Podcast appearances and mentions of india act

Episode 212 it is - we're cruising into 1858 but wait! The sounds of gunfire! Yes, it's that old South African tune, war, set to the music of the guns. Our society is steeped in action, movement, confrontation. This is not a place for the insipid, the weak, the fearful. Whatever our belief system or our personal politics, what cannot be disputed is that the country and our ways are those of the warrior. This is an uncomfortable truth for metropolitans who are more used to single latte's than sling shots. Globally, 1858 is full of momentous events and incidents. It was the year in which Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace present their papers on evolution by natural selection in London. In India, a peace treaty ends the Indian Rebellion and later in the year the British parliament passes the Government of India Act. This transfers the territories of the British East India Company and their administration to the Direct Rule of the British Crown. The great stink in London led parliament to a bill to create modern sewerage system after the dreadful odours wafting about the British capital during the summer. Another young girl dreams up appiritions in the mode of Nongqawuse who dreamed up the cattle Killings - this time its Bernadette Soubirous who claims she saw several appritions appeared before her in the southern French town of Lourdes. Without going into too many gory details, around Ash Wednesday a woman appeared before her inside a grotto and after three appearances over time, began to talk. By October, the government had shut down the grotto there were so many people pitching up to take part in what was called a miracle. A miracle only she could see. Strange how these stories in this period repeated themselves. Back in Africa, David Livingstones six-year long second Zambezi expedition arrived on the Indian Ocean coast. Which is an important moment because inland, the tension between the Boers of the Free State and King Moshoeshoe of Basutoland had been exacerbated. A drought was reported in the region in 1858 which exacerbated everything. The Volksraad met in February 1858. They were faced with a request for help to deal with Posholi signed by a field-cornet and sixty five other burghers in the disputed area.Later in February 1858 Smithfield Landdrost Jacobus Sauer sent more news from the badlands - Posholi was, in his words, parading through Smithfield district with warriors and when accosted, said he was on a hunting expedition. When the Commando eventually gathered, there were one thousand armed and mounted Boers. Which was exactly ten percent the size of the Basotho force of ten thousand, all mounted with at least five hundred firearms. Back at the Thaba Bosiu ranch, Moshoeshoe was a sea of calm. It was now war and the king along with the territorial chiefs and councillors, put their plans into motion. They'd faced this kind of attack before, the British had raided them in 1852 if you recall. That had ended in disaster for the empire, so Moshoeshoe was not rattled by the latest assault on his independence.

Episode 212 it is - we're cruising into 1858 but wait! The sounds of gunfire! Yes, it's that old South African tune, war, set to the music of the guns. Our society is steeped in action, movement, confrontation. This is not a place for the insipid, the weak, the fearful. Whatever our belief system or our personal politics, what cannot be disputed is that the country and our ways are those of the warrior. This is an uncomfortable truth for metropolitans who are more used to single latte's than sling shots. Globally, 1858 is full of momentous events and incidents. It was the year in which Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace present their papers on evolution by natural selection in London. In India, a peace treaty ends the Indian Rebellion and later in the year the British parliament passes the Government of India Act. This transfers the territories of the British East India Company and their administration to the Direct Rule of the British Crown. The great stink in London led parliament to a bill to create modern sewerage system after the dreadful odours wafting about the British capital during the summer. Another young girl dreams up appiritions in the mode of Nongqawuse who dreamed up the cattle Killings - this time its Bernadette Soubirous who claims she saw several appritions appeared before her in the southern French town of Lourdes. Without going into too many gory details, around Ash Wednesday a woman appeared before her inside a grotto and after three appearances over time, began to talk. By October, the government had shut down the grotto there were so many people pitching up to take part in what was called a miracle. A miracle only she could see. Strange how these stories in this period repeated themselves. Back in Africa, David Livingstones six-year long second Zambezi expedition arrived on the Indian Ocean coast. Which is an important moment because inland, the tension between the Boers of the Free State and King Moshoeshoe of Basutoland had been exacerbated. A drought was reported in the region in 1858 which exacerbated everything. The Volksraad met in February 1858. They were faced with a request for help to deal with Posholi signed by a field-cornet and sixty five other burghers in the disputed area.Later in February 1858 Smithfield Landdrost Jacobus Sauer sent more news from the badlands - Posholi was, in his words, parading through Smithfield district with warriors and when accosted, said he was on a hunting expedition. When the Commando eventually gathered, there were one thousand armed and mounted Boers. Which was exactly ten percent the size of the Basotho force of ten thousand, all mounted with at least five hundred firearms. Back at the Thaba Bosiu ranch, Moshoeshoe was a sea of calm. It was now war and the king along with the territorial chiefs and councillors, put their plans into motion. They'd faced this kind of attack before, the British had raided them in 1852 if you recall. That had ended in disaster for the empire, so Moshoeshoe was not rattled by the latest assault on his independence.

pWotD Episode 2459: Republic Day (India) Welcome to popular Wiki of the Day where we read the summary of a popular Wikipedia page every day.With 351,940 views on Thursday, 25 January 2024 our article of the day is Republic Day (India).Republic Day is the day when the Republic of India marks and celebrates the date on which the Constitution of India came into effect on 26 January 1950. This replaced the Government of India Act 1935 as the governing document of India, thus turning the nation from a dominion into a republic separate from British Raj. The constitution was adopted by the Indian Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950. 26 January was chosen as the date for Republic Day as it was on the date of 1930 when the Declaration of Indian Independence was proclaimed by the Indian National Congress.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 01:37 UTC on Friday, 26 January 2024.For the full current version of the article, see Republic Day (India) on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm Kajal Neural.

In this episode, we delve into the era of Crown Rule in India, spanning from 1858 to 1947, a period that ushered in profound changes and ultimately led to India's independence. Starting after the 1857 revolt when the British government assumed direct control over India, we explore key acts and events that shaped this transformative era. We begin with the Government of India Act of 1858, which abolished the British East India Company's rule and vested authority directly with the British government. This act introduced the title of Viceroy of India, with Lord Canning becoming the first Viceroy. The Board of Control and Court of Directors were dissolved, and the Secretary of State for India took charge of Indian administration. A Council of India was formed to assist the Secretary of State. Next, we examine the Indian Councils Act of 1861, aiming to increase Indian representation in legislative councils. The act empowered the Viceroy to nominate Indians as non-official members in the expanded council. Legislative powers were decentralized, and new legislative councils were established. The Portfolio system allowed the Viceroy to issue ordinances in emergencies. Continuing the pursuit of greater Indian representation, the Indian Councils Act of 1892 further empowered non-official members in legislative councils. The councils gained the authority to discuss budgets and address questions to the executive. The pivotal Indian Councils Act of 1909, known as the Morley-Minto Reforms, aimed to enhance Indian involvement in the legislative process. It increased the number of members in the Central Legislative Council and introduced communal representation, providing separate electorates for Muslims. The Government of India Act of 1919, known as the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, brought significant changes to the Indian political system. Central and Provincial subjects were separated, introducing bicameralism and direct elections. The franchise was granted based on property, tax, or education, and Indians were associated with the executive councils. However, elected members' role remained advisory, and oppressive measures stifled Indian voices. The Government of India Act of 1935 marked a crucial step towards Indian self-governance. It established an All India Federation and introduced provincial autonomy and dyarchy at the Centre. The franchise was extended, and new institutions were created. Despite its significance, the act fell short in guaranteeing citizens' rights. The Indian Independence Act of 1947 marked the end of British rule in India and granted independence to India and Pakistan as separate dominions. It empowered the Constituent Assemblies to frame their constitutions. The title of Viceroy was dropped, and India became an independent and sovereign state. The culmination of these acts and events shaped India's destiny, leading to the end of British rule and the beginning of India's independence. The Constituent Assembly evolved into the Parliament of Independent India, shaping the nation's course. The act allowed princely states to choose between joining either dominion or becoming independent, curbing secession tendencies and unifying the nation. In conclusion, the period of Crown Rule in India was a transformative chapter in Indian history, marked by struggles, reforms, and ultimately the realization of India's long-awaited freedom from British colonial rule. #UPSC #IASprep #civilserviceexam #IASexamination #IASaspirants #UPSCjourney #IASexam #civilservice #IASgoals #UPSC2022 #IAS2022 #civilservant #IAScoaching #UPSCmotivation #IASmotivation #UPSCpreparation #IASpreparation #UPSCguide #IASguide #UPSCtips #IAStips #UPSCbooks #IASbooks #UPSCexamstrategy #IASexamstrategy #UPSCmentorship #IASmentorship #UPSCcommunity #IAScommunity #UPSCpreparation #IASpreparation #UPSCguide #IASguide #UPSCtips #IAStips #UPSCbooks #IASbooks #UPSCexamstrategy #IASexamstrategy #UPSCmentorship #IASmentorship #UPSCcommunity #IAScommunity --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/theiascompanion/message

