Podcast appearances and mentions of Seth Lloyd

Jim talks with Seth Lloyd about the many ways of measuring complexity. They discuss the difficulty of measuring complexity, the metabolism of bacteria, Kolmogorov complexity, Shannon entropy, Charles Bennett's logical depth, cellular automata, effective complexity & its discovery, the effective complexity of a bacterium, coarse graining, fractal dimensions, Lempel-Ziv complexity, the invention of Morse code, epsilon machines, thermodynamic depth, mutual information, integrated information as a more intricate form of mutual information, panpsychism, whether "consciousness" has a referent, network complexity, multiscale entropy, pragmatic application of complexity measures, and much more. Episode Transcript JRS EP 79 - Seth Lloyd on Our Quantum Universe The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution, by Stuart Kauffman Seth Lloyd is professor of mechanical engineering at MIT. Dr. Lloyd's research focuses on problems on information and complexity in the universe. He was the first person to develop a realizable model for quantum computation and is working with a variety of groups to construct and operate quantum computers and quantum communication systems. Dr. Lloyd has worked to establish fundamental physical limits to precision measurement and to develop algorithms for quantum computers for pattern recognition and machine learning. He is author of over three hundred scientific papers, and of Programming the Universe (Knopf, 2004).

New research could lead to advances in quantum computing and help bring together the theories of quantum mechanics and general relativity. Guest: Dr. Seth Lloyd, Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Seg 1: Inside the experiment to send a particle back in time New research could lead to advances in quantum computing and help bring together the theories of quantum mechanics and general relativity. Guest: Dr. Seth Lloyd, Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Seg 2: Summer is here and so is the reminder to use Sunscreen! Scott is here to remind everyone that when the summer sun is high, sunscreen should be used! Guest: Scott Shantz, CKNW Contributor Seg 3: View From Victoria: Healthcare will play a big role in upcoming election Healthcare is going to be an election issue and the NDP are embedding a line in all their new candidate releases trumpeting their success in healthcare. We get a local look at the top political stories with the help of Rob Shaw, Political Correspondent for CHEK News. Seg 4: Why is North Korea flying trash balloons over South Korea? Over the weekend, South Korea resumed anti-North Korean propaganda broadcasts via loudspeakers at the border in response to North Korea sending over 1,000 balloons filled with trash and manure. Guest: Dr. Robert Huish, Associate Professor in International Development Studies at Dalhousie University Seg 5: Why are so many Canadians moving to the United States? What is driving Canadians to sell their homes and move south? Is it a cultural move or one that is strictly based on finances? Guest: Len Saunders, Immigration Lawyer Seg 6: Is Canada hooked on dirty money? One critique of Canada's anti-money laundering regime is comparing it to distressed jeans, suggesting that the flaws are intentional and argues that Canada has failed to combat money laundering for the past 35 years, implying a lack of political will due to the economy's reliance on dirty money. Guest: Dr. Sanaa Ahmed, Assistant Professor at the University of Calgary's Faculty of Law and Expert on Money Laundering Seg 7: Monday Morning Quarterbacks for Jun 10, 2024 The BC Lions Home opener is Saturday against Calgary and it could be a big game if the Lions can knock off a division rival early. Guest: Rick Campbell, Head Coach of the BC Lions Seg 8: Why does BC need more court sheriffs? Immediate action is necessary as a new report shows a severe shortage of sheriffs, who are crucial for courtroom safety, is affecting criminal cases.  Guest: Michael Elliott, President of the Trial Lawyers Association of B.C. Seg 9: Should the province regulate mushroom foraging? BC may consider regulating wild mushroom picking after the Skwlax te Secwepemculecw First Nation raised concerns about foragers infringing on their land, with incidents of alleged violence and ecological damage. Guest: Dr. Andy MacKinnon, Forest Ecologist and Co-Author of “Mushrooms of British Columbia” Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MIT and Seth Lloyd have been front and center when talking a Epstein and his friends in academia and now, after its review has been completed, MIT has announced the penalties that Lloyd will face.Spoiler alert:You won't like it.(Commercial at 18:58)To contact me:Bobbycapucci@protonmail.comSource:https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/12/18/metro/mit-disciplines-professor-over-jeffrey-epstein-donations-will-allow-him-continue-teaching/Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/the-epstein-chronicles--5003294/support.

