Canada Cancer Trials Group) in our ME17 or Canbiome2 trial, where we're going to be enrolling 128 patients with metastatic melanoma to receive FMT and standard of care immunotherapy compared to standard of care immunotherapy alone. Dr. Sumanta (Monty) Pal: You're very humble, so I've got to highlight for our audience. This was a mega grant that Arielle received to fund really the largest prospective exploration of FMT that will exist to date. So I'm really excited about that. I wish this was something we could participate in stateside.  Before we jump into the other approach, which is live bacterial products and mixes thereof, where do you see FMT going? I think that one of the perceived challenges with FMT is that it's hard to implement, right? You need to have a really robust framework when it comes to gastroenterology, the preparation's challenging. Is there a way to envision FMT use being more generalized? Dr. Arielle Elkrief: Those are great questions. So we're lucky in Canada to work with pioneers in FMT, Michael Silverman, Saman Maleki, and John Lenehan in London, Ontario, who had this really robust FMT healthy donor screening program, which literally screens for every pathogen under the sun, and we haven't had any problems with feasibility or implementing FMT in Canada. But I think that once we're going to hopefully start doing larger scale, randomized phase three studies, that we might run into problems with scalability. And I think also with regards to reproducibility, and that's the feedback that we're getting from some regulatory authorities, especially at the level of the FDA, where there are some concerns around inter- and intra-donor variability because, of course, we can't guarantee that every fecal sample is going to be the same. So that has really pushed the field to think about other strategies, such as live biotherapeutic products which take modified FMT or bacteria from stools from either healthy donors or from responder patients and basically turn them into drugs that are regulated as drugs and can then be studied in the context of investigational new drugs or products. Dr. Sumanta (Monty) Pal: I like this and, you know, I do think that there's a future for it. We just have to kind of put our heads together and figure out how to get over all of these logistical hurdles, but, you know, I agree, I think your group and others have demonstrated, especially with this trial that you're fanning out all throughout Canada, that it can potentially be done.  This is a topic that could probably go on for another couple of hours, right, especially based on the size of the table that you put together in this brilliant article, but tell us about live bacterial products or LBPs, as we call them these days. What's the current status, what's the future there? And maybe I'll give you less than two minutes here, although again, I realize it's a two-hour topic. Dr. Arielle Elkrief: You're probably better suited to speak about that because you've been one of the pioneers in terms of this. So we can think about LBPs in terms of single strain organisms, like CBM588 for an example, which your group did some amazing work in showing that, in a randomized setting, that this led to better responses than we would expect compared to just work with controls. We also know that LBPs can have multiple strains, up to 30. We're collaborating with a company called Cannabis Bioscience that is actually working on much larger communities of consortia. And so we're really excited about the direction that that's taking in terms of taking these LBPs and developing them from the drug perspective. In addition to LBPs, we know that there are other ways that we can change the microbiome, notably prebiotics, which are compounds which can have a beneficial impact on the microbiome. And one of these is camu camu, which I know your group is leading a clinical trial looking at camu camu and kidney cancer, and we're excited to see how that compares to FMT or LBPs, because that might be a potentially scalable alternative. Dr. Sumanta (Monty) Pal: That's awesome. What a terrific overview, and that was less than two minutes. I don't know how you did it. That's terrific.  Arielle, this has been such an insightful conversation. I just want to thank you for, again, a terrific article in the ASCO Educational Book. I highly recommend all of our listeners to go there and check it out, and also for sharing all these terrific insights on the podcast today. Dr. Arielle Elkrief: Thank you so much, Monty. Dr. Sumanta (Monty) Pal: And thanks to our listeners, too. If you value the insights that you heard today on the ASCO Daily News Podcast, please rate, review, and subscribe wherever you get your podcasts. Thanks, everyone. Disclaimer: The purpose of this podcast is to educate and to inform. This is not a substitute for professional medical care and is not intended for use in the diagnosis or treatment of individual conditions. Guests on this podcast express their own opinions, experience, and conclusions. Guest statements on the podcast do not express the opinions of ASCO. The mention of any product, service, organization, activity, or therapy should not be construed as an ASCO endorsement. Find out more about today's speakers:    Dr. Sumanta (Monty) Pal  @montypal Dr. Arielle Elkrief Follow ASCO on social media:     @ASCO on Twitter    ASCO on Bluesky   ASCO on Facebook     ASCO on LinkedIn     Disclosures:    Dr. Sumanta (Monty) Pal:   Speakers' Bureau: MJH Life Sciences, IntrisiQ, Peerview  Research Funding (Inst.): Exelixis, Merck, Osel, Genentech, Crispr Therapeutics, Adicet Bio, ArsenalBio, Xencor, Miyarsian Pharmaceutical  Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: Crispr Therapeutics, Ipsen, Exelixis  Dr. Arielle Elkrief: Honoraria: AstraZenica, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, EMD Serono Consulting or Advisory Role: Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Funding (Inst.): Kanvas Bioscience, AstraZeneca, Merck Other Relationship: Royal College of Surgeons and Physicians of Canada, Cedar's Cancer Center (Henry R. Shibata Fellowship), Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)

You Have to try the Sauce: https://SemperFryLLC.comGo to my site for the direct link to Dr. Monzo's formulated AZURE WELL whole food supplements. Use code BB5 for a discount!Pods & Exclusives AD-FREE! Just $5/mo https://patreon.com/c/DisguisetheLimits Project Fund:https://givesendgo.com/BaalBusters Check out these other links!SUBSCRIBE HERE: https://www.instagram.com/drgliddenclips/ https://www.tiktok.com/@dr.glidden.clips https://www.youtube.com/@baalbusters https://rumble.com/c/BaalBusters https://www.brighteon.com/channels/baalbusters/videos/allBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/ba-al-busters-broadcast--5100262/support.

In this episode of Speaking of Mol Bio, Aistė Serapinaite, an experienced R&D scientist, shares her insights into the world of 1-Step RT-PCR—a method that simplifies RNA analysis by combining reverse transcription and PCR amplification in a single reaction. She explains how traditional RNA workflows once lengthy, multi-step processes were prone to errors and contamination, and how 1-Step RT-PCR has transformed this landscape with speed, efficiency, and fewer handling steps.Listeners learn about the technical workings of 1-Step RT-PCR, including the importance of primer design, RNA quality, and essential controls to ensure reliable results. Aistė highlights the Invitrogen SuperScript IV UniPrime One-Step RT-PCR System, emphasizing features like universal annealing temperatures and high sensitivity, capable of detecting even trace levels of RNA.The episode also explores diverse applications, from gene expression studies and cancer biomarker detection to monitoring viral pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 and Zika virus. While acknowledging the limitations of 1-Step RT-PCR—like the inability to archive cDNA for future assays—Aistė affirms its role as a fast, robust, and eco-friendly solution for high-throughput molecular biology labs. Whether you're new to molecular workflows or an experienced researcher, this episode offers valuable tips and tools to optimize your RNA experiments.Helpful resource links mentioned in this episode:See how one-step RT-PCR is used for amplicon-based viral genome sequencingView a video on the differences between one-step and two-step RT-PCRAccess the Oligo Perfect Primer Designer toolOrder or check out the brochure for Invitrogen SuperScript IV UniPrime One-Step RT-PCR SystemOrder Invitrogen ezDNase Enzyme Subscribe to get future episodes as they drop and if you like what you're hearing we hope you'll share a review or recommend the series to a colleague.  Visit the Invitrogen School of Molecular Biology to access helpful molecular biology resources and educational content, and please share this resource with anyone you know working in molecular biology. For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.

Episode 190: Measles BasicsFuture Dr. Kapur explained the basics of measles, including the pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of this disease. Dr. Schlaerth added information about SPPE and told interesting stories of measles. Dr. Arreaza explained some statistics and histed the episode.  Written by Ashna Kapur MS4 Ross University School of Medicine. Comments by Katherine Schlaerth, MD, and Hector Arreaza, MD.You are listening to Rio Bravo qWeek Podcast, your weekly dose of knowledge brought to you by the Rio Bravo Family Medicine Residency Program from Bakersfield, California, a UCLA-affiliated program sponsored by Clinica Sierra Vista, Let Us Be Your Healthcare Home. This podcast was created for educational purposes only. Visit your primary care provider for additional medical advice.Introduction.According to the CDC, as of April 24, 2025, a total of 884 confirmed measles cases were reported by 30 states, including California, and notably Texas. This is already three times more cases than 2024. There are 3 confirmed deaths so far in the US. What is measles?Measles is a disease that's been around for centuries, nearly eradicated, yet still lingers in parts of the world due to declining vaccination rates. Let's refresh our knowledge about its epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and most importantly — prevention.Definition.Measles, also known as rubeola, is an acute viral respiratory illness caused by the measles virus. It's a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family. It's extremely contagious with a transmission rate of up to 90% among non-immune individuals when exposed to an infected person.EpidemiologyBefore the introduction of the measles vaccine in 1963, nearly every child got measles by the time they were 15 years old. With the introduction of vaccination, cases and deaths caused by measles significantly declined. For example, in 2018, over 140,000 deaths were reported in the whole world, mostly among children under the age of 5.Measles is still a common disease in many countries, including in Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and Africa. Measles outbreaks have been reported recently in the UK, Israel, India, Thailand, Vietnam, Japan, Ukraine, the Philippines, and more recently in the US. So, let's take prevention seriously to avoid the spread of this disease here at home and abroad. How do we get measles, Ashna?Mode of Transmission:● Air: Spread primarily through respiratory droplets.● Surfaces: The virus remains viable on surfaces or in the air for up to 2 hours. (so, if a person with measles was in a room and you enter the same room within 2 hours, you may still get measles)● Other people: Patients are contagious from 4 days before until 4 days after the rash appears.PathophysiologyThe measles virus first infects the respiratory epithelium, replicates, and then disseminates to the lymphatic system.It leads to transient but profound immunosuppression, which is why secondary infections are common. It affects the skin, respiratory tract, and sometimes the brain, leading to complications like pneumonia or encephalitis.Clinical PresentationThe classic presentation of measles can be remembered in three C's:● Cough● Coryza (runny nose)● ConjunctivitisCourse of Disease (3 Phases):1. Prodromal Phase (2-4 days)○ High fever (can peak at 104°F or 40°C)○ The 3 C's○ Koplik spots: Small white lesions on the buccal mucosa.2. Exanthem Phase○ Maculopapular rash begins on the face (especially around the hairline), then spreads from head to toe. The rash typically combines into 1 big mass as it spreads, and the fever often persists during the rash.3. Recovery Phase○ Rash fades in the same order it appeared.○ Patients remain at risk for complications during and after rash resolution.Complications:● Pneumonia (most common cause of death in children)● Otitis media (most common overall complication)● Encephalitis (can lead to permanent neurologic sequelae)● Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE): A rare, fatal, degenerative CNS disease that can occur years after measles infection.High-risk groups for severe disease include:● Infants and young children● Pregnant women● Immunocompromised individualsDiagnosisClinical diagnosis is sufficient if classic symptoms are present, especially in outbreak settings.Ashna: Laboratory confirmation:● Measles-specific IgM antibodies detected by serology.● RT-PCR from nasopharyngeal, throat, or urine samples.Notify public health authorities immediately upon suspicion or diagnosis of measles to limit spread. ManagementThere is no specific antiviral treatment for measles. Management is supportive:● Hydration (by mouth and only IV in case of severe dehydration)● Antipyretics (e.g., acetaminophen) for fever● Oxygen if hypoxicVitamin A supplementation:● Recommended for all children with acute measles, particularly in areas with high vitamin A deficiency. It has shown to reduce morbidity and mortality.Hospitalization may be necessary for:● Severe respiratory compromise● Dehydration● Neurologic complicationsPrevention: We live in perilous times and vaccination is under scrutiny right now. Before the measles vaccine, about 48,000 people were hospitalized and 400–500 people died in the United States every year. Measles was declared eradicated in the US in 2000, but the vaccination coverage is no longer 95%. How do we prevent measles?Vaccination is the cornerstone of prevention.● MMR vaccine (Measles, Mumps, Rubella):○ First dose at 12-15 months of age.○ Second dose at 4-6 years of age.○ 97% effective after 2 doses.The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) has noted that febrile seizures typically occur 7 to 12 days after vaccination with MMR, with an estimated incidence of 3.3 to 8.7 per 10,000 doses. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that febrile seizures following MMR vaccination are rare and not associated with any long-term effects. The risk of febrile seizures is higher when the MMR vaccine is administered as part of the combined MMRV (measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella) vaccine compared to the MMR vaccine alone.Post-exposure prophylaxis:● MMR vaccine within 72 hours of exposure (if possible).● Immunoglobulin within 6 days for high-risk individuals (e.g., infants, pregnant women, immunocompromised).Herd immunity requires at least 95% vaccination coverage to prevent outbreaks.Key Takeaways● Measles is a highly contagious viral illness that can lead to severe complications.● Diagnosis is often clinical, but lab confirmation helps with public health tracking.● Treatment is mainly supportive, with Vitamin A playing a critical role in reducing complications.● Vaccination remains the most effective tool to eliminate measles worldwide.While measles might seem like a disease of the past, it can make a dangerous comeback without continued vigilance and vaccination efforts.Even without trying, every night you go to bed a little wiser. Thanks for listening to Rio Bravo qWeek Podcast. We want to hear from you, send us an email at RioBravoqWeek@clinicasierravista.org, or visit our website riobravofmrp.org/qweek. See you next week! _____________________References:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Measles (Rubeola), Clinical Overview, July 15, 2024. Accessed on May 1, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/measles/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html.World Health Organization (WHO). Measles, November 14, 2024. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measlesGans, Hayley and Yvonne A. Maldonado, Measles: Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, UpToDate, January 15, 2025. Accessed on May 1, 2025. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/measles-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-treatment-and-preventionTheme song, Works All The Time by Dominik Schwarzer, YouTube ID: CUBDNERZU8HXUHBS, purchased from https://www.premiumbeat.com/.

In this installment of the Longevity & Aging Series, Dr. Ming Yu and Namita Hattangady from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center in Seattle, join host Dr. Evgeniy Galimov to discuss a research paper they co-authored that was published as the cover for Volume 16, Issue 4 of Aging (Aging-US), entitled, “Mapping the core senescence phenotype of primary human colon fibroblasts.” DOI - https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.205577 Corresponding authors - William M. Grady - wgrady@fredhutch.org, and Ming Yu - myu@fredhutch.org Video interview - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqSa7My_a7w Interview transcription - https://www.aging-us.com/interviews/longevity-aging-series-s2-e2-dr-ming-yu-and-namita-hattangady Abstract Advanced age is the largest risk factor for many diseases and several types of cancer, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Senescent cells are known to accumulate with age in various tissues, where they can modulate the surrounding tissue microenvironment through their senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Recently, we showed that there is an increased number of senescent cells in the colons of CRC patients and demonstrated that senescent fibroblasts and their SASP create microniches in the colon that are conducive to CRC onset and progression. However, the composition of the SASP is heterogenous and cell-specific, and the precise senescence profile of colon fibroblasts has not been well-defined. To generate a SASP atlas of human colon fibroblasts, we induced senescence in primary human colon fibroblasts using various in vitro methods and assessed the resulting transcriptome. Using RNASequencing and further validation by quantitative RT-PCR and Luminex assays, we define and validate a ‘core senescent profile' that might play a significant role in shaping the colon microenvironment. We also performed KEGG analysis and GO analyses to identify key pathways and biological processes that are differentially regulated in colon fibroblast senescence. These studies provide insights into potential driver proteins involved in senescence-associated diseases, like CRC, which may lead to therapies to improve overall health in the elderly and to prevent CRC. Sign up for free Altmetric alerts about this article - https://aging.altmetric.com/details/email_updates?id=10.18632%2Faging.205577 Subscribe for free publication alerts from Aging - https://www.aging-us.com/subscribe-to-toc-alerts Keywords - aging, senescence, senescence associated secretory phenotype, SASP, colorectal cancer, cancer About Aging-US The mission of the journal is to understand the mechanisms surrounding aging and age-related diseases, including cancer as the main cause of death in the modern aged population. The journal aims to promote 1) treatment of age-related diseases by slowing down aging, 2) validation of anti-aging drugs by treating age-related diseases, and 3) prevention of cancer by inhibiting aging. (Cancer and COVID-19 are age-related diseases.) Please visit our website at https://www.Aging-US.com​​ and connect with us: Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/AgingUS/ X - https://twitter.com/AgingJrnl Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/agingjrnl/ YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/@AgingJournal LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/company/aging/ Pinterest - https://www.pinterest.com/AgingUS/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/1X4HQQgegjReaf6Mozn6Mc MEDIA@IMPACTJOURNALS.COM

Dr. Paul Alexander Liberty Hour – Exposing the over-hyped H5N1 avian bird flu fraud, this piece reveals the manipulation behind fake pandemics and the use of gain-of-function research. It connects these actions to political motives, election interference, and global control efforts. Highlighting the misuse of RT-PCR and mRNA technology, it calls for accountability and transparency from leaders.

