World Today

①AI opportunities with China in the eyes of foreign officials and business leaders. (00:42) ②China rejects Trump's election interference accusations. Why do U.S. politicians always hype up China-related issues during domestic elections? (12:47) ③Shanghai's economy showed strong growth in the first half of the year: We explore the key drivers. (25:33) ④Where will Andy Burnham's leadership take Britain? (36:22) ⑤What will be the lasting legacy of the 2026 World Cup? (45:21)

As political leaders, industry pioneers and experts from around the world gather in Shanghai for the 2026 World AI Conference and High-Level Meeting on Global AI Governance, we explore key questions facing global AI governance today: What are the biggest challenges now? How can countries compete while working together on safety and governance? And how can the world ensure that AI narrows, not widens, the global development gap? Host Dou Hongyu is joined by Josef Gregory Mahoney, Professor of Politics and International Relations at East China Normal University, Li Lun, Assistant Professor of Economics at Peking University, and Dr. Liu Shaoshan, Director of Embodied Intelligence at Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society.

①During an inspection tour in Shanghai, Xi Jinping highlighted high-quality urban renewal as a key driver of city modernization. What is China's people-centered approach to urban renewal? (00:56) ②Africa's exports to China have increased significantly since Beijing expanded its zero-tariff policy across the continent in May. What new opportunities is China's policy opening up for African exporters? (14:22) ③We explore why, according to a new Pew study, more people around the world now favor China over the US. (24:49) ④Britain and the European Union have formally signed a treaty on the status of Gibraltar. How could it ease border friction and boost the local economy? (35:34) ⑤According to US media reports, the Trump administration has internally estimated that the war on Iran has cost the US up to $100 billion, over three times higher than its public estimate. What is behind this perceived lack of transparency on war cost? (44:55)

①China's economy grew 4.7% in the first half of 2026. We analyze how the economy has performed so far this year. (00:49) ②Bank cards have become an entry point for users to access AI services, as six Chinese commercial banks have recently launched credit and debit cards bound to AI providers. What could this trend mean to the landscape of China's banking sector? (15:19) ③The Australian government is moving to block the shareholder rights of three China-linked investors in a Perth-based rare-earth miner. Is safeguarding national security legitimate ground for the measure? (24:46) ④Lebanon and Israel have resumed talks to discuss how to implement a US-brokered framework deal aimed at ending the war in Lebanon. Will Israeli troops withdraw from southern Lebanon any time soon? (35:40) ⑤The US House of Representatives has passed a bill to make daylight saving time permanent. Why is there strong support for ending the twice-a-year clock changes used across most of the country? (45:09)

①Xi Jinping will attend an upcoming international AI conference in Shanghai and deliver a keynote speech. Where is China now regarding the development and governance of AI? (00:56) ②What has made China's foreign trade maintain good momentum in the first half of 2026? (13:22) ③China has set a goal of raising total retail sales of consumer goods to about 60 trillion yuan ($8.8 trillion) by 2030. What will it take to sustain the growth of the country's consumer demand? (24:56) ④Why has Andy Burnham emerged as the frontrunner to become Britain's next prime minister? (34:47) ⑤Yemen's Houthi group has fired missiles at Saudi Arabia, accusing the kingdom of bombing an airport under its control. Does it represent a collapse of the peace process between the two sides? (44:34)

①China has rejected a joint statement by several countries marking the 10th anniversary of the so-called South China Sea arbitration ruling. Why is the ruling illegal and invalid? (00:59) ②Ukrainian Prime Minister Yulia Svyrydenko has stepped down as President Volodymyr Zelensky announced fresh changes to Ukraine's government. What specific strategic shift is Zelensky signaling? (24:58) ③The IMF has downgraded the global growth outlook, but why has it upgraded China's growth forecast? (34:56) ④Hainan has reaffirmed its plan to ban the sale of gasoline-powered vehicles by 2030 and become the first province in China to do so. How ambitious is the goal? (46:52)

The 2026 NATO Summit in Ankara has drawn to a close. For two intense days, attention was locked on the Turkish capital. Beyond the debates over defense spending, burden sharing and hotspot issues, the event highlighted Turkiye's unique role within the alliance. Sitting at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, Turkiye is no longer just a NATO member following a script. It is writing it. How is Ankara reshaping the transatlantic security architecture? Host Ding Heng is joined by Kamal Makili-Aliyev, Associate Professor at the School of Global Studies, University of Gothenburg; Huseyin Bagci, Professor of International Relations at the Middle East Technical University in Ankara; Dr. Mher Sahakyan, Director of "China-Eurasia" Council for Political and Strategic Research.