In this episode of Polity, we explore the influential acts passed during the British rule in India, specifically focusing on seven important acts enacted during the Company Rule from 1773 to 1858. Beginning with the Act Regulating Act of 1773, which laid the foundation for central administration in India, we discover how it transformed the Governor of Bengal into the Governor-General, established the Supreme Court of Calcutta, and prohibited the company's servants from engaging in private trade. Moving forward, we encounter the Act of Settlement of 1781, which safeguarded the Governor-General and council from the Supreme Court's jurisdiction and empowered them to frame regulations for provincial courts. In 1784, Pitt's India Act brought about a system of Double Government, with the Court of Directors overseeing commercial affairs and the Board of Control managing political affairs, signifying a shift in British government control. The Charter Act of 1793 extended the company's trade monopoly in India, clarified the Crown's sovereignty, and granted more powers to the Governor-General, including authority over the governors of Madras and Bombay. Furthermore, it introduced revenue courts, known as Maal Adalats. The Charter Act of 1813 abolished the company's trade monopoly (except for tea and trade with China), allowed Christian missionaries in India, and authorized local governments to levy taxes. The Charter Act of 1833 designated the Governor-General of Bengal as the Governor-General of India, consolidating civil and military powers. It transformed the company into an administrative body, reducing its political influence. Finally, the Charter Act of 1853 separated the legislative and executive functions, established the Indian Legislative Council, introduced an open competition system for Indian Civil Services, and provided for local representation. These seven acts were instrumental in shaping India's political and constitutional landscape. They established administrative structures, defined the powers of the Governor-General, laid the groundwork for British government control, and introduced crucial reforms. By understanding these acts, we gain valuable insights into India's historical journey towards independence and its subsequent political development. #UPSC #IASprep #civilserviceexam #IASexamination #IASaspirants #UPSCjourney #IASexam #civilservice #IASgoals #UPSC2022 #IAS2022 #civilservant #IAScoaching #UPSCmotivation #IASmotivation #UPSCpreparation #IASpreparation #UPSCguide #IASguide #UPSCtips #IAStips #UPSCbooks #IASbooks #UPSCexamstrategy #IASexamstrategy #UPSCmentorship #IASmentorship #UPSCcommunity #IAScommunity #UPSCpreparation #IASpreparation #UPSCguide #IASguide #UPSCtips #IAStips #UPSCbooks #IASbooks #UPSCexamstrategy #IASexamstrategy #UPSCmentorship #IASmentorship #UPSCcommunity #IAScommunity --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/theiascompanion/message

पिट्स इंडिया एक्ट से संबंधित परीक्षा उपयोगी अति महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्नों का संग्रह

Government of India act 1858 परीक्षा उपयोगी महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्न एवं नोट्स

Welcome to #102nd episode of The Startup Operator Roundup. The Roundup is our weekly views on the news from the Indian Startup Ecosystem. ------------------------------------- Connect with Us: Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/startup-operator​Twitter: https://twitter.com/OperatorStartup ------------------------------------- Topics:00:00 Opening Comments01:53 SVB's Collapse08:50 Startup Layoffs continue10:51 GoMechanic Sold to CarTrade12:32 Handicraft + Startups14:17 Digital India Act 202315:36 Koo + ChatGPT 317:58 Other Fundraises If you liked this episode, let us know by hitting the like button and share with your friends and family. Please also remember to subscribe to our channel and switch on the notifications to never miss an episode!

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of the country and was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November, 1949 . It declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republ and guarantees its citizens justice, equality, and lib . The Constitution also provides six fundamental rights to its people: right to freedom, right to equality, right to cultural and educational rights, right against exploitation, right to constitutional remedies and right to freedom of rel . It frames the fundamental principles of politics, practices, procedures, powers, rights and duties of government instit . The preamble of the Indian Constitution states that it is 'Of the people, for the people and by the people' Republic Day is the day when India marks and celebrates the date on which the Constitution of India came into effect on 26 January 1950. This replaced the Government of India Act 1935 as the governing document of India, thus turning the nation into a republic separate from British Raj.[1] The constitution was adopted by the Indian Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950. 26 January was chosen as the daIndia achieved independence from the British Raj on 15 August 1947 following the Indian independence movement. The independence came through the Indian Independence Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo 6 c 30), an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth (later Commonwealth of Nations).[2] India obtained its independence on 15 August 1947 as a constitutional monarchy with George VI as head of state and the Earl Mountbatten as governor-general. The country, though, did not yet have a permanent constitution; instead its laws were based on the modified colonial Government of India Act 1935. On 29 August 1947, a resolution was moved for the appointment of Drafting Committee, which was appointed to draft a permanent constitution, with Dr B R Ambedkar as chairman. While India's Independence Day celebrates its freedom from British Rule, the Republic Day celebrates the coming into force of its constitution. A draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Constituent Assembly on 4 November 1947.[3] The Assembly met for 166 days in public sessions spanning two years, 11 months, and 18 days before adopting the Constitution. The 308 members of the Assembly signed two handwritten copies of the document (one in Hindi and one in English) on 24 January 1950, after much deliberation and some changes.[4] Two days later which was on 26 January 1950, it came into effect throughout the whole nation. On that day, Dr. Rajendra Prasad's began his first term of office as President of the Indian Union. The Constituent Assembly became the Parliament of India under the transitional provisions of the new Constitution.[5] On the eve of Republic Day, the President addresses the nation.[6] On November 25, 1949, in his final speech to the Constituent Assembly, Dr B R Ambedkar remarked about the potential and pitfalls of life after January 26, 1950, On the 26th of January 1950, we are going to enter into a life of contradictions. In politics we will have equality and in social and economic life we will have inequality. In politics we will be recognising the principle of one man one vote and one vote one value. In our social and economic life, we shall, by reason of our social and economic structure, continue to deny the principle of one man one value. How long shall we continue to live this life of contradictions? How long shall we continue to deny equality in our social and economic life? If we continue to deny it for long, we will do so only by putting our political democracy in peril. We must remove this contradiction at the earliest possible m

Section 26(2) of Reserve Bank of India Act allows central govt to declare any series of bank notes of any denomination illegal tender after a recommendation from central board of RBI.