What do you get when you combine cutting-edge science and ancient holistic health wisdom? You get a truly enlightening conversation with Dr. Kyrin Dunston and Dr. Catherine Clinton on the latest episode of The Hormone Prescription Podcast: "The Mystery Of Your Quantum Biology Explained And Why It's Vital For Your Health."   In this fascinating discussion, listeners will learn how incorporating quantum biology into their wellness practices can help them reach their full healing potential. Using her background in both conventional medicine and energy work, Dr. Clinton shares unique insights from her years of experience helping people recover from chronic illnesses like Lyme disease and autoimmune disorders. Tune in for a thought-provoking exploration of the powerful connection between quantum biology and our overall well-being!   In this episode, you'll learn: • What quantum biology is and how it can impact your health • The key principles of energy medicine and how they can help you heal • How to use quantum biology to create balance in the body and restore harmony in the mind • Proven tips for boosting your energy levels naturally • How to tap into the power of your subconscious mind for healing.   Explore with us how unlocking the power of our quantum biology can lead us to a new level of physical, mental, and spiritual health - tune in now! Don't miss out on this transformative conversation. Be sure to subscribe today so you never miss an episode.   (00:00:00): Life is water dancing with the rhythm of the sun. Dr. Catherine Clinton confused about what that means for your health and your hormones. Stay tuned. You're gonna find out some of the most revolutionary information for your health that you haven't heard before. (00:00:18): So the big question is, how do women over 40 like us keep weight off, have great energy, balance our hormones and our moods, feel sexy and confident and master midlife. If you're like most of us, you are not getting the answers you need and remain confused and pretty hopeless to ever feel like yourself Again. As an ob gyn, I had to discover for myself the truth about what creates a rock solid metabolism, lasting weight loss, and supercharged energy after 40 in order to lose a hundred pounds and fix my fatigue, now I'm on a mission. This podcast is designed to share the natural tools you need for impactful results and to give you clarity on the answers to your midlife metabolism challenges. Join me for tangible, natural strategies to crush the hormone imbalances you are facing and help you get unstuck from the sidelines of life. My name is Dr. Kyrin Dunston. Welcome to the Hormone Prescription Podcast. (00:01:12): Hi everybody. Welcome back to another episode of the Hormone Prescription with Dr. Kyrin. Thank you so much for joining me today. Om g I'm so glad you are here for this. This is revolutionary information that you are going to hear explained by a master who is brilliant and has synthesized complex research into common sense knowledge that you can use to implement to help transform your health today. And that is not an overstatement of the promise of this show. I am going to shoot shout from the rooftops about Dr. Catherine Clinton and she has a book coming out. It's revolutionary information that you are not hearing anywhere even from me. So you're definitely gonna wanna hear this and I'm gonna tell you a little bit about her and then we're going to get started. Let me tell you, she makes the woo-hoo real cuz she comes with science and she avoids all the esoteric talk that sometimes we use, including myself, to talk about these topics about why sound and sunlight are vital and water certain types of water to our health and vitality and mitochondrial function. (00:02:26): So Dr. Catherine Clinton is a licensed naturopathic doctor. She spent over 15 years helping people overcome their health issues. She was diagnosed herself with two autoimmune conditions and Lyme disease. While in medical school, she began the long and difficult journey of a healing path that led to the commitment to help others to not only heal physically but to return to the relationships that we've evolved over millennia for a deeper sense of health and belonging because it's science by healing herself in patients like her, she discovered that true health comes from our relationships. Dr. Catherine has learned how our quantum biological system is intimately and inseparably connected to the world around us. Our relationship with the dirt beneath our feet, the sun, the wind, the water, the plants, the seasons, each other, that is the real medicine. Her mission is to empower as many people as she can with this knowledge to encourage the paradigm shift we so desperately need. And that is ongoing. It is a revolution in health and healing and medicine. Please help me welcome Dr. Catherine Clinton to the show. (00:03:34): Thank you so much for having me. It is an honor to be here talking about some of my favorite topics with you. (00:03:41): I am so excited to have you on the show and talk about your favorite topics because women aren't hearing about this, almost nowhere are they hearing about this. And it actually is information that is so vital to creating the optimal health that women over 40 deserve. That if you miss this piece people, you're not gonna get to the level of health that's possible for you. So I wanna just start out by asking you so we can give people a framework to where they're going, what is quantum biology ? Can you just explain what it is and why it should matter to (00:04:25): Them? Absolutely, absolutely. So when I was in school and actually this model is still being taught in school, we were taught that biology ran on chemical processes. So we learned that it was all key and receptor locks. So you have these receptors and you have the keys floating around in the cell, outside the cell and they're bumping around into everything and eventually they find they're perfect receptor in that key in the lock model and then biological action can happen. Now that's true, but now we have much more sophisticated imaging and technology that we can tell that there's actually a whole nother layer to our biology and it's quantum in nature. We're actually now able to measure things on a nanoscale, which really talks about the interactions in a quantum physical way. And so it's a really exciting time because what we grew up with learning in school, it's practiced in medical school, is really this Newtonian biology, this Newtonian physics that boils everything down to chemicals. (00:05:44): And what we're seeing now with the research is there's another level of interaction that's happening in our biology on a quantum level, on a nano scale. And what's really exciting about this is that it interconnects so many different pieces of the puzzle that have been missing for so long because we know that every cell in our body and we have trillions and trillions of cells e each and every one of those cells is completing over a hundred thousand tasks each second. It's completely impossible using that Newtonian model. So what quantum biology offers us is a new understanding. It doesn't negate that these lock keys fit into the locks and adjusts the shapes of the protein and then chemical reactions occur. It doesn't negate that it adds a deeper explanation of what's happening on a quantum biological level. And this is exciting for a deeper understanding, a deeper depth of knowledge. But it's also really exciting because it interconnects so many different pieces that stood isolated in the other model. And in quantum biology it's so interconnected. (00:07:01): Yes, so important. You know, and I just wanna kind of summarize for everyone you've been taught, we were all taught that our bodies are basically machines, biochemical and physical machines that act like a train or act like making aspirin in a laboratory. And that it's as simple as simple as chemical reactions and mechanical reactions. And that's just not true. We are very complex human beings to a smaller particulate level like Katherine saying. And so it's this nano or quantum level that is the missing key in your healing. And this is why it's vital that you listen and pay attention and start learning about it. I know some people when they hear quantum physics, their eyes glaze over and they go, oh, it's complicated. I can't understand this. Yes, you can understand this and Dr. Catherine is going to help you understand what it is, what it means, how you understand it, how you work with it, with your health, and give you some specific instances like with the water that you're drinking so that you can start using this in your life today to start improving your quantum biology. (00:08:19): And she's got some great programs we'll tell you about later and some great free offers that will start you on this path. But it's super important. So how did you become interested in this, Catherine? Because you're a naturopathic doctor and I know a lot of wonderful naturopathic doctors, I always say I had to be an MD first to get enlightened to go and be, get the training that naturopaths get by doing the functional metabolic anti-aging medicine. And I guess I consider all naturopaths smarter than MDs cuz you knew about it before we did and you went that way. But how did you become interested in this? Because it's not something that most naturopaths even are aware of or teach (00:09:04): About. That's so true. It's really, really cutting edge and anybody over 40, I'm 47 should know this information to help with their hormonal health. It's really absolutely foundational and quantum physics does immediately sound complicated and hard to understand. But it's really, really simple steps we take. And there I was in naturopathic medical school and I was diagnosed, it was my second year, it was sort of that initiation year, long hours, long clinic hours. And it was this proverbial straw that broke the camel's back. I was diagnosed with ulcerative colitis was, which is an autoimmune condition that affects the colon. I was diagnosed with Hashimoto thyroiditis was is an autoimmune condition that affects the thyroid gland. I had multiple GI infections, and I was diagnosed with Lyme disease. It was really a healing crisis. So I was able to take time off school and heal. I was in the perfect place, right? (00:10:11): I was going to naturopathic medical school. I was right down the hill from a very open-minded, alternative minded allopathic school for MDs across the river from an acupuncture school. So I had so many modalities at my fingertips and I was able to put the physical pieces back together so that I could go to school again, finish my clinic hours, start my practice. But as anyone is listening who has suffered from chronic disease, they know that getting back to that picture you were before you were diagnosed might mean that you are again productive member of society. But it's not the picture of vital health. And so that's where I was sort of existing and I started researching psycho neuroimmunology and mitochondrial function and it was really at the crossroads of those two subjects. And psycho neuroimmunology is just a big fancy word for how our thoughts and our emotions impact our immune system, our inflammatory state, our hormonal state, our neurological state and wiring. (00:11:21): And so from there I started looking at mitochondrial function and it was like the doors to quantum biology just flew right open and I haven't left because it's such an amazing piece of medicine. You know, we've really, our western society has really kind of extracted us as humans out of the ecosystem. You know, we are the explorers, the investigators, we extract things from the world around us. And what this whole journey has really taught me and learning about quantum biology has taught me how interconnected the world is and how, you know, for years and years I would go out to nature to get my vitamin D, to get my vitamin N right and ground with my feet on the earth to get those electrons. All these different quantum biological actions. But I wasn't in relationship with the world around me. And that was really the piece that started to piece the whole puzzle together. (00:12:28): You know, I often talk about it as like, you know, we've all put together puzzles and you've put in a piece that's in the right spot, it's in the right spot in the puzzle, but there's one little piece, one little edge that's kind of flipped up and not down in the puzzle. And that's kind of how life was before I started really adopting these quantum biological practices. It was, I was in the right spot, I was doing okay, but there was this constant irritation from not belonging to the world around me. And quantum biology really helped open up that window. It helped me see that I don't end at the barriers of my skin, my hormonal makeup, my physiological state is based on the information that my body receives from the world around me. From the temperature, from the sun, from the weather, from the ground. I mean it's absolutely amazing once you start putting the pieces back together. And that's where I am and I love to talk about this. (00:13:34): Awesome. So as you're speaking, psycho neuroimmunology is something that I think is super important, how your thoughts affect your body processes. And I think that people almost use that as a platitude and then they dismiss it. They're like, oh, thoughts become things. Oh, think positivity. And I actually interviewed this wonderful doctor, Dr. Theit Sethi, and she has a book coming out about joy and kind of the biochemistry, the effects of joy on the body and how it affects the body in terms of your nervous system. And she touches on immunology as well. So this is a great conversation to have shortly after her podcast comes out and I work in my programs a lot with heart rate variability and blood sugar and insulin. And people start freaking out about why is my heart rate variability not better? Usually most of us women, ours is tanked by the time we're over 40 and has very low variability. (00:14:40): And with our, their insulin, it's so labile. And they'll say, well I didn't eat anything with sugar, I didn't eat any high sugar items. What's wrong? And I go, go, well what was your emotional state this morning? What were you thinking about? What are the thoughts, conversations you're having in your head? I think it's estimated we think 70,000 thoughts a day or something like that. Most of them are the same all the time. So if we kind of grow up having a fearful stance to life, fearful thoughts, if we have a angry stance, they're angry thoughts and that we circle these, these thoughts continually, we recycle these emotions and we have kind of, I think it's said three to five emotional states that are our go-tos. And what people don't realize is that's affecting your health through quantum biology that affects your blood sugar and your insulin that affects your heart rate variability, that affects everything. And you're saying mitochondria, which I didn't even know. So how do you help people understand that the thoughts they're thinking, the emotions they're feeling, how connected or not they feel to the external world and other people in nature, how safe they feel? How do you help them to make that shift from understanding that this is real and measurable and it's something they need to pay attention to? (00:16:02): Yes, absolutely. I usually, in my patient visits, the first one I start with education. You know, as a society where really right-brained, we like to analyze, we like to have the facts in front of us and myself too. And so that's usually where I start with patience. I let them know the facts about it. I mean, Martin Picard has done amazing research showing that our emotional states impact the amount of a t p, the energy currency of the body that the mitochondria make. It's absolutely fascinating. So what I do is I walk patients through some of the science around that. I talk about how our emotions have predictable effects and you know, so many of my patients, myself included, either are dealing with some level of anxiety or depression and when they hear that our thoughts impact our health on such a fundamental level, there's a resistance or a fear about that, right? (00:17:11): I recognize that because as someone who has dealt with anxiety in the past, and I'm sure I will in the future again, is that, you know, there's this idea that negative emotions, we need to get rid of them. But I think what heart rate variability and what heart Math Institute has done such a wonderful job with research is that it's not so much that we're not meant to feel these emotions of anger or fear or frustration. We are, we're humans, right? With this full spectrum of emotion. But it's when we get stuck in one of those emotions that we have this one way drive in our biology. So if we're always anxious, if we're always angry, if we're always fearful, then we will always be propagating that biochemical response in the body. And it's not just biochemical, right? There is a predictable heart rate variability to it. (00:18:14): There is a predictable mapping of emotions that people have done just with electrical conduction and infrared heat showing that, you know, some of the more depleting emotions actually map cooler on the body so that there isn't this conduction electrical conduction throughout the body. It's absolutely amazing. So Karen, what I do is I really look at the science behind it and I try to pull in their brain first, right? A lot of people that come to see me are usually on their last doctor, they've seen specialists, nothing has worked out. They're coming with a lot of resentment and frustration on, on how to get better. But at the same time, they've been doing the work, they've been researching, they've been looking for answers. And that's where I start, here are some answers. Here's what your body does when it's angry, here's what it does when it's calm in a state of gratitude. (00:19:17): And from there I can pull them into a situation where I, maybe they came in for autoimmunity, maybe they're dealing with hormones. And what I'm doing is I'm laying down some science for them to get that mind on board. And then what I'll do is I offer them a challenge. And we haven't quite gotten there yet, but the most common challenge I do with my patients is getting up and seeing the sun for 10 minutes before 10:00 AM and lowering the lights at night and I'll see them in a week or two. And honestly, I've never ever had anyone come back saying, okay, I did that circadian alignment and nothing happened and what now, you know, everybody comes back and reports a difference because what we know are these quantum steps like aligning with the sun and having circadian alignment with the sun allows for such ease in our body. (00:20:26): It actually initiates and stimulates a whole cascade of biological action, including our hormones, right? Our hormones are sinking with the sun. And when we're out of alignment, that quantum biological action that happens from one photon hitting our retina, being propagated to all of the circadian clocks throughout the body, just that one action can sink those hormones in a way that other therapies can't. And so that's what I do is I lay the science out for them so they know that when I'm saying quantum, I'm not talking about crystals and sound healing, although those aren't bad. I'm talking about what's happening on their body on a nano scale and that it's real and that the science is finally catching up to what we've al always felt right. We've always intuitively felt a difference in our body depending on our motion. But now we have the science to show it. (00:21:32): We always knew that we felt better waking up in the morning and going to bed when the sun went down. But now we have really robust research showing how that affects our home loan health, how that affects our biological cascades throughout the body. So I usually start with sciencey stuff to get their mind on board cuz I know that they've been researching and looking for the answers. And then I give them a practical, easy, free, accessible step like aligning with the sun so that they can see that quantum biology in action so they, they can feel it and experience it and then they're on board, (00:22:12): Right. Appealing to people's logic and minds. And I'm just wondering though, I mean you haven't stepped on anyone's toes in terms of religion or anything like that. I find that sometimes when I bring up these more esoteric concepts, and maybe I need to do what you do is just bring the science, , bring the science. But I find somewhat sometimes people say, well that sounds woowoo in new age and you know, I'm a Christian so I don't wanna hear about that. But you've expressed it in a way that doesn't step on that because as I view the literature and the science, quantum physics has bridged the gap between spirituality and I'm not talking about religion with that and science and it is this level of our health that kind of explains these forces that go between human beings among are a universe in a very tangible way. Have you ever gotten any pushback from that arena, from people? (00:23:18): Honestly, I have not. And I think the reason is quantum physics and quantum biology opens up, like you said, that meeting place of science and spirituality and then wherever the person in front of me is at Christian, Buddhist, atheist, all of it, they find meaning in that and they can place their religion and their beliefs in that that because it's not coming with any, the only thing it's coming with is this deeper understanding that there's much more at play in the world, in the universe, in our bodies than we're giving credit. And people are happy to plug that into their worldviews and say where that's coming from. We still don't know as a science and I'm not sure we ever will, right? There's this gap that we have as humans where we always think that we're onto the final truth and it's always just the to the next thing, right? (00:24:23): So I think it's a beautiful, quantum biology is beautiful in that if I always spoke about it in a woo way, but I try to really stick to what the research is saying and how that impacts our biology and that leaves the door wide open for people to plug in their own belief system. And boy do they ever, if you look at my social media, we've got people from all different religions and backgrounds that find a place for quantum biology in their belief system. So I think that's the beautiful thing about it is it really doesn't come with one, but it comes ready to plug into anybody's (00:25:05): Life. Okay. Oh, I love that. So I'm gonna do, I'm gonna shift and go more to just presenting the science and then allow people to let that go where it will. Kind of like when you pour water into an ice cube tray, it fits the mold of the ice cube tray. And then people can have whatever shaped ice cube they want to assimilate the information. And maybe I've presented it in a way that has immediately butted, which is my nature as a New Yorker, I come head on you. Some people don't like that. And so I will more stick with the science. I'm wondering if you could say more about quantum biology in relation to mitochondrial function. I think that mitochondrial function is something that's often overlooked by a lot of people even who do a root cause resolution approach. They don't, they talk about hormones a lot, they talk about detox, they talk about gut health, but they don't talk about mitochondria. And that's one reason why I created a program that includes that. How does quantum biology, you talked a little bit about how it works with mitochondria and the thoughts that you think. Can you say more about that? (00:26:13): Yes. You know, I would love to talk about mitochondria and it will be much better if I can talk just a little bit about structured water before.  (00:26:23): Oh please. Let's talk about, well first tell everyone what structured water is and please talk (00:26:29): . Okay. So thank you. I, we just need to get a little bit of meat under our belt before we go onto the mitochondria. So structured water, the idea that there's a different phase of water beyond the solid ice, the liquid water we drink or the gaseous steam we see on our teapots, there is a fourth phase of water. It's gel-like, it's more viscous and people, researchers have been talking about this for a very long time. But it wasn't until 2003 that Gerald and his team out of the University of Washington identified this fourth phase of water and he termed it easy water, which means exclusion zone water. And he did that because as this gel-like viscous water starts to form on ourselves, it excludes things, it pushes them out. And what he found was that the water we're used to drinking H two oh turns into H 3 0 2 against our hydrophilic surfaces. (00:27:36): So hydrophilic water loving that would be our cell membranes are vessels, our fascia. All of those things are covered with this fourth phase of water. And what Paula and his team from the University of Washington found was that as this structured water forms against our cell membranes, it forms one sheet. And the hydrogens in this structured water are more tightly bound. They create this lattice sheet, it's hexagonal almost like a honeycomb. So as one sheet of this gel-like water forms on our cell membrane or our vessel or our fascia or d n a or our mitochondria, it acts as a template for more layers of structured water to build. And what researchers have found is that, you know, if you're very math minded, you would've noticed that H 3 0 2, it's missing the hydrogen. And as the structured water forms on our cell membranes, it kicks out a proton, a positive hydrogen and creates what researchers are calling a proton rich zone or a proton wire. (00:28:56): And what researchers have done, they put electrode in the structured water that's forming on the cell membrane and one in this proton rich zone. And what they found is the separation of charge, just like the separation of charge in a nine volt battery, the separation of charge between the structured water and this proton rich zone is enough to light a battery. That's what they found in the research lab. And it's enough to create biological action. And so this has been validated and reconfirmed by scientists across the globe that we have this fourth phase of water that is the structured water that is lining our cell membranes, our vessels, our fascia, and our mitochondria. And our mitochondria are very interesting. They're a wonderful study in quantum biology because they have the structured water that forms on the outside of them and the inside of them. And if we can remember back to our middle school biology class, our mitochondria, those little bean shaped organelles that are inside of our cells now a heart cell might have thousands of mitochondria keeping our heart working. (00:30:15): It's high energy. Same with the brain, right? So it's not just one mitochondria perce, we have lots and lots of mitochondria in our cells and these are what are creating our A T p, our energy source. And Dr. Wallace Douglas Wallace has done amazing work with mitochondrial function and demonstrating that any dip in mitochondrial voltage or a T P production presents as chronic disease cancer, autoimmune conditions. I mean he's really looked at almost every disease we know of and it has this mitochondrial component. So when we're talking about health mitochondrial are foundational to our health and coming from that Newtonian bio biological perspective, you've got mitochondria that take energy from food and create a t p. This is true, but looking at them from a quantum biological perspective, we see that these organelles, these mitochondria are covered in structured water on the outside of them and on the inside of them. (00:31:30): Now the inside of our mitochondria has the inner mitochondrial membrane and that membrane holds the proteins of the electron transport chain. And that E T C, that electron transport chain is where that A T P is created. So if we look at what's happening in the mitochondria from a quantum biological perspective, what we see is that these electrons from our food are not just bouncing down the chain like we learned in middle school biology or in medical school, right? What's happening is there's fundamentally a quantum biological action happening. These electrons in the E T C of the mitochondria are quantum tunneling, meaning that they are using quantum phenomenon to move. They are not being kicked over an energetic hill like a soccer ball because of their quantum nature. They're able to travel in multiple different paths. Now this is what we saw with some of the quantum biological research that came out of Berkeley and M I t with Seth Lloyd. (00:32:47): They were looking at photosynthetic bacteria and that's exactly what they saw. These electrons were able to take multiple paths to the photosynthetic center to create energy for the plant. They were able to take multiple paths because of their quantum nature. And that's why photosynthesis, that's why mitochondrial production of a T p is nearly a hundred percent efficient because it utilizes these quantum phenomenon. So what we see is that our mitochondria and those proteins in the E tc, they are actually utilizing quantum tunneling. They also, when we talk about mitochondria, you've got the flow of electrons, but there's no a T TP unless protons are going through those proteins as well. And what we see clearly is those protons are being shuffled down that structured water zone that's lining those pro proteins in the E T C. So in the mitochondria you've got quantum tunneling of these electrons, you've got protons jump conducting on the structured water that's lining the proton proteins in the E T C and you have the ability of these proteins and the structured water that's covering them to capture photons of light and utilize that to make more a T p. (00:34:25): So what we're seeing now is a completely expanded vision of our mitochondria where it matters about that structured water zone where it matters about the ability of our proteins in the E T C to come together so those electrons can quantum tunnel. We see that those structured water covering these proteins plays a fundamental role in our A T P production via that proton jumping. I mean it's absolutely phenomenal and it shows us that there's an interconnection on a much deeper level. You know, when we talk about mitochondria ATTP is what we think of, but our mitochondria are actually also creating deterioration depleted water and infrared energy with the spinning of that a t P Synthes. And what those two things do, they structure the water inside the mitochondria and outside the mitochondria so that we can create more energy. We're starting to see the picture expands so that it's not just food that's driving atp, we could have told you that, right? (00:35:47): Looking at what happens with too much food, there is another way to create energy in the body and it has to do with this nanoscale movement of electrons, of protons, of photons of light or phonons of sound. There's amazing research out there showing how sound impacts our A T P production in the mitochondria and how would that work? Because that structured water, that fourth phase of water covering the proteins in the e tc, in the inner mitochondrial membrane, as well as the structured water covering the mitochondria, have the ability to pick up on this frequency information and use it for biological action. It's really, really amazing. (00:36:41): Absolutely fascinating. So we make our own structured water that facilitates our mitochondria, but photons can stimulate it and sound. How does that work that, how do photons get to our mitochondria? How does sound impact it? Just through the, can you talk about that? (00:37:00): Absolutely. So when we are talking about mitochondria and when we're talking about quantum biology, a lot of interchanges happening on the electromagnetic frequency that's given out, right? So that's where phonons of sound come from. They actually can change the shape of a protein and we know that that's where biological action starts, right? Is with the changing of those proteins. Let's see, John Stewart Reed and professor son G of Korea have done amazing research with sound and its effect on our body. They've shown quite clearly that sound creates that infrared energy. And what are all these researchers using to build that structured water zone? They're using infrared energy. So when I talk about Gerald and his research looking at the structured water and he sees it building, he's looking at something inside of water and he's shining an infrared light on that. And our biggest source of infrared energy on this world is the sun. (00:38:17): And so our mitochondria, like some other things in our body, our fascia, our D n a, have this unique liquid crystal ability and here we go with another woo sounding terminology. But liquid crystal is what we use in our technology. It's a term that describes something between a liquid and a solid that acts as a collective, right? So these computer screens, TV screens are smartphone screens. The reason we can watch these beautiful pictures on them is because the liquid crystalline structure of the screen is hit by polarized light and collectively changes to create these beautiful pictures. The same thing is happening in our body. Our mitochondria are able to pick up electromagnetic frequency and change biological action depending on what that frequency is saying to the mitochondria. Again, back to Martin Bacard and his work with mitochondria and emotional states and how that impacts health and mitochondrial function. (00:39:34): He also did research on music and different hurts of music and how that impacts our mitochondria. And it does, it does dramatically impact the production of a t P and energy. And it's all because of the ability of the mitochondria to pick up on this subtle frequency information. Whether it's a phonon of sound, whether it's an E M F, electromagnetic frequency of thought, photons. We actually get through our skin and the options in our skin as well as the option in our retina. So what's beautiful about our bodies is that in our hypothalamus we have the su cosmic nucleus, which is sort of our, our timekeeper of the body. So when light hits our retinas, it goes right back into the S C N and the hypothalamus are master clock and then that vibration, that photonic frequency of light depending on what kind of light it is, that frequency travels throughout our nervous system via the vagus nerve and hits all of the other circadian clocks that are throughout our body. (00:40:59): And this is all a frequency exchange of inter information. And it's really, really exciting once you start teasing it apart and getting it down because it completely opens up a new view of the body. Not only do we have that central timekeeper in our hypothalamus, every single one of our cells has a circadian clock. It has its own relationship with the sun and the rhythm of the sun. And what we see in modern day life is that so much of our living and lighting is working against that natural attunement. But these mitochondria, same with our fashion, our D n A, they're liquid crystalline in nature compounded by the structured water that is also liquid crystalline in nature. Simply meaning that it responds as a collective to frequency information in the environment. Whether it's a phonon of sound, a photon of light, an E m F of a thought. It's really, really exciting that science is starting to validate some of the things that we've always intuitively talked about, right? Oh that person's vibe makes me feel this way or ooh, that music just completely soothes me or, or has me on edge, right? These experiences that we've had as humans now the science is finally catching up and it is an exciting time to be alive. (00:42:39): Wow, this is so fascinating and so wonderful and I'm gonna tell everyone about the courses that you have. If you wanna learn more, I'm for sure gonna take 'em cuz you explain it in a way that is so make sense that I've never heard someone explain it with clarity and in plain English that's beautiful and it's science backed. I do wanna ask you a couple more things and I know that you offer way more in your courses in terms of how can someone start attuning to these different sound and light frequencies. You mentioned visualizing the sun and being out in the sun. Are there other methods that you'd like to (00:43:22): Share? Absolutely. I'll give you my top three. (00:43:25): Okay, great. (00:43:26): . So, and they are all free. There's so many wonderful supplements and devices out there, but I rarely talk about them because I really want people to experience this information in a way that's most accessible and that's free. So my first foremost is aligning with that sun. So what I tell people to do is seeing the sunrise is optimal if that's not going to fit into your daily life. Getting outside for five, 10 minutes before 10:00 AM sets us up with so many different things. The frequency of light when the sun is rising or setting is full spectrum and it's heavy on the redder tones and the redder frequencies. And what these frequencies do is they initially some of that hormone health and those hormone cascades, we see that that light in the sun in the AM before 10:00 AM sets us up with a big surge of serotonin. (00:44:42): And that is hitting us on many different levels. We think of our mood right and our productivity and our creativity, but serotonin is also working with our hormone health, with our immune status, our inflammatory status. We see that this early am sunshine is also setting us up with our dopamine release and that ability to stay focused and stay happy. Now when the lights lower as the sun goes down, if we can lower our lights inside as well. This sets up the flip side of that, that serotonin that was dumped in the morning and hasn't been used gets turned into melatonin. And this is our ability to sleep well as well as you know, those are really melatonin kind of serves as these sentinels. So with proper melatonin, our mitochondria can get rid of the cells that are tired, broken down, cancerous that shouldn't be in us. (00:45:50): So it's really important to be getting both sides of that yin young rhythm of the sun. Now I live in the Pacific Northwest in Oregon. It is gray. A lot of our, a lot of the year we don't see the gorgeous sun, we just see the gray. And that is medicine too. It's the natural full spectrum light. It does not have to be cozy, tropical, wonderful sun. It just has to be the sun where you are at, there is medicine in those gray skies as well. And just to add to that, being in Oregon in the winters, it gets dark around five o'clock. So do we go to bed at five o'clock? No we don't. What we do is we transition to more of those lower frequency lights. So I use salt lamps. My kids have these little red light readers so they can be in charge of their own light. (00:46:52): We have incandescent bulbs in the kitchen in case that needs to go on. But the shift from lowering those lights and getting that am sun is dramatic. So that's my first and foremost is aligning with the sun in that way. Getting out in the sun as many times as you can throughout the day. Taking your 10 minute break outside, this is going to have effect on your biology that you can feel. And so that's where I start most people with because I love the ones that you can feel immediately cuz then I can add more stuff on there, right? So yes, that's my first one is aligning with the sun. And it has that bright and dark phase. So we wanna get that am sun and we wanna lower it in the pm. Now if we could stack another habit onto that exposure of the sun, it would be some grounding. (00:47:53): So getting bare feet in on the ground touching a tree. What we see is that our earth is lined with an infinite sea of free electrons. And when we come in contact with it, our body can actually collect these electrons and use them in the electron transport chain for more energy in that mitochondria for more structured water in the mitochondria and outside. So that is one that is really, really small but profound. And again, it doesn't have to be ghost down barefoot in the snow because you live somewhere that's snowy for months out of the year. That can look like touching a tree, sitting on a tree, a rock, the beach, the sand. Anywhere where you can come in contact with that infinite sea of electrons that's covering our earth. Another way to do that, if all of those options are not an option is coming in contact with negative ions. (00:49:02): So let's say we're somewhere very cold and we have to stay bundled up and all we can do is walk around in the snow and in the snowfall, that snowfall has negative ions that impact our biology in a positive way, help structure that water as well. So those two, getting outside, being aligned with the sun, tending to that relationship with that circadian rhythm as well as grounding. And then the third one is probably my favorite and easiest one to do is using something gratitude practice, a mindfulness practice. My favorite is the heart math institute's heart coherence exercises. And they are walking you through exercises where you create, create this coherence in the body. Quantum coherence refers to two or more objects vibrating and resonating and working at the same frequency. And so when we're talking about heart coherence, we're talking about our actual human heart working in coherence, working in the same frequency as our mind. (00:50:28): So when we are in a state of heart coherence, we see that we are innovating our frontal low, making calm, rational decisions. And we're not innovating that amygdala that's in charge of fear and rash decisions. Our blood pressure changes, the whole state of the body changes in response to this state of coherence, of quantum coherence. It's absolutely amazing. So if anyone out there is listening and wants to expand on their gratitude practice or their mindfulness practice, I love heart mouths, heart coherence exercises. Youtube has tons of 'em. And simply when I can't get the time to do that, I will take 15 seconds to take stock of what I am grateful for. And that energy of gratitude actually initiates that state of coherence and that coherence can be measured with heart rate variability and we can talk very sciencey about it. But on a very basic level, an emotion like love or gratitude when we embody it with breath, can actually change the state of frequency and coherence in our body and heart Breath Institute has done a great job researching that out and giving us lots of science behind it. (00:51:52): But the basic idea is that taking a second to tune into those emotions and feel them completely rewires our physiology in a state of coherence so that we're able to have that quantum biological flow of information. And so those are my three favorites. Having some kind of practice to bring coherence in, whether that's mindfulness, meditation, gratitude, heart coherence exercises, having some relationship with the world around you where you're grounding and coming in contact with the earth, with nature, with the plants. And then aligning with our biggest source of energy, our sun, and aligning with that in the morning throughout the day and then following its lead and lowering the lights at night. This is something that I wish every single ob GYN would be talking about with their patients, not only for fertility, but what this is what has a massive impact on the state of our hormones as we enter into that perimenopause menopausal stage in our life. And so I'm really excited that you are talking about it. That we are talking about it. I love to get this information out there. (00:53:18): Yes. And what makes you say that it's particularly important for perimenopausal menopausal women? Is there a special reason just cause we're so struggling with our hormones or (00:53:29): Struggling with our hormones? Yep. That circadian alignment with the sun sets up that cascade of hormones from so many different levels. Our cortisol, our leptin, our serotonin and melatonin, our dopamine and our mitochondrial function, right? Our mitochondria are making that pregnenolone that turns into our sex hormones and our testosterone and our estrogen and and all of those things that we start to really examine once we're past 40. They have a foundational root in our relationship with the son. And I would even go so far as to say that a lot of the struggle that we're seeing hormonally in women and men has a layer in that disconnection of circadian rhythm, krono disruption they call it in the research. It has such a fundamental role in the proper release stimulation and propagation of these hormones. It's, it's really phenomenal. (00:54:48): Absolutely fascinating. I could talk to you for hours, but I know people will probably say, Karen, you're talking way too long. I do. We're gonna share about all your things with everyone, but I have to ask you about this wonderful quote that you shared with me before we started. If you can talk about what it means. Life is water dancing with the rhythm of the sun. (00:55:10): Yes, absolutely. And so that is talking about how, whether it's our biology, our cells, and our mitochondria like we are talking about, or whether it's a giant sequoia tree pulling water up to the very tip top branches that's being powered by this beautiful interchange that we see with structured water and its ability to pull energy from the sun and use it for biological action. It's not just us, it's the plants, it's the animals, it's our own bodies. Utilizing this dance where that structured water can pull in a photon of light and create biological action, create biological movement because of the two interacting together. And it's something that I, that's the riff on a quote from Albert St. Georgie and he was a Nobel Prize winner that went on to research exactly what I'm talking about, this so-called water battery in our, our body and how it is what's powering life here on this planet. It's absolutely fascinating. And each day, each week that rolls on, there's more and more validating research about this beautiful dance between water and light and how it powers life. (00:56:44): I love that. I love you and I'm so grateful that you are on the podcast talking about this. Everybody listening, you just got a gift. You are getting a gift right now. And Dr. Katherine has more gifts for you. She has a Rewilding, our Terrain guide and then also our structured water guide. We'll have the links in the show notes. Do you wanna tell them a little bit about those? (00:57:09): Sure. Yeah. Those are a couple free guides that walk you through how to kind of facilitate this relationship with the world around us and some of the obstacles that might be getting in your way to having that relationship. So Rewilding is just about how to do that, simple steps to create that relationship. And the structured water guide is just as it sounds, it talks about what I'm talking about when I talk about structured water. There's lots of like devices out there talking about structured water, lots of marketing. And what I'm talking about is different as it always is the case with marketing and marketing budgets, right? , right? The biggest gets the most attention. But this structured water guide is talking about what I'm talking about, this biological water that's inside of our body, inside of ourselves, and really empowering this biological action. So both are just ways to facilitate this change in looking at the world around us as part of us and utilizing it for better health. (00:58:28): Thank you so much for those. I invite everyone to please, but if you're not driving, click the link. Go download these guys and get guides and get started. And Dr. Katherine, tell everyone where they can find out more and interact with you. Tell 'em about the courses that you have. Tell 'em all the things. (00:58:48): Absolutely. Well, my name is Dr. Katherine Clinton and that's where you can find me on Facebook, on Instagram, on YouTube. And my website is Dr. Katherine Clinton dot com. Same name everywhere. Keeping it easy. And I offer classes, I'm constantly sharing information on social media because my goal is to get so many of us acquainted with this information and stronger and more resilient so we can sort of demand the changes that we need to see in the in medicine and healthcare in general. So both of those social media tags, all Dr. Ka Clinton, my website, and I've got a book coming out at the end of September. Well, (00:59:38): I was say, please tell me you have a book coming out . So wonderful. Does it have a title yet? (00:59:46): It does. It's called Interconnected. (00:59:49): Beautiful. And I want everyone to know it's Catherine with a C, not a K. So make sure you spell it right. And what is your favorite social media hangout? I (00:59:59): Think I'm most active on Instagram. (01:00:02): Awesome. Thank you so much for the journey that brought you to this place, that you have this wisdom and brilliance to share with other people, especially other women, and make it accessible to them so that they understand it and they can start using it and really achieve what's possible for their brilliant health and especially in the latter part of life and for sharing it on the Hormone Prescription Podcast. Thank you so much. Thank (01:00:35): You so much. It was an honor to join you here. I love your work. I love what you're doing. So thank you so much for having me today, (01:00:43): , and thank you for listening to another episode of The Hormone Prescription with Dr. Kiran. Thank you so much for choosing to spend your time today with us and learning empowering information that you can start using today to improve your hormones and your health. I look forward to talking with you again next week. Until then, peace, love, (01:01:04): And hormones. Yo, thank you so much for listening. I know that incredible vitality occurs for women over 40 when we learn to speak hormone and balance these vital regulators to create the health and the life that we deserve. If you're enjoying this podcast, I'd love it if you'd give me a review and subscribe. It really does help this podcast out so much. You can visit the hormone prescription.com where we have some free gifts for you, and you can sign up to have a hormone evaluation with me on the podcast to gain clarity into your personal situation. Until next time, remember, take small steps each day to balance your hormones and watch the wonderful changes in your health that begin to unfold for you. Talk to you soon.   ► Get your copy of  Dr. Catherine Clinton's latest guide "Rewilding Our Terrain." CLICK HERE. ► Get your copy of Dr. Catherine Clinton's latest "Structured Water Guide." CLICK HERE.   ► Feeling tired? Can't seem to lose weight, no matter how hard you try?   It might be time to check your hormones.   Most people don't even know that their hormones could be the culprit behind their problems. But at Her Hormone Club, we specialize in hormone testing and treatment. We can help you figure out what's going on with your hormones and get you back on track.   We offer advanced hormone testing and treatment from Board Certified Practitioners, so you can feel confident that you're getting the best possible care. Plus, our convenient online consultation process makes it easy to get started.   Try Her Hormone Club for 30 days and see how it can help you feel better than before.   CLICK HERE to sign up.

