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Hey guys, what you are about to listen to is an extremely graphic episode that will contain many scenes of gore, rape, human experimentation, honestly it will run the gambit. If you got a weak stomach, this episode might not be for you. You have been warned.  I just want to take a chance to say a big thanks to all of you guys who decided to join the patreon, you guys are awesome! Please leave a comment on this episode to let me know what more you want to hear about in the future. With all of that said and done lets jump right into it.   Where to begin with this one? Let start off with one of the major figures of Unit 731, Shiro Ishii. Born June 25th, 1892 in the village of Chiyoda Mura in Kamo District of Chiba Prefecture, Ishii was the product of his era. He came from a landowning class, had a very privileged childhood. His primary and secondary schoolmates described him to be brash, abrasive and arrogant. He was a teacher's pet, extremely intelligent, known to have excellent memory. He grew up during Japans ultra militarism/nationalism age, thus like any of his schoolmates was drawn towards the military. Less than a month after graduating from the Medical department of Kyoto Imperial University at the age of 28, he began military training as a probation officer in the 3rd regiment of the Imperial Guards division. Within 6 months he became a surgeon 1st Lt. During his postgraduate studies at Kyoto Imperial university he networked successfully to climb the career ladder. As a researcher he was sent out to help cure an epidemic that broke out in Japan. It was then he invented a water filter that could be carried alongside the troops.   He eventually came across a report of the Geneva Protocol and conference reports of Harada Toyoji as well as other military doctors. He became impressed with the potential of chemical and biological warfare. During WW1 chemical warfare had been highly explored, leading 44 nations to pass the Geneva Protocol or more specifically  “Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare”. Representatives from Japan were present at this conference and were involving in the drafting and signing of the Geneva Protocol, but it was not ratified in Japan at the time. Ishii's university mentor, Kiyano Kenji suggested he travel western countries and he did so for 2 years. Many nations were secretive about their research, but some places such as MIT were quite open. After his visit Ishii came to believe Japan was far behind everyone else in biological warfare research. After returning to Japan Ishii became an instructor at the Imperial Japanese Army Medical School. Japan of course lacked significant natural resources, thus it was a perfect nation to pursue biological weapons research. Ishii began lobbying the IJA, proposing to establish a military agency to develop biological weapons. One of his most compelling arguments was “that biological warfare must possess distinct possibilities, otherwise, it would not have been outlawed by the League of Nations.”   Ishii networked his way into good favor with the Minister of Health, Koizumi Chikahiko who lended his support in August of 1932 to allow Ishii to head an Epidemic Prevention Laboratory. Ishii secured a 1795 square meter complex at the Army Medical College. Yet this did not satisfy Ishii, it simply was not the type of work he wanted to do. The location of Tokyo allowed too many eyes on his work, he could not perform human experimentation. For what he wanted to do, he had to leave Japan, and in the 1930's Japan had a few colonies or sphere's of influence, the most appetizing one being Manchuria. In 1932 alongside his childhood friend Masuda Tomosada, Ishii took a tour of Harbin and he fell in love with the location.   During the 1930's Harbin was quite a cosmopolitan city, it was a major trading port and diverse in ethnicities and religions. Here there were Mongols, Russians, Chinese, Japanese, various other western groups in lesser numbers. Just about every religion was represented, it was a researcher's paradise for subjects. Ishii sought human experimentation and needed to find somewhere covert with maximum secrecy. He chose a place in the Nan Gang District of Beiyinhe village, roughly 70 kms southeast of Harbin. It was here and then he began human experimentation. One day in 1932, Ishii and the IJA entered the village and evacuated an entire block where Xuan Hua and Wu Miao intersected. They began occupying a multi-use structure that had been supporting 100 Chinese vendors who sold clothes and food to the locals. They then began drafting Chinese laborers to construct the Zhong Ma complex to house the “Togo Unit” named after the legendary admiral, Togo Heihachiro. The Chinese laborers were underpaid and under constant watch from Japanese guards, limiting their movement and preventing them from understanding what they were building, or what was occurring within the complex. The complex was built in under a year, it held 100 rooms, 3 meter high brick walls and had an electric fence surrounding the perimeter. One thousand captives at any given time could be imprisoned within the complex. To ensure absolute secrecy, security guards patrolled the complex 24/7. Saburo Endo, director of Operations for the Kwantung Army once inspected the Togo Unit and described it in his book “The Fifteen Years' Sino-Japanese War and Me”, as such:   [It was] converted from a rather large soy sauce workshop, surrounded by high rammed earth wall. All the attending military doctors had pseudonyms, and they were strictly regulated and were not allowed to communicate with the outsiders. The name of the unit was “Tōgō Unit.” One by one, the subjects of the experiments were imprisoned in a sturdy iron lattice and inoculated with various pathogenic bacteria to observe changes in their conditions. They used prisoners on death row in the prisons of Harbin for these experiments. It was said that it was for national defense purposes, but the experiments were performed with appalling brutality.The dead were burned in high-voltage electric furnaces, leaving no trace.    A local from the region added this about the complex “We heard rumors of people having blood drawn in there but we never went near the place. We were too afraid. When the construction started, there were about forty houses in our village, and a lot of people were driven out. About one person from each home was taken to work on the construction. People were gathered from villages from all around here, maybe about a thousand people in all. The only things we worked on were the surrounding wall and the earthen walls. The Chinese that worked on the buildings were brought in from somewhere, but we didn't know where. After everything was finished, those people were killed.”    Despite all the secrecy, it was soon discovered prisoners were being taken, primarily from the CCP and bandits who were being subjected to tests. One such test was to gradually drain a victim of blood to see at what point they would die. The unit drew 500 cc of blood from each prisoner every 3-5 days. As their bodies drew weaker, they were dissected for further research, the average prisoner lasted a maximum of a month. Due to the climate of Manchuria, it was soon established that finding methods to treat frostbite would benefit the Kwantung army. Ishii's team gathered human subjects and began freezing and unfreezing them. Sometimes these experiments included observing test subjects whose limbs had been frozen and severed. The Togo team reported to General Okamura Yasuji, the deputy commander in chief of the Kwantung army from 1933-1934 that the best way to treat frostbite was to soak a limb in 37 degree water. According to the testimony of a witness named Furuichi at trial done in Khabarovsk , “Experiments in freezing human beings were performed every year in the detachment, in the coldest months of the year—November, December, January and February. The experimental technique was as follows: the test subjects were taken out into the frost at about 11 o'clock at night, compelled to dip their hands into a barrel of cold water and forced to stand with wet hands in the frost for a long time. Alternatively, some were taken out dressed, but with bare feet and compelled to stand at night in the frost during the coldest period of the year. When frostbite had developed, the subjects were taken to a room and forced to put their feet in water of 5 degrees Celsius, after which the temperature was gradually increased.”   Sergeant Major Kurakazu who was with Unit 731 later on in 1940 and taken prisoner by the Soviets in 1945 stated during the Khabarovsk trial , “I saw experiments performed on living people for the first time in December 1940. I was shown these experiments by researcher Yoshimura, a member of the 1st Division. These experiments were performed in the prison laboratory. When I walked into the prison laboratory, ve Chinese experimentees were sitting there; two of these Chinese had no fingers at all, their hands were black; in those of three others the bones were visible. They had fingers, but they were only bones. Yoshimura told me that this was the result of freezing experiments.”   According to Major Karasawa during the same trial Ishii became curious about using plague as a weapon of war and captured plague infected mice to test on subjects in the Zhong Ma Complex “Ishii told me that he had experimented with cholera and plague on the mounted bandits of Manchuria during 1933-1934 and discovered that the plague was effective.”   According to Lt General Endo Saburo's diary entry on November 16th of 1933, at the Zhong Ma complex “The second squad which was responsible for poison gas, liquid poison; and the First Squad which was responsible for electrical experiments. Two bandits were used by each squad for the experiments.  Phosgene gas—5-minute injection of gas into a brick-lined room; the subject was still alive one day aer inhalation of gas; critically ill with pneumonia.  Potassium cyanide—the subject was injected with 15 mg.; subject lost consciousness approximately 20 minutes later.  20,000 volts—several jolts were not enough to kill the subject; injection of poison required to kill the subject.  5000 volts—several jolts were not enough; aer several minutes of continuous current, subject was burned to death.”    The Togo Unit established a strict security system to keep its research highly confidential. Yet in 1934, 16 Chinese prisoners escaped, compromising the Zhong Ma location. One of the guards had gotten drunk and a prisoner named Li smashed a bottle over his head and stole his keys. He freed 15 other prisoners and of them 4 died of cold, hunger and other ailments incurred by the Togo unit. 12 managed to flee to the 3rd route army of the Northeast Anti Japanese united Army. Upon hearing the horrifying report, the 3rd route army attacked the Togo unit at Beiyinhe and within a year, the Zhong Ma complex was exploded.    After the destruction of the Zhong Ma complex, Ishii needed a better structure. The Togo unit had impressed their superior and received a large budget. Then on May 30th of 1936 Emperor Hirohito authorized the creation of Unit 731. Thus Ishii and his colleagues were no longer part of the Epidemic Prevention Institute of the Army Medical School, now they were officially under the Kwantung Army as the Central Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department. Their new HQ was located in Pingfan, closer to Harbin. Their initial budget was 3 million yen for the personnel, 200-300 thousand yen per autonomous unit and 6 million yen for experimentation and research. Thus their new annual budget was over 10 million yen.    