① China–Namibia ties: New opportunities under Nandi-Ndaitwah's presidency. (00:49) ② From semiconductors to broader trade cooperation, the Netherlands is seeking a new chapter with China. What does Dutch trade minister's China visit reveal about Europe's evolving approach to Beijing? (14:53) ③ China is testing a new path toward reusable rockets with a sea-based booster recovery system. What can we expect? (26:07) ④ Britain's political revolving door: What comes next? (36:23) ⑤ The U.S. is removing Syria from its terror list. What's driving the shift? (46:51)

① Why do the Philippines' South China Sea claims lack legal basis - and threaten regional stability? (00:49) ② 5% of GDP by 2035: Can NATO members sustain the economic burden? (14:49) ③ What's next after the Iran - U.S. escalation - and is the ceasefire still viable? (25:07) ④ U.S. job growth slowed more than expected in June. Why didn't the World Cup deliver expected boost to U.S. jobs? (35:14) ⑤ Chinese AI models lead OpenRouter's traffic. Why are they winning over global developers? (46:52)

① From trade and green development to innovation and security: What has Wang Yi's Nordic tour achieved? (00:49) ② China's new trading rules: What will they mean for investors? (14:45) ③ Japanese writer urges society to learn from wartime history and avoid returning to the path of militarism. (25:56) ④ China urges respect for Pacific Island nations' sovereignty and rejects bloc confrontation. (35:00) ⑤ Space computing takes off in Beijing with new innovation center. (43:05)

① The Nordic Dimension of China–Europe Relations: Wang Yi's visit. (00:50) ② China's manufacturing and services sectors continue expansion in June. What role are SMEs playing in growth? (14:21) ③ Trump holds separate calls with Putin, Zelensky. Is there still political will for de-escalation? (25:03) ④ Britain and France pledge cooperation with Oman on maritime security. Could tensions in the region escalate further? (34:31) ⑤ FIFA's decision to suspend Balogun's red card sparks anger in European football: discussion of fairness. (43:56)

After years of stalled China–EU trade talks, the two sides have launched a new Trade and Investment Consultation Mechanism, holding its first high-level meeting and, notably, issuing a joint statement, the first of its kind since 2019. So is this the beginning of a more stabilized China–EU economic framework, or the embedding of a managed trade confrontation? Host Ge Anna is joined by Liang Linlin, Director of Communication and Research of China Chamber of Commerce to the European Union; Hussein Askary, Vice-President of the Belt and Road Institute in Sweden; Dr. George Tzogopoulos, Director of EU-China Programmes and Senior Research Fellow, at European Institute of Nice.

① Chinese FM's phone call with U.S. Secretary of State: how will the China-U.S. constructive relationship of strategic stability guide bilateral ties? (00:48) ② The performance of China's services trade in the first five months of the year. (14:21) ③ Why did the U.S. decline to extend a key trade deal with Mexico and Canada? (24:52) ④ Global sea surface temperatures hit record highs for this time of year. How is it related to the extreme heat hitting many parts of the world? (35:31) ⑤ China tightens rules on packaging waste in the delivery sector. (44:12)

① The CPC has marked its 105th founding anniversary. What is its mission in the new era? (00:41) ② China calls for maintaining the momentum of negotiations between the U.S. and Iran. What are the biggest obstacles? (18:15) ③ How is China making it easier for international visitors to shop while traveling in the country? (28:27) ④ Right-wing leader Keiko Fujimori wins Peru's presidency. Where is the country headed under her leadership? (38:50) ⑤ Japanese yen drops to a near 40-year low. We explore the reasons behind it. (47:05)

① China and the EU launch trade and investment consultation mechanism. What is the key focus? (00:44) ② How is the CPC's institutional system guiding the country's growth? (14:04) ③ China's outbound investment regulation will take effect on July 1. How can the country balance openness and security? (24:46) ④ How is the Middle East conflict hitting Americans' finances and travel plans? (35:10) ⑤ What is behind South Korea's massive AI and chip investment drive? (43:04)

