Podcasts about Cholera

Hey guys, what you are about to listen to is an extremely graphic episode that will contain many scenes of gore, rape, human experimentation, honestly it will run the gambit. If you got a weak stomach, this episode might not be for you. You have been warned.  I just want to take a chance to say a big thanks to all of you guys who decided to join the patreon, you guys are awesome! Please leave a comment on this episode to let me know what more you want to hear about in the future. With all of that said and done lets jump right into it.   Where to begin with this one? Let start off with one of the major figures of Unit 731, Shiro Ishii. Born June 25th, 1892 in the village of Chiyoda Mura in Kamo District of Chiba Prefecture, Ishii was the product of his era. He came from a landowning class, had a very privileged childhood. His primary and secondary schoolmates described him to be brash, abrasive and arrogant. He was a teacher's pet, extremely intelligent, known to have excellent memory. He grew up during Japans ultra militarism/nationalism age, thus like any of his schoolmates was drawn towards the military. Less than a month after graduating from the Medical department of Kyoto Imperial University at the age of 28, he began military training as a probation officer in the 3rd regiment of the Imperial Guards division. Within 6 months he became a surgeon 1st Lt. During his postgraduate studies at Kyoto Imperial university he networked successfully to climb the career ladder. As a researcher he was sent out to help cure an epidemic that broke out in Japan. It was then he invented a water filter that could be carried alongside the troops.   He eventually came across a report of the Geneva Protocol and conference reports of Harada Toyoji as well as other military doctors. He became impressed with the potential of chemical and biological warfare. During WW1 chemical warfare had been highly explored, leading 44 nations to pass the Geneva Protocol or more specifically  “Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare”. Representatives from Japan were present at this conference and were involving in the drafting and signing of the Geneva Protocol, but it was not ratified in Japan at the time. Ishii's university mentor, Kiyano Kenji suggested he travel western countries and he did so for 2 years. Many nations were secretive about their research, but some places such as MIT were quite open. After his visit Ishii came to believe Japan was far behind everyone else in biological warfare research. After returning to Japan Ishii became an instructor at the Imperial Japanese Army Medical School. Japan of course lacked significant natural resources, thus it was a perfect nation to pursue biological weapons research. Ishii began lobbying the IJA, proposing to establish a military agency to develop biological weapons. One of his most compelling arguments was “that biological warfare must possess distinct possibilities, otherwise, it would not have been outlawed by the League of Nations.”   Ishii networked his way into good favor with the Minister of Health, Koizumi Chikahiko who lended his support in August of 1932 to allow Ishii to head an Epidemic Prevention Laboratory. Ishii secured a 1795 square meter complex at the Army Medical College. Yet this did not satisfy Ishii, it simply was not the type of work he wanted to do. The location of Tokyo allowed too many eyes on his work, he could not perform human experimentation. For what he wanted to do, he had to leave Japan, and in the 1930's Japan had a few colonies or sphere's of influence, the most appetizing one being Manchuria. In 1932 alongside his childhood friend Masuda Tomosada, Ishii took a tour of Harbin and he fell in love with the location.   During the 1930's Harbin was quite a cosmopolitan city, it was a major trading port and diverse in ethnicities and religions. Here there were Mongols, Russians, Chinese, Japanese, various other western groups in lesser numbers. Just about every religion was represented, it was a researcher's paradise for subjects. Ishii sought human experimentation and needed to find somewhere covert with maximum secrecy. He chose a place in the Nan Gang District of Beiyinhe village, roughly 70 kms southeast of Harbin. It was here and then he began human experimentation. One day in 1932, Ishii and the IJA entered the village and evacuated an entire block where Xuan Hua and Wu Miao intersected. They began occupying a multi-use structure that had been supporting 100 Chinese vendors who sold clothes and food to the locals. They then began drafting Chinese laborers to construct the Zhong Ma complex to house the “Togo Unit” named after the legendary admiral, Togo Heihachiro. The Chinese laborers were underpaid and under constant watch from Japanese guards, limiting their movement and preventing them from understanding what they were building, or what was occurring within the complex. The complex was built in under a year, it held 100 rooms, 3 meter high brick walls and had an electric fence surrounding the perimeter. One thousand captives at any given time could be imprisoned within the complex. To ensure absolute secrecy, security guards patrolled the complex 24/7. Saburo Endo, director of Operations for the Kwantung Army once inspected the Togo Unit and described it in his book “The Fifteen Years' Sino-Japanese War and Me”, as such:   [It was] converted from a rather large soy sauce workshop, surrounded by high rammed earth wall. All the attending military doctors had pseudonyms, and they were strictly regulated and were not allowed to communicate with the outsiders. The name of the unit was “Tōgō Unit.” One by one, the subjects of the experiments were imprisoned in a sturdy iron lattice and inoculated with various pathogenic bacteria to observe changes in their conditions. They used prisoners on death row in the prisons of Harbin for these experiments. It was said that it was for national defense purposes, but the experiments were performed with appalling brutality.The dead were burned in high-voltage electric furnaces, leaving no trace.    A local from the region added this about the complex “We heard rumors of people having blood drawn in there but we never went near the place. We were too afraid. When the construction started, there were about forty houses in our village, and a lot of people were driven out. About one person from each home was taken to work on the construction. People were gathered from villages from all around here, maybe about a thousand people in all. The only things we worked on were the surrounding wall and the earthen walls. The Chinese that worked on the buildings were brought in from somewhere, but we didn't know where. After everything was finished, those people were killed.”    Despite all the secrecy, it was soon discovered prisoners were being taken, primarily from the CCP and bandits who were being subjected to tests. One such test was to gradually drain a victim of blood to see at what point they would die. The unit drew 500 cc of blood from each prisoner every 3-5 days. As their bodies drew weaker, they were dissected for further research, the average prisoner lasted a maximum of a month. Due to the climate of Manchuria, it was soon established that finding methods to treat frostbite would benefit the Kwantung army. Ishii's team gathered human subjects and began freezing and unfreezing them. Sometimes these experiments included observing test subjects whose limbs had been frozen and severed. The Togo team reported to General Okamura Yasuji, the deputy commander in chief of the Kwantung army from 1933-1934 that the best way to treat frostbite was to soak a limb in 37 degree water. According to the testimony of a witness named Furuichi at trial done in Khabarovsk , “Experiments in freezing human beings were performed every year in the detachment, in the coldest months of the year—November, December, January and February. The experimental technique was as follows: the test subjects were taken out into the frost at about 11 o'clock at night, compelled to dip their hands into a barrel of cold water and forced to stand with wet hands in the frost for a long time. Alternatively, some were taken out dressed, but with bare feet and compelled to stand at night in the frost during the coldest period of the year. When frostbite had developed, the subjects were taken to a room and forced to put their feet in water of 5 degrees Celsius, after which the temperature was gradually increased.”   Sergeant Major Kurakazu who was with Unit 731 later on in 1940 and taken prisoner by the Soviets in 1945 stated during the Khabarovsk trial , “I saw experiments performed on living people for the first time in December 1940. I was shown these experiments by researcher Yoshimura, a member of the 1st Division. These experiments were performed in the prison laboratory. When I walked into the prison laboratory, ve Chinese experimentees were sitting there; two of these Chinese had no fingers at all, their hands were black; in those of three others the bones were visible. They had fingers, but they were only bones. Yoshimura told me that this was the result of freezing experiments.”   According to Major Karasawa during the same trial Ishii became curious about using plague as a weapon of war and captured plague infected mice to test on subjects in the Zhong Ma Complex “Ishii told me that he had experimented with cholera and plague on the mounted bandits of Manchuria during 1933-1934 and discovered that the plague was effective.”   According to Lt General Endo Saburo's diary entry on November 16th of 1933, at the Zhong Ma complex “The second squad which was responsible for poison gas, liquid poison; and the First Squad which was responsible for electrical experiments. Two bandits were used by each squad for the experiments.  Phosgene gas—5-minute injection of gas into a brick-lined room; the subject was still alive one day aer inhalation of gas; critically ill with pneumonia.  Potassium cyanide—the subject was injected with 15 mg.; subject lost consciousness approximately 20 minutes later.  20,000 volts—several jolts were not enough to kill the subject; injection of poison required to kill the subject.  5000 volts—several jolts were not enough; aer several minutes of continuous current, subject was burned to death.”    The Togo Unit established a strict security system to keep its research highly confidential. Yet in 1934, 16 Chinese prisoners escaped, compromising the Zhong Ma location. One of the guards had gotten drunk and a prisoner named Li smashed a bottle over his head and stole his keys. He freed 15 other prisoners and of them 4 died of cold, hunger and other ailments incurred by the Togo unit. 12 managed to flee to the 3rd route army of the Northeast Anti Japanese united Army. Upon hearing the horrifying report, the 3rd route army attacked the Togo unit at Beiyinhe and within a year, the Zhong Ma complex was exploded.    After the destruction of the Zhong Ma complex, Ishii needed a better structure. The Togo unit had impressed their superior and received a large budget. Then on May 30th of 1936 Emperor Hirohito authorized the creation of Unit 731. Thus Ishii and his colleagues were no longer part of the Epidemic Prevention Institute of the Army Medical School, now they were officially under the Kwantung Army as the Central Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department. Their new HQ was located in Pingfan, closer to Harbin. Their initial budget was 3 million yen for the personnel, 200-300 thousand yen per autonomous unit and 6 million yen for experimentation and research. Thus their new annual budget was over 10 million yen.    Pingfan was evacuated by the Kwantung army. Hundreds of families were forced to move out and sell their land at cheap prices. To increase security this time, people required a special pass to enter Pingfan. Then the airspace over the area became off-limits, excluding IJA aircraft, all violators would be shot down. The new Pingfan complex was within a walled city with more than 70 buildings over a 6 km tract of land. The complex's huge size drew some international attention, and when asked what the structure was, the scientists replied it was a lumber mill. Rather grotesquely, prisoners would be referred to as “maruta” or “logs” to keep up the charade. Suzuki, a Japanese construction company back then, worked day and night to construct the complex.    