Pingfan was evacuated by the Kwantung army. Hundreds of families were forced to move out and sell their land at cheap prices. To increase security this time, people required a special pass to enter Pingfan. Then the airspace over the area became off-limits, excluding IJA aircraft, all violators would be shot down. The new Pingfan complex was within a walled city with more than 70 buildings over a 6 km tract of land. The complex's huge size drew some international attention, and when asked what the structure was, the scientists replied it was a lumber mill. Rather grotesquely, prisoners would be referred to as “maruta” or “logs” to keep up the charade. Suzuki, a Japanese construction company back then, worked day and night to construct the complex.    Now many of you probably know a bit about Unit 731, but did you know it's one of countless units?  The Army's Noborito Laboratory was established (1937) The Central Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of the North China Army/ Unit 1855 was established (1938)  The Central Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of Central China/ Unit 1644 (1939)  Thee Guangzhou Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of South China Army/ Unit 8604 (1942)  The Central Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of the Southern Expeditionary Army/ Unit 9620 (1942).    There were countless others, detachments included Unit 1855 in Beijing, Unit Ei 1644 in Nanjing, Unit 8604 in Guangzhou, and later Unit 9420 in Singapore. All of these units comprised Ishii's network, which, at its height in 1939, oversaw over 10,000 personnel.   Victims were normally brought to Pingfan during the dead of night within crammed freight cars with number logs on top. They were brought into the building via a secret tunnel. According to a witness named Fang Shen Yu, technicians in white lab coats handled the victims who were tied in bags. The victims included anyone charge with a crime, could be anti-japanese activity, opium smoking, espionage, being a communist, homelessness, being mentally handicap, etc. Victims included chinese, Mongolians, Koreans, White Russians, Harbin's jewish population and any Europeans accused of espionage. During the Khabarovsk trial, Major Iijima Yoshia admitted to personally subjecting 40 Soviet citizens to human experimentation. Harbin's diversity provided great research data. Each prisoner was assigned a number starting with 101 and ending at 1500. Onec 1500 was reached, they began again at 101, making it nearly impossible to estimate the total number of victims. Since the complex had been labeled a lumber mill to the locals, most did not worry about it or were too afraid to do so. The prison's warden was Ishii's brother Mitsuo who made sure to keep it all a secret.    Ethics did not exist within Ishii's network of horrors. Everything was done efficiently in the name of science. Pingfang was equipped for disposing the evidence of their work in 3 large incinerators. As a former member who worked with the incinerators recalled “the bodies always burned up fast because all the organ were gone; the bodies were empty”. Human experimentation allowed the researchers their first chance to actually examine the organs of a living person at will to see the progress of a disease. Yeah you heard me right, living person, a lot of the vivisections were done on live people. As one former researcher explained "the results of the effects of infection cannot be obtained accurately once the person dies because putrefactive bacteria set in. Putrefactive bacteria are stronger than plague germs. So, for obtaining accurate results, it is important whether the subject is alive or not." Another former researcher said this “"As soon as the symptoms were observed, the prisoner was taken from his cell and into the dissection room. He was stripped and placed on the table, screaming, trying to fight back. He was strapped down, still screaming frightfully. One of the doctors stuffed a towel into his mouth, then with one quick slice of the scalpel he was opened up." Witnesses of some of these vivisections reported that victims usually let out a horrible scream when the initial cuts were made, but that the voice stops soon after. The researchers often removed the organ of interest, leaving others in the body and the victims usually died of blood loss or because of the removed organ. There are accounts of experiments benign carried out on mothers and children, because yes children were in fact born in the facilities. Many human specimens were placed in jars to be viewed by Tokyo's army medical college. Sometimes these jars were filled with limbs or organs but some giant ones had entire bodies.   Vivisection was conducted on human beings to observe how disease affected each organ once a human dies. According to testimony given by a technician named Ogawa Fukumatsu “I participated in vivisections. I did them every day. I cannot remember the amount of people dissected. At first, I refused to do it. But then, they would not allow me to eat because it was an order; gradually I changed.” Another technician Masakuni Kuri testified  “I did vivisection at the time. Experiments were conducted on a Chinese woman with syphilis. Because she was alive, the blood poured out like water from a tap.”   A report done by Shozo Kondo studied the effects of bubonic plague on humans. The number of subjects was 57 with age ranging from toddlers to 80 years old with mixed gender. The study used fleas carrying plague that were dispersed upon the local population in June of 1940 at Changchun. 7 plague victims were Japanese residents. The report stated the plague spread because of lack of immunity by the townspeople. Subjects' survival time ranged from 2-5 days, with only 3 surviving 12, 18 and 21 days. The subjects were infected with Glandular, Cutaneous or Septicemic plague, but most had the Glandular variety.     In addition to the central units of Pingfang were others set up in Beijing, Nanjing, Guangzhou and Singapore. The total number of personnel was 20,000. These satellite facilities all had their own unique horror stories. One was located in Anda, 100km from Pingfang where outdoor tests for plague, cholera and other pathogens were down. They would expose human subjects to biological bombs, typically by putting 10-40 people in the path of a biological bomb. A lot of the research was done to see the effective radius of the bombs, so victims were placed at different distances. At Xinjing was Unit 100 and its research was done against domesticated animals, horses particularly. Unit 100 was a bacteria factory producing glanders, anthrax and other pathogens. They often ran tests by mixing poisons with food and studied its effects on animals, but they also researched chemical warfare against crops. At Guangzhou was unit 8604 with its HQ at Zhongshan medical university. It is believed starvation tests ran there, such as the water test I mentioned. They also performed typhoid tests and bred rats to spread plague. Witness testimony from a Chinese volunteer states they often dissolved the bodies of victims in acid. In Beijing was Unit 1855 which was a combination of a prison and experiment center. They ran plague, cholera and typhus tests. Prisoners were forced to ingest mixtures of germs and some were vaccinated against the ailments. In Singapore after its capture in February of 1942 there was a secret laboratory. One Mr. Othman Wok gave testimony in the 1990s that when he was 17 years old he was employed to work at this secret lab. He states 7 Chinese, Indian and Malay boys worked in the lab, picking fleas from rats and placing them in containers. Some 40 rat catchers, would haul rats to the lab for the boys to do their work. The containers with fleas went to Japanese researchers and Othman says he saw rats being injected with plague pathogens. The fleas were transferred to kerosene cans which contained dried horse blood and an unidentified chemical left to breed for weeks. Once they had plague infected fleas in large quantity Othman said "A driver who drove the trucks which transported the fleas to the railway station said that these bottles of fleas were sent off to Thailand." If this is true, it gives evidence to claims Unit 731 had a branch in Thailand as well. Othman stated he never understood or knew what was really going on at the lab, but when he read in 1944 about biological attacks on Chongqing using fleas, he decided to leave the lab. Othman states the unit was called Unit 9240.  As you can imagine rats and insects played a large role in all of this. They harvested Manchuria rat population and enlisted schoolchildren to raise them. In the 1990s the Asahi Broadcasting company made a documentary titled “the mystery of the rats that went to the continent”. It involved a small group of high school children in Saitama prefecture asked local farmers if they knew anything about rat farming during the war years. Many stated everybody back then was raising rats, it was a major source of income. One family said they had rat cages piled up in a shed, each cage built to carry 6 rat, but they had no idea what the rats were being used for. Now hear this, after the war, the US military kept these same families in business. The US army unit 406 which was established in Tokyo to research viruses wink wink, would often drive out to these farms in their american jeeps collecting rats.  Getting fleas was a much tricker task. One method was taking older Chinese prisoners and quarantining them with clothes carrying flea or flea eggs and allowing them to live in isolated rooms to cultivate more fleas. These poor guys had to live in filth and not shave for weeks to produce around 100 fleas a day. Now Unit 731 dealt with numerous diseases such as Cholera.  Some experiments used dogs to spread cholera to villages. They would steal dogs from villages, feed them pork laced with cholera germs and return them to the villages. When the disease finished incubating the dogs would vomit and other dogs would come and eat the vomit spread it more and more. The dogs were also stricken with diarrhea and the feces spread it to other dogs as well. 20% of the people in villages hit by this died of the disease. Former army captain Kojima Takeo was a unit member involved in a Cholera campaign and added this testimony "We were told that we were going out on a cholera campaign, and we were all given inoculations against cholera ten days before starting out. Our objective was to infect all the people in the area. The disease had already developed before we got there, and as we moved into the village everyone scattered. The only ones left were those who were too sick to move. The number of people coming down with the disease kept increasing. Cholera produces a face like a skeleton, vomiting, and diarrhea. And the vomiting and defecating of the people lying sick brought flies swarming around. One after the other, people died." I've mentioned it a lot, Plague was a staple of Unit 731. The IJA wanted a disease that was fast and fatal, Cholera for instance took about 20 days, plague on the other hand starts killing in 3 days. Plague also has a very long history of use going back to the medieval times. It was one of the very first diseases Ishii focused on. In october of 1940 a plague attack was conducted against the Kaimingjie area in the port city of Ningbo. This was a joint operation with Unit 731 and the Nanjing based Unit 1644. During this operation plague germs were mixed with wheat, corn, cloth scraps and cotton and dropped from the air. More than 100 people died within a few days of the attack and the affected area was sealed off from the public until the 1960s.  Another horrifying test was the frostbite experiments. Army Engineer Hisato Yoshimura conducted these types of experiments by taking prisoners outside, dipping various appendages into water of varying temperatures and allowing the limbs to freeze. Once frozen, Yoshimura would strike their affected limbs with a short stick and in his words “they would emit a sound resembling that which a board gives when it is struck”. Ice was then chipping away with the affected area being subjected to various treatments, such as being doused in water, exposed to heat and so on. I have to mentioned here, that to my shock there is film of these specific frostbite experiments and one of our animators at Kings and Generals found it, I have seen a lot of things in my day, but seeing this was absolute nightmare fuel. If you have seen the movie or series Snowpiercer, they pretty much nail what it looked like.  