① Chinese President Xi Jinping calls for efforts to further advance the China-Belarus relations to a higher level. What to expect from bilateral ties? (00:47) ② Why can the CPC steer China's modernization? (14:05) ③ Morgan Stanley doubles China humanoid robot shipment forecast. What does it tell us about the industry? (25:25) ④ Extreme heatwave continues to grip Europe. How severe is it? (36:40) ⑤ China's pharmaceutical innovation opens new doors for global collaboration. What opportunities will this offer? (45:52)

China has launched a 40-city pilot program and introduced 17 policy measures to expand the auto market. By removing unreasonable purchase restrictions and boosting the auto aftermarket, China aims to stimulate growth across the entire automotive value chain. What exactly is included in this “full-chain” approach to auto sales? Will we see an auto aftermarket boom here in China? What new opportunities could be unleashed for consumers, businesses, and the broader economy? Host Xu Yawen is joined by Dr. Li Lun, Assistant Professor of Economics at Peking University; Prof. Muhammad Ali Nasir, Visiting Fellow at the University of Cambridge, Visiting Professor at Peking University, and Professor of Economics at the University of Leeds; and Subramania Bhatt, Founder and CEO of China Trading Desk.

① In an inspection tour to the eastern Chinese province of Shandong, Xi Jinping called for advancing the modernization of agriculture and rural areas. Why does China's top leadership attach great importance to agricultural and rural affairs? (00:59) ② A recent independent survey shows that a majority of Britons now believe leaving the European Union was a mistake for their country. A decade on, how has Brexit affected Britain? (14:11) ③ A conversation with Dominic Trindade, Commercial Minister at the Australian Embassy in Beijing, on China-Australia agricultural cooperation. (24:52) ④ The US economy at a crossroads: inflation, interest rates and AI investment. (34:24) ⑤ The WHO says the DR Congo has reported the largest number of confirmed cases in the first month of any Ebola outbreak. Will the scale of the current outbreak surpass that of the Ebola crisis a decade ago? (44:00)

① Speaking at the Summer Davos, China's premier says innovation-driven development is the key to the country's long-term economic resilience and steady growth. We explore the key messages from his address. (00:53) ② A conversation with a leading economist attending the Summer Davos about AI, energy transition and job creation. (14:02) ③ Why is China looking to promote the full-chain expansion of the auto sector? (24:59) ④ Volodymyr Zelenskyy will skip a high-level meeting on Ukraine's postwar reconstruction due to a deepening rift with Poland over history. How could the rift affect Ukraine's war with Russia? (36:03) ⑤ Kenya has signed a $1.2 billion agreement with China Road and Bridge Corporation to expand Jomo Kenyatta International Airport. How could the deal help the Eastern African nation maintain its role as a regional aviation hub? (44:53)

① Meeting India's national security advisor in New Delhi, China's foreign minister says bilateral ties have returned to a track of recovery and improvement. How can the two sides further normalize ties and jointly empower the Global South? (00:56) ② China has released an action plan to stabilize foreign investment. How can the country further improve its environment for foreign investors? (13:18) ③ At this year's Summer Davos Forum, we speak to the Executive Director of the APEC Secretariat on regional cooperation, supply chains, etc. (24:58) ④ A recent poll shows that more than half of Australians see China more as an economic partner than a security threat. How much is this related to the warming of the broader China-Australia relationship? (35:40) ⑤ The election victory of Abelardo de la Espriella marks a return to power for the Colombia's right-wing forces. What is lying ahead for Colombia? (44:27)

① US-Iran talks in Switzerland have made progress. How can the two sides maintain the momentum for negotiations? (00:55) ② Keir Starmer has announced that he is resigning from his position as the leader of the ruling Labor Party and Britain's prime minister. We explore why he can no longer resist the pressure against him. (13:45) ③ China has imposed new trade restrictions on dozens of US entities in response to Washington's move to add more Chinese companies to a Pentagon blacklist. Is China justified to do so? (24:38) ④ China's business chamber in the European Union has raised concerns over the bloc's proposed Industrial Accelerator Act. Is it a legitimate concern that the act could increase costs, reduce efficiency, and weaken global supply chains? (33:26) ⑤ Japan and the US have launched a joint military exercise, and a larger US-led military exercise is underway across Guam, Hawaii and waters surrounding Japan. How are they raising concerns about regional stability? (43:51)