The Government is set to revamp the landscape of information technology law in India through the introduction of the Digital India Act("DIA") which would replace the Information Technology Act, 2000. While the DIA is proposed to be a comprehensive framework which will cover different aspects of digital space including modern technologies like Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things, it remains to be seen, how the government shapes this legislation in times to come. Amidst reports that other pieces in the technology law framework could include a Data Protection Bill which will deal with protecting privacy of individuals in digital space and propose a data protection framework, this podcast highlights what's expected as part of these legislations, and the focal points of what these legislations should address.

As the civil disobedience movement faded, the British embarked on a political exercise to defuse nationalist aspirations — in a way that would help the Empire retain absolute political control. This manifested itself in the Round Table Conferences, the Government of India Act 1935, and the 1937 provincial elections, in which the Congress participated and performed exceedingly well. But each of these measures had both intended and unintended consequences. Why did the Congress have an ambivalent attitude to the Round Table Conferences? What was the 1935 Act do and what were its long term implications? And did being in power give Indian nationalists prepare them for the future, or did it deepen the Hindu-Muslim faultline within Indian nationalist movement? In this episode, the scholar Arvind Elangovan reconstructs the years of British Indian constitutionalism and explains its long lasting legacy.

India will soon roll out new rules called the Digital India Act, which will be a “renewed policy for the digital ecosystem and cyberspace” in the country, Minister of State for Electronics and IT, Rajeev Chandrasekhar said over the weekend, Economic Times reports. Meanwhile, startups in the country received more than $10 billion in funding for the third straight quarter, Press Trust reports, citing PwC. Plus, Nissan is stepping up its solid-state batteries plan. Notes: India will soon roll out new rules under a Digital India Act, which will be a “renewed policy for the digital ecosystem and cyberspace” in the country, Minister of State for Electronics and IT, Rajeev Chandrasekhar said over the weekend, Economic Times reports. Chandrasekhar was speaking at the inauguration of Bennett University's Centre for Law and Computing Technology on Saturday. India's internet rules currently stem from the country's Information Technology Act, which is more than two decades old. On the internet, that's like four or five centuries, the minister pointed out. The central government has just unveiled the national data governance framework and policy that is undergoing public consultation. It will shortly be rolling out cybersecurity policies and guidelines, and very soon after that the government will be working on a new Digital India Act, he said, according to ET. Tata Sons has infused Rs. 5,882 crore into its flagship e-commerce unit Tata Digital, Economic Times reports, citing regulatory filings from the salt-to-steel conglomerate. This is the highest ever fund allocation in a single tranche and the most that the Tatas have invested into e-commerce in any single fiscal year, according to ET. The latest funding takes the total investment in Tata Digital to Rs. 11,872 crore in 2021-22, according to the ET report. India's startup ecosystem received more than $10 billion in investments during the first three months of 2022, the third consecutive quarter to see such inflow, Press Trust of India reports, citing accounting firm PwC. The quarter also saw 14 new unicorns, meaning startups being privately valued at more than $1 billion each. The January to March period this year saw 334 funding deals, and the 14 new unicorns take the total to 84 such companies in India, Press Trust reports. Total fund inflow in Q1 was $10.8 billion, with more than a third of that going to software-as-a-service (SaaS) companies. The SaaS sector also accounted for the most unicorns, at five out of the 14. Nissan last week unveiled its prototype production facility for laminated all-solid-state battery cells, which the company aims to bring to market in 2028, the Japanese carmaker said in a press release. This prototype facility, within the Nissan Research Center in Kanagawa Prefecture, is aimed at further promoting the development of all-solid-state batteries. Under its long-term plan, Nissan Ambition 2030, the company aims to launch an EV with all-solid-state batteries developed in-house by fiscal 2028. It plans to establish a pilot production line at its Yokohama Plant in the fiscal year 2024, with materials, design and manufacturing processes for prototype production on the line to be studied at the production facility. Theme music courtesy Free Music & Sounds: https://soundcloud.com/freemusicandsounds

Republic Day is a national holiday in India, when the country marks and celebrates the date on which the Constitution of India came into effect on 26, January 1950, replacing the Government of India Act as the governing document of India and thus, turning the nation into a newly formed republic.

Article 267 of the Constitution mandates formation of a corpus under Contingency Fund of India to deal with any emergency situation. It is an imprest placed at the disposal of the President of India. Government cannot withdraw funds from it without authorization of the Parliament. And the corpus has to be replenished with the same amount later. It is one of the three categories in which the central government accounts are kept based on the constitutional requirement. The other two are Consolidated Fund of India and the Public Account. We had explained Consolidated Fund of India in the decoded section of our previous episode. In government accounts, the Contingency Fund has a single Major Head to accommodate all transactions of the fund. It is placed at the disposal of the President, who releases the funds on request of the Union Cabinet at a time when there is a crisis, such as a natural disaster. Any expenditure incurred from this fund requires a subsequent authorisation from the Parliament.  The Union finance ministry holds the fund on behalf of the President. And the fund size is enhanced from time to time by the government. In 2005, the corpus of the fund was raised from Rs 5 crore to Rs 500 crore. And in the last Union Budget, the government enhanced the Contingency Fund of India from Rs 500 crore to Rs 30,000 crore through the Finance Bill 2021.   The fund can be increased through a Finance Bill when the Parliament is in the session. Or through Ordnance if the House is not in session and situation warrants. Withdrawal from the fund takes place with the approval of the Secretary of Department of Economic Affairs, in terms of the Contingency Fund of India Act, 1950.  While increasing the corpus last year, the government also conferred more powers to the Expenditure Secretary in dealing with the fund.  An amount equivalent to 40% of the corpus has now been placed at the disposal of the Expenditure Secretary. All further Contingency Fund releases beyond this limit will require the approval of the Expenditure Secretary in addition to the Economic Affairs Secretary's approval. Watch video