Members of Unit 731 referred to Yoshimura as a “scientific devil” and a “cold blooded animal” because he would conduct his work with strictness. Naoji Uezono another member of Unit 731, described in a 1980s interview a disgusting scene where Yoshimura had "two naked men put in an area 40–50 degrees below zero and researchers filmed the whole process until [the subjects] died. [The subjects] suffered such agony they were digging their nails into each other's flesh". Yoshimuras lack of any remorse was evident in an article he wrote for the Journal of Japanese Physiology in 1950 where he admitted to using 20 children and 3 day old infant in experiments which exposed them to zero degree celsius ice and salt water. The article drew criticism and no shit, but Yoshimura denied any guilt when contacted by a reporter from the Mainichi Shimbun. Yoshimura developed a “resistance index of frostbite” based on the mean temperature of 5 - 30 minutes after immersion in freezing water, the temperature of the first rise after immersion and the time until the temperature first rises after immersion. In a number of separate experiments he determined how these parameters depended on the time of day a victim's body part was immersed in freezing water, the surrounding temperature and humidity during immersion, how the victim had been treated before the immersion ("after keeping awake for a night", "after hunger for 24 hours", "after hunger for 48 hours", "immediately after heavy meal", "immediately after hot meal", "immediately after muscular exercise", "immediately after cold bath", "immediately after hot bath"), what type of food the victim had been fed over the five days preceding the immersions with regard to dietary nutrient intake ("high protein (of animal nature)", "high protein (of vegetable nature)", "low protein intake", and "standard diet"), and salt intake. Members of Unit 731 also worked with Syphilis, where they orchestrated forced sex acts between infected and noninfected prisoners to transmit the disease. One testimony given by a prisoner guard was as follows “Infection of venereal disease by injection was abandoned, and the researchers started forcing the prisoners into sexual acts with each other. Four or five unit members, dressed in white laboratory clothing completely covering the body with only eyes and mouth visible, rest covered, handled the tests. A male and female, one infected with syphilis, would be brought together in a cell and forced into sex with each other. It was made clear that anyone resisting would be shot.” After victims were infected, they would be vivisected at differing stages of infection so that the internal and external organs could be observed as the disease progressed. Testimony from multiple guards blamed the female victims as being hosts of the diseases, even as they were forcibly infected. Genitals of female prisoners were infected with syphilis and the guards would call them “jam filled buns”. Even some children were born or grew up in the walls of Unit 731, infected with syphilis. One researcher recalled “one was a Chinese women holding an infant, one was a white russian woman with a daughter of 4 or 5 years of age, and the last was a white russian women with a boy of about 6 or 7”. The children of these women were tested in ways similar to the adults.  There was also of course rape and forced pregnancies as you could guess. Female prisoners were forced to become pregnant for use in experiments. The hypothetical possibility of transmission from mother to child of diseases, particularly syphilis was the rationale for the experiments. Fetal survival and damage to the womans reproductive organs were objects of interest. A large number of babies were born in captivity and there had been no accounts of any survivor of Unit 731, children included. It is suspected that the children of the female prisoners were killed after birth or aborted. One guard gave a testimony “One of the former researchers I located told me that one day he had a human experiment scheduled, but there was still time to kill. So he and another unit member took the keys to the cells and opened one that housed a Chinese woman. One of the unit members raped her; the other member took the keys and opened another cell. There was a Chinese woman in there who had been used in a frostbite experiment. She had several fingers missing and her bones were black, with gangrene set in. He was about to rape her anyway, then he saw that her sex organ was festering, with pus oozing to the surface. He gave up the idea, left and locked the door, then later went on to his experimental work.” In a testimony given on December 28 by witness Furuichi during the Khabarovsk Trial, he described how “a Russian woman was infected with syphilis to allow the scientists to and out how to prevent the spread of the disease.  Many babies were born to women who had been captured and become experimental subjects. Some women were kidnapped while pregnant; others became pregnant aer forced sex acts in the prisons, enabling researchers to study the transmission of venereal disease   Initially Unit 731 and Unit 100 were going to support Japan's Kantokuen plan. The Kantokuen plan an operation plan to be carried out by the Kwantung army to invade the USSR far east, capitalizing on the success of operation barbarossa. Unit 731 and 100 were to prepare bacteriological weapons to help the invasion. The plan was created by the IJA general staff and approved by Emperor Hirohito. It would have involved three-steps to isolate and destroy the Soviet Army and occupy the eastern soviet cities over the course of 6 months. It would have involved heavy use of chemical and biological weapons. The Japanese planned to spread disease using three methods; direct spraying from aircraft, bacteria bombs and saboteurs on the ground. This would have included plague, cholera, typhus and other diseases against troops, civilian populations, livestocks, crops and water supplies. The main targets were Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, Voroshilov, and Chita. If successful the Soviet Far East would be incorporated into Japan's greater east asia co-prosperity sphere. Within Kantokuen documents, Emperor Hirohtio instructed Ishii to increase production rate at the units, for those not convinced Hirohito was deeply involved in some of the worst actions of the war. Yet in the end both Emperor Hirohito and Hideki Tojo pulled their support for the invasion of the USSR and opted for the Nanshin-ron strategy instead.    On August 9th of 1945 the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and invaded Manchuria. In response, the Japanese government ordered all research facilities in Manchuria to be destroyed and to erase all incriminating materials. A skeleton crew began the liquidation of unit 731 on August 9th or 10th, while the rest of the unit evacuated. All test subjects were killed and cremated so no remains would be found. The design of the facilities however, made them hard to destroy via bombing, several parts of the buildings left standing when the Soviets arrived. While most of the unit's staff managed to escape, including Ishii, some were captured by the soviets. Some of these prisoners told the Soviets about the atrocities committed at Pingfang and Changchun. At first the claims seemed so outrageous, the Soviets sent their own Biological Weapons specialists to examine the ruins of Ping Fang. After a thorough investigation, the Soviet experts confirmed the experiments had been done there. The real soviet investigation into the secrets of Unit 731 and 100 began in early 1946, thus information was not readily available during the Tokyo Tribunal. Both the Americans and SOviets had collected evidence during the war that indicated the Japanese were in possession of bacteriological weapons though. Amongst the 600,000 Japanese prisoners of war in the USSR, Major General Kiyoshi Kawashima and Major Tomoio Karasawa would become essential to uncovering the Japanese bacteriological warfare secrets and opening the path to hold the Khabarovsk trial. The Soviets and Americans spent quite a few years performing investigations, many of which led to no arrests. The major reason for this was similar to Operation Paperclip. For those unaware, paperclip was a American secret intelligence program where 1600 German scientists were taken after the war and employed, many of whom were nazi party officials. The most famous of course was Wernher von Braun. When the Americans looked into the Japanese bacteriological work, they were surprised to find the Japanese were ahead of them in some specific areas, notably ones involving human experimentation. General Charles Willoughby of G-2 american intelligence called to attention that all the data extracted from live human testing was out of the reach of the USA. By the end of 1947, with the CCP looking like they might defeat Chiang Kai-Shek and the Soviet Union proving to be their new enemy, the US sought to form an alliance with Japan, and this included their Bacteriological specialists. From October to December, Drs Edwin Hill and Joseph Victor from Camp Detrick were sent to Tokyo to gather information from Ishii and his colleagues. Their final conclusion laid out the importance of continuing to learn from the Japanese teams, and grant them immunity. The British were also receiving some reports from the Americans about the Japanese Bacteriological research and human experimentation. The British agreed with the Americans that the information was invaluable due to the live human beings used in the tests. The UK and US formed some arrangements to retain the information and keep it secret. By late 1948 the Tokyo War Crimes Trial was coming to an end as the cold war tension was heating up in Korea, pushing the US more and more to want to retain the information and keep it all under wraps.  With formal acceptance, final steps were undertaken, much of which was overseen by General Douglas MacArthur. On May 6, 1947, Douglas MacArthur wrote to Washington that "additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as 'War Crimes' evidence.” Ishii and his colleagues received full immunity from the Tokyo War Crimes Trial. Ishii was hired by the US government to lecture American officers at Fort Detrick on bioweapons and the findings made by Unit 731. During the Korean War Ishii reportedly traveled to Korea to take part in alleged American biological warfare activities. On February 22nd of 1952, Ishiiwas explicitly named in a statement made by the North Korean FOreign Minister, claiming he along with other "Japanese bacteriological war criminals had been involved in systematically spreading large quantities of bacteria-carrying insects by aircraft in order to disseminate contagious diseases over our frontline positions and our rear". Ishii would eventually return to Japan, where he opened a clinic, performing examinations and treatments for free. He would die from laryngeal cancer in 1959 and according to his daughter became a Roman Catholic shortly before his death.  According to an investigation by The Guardian, after the war, former members of Unit 731 conducted human experiments on Japanese prisoners, babies, and mental patients under the guise of vaccine development, with covert funding from the U.S. government. Masami Kitaoka, a graduate of Unit 1644, continued performing experiments on unwilling Japanese subjects from 1947 to 1956 while working at Japan's National Institute of Health Sciences. He infected prisoners with rickettsia and mentally ill patients with typhus. Shiro Ishii, the chief of the unit, was granted immunity from prosecution for war crimes by American occupation authorities in exchange for providing them with human experimentation research materials. From 1948 to 1958, less than five percent of these documents were transferred to microfilm and stored in the U.S. National Archives before being shipped back to Japan.