Now many of you probably know a bit about Unit 731, but did you know it's one of countless units?  The Army's Noborito Laboratory was established (1937) The Central Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of the North China Army/ Unit 1855 was established (1938)  The Central Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of Central China/ Unit 1644 (1939)  Thee Guangzhou Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of South China Army/ Unit 8604 (1942)  The Central Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of the Southern Expeditionary Army/ Unit 9620 (1942).    There were countless others, detachments included Unit 1855 in Beijing, Unit Ei 1644 in Nanjing, Unit 8604 in Guangzhou, and later Unit 9420 in Singapore. All of these units comprised Ishii's network, which, at its height in 1939, oversaw over 10,000 personnel.   Victims were normally brought to Pingfan during the dead of night within crammed freight cars with number logs on top. They were brought into the building via a secret tunnel. According to a witness named Fang Shen Yu, technicians in white lab coats handled the victims who were tied in bags. The victims included anyone charge with a crime, could be anti-japanese activity, opium smoking, espionage, being a communist, homelessness, being mentally handicap, etc. Victims included chinese, Mongolians, Koreans, White Russians, Harbin's jewish population and any Europeans accused of espionage. During the Khabarovsk trial, Major Iijima Yoshia admitted to personally subjecting 40 Soviet citizens to human experimentation. Harbin's diversity provided great research data. Each prisoner was assigned a number starting with 101 and ending at 1500. Onec 1500 was reached, they began again at 101, making it nearly impossible to estimate the total number of victims. Since the complex had been labeled a lumber mill to the locals, most did not worry about it or were too afraid to do so. The prison's warden was Ishii's brother Mitsuo who made sure to keep it all a secret.    Ethics did not exist within Ishii's network of horrors. Everything was done efficiently in the name of science. Pingfang was equipped for disposing the evidence of their work in 3 large incinerators. As a former member who worked with the incinerators recalled “the bodies always burned up fast because all the organ were gone; the bodies were empty”. Human experimentation allowed the researchers their first chance to actually examine the organs of a living person at will to see the progress of a disease. Yeah you heard me right, living person, a lot of the vivisections were done on live people. As one former researcher explained "the results of the effects of infection cannot be obtained accurately once the person dies because putrefactive bacteria set in. Putrefactive bacteria are stronger than plague germs. So, for obtaining accurate results, it is important whether the subject is alive or not." Another former researcher said this “"As soon as the symptoms were observed, the prisoner was taken from his cell and into the dissection room. He was stripped and placed on the table, screaming, trying to fight back. He was strapped down, still screaming frightfully. One of the doctors stuffed a towel into his mouth, then with one quick slice of the scalpel he was opened up." Witnesses of some of these vivisections reported that victims usually let out a horrible scream when the initial cuts were made, but that the voice stops soon after. The researchers often removed the organ of interest, leaving others in the body and the victims usually died of blood loss or because of the removed organ. There are accounts of experiments benign carried out on mothers and children, because yes children were in fact born in the facilities. Many human specimens were placed in jars to be viewed by Tokyo's army medical college. Sometimes these jars were filled with limbs or organs but some giant ones had entire bodies.   Vivisection was conducted on human beings to observe how disease affected each organ once a human dies. According to testimony given by a technician named Ogawa Fukumatsu “I participated in vivisections. I did them every day. I cannot remember the amount of people dissected. At first, I refused to do it. But then, they would not allow me to eat because it was an order; gradually I changed.” Another technician Masakuni Kuri testified  “I did vivisection at the time. Experiments were conducted on a Chinese woman with syphilis. Because she was alive, the blood poured out like water from a tap.”   A report done by Shozo Kondo studied the effects of bubonic plague on humans. The number of subjects was 57 with age ranging from toddlers to 80 years old with mixed gender. The study used fleas carrying plague that were dispersed upon the local population in June of 1940 at Changchun. 7 plague victims were Japanese residents. The report stated the plague spread because of lack of immunity by the townspeople. Subjects' survival time ranged from 2-5 days, with only 3 surviving 12, 18 and 21 days. The subjects were infected with Glandular, Cutaneous or Septicemic plague, but most had the Glandular variety.     In addition to the central units of Pingfang were others set up in Beijing, Nanjing, Guangzhou and Singapore. The total number of personnel was 20,000. These satellite facilities all had their own unique horror stories. One was located in Anda, 100km from Pingfang where outdoor tests for plague, cholera and other pathogens were down. They would expose human subjects to biological bombs, typically by putting 10-40 people in the path of a biological bomb. A lot of the research was done to see the effective radius of the bombs, so victims were placed at different distances. At Xinjing was Unit 100 and its research was done against domesticated animals, horses particularly. Unit 100 was a bacteria factory producing glanders, anthrax and other pathogens. They often ran tests by mixing poisons with food and studied its effects on animals, but they also researched chemical warfare against crops. At Guangzhou was unit 8604 with its HQ at Zhongshan medical university. It is believed starvation tests ran there, such as the water test I mentioned. They also performed typhoid tests and bred rats to spread plague. Witness testimony from a Chinese volunteer states they often dissolved the bodies of victims in acid. In Beijing was Unit 1855 which was a combination of a prison and experiment center. They ran plague, cholera and typhus tests. Prisoners were forced to ingest mixtures of germs and some were vaccinated against the ailments. In Singapore after its capture in February of 1942 there was a secret laboratory. One Mr. Othman Wok gave testimony in the 1990s that when he was 17 years old he was employed to work at this secret lab. He states 7 Chinese, Indian and Malay boys worked in the lab, picking fleas from rats and placing them in containers. Some 40 rat catchers, would haul rats to the lab for the boys to do their work. The containers with fleas went to Japanese researchers and Othman says he saw rats being injected with plague pathogens. The fleas were transferred to kerosene cans which contained dried horse blood and an unidentified chemical left to breed for weeks. Once they had plague infected fleas in large quantity Othman said "A driver who drove the trucks which transported the fleas to the railway station said that these bottles of fleas were sent off to Thailand." If this is true, it gives evidence to claims Unit 731 had a branch in Thailand as well. Othman stated he never understood or knew what was really going on at the lab, but when he read in 1944 about biological attacks on Chongqing using fleas, he decided to leave the lab. Othman states the unit was called Unit 9240.  As you can imagine rats and insects played a large role in all of this. They harvested Manchuria rat population and enlisted schoolchildren to raise them. In the 1990s the Asahi Broadcasting company made a documentary titled “the mystery of the rats that went to the continent”. It involved a small group of high school children in Saitama prefecture asked local farmers if they knew anything about rat farming during the war years. Many stated everybody back then was raising rats, it was a major source of income. One family said they had rat cages piled up in a shed, each cage built to carry 6 rat, but they had no idea what the rats were being used for. Now hear this, after the war, the US military kept these same families in business. The US army unit 406 which was established in Tokyo to research viruses wink wink, would often drive out to these farms in their american jeeps collecting rats.  Getting fleas was a much tricker task. One method was taking older Chinese prisoners and quarantining them with clothes carrying flea or flea eggs and allowing them to live in isolated rooms to cultivate more fleas. These poor guys had to live in filth and not shave for weeks to produce around 100 fleas a day. Now Unit 731 dealt with numerous diseases such as Cholera.  Some experiments used dogs to spread cholera to villages. They would steal dogs from villages, feed them pork laced with cholera germs and return them to the villages. When the disease finished incubating the dogs would vomit and other dogs would come and eat the vomit spread it more and more. The dogs were also stricken with diarrhea and the feces spread it to other dogs as well. 20% of the people in villages hit by this died of the disease. Former army captain Kojima Takeo was a unit member involved in a Cholera campaign and added this testimony "We were told that we were going out on a cholera campaign, and we were all given inoculations against cholera ten days before starting out. Our objective was to infect all the people in the area. The disease had already developed before we got there, and as we moved into the village everyone scattered. The only ones left were those who were too sick to move. The number of people coming down with the disease kept increasing. Cholera produces a face like a skeleton, vomiting, and diarrhea. And the vomiting and defecating of the people lying sick brought flies swarming around. One after the other, people died." I've mentioned it a lot, Plague was a staple of Unit 731. The IJA wanted a disease that was fast and fatal, Cholera for instance took about 20 days, plague on the other hand starts killing in 3 days. Plague also has a very long history of use going back to the medieval times. It was one of the very first diseases Ishii focused on. In october of 1940 a plague attack was conducted against the Kaimingjie area in the port city of Ningbo. This was a joint operation with Unit 731 and the Nanjing based Unit 1644. During this operation plague germs were mixed with wheat, corn, cloth scraps and cotton and dropped from the air. More than 100 people died within a few days of the attack and the affected area was sealed off from the public until the 1960s.  Another horrifying test was the frostbite experiments. Army Engineer Hisato Yoshimura conducted these types of experiments by taking prisoners outside, dipping various appendages into water of varying temperatures and allowing the limbs to freeze. Once frozen, Yoshimura would strike their affected limbs with a short stick and in his words “they would emit a sound resembling that which a board gives when it is struck”. Ice was then chipping away with the affected area being subjected to various treatments, such as being doused in water, exposed to heat and so on. I have to mentioned here, that to my shock there is film of these specific frostbite experiments and one of our animators at Kings and Generals found it, I have seen a lot of things in my day, but seeing this was absolute nightmare fuel. If you have seen the movie or series Snowpiercer, they pretty much nail what it looked like.  