In this episode Brett, Phil and Martin tour the posters at ESCMID Global 2024 and we discuss some of them with the authors. A link to images of the posters can be found below. Here are the posters we discuss AMR Surveillance in waste water and clinical isolates from a tertiary hospital: Preliminary results Deciphering the temporal short-term dynamics of Acinetobacter baumanii: Impact of colonisation pressure in infection in an endemic Indian intensive care unit (Manasa Tantry discussion) Post-antibiotic risk for recurrent lower respiratory tract infection during prolonged hospitalisation Transmission of MDRO during physical and occupational therapy appointmants a 3 Veterans Affairs Hospitals Aircraft lavatory wastewater surveillance for SARS-CoV2 and other coronaviruses by using family-wide RT-PCR, Thailand, October – November 2023 Enhancing feedback and implementation of infection risk scan findings (IRIS) among healthcare workers in nursing homes Proper glove use: a multicentre before-after regional study (Anne F. Voor and Juliëtte Severin discussion) Poster link to see the posters we discuss Posters from ESCMID Global - Part 1 More posters to come!

In this episode Brett, Phil and Martin tour the posters at ESCMID Global 2024 and we discuss some of them with the authors. A link to images of the posters can be found below. Here are the posters we discuss AMR Surveillance in waste water and clinical isolates from a tertiary hospital: Preliminary results Deciphering the temporal short-term dynamics of Acinetobacter baumanii: Impact of colonisation pressure in infection in an endemic Indian intensive care unit (Manasa Tantry discussion) Post-antibiotic risk for recurrent lower respiratory tract infection during prolonged hospitalisation Transmission of MDRO during physical and occupational therapy appointmants a 3 Veterans Affairs Hospitals Aircraft lavatory wastewater surveillance for SARS-CoV2 and other coronaviruses by using family-wide RT-PCR, Thailand, October – November 2023 Enhancing feedback and implementation of infection risk scan findings (IRIS) among healthcare workers in nursing homes Proper glove use: a multicentre before-after regional study (Anne F. Voor and Juliëtte Severin discussion) Poster link to see the posters we discuss Posters from ESCMID Global - Part 1 More posters to come!

Jessica Kennedy, MD, Infectious Diseases Fellow at the University of South Florida Division of Infectious Diseases, discusses the scientific basics around many of the primary Infectious Diseases tests ordered by providers. Dr. Kennedy discusses the scientific basis for EIA/ELIZA, Quantiferon, chemiluminant immunoassays, lateral flow assays, RT-PCR, Fungitell, and LC/MS-MS. In explaining these diagnostic assays, Dr. Kennedy helps the provider understand the limitations and advantages of each test and when they are best used in a clinical scenario.

BUFFALO, NY- February 29, 2024 – A new #research paper was #published on the #cover of Aging (listed by MEDLINE/PubMed as "Aging (Albany NY)" and "Aging-US" by Web of Science) Volume 16, Issue 4, entitled, “Mapping the core senescence phenotype of primary human colon fibroblasts.” Advanced age is the largest risk factor for many diseases and several types of cancer, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Senescent cells are known to accumulate with age in various tissues, where they can modulate the surrounding tissue microenvironment through their senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Recently, researchers showed that there is an increased number of senescent cells in the colons of CRC patients and demonstrated that senescent fibroblasts and their SASP create microniches in the colon that are conducive to CRC onset and progression. However, the composition of the SASP is heterogenous and cell-specific, and the precise senescence profile of colon fibroblasts has not been well-defined. In this new study, to generate a SASP atlas of human colon fibroblasts, researchers Namita Ganesh Hattangady, Kelly Carter, Brett Maroni-Rana, Ting Wang, Jessica Lee Ayers, Ming Yu, and William M. Grady from Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and the University of Washington School of Medicine induced senescence in primary human colon fibroblasts using various in vitro methods and assessed the resulting transcriptome. “[...] we utilized various relevant stressors to induce senescence in primary cultures of colon fibroblasts and perform RNA sequencing (RNASeq) to define an atlas of stressor-specific senescent profiles and a core senescent profile that is commonly regulated by all senescence inducers.” Using RNA Sequencing and further validation by quantitative RT-PCR and Luminex assays, the team define and validate a ‘core senescent profile' that might play a significant role in shaping the colon microenvironment. They also performed KEGG analysis and GO analyses to identify key pathways and biological processes that are differentially regulated in colon fibroblast senescence. These studies provide insights into potential driver proteins involved in senescence-associated diseases, like CRC, which may lead to therapies to improve overall health in the elderly and to prevent CRC. “Further studies will be needed to address the limitations of our study and to translate our understanding of the SASP and disease into clinical care.” DOI - https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.205577 Corresponding authors - William M. Grady - wgrady@fredhutch.org, and Ming Yu - myu@fredhutch.org Sign up for free Altmetric alerts about this article - https://aging.altmetric.com/details/email_updates?id=10.18632%2Faging.205577 Subscribe for free publication alerts from Aging - https://www.aging-us.com/subscribe-to-toc-alerts Keywords - aging, senescence, senescence associated secretory phenotype, SASP, colorectal cancer, cancer About Aging-US Launched in 2009, Aging-US publishes papers of general interest and biological significance in all fields of aging research and age-related diseases, including cancer—and now, with a special focus on COVID-19 vulnerability as an age-dependent syndrome. Topics in Aging-US go beyond traditional gerontology, including, but not limited to, cellular and molecular biology, human age-related diseases, pathology in model organisms, signal transduction pathways (e.g., p53, sirtuins, and PI-3K/AKT/mTOR, among others), and approaches to modulating these signaling pathways. Please visit our website at https://www.Aging-US.com​​ and connect with us: Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/AgingUS/ X - https://twitter.com/AgingJrnl Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/agingjrnl/ YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/@AgingJournal LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/company/aging/ Pinterest - https://www.pinterest.com/AgingUS/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/1X4HQQgegjReaf6Mozn6Mc Media Contact 18009220957 MEDIA@IMPACTJOURNALS.COM