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At some stage you will probably need help from a Justice of the Peace. It may be to prove your identity, to make an insurance claim or to certify copies of your legal documents in your language. JPs are trained volunteers who play a crucial role in the community by helping maintain the integrity of our legal system. So what exactly does a JP do and where can we find one when we need their services? - Sẽ có lúc bạn cần đến sự giúp đỡ của một Công chứng viên (Justice of the Peace – JP). Có thể đó là khi bạn cần xác minh danh tính, làm đơn bảo hiểm, hoặc chứng thực bản sao các giấy tờ pháp lý bằng ngôn ngữ của mình. Công chứng viên là những tình nguyện viên đã qua đào tạo, đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc giữ gìn sự minh bạch của hệ thống pháp luật. Vậy chính xác một JP làm gì và bạn có thể tìm thấy họ ở đâu khi cần?

Money management is a key thing but after you do simple money management my rookie lesson on taking up a notch haha. not a spectator but a player

TPCCafe Radio Presents Classic Sci-Fi, X-Minus One: C-Chute.  Broadcast 1956-02-08

In this episode, Meagan and Julie tackle hot topics like the VBAC calculator, epidurals, and uterine rupture. What does the evidence actually say? And why do providers give such drastically different statistics from one practice to the next? When you know the facts, you are equipped to take charge of your VBAC journey!VBAC CalculatorACOG: Deciding Between a VBAC and a Repeat CesareanVBAC Calculator Online LibraryEpidural Side EffectsVBA2C PubMed ArticleEvidence Based BirthⓇ: The Evidence on VBACUterine RuptureHow to VBAC: The Ultimate Prep Course for ParentsFull Transcript under Episode Details Julie: Welcome, welcome. You are listening to The VBAC Link Podcast, and guess what? We have a special guest for you today, and that is me. It's Julie Francom. I am here today with Meagan, and I am joining her for a really cool information-packed episode debunking some common misunderstandings about VBAC and showing you what the evidence is and where you can find more evidence-based information about VBAC. Without further ado, your host, Meagan. How was that?Meagan: Oh my gosh. Thanks Julie for the amazing welcome. Oh, so fun. It's so fun. Yes. I am so excited for this episode because it's one of the last episodes with you and I. No, it's not one of the last episodes. It is the last episode of you and I of the year which is so crazy. It is so crazy. Julie: This year has flown. Time is wild. Time is wild. Meagan: It's so strange to me, but that's okay. We will welcome in 2025, and we will say goodbye to 2024. We want to say goodbye to it with, like she said just a really great evidence-based packed episode for you guys.I feel like all year we have gotten messages like, “I had a C-section. I'm being told I can't ever have a vaginal birth. Is this true? Is VBAC safe or possible?”We've had, “I've had one and two C-sections. I've had three C-sections. Is VBAC possible? My provider gave me a 20% chance to VBAC. Is that true? Can I VBAC? Do I really have that low of a chance?”How about this one? This one was more recent that I've heard from our last recording. “You have a 60% chance of uterine rupture if you choose to VBAC.” Ugh. Seriously, so many things that we have heard along the way where it's just–Julie: Lies, lies, lies, lies. It's lies. Let's just call it what it is. Meagan: Aggravating. Julie: For the most part, I do not think providers mean to spread lies or misinformation. I do think that there is a lot of information related to birth in general, but especially VBAC about how this is the way we've always done it. They are just regurgitating information that they have heard from some unreliable source somewhere and aren't really taking the time to keep up with the actual facts about VBAC, about birth, and about anything in general. Also, our system is not set up for continuing educating all of the providers in all of the things. Our hospital providers, I feel like in some capacity we have to give them some grace because they are incredibly overworked. They work crazy hours. They see lots of things and deal with a lot. The medical system is that way. But I also feel like who's responsibility is it to make sure that you are providing the best care? But how can you when the system is working against not only the parents but also the providers and the nurses and everybody. It's really hard because it puts the responsibility on you, the parent, in order to really dig and discover what your options are so that you can make the right choices that benefit you because the system is not set up to support you in any other way besides their hospital policies and following their rules, etc. So, yeah. I don't want this to turn into a provider-bashing episode. I don't think it will either. Sometimes, I think with me talking especially with me being more salty now, it can come across that we are anti-provider or whatever which we are not, but the system is just really frustrating. It takes everybody's efforts to try and change it, everybody's efforts. Not one part of the system can be passive if we want to change it and we want to influence it for better.Meagan: I agree so much. Like you said, we don't want to ever shame the hospital system or providers, but a lot of times, the things we are saying definitely does happen. But it's because there is a lot of fault. There is a lot of fault in these areas. Like you were saying, a lot of these things are lies. The biggest and hardest thing that I found when I was going through my VBAC journey. Julie, I wanted to speak for you and probably say that is the same for you, and that's why we created The VBAC Link: How to Prep VBAC Course is because we didn't know what was right and what wasn't. We just didn't know, and there were so many avenues on Google that you could go down, and you could actually find truth on both sides sometimes even. Julie: And trying to figure out which is true and credible and which is not sometimes is really tricky.Meagan: It's really, really tricky. We want to talk more about that today. We recently talked about hospital policies and what that means and how to go about those, but along with hospital policies come a lot of other things that providers do or suggest or say, so we've got this random policy that was created over here, then we've got all of these random things that are being said over here. We want to know our options. We know hospital policies are what they are. If you haven't listened to the episode, go listen. It's back in November, last month. Go look for it. But today, we are going to be talking about what is the evidence. What are the facts?Let's talk about the VBAC calculator. Let's just start right there because this is where a lot of providers actually begin to determine someone's ability or qualifications if they can VBAC. They'll pull out this list, this calculator, that is online. You can actually get it online. If you want to play around with it, I'll try and make sure to put the link in our show notes because I actually find it very interesting to play around with. We used to do that when we would do in-person courses. We would have everyone pull out their phones, type in the calculator, and type in different scenarios. It was pretty mind-blowing to see how much it could change based off of the answer that you give this computer. You want a VBAC. You have determined that a VBAC is something you want to explore. You want to learn what you can do to have a VBAC. You go to your provider and you go, “Hey, I've had a C-section. I don't want that experience this time. I want a different experience. I would like to have a VBAC,” or what they would call a TOLAC, a trial of labor after a Cesarean. And they're like, “Great. That's wonderful.” Then they're like, “Let's talk about it.” They pull up their calculator and they ask you questions like what, Julie?Julie: They ask you questions like, hold on. I was just digging into the history of the VBAC calculator a little bit more because I was curious about it. They ask you what was the reason for your previous Cesarean? How much do you weigh? It used to ask what your ethnicity was then they docked you if you were black or Hispanic. It also asks, let's see. Meagan: It asks if there was an arrest of descent. Arrest of descent is if you needed a Cesarean because your baby didn't come down. It asks about your history as in have you had a vaginal birth before? Have you had a VBAC? What was the reason for your previous Cesarean? It even asks if you've been treated for hypertension. Interesting. Julie: Interesting. Meagan: Yeah. So height, weight–Julie: Oh, because the chronic hypertension requiring treatment is what replaced the race. When they replaced the race question with do you have chronic hypertension requiring treatment? It may serve as an obvious proxy for race and appears to function similarly in the revised calculator in terms of statistical performance. Meagan: Oh my gosh. Yeah, it says that right on the website. “The information on this website describes the outcome of vaginal birth after Cesarean in term pregnancy for population individuals who receive care at hospitals within (blah, blah, blah) network.” It says, “The information on this website is not intended to be the only basis for making care decisions for individuals nor is it intended to be definitive,” meaning it's not going to be yes, you have to have this or this is the exact chance of you having a VBAC, but yet we have so many providers who go off of this as in point-blank fact.Julie: Like it's the law and like it's a crystal ball. Meagan: Really though. It's so frustrating. Sorry, what were you going to say before?Julie: I just sent you this link from what I was digging into. It's so interesting about the VBAC calculator. It's interesting because first of all, a couple things. The likelihood of the VBAC calculator being accurate for you, the higher percentage of having a successful VBAC, the more likely it's going to be. It's more accurate when the predicted success rates are above 60%. The lower success rate, the more likelihood it is to be inaccurate. Do you know what that tells me? That tells me that most people who attempt a VBAC are going to be successful. That's what that tells me. It's just so stupid because I mean, the development of the calculator was in the early 2000s. From the outside, it actually looks like a good sample size. There were 11,856 people with one prior Cesarean between 1999 and 2002. It was analyzed whether they had a successful VBAC or an unplanned repeat Cesarean. It was analyzed retrospectively. Retrospectively means they looked back on births. It doesn't mean that they did the study when people were pregnant. They looked at it after it had already been done. I like retrospective studies because there's a lot. It really removes the chance for bias related to the study. The interesting thing is that the risk factors that they chose were related to BMI, if you're overweight, age, history of prior vaginal deliveries– so did you have a prior vaginal birth or not– if the prior Cesarean was because of labor dystocia, so that's stalled labor, or your race– black or Hispanic ethnicity. They used these criteria to determine whether or not you were going to be successful in having a VBAC. Here's the stupid thing about this. What it doesn't take into account is the bias in our system against people of color and against people who are overweight. It does not take into account the bias and the different ways people who are overweight and people who are not white are treated in the system. I mean, there are just so many flaws against it as well, but also, I don't know. It says here– sorry. Before I get to my also. It says here– first of all, there are only 19 academic hospitals that were included, so I feel like the sample size of 19 academic hospitals, so university hospitals, and it's between 1999 and 2002. Also, there was a lot of backlash from all of the controversies surrounding uterine rupture in the mid-1990s from that carrying over into that as well. If you didn't know this, they started inducing VBACs with Cytotec in the mid-1990s. It increased the risk of uterine rupture like crazy. I'm not going to do a history lesson right now, but this was only 4 years after all of that. There was probably still a lot of fear and everything related to uterine rupture and everything during all of the time that they were collecting this data. Sorry, I'm probably really nerding out right now. But the thing is that when the predicted success rate was over 60%, it tended to be more inaccurate when it was less than 60%. Accuracy of lower estimates was mixed but generally decreased as predicted success rates declined. I said this before and I'll say it again. My first client ever as a doula had a predicted success rate of 4%, like the number 1-2-3-4. You count to 4. That was her predicted success rate, and she pushed her baby out in 20 minutes. So, I think the VBAC calculator is garbage.  