Members of Unit 731 referred to Yoshimura as a “scientific devil” and a “cold blooded animal” because he would conduct his work with strictness. Naoji Uezono another member of Unit 731, described in a 1980s interview a disgusting scene where Yoshimura had "two naked men put in an area 40–50 degrees below zero and researchers filmed the whole process until [the subjects] died. [The subjects] suffered such agony they were digging their nails into each other's flesh". Yoshimuras lack of any remorse was evident in an article he wrote for the Journal of Japanese Physiology in 1950 where he admitted to using 20 children and 3 day old infant in experiments which exposed them to zero degree celsius ice and salt water. The article drew criticism and no shit, but Yoshimura denied any guilt when contacted by a reporter from the Mainichi Shimbun. Yoshimura developed a “resistance index of frostbite” based on the mean temperature of 5 - 30 minutes after immersion in freezing water, the temperature of the first rise after immersion and the time until the temperature first rises after immersion. In a number of separate experiments he determined how these parameters depended on the time of day a victim's body part was immersed in freezing water, the surrounding temperature and humidity during immersion, how the victim had been treated before the immersion ("after keeping awake for a night", "after hunger for 24 hours", "after hunger for 48 hours", "immediately after heavy meal", "immediately after hot meal", "immediately after muscular exercise", "immediately after cold bath", "immediately after hot bath"), what type of food the victim had been fed over the five days preceding the immersions with regard to dietary nutrient intake ("high protein (of animal nature)", "high protein (of vegetable nature)", "low protein intake", and "standard diet"), and salt intake. Members of Unit 731 also worked with Syphilis, where they orchestrated forced sex acts between infected and noninfected prisoners to transmit the disease. One testimony given by a prisoner guard was as follows “Infection of venereal disease by injection was abandoned, and the researchers started forcing the prisoners into sexual acts with each other. Four or five unit members, dressed in white laboratory clothing completely covering the body with only eyes and mouth visible, rest covered, handled the tests. A male and female, one infected with syphilis, would be brought together in a cell and forced into sex with each other. It was made clear that anyone resisting would be shot.” After victims were infected, they would be vivisected at differing stages of infection so that the internal and external organs could be observed as the disease progressed. Testimony from multiple guards blamed the female victims as being hosts of the diseases, even as they were forcibly infected. Genitals of female prisoners were infected with syphilis and the guards would call them “jam filled buns”. Even some children were born or grew up in the walls of Unit 731, infected with syphilis. One researcher recalled “one was a Chinese women holding an infant, one was a white russian woman with a daughter of 4 or 5 years of age, and the last was a white russian women with a boy of about 6 or 7”. The children of these women were tested in ways similar to the adults.  There was also of course rape and forced pregnancies as you could guess. Female prisoners were forced to become pregnant for use in experiments. The hypothetical possibility of transmission from mother to child of diseases, particularly syphilis was the rationale for the experiments. Fetal survival and damage to the womans reproductive organs were objects of interest. A large number of babies were born in captivity and there had been no accounts of any survivor of Unit 731, children included. It is suspected that the children of the female prisoners were killed after birth or aborted. One guard gave a testimony “One of the former researchers I located told me that one day he had a human experiment scheduled, but there was still time to kill. So he and another unit member took the keys to the cells and opened one that housed a Chinese woman. One of the unit members raped her; the other member took the keys and opened another cell. There was a Chinese woman in there who had been used in a frostbite experiment. She had several fingers missing and her bones were black, with gangrene set in. He was about to rape her anyway, then he saw that her sex organ was festering, with pus oozing to the surface. He gave up the idea, left and locked the door, then later went on to his experimental work.” In a testimony given on December 28 by witness Furuichi during the Khabarovsk Trial, he described how “a Russian woman was infected with syphilis to allow the scientists to and out how to prevent the spread of the disease.  Many babies were born to women who had been captured and become experimental subjects. Some women were kidnapped while pregnant; others became pregnant aer forced sex acts in the prisons, enabling researchers to study the transmission of venereal disease   Initially Unit 731 and Unit 100 were going to support Japan's Kantokuen plan. The Kantokuen plan an operation plan to be carried out by the Kwantung army to invade the USSR far east, capitalizing on the success of operation barbarossa. Unit 731 and 100 were to prepare bacteriological weapons to help the invasion. The plan was created by the IJA general staff and approved by Emperor Hirohito. It would have involved three-steps to isolate and destroy the Soviet Army and occupy the eastern soviet cities over the course of 6 months. It would have involved heavy use of chemical and biological weapons. The Japanese planned to spread disease using three methods; direct spraying from aircraft, bacteria bombs and saboteurs on the ground. This would have included plague, cholera, typhus and other diseases against troops, civilian populations, livestocks, crops and water supplies. The main targets were Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, Voroshilov, and Chita. If successful the Soviet Far East would be incorporated into Japan's greater east asia co-prosperity sphere. Within Kantokuen documents, Emperor Hirohtio instructed Ishii to increase production rate at the units, for those not convinced Hirohito was deeply involved in some of the worst actions of the war. Yet in the end both Emperor Hirohito and Hideki Tojo pulled their support for the invasion of the USSR and opted for the Nanshin-ron strategy instead.    On August 9th of 1945 the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and invaded Manchuria. In response, the Japanese government ordered all research facilities in Manchuria to be destroyed and to erase all incriminating materials. A skeleton crew began the liquidation of unit 731 on August 9th or 10th, while the rest of the unit evacuated. All test subjects were killed and cremated so no remains would be found. The design of the facilities however, made them hard to destroy via bombing, several parts of the buildings left standing when the Soviets arrived. While most of the unit's staff managed to escape, including Ishii, some were captured by the soviets. Some of these prisoners told the Soviets about the atrocities committed at Pingfang and Changchun. At first the claims seemed so outrageous, the Soviets sent their own Biological Weapons specialists to examine the ruins of Ping Fang. After a thorough investigation, the Soviet experts confirmed the experiments had been done there. The real soviet investigation into the secrets of Unit 731 and 100 began in early 1946, thus information was not readily available during the Tokyo Tribunal. Both the Americans and SOviets had collected evidence during the war that indicated the Japanese were in possession of bacteriological weapons though. Amongst the 600,000 Japanese prisoners of war in the USSR, Major General Kiyoshi Kawashima and Major Tomoio Karasawa would become essential to uncovering the Japanese bacteriological warfare secrets and opening the path to hold the Khabarovsk trial. The Soviets and Americans spent quite a few years performing investigations, many of which led to no arrests. The major reason for this was similar to Operation Paperclip. For those unaware, paperclip was a American secret intelligence program where 1600 German scientists were taken after the war and employed, many of whom were nazi party officials. The most famous of course was Wernher von Braun. When the Americans looked into the Japanese bacteriological work, they were surprised to find the Japanese were ahead of them in some specific areas, notably ones involving human experimentation. General Charles Willoughby of G-2 american intelligence called to attention that all the data extracted from live human testing was out of the reach of the USA. By the end of 1947, with the CCP looking like they might defeat Chiang Kai-Shek and the Soviet Union proving to be their new enemy, the US sought to form an alliance with Japan, and this included their Bacteriological specialists. From October to December, Drs Edwin Hill and Joseph Victor from Camp Detrick were sent to Tokyo to gather information from Ishii and his colleagues. Their final conclusion laid out the importance of continuing to learn from the Japanese teams, and grant them immunity. The British were also receiving some reports from the Americans about the Japanese Bacteriological research and human experimentation. The British agreed with the Americans that the information was invaluable due to the live human beings used in the tests. The UK and US formed some arrangements to retain the information and keep it secret. By late 1948 the Tokyo War Crimes Trial was coming to an end as the cold war tension was heating up in Korea, pushing the US more and more to want to retain the information and keep it all under wraps.  With formal acceptance, final steps were undertaken, much of which was overseen by General Douglas MacArthur. On May 6, 1947, Douglas MacArthur wrote to Washington that "additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as 'War Crimes' evidence.” Ishii and his colleagues received full immunity from the Tokyo War Crimes Trial. Ishii was hired by the US government to lecture American officers at Fort Detrick on bioweapons and the findings made by Unit 731. During the Korean War Ishii reportedly traveled to Korea to take part in alleged American biological warfare activities. On February 22nd of 1952, Ishiiwas explicitly named in a statement made by the North Korean FOreign Minister, claiming he along with other "Japanese bacteriological war criminals had been involved in systematically spreading large quantities of bacteria-carrying insects by aircraft in order to disseminate contagious diseases over our frontline positions and our rear". Ishii would eventually return to Japan, where he opened a clinic, performing examinations and treatments for free. He would die from laryngeal cancer in 1959 and according to his daughter became a Roman Catholic shortly before his death.  According to an investigation by The Guardian, after the war, former members of Unit 731 conducted human experiments on Japanese prisoners, babies, and mental patients under the guise of vaccine development, with covert funding from the U.S. government. Masami Kitaoka, a graduate of Unit 1644, continued performing experiments on unwilling Japanese subjects from 1947 to 1956 while working at Japan's National Institute of Health Sciences. He infected prisoners with rickettsia and mentally ill patients with typhus. Shiro Ishii, the chief of the unit, was granted immunity from prosecution for war crimes by American occupation authorities in exchange for providing them with human experimentation research materials. From 1948 to 1958, less than five percent of these documents were transferred to microfilm and stored in the U.S. National Archives before being shipped back to Japan.