JCO PO author Dr. Eric Klein shares insights into his JCO PO article, “Performance of a Cell-Free DNA-Based Multi-Cancer Detection Test in Individuals Presenting with Symptoms Suspicious for Cancers” Host Dr. Rafeh Naqash and Dr. Klein discuss how a multi-cancer detection test may facilitate workup and stratification of cancer risk in symptomatic individuals. TRANSCRIPT Dr. Rafeh Naqash: Hello and welcome to JCO Precision Oncology Conversations, where we bring you engaging conversations with authors of clinically relevant and highly significant JCO PO articles. I'm your host, Dr. Rafeh Naqash, Social Media Editor for JCO Precision Oncology and Assistant Professor at the OU Health Stephenson Cancer Center at the University of Oklahoma.   Today, we are excited to be joined by Dr. Eric Klein, Emirates Professor and Chair at the Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute at the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine. Dr. Klein is also a distinguished scientist at Grail and author of the JCO Precision Oncology article titled "Performance of a Cell-free DNA-based Multi-cancer Detection Test in Individuals Presenting with Symptoms Suspicious for Cancer."   Our guest's disclosures will be linked in the transcript.  For the sake of our conversation today, we'll refer to each other using our first names. It's great to have you here today, Eric, and welcome to our podcast.  Dr. Eric Klein: Thanks, Rafeh. I'm happy to be here. Dr. Rafeh Naqash: So today, we're going to try to delve into this very interesting paper. We've had a couple of very interesting podcasts on liquid biopsies, or plan to have a few more. And this is a different aspect of liquid biopsy assessment, and the context here is early cancer detection. Now, the story as it starts, is based on the methylation profile of cancer. Can you tell us, for the sake of our listeners, as we have a very broad audience ranging from trainees to community academic oncologists, what do you understand by methylation profile on a cancer? Dr. Eric Klein: Sure. Happy to start with that. There are lots of cancer signals in the blood. Cancer cells secrete or otherwise supply the bloodstream with DNA that has methylation signals that are specific to cancer. That's a hallmark of cancer-specific mutations. You can look at chromosome fragments, you can look at proteins and mRNA and exosomes and that sort of thing. In Grail's development study, we focused on using methylation because that, as I mentioned, is a fundamental process. A fundamental property of cancer cells is altered methylation. And in our original development studies, that was the strongest signal, the one that allowed us to have the lowest limit of detection when cancer was present, and the one that allowed us to have the best predictive accuracy for the cancer signal origin. Some people think about that as predicting the tumor origin or the tumor type. And that's the basis of Grail's assay, a pan-cancer methylation profile. Dr. Rafeh Naqash: Excellent. And now to understand some of the methodology that you used here, before we go into the details because there's a lot of sensitivity and specificity obviously associated with any cancer detection test, and you want a high sensitivity and specificity. And the idea here is that this would help in triaging patients appropriately using this non-invasive tool. Could you tell us the patient population that you were trying to enroll in this study? And I think there is, again, background to other studies that you have done using the Grail test. Could you put that into context of this specific study?  Dr. Eric Klein: Sure. The population in this particular publication was from substudy 3 of a much bigger study called the Circulating Cell-free Genome Atlas, or CCGA. That was a discovery, refinement, and validation study of this methylation-based signal. And in total, all three substudies together was about 15,000 people, and it was a case-control study. About 10,000 of the individuals enrolled had cancer and about 5000 were not known to have cancer and served as controls. In the first part of the study, substudy 1 of CCGA, we simply asked the question: In individuals with known cancer, could we detect a methylation-based signal? And the answer was ‘yes'. The second question was: In patients not known to have cancer, did we not see a signal? And by and large, the answer was ‘yes'. The second substudy was a refinement and validation of the original methylation-based test. And then this study, what we refer to colloquially as CCGA3, or substudy 3 of CCGA, was the final validation that underlies the methylation assay that is currently on the market.   So, in CCGA3, we determined what the performance characteristics of this test were in a case-control fashion, and what we found, importantly, was that the specificity was very high, at 99.5%, which means the false-positive rate is only half a percent. We found that the overall sensitivity for detecting cancer varied by stage, but when you included all stages 1 to 4, the overall sensitivity for detecting known cancers was about 51%. We found that the ability of this methylation-based test to predict the correct cancer signal origin was right around 90%. And finally, the final performance characteristic was really important, which is the positive predictive value. So in individuals who had a positive signal detected, the positive predictive value was 43%, which compares very favorably to existing screening tests, all of which are below 10%.  That was the background, and the development there was focused on eventually developing a test that will screen the general population, the asymptomatic population, at risk for developing cancer. This is a subset of CCGA3, or the substudy 3 of CCGA, where we looked at the performance characteristics of this test in individuals who had symptoms that could possibly be due to cancer and individuals who had underlying medical conditions that could result in a false positive, and individuals in particular over age 65, because the risk of cancer goes up over age 65. Dr. Rafeh Naqash: Thank you for explaining that. So, again, going to some of the finer details in this study, you mentioned some very important numbers here, 99%, 63%, or something in that range for sensitivity and specificity. Could you explain a little more on that based on the cancer types? As you mentioned, stage 4, when I read the paper, has more true positives likely based on or related to how much cell-free DNA is released in the tumor. The tumor burden may be playing a role there. Could you explain that a little more for our listeners? Dr. Eric Klein: A cancer that sheds cell-free DNA into the bloodstream is more likely to be aggressive, and that's been shown in multiple different studies using multiple different platforms. And the reason for that is that the ability to shed cell-free DNA into the bloodstream goes along with biologic processes that we know are related to tumor aggressiveness. So that's a higher mitotic rate, it's neovascularization or the angiogenic switch, it's the ability to be an invasive cancer. And so the fact that you can detect cell-free DNA in the bloodstream implies some degree of biologic aggressiveness, which is not to say that tumors that shed cell-free DNA into the bloodstream are not curable. They are, in fact, curable at the same rate as cancers in people who are not tested for cell-free DNA. We know that for sure. It's just a signal that is there for us to exploit for the detection of cancers in asymptomatic individuals. And the hope is when we screen the general population, the general asymptomatic population for cancer, as we do with mammography and colonoscopy and PSA and so forth, that we can detect cancers at earlier stages, when they are far easier to cure. So I mentioned in CCGA3 that the overall sensitivity across all stages for detecting the presence of known cancers was 51%. That varied from about 16% for stage 1 cancers to 40% for stage 2 cancers to over 80 and 90% for stage 3 and 4 cancers. Dr. Rafeh Naqash: Right. And again, to provide more background to this, what we've come to understand gradually, as you mentioned, is that shedding is an important event in cancer trajectory. Do you think detection of cancers that are likely positive, driver mutation positive, have a lesser tendency to shed and maybe resulting in lesser tendency to earlier detection also, or is that not something that's true?  Dr. Eric Klein: No, I don't think it has anything to do with the presence of driver mutations. The methylation signal that we see is a reflection of the perturbation of methylation in normal cells. So normal cells turn genes on and off using methylation. That's well known. Cancer cells exploit that biologic process of methylation by - in a gross oversimplification, but in a way that makes it understandable - they use methylation to turn off all the genes that prevent cell growth and turn on all the genes that allow cells to proliferate and get all these other biologic properties that make them invasive and so forth. So it's really important to understand that the test that was used in this study and that was developed in CCGA3 measures a shared cancer signal across multiple different cancer types. In CCGA3, we were able to detect more than 50 different individual kinds of cancers. It's a shared cancer signal that is fundamental to the biology of cancers, not just a specific cancer, but cancers.  Dr. Rafeh Naqash: I see. I think what I was trying to say, basically was, when we do liquid biopsies in the regular standard of care clinic, and you're trying to assess VAFs or variant allele frequencies for a certain mutation, you tend to see some of these BRAFs or EGFRs that are very low VAF, and the data that I've seen is that you treat irrespective of the low VAF, if it's a driving mutation process. If your VAF is 0.1%, you still treat it with a targeted inhibitor. The context that I was trying to put into this is it all depends on shedding. So this liquid biopsy that we currently use, whether other platforms that are out there, if you're not shedding as much cell-free DNA or circulating tumor DNA, you're probably not going to catch that subclone or clone that is a driver. So, does that play a role in your test also? If you have, let's say, a lung cancer that is an EGFR stage 4, if the shedding is low, following a general conceptual context that these driver mutation-positive tumors do have less shedding in general than the non-driver mutation-positive, would you think that would somehow impact the detection using your test or your approach? Dr. Eric Klein: So, generically speaking, any test that looks for a cancer signal in blood is going to have a lower limit of detection. So there are analytic variables that make it such that, if you have extremely low levels of cell-free DNA or your other target shed into the blood, it's not going to be detected by the test. That's an analytical issue. Having said that, it's important to distinguish the fact that this test that we're developing isn't really a liquid biopsy. A liquid biopsy, really, if you think about it, is on patients who have known cancer, and you're doing a biopsy of the blood to determine if you can see a signal in the blood. This test has been developed to screen asymptomatic individuals who are at elevated risk of cancer, who actually may not have cancer. So we don't really view it as a liquid biopsy. But conceptually, you are correct that every test is going to have an analytical lower limit of detection so that not every tumor that sheds minuscule amounts of cell-free DNA will be detected. But that's not really relevant to this particular paper, I would say. It's not really relevant to the performance characteristics that we saw in this population. Dr. Rafeh Naqash: Understood. Thank you for differentiating the usual liquid biopsy approach that we use currently in the clinic, and this approach, which is meant more for detection in asymptomatic individuals.  Going to some of the results, could you highlight some of the interesting findings that you had in this paper as far as performance is concerned? Dr. Eric Klein: Sure. Let me put it in a clinical context because we were just discussing asymptomatic individuals. That's what the test is ultimately meant for - screening asymptomatic individuals. But a common problem in oncology is this: patients present to primary care physicians with vague or nonspecific symptoms. Someone with COPD, for example, who presents with a cough, the cough could be due to the COPD, but if they have an underlying lung cancer, the cough could also be due to the lung cancer. Or someone presents with GI symptoms, could be related to cancer, or it could be related to a whole host of other things. And so there is a challenge for primary care physicians to sort out who might have cancer and who does not, particularly if they present with vague symptoms. In fact, most cancer diagnoses in the United States and Great Britain are actually found by primary care providers.   In this paper, we looked retrospectively, after the fact, in CCGA3, the case-control study that we did, to see how this methylation-based test performed in individuals who had symptoms that could be associated with cancer, or could be due to cancer, or might not be, might be due to other things. What we found was that the performance characteristics were as good or better in this symptomatic population, where the physician is facing a diagnostic dilemma, as they were in the asymptomatic population. This is really important, specificity false negative rate across all the patients in the study was the same as it was in CCGA3. It was 99.5%. Again, the false positive rate was only 0.5%. We found, however, that overall sensitivity was better in the symptomatic population, and it was 64% instead of, or as compared to 43% in the asymptomatic population. That is not surprising because some patients who present with symptoms are more likely to have cancer.   We also looked at a subset of patients who had GI cancers because that's a very, very common presenting symptom in primary care practice, and this test performs exceptionally well for detecting GI cancers. We found that the overall sensitivity was 84%. Finally, and importantly, in terms of the clinical utility of a blood-based test to detect cancer and direct a diagnostic workup, what we call the clinical signal origin accuracy - the likelihood or prediction that a positive signal was related to a particular tumor type - overall accuracy in this population was 90%. So if you had a cancer signal detected and you had a clinical signal of origin assigned to it, let's say, the test came back with cancer signal detected, the CSO prediction was GI cancer, the overall accuracy in actually finding a GI cancer was 90%. Actually, it was a little higher for GI cancers, but overall, for all cancers, it was 90%. Dr. Rafeh Naqash: You mentioned that GI cancers had a very high sensitivity, around 84% or so. Is that, again, related to the tumor shedding compared to some other tumor types?  Dr. Eric Klein: Yes, there is a broad range of shedding across tumor types. So if you look at our data from CCGA, cancers like thyroid, prostate, and kidney do not shed a lot of cell-free DNA into the bloodstream, whereas GI cancers, hematologic malignancies, ovarian and pancreatic cancers shed much more cell-free DNA, and therefore their sensitivity for detection of those cancers is better.  Dr. Rafeh Naqash: What would be the alternate approach? Your sensitivity here is 64%, which is pretty good, but it's not perfect. So the patients who potentially would be missed using this test, what would be the alternate approach capturing those patients also and hopefully avoiding a missed cancer diagnosis?  Dr. Eric Klein: Well, it would be whatever the standard workup is that a primary care physician orders for someone who has vague symptoms. So, he idea here was to develop this, what we call a diagnostic aid for cancer detection in the symptomatic population. The idea here is to make the workups more efficient and to lend a greater degree of certainty as to what the diagnostic pathway ought to be. So, if you have a patient with vague symptoms and you're not sure if they are due to cancer or not, you might order a pretty broad diagnostic evaluation that might not end up finding cancer. In fact, if you take all the patients in a primary care setting, only about 7% of those individuals have cancer. Whereas, if you have a blood test that has a sensitivity of 64% and a positive predictive value of 75%, and you did that blood test early in the diagnostic workup and it was positive, you can do a much more tailored and perhaps a more efficient evaluation in speeding the diagnostic resolution.  Dr. Rafeh Naqash: As you mentioned, perhaps avoid unnecessary testing, which adds to the overall cost burden in the healthcare field.   Dr. Eric Klein: Correct. This was tested in another study called SYMPLIFY, which was done in a similar population of patients as this study - symptomatic patients presenting with vague symptoms or GI symptoms or weight loss, fatigue, those sorts of things, to primary care practice in the UK. And that was a prospective study. And the performance characteristics were very similar to what we saw in this study, although the overall positive predictive value in that study was 75% if you look at all cancers. And that would be very useful to a primary care physician and a patient to know what the likelihood of their having cancer is at the time they present or within a few days of presenting. Dr. Rafeh Naqash: Absolutely. And perhaps, to complement this approach with some of the other diagnostic approaches, maybe the possibility of detecting cancer earlier increases. So this is likely complementary and not necessarily the one-stop-shop. Dr. Eric Klein: It's important to understand that even in the symptomatic population, this is a screening test. And so, like all screening tests, if you have a positive mammogram that shows a nodule, you need to have a diagnostic workup to prove whether or not you have cancer. This blood test does not make the diagnosis of cancer; it simply helps direct a diagnostic evaluation that's necessary to confirm whether or not cancer is present or absent. That's true for both the asymptomatic and symptomatic populations. Dr. Rafeh Naqash: Could you tell us a little bit more about the CSO prediction in the general context of oncology and NGS, or the whole transcriptome sequencing that we do these days? We often see on a report that says,“What is the likely tumor of origin?” if you have an unclear primary. Can you explain that in the context of the approach that you guys use for CSO prediction? How does it differ from methylation versus mRNA prediction of tumor of origin or cell of origin?  Dr. Eric Klein: Methylation has a rich signal in it, and it can distinguish cancer cells from a non-cancer signal, and using a second algorithm, specific methylation patterns that are specific to given lineages can identify lung cancer versus colon cancer versus liver cancer.  Dr. Rafeh Naqash: Understood. Do you see this as becoming an approach that could be used, using, for example, urine or other sources that we can easily acquire versus blood? Dr. Eric Klein: Possibly. There is a lot of work in the field looking at urine-based markers for cancers, particularly, obviously, urologic cancers. And so there are already some products on the market made by other companies using methylation and other specific mutation patterns, for example, in urine to detect bladder cancer and to determine bladder cancer aggressiveness. It is an area of active investigation.  Dr. Rafeh Naqash: This is definitely an exciting field, and the way the entire field of liquid biopsies in general is moving as it's detecting cancers or identifying mutations, and then implementing appropriate approaches, whether it is more screening or more treatment and all the drugs, etc.  Are there any other interesting future approaches that you guys are planning as part of this paradigm shift that I envision will hopefully happen in the next few years?  Dr. Eric Klein: Yes, as a company, Grail is focused on using this methylation-based technology across the entire cancer spectrum. So that's screening asymptomatic individuals, it's helping to direct diagnostic workups in individuals who present with symptoms to primary care practice, and also in the post-diagnostic space and all the possible uses there. So the detection of minimal residual disease and the decision on whether or not additional treatment is necessary, predicting response to particular therapeutic agents, or even choosing the correct therapeutic agents. All of that is under development. Dr. Rafeh Naqash: Definitely exciting. Now, the last portion of this podcast is specifically meant to highlight your career and know a little bit more about you. Could you tell us about your career trajectory and how you shifted focus towards a biomarker-driven approach?  Dr. Eric Klein: Sure. Biomarkers have been a part of my career for a long time. I am trained as a urologic oncologist and did my residency in urology at the Cleveland Clinic and a fellowship at Sloan Kettering. At the dawn of the molecular biology era, the lab I worked in bought one of the very first PerkinElmer RT PCR machines for $5,000. It took up a whole desktop. I got very interested in genomic science at that time. So I spent well over 30 years practicing urologic oncology at the Cleveland Clinic, primarily focusing on prostate cancer. In the course of my career, I had the opportunity to work on a number of blood-based, urine, and tissue-based biomarkers. I have always been interested in understanding how our ability to measure molecules in blood and urine can help improve patient outcomes either through a streamlined diagnostic process or understanding of the biology of the disease better, picking the appropriate therapy, and so forth.  In the course of that, I worked with someone at a company called Genomic Health in developing  a biopsy-based RT PCR gene expression assay that helped select men for active surveillance. That individual subsequently joined Grail and he came knocking on my door in 2016 when Grail was just getting started to tell me about this exciting new technology. He said, “This isn't about urologic cancers in particular, but would you be interested in helping us accrue patients for this big clinical trial we're doing, CCGA, and determine if this technology would be useful in some way in helping patients.” And being the curious individual that I am, I said, “Sure.” And so I helped accrue lots of patients to CCGA. The results were shared, and I was quite excited by them and continued to work with the company on other studies, including PATHFINDER and some others, and eventually became a consultant for them.  When I reached what I thought was the end of my clinical career by choice, I decided to step away from clinical practice, I had the opportunity to join Grail as a scientist, and that's where it's been. And what I would say, in the big picture, is this: as a surgeon, I was able to help a lot of patients on an individual basis. So I did about 10,000 major cancer operations in my career. So I helped those 10,000 people. As an academician, I was able to make certain observations and publish them in a way that taught people about different kinds of surgical techniques and how they may work better, and so I was able to expand my impact beyond the patients that I actually touched.  When I heard about and understood what Grail was trying to do, I thought, “Wow, if we could develop a screening test that detects lots of cancers that we don't screen for - about 70% of all cancer deaths in the US are from cancers that we have no screening tests for - and if the screening population in the United States, individuals between ages 50 and 79, that's how CMS defined screening populations, well over 100 million a year, if this works, think about the impact that that could have.” That is really why I got excited about it. It fit my scientific interest, and I could see the big picture.  Dr. Rafeh Naqash: Thank you for giving us some insights about your personal career. It is definitely a very interesting topic. I learned a lot, and hopefully, our listeners will find it equally interesting. Thank you again for being here today.  Dr. Eric Klein: My pleasure. Thank you for having me. Dr. Rafeh Naqash: Thank you for listening to JCO Precision Oncology Conversations. Don't forget to rate and review this podcast, and be sure to subscribe so you never miss an episode. You can find all ASCO shows at asco.org/podcast. The purpose of this podcast is to educate and inform. It is not a substitute for professional medical care and is not intended for use in the diagnosis or treatment of individual conditions.   The guests on this podcast express their own opinions, experiences, and conclusions. Guest statements on the podcast do not reflect the opinions of ASCO. The mention of any product, service, organization, activity, or therapy should not be construed as an ASCO endorsement.        

Dear listeners, before we start today's show, a quick announcement.Tomorrow morning at 7:00 am, we will publish an episode of Indian Express podcast in collaboration with Parul University. The episode, "Global Classrooms, Local Convenience: The New Face of Online Degrees" will explore the dynamic landscape of online education where, I, Flora Swain will be in a conversation Dr Kunjal Sinha, Director of the Centre for Distance and Online Eduction at Parul University, as she navigates through the transformative journey of online courses.Make sure to tune in tomorrow morning. The episode will be available on our website indianexpress.com and everywhere you get your podcasts.Now, on with the show.This is the Catch Up on 3 Things for the Indian Express and I'm Flora Swain.It's the 22nd of December and here are the top stories of this week.With the Opposition benches in both Houses almost empty, three more MPs were suspended from the Lok Sabha on Thursday. The three Congress MPs — Deepak Baij, Nakul Nath and D K Suresh — were suspended as they continued their protest showing placards, shouting slogans and tearing papers and throwing them at the speaker chair. Now, the total number of suspended MPs from the Parliament stands at 146.The Lok Sabha on Tuesday passed The Central Goods and Services Tax (Second Amendment) Bill, 2023 and Provisional Collection of Taxes Bill, 2023, piloted by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman. It also passed the National Capital Territory of Delhi Laws (Special Provisions) Second (Amendment) Bill, 2023 on the same day. The Parliament also passed The Telecommunications Bill, 2023 this week. Lok Sabha on Wednesday passed three amended criminal bills in a bid to overhaul the country's criminal justice system by replacing colonial-era laws. The Bharatiya Nyaya (Second) Sanhita, 2023, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023, and the Bharatiya Sakshya (Second) Bill, 2023 will replace the the Indian Penal Code (IPC) of 1860, the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973 (originally enacted in 1898), and the Indian Evidence Act of 1872, respectively.A total of 21 cases of the new coronavirus variant have been recorded in the country as of yesterday. Goa reported the maximum number of cases at 19. The Health Ministry said that RT-PCR tests continue to be the most trusted method of detecting the new sub-variant. Of the 594 new Covid-19 infections recorded in the country till 8 am yesterday, Kerala reported 300 of them. The Ministry, which is already doing a mock drill of preparedness to take on a public health challenge, is monitoring the situation across states at the district level.Olympian Sakshi Malik has announced quitting wrestling following Sanjay Singh's election as president of Wrestling Federation of India. Speaking at the press conference last evening, she said, quote, "We fought this battle with our heart). In the end, we slept for 40 days on the roads but I'd like to thank the several people of our country who came to support us during the protests earlier this year." She walked out in tears with those present at the venue appealing her to reconsider her decision.Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said that India's relations with Canada may have undergone a "tonal shift" after the release of a US indictment alleging a conspiracy to murder a Sikh separatist on American soil. In an interview, Trudeau said, quote, "I think there is a beginning of an understanding that they can't bluster their way through this and there is an openness to collaborating in a way that perhaps they were less open before." Unquote.This was the Catch up on 3 Things by The Indian Express.

In this issue, we will review the applications of PCR analysis for your gene therapy programs, and present two case studies. Click to read this audiobook: https://www.altasciences.com/sites/default/files/2023-10/the-altascientist-issue-37-pcr_4.pdf Gene therapy continues to accelerate through preclinical and clinical research arenas. These programs are developed with targeted and personalized medicines in mind. The goal of gene therapy is to safely deliver and incorporate a genetic alteration to restore or repair the protein of a missing or faulty gene. Preclinical assessments of gene therapies consider the general absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the drug, as well as data from tailored assessments to evaluate delivery and cell incorporation. Gene therapies require, by design and definition, DNA and/or RNA delivery and analysis. While most ongoing research involves gene therapies being delivered in vivo via adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors, new in vivo delivery mechanisms are on the rise, such as other types of delivery vectors including lipid nanoparticles. CHAPTESR: - 0:05 — About Issue 37 - 1:20 — Introduction to qPCR, dPCR, and RT-PCR - 5:58 — Utility of qPCR, ddPCR, and RT-PCR - 8:19 — PCR Applications - 10:01 — Advantages and Applications - 17:45 — Case Study 1 - 20:20 — Case Study 2 - 22:47 — Conclusion About Altasciences: Altasciences is an integrated drug development solution company offering pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies a proven, flexible approach to preclinical and clinical pharmacology studies, including formulation, manufacturing, and analytical services. For over 25 years, Altasciences has been partnering with sponsors to help support educated, faster, and more complete early drug development decisions. Altasciences' integrated, full-service solutions include preclinical safety testing, clinical pharmacology and proof of concept, bioanalysis, program management, medical writing, biostatistics, clinical monitoring, and data management, all customizable to specific sponsor requirements. Altasciences helps sponsors get better drugs to the people who need them, faster.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi's second term will come to an end in a few months from now. His rise, and that of the BJP's, made us believe that the era of multi-party coalitions was over. But last week, Congress and 25 other political parties announced a new coalition to take on BJP in the 2024 general elections. BJP went a step ahead and gathered over 35 political parties to consolidate an anti-Congress bloc. So is the era of political alliances back?  Navigating the political corridors will indeed be tough for parties as polls draw close. Meanwhile, techies in India too are facing a challenging time. Over 150,000 people were hit by tech layoffs in 2022. And another 10,000 techies have lost their jobs so far this year. So is there an end in sight for tech layoffs?  Prospects of IT firms appear bright going ahead. The NSE Nifty IT Index too has gained 18% from an April low. Moving on, India has dropped the requirement for RT-PCR based testing of a random 2% subset of international travellers. Covid-19 related worries are almost over. This has also led to a rebound for the prospects of healthcare companies, which is getting reflected in their share prices. So, how should investors position their strategy for this space?  The stock of PVR-INOX, meanwhile, was trading close to all-time high on Thursday. The firm hopes that slashed popcorn prices and two Hollywood releases will bring the audience back to theatres. Christopher Nolan's ‘Oppenheimer' is one of them. The movie starring Cillian Murphy in the role of Julius Robert Oppenheimer is one of the most anticipated movies of this year. The film is based on the life of American physicist J Robert Oppenheimer, also known as the father of the atomic bomb. But who was this man? Listen to this episoe of the podcast for answers. 