Also, ACOG says in their most recent guideline, actually for the most couple VBAC bulletins that they have put out, is that a low chance of success is not a good reason to exclude somebody from attempting to have a VBAC. But yet, there are so many providers who will not take you if your predicted chance of success is less than 60%. But what did we just say? We just said that if your predicted success rate is less than 60%, it's less likely to be accurate. Isn't that stupid?Meagan: Yes. The other thing I have noticed from providers who do the VBAC calculator is that not only if they say your chances are lower, if they are doing it and it is lower than 50-60%, they automatically go in their mind and they're like, “Oh, she has a lower chance.” They may start being tolerant, but I think it's something to watch out for. If your provider is pulling out this calculator and putting too much weight on the calculator, it might be something to watch out for and understand that there may be a bait and switch coming up or that provider may not end up feeling comfortable with you being able to VBAC or TOLAC. We've talked about this with other providers where they say they are uncomfortable. That is a really good time to say, “You are not comfortable with this. I am comfortable with this. We are not a good match.” Julie: Yes. Don't let your provider dictate how your birth goes. I love that you brought that up, Meagan, because I'm in a member of a Facebook group for labor and delivery nurses. There are 12,000 labor and delivery nurses in there. I'm mostly quiet. I mostly watch because I like to see the climate of the profession and the attitudes around VBAC, birth photography, doulas, etc. There was a post actually this morning in there. The nurse asked, “What is your hospital's protocol around vaginal breech deliveries?” I was like, “Oh, this is going to be good.” I went through the comments, and I was stalking the comments because I know that having a vaginal breech delivery in a hospital is a freaking unicorn. It's a unicorn. You don't usually see it. It was interesting to see the labor and delivery nurses' comments. One of them stuck out to me. I almost commented back, but I pulled myself back. I was like, “This is for labor and delivery nurses. I don't want to stir the pot. I'll stir this pot in other places, but I don't want to stir the pot in this community most of the time.” One of the nurses said that vaginal breech delivery carries risks, and it is up to the provider and patient to decide what risks are safest and what risks to assume. I rolled my eyes at that because it should be like that. It should be the provider AND the patient together to decide the risk, but how often is it the provider only who decides the risks that these patients are going to take on? No. It's not the patient and the provider. It's the provider deciding. It's the provider deciding. Nowhere in the normal, typical, standard conversation does it include providers and patients making decisions. Not real ones. Not when they disagree. Not when they want a little flexibility or not when they want to go against hospital policy, right? Meagan: Yeah. Julie: I mean, there are sometimes, but it's really rare. Meagan: This comment reminds me of the many scenarios that I see or hear within my own clients here in Utah of, “Hi, I really want a VBAC. I met with my provider, and they said they would let me do.” It reminds me of the “let me”. This provider looked at me, read my history, and said that this is what I can and cannot do. This is what they let me do. Julie: Or they led me to the calculator.Meagan: Yeah. We're losing that conversation. Women of Strength, I encourage you to go forward and have conversation with your providers, especially if you are getting this kickback and especially if you are not being told the risks for both VBAC and repeat Cesarean, and you're just being told, “Oh, you have a 46% chance of VBAC based off of this calculator, so I'll let you try, but don't count on it.” Seriously? If I hear anymore providers, ugh. It's so frustrating.Julie: They're doing you a favor. “We'll let you try. Okay, you can try.” Or they say, “But you have to go into labor by 40 weeks or we'll schedule a C-section, but we won't induce you.” Come on. Come on. They're trying to be this savior. We'll let you try, but…Meagan: Don't stand for that unless that's what you're okay with. I can't tell you, “No. You can't see anybody like that.” That's not my place, but I will say that if you're having a provider in the very beginning pull out this calculator telling you that they'll let you try, but the chances are low, your pelvis hasn't done it before, don't know if it will do it again, your cervix didn't dilated to 10, these are problems. These are red flags.  Okay, so the VBAC calculator, we talked about it. We talked about the stats. We talked about our rant. Now, let's talk about uterine rupture. This is a big one that I feel like hovers. It's that dark cloud. Julie: The elephant in the room. Meagan: Yeah. It hovers over people and their fear. I see it daily within our community. “I really want a VBAC. A different experience is so important to me, but in the end, I'm so scared. I'm so scared of uterine rupture.” Valid. I just want to validate your fears right now. It's okay that you feel scared. It's valid that you feel nervous about it. Julie: Mhmm. Meagan: It's also understandable that you may feel extra nervous about it because the outside world talks so poorly about it. Julie: Mhmm. Meagan: They make it sound scary. It is scary. Julie: It can be, yeah, when it happens. It is. Meagan: When it happens, it can be, but the chances are actually quite low, you guys. We want to talk a little bit about it. I know we've talked about it in the past, but I feel like you can't talk about uterine rupture enough. Julie: Yeah, it keeps coming up, so we'll keep talking about it. Meagan: It keeps coming up. It keeps coming up.Okay, so let's talk about one C-section. You've had one C-section. Your baby didn't come down. You pushed for 2 hours. You had a C-section. You dilated to a 5. You didn't progress. They did all of the interventions. You had a C-section. You got an epidural. Your blood pressure dropped. Your baby didn't do very well. Decelerations. You had a C-section. There are lots of scenarios of why we have C-sections. One C-section– Julie, let's talk about the evidence of uterine rupture after one C-section.Julie: So here's the thing. There are multiple studies out examining uterine rupture and things like that. It's interesting because I feel like it does vary. There are some studies with very small sample studies that have 0% uterine ruptures in their studies, and there are some studies that show higher rates. Now, what I have found as I have been digging is that the studies that are the most credible and most reliable will usually have a rate of rupture between 0.2%-0.9%. I feel like if you have anybody telling you that your chance of rupture is half of 1% or you have a 1% chance of rupture or that the chance of uterine rupture is less than 1% or 1 in 200 or 1 in 100, all of those, I feel like, are pretty accurate representations of what the actual risk of rupture is. Now, there are lots of things that contribute to that of course, but I feel like if you ever have a provider tell you, “Oh, it's about 1%”, that's pretty cool. Meagan: Yeah. Yeah. That's pretty reliable to know that they are within–Julie: Within range.Meagan: They are looking at some study that is within accurate range. Julie: Or I think 0.4%. One of the bigger studies that we cite in our course is 0.4% or 1 in 250. Those are all that for me, personally, I would feel that yeah, you are presenting the data pretty accurately. Yeah. I feel like you're trying to lead this a certain direction.Meagan: No, I'm not. That's exactly something I wanted to talk about is how it can range. You may see something that's 0.2% and you may see something that's 0.47, and you may see something that's 0.7, so I love that you pointed that out. Julie: Yeah. I think that's why the more I go on, I used to say 0.4% or half of a percent whenever somebody would ask me, “What's the rate of uterine rupture?” Those are the numbers I would go to, but now, I feel like it's a little more fluid, and I feel like there's more nuance to that. Meagan: Yeah. I usually say around 1%. What about people who are wanting to VBAC after two C-sections? Because this is another big ask, then it gets even stickier.Julie: So sticky. Meagan: And when we talk about 3+. The evidence after two C-sections– again, everyone has different reasons, but I was told slightly over 1%. Julie: Right.Meagan: 0.7% to 1.1-1.4%. Julie: Well, here's the thing, too. There are not a lot of studies about VBAC after two Cesareans. There's just not, but there are two large studies in the ACOG VBAC bulletin that ACOG cites, and it actually says that– I'm actually going to quote the guideline right now. It says, “Women who have had two previous low transverse Cesarean deliveries should be considered for a trial of labor after Cesarean (TOLAC). However, other factors should also be considered to determine the likelihood of successful VBAC.”Now, here's the thing. It cites two studies in their bulletin as far as risk of uterine rupture. One study that they cite shows that there is not increased chance of uterine rupture from one to two Cesareans. There is one that shows no statistical differences. Now, the other study that they reference shows double the risk of rupture. So, what? 0.5% to 1%? I think it was 1.2% is what the ACOG bulletin says. I'm not sure. I don't have the actual bulletin pulled up right here in front of my face except for that. Meagan: This is another thing where it depends on what you're reading. Some of them are 0.1-1.5% or 1-1.5% and that's even on the higher end of the chances. Julie: Right. The interesting is that ACOG even says that, yet people are going to go say double and triple, or whatever. They're going to make up all of these crazy statistics. Now, gosh dangit. I literally had that guideline. Do you have it open?Meagan: No. The ACOG? No. I don't.Julie: I'm going to find it exactly because we've been called out for this. We literally quoted the exact phrase from ACOG and got thrown under the bus for spewing misinformation when it was literally a quote from ACOG, but whatever. Meagan: While you are finding that, there is an article showing vaginal birth after two Cesareans There was a systemic review and a meta analysis of the rate of adverse outcomes in a VBAC after two. It talks about how the VBAC after two success rate was around 71.1% and the uterine rupture rate was 1.63%, so that is within this. We will have all of these here. If we are quoting something, we're going to make sure that we have it here in the show notes. Please, please, please make sure to go down and check it out. You're going to want more information. We don't have all the time to go over all of these, but I think these are such great reads.  