Eine hauchdünne Mehrheit der Stimmberechtigten hat am Sonntag der Einführung einer E-ID zugestimmt. Dass nur 50,4 Prozent einer elekronischen Identität zugestimmt haben zeigt: die Skepsis ist gross. Was heisst das für die Umsetzung? Ausserdem: In Grossbritannien findet die Parteikonferenz der regierenden Labour-Partei von Premierminister Keir Starmer statt. Dessen Position war noch nie so schwach wie jetzt; seine Umfragewerte sind im Keller, er ist mittlerweile der unbeliebteste führende Politiker im Land. Ein Bericht der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) zeigt, dass die Cholera weltweit auf dem Vormarsch ist. Dabei werde die schwere Infektionskrankheit, deren Hauptsymptom wässriger Durchfall ist, eigentlich einfach zu vermeiden und zu bekämpfen.

Cholera vaccination campaign launched in Darfur targeting over 1.8 million people by Radio Islam

President Trump has claimed that consuming Tylenol, or paracetamol, whilst pregnant can increase the risk of autism in children; Claudia is joined by Professor of Clinical Epidemiology Laurie Tomlinson to fact-check this unproven statement.Also on the show, BBC's Philippa Roxby joins Claudia to share a breakthrough in treating Huntington's disease. In a medical first doctors have used gene therapy to slow the progression of this fatal genetic disorder where a patient's movement, thinking, and mood deteriorates over time. Reporter Carrim Mpaweni explores how Malawi is currently dealing with Cholera, and the role climate change is playing in exacerbating outbreaks of the disease.Plus, how South Korean researchers are exploring the use of glue guns as a way to repair broken bones. Presenter: Claudia Hammond Producer: Hannah Robins Assistant Producer: Katie TomsettImage Credit: Francis Chung/Politico/Bloomberg via Getty Images

Ein Kommentar von Rainer Rupp.Mit einem Brief an „alle NATO-Nationen“ hat Trump die europäischen Regierungen in einer Zwickmühle gefangen, wobei die EU-Eliten nur noch zwischen Pest und Cholera wählen können. Diese Entwicklung spielt sich vor dem Hintergrund zunehmend auseinander klaffender Zielsetzungen Trump's und der europäischen Akteure für die Ukraine ab.Dank seiner Bereitschaft, direkte Gespräche mit der russischen Seite zu führen, hatte Trump schließlich verstanden, dass seine ursprüngliche Forderung nach einem bedingungslosen Waffenstillstand in der Ukraine keinen Sinn machte, solange die Ursachen für den Konflikt nicht vorher in Verhandlungen gelöst waren. Damit hatte sich Trump zum Entsetzen der Kriegstreiber im US-Kongress und in der EU der russischen Position angenähert.Zudem ist Trump noch resoluter als sein Amtsvorgänger Biden entschlossen, jegliche militärische Konfrontation zwischen US und russischem Militär zu vermeiden. Im Unterschied zu Biden und den EU-Eliten scheint Trump ernsthaft interessiert, normale zwischenstaatliche Beziehungen mit Russland wiederherzustellen. Und auf diesem Gebiet haben die Russen und Amerikaner bereits erstaunliche Fortschritte gemacht, wovon die überraschende Anwesenheit von US-amerikanischen Beobachtern beim aktuell in Weißrussland stattfindenden, russisch-belarussischen militärischen Großmanöver „Zapad-2025“ zeugt. Die Amerikaner waren einer Einladung aus Moskau gefolgt.Für die globalistischen EU-Eliten schien Trump noch nie viel übrig zu haben. Er weiß, dass sie ihn persönlich und auch seine Politik verachten und verhöhnen, wie die aktuellen Ereignisse um die höhnischen Kommentare rund um die Ermordung von Trumps Freund und Unterstützer Charlie Kirk vor Augen geführt haben. Da will Trump sich nicht von europäischen Falken in seine russische Suppe spucken lassen.Allerdings haben die anglo-amerikanischen Falken und EU-Kriegstreiber nicht aufgegeben, mit allerlei Tricks, mit manipulierten Berichten oder gar „falschen Flaggen“, Trump anhand früher getätigter Aussagen festzunageln und ihn zu einem aggressiveren Vorgehen gegen die Russen zu verleiten. In die Kategorie der falschen Flaggen gehört sehr wahrscheinlich auch der offensichtlich gefakte, russische Drohnenangriff gegen Polen –, auf den hin Polen höchst dramatisch den NATO-Rat zu einer Artikel-4-Beratung einberief....https://apolut.net/trumps-weg-aus-der-ukraine-sackgasse-von-rainer-rupp/ Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Today's HeadlinesHope amid collapse: Medical outreach brings relief to Sudanese refugeesSpiritual openness and the search for answers after national tragediesFrom groceries to the Gospel, Belarus pastors connect with needy families

Mit einem Brief hat Trump die europäischen Regierungen in Zugzwang versetzt, bei dem die EU-Eliten nur noch zwischen Pest und Cholera wählen können. Von Rainer Rupp https://rtde.press/meinung/256230-ukraine-trump-setzt-mit-starkem/ 

Did you know cholera still kills thousands every year — and outbreaks are rising, even in countries that hadn't seen it in decades? Dr. Kate Alberti is here to tell us how this deadly disease can be preventable and treatable. Learn what you can do to protect yourself, your family, and your community.