MIT and Seth Lloyd have been front and center when talking a Epstein and his friends in academia and now, after its review has been completed, MIT has announced the penalties that Lloyd will face.Spoiler alert:You won't like it.(Commercial at 18:58)To contact me:Bobbycapucci@protonmail.comSource:https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/12/18/metro/mit-disciplines-professor-over-jeffrey-epstein-donations-will-allow-him-continue-teaching/

MIT and Seth Lloyd have been front and center when talking a Epstein and his friends in academia and now, after its review has been completed, MIT has announced the penalties that Lloyd will face.Spoiler alert:You won't like it.(Commercial at 18:58)To contact me:Bobbycapucci@protonmail.comSource:https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/12/18/metro/mit-disciplines-professor-over-jeffrey-epstein-donations-will-allow-him-continue-teaching/

MIT and Seth Lloyd have been front and center when talking a Epstein and his friends in academia and now, after its review has been completed, MIT has announced the penalties that Lloyd will face.Spoiler alert:You won't like it.(Commercial at 18:58)To contact me:Bobbycapucci@protonmail.comSource:https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/12/18/metro/mit-disciplines-professor-over-jeffrey-epstein-donations-will-allow-him-continue-teaching/

MIT and Seth Lloyd have been front and center when talking a Epstein and his friends in academia and now, after its review has been completed, MIT has announced the penalties that Lloyd will face.Spoiler alert:You won't like it.(Commercial at 18:58)To contact me:Bobbycapucci@protonmail.comSource:https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/12/18/metro/mit-disciplines-professor-over-jeffrey-epstein-donations-will-allow-him-continue-teaching/

MIT and Seth Lloyd have been front and center when talking a Epstein and his friends in academia and now, after its review has been completed, MIT has announced the penalties that Lloyd will face.Spoiler alert:You won't like it.(Commercial at 15:11)To contact me:Bobbycapucci@protonmail.comSource:https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/12/18/metro/mit-disciplines-professor-over-jeffrey-epstein-donations-will-allow-him-continue-teaching/

MIT and Seth Lloyd have been front and center when talking a Epstein and his friends in academia and now, after its review has been completed, MIT has announced the penalties that Lloyd will face.Spoiler alert:You won't like it.(Commercial at 15:11)To contact me:Bobbycapucci@protonmail.comSource:https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/12/18/metro/mit-disciplines-professor-over-jeffrey-epstein-donations-will-allow-him-continue-teaching/