Sorry, have you already found it?Julie: Yep. Meagan: Okay, go ahead. Julie: Excuse me while I clear my throat and crack my knuckles. I'm ready. Let's go. Oh, do you know what? This is actually a pdf from an actual publication, so it's not going to be the exact page that I said. There is a whole section called, “More than one previous Cesarean delivery”. Now, what it says about the studies, I'm going to quote it exactly. “Two large studies with sufficient size to control for confounding variables reported on the risks for women with two previous Cesarean deliveries undergoing TOLAC. One study found no increased risk of rupture, 0.9% versus 0.7% in women with one versus multiple prior Cesarean deliveries whereas the other noted a risk of uterine rupture that increased from 0.9% to 1.8% in women with one versus two prior Cesarean deliveries. “Both studies reported some increased risk in morbidity in women with more than one prior Cesarean delivery, although the absolute magnitude of the difference in those risks was small.”Meagan: Mmm, send me the link so I can put the exact link in the show notes so everybody can go read more.Julie: Yeah. Yep. It also says, “The likelihood additionally retrospective–”. Remember, retrospective is looking back on data that already exists. “Retrospective cohort data has suggested that the likelihood of achieving VBAC appears to be similar for women with one previous Cesarean delivery and women with more than one previous Cesarean delivery. Given the overall data, it is reasonable to consider women with two previous low transverse Cesarean delivers to be candidates for TOLAC, and to counsel them based on the combination of other factors that affect their probability of achieving successful VBAC.” Meagan: Hey, see? They're even saying that it's reasonable. Here we are. It's reasonable. But then, there are so many people who are like, “Nope. Out of the question. It is not acceptable. We will not support VBAC after two C-sections.” Julie: Actually, I don't think you are supposed to publish this. You might not be able to distribute it. Meagan: Oh. Julie: Because you just do a search on the dark web for ACOG VBAC bulletin 205 pdf and it will pull up. I promise. Meagan: Okay. There you go, everybody.Julie: I just don't want you to do anything illegal. Meagan: Yeah. Get on a search. Get on a search. I do want to talk when it comes to three. When it comes to three, the hardest part for me with three C-sections being shut down is that the evidence is still not there. The concrete evidence is not being studied that much. Julie: Mhmm. Even the studies that do exist, they don't have super large sample sizes. They are very old. They are 20+ years old, so that's the best data that we have to use. Sometimes those studies are just automatically disqualified because of their age, their smaller sample sizes, and things like that so it's hard to make any definitive statements about its safety or risks. Meagan: Yeah. Then there is evidence with induction. Increasing around 1.1% if you use Pitocin. A lot of people say, “We can't use Pitocin. It increases it astronomically.” I mean, to some, 1.1% and having that be their rupture rate, that may make sense, but for a lot of people, 1.1% is still quite low. I did just want to throw it out there that the risk of uterine rupture is not dismissed because you schedule a C-section. It's not. Julie: That's true. In fact, you are more likely to undergo a uterine rupture during the Cesarean than you are by attempting a VBAC. Meagan: You are? I thought it was 0.06. Julie: No, it's in our course. I have the charts from the National Institute of Health. Because of the pressure during the surgical procedure, your uterus is more likely to rupture. Now, granted, it's probably “safer” to have a uterine rupture on the operating room table because baby is already coming out, but there is data that shows it. I'm pretty sure there are graphs and charts in there from the National Institute of Health. Meagan: Yeah. I'm going to go find it. I was reading about it. It was 0.02%. It's just really important to know that it's not just eliminated. Your risk is not just eliminated. Okay, let's talk about– and anything else you want to talk about with that?Julie: Mm-mmm. Meagan: Let's talk about epidurals and the risk that we have with that. Julie: Not ugh about epidurals. That sound was not about epidurals in general. It's about how I know where you're going with this. Sorry. Meagan: No, it's okay. I just want to talk about the risk with epidurals because a lot of people don't know that some of the things that happen after epidurals can be placed or things to do before if you're planning to get an epidural like hydrating and making sure that we're good there. I want to talk a little bit about epidurals. Epidurals can do a few things. They can lower our blood pressure. That's one of the most common that I have seen right out of the gate. But it's given, and the blood pressure drops. Mom's blood pressure drops. Baby's heart stops responding. Julie: Baby's heart rate drops a little bit too.Meagan: Yeah. In fact 13 out of 100 women have epidurals cause low blood pressure. Epidurals can also increase infections. Now, yes. Infections are in our back and stuff, but I'm actually talking about vaginally because I feel like the vagina is an open door. Once an epidural is placed–Julie: Then you have the catheter too. That will give UTIs. Meagan: Yep. Yes. We've got a catheter, then it's like, “Oh, I can check you. You can't feel that.” We keep introducing bacteria. Julie: More cervical checks. Meagan: Yes. Julie: Increased infection.Meagan: Yes. It also can cause problems urinating because we've got this catheter. It can sometimes be placed for hours and hours.Julie: Yeah. 24 hours sometimes depending on how long you're in labor.Meagan: Yes. Approximately 18 out of 100 women will have urinary issues because of cather and things like that. It's kind of interesting. Epidurals can also cause itching. Is there morphine in epidural? I think that's why.Julie: Fentanyl.Meagan: Okay. It wears off, and it can cause itching. It can cause you to go so numb that you're unable to move and groove. Julie: These are small risks. They are small risks. It's okay to have an epidural. Don't be scared out of having one if that's what you want. You can still have a VBAC with an epidural.Meagan: I want to talk about that. I'm still going over these risks. Going into what you were saying, there's an article that I'm reading right now. It says that 75 out of 100 women who had an epidural and they were very satisfied with the pain relief that they received. 75 out of 100 is really great. That's really great. It says, “50 out of 100 women who were very satisfied with the pain relief.”Of opioids, sorry. It says, “Compared to 50 out of 100 women who were very satisfied with pain from opioids.” There are risks to epidurals, but there's also a lot of great things that come with epidurals because we can be more present and have less trauma. It comes to a point sometimes where labor– we talk about pain versus suffering, and if you're suffering, that's not usually going to lead to a positive experience.But, let's talk about the just-in-case epidurals. We have talked about this before. Julie: That's what my sound was for.Meagan: I had a feeling. The just-in-case epidurals are frustrating. We've talked about them before. It just doesn't make sense to me. It doesn't make sense. One of these days, I would like someone to sit down and try to make this make sense. It doesn't make sense to me. Is there anything else you would want to share?Julie: Just-in-case epidurals. I just want to do the math on it though. Just-in-case epidurals don't make sense. It's not logical. The idea is that a lot of hospitals will have a requirement that you have to have an epidural placed but not turned on. If you don't want to have it turned on, you don't have to have it turned on, but you have to have it placed just in case of a uterine rupture so they can give you an epidural quickly and go get the baby out without having to put you under general anesthesia because general anesthesia is riskier. That is true. The problem with that is that in order for an epidural to be dosed to surgical strength, it takes 15-20 minutes to be dosed to surgical strength even if it is turned on already. If you have a catastrophic uterine rupture where baby needs to be out in minutes, 15-20 minutes is not going to do it. You're going to be put under general anesthesia anyways. Even if you have an epidural, and baby needs to be out in seconds or minutes, then you will be put under general anesthesia. If there is time to wait, there is time to do a spinal block in the OR. It takes effect in 5 minutes, and boom. You don't have to be put under general anesthesia. So the math isn't mathing there whenever they do that.I've had clients ask when they say, “Hey, just-in-case epidural,” and my clients will be like, “Even if I have the epidural turned on and need the baby out immediately, how much time would it take to get to surgical strength or would I have to be put under general anesthesia anyways?” They'd be like, “Well, we'd probably have to put you under general anesthesia if it's a true emergency.” Every time you ask somebody, the math doesn't math. You can't explain it. Anyways, that is my two cents about that. I think that is the most nonsense VBAC policy ever because you can't make it make sense. It is not even make it make sense. You have people say that about everything nowadays. Make it make sense, but this one literally doesn't make sense.Meagan: Yeah. It's a tricky one. It's a really tricky one. There are risks to getting an epidural, but don't be scared of getting an epidural. It's still okay. It's still okay. Just know, if you are getting an epidural, do things like hydrate. Wait as long as you can. Make sure you go to the bathroom. Eat before. Get your blood sugar up. I'm trying to think of all of the other things. Don't think that just because you get an epidural, you have to get cervical exams anytime they want. Julie: Yeah. Meagan: Yeah. Yeah. It's okay to turn your epidural down if you decide it's too heavy. Julie: There are also some providers who will tell you that you can't have an epidural with a VBAC because then how will they know if you have a uterine rupture? Anyway, the hospital policies that we see are just so different. They change and they are so drastically different even from one hospital to the next in the same area. Anyways. Meagan: Okay. Anything else that you want to cover or think that we should cover? Julie: No. Is there anything else pressing? I feel like we intended to cover more things, but we just keep chatting about it, but that's okay because there are some good stuff in this episode. Meagan: No, I think it's great. So if you guys have any questions or if you have any studies that you have found that contradict anything that we are saying, share it. Julie: Yeah. Send it over. Meagan: I would always love to read it. There are times where we miss updates studies or there are studies that we haven't seen, so please, if you have a study that either contradicts or goes along or says something slightly different, share it with us. You can email us at info@thevbaclink.com.ClosingWould you like to be a guest on the podcast? Tell us about your experience at thevbaclink.com/share. For more information on all things VBAC including online and in-person VBAC classes, The VBAC Link blog, and Meagan's bio, head over to thevbaclink.com. Congratulations on starting your journey of learning and discovery with The VBAC Link.Support this podcast at — https://redcircle.com/the-vbac-link/donationsAdvertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brands