Margery: Watch: The Materialists Amazon Prime Read: Love In the Time of Cholera by Gabriel Garcia Marquez Listen: I Regret Almost Everything by Keith McNally Eat: Piccalilli Farm Elizabeth: Watch: White Lotus on HBO Max Read: CookbooksListen: Classical MusicEat: Bone Broth with Lemon We also welcome Healing InSight as a podcast partner. Founded by Dr. Senia Mae, Healing InSight specializes in women's health, fertility, cosmetic acupuncture, gut health, and autoimmune conditions. Healing InSight is a sanctuary for women seeking answers beyond conventional medicine. Find out more at Healinginsightonline.com.Connect with Us!Our Website: https://www.besttothenest.com/On Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/besttothenest?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&igsh=ZDNlZDc0MzIxNw==Our Facebook Group:https://www.facebook.com/groups/1088997968155776/See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Millions of us take aspirin daily to ward off heart attack or stroke, but a new study has found an alternative blood thinner, clopidogrel, could be more effective. We find out how it compares.An oral health check-up at least two weeks before surgery has shown to reduce the risk of post-operative infections such as pneumonia as well as reduce the length of a patients' hospital stay. Dr Kristina Wanyonyi-Kay Research Programme Leader at The Healthcare Improvement Studies Institute at the University of Cambridge assesses what this Japanese study tells is about the connection between oral health and the rest of our bodies.The Africa CDC and WHO have just launched ambitious targets to cut Cholera by 90% across Africa. Global health journalist Andrew Green assesses if this target is likely to be met with the measures proposed.We meet a Chilean football team who've all had organ transplants. They're trying to raise awareness and improve the number of donors in the country. Our reporter Jane Chambers went to Santiago to find out more.Could music help or worsen travel sickness? A study in China found happy music improved symptoms whilst sad music made them worse.Presenter: Claudia Hammond Producers: Katie Tomsett & Hannah Robins

Physician John Snow investigated the outbreak by mapping cholera cases in the area, which showed a clear concentration of cases around the public water pump on Broad ...

The World Health Organization says a resurgence of cholera in a number of African countries is putting more strain on already stretched health services. The WHO says more than 400,000 cases and nearly 5,000 deaths have been recorded worldwide this year, fuelled by conflict, poverty and flooding. Also: President Trump cancels Secret Service protection for the former US Vice-President Kamala Harris, and why more Germans are opting for non-alcoholic beer.The Global News Podcast brings you the breaking news you need to hear, as it happens. Listen for the latest headlines and current affairs from around the world. Politics, economics, climate, business, technology, health – we cover it all with expert analysis and insight. Get the news that matters, delivered twice a day on weekdays and daily at weekends, plus special bonus episodes reacting to urgent breaking stories. Follow or subscribe now and never miss a moment.Get in touch: globalpodcast@bbc.co.uk

Your daily news in under three minutes. At Al Jazeera Podcasts, we want to hear from you, our listeners. So, please head to https://www.aljazeera.com/survey and tell us your thoughts about this show and other Al Jazeera podcasts. It only takes a few minutes! Connect with us: @AJEPodcasts on X, Instagram, Facebook, and YouTube

Weingart, Christopher www.deutschlandfunk.de, Forschung aktuell

Pyritz, Lennart www.deutschlandfunk.de, Forschung aktuell

War-torn Sudan is in the grips of one of its worst cholera outbreaks in years. More than 100,000 people have been infected by the disease and over 2,400 lives lost since the outbreak was declared last year. The war has been fuelling the crisis, forcing mass displacement and as people move, so does the disease. Cholera has now crossed into neighbouring Chad, where thousands have sought refuge. In the east of the country, at least 68 deaths have been reported in just one month. Aid agencies are warning that if urgent action isn't taken, the region could be pushed to the brink of a wider epidemic. One of those NGOs is Solidarités International. Its executive director Kevin Goldberg spoke to us in Perspective.

Wir springen in dieser Woche ins Japan des 19. Jahrhunderts. Eine rätselhafte Krankheit rafft zehntausende Menschen dahin, die Ursache ist allerdings unbekannt. Vor allem verbreitet im Ost- und Südostasiatischen Raum, wird die in Japan Kakké genannte Erkrankung zu einem schwerwiegenden nationalen Problem, dem sich nun Ärzte auf der ganzen Welt widmen. Wir begleiten in dieser Folge die jahrzehntelange Suche nach der Ursache, die die Ernährungswissenschaften für immer verändern sollte. // Erwähnte Folgen - GAG255: Die 47 Ronin – https://gadg.fm/255 - GAG488: Hokusai und die Große Welle – https://gadg.fm/488 - GAG314: Eine kurze Geschichte der Cholera – https://gadg.fm/314 - GAG226: Der Untergang der Batavia – https://gadg.fm/226 // Literatur - Alexander R. Bay. Beriberi in Modern Japan: The Making of a National Disease. University Rochester Press, 2012. - Kenneth J. Carpenter. Beriberi, White Rice, and Vitamin B. A Disease, a Cause, and a Cure. University of California Press, 2022. Das Episodenbild zeigt eine Reisfarm in Japan um das Jahr 1911 //Aus unserer Werbung Du möchtest mehr über unsere Werbepartner erfahren? Hier findest du alle Infos & Rabatte: https://linktr.ee/GeschichtenausderGeschichte // Wir sind jetzt auch bei CampfireFM! Wer direkt in Folgen kommentieren will, Zusatzmaterial und Blicke hinter die Kulissen sehen will: einfach die App installieren und unserer Community beitreten: https://www.joincampfire.fm/podcasts/22 //Wir haben auch ein Buch geschrieben: Wer es erwerben will, es ist überall im Handel, aber auch direkt über den Verlag zu erwerben: https://www.piper.de/buecher/geschichten-aus-der-geschichte-isbn-978-3-492-06363-0 Wer Becher, T-Shirts oder Hoodies erwerben will: Die gibt's unter https://geschichte.shop Wer unsere Folgen lieber ohne Werbung anhören will, kann das über eine kleine Unterstützung auf Steady oder ein Abo des GeschichteFM-Plus Kanals auf Apple Podcasts tun. Wir freuen uns, wenn ihr den Podcast bei Apple Podcasts oder wo auch immer dies möglich ist rezensiert oder bewertet. Wir freuen uns auch immer, wenn ihr euren Freundinnen und Freunden, Kolleginnen und Kollegen oder sogar Nachbarinnen und Nachbarn von uns erzählt! Du möchtest Werbung in diesem Podcast schalten? Dann erfahre hier mehr über die Werbemöglichkeiten bei Seven.One Audio: https://www.seven.one/portfolio/sevenone-audio

Love in the Time of Cholera and Chronicle of a Death Foretold

Plastic pollution treaty talks adjourn in Geneva without consensusFrom Sudan to Yemen, conflict is fuelling cholera, warns WHOGaza: Nearly all people with disabilities have lost assistive devices

An outbreak of cholera in Sudan is reported to have killed hundreds of people. The epicentre is in North Darfur - home to a large number of displaced people. More on the dire humanitarian situation in Gaza. President Zelensky has been in London ahead of Friday's Trump-Putin summit. Taylor Swift has a new album coming out. And when is it right to take your shoes off in the office? The Global News Podcast brings you the breaking news you need to hear, as it happens. Listen for the latest headlines and current affairs from around the world. Politics, economics, climate, business, technology, health – we cover it all with expert analysis and insight.Get the news that matters, delivered twice a day on weekdays and daily at weekends, plus special bonus episodes reacting to urgent breaking stories. Follow or subscribe now and never miss a moment. Get in touch: globalpodcast@bbc.co.uk

Welcome back to the Identity Theft Resource Center's (ITRC) Weekly Breach Breakdown, supported by Sentilink. I'm James E. Lee, the ITRC's President, and this is the episode for August 15, 2025. Each week, we take a look at the latest news and trends related to data security and privacy. For 20 years now, the CODB, along with the ITRC's U.S. Data Breach Report (DBR) and Verizon's global Data Breach Investigation Report (DBIR), have been part of the triumvirate that looks at data breach costs by region around the world, along with how long it takes to find and fix a data breach. The CODB, along with the DBR and DBIR, are proof that those of us in the cybersecurity world love our acronyms. That makes this episode – LITTOB – Love in the Time of Breaches (with apologies to the makers of Love in the Time of Cholera). Follow on LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/idtheftcenter/ Follow on Twitter: twitter.com/IDTheftCenter

Sudan's worst cholera outbreak in years is spreading in a country ravaged by conflict. Health and aid workers are battling desperately to stop it from escalating and crossing into neighbouring countries. What's driving the outbreak - and how serious is it? In this episode: Mathilde Vu, Advocacy Manager for Sudan, Norwegian Refugee Council Simon Mane, Sudan National Director, World Vision International Mitch Rhyner, Deputy Head of Mission, Doctors Without Borders, Sudan Host: Adrian Finighan Connect with us:@AJEPodcasts on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook

Israeli plan to take complete control of Gaza must stop now, says UN rights chief  Cholera sweeps across Sudan, Chad refugee site  Afghanistan returnees have lost hope and need our help: UN-Habitat 

On this episode of Currently Reading, Meredith and Kaytee are discussing: Bookish Moments: reading with a partner and making lazy genius decisions about your reading life Current Reads: all the great, interesting, and/or terrible stuff we've been reading lately Deep Dive: we are reviewing our summer break The Fountain: we visit our perfect fountain to make wishes about our reading lives Show notes are time-stamped below for your convenience. Read the transcript of the episode (this link only works on the main site) .  .  .  .  1:53 - Ad For Ourselves 3:11 - Pounded by Produce by G.M. Fairy 3:14 - Hedging His Bets by Celia Kyle [Amazon link] 5:45 - Currently Reading Patreon 6:02 - Our Bookish Moments Of The Week 6:39 - The Bookshop by Evan Friss 7:24 - Death of the Author by Nnedi Okorafor 10:05 - Our Current Reads 10:15 - Playground by Richard Powers (Kaytee) 13:04 - Bill from An Unlikely Story on Instagram (@AnUnlikelyStory) 13:55 - Bill Largent on Instagram (@TheWillToRead) 14:26 - Until August by Gabriel García Márquez (Meredith) 16:43 - Love in the Time of Cholera by Gabriel García Márquez 16:47 - One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel García Márquez 17:40 - The Council of Animals by Nick McDonell 19:06 - I Who Have Never Known Men by Jacqueline Harpman (Kaytee) 19:12 - CR Season 5: Episode 48 (The Listener Press) 24:33 - The Game Is Murder by Hazell Ward (Meredith) 27:34 - The 7 1/2 Deaths of Evelyn Hardcastle by Stuart Turton 27:43 - Magpie Murders by Anthony Horowitz 28:55 - The Mysterious Case of the Alperton Angels by Janice Hallett (Kaytee) 29:21 - CR Season 6: Episode 31 32:18 - The Examiner by Janice Hallett 32:19 - The Appeal by Janice Hallett 33:16 - So Far Gone by Jess Walter 38:30 - Deep Dive: What We Did On Our Summer Break 46:51 - Meet Us At The Fountain 47:15 - Travel to the bookstores a little outside your norm and make time for a bookish journey and bookstore extroversion (Kaytee)  49:24 - Listen to Ep. 272: Best Books of the Year (So Far) of 10 Things to Tell You with Laura Tremaine 50:34 - Laura Tremaine's Secret Stuff on Substack 50:40 - The Shining by Stephen King 51:21 - A Journey to Three Pines  Support Us: Become a Bookish Friend | Grab Some Merch Shop Bookshop dot org | Shop Amazon Bookish Friends Receive: The Indie Press List with a curated list of five books hand sold by the indie of the month. August's IPL comes to us from our founding Indie Press List store: Fabled Bookshop in Waco, TX! Love and Chili Peppers with Kaytee and Rebekah - romance lovers get their due with this special episode focused entirely on the best selling genre fiction in the business.  All Things Murderful with Meredith and Elizabeth - special content for the scary-lovers, brought to you with the behind-the-scenes insights of an independent bookseller From the Editor's Desk with Kaytee and Bunmi Ishola - a quarterly peek behind the curtain at the publishing industry The Bookish Friends Facebook Group - where you can build community with bookish friends from around the globe as well as our hosts Connect With Us: The Show: Instagram | Website | Email | Threads The Hosts and Regulars: Meredith | Kaytee | Mary | Roxanna Production and Editing: Megan Phouthavong Evans Affiliate Disclosure: All affiliate links go to Bookshop unless otherwise noted. Shopping here helps keep the lights on and benefits indie bookstores. Thanks for your support!

Your daily news in under three minutes. At Al Jazeera Podcasts, we want to hear from you, our listeners. So, please head to https://www.aljazeera.com/survey and tell us your thoughts about this show and other Al Jazeera podcasts. It only takes a few minutes! Connect with us: @AJEPodcasts on X, Instagram, Facebook, and YouTube

Hii leo jaridani tunaangazia hali ya msaada wa kibinadamu katika ukanda wa Gaza, na mlipuko wa kipindupingu nchini Sudan. Makala tunafuatilia ziara ya katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa nchini Kazakhstan na mashinani tunamulika unyonyeshaji Sudan Kusini.Simulizi za huzuni, majonzi na kukata tamaa zinaendelea kila uchao huko Ukanda wa Gaza, eneo la Palestina linalokaliwa kimabavu na Israel hasa wakati huu ambapo raia wanaokwenda kusaka chakula wanakumbwa na mashambulizi yanayosababisha vifo. Ijumaa iliyopita Umoja wa Mataifa uliripoti kuwa zaidi ya watu 100 waliuawa na mamia kadhaa walijeruhiwa katika siku mbili pekee Wakisaka chakula.Zaidi ya watoto 640,000 walio na umri wa chini ya miaka mitano wapo hatarini kutokana na mlipuko wa ugonjwa wa kipindupindu huko Kaskazini mwa Darfur, nchini Sudan.. Katika makala Anold Kayanda anatupeleka Asia ya Kati ambako Umoja wa Mataifa na Kazakhstan wamesaini makubaliano ya Kazakhstan kuwa mwenyeji wa Kituo cha Kikanda cha Umoja wa Mataifa cha Malengo ya Maendeleo Endelevu kwa ajili ya ukanda wa Asia ya Kati na Afghanistan..Na mashinani nawapisha wanafunzi wawili,Wanga pamoja na Kifaya ambao ni wanafunzi katika shule ya Sekondari ya Askofu Abangite iliyopo jimbo la Yambio,kusini Magharibi mwa Sudani Kusini karibu na mpaka wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo.Wakizungumza na shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Kuhudumia watoto UNICEF nchini humo wameeleza umuhimu wa maziwa ya mama kwa mtoto.Mwenyeji wako ni Assumpta Massoi, karibu!

 This week on the KPL Podcast, we explore A History of the World in Six Plagues with historian Edna Bonhomme. Through riveting storytelling and rigorous research, Bonhomme traces the devastating impact of pandemics across centuries and continents—from Port-au-Prince to plantation-era America—revealing how disease and systemic inequality have long gone hand in hand. Don't miss this powerful look at the hidden connections between contagion and injustice. 

In Gaza, a ‘man-made drought' is causing more misery: UNICEFTsunami early warning system kicks in across Pacific after Russia quake: UNDRRCholera alert could impact 80,000 children across Central and Western Africa

Tydens sy streeksrede vandag het die goewerneur van Kunene, Vipuakuje Muharukua, beklemtoon dat malaria steeds kommerwekkend voorkom in die streek. Hoewel geen malariaverwante sterftes aangeteken is nie, is nege cholera-gevalle aangemeld, insluitend een sterfte. Hy sê die uitbreking is wel onder beheer.

Source material: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1i5ZNDrth2okF7ACLBvKafjGgOKBU74sm/view?usp=drive_link