JCO PO author Alexander E. Drilon, MD, shares insights into his article, “Efficacy and Safety of Larotrectinib in Patients With Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase Fusion–Positive Lung Cancers” and the article's findings of the activity of larotrectinib in patients with advanced lung cancer harboring NTRK gene fusions. Host Dr. Rafeh Naqash and Dr. Drilon discuss drug development, testing for fusions, resistance mechanisms, and cancer metastases. Click here to read the article!   TRANSCRIPT Dr. Rafeh Naqash: Hello and welcome to JCO Precision Oncology Conversations, where we bring you engaging conversations with authors of clinically relevant and highly significant JCO PO articles. I am your host, Dr. Rafeh Naqash, Social Media Editor for JCO Precision Oncology, and Assistant Professor at the OU Stephenson Cancer Center.  Today we are excited to be joined by Dr. Alexander Drilon, Chief of the Early Drug Development Service and Medical Oncologist on the Thoracic Oncology Service at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and lead author of the JCO Precision Oncology article “Efficacy and Safety of Larotrectinib in Patients With Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase Fusion–Positive Lung Cancers.” Our guests' disclosures will be linked in the transcript.  Dr. Drilon, welcome to the podcast and thank you for joining us today. We're really excited to be discussing this topic with you.  Dr. Alexander Drilon: It's my pleasure and thank you for the invitation. Dr. Rafeh Naqash: For the sake of this podcast, we will refer to each other using our first names. So, Alex, you've led the development for some of these agents targeting NTRK. So it's really timely that you're coming onto this podcast to not just discuss this very interesting paper that you published in JCO Precision Oncology, but also the general landscape of NTRK. So could you briefly tell us about the history of the drug development process behind NTRK fusions, when it started, how you got involved, and where it stands currently? Dr. Alexander Drilon: Sure. So, as you mentioned, my background is in lung cancer, where when I came on as a fellow, there was a lot of excitement around EGFR and ALK, but then subsequently other oncogene drivers were also discovered and many of them were fusion. So, as we know, ALK in the fuse state is a driver of many tumors, as is ROS1 and RET. And interestingly, NTRK fusions share many similarities with ALK, RET, and ROS1 in that you have an intact kinase domain that's in the three prime position, it's fused to a different gene in the five prime position and basically describes oncogenesis.  And the beautiful thing about NTRK fusions is that they are widely found across many different cancers. And I like to think of these cancers in two major buckets. So there is a bucket for cancers that are rare where we see these NTRK fusions with a very high frequency. And examples here are your secretory carcinomas of the salivary gland and the breast, for example, more congenital fibrosarcoma, where the frequency exceeds 90% in some series, and then there are much more common tumors where the frequency is much lower. So lung cancer is an example where you find it in less than 1% of cases. There are some other tumors like GI cancers also where the frequency is low. And beyond these two major groups, we also see these NTRK fusion-positive cancers occur not just in the adult population, but the pediatric population. All of that thrown together means that it was a really great setup for exploring the activity and safety of targeted therapy in what we call a ‘basket trial' paradigm, where you design a trial and instead of selecting patients based on cancer type, you ignore cancer type and, of course, you accrue by an enrolling alteration, which in this case is the NTRK fusion.  Dr. Rafeh Naqash: Excellent. Thank you for that summary. It's interesting that just yesterday in my phase I clinic, I had an individual who was supposed to go on a certain study, and liquid biopsy came back and showed an NTRK fusion for a very odd presentation of a prostate cancer, which, again, got me thinking about the paper that you published trying to read about NTRK and then this happened and I got thinking about a bunch of other questions. But, for starters, though, from a receptor standpoint and I know you published on this in different journals, could you briefly tell, for the sake of the audience, describe the pathway and the tyrosine kinase signaling and associated resistance pathways that are concurrently acting in a different direction, perhaps, and also discuss briefly from neural development? I know the pathway, the NTRK gene or TRK gene as such is involved in different neuronal signaling aspects. Could you briefly touch on that? Dr. Alexander Drilon: Sure. And thankfully there are a lot of parallels with other things that perhaps some of the listeners are more familiar with. We'll start with the fact that it is a receptor tyrosine kinase, NTRK. It's a gene that encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase just like other receptor tyrosine kinases that may be fused such as ALK, RET, and ROS1. But remember also that other RTKs are EGFR, FGFR, which are also well known. The important thing to remember for NTRK is that you have three different genes, NTRK 1, 2, and 3 that encode three different proteins which are called TRK A, B, and C. And as you intimated, in the non-oncogenic state, these are very important for the development and the maintenance of the nervous system. And in the fused state, of course, similar to other fusions that we spoke about, the chimeric oncoprotein will drive downstream signaling and tumor growth and metastases. And in general, these cancers can be very reliant on downstream signaling in the MAP Kinase pathway but may also on occasion activate other downstream pathways like the PI3 Kinase pathway. Dr. Rafeh Naqash: And I know some of that could potentially play into resistance mechanisms for some of these first or second-generation NTRK inhibitors. From a fusion partner standpoint, the data that I came across that you're very well aware of is different fusion partners, and maybe some have a slightly better prognosis than some other fusions. But, in your practice and in your experience, does it matter what the other fusion partner is if the kinase domain is intact, meaning the signaling for the NTRK gene is intact? Have you seen any differences there from the other fusion partner standpoint? Dr. Alexander Drilon: From a patient-matching perspective, as long as you think the fusion is real, and by that I mean that you look at the report and you're sure the kinase domain is there and you're sure it's in frame, meaning connected well to the five prime partner so that the DNA strand is read through, the five prime partner does not play a major role in my deciding to give a TRK inhibitor or not. I would give anyone with a functional NTRK 1, 2, or 3 fusion a TRK inhibitor. Now, the data on whether or not select fusions do better than others is, I would say, still a little immature and perhaps conditioned by a few things. There are some of the cancers in the first bucket that we talked about, like the secretory carcinomas that harbor a recurrent event such as ETV6 NTRK3. And those cancers, in my experience in clinic, patients with those tumors can be on a TRK inhibitor for a very long time. And it's unclear if that's because of the exact fusion event or if it's because of the cancer type that might be more, say, genomically naïve compared to a gastrointestinal tumor, like a colorectal cancer with an NTRK fusion. So I hesitate to say that there are very strong and convincing data that if you have a particular five prime partner, you'll absolutely do better or worse. So, in the interim, I think the most important piece is just making sure that the event is real and actionable, and if it is, then you can give a TRK inhibitor. Dr. Rafeh Naqash: Thank you so much. I totally agree. And I think, for the sake of our listeners, as we see more and more sequencing being done on patients with cancer in the advanced stage setting especially, it's important to keep in mind when you have something that you can act on that has an actionable target that is FDA approved, then it's important to give the patient that option, especially in rare fusion events such as NTRK or TRK.   Now, you've touched upon this in your paper, but before we go into the details of the paper, specifically, I wanted you to briefly talk about the testing mechanisms which are important for some of these fusions and play into, for example, ROS1 ALK fusions also. Could you tell us what are the most appropriate ways to test for these fusions in patients harboring cancers, both from a tissue standpoint and from a blood-based assay standpoint? Dr. Alexander Drilon: This is a great question because if you don't have a test that's optimally poised to pick up an NTRK fusion, then you can't act on it. And a patient who would have benefited very durably from a TRK inhibitor won't get access to it. So there are different ways of testing for NTRK fusions, and I like to think of the central dogma here where you have DNA becomes RNA becomes protein because that really helps anchor the different types of assays that you might use. We commonly use next-generation sequencing of DNA, but even if you have a very good next-generation sequencing assay, that does have its limitations because there are some fusions that are structurally just difficult to pick up even with a great DNA-based NGS assay.  And for that reason, we and others have found that in tumors that have an equivocal NTRK fusion, or perhaps where you didn't find something but you really suspect that you missed something, particularly in cases where, historically, like congenital fibrosarcoma where you know there's a very good likelihood of finding NTRK fusion, we then reach for an RNA-based assay because at the RNA level, you've removed things like the intra-DNA based capture challenging. And so I think that from a nucleic acid standpoint, leveraging a test that looks both at DNA and RNA, maximizes the likelihood of finding this fusion. And just remember that there are different NGS assays in terms of the approach to design and some might be more Amplicon-based and that's less optimal, but the hybrid-capture-based ones tend to be better. The DNA and RNA tests can be done on tumors, and in blood, you could do a liquid biopsy. It's very hard to fish out RNA in blood given the current technology so we're still limited to circulating tumor DNA which shares the liabilities of doing DNA testing on a tumor sample. But if you find it and it looks real, then it's certainly actionable even if you detect an NTRK fusion with a liquid biopsy.  Now going back to the central dogma there, the third piece which we haven't touched on is protein. And there have been many papers published now on the utility of immunohistochemistry, and this helps you confirm that the TRK A, B, and C proteins are actually expressed. And what tends to happen is in many fusions, the chimeric oncoproteins strongly express as TRK A, B, and C that helps provide a complementary test or assay that confirms that you're dealing with something that is actionable.  So that is a very contemporary approach and a very thorough approach to looking for these NTRK fusions where you do DNA and RNA if possible. And if you still have questions, ask your pathologist to see if they can do Pan-TRK IHC. But depending on the resource environment that you're in, there are older tests like FISH which we use for ALK that can also find these fusions. RT-PCR which only finds particular events, these can detect NTRK fusions but really don't have the breadth and comprehensiveness as the other assays that we discussed like NGS.  Dr. Rafeh Naqash: Thank you so much, Alex, for that amazing summary of all the methods that potentially could help detect this rare but important event. From a therapeutic standpoint, now, taking a deeper dive into your very interesting JCO Precision Oncology paper that looked at larotrectinib data from a pooled analysis of two trials, a phase II and a phase I. Could you tell us a little background about these two trials, the patient population and what kind of data were you trying to evaluate? And then we can discuss some of the interesting results that you showcase in the paper. Dr. Alexander Drilon: It really helps as a background to realize that the initial approach to this was really on a basket trial where the programs for larotrectinib, which is a selective TRK A, B, and C inhibitor, and the other drug entrectinib, which inhibits ROS1 in addition to TRK, really accrued pediatric and adult cancers with NTRK fusions. And this paper pulls out the lung cancer subset and we'll discuss that in detail. But before getting into that, it's important to know that in the tumor agnostic data set of all patients with an NTRK fusion of any type, larotrectinib achieved a response rate of approximately 80%, entrectinib of approaching 60%, and disease control was durable with a median PFS for larotrectinib of approximately 28 months, and with entrectinib numerically, the number was lower at 11 months.   So with that background, this paper in JCO PO, in the interest of featuring the activity for lung cancers with NTRK fusions, pulled out 20 patients with NTRK fusion-positive lung cancers. And the punchline is that the activity was pretty comparable to that seen with a bigger data set. So the objective response rate was 73% and many patients had a partial response, 67% of the cases, 7% had a complete response, and really only a minority had primary progressive disease, 1 patient out of the 15 evaluable patients. These responses and clinical benefit overall were durable and the median duration of response was almost 34 months, with a median progression-free survival of almost 35 and a half months and an overall survival median of 40.7 months.  And just to talk about how that stacks up compared to other targeted therapies, this certainly is in the ballpark of some of the best ALK inhibitors that we have for ALK fusion-positive lung cancer. It's also comparable to osimertinib for EGFR mutant lung cancer. So we can confidently view TRK inhibition in lung cancers with NTRK fusions as a highly-active therapy.  Dr. Rafeh Naqash: Absolutely. I think you touched upon this earlier where in your cohort at least 50% of patients had central nervous system involvement, and it looks like larotrectinib does have CNS activity and benefit. Could you speak to the differences between potential entrectinib and larotrectinib from a CNS efficacy standpoint? And the second part of that question was going to be when you identify this fusion in patients, for example, with lung cancer, now, since TRK does have a role in neuronal development, do you think there is a role for closer CNS monitoring in these patients if they have not had brain metastasis identified because of the fact that they have an NTRK fusion? Is there some predilection for CNS involvement from a metastasis standpoint? It's just something that I've been thinking of over the last couple of days after I saw my patient who does have CNS involvement but with prostate cancer, which I have not seen in the phase I setting in all the prostate patients that I've come across. So what are your thoughts on that?  Dr. Alexander Drilon: These are great questions. In lung cancers with NTRK fusions, there is a proclivity for metastasis to the CNS. And thankfully, both of these TKIs, larotrectinib and entrectinib, do have coverage of the CNS. Now, from a design perspective, the initial thought was perhaps entrechtinib was more CNS-penetrant. But if you look at the overall response rates in patients with brain metastases and the intracranial response rates where you have patients with target lesions in the brain that you're able to measure; if you look across the aisle, entrectinib and larotrectinib have comparable results, with the objective response rate being in the order of 50% to 60% and the intracranial response rate being also in the order of about 50% to 60%. So at the end of the day, it appears as if, despite the previous hypothesis that maybe one drug would work better in the CNS than the other, we're seeing equally good effects with both drugs.  For the second question you asked, it's also a very interesting question because, like you mentioned, the TRK receptors play a role in nervous system development. But we have not observed a much higher frequency of CNS metastases in NTRK fusion-positive lung cancers or cancers in general that I know of, compared to cancers that are wild type for an oncogene or have other oncogenes. So what's more important really to think about when you sort of chew on the fact that these TRK inhibitors are involved in nervous system development are the potential side effects that you may see in patients that you treat with these TRK inhibitors. Dr. Rafeh Naqash: Absolutely. Now, from the therapy standpoint that you discuss here, duration of responses, objective responses that you saw in your analysis were very impressive for these patients with lung cancer. In your clinical practice if you see a lung cancer patient with this fusion and you treat them with larotrectinib or entrectinib, and they have, let's say, de novo CNS metastases that are asymptomatic, do you generally try the targeted therapy first and hold off, perhaps, brain directed therapy in that setting? Similar to what one would do with osimertinib perhaps or alectinib?  Dr. Alexander Drilon: Absolutely. It's the same paradigm because we know that we are seeing in a larger population of patients, just generally good activity, both extracranially and intracranially. The goal is to try to spare patients the extra side effects of doing radiation by only giving the TKI. And in practice, even outside of the trial, in patients that I've treated with CNS metastases, the activity has been very good. Dr. Rafeh Naqash: Thank you so much. Now, all TKI therapies have, unfortunately, resistance mechanisms that come up eventually, in my experience at least. What is your experience as far as understanding resistance mechanisms on TRK-based therapies and potential second options after that, whether it's second-generation TRK inhibitors or subsequent targeted therapies in this space? Dr. Alexander Drilon: Thankfully, this has been looked at extensively and I like to categorize resistance into two major groups. So there's a type of resistance which we call on-target resistance and another type which we call off-target resistance. In simple terms, cancers that acquire on-target resistance are still dependent on the NTRK or TRK pathway. And often what happens is, like with other oncogene-targeted therapy pairs, you see the acquisition of a resistance mutation in the kinase domain of NTRK 1, 2, 3 that either changes the dynamics of the kinase or sort of kicks the drug off of the binding site due to steric hindrance.  And for those patients, companies have designed next-generation TRK inhibitors that abrogate resistance, meaning they were designed so that they would work despite the presence of these resistance mutations. And a few of them include repotrectinib, talatrectinib, and selitrectinib that are thought to have activity, but there are many other newer ones that are currently being explored. I will say that there's proof of concept that has been published as well showing that patients who progress on a first-generation TRK inhibitor like larotrectinib or entrectinib who develop acquired resistance that's on-target can respond very well to a next-generation NTRK inhibitor. And while these aren't approved just yet, these are of course available in clinical trials. Now, the second major group is more problematic. This is off-target resistance. And when I describe this to patients, what I usually say is that the cancer sort of ‘phones a friend' and activates a second gene perhaps that isn't NTRK. And examples of that include KRAS or MET or BRAF, very well-known oncogenes in other contexts, but it leads to a reliance outside of the NTRK or TRK pathway per se, which still effectively reactivates the MAP kinase pathway. What to do in that situation? Well, there are select cases and there have been case reports published of patients who get a combination. Say if it's acquired MET amplification, you give a MET inhibitor with a TRK inhibitor and that combination can work. But in many other cases where you don't have access to a combination on a clinical trial or on compassionate use, then you really default to the standard of care for that cancer type. So if it's lung cancer and they've never had chemotherapy before, then it would be platinum-based chemotherapy, say with pemetrexed and a third drug, perhaps if they have lung adenocarcinoma.  Dr. Rafeh Naqash: Thank you so much. This is definitely an exciting field and exciting time to be in this space of drug development, and especially when we have so many interesting tumor-agnostic approvals that have come along in the last few years and more to come. And you've led a lot of this development with several other leaders in this field. So it was very nice discussing this with you, and hopefully, our listeners find it equally interesting and educationally relevant to what we see day in and day out as we perform more and more sequencing for patients with cancer and try to identify some of these rare or not so rare events that are targetable and can definitely change the course of a patient's therapy and outcomes. So thank you once again, Alex, for the discussion on this paper.  But before we end, we'd like to spend a couple of minutes trying to know about the investigator. So could you tell us a little bit about your career trajectory, how you started your fellowship perhaps, how you ended up in drug development, and how you've successfully contributed so much in this field to date? Dr. Alexander Drilon: Sure. So I'm originally from the Philippines, was born there, finished med school, and really wanted to come to the United States to sort of broaden my education and my residency program in internal medicine, then called St. Luke's Roosevelt under Columbia, had a program that sent people to rotate through Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer where I currently work. So that was my first exposure with oncology. I fell in love with it and eventually became a fellow, fortunately, at Memorial Sloan Kettering. And I mentioned earlier that during that time I had subspecialized in lung cancer and there was a lot of excitement around targeted therapy for oncogene-driven lung cancer. And that was my point of entry. I saw these drugs work very well and I said that if I were in a position to develop newer agents, perhaps for other oncogenes where there wasn't anything developed just yet, that would be really cool. And that was my entry into the phase I world where things later on expanded really the tumor agnostic interrogation using the same principles that were familiar to me in the lung cancer world. And I think I've been very fortunate with the environment and the ability, especially with good in-house sequencing, to match many patients to these trials. And it's been wonderful to see several of these drugs approved. Larotrectinib was the sort of seminal tumor-agnostic approval of a targeted therapy for the first time by any regulatory body. And like you said, the hope is that we see several more of these. Dr. Rafeh Naqash: Awesome. That sounds like a very interesting, phenomenal journey that you've had, and a lot of it is also probably related to the kind of people that you met, mentors, and other people who helped you along the way. And then, of course, you've done a lot for other fellows and trainees in this space of drug development. So thank you again, Alex, for joining us, and thank you for choosing JCO Precision Oncology as a destination for your work. I look forward to interacting with you further subsequently and hopefully seeing more development in this space of novel therapies for fusions and other interesting targets in the lung cancer space.  So thank you for listening to JCO Precision Oncology Conversations. Don't forget to give us a rating or review and be sure to subscribe so you never miss an episode. You can find all ASCO shows at asco.org/podcasts.  The purpose of this podcast is to educate and to inform. This is not a substitute for professional medical care and is not intended for use in the diagnosis or treatment of individual conditions.   Guests on this podcast express their own opinions, experience, and conclusions. Guest statements on the podcast do not express the opinions of ASCO. The mention of any product, service, organization, activity, or therapy should not be construed as an ASCO endorsement.  Bio: Alexander E. Drilon, MD, is a medical oncologist specializing in the treatment of lung cancer. He is chief of early drug development service at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. He has clinical expertise in lung cancer and early-phase clinical trials.   COIs Alexander Drilon Honoraria: Medscape, OncLive, PeerVoice, Physicians' Education Resource, Targeted Oncology, MORE Health, Research to Practice, Foundation Medicine, PeerView Consulting or Advisory Role: Ignyta, Loxo, TP Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Blueprint Medicines, Genentech/Roche, Helsinn Therapeutics, BeiGene, Hengrui Therapeutics, Exelixis, Bayer, Tyra Biosciences, Verastem, Takeda/Millennium, BerGenBio, MORE Health, Lilly, AbbVie, 14ner Oncology/Elevation Oncology, Remedica, Archer, Monopteros Therapeutics, Novartis, EMD Serono/Merck, Melendi, Repare Therapeutics Research Funding: Foundation Medicine Patents, Royalties, Other Intellectual Property: Wolters Kluwer (Royalties for Pocket Oncology) Other Relationship: Merck, GlaxoSmithKline, Teva, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Pfizer, PharmaMar, Puma Biotechnology