A version of this essay was published by swarajyamag.com at https://swarajyamag.com/politics/was-it-a-plot-to-assassinate-the-prime-ministerThe events on January 5th were shocking: the PM’s motorcade was stopped for 15 to 20 minutes on a highway overpass, blocked by a group of ‘protesters’. His car, the only black car in the row of white cars, was completely exposed to a possible drone attack, a Stinger missile, a rocket-propelled grenade, or even an IED that could have demolished the structure. The enormity of this situation, and the implications for India’s national security, are astonishing. Here was the Prime Minister of the country with the world’s 5th largest economy and 3rd largest armed forces, a sitting duck, at a location only a few miles away from the Pakistani border. Thank you for reading Shadow Warrior. This post is public so feel free to share it.It cannot be seen as an attack on Narendra Modi, the man, but on the institution of the Prime Minister, and by extension on the Government of India. This, in a country where two Prime Ministers were earlier assassinated. It is almost an existential question. What would happen if Modi were to be killed? I hasten to add that I am certainly not advocating it, as he is the PM, and I have been a fan of his for long. But we have to think of what happens in that eventuality. The same question was asked earlier: what would happen if Modi were to lose the elections? Well, not much. Modi would take his small suitcase, and, as in the famous painting, alight from the train in his hometown in Gujarat and walk home alone, in the rain, with his umbrella. It is not "Après moi, le déluge" as in the Nehruvian vanity: somebody will rule. But the nation will be the loser, just when it is at the cusp of inflection.There have been other dramatic moments in Indian history where one man made a difference. The stray arrow that pierced the eye of Hemachandra Vikramaditya at the second battle of Panipat doomed North India to centuries of Gurkaniya Timurid rule. The beheading of Rama Raya of Vijayanagar by his own renegade troops at the battle of Talikota caused the disastrous end of that bulwark that had protected South India against invaders from the North. It may not be that bad this time if there were to be, in Karan Thapar’s immortal words in 2007, “the sudden removal of Modi”. There are others that could step in. But surely, momentum will be lost, and all those malign forces urging ‘regime change’, especially the Deep State and China and their psy-warfare organs, such as the New York Times and Global Times, will smell blood.Thanks for reading Shadow Warrior! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.I also personally do not think it was an assassination attempt. If it were, it would have succeeded because there was nothing to prevent it. It was more a signal to Narendra Modi that if he dared enter Punjab again, he would be executed. The real question is, what will happen next?We have seen this movie before. In West Bengal, there was massive election-related violence and the wanton killing of BJP and RSS people by TMC cadres. In Kerala, there have been dozens of murders of BJP/RSS people by Communists or Islamists. There were at least two earlier attempts on Modi himself: the first when Ishrat Jehan, Javed (born Pranesh Pillai) and a Pakistani were intercepted driving to Gujarat to eliminate him. The second was the bomb that went off minutes before Modi was to speak in Bihar during election campaigning some time ago. If I were to extrapolate, the federal structure of the Indian Union is itself under strain: opposition-ruled states are acting as little personal fiefdoms that are, in effect, independent nations with only a tenuous link to the Union Government. For instance, just last week, the President of India was apparently humiliated when he had to cool his heels in the Kerala Raj Bhavan after an honorary D Litt to him was denied, allegedly under pressure from the state government (which, however, cleared D Litts for an actress, Shobhana, and a musician, T M Krishna). Opposition-ruled states also did not reduce excise taxes on petrol and diesel, while at the same time opposing bringing those under GST. In Bengal, a Chief Secretary was removed by the GoI, but was re-hired by the state government. In Punjab, the DGP was just installed, hand-picked by an Indian National Congress leader. There are many more instances that we all know of.So there are under-currents of anarchy being implemented nationwide. The bottom line is that a lot of people do not want the BJP to be in power: among them, the urban chatterati who keep pointing out that the BJP only got some 36% of the total vote, while quietly omitting the fact that the sainted Jawaharlal also did not get a clear majority, only a plurality, of the vote while ruling like an arbitrary, absolute monarch for 17 long years. There are several groups hurt by various measures taken by the GoI. Among them is the ‘Chandigarh Lobby’, a group of ex-military middlemen whose handsome commissions earned from foreign arms merchants have evaporated. This explains their schadenfreude when General Bipin Rawat was killed last month, and some of the very same group showed their dismissive contempt for the PM as well.Then of course there are the arhatiyas, or middlemen, who have profited from the aftermath of the Green Revolution. Let us ignore the fact that excessive rice cultivation has led to water tables falling precipitously and groundwater poisoning through pesticide and fertilizer runoff. This is not sustainable: I am reminded of Californians cultivating rice in the desert (see my old column “Water Wars: Cauvery, Chinatown, and Cadillac Desert”). Presumably, these were the ‘protesters’ who stopped the PM’s motorcade. So exactly what are they protesting against? Their demand has already been conceded: the farm bills are withdrawn. No, they have become protesters-for-rent; they are now determined to cause trouble.Proximate, preponderant and root causesAnd that is the proximate cause of the problem. The Indian State, various anarchists have concluded, is a soft state, and they can keep escalating their demands without consequences. These ‘farmer’ protesters (including during their Republic Day 2021 shenanigans), and earlier the Shaheen Bagh protesters, realized that they could, with impunity, hold the GoI hostage. And so they will. What can be done? Clearly, large-scale force against them would boomerang. But doesn’t the GoI know who the street thugs are, as well as their shadowy handlers in India and elsewhere? If the GoI doesn’t know, why doesn’t it know? Where is the humint as well as the reams of surveillance camera video? How about tracking their bank accounts, money transactions and vehicle movements via Aadhar, PAN, UPI and Fastag? Savitri Mumukshu quoted Chanakya on twitter: “A nation has 4 threats. First, from external enemies. Next, from internal enemies helped by foreigners. Third, from external enemies helped by insiders. But most dangerous is when internal enemies are helped by internal spies, like a hidden snake lurking in the home.” As usual, he was right.The intelligence agencies, assuming they are not riddled with moles, must identify, track, and then pick off the ring-leaders one by one, quietly. You know, the 2am knock on the door. Enough already with the kadi ninda! The State must show it will impose discipline: it has a monopoly on violence. A little bit of “iron fist in the velvet glove” is salutary and a deterrent.The preponderant cause, though, is the ridiculous fact that there are elections all the time in India. Yes, ALL THE GODDAMN TIME! This is a serious distraction from the job of governing the country, and politicians must figure out what will win elections, not what is good for the country. It is high time that elections were rationalized, perhaps as follows: every five years there are national elections to Parliament. Half the states must synchronize their elections with these. In between, 2.5 years later there will be elections to the other half of the states (so that their legislatures also have a life of 5 years). If there are problems in any state and the legislatures are dismissed for some reason, President’s Rule will be imposed until the next time their elections are due. In other words, no unnecessary and frequent elections, but only to a timetable. The root cause of the problem, however, is the Indian Constitution, which has mandated the current system of continuous elections. In general, not only for this but for other reasons as well, the Constitution needs to be rewritten because it is a prolix document, largely a cut and paste of the imperial Government of India Act of 1935, with tidbits thrown in from the US and Irish constitutions. Both the constitution and the increasingly bizarre interpretations of it, especially of Articles 25-30 that render Hindus second-class citizens, are problems. A Constituent Assembly should be set up and work should begin on a simple, 10-page document rather than a 500+ page behemoth. It will be the job of the Supreme Court to handle nothing but constitutional cases, which requires judicial reforms, with Regional Courts of Appeal set up to hear inter-state disputes and non-constitutional matters elevated from High Courts. And the National Judicial Appointments Commission needs to be revived as well, with a clear mandate for the legislature to approve the appointment of judges. So there are larger problems that need to be solved. But at the moment, the attack on the Prime Minister needs to be taken as an affront to the dignity of the Indian Union, and whoever instigated or participated in it needs to be taught a lesson. Some heads must roll. Otherwise the impression that India is a Soft State, especially after the mysterious death of the Chief of Defense Staff, will gain currency. We simply cannot afford that. 1600 words, 6 Jan 2022 This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit rajeevsrinivasan.substack.com