China has released a white paper introducing its principles, proposals and actions to improve global governance. Why does the world need governance reform? What does China's vision for a fairer and more effective international system look like? And how can these ideas be translated into real benefits for people around the world? Host Dou Hongyu is joined by Professor Qu Qiang with the Belt and Road Research Center at Minzu University of China, Josef Gregory Mahoney, Professor of Politics and International Relations at East China Normal University, and Zoon Ahmed Khan, a research fellow with the Center for China and Globalization.

① The US and Iran have digitally signed the memorandum of understanding on ending the war. We take a look at the MoU's text and whether the US has gained anything from the war? (00:53) ② The 27 leaders of the European Union are gathering in Brussels for a two-day summit, and a key agenda is to have a debate on the so-called shockwaves from the Chinese economy. Why is the EU getting tough on trade with China? (15:30) ③ At the 2026 Lujiazui Forum in Shanghai, Chinese officials have pledged to steadily expand institutional opening-up in the financial sector. (24:59) ④ Why has China's western region seen strong trade growth this year? (35:04) ⑤ US President Donald Trump and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi have attempted to defuse escalating tensions over the killing of three Indian sailors by US forces off the coast of Oman. Can the meeting reset US-India relations? (44:56)

① China has released a white paper on its approach to global governance. What are China's key contributions to global governance? (00:55) ② Days after the US and Iran announced a framework deal for peace, what is actually in the deal remains unclear. We explore the uncertainties facing the peace process. (15:27) ③ Leaders of G7 nations have promised to support Ukraine and sanction Russia. How much will they turn the promise into real actions? (24:58) ④ What is fueling the strong growth of China's panda bond market this year? (34:18) ⑤ China says anti-drug authorities of China and the US are maintaining sound cooperation. What does it take to build a professional and pragmatic anti-drug partnership between the two sides? (44:25)

① Myanmar President Min Aung Hlaing is on a state visit to China. How could China help Myanmar develop its economy and improve livelihoods? (00:54) ② What do China's latest official economic figures tell us about the momentum in its industrial production and consumption? (13:11) ③ Across China, universities are racing to launch new majors in fields like AI, robotics, and embodied intelligence. How can education systems prepare young people for a future where humans and intelligent machines increasingly work side by side? (24:56) ④ The European Union has launched the membership accession process for Ukraine and Moldova. What is lying ahead for the two nations? (36:28) ⑤ Japan's central bank has increased its main interest rate to a new 31-year-high. Has Japan entered an inflationary cycle after twenty years of deflation? (45:26)

① The US and Iran have reached a framework deal for peace and reopening of the Strait of Hormuz. Will it return the region to a status that existed before the war? (00:52) ② What's at stake at the G7 summit in France? (14:41) ③ The European Central Bank has raised its interest rates for the first time since 2023. We explore the urgency for Europe to tackle inflation amid surging energy prices. (25:28) ④ Voters in Switzerland have rejected a nationwide referendum to cap the country's population at 10 million by 2050. Why does Switzerland prefer to maintain economic ties with the European Union? (35:09) ⑤ The International Labor Organization has adopted the world's first binding agreement setting out employment standards for digital platform workers. Why is it important to provide adequate safeguards for gig economy workers? (44:57)

It's been nearly a month since the World Health Organization declared the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. The numbers of confirmed cases and deaths are continuing to rise. In a situation facing a lethal pathogen and zero approved vaccines, what does it take to stop the spread of the virus? Host Ding Heng is joined by Susannah Mayhew, Professor of Health Policy, Systems and Reproductive Health at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; Shane Thomas, Professor of Health Promotion at Federation University Australia; Professor Wu Zhiwei from School of Pharmacy, Dali University in Yunnan, China.