- UBND thành phố Móng Cái (tỉnh Quảng Ninh) vừa có quyết định tạm dừng hoạt động cơ sở dịch vụ y tế tư nhân (địa chỉ số 5, Lê Hữu Trác, phường Ka Long) do cơ sở này tổ chức lấy mẫu xét nghiệm virus Sars-CoV-2 bằng phương pháp RT-PCR không đảm bảo điều kiện theo quy định và có dấu hiệu không minh bạch về giá dịch vụ. Tác giả : Vũ Miền/VOV Đông Bắc Chủ đề : móng cái, quảng ninh --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/vov1tintuc/support

बातम्या सविस्तर ऐकण्यासाठी क्लिक करा....सकाळच्या पॉडकास्टला....1. चिंता वाढली! 2023 मध्ये जगभरात आर्थिक मंदीचं सावट; IMF प्रमुखांचा दावा2.  Demonetization : नोटाबंदीचा निर्णय वैध; सर्वोच्च न्यायालयाच्या निर्णयाचे भाजपने केले स्वागत3. Covid New Travel Advisory : विमानप्रवासापूर्वी ७२ तास आधी RT-PCR टेस्ट अनिवार्य4. मोदींकडून लखपती होण्याची संधी5. EVM, VVPAT आणि आता रिमोट मतदान..6. प्रसाद ओकने केली मोठी घोषणा, साकारणार.. तोच मी..प्रभाकर पणशीकर..7.  तुमच्याकडे पॉश गाडी आहे, तो तुमचा छंदही असेल मात्र..पंतच्या अपघातावर कपिल देव बोलले8.  चर्चेतील बातमी - अजित पवारांचं विधान चुकीचं, संदर्भ द्या; संभाजीराजे छत्रपतींचा संतापरिसर्च अँड स्क्रिप्ट - युगंधर ताजणे, निलम पवार

Priyanka Gandhi joins Rahul in Bharat Jodo Yatra, RT-PCR test mandatory for arrivals from China, 4 other nations, 16 Army personnel killed in Sikkim accident

Thông tin một người đàn ông 50 tuổi ở Mê Linh, Hà Nội tử vong do bệnh dại khiến nhiều người không khỏi lo ngại khi vẫn còn tình trạng lơ là, chủ quan hoặc điều trị sai cách khi không may bị chó, mèo cắn hoặc tiếp xúc với nguồn bệnh.Ngày 18/10, ông N.V.T., ở thôn Yên Nội, xã Vạn Yên, huyện Mê Linh làm nghề thợ xây, đến khám tại Bệnh viện Đa khoa Mê Linh khi thấy đau đầu, sốt, sợ nước, sợ lạnh…Bệnh nhân được chuyển đến Bệnh viện Bạch Mai ngay ngày hôm sau và tử vong chiều cùng ngày. Kết quả xét nghiệm RT-PCR do Viện Vệ sinh dịch tễ Trung ương thực hiện khẳng định người bệnh dương tính virus gây bệnh dại./.  

Videos: 2. Mark Steyn questions why young healthy people are dying across the UK   Tea, flavonoid intake associated with lower fracture risk University of Western Australia, August 14 2022 An article published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition adds more evidence to a protective effect for tea drinking against the development of osteoporotic fractures in women. The study included 1,188 women over the age of 75 years enrolled in the Calcium Intake Fracture Outcome Study, which evaluated the effect of calcium supplementation in the prevention of osteoporosis. Tea intake was assessed at the beginning of the study and at two and five years. The subjects were followed for ten years, during which 288 women developed an osteoporotic fracture, including 212 major fractures and 129 hip fractures. Among women whose intake of tea was three cups or higher per day, there was a 30% decrease in the risk of any osteoporotic fracture in comparison with those whose intake was a cup or less per week. Subjects whose flavonoid intake from tea and foods was among the highest one-third of subjects had risks of osteoporotic fracture, major osteoporotic fracture and hip fracture that were 35%, 34% and 42% lower than those whose intake was among the lowest third. When individual flavonoids were analyzed, higher consumption of flavonols, flavan-3-ols and flavones was significantly associated with a protective effect against osteoporotic fracture risk. “The current study found that flavonoid intake was associated with a reduced risk of hip, major, and all osteoporotic fractures in elderly women,” write authors Gael Myers and colleagues. “The major flavonoids found in tea, flavan-3-ols, and flavonols were also associated with a reduced fracture risk, providing evidence for the role of tea flavonoids in promoting bone health.” Skipping breakfast may increase chance of kids and teens developing psychosocial health problems University of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain), August 23, 2022 Young people who eat healthy breakfasts at home have better psychosocial health, shows a recent study in Frontiers in Nutrition. While previous research has reported the important role of a nutritious breakfast, this is the first study to look at the reported effects of whether kids eat breakfast, as well as where and what they eat. These results provide valuable insights and recommendations for parents and their children. “Our results suggest that it is not only important to eat breakfast, but it's also important where young people eat breakfast and what they eat,” said first author Dr. José Francisco López-Gil of the University of Castilla-La Mancha in Cuenca, Spain. “Skipping breakfast or eating breakfast away from home is associated with increased likelihood of psychosocial behavioral problems in children and adolescents. Similarly, consumption of certain foods/drinks are associated with higher (eg, processed meat) or lower (eg, dairies, cereals) odds of psychosocial behavioral problems.” Among the most important results, López-Gil and the team found that eating breakfast away from home was nearly as detrimental as skipping the meal entirely. The authors suggest that this may be because meals away from home are frequently less nutritious than those prepared at home. The results also showed that coffee, milk, tea, chocolate, cocoa, yogurt, bread, toast, cereals, and pastries were all associated with lower chances of behavioral problems. Surprisingly, eggs, cheese, and ham were linked with higher risks of such issues. Amla Tea in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (Iran), August 14, 2022 Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate whether the addition of Phyllanthus emblica (amla) tea to standard protocols affects lung function, symptomology, and length of hospital stay in a population of hospitalized patients with Covid-19 While amla tea did not reduce the severity of lung involvement nor significantly affect the reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results, it did lessen severity of symptomology and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Duration of hospital stay was significantly shorterin those taking amla versus placebo. First-line therapy for all patients consisted of hydroxychloroquine tablets (200 mg) and lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra) every 12 hours after meals for 7 to 14 days. Phyllanthus emblica (Linn), Euphorbiaceae, known as Indian gooseberry or amla or Emblica officinalis, 2 grams of powder in a sachet for 10 days was the intervention, and the placebo was starch, 2 grams of powder daily for 10 days. Both treatments were taken as 100 mL tea every 12 hours. Hospital nurses administered the treatments every 12 hours for 10 days, and the study team tracked the patients with daily phone calls. Key Findings Lymphocytes decreased significantly in the intervention group but increased significantly in the control group (P=0.001). There was no significant difference in hemoglobin, polymorphonuclear (PMN) count, platelets, or erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) between the intervention versus placebo groups. CRP was significantly less in the intervention group versus the control (P=0.004). Fever decreased in both groups, with a significantly greater reduction in the intervention group (P

主播：老崔嘉宾：赛赛剪辑：老崔文案：老崔设计：乔磊听友群：微信搜索laocui0488微博：老崔的革命根据地公众号：能力有限FM（内含因不可抗力而下架的节目和每期节目歌单）目前全国疫情处于攻坚阶段，疫情防控形势仍然严峻复杂。困在家中的人们，已经身心俱疲。在家时间长了，都会有一种想出去走走的感觉，但是碍于国内疫情管控，只能老老实实在家封闭。相信很多产业也受到了很大的影响，旅游业更是重灾区。以旅游业为主的泰国，也未能幸免，损失惨重。泰国现在已经开始放宽对疫情的管控，放宽入境和隔离政策，只需在抵达泰国后做1次RT-PCR检测和在抵达泰国第五天自行使用ATK检测即可。疫情缓解之后来一场泰国之旅，也是一个不错的想法，去曼谷感受泰国的风土人情，去芭提雅体验泰国度假圣地。疫情在家也要快乐，只要我们坚定决心，相信最后取得胜利的绝对是我们。希望疫情早点结束。PS：环球同此凉热上海篇，因不可抗力因素已被下架，听众朋友可挪至公众号能力有限FM搜索“上海”收听这期节目。

Thailand prepares to axe on arrival PCR test | GMT | Ep.232 The government will on Friday consider scrapping mandatory RT-PCR tests for foreign visitors arriving in the country. TAT is optimistically targeting B656bn from domestic travel. Thailand can welcome Russian travellers back this Saturday. Police arrest Thai Transgender OnlyFans star-making ฿100K per month. My Beach Resort: https://www.mybeachphuket.com (My beach hotel - key in the code “THAIGER” for a 10% discount) Coffee sponsored by: https://coffeeculture.asia/thaiger (10% discount for Thaiger members with the code 'THAIGER' at check out) To purchase Thaiger merchandise visit Thaiger shop: https://thethaiger.com/shop/ you can also send us an email at: shop@thethaiger.com Click the link to watch a 2 minutes Thailand on Bounce: https://youtu.be/NC26fE63Z00 BROWSE to read the latest news: https://thethaiger.com

As Ukraine closed its airspace for civilian flights after Russia began it invasion, about 16,000-strong Indian diaspora, mostly students, were left stranded in the war-torn country.   As students made appeals for evacuation from bomb shelters, New Delhi launched a multi-pronged evacuation plan named ‘Operation Ganga' to bring home its citizens. Accordingly, Indian missions in Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Hungary have been making arrangements to receive Indian nationals from Ukraine and fly them out of their respective countries under Operation Ganga flights. The cost will be borne by the Centre.   The cost of operating a two-way evacuation flight is reportedly more than Rs 1.10 crore. The amount is likely to go up depending on the duration of the flights.   24x7 Control Centres have been set up under the mission to assist in the evacuation of Indian nationals through Ukraine's border crossing points with the four countries.   The government announced that four Union Ministers will travel to Ukraine's neighbouring countries to coordinate the evacuation.   Petroleum minister Hardeep Puri would go to Hungary, aviation minister Jyotiraditya Scindia to Romania and Moldova; law minister Kiran Rijiju to Slovakia and Minister of State for Civil Aviation VK Singh to Poland.   The government also created a dedicated Twitter account named OpGanga Helpline to assist in the evacuation by sharing important advisories and instructions.   The Union Health Ministry has revised the mandatory international travel guidelines for all Indians being evacuated from Ukraine, allowing them to board flights without a negative RT-PCR report or vaccination certificate.   The travel guidelines have been revised on humanitarian grounds.   Till Monday, Tata Group's Air India reportedly evacuated 1,396 Indian nationals in six evacuation flights that were chartered by the government. The airline used Boeing 787 Dreamliners for the services.   The first flight under Operation Ganga brought home 219 Indians from Romania's capital Bucharest to Mumbai on Saturday evening. Other flights carried up to 250 Indians each from Bucharest as well as Hungary's Budapest back to India.   Operation Ganga gained speed after SpiceJet, Air India Express and IndiGo joined the mission operating special flights to Bucharest and Budapest from Monday. Indians who have been able to flee Ukraine and enter its bordering countries have been leaving on the evacuation flights.   IndiGo operated the flights using its Airbus A321 aircraft, whereas SpiceJet deployed Boeing 737 MAX 8 planes. 