This week's episode comes with poor sound quality and excellent vibes. For the first time ever, Paul and Trevor met in person! Join us as we take the show on the road—through bookstores, libraries, and one unforgettable day of literary wandering. From the cozy aisles of The King's English to the rarified shelves of Moon's Rare Books, with stops at Poppy's Books and the Salem City Library (Trevor's wife makes as cameo!), this episode is a roving celebration of bookish friendship. We apologize in advance for the audio, but we hope you enjoy this day out with us. We'll be back to our usual mischief in the next episode.We've got some fantastic author-focused episodes lined up for the foreseeable future, and we want to give you plenty of time to dive in if you'd like to read along with us. These episodes come around every ten episodes, and with our bi-weekly release schedule, you'll have a few months to get ready for each. Here's what we have in store:* Episode 115: Kazuo Ishiguro* Episode 125: Flannery O'Connor* Episode 135: William Faulkner* Episode 145: Elizabeth Taylor* Episode 155: Naguib MahfouzThere's no rush—take your time, and grab a book (or two, or three) so you're prepared for these as they come!Join the Mookse and the Gripes on DiscordWant to share your thoughts on these upcoming authors or anything else we're discussing? Join us over on Discord! It's the perfect place to dive deeper into the conversation—whether you're reading along with our author-focused episodes or just want to chat about the books that are on your mind.We're also just now in our second novella book club, where we're reading Giovanni's Room by James Baldwin. It's a fantastic book, and we'd love to have you join the discussion. It's a great space to engage with fellow listeners, share your insights, and discover new perspectives on the books you're reading.ShownotesBooks* Sun City, by Tove Jansson, translated by Thomas Teal* The King of a Rainy Country, by Brigid Brophy* Rhine Journey, by Ann Schlee* I Am Alien to Life: Selected Stories, by Djuna Barnes* Waiting for the Fear, by Oguz Atay, translated by Ralph Hubbell* Last Stories, by William Trevor* Chronicle of a Death Foretold, by Gabriel García Márquez, translated by Gregory Rabassa* Love in the Time of Cholera, by Gabriel García Márquez, translated by Edith Grossman* One Hundred Years of Solitude, by Gabriel García Márquez, translated by Gregory Rabassa* The Adventures of China Iron, by Gabriela Cabezón Cámara, translated by Fiona Mackintosh and Iona Macintyre * The Sea, the Sea, by Iris Murdoch* Schattenfroh, by Michael Lenz, translated by Max Lawton* Miss MacIntosh, My Darling, by * The Stronghold, by Dino Buzzati, translated by Lawrence Venuti* The Remains of the Day, by Kazuo Ishiguro* Never Let Me Go, by Kazuo Ishiguro* The Buried Giant, by Kazuo Ishiguro* The Unconsoled, by Kazuo Ishiguro* Nocturnes, by Kazuo Ishiguro* An Artist of the Floating World, by Kazuo Ishiguro* A Pale View of Hills, by Kazuo Ishiguro* When We Were Orphans, by Kazuo Ishiguro* As I Lay Dying, by William Faulkner* A River Runs Through It, by Norman Maclean* On the Clock, by Claire Baglin* Your Absence Is Darkness, by Jón Kalman Stefánsson, translated by Philip Roughton* Jonathan Strange & Mr. Norrell, by Susanna Clarke* The Hobbit, by J.R.R. Tolkien* Moby Dick, by Herman Melville* Songs of Innocence, by William Blake* Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen* Anne of Green Gables, by L.M. MontgomeryThe Mookse and the Gripes Podcast is a bookish conversation hosted by Paul and Trevor. Every other week, we explore a bookish topic and celebrate our love of reading. We're glad you're here, and we hope you'll continue to join us on this literary journey!A huge thank you to those who help make this podcast possible! If you'd like to support us, you can do so via Substack or Patreon. Subscribers receive access to periodic bonus episodes and early access to all new episodes. Plus, each supporter gets their own dedicated feed, allowing them to download episodes a few days before they're released to the public. We'd love for you to check it out! This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit mookse.substack.com/subscribe

In this episode, Fergus Kennedy shares the profound journey of uncovering his family's history, particularly focusing on his father's harrowing experiences as a prisoner of war during World War II. The discussion delves into the emotional and physical struggles faced by POWs, the brutal conditions of the Japanese camps, and the resilience of the human spirit. Fergus reflects on the importance of storytelling in preserving history and honoring the legacy of those who endured unimaginable hardships. The conversation highlights themes of survival, family, and the quest for understanding one's roots.Buy the book here

Osius, Anna www.deutschlandfunk.de, Eine Welt

Osius, Anna www.deutschlandfunk.de, Eine Welt

Die gesondheidsminister, dr. Esperance Luvindao, het 'n proaktiewe benadering tot gesondheidsbedreigings versoek en die bekendstelling van Namibië se nasionale gebeurtenisgebaseerde toesigriglyne beklemtoon. Die riglyne is daarop gemik om vroeë opsporing en reaksie op uitbrekings soos malaria en cholera te verbeter. Die riglyne, in lyn met die Afrika-Siektebeheersentrum se raamwerk, sal vroeë waarskuwingstelsels verbeter, met steun van die sentrum.

Welcome to the Celestial Insights Podcast, the show that brings the stars down to Earth! Each week, astrologer, coach, and intuitive Celeste Brooks of Astrology by Celeste will be your guide. Her website is astrologybyceleste.com.  

Die gesondheidsministerie het ‘n span ontplooi na Opuwo na die bevestiging van cholera op die dorp. Dit volg ná twee kinders uit dieselfde huishouding vroeër vandeesweek met cholera-simptome in die distrikshospitaal opgeneem is. Een van die kinders is dood en voorlopige laboratoriumtoetste het cholera bevestig. Walters Kamaya, segsman by die ministerie het meer.

World news in 7 minutes. Tuesday 10th June 2025.Today: US California riots. Colombia Uribe. Peru bridge. Sudan cholera. Kenya protests. France Renault drones. Ukraine Russia more land, less planes. Italy referenda. Israel flotilla. Iran no dogs. India space.SEND7 is supported by our amazing listeners like you.Our supporters get access to the transcripts and vocabulary list written by us every day.Our supporters get access to an English worksheet made by us once per week.Our supporters get access to our weekly news quiz made by us once per week.We give 10% of our profit to Effective Altruism charities. You can become a supporter at send7.org/supportContact us at podcast@send7.org or send an audio message at speakpipe.com/send7Please leave a rating on Apple podcasts or Spotify.We don't use AI! Every word is written and recorded by us!Since 2020, SEND7 (Simple English News Daily in 7 minutes) has been telling the most important world news stories in intermediate English. Every day, listen to the most important stories from every part of the world in slow, clear English. Whether you are an intermediate learner trying to improve your advanced, technical and business English, or if you are a native speaker who just wants to hear a summary of world news as fast as possible, join Stephen Devincenzi and Juliet Martin every morning. Transcripts, vocabulary lists, worksheets and our weekly world news quiz are available for our amazing supporters at send7.org. Simple English News Daily is the perfect way to start your day, by practising your listening skills and understanding complicated daily news in a simple way. It is also highly valuable for IELTS and TOEFL students. Students, teachers, TEFL teachers, and people with English as a second language, tell us that they use SEND7 because they can learn English through hard topics, but simple grammar. We believe that the best way to improve your spoken English is to immerse yourself in real-life content, such as what our podcast provides. SEND7 covers all news including politics, business, natural events and human rights. Whether it is happening in Europe, Africa, Asia, the Americas or Oceania, you will hear it on SEND7, and you will understand it.Get your daily news and improve your English listening in the time it takes to make a coffee.For more information visit send7.org/contact or send an email to podcast@send7.org

In this edition of The Naked Scientists: African leaders hold emergency talks about deadly outbreaks of cholera on the continent. But why is this happening, and what can be done to curb the threat? The James Webb Space Telescope breaks another cosmic record spotting the oldest galaxy ever seen, dating from just 280 million years after the Big Bang. We explore the hidden workings of our natural history museums: what did they decide not to display, and why? Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

Two years ago, a fragile but hopeful peace in Sudan was broken when the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) – which are both arms of the Sudanese state – went to war with each other. In the fighting since, more than 150,000 people have been killed and 13 million of a total of a 51 million person population, have been displaced. Famine is currently significant. And there are renewed reports of cholera tearing through the region, which has led to corpses rotting in the nile river, according to an Al Jazeera report.  But during these past two years of civil war, most media that covers international affairs and violence, and this includes us at KPFA, has focused on international coverage elsewhere, failing to give proper attention to the conflict in Sudan, often writing it off because we don't have strong contacts or because the war is somehow over our heads.  We're joined in conversation about the violence in Sudan, it's causes and potential pathways out, by Vijay Prashad, a historian and writer, and the executive director of the Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research, which recently produced its 20th newsletter, titled “A Language of Blood Has Gripped Our World,” addressing the conflict in Sudan. Check out the Tricontinental's website: https://thetricontinental.org/ — Subscribe to this podcast: https://plinkhq.com/i/1637968343?to=page Get in touch: lawanddisorder@kpfa.org Follow us on socials @LawAndDis: https://twitter.com/LawAndDis; https://www.instagram.com/lawanddis/ The post Sudan's Civil War Continues as Famine and Cholera Spread w/ Vijay Prashad appeared first on KPFA.

Your daily news in under three minutes. At Al Jazeera Podcasts, we want to hear from you, our listeners. So, please head to https://www.aljazeera.com/survey and tell us your thoughts about this show and other Al Jazeera podcasts. It only takes a few minutes! Connect with us: @AJEPodcasts on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, Threads and YouTube.

Your daily news in under three minutes. At Al Jazeera Podcasts, we want to hear from you, our listeners. So, please head to https://www.aljazeera.com/survey and tell us your thoughts about this show and other Al Jazeera podcasts. It only takes a few minutes! Connect with us: @AJEPodcasts on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, Threads and YouTube.

Aid groups have warned Sudan is on the brink of a full scale public health disaster after an outbreak of cholera in the country's capital Khartoum. Sudan's Health Ministry reports more than 170 people have died of the disease in one week.