① What does the new national human rights action plan reveal about China's human rights approach? (00:37) ② A conversation with the vice-president of the Belt and Road Institute in Sweden on the right to development (14:48) ③ Global nuclear weapons spending surges to a record high of $119 billion. What's driving the increase? (25:30) ④ The world's second-hottest May on record: How can we respond to unusual weather patterns? (34:35) ⑤ The World Conference of Classics: Ancient wisdom for modern challenges (43:41)

① What does China's CPI in May reveal about consumer demand? (00:41) ② How is the Global South's push for a greater voice reshaping the world's human rights system? (14:29) ③ A flying car factory begins operation in Guangzhou. Can China become a leader in flying vehicles? (25:22) ④ Iran and the U.S. trade retaliatory attacks. Are the prospects for a ceasefire growing dim? (26:32) ⑤ Britain to ban "harmful" social media for under-16s. We explore how to create a healthy internet culture for children. (46:01)

① An in-depth analysis of China-DPRK relations. (00:41) ② China's foreign trade up 15.3% in first five months. What's behind the growth? (14:20) ③ Iran and Israel say they are halting attacks on each other. De-escalation or a pause before the next clash? (25:30) ④ Australian expert analyzes China's human rights approach. (37:11) ⑤ What's behind the most expensive World Cup in history? (46:21)

① China's trade in services maintained positive growth during the first four months. What was behind the performance? (00:43) ② What has made the Chinese city of Yiwu grow from a small county to the "World's Supermarket?" (13:15) ③ Israel and Iran trade missile strikes in the most serious confrontation since their April ceasefire. What triggered the escalation? (25:21) ④ Leaders of Britain, France and Germany voice support for direct Ukraine-Russia dialogue. Could their backing advance meaningful dialogue? (36:13) ⑤ The EU Parliament to switch to a French search engine from Google in a tech sovereignty push. Is Europe able to reduce reliance on U.S. technologies? (45:54)

China has unveiled new regulations on outbound investment to push ahead high-level opening-up while safeguarding national security and interests. Why has China introduced the rules at this particular moment? What do they mean for Chinese companies expanding overseas and for their international partners? And how can China balance opening-up and security? Host Dou Hongyu is joined by Adjunct Professor Warwick Powell at Queensland University of Technology; Assistant Professor Wang Yaojing with the School of Economics, Peking University; Senior Research Fellow Zhou Mi with the Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, to answer these questions.

① The Trump administration has proposed new tariffs on imports from 60 economies, claiming they fail to ban US imports made with forced labor. Is this a legitimate ground to rebuild the administration's tariff regime following domestic legal setbacks? (00:54) ② The US House of Representatives has passed a resolution to limit Donald Trump's war powers against Iran. Is the US president increasingly isolated on the Iran war? (15:11) ③ The World Health Organization says efforts to contain the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo are gaining ground. We explore the remaining challenges for the mission. (24:56) ④ China has launched a national digital identity system to give every humanoid robot a personal identification number. How will the platform strengthen industry standards? (34:46) ⑤ Britain has ordered Google to allow news publishers to opt out of AI model fine-tuning for search summaries. How could Google's AI Overviews deal a blow to publishers? (44:37)

① British Foreign Secretary Yvette Cooper has made a three-day China visit. Can China and Britain develop a long-term strategic partnership? (00:54) ② Hong Kong Chief Executive John Lee is leading a large delegation on a tour to Central Asia. What is driving Hong Kong to seek closer ties with the region? (15:47) ③ A European Parliament committee has voted to scrap EU import duties on a range of US goods in order to comply with a US-EU trade deal. Why is the EU ready to compromise? (24:53) ④ Mexican President Claudia Sheinbaum is urging Washington to keep out of her country's domestic affairs. We look at how tensions grow between the US and Mexico over anti-drug cooperation. (34:14) ⑤ From DeepSeek's Liang Wenfeng to Unitree Robotics' Wang Xingxing and AgiBot's Peng Zhihui, a number of young entrepreneurs are becoming central figures in China's next wave of tech innovation. What's driving this new generation of innovators? (43:37)

① Brazil's foreign minister is on a visit to China. Is China-Brazil partnership becoming globally important? (00:53) ② Driven by soaring demand for semiconductors and AI servers, South Korea's exports recorded the fastest growth since 1984 in May. We explore how South Korea is benefiting from a global AI boom. (13:38) ③ What is motivating Peter Magyar, Hungary's new prime minister, to try to remove the country's president from office? (24:55) ④ Chinese sportswear brand Li-Ning has signed a long-term partnership with NBA star Stephen Curry. How could this partnership help Li-Ning go global? (33:15) ⑤ What is fueling the emergence of companionship economy in China? (44:10)