Will Thailand Ease Entry Restrictions Today? | GMT | Ep.200 The government will on Wednesday weigh up whether it will scrap the second RT-PCR test for overseas arrivals under the Test & Go scheme. Tourism operators have thrashed the government announcement increasing the Covid-19 alert to Level 4. Prosecutors have indicted a junior police officer whose motorbike struck and killed a woman on a zebra crossing in Ratchathewi, Bangkok last month. Oil spill Rayong update, Phuket sandbox, Long term visas and Monks scaring Covid away are stories all coming up on today's Good Morning Thailand with Jay and Tim. Twinpalms Residences MontAzure – Asia's Ultimate Beachfront Condominium: https://bit.ly/2UDGi3z Coffee sponsored by: https://coffeeculture.asia/thaiger (10% discount for Thaiger members with the code 'THAIGER' at check out) To purchase Thaiger merchandise you can also send us an email at: shop@thethaiger.com Check out our new channel "Bounce": https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXTD... BROWSE to read the latest news: https://thethaiger.com

The Union Finance Ministry in its latest Monthly Economic Review said that the third wave of the pandemic reached the peak in just 31 days, thereby limiting the damage to the economy. The second wave lasted about 79 days and the first 220 days. Of the three, the third wave has also been the least fatal.  Demand for energy also remained resilient as power consumption in January this year grew 2.1% over December, reflecting the weak impact of Omicron on economic activity. As the danger of the fast-spreading Omicron variant subsides, major hospitals across India are reporting almost empty Covid wards. Daily Covid-19 cases have trickled down from a high of 3.47 lakh on January 20 t0 25,920 on February 18, while daily recoveries continue to outnumber new cases. 78% of the adult population is fully vaccinated now. With that, and following the Centre's fresh order, states have started to remove the additional restrictions imposed in the wake of the third wave.  While Haryana lifted all such restrictions last week several other states, including Maharashtra, Delhi, Gujarat, and Kerala, are expected to hold review meetings soon to take a call on the matter. States are going for a gradual easing of restrictions. Gujarat relaxed the night curfew timings by three hours last week. Delhi, which still continues with night curfew and curtailed business hours for shops, is likely to revisit its stance this week. It has already lifted the weekend curfew. The odd-even system of opening non-essential shops has also been done away with. Multiplexes have also been opened with half the strength. In Tamil Nadu, nursery and play schools have been opened, putting the entire education sector on track. The state government also allowed 100% occupancy in almost all previously regulated places, including theatres, hotels, malls, gyms, lodges, shops, and amusement parks. The state had already lifted night curfew through a notification on January 27. Kerala, still with a positivity rate of 15.75%, is going slow, withdrawing restrictions in stages. While states are doing their part to aid in the economic recovery, the Centre has considerably relaxed the restrictions on international travellers last Thursday. Fully vaccinated passengers from 82 countries will not be required to take a pre-departure RT-PCR test.  International travellers will not have to mandatorily home quarantine for seven days or get an RT-PCR test done on the eighth day.  The government has also removed the demarcation of countries ‘at-risk' and other countries. With this, the requirement of giving samples at airports and waiting till the result is obtained from countries ‘at-risk' is done away with. The ban on regular international flights, which has been in place in India since March 23, 2020, was e

ભારત સરકારે કોવિડ-19 મહામારી બાદ સૌ પ્રથમ વખત આંતરરાષ્ટ્રીય આગમન કરતા મુસાફરો માટે નિયમોમાં રાહત આપી છે, જે અંતર્ગત, ફરજિયાત RT-PCR ટેસ્ટ તથા 7 દિવસના હોમ ક્વોરન્ટાઇનના નિયમને હટાવ્યો છે.

Um estudo publicado na revista Nature aponta que uma dose de reforço da vacina da Pfizer após duas da Coronavac aumenta em 92,7% a eficácia contra o coronavírus. Segundo a publicação, com o mesmo esquema vacinal é possível impedir o agravamento da Covid-19 —mortes e internações— em 97,3% dos casos. A pesquisa foi feita com base na análise das informações de cerca de 14,3 milhões de brasileiros que realizaram teste rápido de antígeno ou RT-PCR —este foi feito por cerca de 7,3 milhões de indivíduos do montante. O banco de dados foi disponibilizado pelo Ministério da Saúde. O secretário de Educação de São Paulo, Rossieli Soares, classifica como um esforço temporário a força tarefa montada para abrir novas vagas no ensino fundamental nas escolas públicas da capital paulista. O Estado anunciou a ampliação do limite de alunos por sala de aula, de 30 para 33, a contratação de mais professores e acomodação de classes em espaços como bibliotecas e salas de informática. E mais: o pagamento de emendas parlamentares intermediado por uma igreja evangélica e a falta de ações do Ibama após alertas de desmatamento. Ouça estas e outras notícias desta quinta-feira, 10, no “Eldorado Expresso”. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Desde el miércoles 02 de febrero de 2022 entró en vigencia una nueva actualización del Lineamiento de Ingreso al Ecuador Continental e Insular por vía aérea. El documento fue emitido por el Ministerio de Salud Pública (MSP) y está disponible en el siguiente enlace: https://bit.ly/OtrosDocumentosNormativos En este se indica que toda persona que ingrese al Ecuador continental por vía aérea internacional deberá presentar de manera obligatoria la Declaración de Salud del Viajero de forma digital al embarcar a la aerolínea. La declaración se encuentra en https://declaracionsalud-viajero.msp.gob.ec/. Si no está disponible la plataforma se debe presentar el formulario físico. Cabe mencionar que los viajeros que llenen el formulario digital ya no requieren presentarlo en el punto de entrada al Ministerio de Salud. Asimismo, todo pasajero que ingrese al país, mayor de 16 años, deberá presentar de manera obligatoria el carné de vacunación COVID-19, con al menos 14 días de vigencia después de completar el esquema. Además, el resultado negativo de una prueba de antígeno o el resultado negativo de prueba cualitativa RT-PCR en tiempo real realizada hasta 72 horas previo al embarque al Ecuador. Lo mismo para niños entre 2 y 16 años. Los tripulantes están exentos de estos requisitos. Los pasajeros ecuatorianos declarados como INADMITIDOS en otros países y regresan al Ecuador, no deberán presentar una prueba RT-PCR. Sin embargo, el MSP realizará una prueba rápida de antígeno al momento de su arribo. De igual manera, todos los pasajeros que arriban al Ecuador deben reportar al Ministerio de Salud la presencia o ausencia de síntomas sugestivos de la COVID-19 o sus contactos directos. Si el pasajero que en el vuelo o al momento del arribo al Ecuador presenta síntomas relacionados a la COVID-19 será evaluado por el personal del MSP, previo al ingreso al área de migración. En el caso de definirse como un «caso sospechoso» se hará una prueba rápida de antígeno. De ser positiva, realizará 10 días de aislamiento en cualquier sitio a elección y a costo del viajero. Adicional, el lineamiento detalla las disposiciones de Ingreso al Ecuador insular (provincia de Galápagos) por frontera aérea. Informa que turistas extranjeros, turistas y/o residentes en Galápagos que ingresen al país, mayores de 16 años, deberán presentar de manera obligatoria el carné de vacunación con al menos 14 días de vigencia después de completar el esquema. También, el resultado negativo de una prueba de antígeno o prueba RT-PCR en tiempo real realizada hasta 72 horas previo al embarque al Ecuador Insular. De la misma manera para niños entre 2 y 16 años. Los tripulantes están exentos de estos requisitos. Para el ingreso de turistas nacionales o extranjeros se solicitará la tarjeta de control de tránsito emitido por el Consejo de Gobierno de Régimen Especial de Galápagos. Se elimina el salvoconducto gestionado por un operador turístico o por un alojamiento regulado por el Ministerio de Turismo. Aclaratorias para el ingreso al Ecuador Continental e Insular: Las únicas pruebas autorizadas para el ingreso al país son la prueba cualitativa RT-PCR en tiempo real o la prueba de antígeno para COVID-19. Por ningún motivo se aceptarán pruebas rápidas de anticuerpos (IGG e IGM). Toda persona diagnosticada con COVID-19 y que luego de un mes siga obteniendo un resultado positivo en la prueba RT-PCR, deberá presentar certificado médico emitido en el país de origen que avale su estado de salud de no estar en fase de contagio para el ingreso al Ecuador, siempre y cuando, tenga ausencia de síntomas. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/hechosecuador/message

*For the purposes of not being banned and as a disclaimer I will say: The views represented here do may not represent the mainstream scientific view on the issues presented. Nothing in this show should be taken as medical advice. We are simply trying to explore the figures and data we're being given by our governments and understand what they mean as we try to reflect on the past two years.*  If you feel we've missed or misunderstood something please let me know in the comments below.  Jonathan Weissman is the founder of alltherisks.com. We spoke about three key points and Jonathan attempted to guide me through some of the rumours and misunderstandings about covid death classifications, PCR tests, and the Yellow Card Reporting System. I learned a few things I didn't expect and I hope you do too!  https://twitter.com/alltherisks  https://www.nisra.gov.uk/sites/nisra.gov.uk/files/publications/C19-PEC-Nov21_0.pdf  https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/926410/Understanding_Cycle_Threshold__Ct__in_SARS-CoV-2_RT-PCR_.pdf  https://ukfreedomproject.org/covid-19-vaccines-yellow-card-analysis/  https://news.sky.com/story/obesity-warning-as-report-shows-nine-out-of-10-covid-19-deaths-have-been-in-countries-with-high-rates-of-obesity-12235256  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8541492/  https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n623  https://www.bmj.com/content/375/bmj.n2635  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34654691/  https://www.jimmunol.org/content/207/10/2405.long  https://www.alltherisks.com/  HELP ME CROWDFUND MY GAMESTOP BOOK. Go to https://wen-moon.com to join the crowdfunding campaign and pre-order To The Moon: The GameStop Saga! If you haven't already and you enjoyed this episode, please subscribe to this podcast and our mailing list, and don't forget, my book, Brexit: The Establishment Civil War, is now out, you'll find the links in the description below. NIIN Tobacco Pouches - https://www.instagram.com/niinpouches/ Ohio Hauntings and Legends Podcast - https://ohiohl.com/ Watch Us On Odysee.com - https://odysee.com/$/invite/@TheJist:4   Sign up and watch videos to earn crypto-currency!  Buy Brexit: The Establishment Civil War - https://amzn.to/39XXVjq  Mailing List - https://www.getrevue.co/profile/thejist  Twitter - https://twitter.com/Give_Me_TheJist  Website - https://thejist.co.uk/  Music from Just Jim – https://soundcloud.com/justjim

1. 'स्टिल्थ ओमिक्रॉन' म्हणजे काय? RT-PCR मधून सुटणाऱ्या स्ट्रेनविषयी माहिती2. सोमवारी ऑफिसला जाऊन काम करणं कठीण जातंय का? हे वाचा3. कर्जमाफीनंतरही शेतकरी आत्महत्या वाढल्या, धक्कादायक आकडेवारीत खुलासा4. राज्यात थंडी वाढणार, मुंबईत पारा आणखी घसरण्याची शक्यता5. शरद पवार कोरोना पॉझिटिव्ह! काळजी न करण्याचं केलं आवाहन6. आम्हाला माहितीच नव्हते, वामिकाच्या फोटोंवर अनुष्काची पोस्ट7. तुझ्यात बालपण राहिलंय का? मोदींनी प्रश्न विचारता8. भाजपसोबत युतीत शिवसेनेनं २५ वर्षे वाया घालवली - उद्धव ठाकरे, (चंद्रकांत पाटील यांची प्रतिक्रिया)

Testar. Testar. E testar. Esta foi a orientação da Organização Mundial da Saúde desde o início da pandemia. Com a explosão dos casos de Covid, influenciados pela chegada da variante Ômicron ao Brasil, aliada ao surto de gripe, nunca essa conduta foi tão importante. Mas se você tem sintomas gripais, qual teste deve fazer? Para influenza ou para Covid? RT-PCR ou teste rápido? A partir do primeiro dia de sintomas ou do terceiro? São inúmeras as dúvidas e enormes as filas... tanto nos postos de saúde quanto nos hospitais e laboratórios privados. No episódio de hoje, vamos explicar tudo sobre os testes disponíveis, onde encontrá-los, quanto eles custam e o período certo para fazê-los. Os planos de saúde são obrigados a reembolsar? E o que esperar do Sistema Único de Saúde? Você também vai saber as novidades sobre o autoteste da Covid, que já existe em vários países, e é uma ferramenta importante no controle da pandemia. Nossos entrevistados são a infectologista Carolina Lázari, especialista em testes laboratoriais, e o nosso parceiro Jorge Félix, especialista em longevidade.

Passando a Limpo: Nesta terça-feira (30), Geraldo Freire e a bancada do programa conversam com o jornalista Antônio Martins. Direito de Portugal, ele conta como está a situação do país após o surgimento da variante ômicron. O cientista do LIKA-UFPE Jones Albuquerque destaca as preocupações com as festas de fim de ano. E a correspondente em Washington, Fabíola Góis, repercute o discurso do presidente Biden dizendo que a variante ômicron é motivo de preocupação e não de pânico.

Guest: Matthew J. Binnicker, Ph.D. (@DrMattBinnicker) Host: Amit K. Ghosh, M.D. (@AmitGhosh006)   In this podcast Matthew J. Binnicker, Ph.D. discusses the development of different types of testing available to diagnose SARS-CoV2 infection. Binnicker discusses the test characteristics of the rapid antigen tests and RT-PCR test and its variability based on the time when the test was performed. He also discusses the optimal timing of diagnostic testing (rapid testing, RT-PCR) and the role and limitations of antibody testing in COVID-19.   Additional resources: Shah AS, Tande AJ, Challener DW, O'Horo JC, Binnicker MJ, Berbari EF. Diagnostic stewardship: An essential element in a rapidly evolving COVID-19 pandemic. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020;95(9):S17-S19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.05.039   Connect with the Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development online at https://ce.mayo.edu/ or on Twitter @MayoMedEd.