Greg vs naval radar. ALSO: Chris's ketamine update! Every economist is a corrupt clown. PLUS: The new Advice King, and a song of the week from Bruce Springsteen!! P.S. The comedy show already happened (Monday 4/21).Bruce Springsteen - "Blind Spot": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55xRLL3oSIECold Brew Patreon: Patreon.com/ChrisCroftonChannel Nonfiction: ChannelNonfiction.com

Cholera outbreak linked to holy water, BYU grad student deported, a rundown of Mormon numbers, Washington state makes clergy mandatory reporters, architect Gaudí on path to sainthood, quite the Easter costume contest in San Francisco, and those Mormons win in court once again.

What happens when physical therapy enters the high-risk pregnancy unit? Erin Locati, PT, DPT, joins us to break down how acute care therapists can make a meaningful impact on maternal health—far beyond what most expect. In this episode, Erin shares her unique path from chemical engineering to acute care PT, and how her own pregnancies shaped her clinical mission. We explore the misconceptions around bedrest, how to support OB teams without overstepping, and why physical therapy should be standard in high-risk pregnancy and postpartum care. Whether you're a hospital-based PT, student, or someone curious about expanding care for pregnant patients—this episode will challenge assumptions and spark ideas. Today's Guests: Erin Locati PT, DPT erin@risepelvicpt.com LinkedIn Instagram: @erinlocati_pt Guest Quotes: 9:11 “ …So I really felt alone navigating.  Kind of my postpartum recovery and my injuries and return to activity and exercise. And then during my second pregnancy, I was diagnosed with a couple serious complications. And again, I just really felt alone and frustrated and not really knowing, well, what does it say for me to do? I don't wanna accidentally hurt my baby by doing too much, and my doctor wasn't super helpful about it. I knew that pelvic physical therapy was a specialty that existed.  Where PTs work with pregnant and postpartum patients, but it was really more of an outpatient specialty as far as I knew. And I was in acute care and I wanted to stay in acute care. Yeah. So I thought about, well, how can I help these populations where I am? I mean, all these patients are here in the hospital. Almost everybody gives birth in a hospital in the US. So maybe there's a way that I can provide skilled care  in the setting I'm already in to pregnant and postpartum patients, and that's really where it started.” 25:52 “ It's looking at their restrictions and deciding, you know, with your skilled assessment, what level of exercise could they probably be doing within the restrictions they have. And again, going up to the max that it restriction allows them. So that they can minimize the losses they're gonna have from being on bedrest.” Rapid Responses:  Do you have any good book recommendations? “… My favorite book, love In the Time of Cholera by Gabriel Garcia Marquez.” You know you work in acute care when… ” You can treat everything. You go from a cabbage to a knee replacement, to a stroke, to a pregnant patient.” Links: https://enhancedrecoveryafterdelivery.com/ https://www.facebook.com/share/g/1DbQbXixy8/ https://pelvicglobal.com/ Connect with our host and the podcast! Leo Arguelles (LEE-O R-GWELL-IS) largue2@uic.edu Twitter @LeoArguellesPT Interested in being a future guest? APTA Acute Care: Website Awards Journal Access Twitter @AcuteCareAPTA Facebook APTA Acute Care Instagram @AcademyAcutePT YouTube  APTA Acute Care Podcast APTA Acute Care Resources APTA Adult Vital Signs APTA Lab Values Document Webinar Recordings

Meg hears of Ed Koch's favorite moment in history: the Transit Strike of 1980. Jessica visits one of the rare triangle buildings in the city which has always existed to help New Yorkers in need. PLUS Meg and Jessica discuss Cynthia Weiner's novel about a girl coming of age in NYC in the ‘80s: A Gorgeous Excitement.Please check out our website, follow us on Instagram, on Facebook, and...WRITE US A REVIEW HEREWe'd LOVE to hear from you! Let us know if you have any ideas for stories HEREThank you for listening!Love,Meg and Jessica

Today we uncover an invisible killer hidden, for over a hundred years, by reasonable disbelief. Science journalist extraordinaire Carl Zimmer tells us the story of a centuries-long battle of ideas that came to a head, with tragic consequences, in the very recent past. His latest book, called Airborne, details a  largely forgotten history of science that never quite managed to get off the ground. Along the way, Carl helps us understand how we can fail, over and over again, to see a truth right in front of our faces. And how we finally came around thanks to scientific evidence hidden inside a song.EPISODE CREDITS:Reported by - Carl ZimmerProduced by - Sarah Qariwith mixing help from - Jeremy BloomFact-checking by - Natalie MiddletonEPISODE CITATIONS:Books -  Check out Carl Zimmer's new book, Airborne (https://zpr.io/Q5bdYrubcwE4).Articles -  Read about the study on the Skagit Valley Chorale COVID superspreading event (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32979298/).Signup for our newsletter!! It includes short essays, recommendations, and details about other ways to interact with the show. Sign up (https://radiolab.org/newsletter)!Radiolab is supported by listeners like you. Support Radiolab by becoming a member of The Lab (https://members.radiolab.org/) today.Follow our show on Instagram, Twitter and Facebook @radiolab, and share your thoughts with us by emailing radiolab@wnyc.org.Leadership support for Radiolab's science programming is provided by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Science Sandbox, a Simons Foundation Initiative, and the John Templeton Foundation. Foundational support for Radiolab was provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.

Wir machen in dieser Folge einen kleinen Galopp durch die Jahrtausende, und sehen uns an, wie sich Menschen von der Frühgeschichte bis ins 20. Jahrhundert gereinigt haben. Dabei sprechen wir über äußere und innere Reinigung, warum im antiken Griechenland eine regelrechte Hygienewissenschaft entstand und weshalb sich manche Gläubige im Mittelalter absichtlich von Insekten anfressen ließen. // Erwähnte Folgen - GAG36: Eine sehr kurze Geschichte des Deodorants – https://gadg.fm/36 - GAG462: Die Schlacht an den Thermopylen oder Das erste letzte Gefecht der Geschichte – https://gadg.fm/432 - GAG472: Die Antoninische Pest – https://gadg.fm/472 - GAG466: Julia Felix und das Ende Pompejis – https://gadg.fm/466 - GAG73: Ludwig XIV. und seine pikante Operation – https://gadg.fm/73 - GAG314: Eine kurze Geschichte der Cholera – https://gadg.fm/314 - GAG23: Ziemlich beste Feindschaft oder Die Anfänge der Bakteriologie – https://gadg.fm/23 - GAG263: Lavoisier und die Entdeckung des Sauerstoffs – https://gadg.fm/263 // Literatur - Curtis, Valerie A. „Dirt, Disgust and Disease: A Natural History of Hygiene“. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 61, Nr. 8 (August 2007): 660–64. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2007.062380. - History Today. „The Flies, Fleas and Rotting Flesh of Medieval Monks“. Zugegriffen 17. Februar 2025. https://www.historytoday.com/archive/feature/flies-fleas-and-rotting-flesh-medieval-monks. - Virginia Smith. Clean: A History of Personal Hygiene and Purity. OUP Oxford, 2007. Das Episodenbild zeigt einen Ausschnitt des in der Folge erwähnten Stichs von Albrecht Dürer "Das Männerbad". Alle Infos zu Fragen und Audiobeiträgen für die 500. Folge gibt's hier: https://www.geschichte.fm/allgemein/jubilaeumsfolge-gag500/ //Aus unserer Werbung Du möchtest mehr über unsere Werbepartner erfahren? Hier findest du alle Infos & Rabatte: https://linktr.ee/GeschichtenausderGeschichte //Wir haben auch ein Buch geschrieben: Wer es erwerben will, es ist überall im Handel, aber auch direkt über den Verlag zu erwerben: https://www.piper.de/buecher/geschichten-aus-der-geschichte-isbn-978-3-492-06363-0 Wer Becher, T-Shirts oder Hoodies erwerben will: Die gibt's unter https://geschichte.shop Wer unsere Folgen lieber ohne Werbung anhören will, kann das über eine kleine Unterstützung auf Steady oder ein Abo des GeschichteFM-Plus Kanals auf Apple Podcasts tun. Wir freuen uns, wenn ihr den Podcast bei Apple Podcasts oder wo auch immer dies möglich ist rezensiert oder bewertet. Wir freuen uns auch immer, wenn ihr euren Freundinnen und Freunden, Kolleginnen und Kollegen oder sogar Nachbarinnen und Nachbarn von uns erzählt! Du möchtest Werbung in diesem Podcast schalten? Dann erfahre hier mehr über die Werbemöglichkeiten bei Seven.One Audio: https://www.seven.one/portfolio/sevenone-audio