① Why has the Chinese delegation warned against attempts to revive Japanese militarism at the Shangri-La Dialogue in Singapore? (00:54) ② China will adopt a new regulation on outbound investment. Can the country strike a balance between fending off risks to national security and encouraging normal outbound investment? (14:39) ③ How concerning is Israel's military expansion into Lebanon? (25:27) ④ US inflation has surged to its highest level in three years, driven largely by soaring energy prices amid Middle East conflict. What could this mean for the Fed's first policy meeting under Kevin Warsh? (35:40) ⑤ China's Innovent Biologics and US pharma giant Pfizer have agreed to a giant licensing and collaboration deal to develop 12 early-stage cancer medicines. Why are global pharmaceutical firms stepping up their search for experimental medicines developed in China? (46:03)

International peacekeeping missions are in peril due to global geopolitical deadlock, funding issues and declining personnel numbers, according to a recent report by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Just under 79,000 personnel were deployed in international peacekeeping missions at the end of last year, its lowest level in 25 years. The study says missions managed by the United Nations have been affected most seriously. What could be the consequences of a significant weakening of multilateral conflict management? Can this trend be reversed? Host Ding Heng is joined by Dr. Wen Jing, Research Fellow at Center for International Security and Strategy, Tsinghua University; Professor Kevin Nauen, Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences and International Relations at Pannasastra University of Cambodia; Joseph Siracusa, Professor of Global Futures with Curtin University in Australia.

① Why are Germany's economy and energy minister and business representatives visiting Beijing while the EU is “de-risking” from China? (00:41) ② A global partnership to fight poverty has been launched in Beijing. Why is it important? (13:25) ③ China warns Quad countries against "bloc confrontation." How will the bloc harm regional peace? (26:31) ④ Norway is set to join a nuclear deterrence initiative led by France. Why are NATO countries coming under France's nuclear umbrella? (37:38) ⑤ China releases new measures to curb fatigued driving. How will the new rules affect drivers? (47:19)

① The Chinese FM calls for more international support for the UN Charter. Why is the message important now? (00:44) ② Japanese parliament passes a bill to establish a national intelligence council. What's the danger of it? (14:02) ③ Southern China power demand hits record high ahead of summer peak. How to respond to it? (25:33) ④ Unitree Robotics is gearing up for IPO. What makes the listing important? (34:40) ⑤ NASA unveils Moon Base plan for sustained human presence on lunar surface. What do we need to know about the plan? (43:15)

① China and Serbia pledge deeper strategic cooperation and stronger bilateral ties. What to expect? (00:44) ② China doubles relending for tech innovation and equipment upgrades. How effective are the financial tools? (14:23) ③ China makes an important step for 6G development. How close are we to the 6G era? (25:32) ④ U.S. President Donald Trump pushes the expansion of Abraham Accords alongside Iran talks. Why? (35:36) ⑤ The World Health Organization warns over rapid Ebola spread. How to respond to the outbreak? (43:14)

① Pakistani Prime Minister is in Beijing for an official visit. What's next for China-Pakistan relations? (00:46) ② China's Shenzhou-23 astronauts enter the Tiangong space station. What can we expect from this mission? (13:23) ③ White House says preliminary deal has been reached to end US-Iran conflict. Will tensions really ease this time? (23:59) ④ Warsh takes the Fed's helm as inflation climbs and consumer sentiment dives. Will that mark a shift for the US economy? (31:09) ⑤ Huawei reveals chip design breakthrough. What impact will it bring to the future products? (43:08)

Russian President Vladimir Putin has wrapped up his 25th official visit to China, four days after U.S. President Donald Trump finished his trip to Beijing. What can we expect from China-Russia relations in the years ahead? And what could Beijing's interactions with Trump and Putin mean for the future of the world? Host Dou Hongyu is joined by Qin Qian with East China University of Political Science and Law, Associate Professor Wang Xinsong at the School of Government of Beijing Normal University, and Adjunct Professor Warwick Powell at the Queensland University of Technology, to answer these questions.