Billionaire Vijay Sekhar Sharma's Paytm Payments Bank has been upgraded to a scheduled bank by the Reserve Bank of India. Scheduled banks refer to those banks which have been included in the Second Schedule of Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. This is expected to help the four-and-a-half years old bank expand its financial services operations as this makes it eligible to partner in government-run financial inclusion schemes. Other payments banks that have been added to the Second Schedule include Fino Payments Bank and India Post Payments Bank.  As a scheduled bank, Paytm Payments Bank can take part in Request for Proposals issued by the government and other large corporations, primary auctions, fixed-rate and variable rate repos, and reverse repos, along with participation in marginal standing facility.   It now becomes eligible for refinancing facility from the RBI at the bank rate, acquires membership to the clearing house, and gets access to currency storage facility. Banks which satisfy the RBI that their affairs are not being conducted in a manner detrimental to the interests of their depositors are included in the second schedule. Paytm Payments Bank, which is owned 49% by One97 Communications and 51% by its founder Vijay Sekhar Sharma, had 64 million savings accounts as of March 31 and over Rs 5,200 crore in deposits. Even with a status upgrade, being a payments bank, it still cannot lend or issue credit cards on its own. Payment banks would be eligible to become a small finance bank once they complete five years of operations. They can then undertake lending activities. This conversion is not automatic and requires the central bank's approval. According to RBI guidelines, the maximum balance an individual payments bank customer can hold is Rs 2 lakh. Therefore, a scheduled bank status will not fundamentally alter the way in which Paytm Payments Bank is conducting its business. Watch video

Indian Judicial System Including Collegium Still Governed By 1935 British India Act | Sankrant Sanu SrijanTalks

In this episode, Maddy and Shijo dig into the colonial histories of their countries, postcolonial theory, and how both these things impact their cultures today. References (2012). British colonial America. Oxford Reference. Retrieved 27 Jan. 2021, from https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191736896.timeline.0001. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2002.tb00269.x Shome, R., & Hegde, R. S. (2002). Postcolonial approaches to communication: Charting the terrain, engaging the intersections. Communication theory, 12(3), 249-270. Rao, R. N., & Thombre, A. (2014). Intercultural communication: The indian context. SAGE Publications India. Information on MMIW https://msmagazine.com/2020/10/06/congress-finally-passes-legislation-to-address-missing-and-murdered-indigenous-women/ Indigenous Peoples timeline https://nativephilanthropy.candid.org/timeline/ 400 years since slavery: a timeline of American history: https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/aug/15/400-years-since-slavery-timeline Black History Milestones: Timeline https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/black-history-milestones African American Studies Research Guide: Milestones in Black History https://libguides.lib.msu.edu/c.php?g=95622&p=624423 Tracing the multi-billion dollar fairness cream market in India https://www.forbesindia.com/article/special/tracing-the-multibillion-dollar-fairness-cream-market-in-india/60371/1 British Raj: Indian & Pakistani History https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj Government of India Act of 1858 https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Government-of-India-Act-of-1858 The Coming of Europeans to India https://neostencil.com/coming-europeans-india#:~:text=Why%20Europeans%20came%20to%20India,used%20to%20preserve%20the%20food.

Co jako pierwsze przychodzi wam do głowy, gdy myślicie o słowie „międzynarodowa korporacja”? Google, Amazon, Microsoft, może Apple? To jednak skojarzenia współczesne. Czy przychodzi wam do głowy jakaś korporacja starsza niż połowa XX wieku? Zgaduję, że raczej nie. Tymczasem, jedna z największych i najbardziej dominujących korporacji w historii działała na długo wcześniej . Mowa o Brytyjskiej Kompanii Wschodnioindyjskiej! Była najpotężniejszą korporacją w dziejach, a do upadku przywiódł ją bunt podwładnych. Jak doszło do tego, że na początku XVII wieku powstała korporacja, która ostatecznie stała się potężniejsza niż niejedno państwo na ówczesnej kuli ziemskiej? Zaczynamy! Mapy: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/India1765and1805b.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/India1837to1857.jpg Dziękuję moim Patronom: Łukasz Otremba, Marek Domaradzki, Daniel Podlejski, Łukasz Kornacki, Grzegorz Kawczyński, Łukasz Wroński, Franciszek Wójcik, kamila marynicz, Bartek Kozlowski, Konrad Sawras, Ola Gradowska, Jakub Wolarz, Elzbieta Multan-Putur, Piotr Panek, Paweł Piotrowicz, Albert Zwierzyński, Rafal Stankiewicz, Leszek Sztokinier, Przemysław Korolczuk, Adam Freus, Rafał Bogumił, Paweł Zieja, Oliwia , Adam Pietrysiak, Tom Romanowski, tirey93, Wojciech Krupa, Aleksandra Mielewczyk-Gryń, Adrian Zawislo, Katarzyna Łozak, Agnieszka Leszyńska, Patryk Pajonczek, Michał Misiarek, Magdalena Migas, Ewa Wardach, Maciek Walusiak, Dawid Stoch, Grzegorz B-ki, Łukasz Działo, Rafal Jeziorek, Radosław, arek.zysk@onet.eu, Jacek Białecki, Łukasz Kolasa, Paweł Mazurkiewicz, jacek kaleta, Jakub Żurowski, Mateusz Zonenberg, Jacek Woźniak, Marcin Dalibor, Marta Dąbrowska, Karol Biegun , Magdalena Ślachetka, monika włodarczyk, Marcin Barański, Maciej Piela, Jarek Slizewski, Kamil Witek, Mateusz Księżopolski, Łukasz Prażewski, Daniel Królak, Klejnot Nilu, Paweł Kamiński, LL LL, Monika Mickiewicz, Artur Ogonowski, Sabina Rokita, M M, Filip Ślusarski, Anna Mazurek, Tomasz Sowiński, Wojciech Krauze, Maciej Golański, Paweł Hołubowicz, Kasia Niemczyk, Vielebny, Dominik Kuna, Karol Durasiewicz, Krzysztof Góźdź, Aneta Mielniczyn, kacper kandefer, Zbigniew Bociąga, Maciej Neumann, Dominik Kochowicz, Adam Kozłowski, Krzysztof Borowiec, Aneta Kotarba, Izabela Jędrzejczak, Aleksander Kula, Alicja Wd, P Re, Piotr Kowacki, Mariusz Wolski, bartek kooasdasd, Michał Moczulski, Ania Jędrowiak, AgataM, Aleksander Sawiuk, Paweł Włuka, Przemek Pacek, Marcin Nowacki, Gabriela Prokopowicz , Adam Kaczmarek, Łukasz Ostrowski, Arkadiusz Sałek, Jehoszafat Zimnowoda, Rafał Labryga, Marcin Debcik, Alicja Łaszcz, Tomasz Woźniak, Szymon Piltz, Tomek Tarczynski, Tomasz Furczak, Mateusz Rutkowski, Mariusz Bąk Marcin Jaros Oraz Patronom Anonimowym: Alina, Witold, Monika, Joanna, Piotr, Ola, Artur, Mateusz, Mariusz Kamil, Krzysztof, Szymon, Piotr, Grzegorz, Justyna, Krzysztof, Zuzanna, Sabina, Mateusz, Nina, Jakub Dajecie mi wysokooktanowe paliwo do działania! Wesprzyj Podcast Historyczny: https://patronite.pl/podcasthistoryczny/description Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/podcasthistoryczny Muzyka: Open Music Revolution (www.openmusicrevolution.com) AshamaluevMusic: https://www.youtube.com/c/ashamaluevmusic Whitesand: https://whitesand.bandcamp.com, https://open.spotify.com/artist/3GXunV3wsCpSdKp0L5tcNH Zrodla: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_rule_in_India https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1858 https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_sipajów https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brytyjska_Kompania_Wschodnioindyjska https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lancaster https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Indies https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Opium_War https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_company https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_dye