Many higher institutions of learning had relationships with Epstein.MIT was no different. In a scandal that has rocked the school, information has come out shining light on just how cozy MIT and Epstein were.As the school attempts to distance itself from Epstein's donations they have placed the blame on the shoulders of Lloyd.In todays episode, Lloyd responds.(commercial at 6:43)To contact me:Bobbycapucci@protonmail.comsource:https://www.google.com/amp/s/abcnews.go.com/amp/US/wireStory/mit-professor-denies-misleading-school-epstein-funding-68355028

Many higher institutions of learning had relationships with Epstein.MIT was no different. In a scandal that has rocked the school, information has come out shining light on just how cozy MIT and Epstein were.As the school attempts to distance itself from Epstein's donations they have placed the blame on the shoulders of Lloyd.In todays episode, Lloyd responds.(commercial at 6:43)To contact me:Bobbycapucci@protonmail.comsource:https://www.google.com/amp/s/abcnews.go.com/amp/US/wireStory/mit-professor-denies-misleading-school-epstein-funding-68355028

The Federal Circuit gave us important guidance with its recent Intel v. Qualcomm decision. What can we anticipate for Article III jurisdiction going forward? And is the Court quietly reviving the "gist" doctrine of old for claim construction? Featuring Wayne Stacy (BCLT) and Seth Lloyd (MoFo). SPEAKERS Seth Lloyd, Wayne Stacy Wayne Stacy 00:00 Welcome, everyone to the Berkeley Center for Law and Technology's Expert Series Podcast. I'm Wayne Stacy, the Executive Director for BCLT and your host today. Today we have Seth Lloyd from Morrison Forrester to walk us through a recent interesting ruling from the Federal Circuit. We have two heavyweights, Intel and Qualcomm fighting it out. And as often happens, when you have two heavyweights fighting it out, a lot of issues get brought to the surface, the Federal Circuit had to clean them up. So in light of what you saw with Intel, and Qualcomm, Seth, where do you want to kick off maybe Article Three, which is everyone's favorite New Year topic? Seth Lloyd 00:45 Yeah, that seems like a good place to start and is where the Court starts to. So just to kind of set the stage a little bit here, as you said, we have two kind of heavyweights fighting it out in the the the forum that they were fighting it out in at least before the appeal was the the PTABs of the Patent Trial and Appeal Board. So Qualcomm owns a patent to kind of these multi multi processor systems. It had asserted that patent not against Intel, but against one of Intel's customers and Intel in in response to that and kind of related litigation, then went to the Patent Trial and Appeal Board and filed a petition for inter parties review on the patent. The process, the PTAB went forward, ultimately the the PTAB cancelled some of the claims that Intel had challenged, but not others. And Intel appealed the claims that were upheld. And that the Article Three issue came in at the appeal stage, which is sort of the kind of an interesting wrinkle that happens when you take this route from the PTAB to the Federal Circuit. And the reason, you know so in district court if there's an article three injury or issue that's generally going to be litigated in the District Court itself, and then you know, if the district court gets it right or wrong, people will fight about that on appeal, that the difference in the PTAB context is anybody right can go to the patent office and file a petition. I think the statutory language is basically anybody but the patent owner can file a petition for inter parties review. So there's no check out the PTAB. But once you try to invoke the the authority of an Article Three court by safe at filing your appeal, now your article three requirements are going to kick in. Wayne Stacy 02:37 Well, we saw some of this with some hedge funds filing early on. But are we really seeing this as an issue popping up? When you have two actual manufacturing corporations like Intel and Qualcomm? Do you see this

MIT and Seth Lloyd have been front and center when talking a Epstein and his friends in academia and now, after its review has been completed, MIT has announced the penalties that Lloyd will face.Spoiler alert:You won't like it.(Commercial at 18:58)To contact me:Bobbycapucci@protonmail.comSource:https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/12/18/metro/mit-disciplines-professor-over-jeffrey-epstein-donations-will-allow-him-continue-teaching/

MIT and Seth Lloyd have been front and center when talking a Epstein and his friends in academia and now, after its review has been completed, MIT has announced the penalties that Lloyd will face.Spoiler alert:You won't like it.(Commercial at 14:02)To contact me:Bobbycapucci@protonmail.comSource:https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/12/18/metro/mit-disciplines-professor-over-jeffrey-epstein-donations-will-allow-him-continue-teaching/

In Hatch-Waxman cases, where is the act of infringement committed, and who commits it? Allison Schmitt (BCLT) and Seth Lloyd (MoFo) discuss the Celgene v. Mylan decision (17 F.4th 1111 (Fed. Cir. 2021)). Featuring Seth Lloyd. SPEAKERS Seth Lloyd, Allison Schmitt Allison Schmitt 00:00 Hello all and welcome to the Berkeley Center for Law and Technology's Expert Series podcast. My name is Allison Schmitt and I'm the director of the Life Sciences Program at BCLT. So today Seth Lloyd from Morrison and Foerster is joining us for our podcast series Beyond the Holding a nuanced look at the Federal Circuit's patents decisions. Thanks so much for joining us, Seth. Happy to have you back. Seth Lloyd 00:20 Yeah, thanks. Awesome. Allison Schmitt 00:22 So today we're going to discuss the November 5th Celgene v. Mylan decision that came down from the Federal Circuit. There's a number of issues to unpack here related to venue and pleading standards. And Seth is going to walk us through all of it. But before we dig into the substance of the decision itself, Celgene discusses a type of case that's different from most of the other cases that we've previously discussed on the podcast. So Celgene arose under the Hatch Waxman Act, which is a complex statutory framework created by Congress, with the goal of streamlining approval of generic drug products in the United States, and creating a framework for the patent challenges to the brand side company's patents prior to marketing the generic drug. So Seth, can you walk us through the background of how these Hatch Waxman cases work so that our listeners can get a sense of how these might be different from the typical patent cases that they're thinking about? Seth Lloyd 01:10 Yeah, I'll give it my best shot. You weren't exaggerating when you said complex, it is a complex statutory framework. But I think there are a few key points to understand for today's case. So in general, as you said, when a completely new drug is coming to market, the party files a new drug application or an NDA, with the Food and Drug Administration. And to get an NDA approved, there's a long process. The parties have to go through clinical studies and and go through several rounds, usually with the FDA to get approval, that tends to be a very lengthy and costly process. And so the Hatch Waxman Act was designed to allow quicker approval for kind of the follow on, so parties who want to market a generic form. So basically the same pharmaceutical formula. But without going through that lengthy process. And what the Hatch Waxman Act allows them to do is to submit an abbreviated new drug application, or an ANDA, as people in the industry call it. And with the ANDA they don't have to submit all the do new clinical trials and submit new data from clinical studies. Instead, they can simply show prove to the FDA that their drug is bio equivalent to an approved drug, it's the same formula, and they can get approval much quicker and with less cost. The part that's going to be relevant to our case today is how does this all work with patents because often, if somebody's come up with a new drug, they've patented the formula or they've patented a new method for using that drug. And so the new drug applicant, that NDA filer will also tell the FDA about any of those patents that covered the drug, or methods of using it, and they'll list those patents in what's called the orange book. Now, later, the company that wants to market the generic version comes along, they have to tell the FDA, what they intend to do with regard to any patents listed in the orange book. They have

MIT and Seth Lloyd have been front and center when talking a Epstein and his friends in academia and now, after its review has been completed, MIT has announced the penalties that Lloyd will face.Spoiler alert:You won't like it.To contact me:Bobbycapucci@protonmail.comSource:https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/12/18/metro/mit-disciplines-professor-over-jeffrey-epstein-donations-will-allow-him-continue-teaching/

Die allerkleinsten Teile in unserem Mikrokosmos sind «Quanten». Sie sind noch kleiner als Atome. Diese kleinsten Teilchen verhalten sich nicht wie Äpfel, Stühle, Autos oder Fussbälle – nicht so, wie wir es von Dingen aus unserem Alltag kennen. Grundlage moderner Technik Die Theorie zur Quantenphysik wurde vor hundert Jahren geschrieben und war umstritten. Die Suche nach einer besseren Theorie geht bis heute in der Physik und der Philosophie. Doch die Quantenphysik ist nicht mehr so umstritten wie zu Beginn. Eine grosse Mehrheit der Physiker akzeptiert sie, denn sie wurde hundertfach in Experimenten bestätigt. Auch in der Praxis hat sich die Theorie niedergeschlagen: Ohne die Quantenphysik gäbe es keine Laser, keine Computer, keine Nanotechnologie. Wider unsere Erfahrung und Intuition Da können Teilchen zum Beispiel an zwei Orten gleichzeitig sein und über riesige Distanzen augenblicklich aufeinander einwirken. Die Teilchen können zum Beispiel auch Wellen sein. Sie können verschiedene Wege gleichzeitig nehmen und an zwei Orten gleichzeitig sein. Erst wenn wir sie messen, entscheiden die Teilchen, wo sie sind – und zwar völlig zufällig, als würde jemand würfeln. Die Quantenphysik ist schwer zu verstehen, selbst für Fachleute. Die Grenzen der Intuition Die Quantenphysik entzieht sich unserer Wahrnehmung. Sie spielt sich in winzigen Dimensionen ab, ist nicht sichtbar und nicht erlebbar. Darum sei unsere Intuition mit der Theorie völlig überfordert, sagt Seth Lloyd vom Massachusetts Institute of Technology. «Auch meine Intuition sagt mir, dass Dinge nicht an zwei Orten gleichzeigtig sein können», so Lloyd. «Aber in der Quantenphysik können sie das nun mal. Wir wissen nicht, warum, aber es ist so. Gewöhnt euch daran!»

This week, we interview Seth Lloyd: Alternative rationales, attorney fees, and NDAs stretched too far. Can parties contract away their rights to file an IPR? And what can a party expect when it fails to appeal an alternative rationale? Every other week, BCLT Executive Director Wayne Stacy conducts interviews with a Morrison & Foerster team member to discuss the Federal Circuit's recent patent decisions. We all know the basic holdings. The key, however, lies in the nuances of how the Federal Circuit reached its decision. If you want to know more—with an eye toward predicting the future—we have the nuanced information for you. SPEAKERS Seth Lloyd, Wayne Stacy Wayne Stacy 00:00 Welcome, everyone to the Berkeley Center for Law and Technology's Federal Circuit podcast. I'm your host, Wayne Stacey, the Executive Director for BCLT. And we're here again to talk about some of the nuances from recent Federal Circuit decisions. We have today with us again, one of the experts from Morrison and Forester, Seth Lloyd specializes in appellate litigation, including appellate litigation at the Federal Circuit. So thank you for joining us today. Seth Lloyd 00:28 Thanks for having me. Wayne, really great to be here. Wayne Stacy 00:31 So there were two cases that popped out in the last two weeks that they can be glossed over when you when you look at some of the reporters that come out, but that really deserve a little bit of extra attention. The first is the Kannuu case. And you flag that one, because it really seems to tell us something about NDAs and this idea of pre litigation discussions. So would you walk us through kind of how it got to the Federal Circuit? Seth Lloyd 01:02 Yeah, sure. I think it's a little bit of a hot topic right now in the interplay between NDAs or arbitration agreements and the availability of review at the patent office. So IPR is in PTAB. So that's kind of this case, really, right in the center of all that, I thought was interesting, because it actually drew amicus briefing during the initial appeal briefing. So sometimes, at the Federal Circuit, it's not uncommon to see amicus briefing once there's a petition for rehearing but but this one actually had amicus briefing on both sides of the issue at the kind of initial appeal stage. And the cases, just kind of the background facts are, you have Kannuu, who's the plaintiff and patent owner. They're an Australian startup company focused on media related products. So kind of navigation of smart TVs. And several years ago, Samsung contacted Kannuu expressing apparently some interest in in technology. And before the parties got too far along, they entered into a standard kind of non disclosure agreement so that they could speak freely about their respective technologies and businesses. The agreement contained a fairly common forum selection clause. And the clause stated that any legal action suit or proceeding, and this is kind of that the key language arising out of or relating to this agreement, or the transactions contemplated here by, must be instituted exclusively in a court of competent jurisdiction in Manhattan in New York. So that was the forum selection clause. The parties talked for a bit more than a year, but basically failed to reach any agreement. nothing came of it, at least initially, but about six years after the initial discussions Kannuu sued Samsung in District Court in New York, alleging patent infringement and breach of the NDA agreement, and Samsung responded as many defendants now do by filing several petitions for IPR, for intra parties reviews at the patent off