Welcome to today's Guided Listening Session with Jeff Antoniuk. This podcast was originally released on April 29th, 2022, on the Jeff Antoniuk - Educator YouTube channel. Please subscribe to the YouTube channel and feel free to enjoy the video version as well.FOR ALL INSTRUMENTS!Today, in Episode #7, Jeff asks; what is the difference between composing a song and arranging it? And what is orchestration, which comes first, and who cares? Well, all questions will be answered here as Jeff leads us through a composition of his for big band, the song "Borrowed Time." The world famous One C'Clock Lab Band from the University of North Texas is playing this tune, and Jeff walks us through what it took to bring this song to life for 20 world class players. From the UNT album Lab '92Mentioned in this podcast:• www.JazzWire.net - Since we announced JazzWire back in 2017, it has become an incredible Community of hundreds of adult musicians from over 25 different countries around the world. If you are looking for a plan for your practice, regular insights and wisdom on playing jazz, and a huge COMMUNITY of jazz players from around the world, this is the place for you! • JazzWire Free Trial - All of the new Guided Listening videos are accompanied with 3 week long lessons on JazzWire. Please write us, JandJonJazz@gmail.com if you're interested in checking out JazzWire behind the paywall! Amazing practice ideas, every week, for free. What's not to love!?

11/11/24 4PM: (A)ccept Nothing, (B)elieve No one, (C)heck Everything full 2796 Tue, 12 Nov 2024 00:00:56 +0000 O2kitcNM7vvQ8E25LAWn1fSG7W7MWEOA Truth In The Afternoon with Dr. Ken Harris 11/11/24 4PM: (A)ccept Nothing, (B)elieve No one, (C)heck Everything Truth In The Afternoon with Dr. Ken Harris, airing weekdays from 4p-6p on 101.7 The Truth. 2021, Good Karma Brands, LLC False https://player.amperwave

Many clinicians experience a sense of helplessness around effectively managing calls from loved ones of an individual living with a mental illness who is not willing to engage in treatment.  There is frequently an impression that little can be done until the affected individual wants to change.  Dr. Alec Pollard joins us for a discussion of he and his co-authors new book "When a Loved One Won't Seek Mental Health Treatment".  In this conversation we cover:    why Dr. Pollard and co-authors wanted to write this bookthe challenge for clinicians in fielding calls from loved ones seeking treatment for a loved one who is not motivated to engage in changewhere traditional approaches to a treatment avoidant loved one have fallen shortoperationally defining "treatment avoidance" through a lens of non-blameteasing apart the impact of symptoms vs. treatment avoidanceunderstanding how the loop of accomodation-minimization within the "family trap" can keep an individual stuck in treatment avoidancecontextualizing the counterintuitive impact of accommodation considering the extent to which family members are realistically positioned to provide assistance to family members given the complexities involved and the slippery slope of the family trapparallels to the family trap within the client-therapist relationshipthe line between clear, transparent boundaries and minimization on the part of the family member and the temporal course matterswhy their approach focuses almost exclusively on the family member as opposed to the loved one that won't seek treatmentcreating a recovery friendly environmentthe complications that personality challenges in either a family member and/or client can presentunderstanding when a family when should enlisting professional assistancehow to discuss this conundrum with a family member who calls for assistance with a loved oneC. Alec Pollard, PhD, is founding director of the Center for OCD & Anxiety-Related Disorders at Saint Louis Behavioral Medicine Institute, and professor emeritus of family and community medicine at Saint Louis University School of Medicine. He is a licensed psychologist with a special interest in the study and treatment of individuals with anxiety and emotional disorders who refuse or otherwise fail to benefit from evidence-based treatment. Pollard, codeveloper of the family well-being approach (FWBA), has authored or coauthored more than one hundred publications and leads the Family Consultation Team at Saint Louis Behavioral Medicine Institute.

Los Angeles graffiti legend Man One C.O.I. joins us for an exclusive interview. We cover his early influences, the origins of his name, joining his crews, writing with other well-known legends, and the business of graffiti. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/richard-castro63/support

In our final clip, Los Angeles graffiti legend Man One C.O.I. shares his views on todays Los Angeles Graffiti Culture. He also recalls some well known female artists, before giving us his All Time Top 5 List of writers. We close the interview as he shares what the future has in store and he gives final Shout outs. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/richard-castro63/support

In today's clip, Los Angeles graffiti legend Man One C.O.I. Talks about his CREWEST GAllery and some of the well known artists who had shows there. He also details why the doors of the gallery were eventually closed. We end the segment as MANONE recalls the city wide ban on murals that lasted for well over 10 years. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/richard-castro63/support

WELCOME TO SEASON 12 - PART ONEAt the core of exercising hindsight in any aspect of your life is the hope for BETTER OUTCOMES in the future. Patrick Kagan, author of SELL THE DIFFERENCE - The Ultimate Guide to Increased Sales, Profits, & Customer Satisfaction  -  CREATE THE DIFFERENCE - A Leader's Guide to Strategy, Growth, & Hiring  -  CLEAR LEADER : KIND LEADER, has assembled some of his professional development friends, and amazing thought leaders to create bitesize pieces toward BETTER OUTCOMES. Our roundtable gathered to spend time together, and break down what it takes to reach BETTER OUTCOMES into a comprehensive 3 PART SERIES to be sure enough time was dedicated to all of our listeners.3 PART SERIES:Host: Patrick Kagan: linkedin.com/in/patrick-kagan-cpc-35a673bRound Table:Kevin Kepple: linkedin.com/in/kevinkeppleJulie Lokun:  julie@themediacasters.comBarbara Spector: vipchatwithbarb.comClay Stelzer: clay@15sixty.comPart One: CLARITYPart Two: VISIONPart Three: FOCUSPatrick opens the door to higher levels of income and satisfaction in  his book, "SELL THE DIFFERENCE" and he takes leaders to levels of ABUNDANCE they only dream of in his book "CREATE THE DIFFERENCE" AND IN HIS LEADERSHIP POWERHOUSE, "CLEAR LEADER : KIND LEADER"  Three of the best options to develop personally and professionally in sales and leadership.  Your copy awaits you here:https://pksolutionsgroup.com AUDIOBOOKS SPOTIFY: https://open.spotify.com/show/4idBQ40aqeB0tBvxdSwo0f CHIRP: https://www.chirpbooks.com/audiobooks/clear-leader-kind-leader-by-patrick-kaganGOOGLE PLAY: https://play.google.com/store/audiobooks/details/Patrick_Kagan_CLEAR_LEADER_KIND_LEADER?id=AQAAAECSG0BbwMAS WELL AS MOST AUDIO BOOK PLATFORMS.Want more growth as a professional?  SCHEDULE YOUR FREE CONSULTATION WITH PATRICK: https://calendly.com/pksolutionsgroupOr, just choose "SHOP" at https://www.pksolutionsgroup.com , FOR value added resources available to all our followers.  ©2022 -2023 PK Solutions Group. All rights Reserved.Not to be distributed for commercial use without express permissionEnjoy inspiration that is practical, and strategy that is tactical with the hindsight you need from the experts you trust.  Support the show

In today's clip, Los Angeles graffiti legend Man One C.O.I. recalls opening day at his CREWEST Gallery and the hundreds of people who showed up. He also talks about Police paying him a visit, and he details a tense closed-door meeting with the Mayor of Alhambra. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/richard-castro63/support

In today's clip, Los Angeles graffiti legend Man One C.O.I. talks about how corporations would use his artwork for marketing campaigns without his permission. He also talks about the key to his successful business career as a working artist. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/richard-castro63/support

In today's clip, Los Angeles graffiti legend Man One C.O.I. talks about starting CREWEST.com to fill extra art jobs with his talented friends. He also goes on to mention how he opened the first full-time graffiti art gallery in Los Angeles, CREWEST. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/richard-castro63/support

In today's clip, Los Angeles graffiti legend Man One C.O.I. talks about what led to COI slowing down. He also shares a story about telling his friends about selling artwork but being laughed at for bringing up the suggestion. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/richard-castro63/support

In today's clip, Los Angeles graffiti legend Man One C.O.I. shares one of the reasons he believes FLEECE changed his name. He also shares his thoughts upon seeing OILER in the FOX 11 News special with the legendary DECLINE COI. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/richard-castro63/support

In today's clip, Los Angeles graffiti legend Man One C.O.I. Talks about SAHL COI and his landmarks all over Los Angeles. He also shares a story of bombing one night with OILER & SACRED and getting shot at in the middle of nowhere. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/richard-castro63/support

In today's clip, Los Angeles graffiti legend Man One C.O.I. shares more about SACRED and when the KNB Crew and COI Crew decided to merge. He also recalls meeting a young 14 year old who later turned into L.A. Graff Legend SAHL COI. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/richard-castro63/support

In today's clip, Los Angeles Graffiti Legend Man One C.O.I. talks about how C.O.I came to Alhambra and how a writer from Hollywood came to join the soon to be Legendary crew. He also speaks on SACRED C.O.I and his Legendary career in L.A. Graff History. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/richard-castro63/support

In today's clip, Los Angeles Graffiti Legend Man One C.O.I. reveals the origins of the Legendary Los Angeles Crew COI. He recalls who started the crew, some of the original members and the day he first joined. As a bonus, he remembers when a legendary writer first got his own name on the very same day. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/richard-castro63/support

In today's clip, Los Angeles Graffiti Legend Man One C.O.I. tells us why and when he transitioned from doing letters to characters. He also talks about starting a piecing crew with VYAL One and reveals how that crew was short-lived due to joining the Legendary C.O.I Crew. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/richard-castro63/support

In today's clip, Man One C.O.I. recalls the first battle in Los Angeles between the two graffiti Legends, Hex and Slick. He goes on to share who he thinks won the battle and retells what a judge for the battle shared with him. He closes the clip by recalling when the two legends met up again at the Grand Opening of Hex's show at The Crewest Gallery after years of not speaking. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/richard-castro63/support

In today's clip, Los Angeles graffiti legend Man One C.O.I. talks about how he drastically improved his style and where he would practice. He also recalls some of the writers who visited the Belmont Tunnel and remembers its final days. We end this clip with a story of when Dr.Dre paid a visit to the Belmont Tunnel for an exclusive photo shoot. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/richard-castro63/support