Understanding India's bordersIndia's journey to independence from the fall of the East India Company in 1857 to the end of World War II in 1945Mangal PandeyDadabhai NaorojiThe first partition of BengalCongressMuslim LeagueSubash Chandra BoseGandhiNehruGokhaleAmritsar MassacreNon-cooperation movementGovernment of India Act 1919 & 1935Lahore ResolutionTwo Nation TheoryJinnahQuit India MovementPakistanIndia#India & #PakistanListen at x1.25 or x1.5 speedPart 1 of 3 Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Important Legal Provisions Order IV Supreme Court Rules, 2013 – Advocates Rule 13(1) – An advocate-on-record or a firm of advocates may employ one or more clerks to attend the registry for presenting or receiving any papers on behalf of the said advocate or firm of advocates… Rule 22 – Two or more advocates on record may enter into a partnership with each other, and any partner may act in the name of the partnership provided that the partnership is registered with the Registrar….. Rule 23 – Two or more advocates not being senior advocates or advocates on record, may enter into partnership and subject to the provision contained in rule 1(b), any one of them may appear in any cause or matter before the Court in the name of the partnership. Rule 1(b) – No advocate other than the Advocate-on-Record for a party shall appear, plead and address the Court in a matter unless he is instructed by the Advocate-on-Record or permitted by the Court. Reasoning by the Court It was observed by the Court that: - 1. The Supreme Court of India on being established under Article 124 of the Constitution of India framed its Rules in exercise of powers conferred by Article 145 of the Constitution. Such Rules owe their history to the Federal Court Act, 1941 and the Government of India Act. 2. If the partnership firm can be registered and operated, it may also be permitted to do as a Sole Proprietor. However, if different styles of writing names are to be permitted for Advocates on Record, that can only by an exercise to amend the Rules since legal profession is not a business but a profession. 3. The expression “Law Chambers” has a history from England and also in India because we borrowed a considerable jurisprudence from England where it is a reference to a particular lawyer in whose chambers people may be working and carrying on the legal practice. Effectively this style only records the practice of the chamber which is a sole proprietorship. Held Upon cumulative consideration of the facts, the Court held that that writing “Law Chambers of Siddharth Murarka, Sole Proprietor Siddharth Rajkumar Murarka, Advocate on Record, Supreme Court of India AOR NO. 2151, M: 9324175774/1” is permissible style of putting on the letter head and in the Vakalatnama. Concluding Remarks The issue involved in the present case is a problem that is faced quite often by the Advocates. In Indian context, it would not be out of place to say that the functioning of a law office/chamber is such that most of the work is being done in the name of one person only to whom that chamber, or office belongs. The juniors or the associates working in a law office/chamber often face difficulty before the Registry, the Clients and sometimes the Courts, in explaining their footing and identity. The practice of writing the name of the Law Chambers would strengthen the role of juniors and associates who in fact are the backbone of any law office/chamber. The Hon'ble Supreme Court in this case empathetically considered the plight of the Petitioner, who is also an advocate, and showed a large heart by permitting him to do something as a matter of right rather than denying the same to him on the ground of procedural technicalities.

Every year January 26 is Celebrated as Republic Day in India. This day is to honour the date on which the Constitution of India came into effect on 26 January 1950 which replaced the Government of India Act (1935) as the governing document of India. Credits Image by Shaurya Singh from Pixabay

Mahatma Gandhi was the primary leader of India's independence movement and also the architect of a form of non-violent civil disobedience that would influence the world. Until Gandhi was assassinated in 1948, his life and teachings inspired activists including Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela. Name: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Born: 2 October 1869 (Porbandar, Gujarat) Known for: Being the father of the nation, political activism leading to Indian independence, nonviolence (ahimsa) Occupation: Lawyer, activist, writer, politician Died: 30 January 1948 Cause of death: Assassination through gunshot by Nathuram Godse Introduction He was the youngest son from his father, Karamchand Gandhi's fourth marriage to Putlibai Gandhi. Karamchand Gandhi did not have much elementary education but was capable to be the dewan of Porbandar. He went on to become the dewan of Rajkot later on. Mohandas Gandhi was a mediocre student who won the occasional prizes and scholarships who was - “good at English, fair in Arithmetic and weak in Geography; conduct very good, bad handwriting.” He got married at the age of thirteen to Kasturba Makhanji Kapadia. They went on to have four children - Harilal, Manilal, Ramdas, Devdas. Education He liked to be a doctor but coming from a background of Vaishnava faith, they were against vivisection. To attain a good post in the high posts in one of the states in Gujarat, he had to be a barrister. He went to England and joined the Inner Temple which is one of the four London law colleges. He struggled with more issues than academic problems, especially vegetarianism became a major struggle for him. He came under constant pressure from his friends about how vegetarianism is going to wreck his studies and health. But then he found a vegetarian restaurant and a book reasoning the goodness of vegetarianism. He became a member of the executive committee of the London Vegetarian Society, contributing articles to its journal and attending its conferences. Early Career He had a lot of issues practising law. His fear of public speaking took a toll on him as he could not get any prestigious barrister jobs back in India. This led to him moving to South Africa and taking a job there. South Africa taught him a lot about the disparities between the white and the coloured. India (1915-1947) Non-Cooperation Movement (1920) It began because of the Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. Ended with the Chauri Chaura incident of 1922. It led to the arrest of Gandhi and many other prominent leaders. Civil Disobedience Movement(1930) Dandi March (12th March - 6th April 1930) Time Man of the Year 1930 Gandhi and 78 trusted volunteers marched from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi (384 km) in 25 days. Resulted in the Government of India Act 1935 which granted large measures of autonomy to the provinces of British India. Quit Indian Movement (1942) It was opposed by Hindu Mahasabha, All India Muslim League, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, Communist Party of India, and the Princely States. Quotes mentioned in the podcasts from Britannica: “Gandhi had critics in his own country and indeed in his own party. The liberal leaders protested that he was going too fast; the young radicals complained that he was not going fast enough; left-wing politicians alleged that he was not serious about evicting the British or liquidating such vested Indian interests as princes and landlords; the leaders of the untouchables doubted his good faith as a social reformer; and Muslim leaders accused him of partiality to his own community.” “Scholars have continued to judge Gandhi's place in history. He was the catalyst if not the initiator of three of the major revolutions of the 20th century: the movements against colonialism, racism, and violence.” Book mentioned in the episode: The Story of My Experiments with Truth by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi: Paperback | Hardcover | Kindle Edition | MP3 CD | Audio Cassette Fin