Hey, let’s meet last week for coffee. Okay, we can’t meet in the past… yet. But could it be only a matter of time before we can? In an attempt to defy the grandfather paradox, scientists try sending a photon back in time to destroy itself.  Also, find out how teleportation allows particles to instantaneously skip through space-time and why sending humans wouldn’t violate the laws of physics.  But before you pack your bags for that instantaneous trip to Paris, we need to understand the nature of time. A physicist offers a testable theory and ponders how it bears on free will. Plus, feel as if time comes to a standstill when you’re standing in line? Tricks for altering your perception of time while you wait. Some businesses already use them on you.   Guests: Richard Muller – Physicist, University of California Berkeley, author of “Now: The Physics of Time”  Seth Lloyd – Professor of quantum mechanical engineering, M.I.T.  Emma Bentley – contributor  David Andrews – Author of, “Why Does the Other Line Always Move Faster?” Originally aired October 17, 2016

Seth Lloyd talks to Jim about the fundamentals of quantum physics, quantum computing, seeing the universe as a quantum computer, and much more… Seth Lloyd starts this episode by talking to Jim about the fundamentals of quantum physics: the quantum vs classical world, quantum interpretations, causality & randomness, the many-worlds theory, entanglement, and coherence. They … Continue reading EP79 Seth Lloyd on Our Quantum Universe → The post EP79 Seth Lloyd on Our Quantum Universe appeared first on The Jim Rutt Show.

Guilt by association has always been a vexed issue, but in the era of #metoo and corporate and social responsibility, careers can disappear overnight, lives can be destroyed, and reputations can be irrevocably damaged. That might be the situation facing a teacher at MIT in the US, whose students are calling for him to be fired due to his ties with convicted sex offender Jeffery Epstein. Seth Lloyd, a professor of mechanical engineering at the university, met with Epstein during the sex offender’s time in jail and received funding from Epstein’s foundation. This is despite the fact that the billionaire financier was jailed in 2008 for having for soliciting an underage prostitute and arrested again this year for the alleged sex trafficking of minors from 2002 and 2005.

SETH LLOYD (https://www.edge.org/memberbio/seth_lloyd) is a theoretical physicist at MIT; Nam P. Suh Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering; external professor at the Santa Fe Institute; and author of Programming the Universe: A Quantum Computer Scientist Takes on the Cosmos. The Conversation: https://www.edge.org/conversation/seth_lloyd-communal-intelligence

Live Mon-Fri 9 PM-Midnight PThttps://www.lightingthevoid.comJim Elvidge received a Master’s Degree in Electrical Engineering from Cornell University, with a specialization in digital signal processing. Professionally, his career has been mostly in the high tech industry, where he has held a variety of engineering and senior management positions. He holds patents in signal processing, and was responsible for a number of entrepreneurial ventures, including developing one of the first PC-based music samplers in 1988 and co-founding RadioAMP, the internet's first private-label web radio company. Elvidge is currently an agile and leadership consultant helping companies become more lean, innovative, and agile in all aspects of their business. Outside of the high-tech arena, however, Elvidge has had an alternative career, focusing on a form of digital philosophy by synthesizing ideas from the varied fields of artificial intelligence, cosmology, nanotechnology, quantum mechanics, and the paranormal. This unique blend of knowledge provided the foundation for his first book, “The Universe-Solved!”, written from 2006 to 2007 and published in 2008. He frequently appears on talk radio shows that focus on futurism and digital philosophy.The nature of "The Universe-Solved!" is to provide categories of evidence that support the idea that our reality is both digital and under a form of programmatic control, which Elvidge calls "programmed reality." He has contributed a special focus on demonstrating that the many and various anomalies of quantum mechanics, including entanglement, the observer effect, non-reality, non-locality, and the apparent retrocausality of the Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser experiment, all have simple cohesive explanations in the programmed reality model. In fact, he points out that these anomalies are actually requirements of an efficient digital reality model. Elvidge maintains a collection of categories of supporting evidence for digital philosophy, including the four presented in the book plus many others identified since the book was published, including those from other thought leaders in the field. There is a significant overlap between the concepts presented in Elvidge's writing and ideas from other scientists, technologists, and philosophers, such as Thomas Campbell, Edward Fredkin, Seth Lloyd, Nick Bostrom, and Brian Whitworth. Unlike Fredkin and Lloyd, however, and like Campbell, Elvidge believes that the evidence is strong that consciousness is the source of reality and not an artifact of brain function and that the apparent programmed nature of reality is based on a self-evolving system.www.theuniversesolved.comMusic By: Chronox at https://www.chronoxofficial.comGuitar By: Bundy

"Nothing in life is certain," writes MIT mechanical engineer Seth Lloyd, "except death, taxes and the second law of thermodynamics." But is this necessarily so? In episode 52, we're joined by Andreas Schilling with the University of Zurich, who discusses his development of an amazingly simple device that allows heat to flow from a cold object to a warm one without an external power supply; a process that initially appears to contradict this fundamental law of physics.