REGEN-COV is an FDA approved treatment for exposure to the COVID-19 virus

Tỉnh Bắc Kạn đã yêu cầu tất cả người vào địa phương phải có kết quả xét nghiệm âm tính SARS-CoV-2 bằng phương pháp RT-PCR nhằm hạn chế sự lây lan của dịch bệnh Covid-19. Tuy nhiên, vẫn có khá nhiều đối tượng cố tình không chấp hành các quy định phòng dịch do địa phương mới có 3 chốt liên ngành trong khi có hàng chục tuyến đường ra vào tỉnh --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/vov1sukien/support

En la emisión anterior vimos cómo se implementaron los planes satánicos con la agenda de eugenesia que estamos presenciando en la actualidad para la reducción de la población mundial, y cómo se están utilizando el engaño y el temor como las principales herramientas para controlar a la gente a nivel mundial, utilizando una falsa pandemia con un supuesto virus hecho en Wuhan, y cómo, a base de mentiras, nos están forzando a utilizar cubrebocas que aparte de ser inútiles para protegernos contra el virus de Wuhan, nos perjudican más que beneficiarnos. En esta emisión hablaremos además de falsedades referentes a las pruebas RT-PCR y daremos nuestro punto de vista acerca de lo peligroso que son las inyecciones experimentales que están siendo fuertemente promovidas por los medios de comunicación y por los gobiernos. También hemos incluido un mensaje de esperanza para quienes ya hayan recibido alguna de estas inyecciones.Puede encontrar el artículo de esta emisión en el siguiente link:El Gran Engaño: La Reducción De La Población (Parte 3)Que Dios los bendiga.

Sendo a maior cadeia hotéis do mundo, a Sheraton tem como valor a união de pessoas em um ambiente sofisticado, alegre e emocionante. Porém, com a pandemia do coronavírus, como colocar em prática esse principio tão importante? Pensando em resolver essa questão e retomar as suas atividades com segurança, a rede, que já atua há mais de 80 anos no mercado, firmou um acordo com a empresa Health Control Assistant com o objetivo de realizar os exames de RT-PCR para covid-19. E para falar sobre essa ação e sobre a retomada do grupo, o Seu Podcast de Turismo conversou com Fernando Guinato, diretor geral. Com o lema "onde o mundo se encontra", o ano de 2020 não foi nada fácil para os hotéis e resorts da Sheraton, apesar de ter encerrado o ano de 2019 com grandes perspectivas, principalmente para a área de eventos. Com o agravamento da pandemia, o grupo precisou paralisar as suas atividades e cancelar as solenidades agendadas. Percebendo que o período difícil não iria passar rapidamente, a Sheraton então resolveu montar uma estratégia com a equipe de audiovisual que pudesse executar as suas funções e dar esperança para o setor turístico,  produzindo assim os famosos eventos virtuais. "Após atingirmos um ótimo público com os eventos a distância, passamos então a realizar os eventos híbridos, que também foram um sucesso", conta Fernando Guinato, que aposta na volta dos eventos, mas com uso tecnologia para transmissões de qualidade. "Nem todo mundo se sente seguro ainda, apesar de já termos a vacina. Dessa forma, estamos nos adequando a essa nova realidade", destaca. Segurança E se adaptando a esse novo mundo e pensando em levar mais segurança para os seus hóspedes e colaboradores, a Sheraton fechou parceria com a Health Control Assistant para realizar exames de RT-PCR para covid-19. Os testes apresentam resultados rápidos, que saem em até 20 minutos, e oferecem laudos de 48 horas. "Essa iniciativa é um diferencial para os nossos hóspedes e clientes do setor de eventos. Além dessa ferramenta, também estamos seguindo os demais protocolos", explica Fernando, que diz que o processo de adaptação não é fácil, mas é necessário para a retomada. "Nunca mais seremos os mesmos, isso é um fato, mas isso não quer dizer que não possamos resgatar as coisas boas de antigamente, como o convívio social. Por isso, estamos sempre pensando em novas estratégias que respeitem a pandemia e que nos ajudem a exercer o nosso trabalho", declara. Quer saber mais sobre a Sheraton? Confira a entrevista completa através do Seu Podcast de Turismo, nas plataformas Spotify, Google Play e Apple.

تاریخ ضبط: 26 آوریل 2021 / 6 اردیبهشت 1400 در قسمت چهارم پادکست کووید کست، به دو موضوع اصلی آزمون سی پی آر برای تشخیص بیماری و اهمیت ردیبای بیماری و همچنین سویه B.1.617 که در هندوستان شناسایی شده است پرداختیم و همچنین به مرور آخرین اخبار و امار از همه گیری و واکسیناسیون در ایران و جهان اشاره کردیم. تحقیق و اجرا: مهرنوش جعفری (twitter: @Mehrnoosh) ماهان غفاری (twitter: @Mahan_Ghafari) پوریا ناظمی(twitter: @pnazemi) تماس با ما Twitter: @covid_cast covidcastper@gmail.com موسیقی های استفاده شده: قطعات موسیقی متن فیلم همه‌گیری ساخته Cliff Martinez قطعه زن شگفت‌انگیز – ساخته هانس زیمر – اجرای تینا گائو موسیقی فیلم رزیدنت اویل - قطعه مکانیزم دفاعی - مارکو بلترامی منابع بیشتر درباره موضوعات مطرح شده در این قسمت: - interpreting diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2765837 - advantages of rapid testing: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2025631 - Study from India: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441101v1.full.pdf - ct value: (not this one specific but just as an example) https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/926410/Understanding_Cycle_Threshold__Ct__in_SARS-CoV-2_RT-PCR_.pdf -Soberana02: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430146v2 -Pasteur: https://www.pasteurcovac.ir/more-info -vaccines in india: https://twitter.com/the_hindu/status/1384824964298203138

Opioid epidemic costs — Emergency department visits — Racial/ethnic disparities — School-based RT PCR testing

In this episode we dive into the primary test used to diagnose the presence of SARS-Cov-2, known as RT-PCR.  We discuss how the reported cases are driven by this test that has some inherent problems that aren't being addressed in a transparent manner.   To expand the conversation, join us on telegram: https://t.me/tcrpodcast Some clips and resources discussed in the episode... David Crowe - Flaws in Coronavirus Pandemic Theory: https://theinfectiousmyth.com/book/CoronavirusPanic.pdf Dr. Kary Mullis discussing what PCR is: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_cMF_s-fzc Jeffrey Jaxen and Del Bigtree, from The Highwire, discussing the latest revelations on the use of PCR for testing with SARS-Cov-2: https://thehighwire.com/videos/new-details-in-covid-testing-scandal/ Dr. Anthony Fauci discussing the issue with PCR cycle thresholds over 35 cycles: WebMD interviews Dr. Cameron Kyle-Sidell about his experience in a NY hospital during the initial Covid surge and what he thinks about hospital protocols related to the use of ventilators: https://blogs.webmd.com/public-health/20200407/coronavirus-in-context-do-covid-19-vent-protocols-need-a-second-look Kiss the Ground Documentary (2020): https://kisstheground.com      

There are three different COVID-19 tests in use today, with several variations of each on the market. What, exactly, do they do? How accurate are they? What can they tell us about this virus? Dr. C goes into the details, concluding that education is the best defense against misinformation. Links: COVID-19 antibody testing (MayoClinic.org) Antibody Tests for the Coronavirus (ScienceMag.org) Explained: how a covid-19 serology test works and obstacles to its use (ResearchAmerica.org) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Fact Sheet (Genome.gov) Coronavirus antigen tests: quick and cheap, but too often wrong? (ScienceMag.org) COVID-19 RT-PCR test details (FDA.gov) Your Coronavirus Test Is Positive. Maybe It Shouldn't Be. (New York Times) Reverse Transcriptase (Wikipedia) Oops: Coronavirus testing at Boston lab suspended after nearly 400 false positives What on earth is a ‘gene'? Slicing and dicing the genome. Biblical Genetics, episode 8, 31 Mar 2020 Proverbs 25:2 Intro Music by Xihcsr Intro Graphics by MattWalkerVideo

David goes through his recent research on antibody tests and shows that they are as much a mess as RT-PCR testing for infection, maybe more. Important data needed to validate the meaning of antibodies is missing, it is randomly chosen from patients rather than from following one person, or it directly contradicts dogmas about how antibodies work.   A written version can be found here: http://theinfectiousmyth.com/coronavirus/AntibodyTestingForCOVID.pdf  

Following the very deep discussion with Stephen Bustin in Episode 251, David goes back over the same ground, hopefully in a way that simplifies everything and will enable you to get a better understanding of RT-PCR, and it's application to coronavirus testing. He starts by describing RNA, including the fact that it is found in every living cell, not just viruses, then the extraction of RNA, the conversion of RNA to complementary DNA using Reverse Transcriptase enzyme, and then the PCR process used to approximately double the DNA at even step, until the Cycle Threshold is reached. And the Cycle Threshold is one of the big problems of RT-PCR testing for coronavirus.   Some of these thoughts are also in written form at: https://theinfectiousmyth.com/coronavirus/RT-PCR_Test_Issues.php

RT-PCR is the main method for declaring that someone is COVID-19 infected or not, as well as having numerous other uses in molecular biology research and biological testing. Professor Stephen Bustin is a world expert on the technology, and the potential problems with using it to produce accurate and repeatable results. Although the coronavirus test is presented as a binary test, it is actually based on whether the production of DNA is detectable prior to an arbitrary number of PCR cycles. If there is variability in the quantification, then samples will be above or below the limit, when they should not be, resulting in false positives and negatives. David and Stephen walk through the steps, from the extraction of RNA from the original sample, the conversion of the RNA to complementary DNA, and duplication of DNA using PCR, and the optional step of sequencing. While this is dense technical information at times, it is presented logically, and the limitations of this method cannot be understood without taking the cover off the black box. We suggest not listening to this episode when you are trying to do anything else, but sit down in a quiet place so that you can concentrate fully.   Stephen Bustin's detailed 2017 paper is here: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/eci.12801    More information about his work is here: https://aru.ac.uk/people/stephen-bustin

David Rasnick and David Crowe (who have to call themselves ‘Raz' and ‘Crowe' to avoid confusion) discuss the coronavirus, particularly the RT-PCR testing. Raz is a PhD in chemistry who worked on protease inhibitors (being used in coronavirus, although the Chinese trial was an admitted failure). The test is really important because without it there wouldn't be any Covid-19 cases, so they spend a lot of time discussing it. They also discuss confusion with other diseases, reasons not to shut down the economy, probable exaggeration of the mortality rate, dangerous treatments, the politics, and more.   For David's detailed analysis of Coronavirus see: http://theinfectiousmyth.com/book/CoronavirusPanic.pdf

CCP Virus Slaves, Big Government Control, China's Control of WHO, Sleep and Immunity. BIG GOVERNMENT Using Coronavirus Pandemic to Secure More CONTROL CORONAVIRUS! SLAVES, KNOW YOUR PLACE! Coronavirus reveals ties between China, World Health Organization Coronavirus Pandemic Update 45: More on Sleep, Immunity, & COVID-19 Prevention   BIG GOVERNMENT Using Coronavirus Pandemic to Secure More CONTROL https://youtu.be/3SoZlR6xNZU Glenn Beck Glenn explains how BIG GOVERNMENT is using the coronavirus pandemic to secure more control over your life and your rights. We cannot lose sight of the erosion of our personal liberty, because we're at risk of never getting those liberties back. Watch this clip to hear Glenn's breakdown of what the left hand is doing while the right isn't looking. ► Click HERE to subscribe to Glenn Beck https://bit.ly/2UVLqhL ►Click HERE to subscribe to BlazeTV: https://www.blazetv.com/glenn Connect with Glenn on Social Media: http://twitter.com/glennbeck http://instagram.com/glennbeck http://facebook.com/glennbeck     CORONAVIRUS! SLAVES, KNOW YOUR PLACE! https://youtu.be/bC5fSJ2Jz8o Stefan Molyneux Until you know your place, you will be unable to change it.     Coronavirus reveals ties between China, World Health Organization https://youtu.be/JBuKXmh-fw0 Rebel News Ezra Levant of Rebel News talks to Ben Weingarten about the urgent need to uncouple the West from reliance on China for manufacturing, particularly in pharmaceuticals. MORE: Go to https://www.RebelNews.com for more great Rebel content. Unlike almost all of our mainstream media competitors, Rebel News doesn't receive any government funding. We rely on our generous audience to help keep us reporting. Please consider supporting Rebel News by making a donation, purchasing a Rebel News Plus subscription, or any of the other methods below: ►Support our independent journalism - https://www.rebelnews.com/donate ►Rebel News Plus - Become a Premium Content subscriber - https://bit.ly/32q8LJy ►BUY Rebel News gear - http://bit.ly/2kIaqcd ►LISTEN to our FREE podcast - http://bit.ly/2kpISrP Make sure to follow Rebel News on your favourite social platforms too! FACEBOOK - https://bit.ly/2RRxK6o TWITTER - http://bit.ly/2Jwf0T7 INSTAGRAM - https://bit.ly/2HWIeel »»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»» Rebel News: Telling the other side of the story. The fearless source of news, opinion, and activism that you won't find anywhere else! Rebel News is different because of how you, our supporters, participate in shaping everything we do. Through a mix of online engagement, commenting, advocacy, and events, we don't just report the news, we participate in it. An original video production by Rebel News Network. #China #WHO #coronavirus #Trump #COVID19     Coronavirus Pandemic Update 45: Sharing Ventilators, More on Sleep, Immunity, & COVID-19 Prevention MedCram - Medical Lectures Explained CLEARLY Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update 45 with Roger Seheult, MD of https://www.MedCram.com The state of New York has approved the use of one ventilator for multiple patients during a surge or crisis. Dr. Seheult discusses some of the implications and challenges of this practice. Dr. Seheult also builds upon the research he explained in Update 16 (https://youtu.be/qqZYEgREuZ8) and Update 17 (https://youtu.be/wlbM6VVkVZM) about important connections between sleep and immunity. Website LINKS from this video: https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/ap... https://www.worldometers.info/coronav... https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/26/he... https://www.foxcarolina.com/news/pris... https://www.aarc.org/wp-content/uploa... https://rupress.org/jem/article/216/3... https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti... https://www.researchgate.net/publicat... Some previous videos from this series (visit MedCram.com for the full series): - Coronavirus Pandemic Update 44: Loss of Smell & Conjunctivitis in COVID-19, Is Fever Helpful? https://youtu.be/A4eu-h_owaI - Coronavirus Pandemic Update 43: Shortages, Immunity, & Can a TB Vaccine (BCG) Help Prevent COVID-19? https://youtu.be/LqKwAIIy-Mo - Coronavirus Pandemic Update 42: Immunity to COVID-19 and is Reinfection Possible? https://youtu.be/q4P91VrfPGw - Coronavirus Pandemic Update 41: Shelter In Place, FDA Investigates Hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19: https://youtu.be/hPz5KxgI_K4 - Coronavirus Pandemic Update 40: Ibuprofen and COVID-19 (are NSAIDs safe?), trials of HIV medications: https://youtu.be/dT6mHi_8V5E - Coronavirus Pandemic Update 39: Rapid COVID-19 Spread with Mild or No Symptoms, More on Treatment: https://youtu.be/AToF8O5T86s - Coronavirus Pandemic Update 38: How Hospitals & Clinics Can Prepare for COVID-19, Global Cases Surge: https://youtu.be/MoisrCTu0SY - Coronavirus Pandemic Update 37: The ACE-2 Receptor - The Doorway to COVID-19 (ACE Inhibitors & ARBs): https://youtu.be/1vZDVbqRhyM - Coronavirus Pandemic Update 36: Flatten The COVID-19 Curve, Social Distancing, Hospital Capacities: https://youtu.be/vww1nIIoqmw - Coronavirus Pandemic Update 35: New Outbreaks & Travel Restrictions, Possible COVID-19 Treatments: https://youtu.be/vE4_LsftNKM - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 34: US Cases Surge, Chloroquine & Zinc Treatment Combo, Italy Lockdown: https://youtu.be/U7F1cnWup9M - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 33: COVID-19 Medication Treatment Trials, Global Testing Remains Limited: https://youtu.be/Mm7UrZeu-74 - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 32: Important Data from South Korea, Can Zinc Help Prevent COVID-19? https://youtu.be/Eeh054-Hx1U - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 31: Mortality Rate, Cleaning Products, A More/Less Severe Virus Strain? https://youtu.be/7YI2tOoVVpk - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 30: More Global COVID-19 Outbreaks, Vitamin D May Aid Prevention: https://youtu.be/gmqgGwT6bw0 - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 29: Testing problems, mutations, COVID-19 in Washington & Iran: https://youtu.be/XjEacUyp4vY - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 28: Practical Prevention Strategies, Patient Age vs. Case Fatality Rate: https://youtu.be/quDYb_x54DM - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 27: Testing accuracy for COVID-19 (CT Scan vs. RT-PCR), California Cases and Coronavirus Los Angeles: https://youtu.be/xQwfuJgJ9lo - Novel Coronavirus Epidemic Update 26: Treatment Updates, Stock Markets, Germany & San Francisco, Pandemic? https://youtu.be/bV1CZxJ-uvU - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 25: Vaccine Developments, Italy's Response, and Mortality Rate Trends: https://youtu.be/UImSVhLLeGY - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 24: Coronavirus Infections in Italy, Transmissibility, COVID-19 Symptoms: https://youtu.be/UImSVhLLeGY - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 23: Infections in Kids & Pregnancy, South Korea, Spillover From Bats: https://youtu.be/JGhwAGiAnJo - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 22: Spread Without Symptoms, Cruise Quarantine, Asymptomatic Testing: https://youtu.be/OqpHvK0XADY - How Coronavirus Kills: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) & Treatment: https://youtu.be/okg7uq_HrhQ Many other videos on COVID-19 and other medical topics (ECG Interpretation, hypertension, DKA, acute kidney injury, influenza, measles, mechanical ventilation, etc.) at MedCam.com Speaker: Roger Seheult, MD Board Certified in Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine. Produced by Kyle Allred, PA Media Contact: Hayley@MedCram.com MedCram medical videos are for medical education and exam preparation, and NOT intended to replace recommendations from your doctor. #Coronavirus #COVID19 #SARSCoV2