● Revolutionary Activities * Reasons for emergence Younger elements not ready to retreat after the decline of open phase. Leadership's failure to tap revolutionary energies of the youth. Government repression left no peaceful avenues open for protest. * Ideology Assassinate unpopular officials, thus strike terror in hearts of rulers and arouse people to expel the British with force; based on individual heroic actions on lines of Irish nationalists or Russian nihilists and not a mass-based countrywide struggle. ● Revolutionary Activities * Bengal 1902—First revolutionary groups in Midnapore and Calcutta (The Anushilan Samiti) 1906—Yugantar, the revolutionary weekly started By 1905-06—Several newspapers started advocating revolutionary terrorism. 1907—Attempt on life of the former Lt. governor of East Bengal and Assam. 1908—Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose attempt to murder Muzaffarpur Magistrate, Kingsford. Alipore conspiracy case involving Aurobindo Ghosh, Barindra Kumar Ghosh and others. 1908—Burrah dacoity by Dacca Anushilan. 1912—Bomb thrown at Viceroy Hardinge by Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal. Sandhya, Yugantar—newspapers advocating revolutionary activity. Jatin Das and Yugantar; the German Plot during World War I. * Maharashtra 1879—Ramosi Peasant Force by Vasudev Balwant Phadke. 1890s—Tilak's attempts to propagate militancy among the youth through Shivaji and Ganapati festivals, and his journals Kesari and Maharatta. 1897—Chapekar brothers kill Rand, the plague commissioner of Poona and Lt. Ayerst. 1899—Mitra Mela—a secret society organised by Savarkar and his brother. 1904—Mitra Mela merged with Abhinav Bharat. 1909—District Magistrate of Nasik—Jackson—killed. * Punjab Revolutionary activity by Lala Lajpat Rai, Ajit Singh, Aga Haidar Syed Haidar Raza, Bhai Parmanand, Lalchand ‘Falak', Sufi Ambaprasad. ● Revolutionary Activity Abroad 1905—Shyamji Krishnavarma set up Indian Home Rule Society and India House and brought out journal The Sociologist in London. 1909—Madan Lal Dhingra murdered Curzon-Wyllie; Madame Bhikaji Cama operated from Paris and Geneva and brought out journal Bande Mataram. Ajit Singh also active. Berlin Committee for Indian Independence established by Virendranath Chattopadhyay and others. Missions sent to Baghdad, Persia, Turkey, Kabul. * In North America, the Ghadr was organised by Lala Hardayal, Ramchandra, Bhawan Singh, Kartar Singh Saraba, Barkatullah, Bhai Parmanand. The Ghadr Programme Assassinate officials. Publish revolutionary literature. Work among Indian troops abroad and raise funds. Bring about a simultaneous revolt in all colonies of Britain. Attempt to bring about an armed revolt in India on February 21, 1915 amidst favourable conditions created by the outbreak of First World War and the Komagata Maru incident (September 1914). The plan was foiled due to treachery. Defence of India Act, 1915 passed primarily to deal with the Ghadrites --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

GOI Act 1858: East India Company was liquidated. Indian territories of Britain were to be governed in the name of the British Queen. The Court of Directors and the Board of Control were scrapped. The powers of the Company's Court of Directors were vested with the Secretary of State for India. This Secretary of State was to be a British MP and a member of the Prime Minister's cabinet. He was to be assisted by a council of 15 members. He was also the channel of communication between the British government in Britain and the Indian administration. He also had the power to send secret despatches to India without consulting his council. Via the Secretary of State, the British parliament could ask questions regarding Indian affairs. The representative of the British government in India was the Governor-General and Viceroy (both the same person to avoid conflict). The Viceroy and the governors of the various presidencies were appointed by the Crown. The Viceroy was to be assisted with an Executive Council. This act made India a direct British colony. This act abolished the dual government of the Pitt's India Act. This act also ended the doctrine of lapse. The Indian Civil Services was to be instituted for the administration of the country. There was provision for Indians also to be admitted to the service. It was decided that the remaining Indian princes and chiefs (more than 560 in number) would have their independent status provided they accept British suzerainty. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

Pitts India Act 1784: The Board of Control took care of civil and military affairs. It comprised of 6 people: Secretary of State (Board President) Chancellor of the Exchequer Four Privy Councillors In this dual system of control, the company was represented by the Court of Directors and the British government by the Board of Control. The act mandated that all civil and military officers disclose their property in India and Britain within two months of their joining. The Governor-General's council's strength was reduced to three members. One of the three would be the Commander-in-Chief of the British Crown's army in India. The Governor-General was given the right of veto. The Presidencies of Madras and Bombay became subordinate to the Bengal Presidency. In effect, Calcutta became the capital of the British possessions in India. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

Salient Features of the Government of India Act 1935 were as follows: Abolition of provincial dyarchy and introduction of dyarchy at centre. Abolition of Indian Council and introduction of an advisory body in its place. Provision for an All India Federation with British India territories and princely states. Elaborate safeguards and protective instruments for minorities. Supremacy of British Parliament. Increase in size of legislatures, extension of franchise, division of subjects into three lists and retention of communal electorate. Separation of Burma from India >DPSP (taken from instrument of instruction of GOI 1935) >Local Self Government + Provincial and federal judiciary = originated in GOI 1935 --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

Council Act 1861: For the executive functions of the Council, a fifth member was added. Now there were five members for home, military, law, revenue and finance. (A sixth member for public works was added in 1874.) Lord Canning, who was the Governor-General and Viceroy at the time, introduced the portfolio system. In this system, each member was assigned a portfolio of a particular department. For legislative purposes, the Governor-General's Council was enlarged. Now, there were to be between 6 and 12 additional members (nominated by the Governor-General). There were appointed for a period of 2 years. Out of these, at least half of the additional members were to be non-official (British or Indian). Their functions were confined to legislative measures. Lord Canning nominated three Indians to the Council in 1862 namely, the Raja of Benares, the Maharaja of Patiala and Sir Dinkar Rao. Any bill related to public revenue or debt, military, religion or foreign affairs could not be passed without the Governor-General's assent. The Viceroy had the power to overrule the council if necessary. The Governor-General also had the power to promulgate ordinances without the council's concurrence during emergencies. The Secretary of State for India in Britain could also dissolve any act passed by the Governor-General's Council. This Act restored the legislative powers of the Governor-in-Councils of the Presidencies of Madras and Bombay (which was taken away by the Charter Act of 1833). The legislative council of Calcutta had extensive power to pass laws for the whole of British India. There was provision made for the formation of legislative councils in other provinces. New provinces could also be created for legislative purposes and Lieutenant Governors be appointed for them. Legislative councils were formed in other provinces in Bengal in 1862, North-West Frontier Province in 1886 and Punjab and Burma in 1897. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

Council Act 1892: The act increased the number of additional or non-official members in the legislative councils as follows: Central Legislative Council: 10 – 16 members Bengal: 20 members Madras: 20 members Bombay: 8 members Oudh: 15 members North Western Province: 15 In 1892, out of 24 members, only 5 were Indians. The members were given the right to ask questions on the budget (which was barred in the Indian Councils Act 1861) or matters of public interest but had to give notice of 6 days for it. They could not ask supplementary questions. The principle of representation was initiated through this act. The district boards, universities, municipalities, chambers of commerce and zamindars were authorised to recommend members to the provincial councils. The legislative councils were empowered to make new laws and repeal old laws with the permission of the Governor-General. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