We explain the physics behind ZFS, DTrace switching to the GPL, Emacs debugging, syncookies coming to PF & FreeBSD's history on EC2. This episode was brought to you by Headlines 128 bit storage: Are you high? (https://blogs.oracle.com/bonwick/128-bit-storage:-are-you-high) For people who have heard about ZFS boiling oceans and wonder where that is coming from, we dug out this old piece from 2004 on the blog of ZFS co-creator Jeff Bonwick, originally from the Sun website. 64 bits would have been plenty ... but then you can't talk out of your ass about boiling oceans then, can you? Well, it's a fair question. Why did we make ZFS a 128-bit storage system? What on earth made us think it's necessary? And how do we know it's sufficient? Let's start with the easy one: how do we know it's necessary? Some customers already have datasets on the order of a petabyte, or 2^50 bytes. Thus the 64-bit capacity limit of 2^64 bytes is only 14 doublings away. Moore's Law for storage predicts that capacity will continue to double every 9-12 months, which means we'll start to hit the 64-bit limit in about a decade. Storage systems tend to live for several decades, so it would be foolish to create a new one without anticipating the needs that will surely arise within its projected lifetime. If 64 bits isn't enough, the next logical step is 128 bits. That's enough to survive Moore's Law until I'm dead, and after that, it's not my problem. But it does raise the question: what are the theoretical limits to storage capacity? Although we'd all like Moore's Law to continue forever, quantum mechanics imposes some fundamental limits on the computation rate and information capacity of any physical device. In particular, it has been shown that 1 kilogram of matter confined to 1 liter of space can perform at most 10^51 operations per second on at most 10^31 bits of information [see Seth Lloyd, "Ultimate physical limits to computation." Nature 406, 1047-1054 (2000)]. A fully-populated 128-bit storage pool would contain 2^128 blocks = 2^137 bytes = 2^140 bits; therefore the minimum mass required to hold the bits would be (2^140 bits) / (10^31 bits/kg) = 136 billion kg. That's a lot of gear. To operate at the 1031 bits/kg limit, however, the entire mass of the computer must be in the form of pure energy. By E=mc^2, the rest energy of 136 billion kg is 1.2x1028 J. The mass of the oceans is about 1.4x1021 kg. It takes about 4,000 J to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree Celcius, and thus about 400,000 J to heat 1 kg of water from freezing to boiling. The latent heat of vaporization adds another 2 million J/kg. Thus the energy required to boil the oceans is about 2.4x106 J/kg * 1.4x1021 kg = 3.4x1027 J. Thus, fully populating a 128-bit storage pool would, literally, require more energy than boiling the oceans. Best part of all: you don't have to understand any of this to use ZFS. Rest assured that you won't hit any limits with that filesystem for a long time. You still have to buy bigger disks over time, though... *** dtrace for Linux, Oracle relicenses dtrace (https://gnu.wildebeest.org/blog/mjw/2018/02/14/dtrace-for-linux-oracle-does-the-right-thing/) At Fosdem we had a talk on dtrace for linux in the Debugging Tools devroom. Not explicitly mentioned in that talk, but certainly the most exciting thing, is that Oracle is doing a proper linux kernel port: ``` commit e1744f50ee9bc1978d41db7cc93bcf30687853e6 Author: Tomas Jedlicka tomas.jedlicka@oracle.com Date: Tue Aug 1 09:15:44 2017 -0400 dtrace: Integrate DTrace Modules into kernel proper This changeset integrates DTrace module sources into the main kernel source tree under the GPLv2 license. Sources have been moved to appropriate locations in the kernel tree. ``` That is right, dtrace dropped the CDDL and switched to the GPL! The user space code dtrace-utils and libdtrace-ctf (a combination of GPLv2 and UPL) can be found on the DTrace Project Source Control page. The NEWS file mentions the license switch (and that it is build upon elfutils, which I personally was pleased to find out). The kernel sources (GPLv2+ for the core kernel and UPL for the uapi) are slightly harder to find because they are inside the uek kernel source tree, but following the above commit you can easily get at the whole linux kernel dtrace directory. The UPL is the Universal Permissive License, which according to the FSF is a lax, non-copyleft license that is compatible with the GNU GPL. Thank you Oracle for making everyone's life easier by waving your magic relicensing wand! Now there is lots of hard work to do to actually properly integrate this. And I am sure there are a lot of technical hurdles when trying to get this upstreamed into the mainline kernel. But that is just hard work. Which we can now start collaborating on in earnest. Like systemtap and the Dynamic Probes (dprobes) before it, dtrace is a whole system observability tool combining tracing, profiling and probing/debugging techniques. Something the upstream linux kernel hackers don't always appreciate when presented as one large system. They prefer having separate small tweaks for tracing, profiling and probing which are mostly separate from each other. It took years for the various hooks, kprobes, uprobes, markers, etc. from systemtap (and other systems) to get upstream. But these days they are. And there is now even a byte code interpreter (eBPF) in the mainline kernel as originally envisioned by dprobes, which systemtap can now target through stapbpf. So with all those techniques now available in the linux kernel it will be exciting to see if dtrace for linux can unite them all. Debugging Emacs or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love DTrace (http://nullprogram.com/blog/2018/01/17/) For some time Elfeed was experiencing a strange, spurious failure. Every so often users were seeing an error (spoiler warning) when updating feeds: “error in process sentinel: Search failed.” If you use Elfeed, you might have even seen this yourself. From the surface it appeared that curl, tasked with the responsibility for downloading feed data, was producing incomplete output despite reporting a successful run. Since the run was successful, Elfeed assumed certain data was in curl's output buffer, but, since it wasn't, it failed hard. Unfortunately this issue was not reproducible. Manually running curl outside of Emacs never revealed any issues. Asking Elfeed to retry fetching the feeds would work fine. The issue would only randomly rear its head when Elfeed was fetching many feeds in parallel, under stress. By the time the error was discovered, the curl process had exited and vital debugging information was lost. Considering that this was likely to be a bug in Emacs itself, there really wasn't a reliable way to capture the necessary debugging information from within Emacs Lisp. And, indeed, this later proved to be the case. A quick-and-dirty work around is to use condition-case to catch and swallow the error. When the bizarre issue shows up, rather than fail badly in front of the user, Elfeed could attempt to swallow the error — assuming it can be reliably detected — and treat the fetch as simply a failure. That didn't sit comfortably with me. Elfeed had done its due diligence checking for errors already. Someone was lying to Elfeed, and I intended to catch them with their pants on fire. Someday. I'd just need to witness the bug on one of my own machines. Elfeed is part of my daily routine, so surely I'd have to experience this issue myself someday. My plan was, should that day come, to run a modified Elfeed, instrumented to capture extra data. I would have also routinely run Emacs under GDB so that I could inspect the failure more deeply. For now I just had to wait to hunt that zebra. Bryan Cantrill, DTrace, and FreeBSD Over the holidays I re-discovered Bryan Cantrill, a systems software engineer who worked for Sun between 1996 and 2010, and is most well known for DTrace. My first exposure to him was in a BSD Now interview in 2015. I had re-watched that interview and decided there was a lot more I had to learn from him. He's become a personal hero to me. So I scoured the internet for more of his writing and talks. Some interesting operating system technology came out of Sun during its final 15 or so years — most notably DTrace and ZFS — and Bryan speaks about it passionately. Almost as a matter of luck, most of it survived the Oracle acquisition thanks to Sun releasing it as open source in just the nick of time. Otherwise it would have been lost forever. The scattered ex-Sun employees, still passionate about their prior work at Sun, along with some of their old customers have since picked up the pieces and kept going as a community under the name illumos. It's like an open source flotilla. Naturally I wanted to get my hands on this stuff to try it out for myself. Is it really as good as they say? Normally I stick to Linux, but it (generally) doesn't have these Sun technologies available. The main reason is license incompatibility. Sun released its code under the CDDL, which is incompatible with the GPL. Ubuntu does infamously include ZFS, but other distributions are unwilling to take that risk. Porting DTrace is a serious undertaking since it's got its fingers throughout the kernel, which also makes the licensing issues even more complicated. Linux has a reputation for Not Invented Here (NIH) syndrome, and these licensing issues certainly contribute to that. Rather than adopt ZFS and DTrace, they've been reinvented from scratch: btrfs instead of ZFS, and a slew of partial options instead of DTrace. Normally I'm most interested in system call tracing, and my go to is strace, though it certainly has its limitations — including this situation of debugging curl under Emacs. Another famous example of NIH is Linux's epoll(2), which is a broken version of BSD kqueue(2). So, if I want to try these for myself, I'll need to install a different operating system. I've dabbled with OmniOS, an OS built on illumos, in virtual machines, using it as an alien environment to test some of my software (e.g. enchive). OmniOS has a philosophy called Keep Your Software To Yourself (KYSTY), which is really just code for “we don't do packaging.” Honestly, you can't blame them since they're a tiny community. The best solution to this is probably pkgsrc, which is essentially a universal packaging system. Otherwise you're on your own. There's also openindiana, which is a more friendly desktop-oriented illumos distribution. Still, the short of it is that you're very much on your own when things don't work. The situation is like running Linux a couple decades ago, when it was still difficult to do. If you're interested in trying DTrace, the easiest option these days is probably FreeBSD. It's got a big, active community, thorough documentation, and a huge selection of packages. Its license (the BSD license, duh) is compatible with the CDDL, so both ZFS and DTrace have been ported to FreeBSD. What is DTrace? I've done all this talking but haven't yet described what DTrace really is. I won't pretend to write my own tutorial, but I'll provide enough information to follow along. DTrace is a tracing framework for debugging production systems in real time, both for the kernel and for applications. The “production systems” part means it's stable and safe — using DTrace won't put your system at risk of crashing or damaging data. The “real time” part means it has little impact on performance. You can use DTrace on live, active systems with little impact. Both of these core design principles are vital for troubleshooting those really tricky bugs that only show up in production. There are DTrace probes scattered all throughout the system: on system calls, scheduler events, networking events, process events, signals, virtual memory events, etc. Using a specialized language called D (unrelated to the general purpose programming language D), you can dynamically add behavior at these instrumentation points. Generally the behavior is to capture information, but it can also manipulate the event being traced. Each probe is fully identified by a 4-tuple delimited by colons: provider, module, function, and probe name. An empty element denotes a sort of wildcard. For example, syscall::open:entry is a probe at the beginning (i.e. “entry”) of open(2). syscall:::entry matches all system call entry probes. Unlike strace on Linux which monitors a specific process, DTrace applies to the entire system when active. To run curl under strace from Emacs, I'd have to modify Emacs' behavior to do so. With DTrace I can instrument every curl process without making a single change to Emacs, and with negligible impact to Emacs. That's a big deal. So, when it comes to this Elfeed issue, FreeBSD is much better poised for debugging the problem. All I have to do is catch it in the act. However, it's been months since that bug report and I'm not really making this connection yet. I'm just hoping I eventually find an interesting problem where I can apply DTrace. Bryan Cantrill: Talks I have given (http://dtrace.org/blogs/bmc/2018/02/03/talks/) *** News Roundup a2k18 Hackathon preview: Syncookies coming to PF (https://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article;sid=20180207090000) As you may have heard, the a2k18 hackathon is in progress. As can be seen from the commit messages, several items of goodness are being worked on. One eagerly anticipated item is the arrival of TCP syncookies (read: another important tool in your anti-DDoS toolset) in PF. Henning Brauer (henning@) added the code in a series of commits on February 6th, 2018, with this one containing the explanation: ``` syncookies for pf. when syncookies are on, pf will blindly answer each and every SYN with a syncookie-SYNACK. Upon reception of the ACK completing the 3WHS, pf will reconstruct the original SYN, shove it through pf_test, where state will be created if the ruleset permits it. Then massage the freshly created state (we won't see the SYNACK), set up the sequence number modulator, and call into the existing synproxy code to start the 3WHS with the backend host. Add an - somewhat basic for now - adaptive mode where syncookies get enabled if a certain percentage of the state table is filled up with half-open tcp connections. This makes pf firewalls resilient against large synflood attacks. syncookies are off by default until we gained more experience, considered experimental for now. see http://bulabula.org/papers/2017/bsdcan/ for more details. joint work with sashan@, widely discussed and with lots of input by many ``` The first release to have this feature available will probably be the upcoming OpenBSD 6.3 if a sufficient number of people test this in their setups (hint, hint). More info is likely to emerge soon in post-hackathon writeups, so watch this space! [Pale Moon] A Perfect example of how not to approach OS developers/packagers Removed from OpenBSD Ports due to Licensing Issues (https://github.com/jasperla/openbsd-wip/issues/86) FreeBSD Palemoon branding violation (https://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-ports/2018-February/112455.html) Mightnight BSD's response (https://twitter.com/midnightbsd/status/961232422091280386) *** FreeBSD EC2 History (http://www.daemonology.net/blog/2018-02-12-FreeBSD-EC2-history.html) A couple years ago Jeff Barr published a blog post with a timeline of EC2 instances. I thought at the time that I should write up a timeline of the FreeBSD/EC2 platform, but I didn't get around to it; but last week, as I prepared to ask for sponsorship for my work I decided that it was time to sit down and collect together the long history of how the platform has evolved and improved over the years. Normally I don't edit blog posts after publishing them (with the exception of occasional typographical corrections), but I do plan on keeping this post up to date with future developments. August 25, 2006: Amazon EC2 launches. It supports a single version of Ubuntu Linux; FreeBSD is not available. December 13, 2010: I manage to get FreeBSD running on EC2 t1.micro instances. March 22, 2011: I manage to get FreeBSD running on EC2 "cluster compute" instances. July 8, 2011: I get FreeBSD 8.2 running on all 64-bit EC2 instance types, by marking it as "Windows" in order to get access to Xen/HVM virtualization. (Unfortunately this meant that users had to pay the higher "Windows" hourly pricing.) January 16, 2012: I get FreeBSD 9.0 running on 32-bit EC2 instances via the same "defenestration" trick. (Again, paying the "Windows" prices.) August 16, 2012: I move the FreeBSD rc.d scripts which handle "EC2" functionality (e.g., logging SSH host keys to the console) into the FreeBSD ports tree. October 7, 2012: I rework the build process for FreeBSD 9.1-RC1 and later to use "world" bits extracted from the release ISOs; only the kernel is custom-built. Also, the default SSH user changes from "root" to "ec2-user". October 31, 2012: Amazon launches the "M3" family of instances, which support Xen/HVM without FreeBSD needing to pay the "Windows" tax. November 21, 2012: I get FreeBSD added to the AWS Marketplace. October 2, 2013: I finish merging kernel patches into the FreeBSD base system, and rework the AMI build (again) so that FreeBSD 10.0-ALPHA4 and later use bits extracted from the release ISOs for the entire system (world + kernel). FreeBSD Update can now be used for updating everything (because now FreeBSD/EC2 uses a GENERIC kernel). October 27, 2013: I add code to EC2 images so that FreeBSD 10.0-BETA2 and later AMIs will run FreeBSD Update when they first boot in order to download and install any critical updates. December 1, 2013: I add code to EC2 images so that FreeBSD 10.0-BETA4 and later AMIs bootstrap the pkg tool and install packages at boot time (by default, the "awscli" package). December 9, 2013: I add configinit to FreeBSD 10.0-RC1 and later to allow systems to be easily configured via EC2 user-data. July 1, 2014: Amazon launches the "T2" family of instances; now the most modern family for every type of EC2 instance (regular, high-memory, high-CPU, high-I/O, burstable) supports HVM and there should no longer be any need for FreeBSD users to pay the "Windows tax". November 24, 2014: I add code to FreeBSD 10.2 and later to automatically resize their root filesystems when they first boot; this means that a larger root disk can be specified at instance launch time and everything will work as expected. April 1, 2015: I integrate the FreeBSD/EC2 build process into the FreeBSD release building process; FreeBSD 10.2-BETA1 and later AMIs are built by the FreeBSD release engineering team. January 12, 2016: I enable Intel 82599-based "first generation EC2 Enhanced Networking" in FreeBSD 11.0 and later. June 9, 2016: I enable the new EC2 VGA console functionality in FreeBSD 11.0 and later. (The old serial console also continues to work.) June 24, 2016: Intel 82599-based Enhanced Networking works reliably in FreeBSD 11.0 and later thanks to discovering and working around a Xen bug. June 29, 2016: I improve throughput on Xen blkfront devices (/dev/xbd*) by enabling indirect segment I/Os in FreeBSD 10.4 and later. (I wrote this functionality in July 2015, but left it disabled by default a first because a bug in EC2 caused it to hurt performance on some instances.) July 7, 2016: I fix a bug in FreeBSD's virtual memory initialization in order to allow it to support boot with 128 CPUs; aka. FreeBSD 11.0 and later support the EC2 x1.32xlarge instance type. January 26, 2017: I change the default configuration in FreeBSD 11.1 and later to support EC2's IPv6 networking setup out of the box (once you flip all of the necessary switches to enable IPv6 in EC2 itself). May 20, 2017: In collaboration with Rick Macklem, I make FreeBSD 11.1 and later compatible with the Amazon "Elastic File System" (aka. NFSv4-as-a-service) via the newly added "oneopenown" mount option (and lots of bug fixes). May 25, 2017: I enable support for the Amazon "Elastic Network Adapter" in FreeBSD 11.1 and later. (The vast majority of the work — porting the driver code — was done by Semihalf with sponsorship from Amazon.) December 5, 2017: I change the default configuration in FreeBSD 11.2 and later to make use of the Amazon Time Sync Service (aka. NTP-as-a-service). The current status The upcoming FreeBSD release (11.2) supports: IPv6, Enhanced Networking (both generations), Amazon Elastic File System, Amazon Time Sync Service, both consoles (Serial VGA), and every EC2 instance type (although I'm not sure if FreeBSD has drivers to make use of the FPGA or GPU hardware on those instances). Colin's Patreon' page if you'd like to support him (https://www.patreon.com/cperciva) X network transparency X's network transparency has wound up mostly being a failure (https://utcc.utoronto.ca/~cks/space/blog/unix/XNetworkTransparencyFailure) I was recently reading Mark Dominus's entry about some X keyboard problems, in which he said in passing (quoting himself): I have been wondering for years if X's vaunted network transparency was as big a failure as it seemed: an interesting idea, worth trying out, but one that eventually turned out to be more trouble than it was worth. [...] My first reaction was to bristle, because I use X's network transparency all of the time at work. I have several programs to make it work very smoothly, and some core portions of my environment would be basically impossible without it. But there's a big qualification on my use of X's network transparency, namely that it's essentially all for text. When I occasionally go outside of this all-text environment of xterms and emacs and so on, it doesn't go as well. X's network transparency was not designed as 'it will run xterm well'; originally it was to be something that should let you run almost everything remotely, providing a full environment. Even apart from the practical issues covered in Daniel Stone's slide presentation, it's clear that it's been years since X could deliver a real first class environment over the network. You cannot operate with X over the network in the same way that you do locally. Trying to do so is painful and involves many things that either don't work at all or perform so badly that you don't want to use them. In my view, there are two things that did in general X network transparency. The first is that networks turned out to not be fast enough even for ordinary things that people wanted to do, at least not the way that X used them. The obvious case is web browsers; once the web moved to lots of images and worse, video, that was pretty much it, especially with 24-bit colour. (It's obviously not impossible to deliver video across the network with good performance, since YouTube and everyone else does it. But their video is highly encoded in specialized formats, not handled by any sort of general 'send successive images to the display' system.) The second is that the communication facilities that X provided were too narrow and limited. This forced people to go outside of them in order to do all sorts of things, starting with audio and moving on to things like DBus and other ways of coordinating environments, handling sophisticated configuration systems, modern fonts, and so on. When people designed these additional communication protocols, the result generally wasn't something that could be used over the network (especially not without a bunch of setup work that you had to do in addition to remote X). Basic X clients that use X properties for everything may be genuinely network transparent, but there are very few of those left these days. (Not even xterm is any more, at least if you use XFT fonts. XFT fonts are rendered in the client, and so different hosts may have different renderings of the same thing, cf.) < What remains of X's network transparency is still useful to some of us, but it's only a shadow of what the original design aimed for. I don't think it was a mistake for X to specifically design it in (to the extent that they did, which is less than you might think), and it did help X out pragmatically in the days of X terminals, but that's mostly it. (I continue to think that remote display protocols are useful in general, but I'm in an usual situation. Most people only ever interact with remote machines with either text mode SSH or a browser talking to a web server on the remote machine.) PS: The X protocol issues with synchronous requests that Daniel Stone talks about don't help the situation, but I think that even with those edges sanded off X's network transparency wouldn't be a success. Arguably X's protocol model committed a lesser version of part of the NeWS mistake. X's network transparency was basically free at the time (https://utcc.utoronto.ca/~cks/space/blog/unix/XFreeNetworkTransparency) I recently wrote an entry about how X's network transparency has wound up mostly being a failure for various reasons. However, there is an important flipside to the story of X's network transparency, and that is that X's network transparency was almost free at the time and in the context it was created. Unlike the situation today, in the beginning X did not have to give up lots of performance or other things in order to get network transparency. X originated in the mid 1980s and it was explicitly created to be portable across various Unixes, especially BSD-derived ones (because those were what universities were mostly using at that time). In the mid to late 1980s, Unix had very few IPC methods, especially portable ones. In particular, BSD systems did not have shared memory (it was called 'System V IPC' for the obvious reasons). BSD had TCP and Unix sockets, some System V machines had TCP (and you could likely assume that more would get it), and in general your safest bet was to assume some sort of abstract stream protocol and then allow for switchable concrete backends. Unsurprisingly, this is exactly what X did; the core protocol is defined as a bidirectional stream of bytes over an abstracted channel. (And the concrete implementation of $DISPLAY has always let you specify the transport mechanism, as well as allowing your local system to pick the best mechanism it has.) Once you've decided that your protocol has to run over abstracted streams, it's not that much more work to make it network transparent (TCP provides streams, after all). X could have refused to make the byte order of the stream clear or required the server and the client to have access to some shared files (eg for fonts), but I don't think either would have been a particularly big win. I'm sure that it took some extra effort and care to make X work across TCP from a different machine, but I don't think it took very much. (At the same time, my explanation here is probably a bit ahistorical. X's initial development seems relatively strongly tied to sometimes having clients on different machines than the display, which is not unreasonable for the era. But it doesn't hurt to get a feature that you want anyway for a low cost.) I believe it's important here that X was intended to be portable across different Unixes. If you don't care about portability and can get changes made to your Unix, you can do better (for example, you can add some sort of shared memory or process to process virtual memory transfer). I'm not sure how the 1980s versions of SunView worked, but I believe they were very SunOS dependent. Wikipedia says SunView was partly implemented in the kernel, which is certainly one way to both share memory and speed things up. PS: Sharing memory through mmap() and friends was years in the future at this point and required significant changes when it arrived. Beastie Bits Grace Hopper Celebration 2018 Call for Participation (https://www.freebsdfoundation.org/news-and-events/call-for-papers/grace-hopper-celebration-2018-call-for-participation/) Google Summer of Code: Call for Project Ideas (https://www.freebsdfoundation.org/blog/google-summer-of-code-call-for-project-ideas/) The OpenBSD Foundation 2018 Fundraising Campaign (https://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article;sid=20180129190641) SSH Mastery 2/e out (https://blather.michaelwlucas.com/archives/3115) AsiaBSDcon 2018 Registration is open (https://2018.asiabsdcon.org/) Tarsnap support for Bitcoin ending April 1st; and a Chrome bug (http://mail.tarsnap.com/tarsnap-announce/msg00042.html) Feedback/Questions Todd - Couple Questions (http://dpaste.com/195HGHY#wrap) Seth - Tar Snap (http://dpaste.com/1N7NQVQ#wrap) Alex - sudo question (http://dpaste.com/3D9P1DW#wrap) Thomas - FreeBSD on ARM? (http://dpaste.com/24NMG47#wrap) Albert - Austria BSD User Group (http://dpaste.com/373CRX7#wrap)