나는의사다 790회) 건강에 대해 물어봐 주세요, 건.물.주! 이번 시간에는 청취자분들이 보내주신 코로나19 질문들을 모아봤습니다. 4월이면 개강이 가능할까요? 환기를 자주 하는 것이 좋을까요? 완치 후 후유증은 없을까요? 세브란스병원 감염내과 최준용 교수가 답해드렸습니다. ※촬영일(3월 19일) 기준으로 답변드렸음을 알려드립니다.※ 00:44 4월에는 개강이 가능할까? 07:00 환기를 자주 하는 것도 도움이 될까? 08:28 실시간 RT-PCR 검사 11:42 코로나19 썰 팩트체크(에이즈 바이러스와 조합된 것?) 16:22 계속되는 체온 변화, 검사를 받아야 할까? 18:09 양치질과 가글이 감염 예방에 도움이 될까? 21:11 완치 후 후유증은? 23:24 대규모 감염병 발생 시 의료진에게 가장 필요한 것은? ART19 개인정보 정책 및 캘리포니아주의 개인정보 통지는 https://art19.com/privacy & https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info 에서 확인하실 수 있습니다.

Coronavirus Pandemic Update- Can a TB Vaccine (BCG) Help Prevent COVID-19? And Echoes of Chernobyl.   Coronavirus Pandemic Update Can a TB Vaccine (BCG) Help Prevent COVID-19? https://youtu.be/LqKwAIIy-Mo MedCram - Medical Lectures Explained CLEARLY Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update 43 with Roger Seheult, MD of https://www.MedCram.com Research by the British Medical Journal and others has suggested that a century-old vaccine against tuberculosis (BCG) may also provide some protection against other infections. A variety of trials around the world are investigating if this TB vaccine may help prevent COVID-19. Dr. Seheult illustrates how our innate immunity differs from acquired immunity and how these systems work in tandem to fight infection. Website LINKS from this video: https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/ap... https://www.worldometers.info/coronav... https://www.yahoo.com/news/kinsas-fev... https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/... https://www.bmj.com/content/355/bmj.i... https://www.bandim.org/research https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/... Some previous videos from this series (visit MedCram.com for the full series): - Coronavirus Pandemic Update 42: Immunity to COVID-19 and is Reinfection Possible? https://youtu.be/q4P91VrfPGw - Coronavirus Pandemic Update 41: Shelter In Place, FDA Investigates Hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19: https://youtu.be/hPz5KxgI_K4 - Coronavirus Pandemic Update 40: Ibuprofen and COVID-19 (are NSAIDs safe?), trials of HIV medications: https://youtu.be/dT6mHi_8V5E - Coronavirus Pandemic Update 39: Rapid COVID-19 Spread with Mild or No Symptoms, More on Treatment: https://youtu.be/AToF8O5T86s - Coronavirus Pandemic Update 38: How Hospitals & Clinics Can Prepare for COVID-19, Global Cases Surge: https://youtu.be/MoisrCTu0SY - Coronavirus Pandemic Update 37: The ACE-2 Receptor - The Doorway to COVID-19 (ACE Inhibitors & ARBs): https://youtu.be/1vZDVbqRhyM - Coronavirus Pandemic Update 36: Flatten The COVID-19 Curve, Social Distancing, Hospital Capacities: https://youtu.be/vww1nIIoqmw - Coronavirus Pandemic Update 35: New Outbreaks & Travel Restrictions, Possible COVID-19 Treatments: https://youtu.be/vE4_LsftNKM - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 34: US Cases Surge, Chloroquine & Zinc Treatment Combo, Italy Lockdown: https://youtu.be/U7F1cnWup9M - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 33: COVID-19 Medication Treatment Trials, Global Testing Remains Limited: https://youtu.be/Mm7UrZeu-74 - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 32: Important Data from South Korea, Can Zinc Help Prevent COVID-19? https://youtu.be/Eeh054-Hx1U - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 31: Mortality Rate, Cleaning Products, A More/Less Severe Virus Strain? https://youtu.be/7YI2tOoVVpk - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 30: More Global COVID-19 Outbreaks, Vitamin D May Aid Prevention: https://youtu.be/gmqgGwT6bw0 - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 29: Testing problems, mutations, COVID-19 in Washington & Iran: https://youtu.be/XjEacUyp4vY - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 28: Practical Prevention Strategies, Patient Age vs. Case Fatality Rate: https://youtu.be/quDYb_x54DM - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 27: Testing accuracy for COVID-19 (CT Scan vs. RT-PCR), California Cases and Coronavirus Los Angeles: https://youtu.be/xQwfuJgJ9lo - Novel Coronavirus Epidemic Update 26: Treatment Updates, Stock Markets, Germany & San Francisco, Pandemic? https://youtu.be/bV1CZxJ-uvU - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 25: Vaccine Developments, Italy's Response, and Mortality Rate Trends: https://youtu.be/UImSVhLLeGY - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 24: Coronavirus Infections in Italy, Transmissibility, COVID-19 Symptoms: https://youtu.be/UImSVhLLeGY - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 23: Infections in Kids & Pregnancy, South Korea, Spillover From Bats: https://youtu.be/JGhwAGiAnJo - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 22: Spread Without Symptoms, Cruise Quarantine, Asymptomatic Testing: https://youtu.be/OqpHvK0XADY - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 21: Antibodies, Case Fatality, Clinical Recommendations, 2nd Infections?: https://youtu.be/9BYaywITXYk - How Coronavirus Kills: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) & Treatment: https://youtu.be/okg7uq_HrhQ Many other videos on COVID-19 and other medical topics (ECG Interpretation, hypertension, DKA, acute kidney injury, influenza, measles, mechanical ventilation, etc.) at MedCam.com Speaker: Roger Seheult, MD Board Certified in Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine. Produced by Kyle Allred, PA Media Contact: Hayley@MedCram.com MedCram medical videos are for medical education and exam preparation, and NOT intended to replace recommendations from your doctor. #Coronavirus #COVID19 #SARSCoV2     Chinese Government is to Blame for COVID-19, Not Trump! https://youtu.be/4IL_zY16ExM BlazeTV Stu explains how the Chinese government is mostly to blame for the misinformation and spread of COVID-19, not President Donald Trump. ► Click HERE to subscribe to BlazeTV on Youtube! https://bit.ly/2KJHuwu ► Click HERE to join BlazeTV! https://get.blazetv.com/ ► JOIN our NEWSLETTER - https://theblaze.com/newsletters Connect with us on Social Media: http://twitter.com/BlazeTV http://instagram.com/TheBlazeTV http://facebook.com/BlazeMedia

Coronavirus Pandemic Update- Reinfection Study and Biowarfare Experts On Coronavirus. Coronavirus Pandemic Update 42: Immunity to COVID-19 and is Reinfection Possible? https://youtu.be/q4P91VrfPGw MedCram - Medical Lectures Explained CLEARLY Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update 42 with Roger Seheult, MD of https://www.MedCram.com With medical professionals, supplies, and equipment in short supply during the coronavirus pandemic, understanding how viral antibodies and immunity works (and the possibility of reinfection) is a key concept. Dr. Seheult reviews an encouraging pre-print (non-peer-reviewed) study that showed that COVID-19 re-infection was not observed in a primate called macaques. Website LINKS from this video: https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/ap... Healthlynked Tracker App: https://www.healthlynked.com/corona-v... https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/27363 https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.11... https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/... https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.11... https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/arti... https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/a... https://www.ncbiotech.org/news/biomed... Some previous videos from this series (visit MedCram.com for the full series): - Coronavirus Pandemic Update 41: Shelter In Place, FDA Investigates Hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19: https://youtu.be/hPz5KxgI_K4 - Coronavirus Pandemic Update 40: Ibuprofen and COVID-19 (are NSAIDs safe?), trials of HIV medications: https://youtu.be/dT6mHi_8V5E - Coronavirus Pandemic Update 39: Rapid COVID-19 Spread with Mild or No Symptoms, More on Treatment: https://youtu.be/AToF8O5T86s - Coronavirus Pandemic Update 38: How Hospitals & Clinics Can Prepare for COVID-19, Global Cases Surge: https://youtu.be/MoisrCTu0SY - Coronavirus Pandemic Update 37: The ACE-2 Receptor - The Doorway to COVID-19 (ACE Inhibitors & ARBs): https://youtu.be/1vZDVbqRhyM - Coronavirus Pandemic Update 36: Flatten The COVID-19 Curve, Social Distancing, Hospital Capacities: https://youtu.be/vww1nIIoqmw - Coronavirus Pandemic Update 35: New Outbreaks & Travel Restrictions, Possible COVID-19 Treatments: https://youtu.be/vE4_LsftNKM - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 34: US Cases Surge, Chloroquine & Zinc Treatment Combo, Italy Lockdown: https://youtu.be/U7F1cnWup9M - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 33: COVID-19 Medication Treatment Trials, Global Testing Remains Limited: https://youtu.be/Mm7UrZeu-74 - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 32: Important Data from South Korea, Can Zinc Help Prevent COVID-19? https://youtu.be/Eeh054-Hx1U - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 31: Mortality Rate, Cleaning Products, A More/Less Severe Virus Strain? https://youtu.be/7YI2tOoVVpk - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 30: More Global COVID-19 Outbreaks, Vitamin D May Aid Prevention: https://youtu.be/gmqgGwT6bw0 - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 29: Testing problems, mutations, COVID-19 in Washington & Iran: https://youtu.be/XjEacUyp4vY - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 28: Practical Prevention Strategies, Patient Age vs. Case Fatality Rate: https://youtu.be/quDYb_x54DM - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 27: Testing accuracy for COVID-19 (CT Scan vs. RT-PCR), California Cases and Coronavirus Los Angeles: https://youtu.be/xQwfuJgJ9lo - Novel Coronavirus Epidemic Update 26: Treatment Updates, Stock Markets, Germany & San Francisco, Pandemic? https://youtu.be/bV1CZxJ-uvU - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 25: Vaccine Developments, Italy's Response, and Mortality Rate Trends: https://youtu.be/UImSVhLLeGY - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 24: Coronavirus Infections in Italy, Transmissibility, COVID-19 Symptoms: https://youtu.be/UImSVhLLeGY - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 23: Infections in Kids & Pregnancy, South Korea, Spillover From Bats: https://youtu.be/JGhwAGiAnJo - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 22: Spread Without Symptoms, Cruise Quarantine, Asymptomatic Testing: https://youtu.be/OqpHvK0XADY - Coronavirus Epidemic Update 21: Antibodies, Case Fatality, Clinical Recommendations, 2nd Infections?: https://youtu.be/9BYaywITXYk - How Coronavirus Kills: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) & Treatment: https://youtu.be/okg7uq_HrhQ Many other videos on COVID-19 and other medical topics (ECG Interpretation, hypertension, DKA, acute kidney injury, influenza, measles, mechanical ventilation, etc.) at MedCam.com Speaker: Roger Seheult, MD Board Certified in Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine. Produced by Kyle Allred, PA Media Contact: Hayley@MedCram.com MedCram medical videos are for medical education and exam preparation, and NOT intended to replace recommendations from your doctor. #Coronavirus #COVID19 #SARSCoV2     Biowarfare Experts On Coronavirus (COVID19) To listen to the entire interview visit- https://youtu.be/lWOYj8hjjjM Valuetainment Biowarfare Experts On Coronavirus (COVID19)- Dr. Gerald Parker Associate Dean for Global One Health at Texas A&M and Professor Andrew S Natsios Executive Professor at The Bush School and Director of the Scowcroft Institute of International Affairs have a sit down with Patrick Bet-David about the Coronavirus Pandemic. About our guests Dr. Gerald Parker https://bit.ly/2IZPRAl Professor Andrew S. Natsios https://bit.ly/2UkWBy6 Tweet your thoughts to PBD https://www.twitter.com/patrickbetdavid Subscribe to Valuetainment for weekly videos http://bit.ly/2aPEwD4 PBD Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/patrickbetd... PBD Twitter: https://twitter.com/patrickbetdavid PBD Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/patrick-b... Intro song : “Sweet Victory” by R-Mean. Available on all digital platforms courtesy of Pentagon Records LLC Link: https://songwhip.com/album/r-mean/swe... Music selection used through agreement with Epidemic Sound http://bit.ly/2B8DxK1 Resources: White Papers: http://pandemic.tamu.edu/Publications... The Silent Threat: https://theconversation.com/the-silen... Coronavirus May Not be the Apocalypse: http://english.alarabiya.net/authors/... Foreign Aid Programs Best Defense: https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/... Weaknesses in the Global supply Chain: https://academicminute.org/2018/02/ch... To reach the Valuetainment team you can email: info@valuetainment.com     https://youtu.be/5mIwCAZug1Y Is China a Corrupt Nation? Valuetainment Pandemic experts Dr. Gerald Parker and Professor Andrew S Natsios visit the studio to talk with Patrick Bet-David. Full interview coming soon. Subscribe for weekly videos http://bit.ly/2aPEwD4 Share your thoughts with Patrick Bet-David by texting 310.340.1132 or send a tweet to https://www.twitter.com/patrickbetdavid To reach the Valuetainment team you can email: info@valuetainment.com Follow Patrick: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/patrickbetd... Twitter: https://twitter.com/patrickbetdavid     https://youtu.be/RWISObtxjSY Coronavirus Vaccine - How Long Until It's Here? Valuetainment Pandemic experts Dr. Gerald Parker and Professor Andrew S Natsios visit the studio to talk with Patrick Bet-David. Full interview coming soon. Subscribe for weekly videos http://bit.ly/2aPEwD4 Share your thoughts with Patrick Bet-David by texting 310.340.1132 or send a tweet to https://www.twitter.com/patrickbetdavid To reach the Valuetainment team you can email: info@valuetainment.com Follow Patrick: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/patrickbetd... 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