In today's clip, Los Angeles graffiti legend Man One C.O.I. talks about ego trippin and writers starting beef over similar names. He also racalls painting a giant STK at the Belmont Tunnel and finding out the next day their rivals had gone completely over it. trippin'recalls --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/richard-castro63/support

In today's clip, Los Angeles graffiti legend Man One C.O.I. Talks about first visiting the Sandborn yard and the two writers he saw there first. He also recalls when his parents found out about his secret life as a graffiti artist and the tense confrontation with his father. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/richard-castro63/support

In today's clip, Los Angeles graffiti legend Man One C.O.I. tells us what happened after walking out of the Paint Store with a duffel bag full of stolen spray cans. He also talks about MURAL STK's early influence and he names the biggest crews in Los Angeles when he was coming up in graffiti. spray cans --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/richard-castro63/support

In today's clip, Los Angeles graffiti legend Man One C.O.I. remembers how he'd steal paint at the local hardware stores. He also recalls first meeting Los Angels Graffiti Legend TEMP when he worked at a hobby shop and later running into him at the Paint Shop. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/richard-castro63/support

In today's clip, Los Angeles graffiti legend Man One C.O.I. talks about leaving STK and starting his own crew with VYAL. He also recalls first seeing VYAL's sketch book and describes his early style. The clip ends as Man One shares his thoughts on first hearing VYAL was changing his name. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/richard-castro63/support

In today's clip, Los Angeles graffiti legend Man One C.O.I. remembers first meeting Los Angeles Graffiti Legend VYAL ONE and reveals his original name before becoming a worldwide phenomenon. He also talks about VYAL ONE judging his first piece and giving him a score. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/richard-castro63/support

In today's clip, Los Angeles graffiti legend Man One C.O.I. racalls visiting a hidden graffiti yard to take pictures and being confronted by members of the STK Crew, with Chains, Crowbars and bats. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/richard-castro63/support

Ó Wagatha Christie go branda Beckham, tá Áine, Sinéad agus Siún ag caint faoi thionchar na tréimhse seo orthu mar dhaoine.

In today's clip, Los Angeles graffiti legend Man One C.O.I. remembers how difficult it was to meet other writers when he was coming up. He also talks about first walking into The Panic Zone, a well-known graffiti yard at the time, and mentions some of the writers he saw on the walls. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/richard-castro63/support

In today's clip, Los Angeles graffiti legend Man One C.O.I. recalls first seeing graff on the bus and how he came up with his famous street name. He also shares how he causght his first taggs. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/richard-castro63/support

In today's clip, Los Angeles graffiti legend Man One C.O.I. talks about moving from East Los Angeles to Alhambra at a young age. He also tells us what his early life was like in the new city and attending school where he displays early signs of talent. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/richard-castro63/support

In today's clip, Los Angeles graffiti legend Man One C.O.I. is welcomed to the studio where we discuss his recent appearance with PRIME K2S. He also educates us on PRIMES history and his contribution to Los Angeles graffiti history. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/richard-castro63/support

Tá Sinéad, Áine agus Siún ag caint faoi choincheap na fírinne, coincheap atá níos doiléire ná riamh.

C.W. Goodyear, Author

Nickel continues trading either side $21,000 as LME inventories continue to creep lower towards 37,000 tonnes despite talk of large surpluses.  China saw inflow of Russian cathode – 7,000-8,000 tonnes – will be see how this flows through Chinese market or ends up overhanging Chinese market.Debt deal helped put bounce back in copper and floor under nickel prices.  Given global slowdown, still think test of $20,000 possible before we trend higher by year-end. Battery restocking – lithium prices up 13% week-over-week as seeing restock well underway.  As I've said before, collapse in lithium caused destocking and drop in battery demand through first half and that we'll see an aggressive restocking which looks like is now well underway.“Great convergence” continues – discounts narrowed again with nickel prices lower and sulphate prices higher – sulphate discounts now less than half of what they were 6 weeks ago.  NPI discounts also narrowed slightly.Indonesia – part of conference and series of site visitsKey takeaways:Nickel price index – government not going to put export tax on NPI, but establish Indonesia reference price – think this is the way government will extract additional value for Indonesia. Important as no floor price for limonite (HPAL) unlike saprolite (NPI) – part of reason building MHP capacity. There will be ONEC – way for Indonesia captureFocus on growing battery supply chain volumes starting with HPAL/MHP, matte.  No further talk of more stainlesss capacity – good for US/European stainless producers who have healthy price premiums. Taking advantage of limonite being mined to get to saproliteLots of capacity coming – 4 million tonnes approved through 2030 (we'll need all of it as no western supply growth coming yet).  But will need 500 million tonnes – presenter from Indonesia government bureau doubtful that can supply that much. Ore grades definitely the risk – some of plants we went already using 1.5%, most using 1.6-1.65%.  Was 1.8% 2 years ago – don't think people factoring in derating of plant.  33 MW furnace used to 8ktpa, at 1.6% is 7ktpaLots of open property – don't seem to be rushing to reclaim – not good for runoffBrimob – Indonesia special forces at each facility

Boston Dave controls his inner deamonToe Hang is a thingBreaking clubs is an art formtalesfromthefirsttee.comSpotify : Just Talesapple podcasts: Just TalesAmazon Music and Podcasts: Just Tales

Tá na BAÉs ag caint ar an tacaíocht a theastaíonn in am a ghátar, ó bhás go huaigneas.

I talk about Castles and Crusades, an alternative to D&D. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/radio-grognard/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/radio-grognard/support

Buckle up for our SPECIAL 100TH SONG! In this special episode, Mike and Paul make a special announcement before debuting their extra-special 100th song “X-One-C!” “X-One-C” Written and sung by Michael Cassady and Paul Rust Piano and organ by Michael Cassady Bass by Paul Rust Drums by Tony Thaxton Guitar by Emeen Zarookian Song produced by Emeen Zarookian Show produced by Michael “Mookie” Blaiklock

Nuair a thagann sé chuig cinneadh a dhéanamh sa saol, an mbíonn muid ag tabhairt aird ar na guthanna seachtracha seachas an glór inmheánach?

Racoons: Swingers and Delicious #shorts #podcast #humor #funny #racoonsRacoons. First off, how do you spell the name? One C? Two C's? D efinitely a double O, it's probably worth looking into. If I was going to be any other mammal, it might be a raccoon. There's a few reasons. They still have all their five little digits. They can really do some skillful things,  like they can unlatch a cage, they can untie a knot, they can pick your pocket, it's true. They get pretty big to about 57 pounds. They, they're nocturnal, so they, you know, they kind of like to party. They're kind of like swingers to you know, they don't have life partners, this kind of do what they want and do it when they want. I liked a little bandit eyes too. You know, they kind of look like they're always up to mischief. I bet they're pretty delicious, too. I think all you'd really need is maybe garlic salt, pepper, mela cumin, slow roast those little gains on a fire. Maybe indirect heat. Not really sure that's legal. I was trying though. That's raccoons by a sexy voice guy. It's nice baby!Support the show

Episode 102: One C*nt Woman

Dee welcomes trailblazing entrepreneur C. David Moody, Jr., to the podcast this week. David runs one of the largest African American-owned construction companies in America. His firm has built and delivered more than 200 commercial projects valued at $3 billion dollars, including Mercedes-Benz Stadium, home of the Atlanta Falcons. In part one, David talks about how he built his construction empire from scratch, the impact of Maynard Jackson becoming the first African American mayor of Atlanta, and what he's most proud of during his 33 years in business.

X Minus One is an American half-hour science fiction radio drama series that broadcast from April 24, 1955 to January 9, 1958 in various timeslots on NBC. Known for high production values in adapting stories from the leading American authors of the era, X Minus One has been described as one of the finest offerings of American radio drama and one of the best science fiction series in any medium. Overview Initially a revival of NBC's Dimension X (1950–51), the first 15 episodes of X Minus One were new versions of Dimension X episodes, but the remainder were adaptations by NBC staff writers, including Ernest Kinoy and George Lefferts, of newly published science fiction stories by leading writers in the field, including Isaac Asimov, Ray Bradbury, Philip K. Dick, Robert A. Heinlein, Frederik Pohl and Theodore Sturgeon, along with some original scripts by Kinoy and Lefferts. Included in the series were adaptations of Robert Sheckley's "Skulking Permit," Bradbury's "Mars Is Heaven", Heinlein's "Universe" and "The Green Hills of Earth", " Pohl's "The Tunnel under the World", J. T. McIntosh's "Hallucination Orbit", Fritz Leiber's "A Pail of Air", and George Lefferts' "The Parade". The program opened with announcer Fred Collins delivering the countdown, leading into the following introduction (although later shows beginning with Episode 37, were partnered with Galaxy Science Fiction rather than Astounding Science Fiction): Countdown for blastoff... X minus five, four, three, two, X minus one... Fire! [Rocket launch SFX] From the far horizons of the unknown come transcribed tales of new dimensions in time and space. These are stories of the future; adventures in which you'll live in a million could-be years on a thousand may-be worlds. The National Broadcasting Company, in cooperation with Street & Smith, publishers of Astounding Science Fiction presents... X Minus One. The series was canceled after the 126th broadcast on January 9, 1958. However, the early 1970s brought a wave of nostalgia for old-time radio; a new experimental episode, "The Iron Chancellor" by Robert Silverberg, was produced in 1973, but it failed to revive the series. NBC also tried broadcasting the old recordings, but their irregular once-monthly scheduling kept even devoted listeners from following the broadcasts. The series was re-released in podcast form beginning on June 22, 2007. In November 2008, Counter-Productions Theatre Company became the first theater company to stage three episodes, "The Parade", "A Logic Named Joe", and "Hallucination Orbit".