ENCORE  Hey, let’s meet last week for coffee.  Okay, we can’t meet in the past … yet.  But could it be only a matter of time before we can?  In an attempt to defy the grandfather paradox, scientists try sending a photon back in time to destroy itself.  Also, find out how teleportation allows particles to instantaneously skip through space-time and why sending humans wouldn’t violate the laws of physics.  But before you pack your bags for that instantaneous trip to Paris, we need to understand the nature of time.  A physicist offers a testable theory and ponders how it bears on free will. Plus, feel as if time comes to a standstill when you’re standing in line?  Tricks for altering your perception of time while you wait.  Some businesses already use them on you.   Guests: Richard Muller – Physicist, University of California Berkeley, author of “Now: The Physics of Time”  Seth Lloyd – Professor of quantum mechanical engineering, M.I.T.  Emma Bentley – contributor  David Andrews – Author of, “Why Does the Other Line Always Move Faster?”

SETH LLOYD (https://www.edge.org/memberbio/seth_lloyd), Professor, Quantum Mechanical Engineering, MIT; Principal Investigator, Research Laboratory of Electronics; Author, Programming the Universe. The Conversation: https://www.edge.org/conversation/seth_lloyd-quantum-hanky-panky

Quantum computing is widely considered to be: The most potentially transformative technology of this century; Nothing but hope and hype. A reliable reporter who is familiar with all of the rich variety of quantum research going on and the reality of the remarkable progress in the field (along with its still-expanding potential) is quantum pioneer Seth Lloyd, professor of mechanical engineering and physics at MIT. Lloyd describes himself as a mechanic of quantum computing, quantum communication, and quantum biology. He is director of MIT’s Center for Extreme Quantum Information Theory, which is working on breakthroughs in general-purpose optimization, vastly enhanced communication, and ultra-precise measurement. In his book Programming the Universe (2006) he proposes that the universe is a vast quantum computer that can eventually be completely understood through local-scale quantum computation.

This podcast discusses how one technology could completely change the public debate about secure communications and surveillance – quantum computing. While quantum computing can be employed to crack encryption algorithms, quantum cryptography can be used to securely transmit information over communication networks. Listen in to find out which quantum application will advance faster as our guests discuss quantum computing and the security implications of quantum technologies. Our podcast guests are Ned Allen, Chief Scientist at Lockheed Martin; Seth Lloyd, Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Systems at MIT; and Evan Rolfe, an Associate at Avascent.

In this weeks episode we were lucky enough to sit down with Prof. Seth Lloyd from MIT who was in Japan touring and talking at several universities. Prof. Lloyd has been one of the pioneers in quantum technology and has been actively involved in this field since the early 1990's. He talks with us today about how he got into quantum information, where he sees the current state of the field and where it is going. Please subscribe to meet the meQuanics on soundcould www.soundcloud.com/mequanics or iTunes https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/meet-mequanics-quantum-computing/id1099431495?mt=2 And help support this podcast by joining audible.com at www.audibletrial.com/mequanics Prof. Lloyds website: http://meche.mit.edu/people/faculty/slloyd@mit.edu

Seth Llyod is a Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). His talk, "Programming the Universe", is about the computational power of atoms, electrons, and elementary particles.

Seth Llyod is a Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). His talk, "Programming the Universe", is about the computational power of atoms, electrons, and elementary particles.

Seth Llyod is a Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). His talk, "Programming the Universe", is about the computational power of atoms, electrons, and elementary particles.

Joseph Emerson of the Department of Applied Math at the University of Waterloo on the documentary The Quantum Tamers which he co-produced at the Perimeter Institute

Joseph Emerson of the Department of Applied Math at the University of Waterloo on the documentary The Quantum Tamers which he co-produced at the Perimeter Institute

Big Ideas presents Joseph Emerson of the Department of Applied Math at the University of Waterloo on the documentary The Quantum Tamers which he co-produced at the Perimeter Institute

Big Ideas presents Seth Lloyd of the Massachusetts Institute for Technology on Quantum Life, how organisms have evolved to make use of quantum effects.

Big Ideas presents Seth Lloyd of the Massachusetts Institute for Technology on Quantum Life, how organisms have evolved to make use of quantum effects.

Big Ideas presents Seth Lloyd of the Massachusetts Institute for Technology on Quantum Life, how organisms have evolved to make use of quantum effects.