Council Act 1909: The legislative councils at the Centre and the provinces increased in size. Central Legislative Council – from 16 to 60 members Legislative Councils of Bengal, Madras, Bombay and United Provinces – 50 members each Legislative Councils of Punjab, Burma and Assam – 30 members each The legislative councils at the centre and the provinces were to have four categories of members as follows: Ex officio members: Governor-General and members of the executive council. Nominated official members: Government officials who were nominated by the Governor-General. Nominated non-official members: nominated by the Governor-General but were not government officials. Elected members: elected by different categories of Indians. The elected members were elected indirectly. The local bodies elected an electoral college who would elect members of the provincial legislative councils. These members would, in turn, elect the members of the Central legislative council. The elected members were from the local bodies, the chambers of commerce, landlords, universities, traders' communities and Muslims. In the provincial councils, non-official members were in a majority. However, since some of the non-official members were nominated, in total, a non-elected majority was there. Indians were given membership to the Imperial Legislative Council for the first time. It introduced separate electorates for the Muslims. Some constituencies were earmarked for Muslims and only Muslims could vote their representatives. The members could discuss the budget and move resolutions. They could also discuss matters of public interest. They could also ask supplementary questions. No discussions on foreign policy or on relations with the princely states were permitted. Lord Minto appointed (on much persuasion by Morley) Satyendra P Sinha as the first Indian member of the Viceroy's Executive Council. Two Indians were nominated to the Council of the Secretary of State for Indian affairs. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

GOI Act 1919: 1. It relaxed the central control over the provinces by demarcating and separating the central and provincial subjects. The central and provincial legislatures were authorised to make laws on their respective list of subjects. However, the structure of government continued to be centralised and unitary. 2. It further divided the provincial subjects into two parts—transferred and reserved. The transferred subjects were to be administered by the governor with the aid of ministers responsible to the legislative Council. The reserved subjects, on the other hand, were to be administered by the governor and his executive council without being responsible to the legislative Council. This dual scheme of governance was known as ‘dyarchy'—a term derived from the Greek word diarche which means double rule. However, this experiment was largely unsuccessful. 3. It introduced, for the first time, bicameralism and direct elections in the country. Thus, the Indian Legislative Council was replaced by a bicameral legislature consisting of an Upper House (Council of State) and a Lower House (Legislative Assembly). The majority of members of both the Houses were chosen by direct election. 4. It required that the three of the six members of the Viceroy's executive Council (other than the commander-in-chief) were to be Indian. 5. It extended the principle of communal representation by providing separate electorates for Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and Europeans. 6. It granted franchise to a limited number of people on the basis of property, tax or education. 7. It created a new office of the High Commissioner for India in London and transferred to him some of the functions hitherto performed by the Secretary of State for India. 8. It provided for the establishment of a public service commission. Hence, a Central Public Service Commission was set up in 1926 for recruiting civil servants. 9. It separated, for the first time, provincial budgets from the Central budget and authorised the provincial legislatures to enact their budgets. 10. It provided for the appointment of a statutory commission to inquire into and report on its working after ten years of its coming into force. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

Simon Commission [1927-1930]: Why was Simon Commission boycotted? Indian Response: Indians were outraged at their exclusion from the Commission. The Congress Party decided to boycott the Commission at their session at Madras in 1927. The Muslim League led by M A Jinnah also boycotted it. A certain section of members led by Muhammad Shafi supported the government. The Justice Party in the South decided to side with the government on this issue. When the Commission landed in February 1928, there were mass protests, hartals and black flag demonstrations all over the country. People were chanting the slogan, ‘Simon Go Back.' The police resorted to lathi charges to suppress the movement. Even senior leaders like Pandit Nehru were not spared. In Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai, who was leading the demonstration against the Simon Commission, was brutally lathi-charged. He died later that year due to injuries sustained then. Dr B R Ambedkar had submitted a report on behalf of the Bahishkrita Hitakarini Sabha on the education of the depressed classes in the Bombay Presidency. Impact of the Simon Commission The Commission's report was published in 1930. Before the publication, the government assured that henceforth, Indian opinion would be considered and that the natural outcome of constitutional reforms would be dominion status for India. It recommended the abolition of diarchy and the setting-up of representative governments in the provinces. It also recommended the retention of separate communal electorates until the communal tensions had died down. The Simon Commission led to the Government of India Act 1935 which acted as the basis for many parts of the current Indian Constitution. The first provincial elections were held in 1937 and it saw Congress governments being set up in almost all the provinces. The arrival of the Commission gave an impetus to the Indian independence movement by galvanizing leaders and masses. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

This week's Reporters Without Orders features host Cherry Agarwal with Newslaundry's head of research Ayush Tiwari and desk writer Gaurav Sarkar. The panel talks about the SSC paper leaks, Yogi Adityanath's rally, the Congress manifesto and the newly launched NaMo TV.Ayush talks about the press conference he attended on the SSC paper leaks conducted by Yogendra Yadav and Kanhaiya Kumar, an SSC aspirant from Bihar. He explains what happened and how the government and authorities were hand-in-glove. He says: “The Chairman of the SSC should be taken into account because this incident has happened under his nose.”Cherry discusses the recently released Congress manifesto which made a slew of promises including some focusing on the media, like the amendment of Press Council of India Act to strengthen self-regulation of the media, and the empowering of the Press Council of India to fight the menace of fake news and misinformation. Most fake news is amplified by TV news on a daily basis, and Cherry says: “TV newsrooms have whipped up war hysteria, communal mongering ... Be it Ayodhya, Pulwama, Balakot—I mean TV newsrooms go insane.” She also discusses the Congress's promise of making defamation a civil offence and the removal of the controversial sedition law.Gaurav tells us about Yogi Adityanath's rally in Bisara village near Greater Noida where the prime accused in the Akhlaq lynching case were present in the front rows, attending the rally. Gaurav quotes one of the accused as saying “we are out on bail and nothing can happen to us”. Ayush adds, “When one of the accused died, he was wrapped in a tricolour.” The panel discusses religion and the caste system in the context of the beef ban, and its impact on people.Cherry also brings up NaMo TV—now renamed Content TV—and how most details about the channel are hidden. "The Election Commission should examine its funding, violation of the Model Code of Conduct, ownership and whether the broadcasting rules are being violated or not,” she says.This and more, so listen up!#NaMo #SSC #Congress #Manifesto #Yogi #Adityanath #elections See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

This week’s Reporters Without Orders features host Cherry Agarwal with Newslaundry's head of research Ayush Tiwari and desk writer Gaurav Sarkar. The panel talks about the SSC paper leaks, Yogi Adityanath’s rally, the Congress manifesto and the newly launched NaMo TV.Ayush talks about the press conference he attended on the SSC paper leaks conducted by Yogendra Yadav and Kanhaiya Kumar, an SSC aspirant from Bihar. He explains what happened and how the government and authorities were hand-in-glove. He says: “The Chairman of the SSC should be taken into account because this incident has happened under his nose.”Cherry discusses the recently released Congress manifesto which made a slew of promises including some focusing on the media, like the amendment of Press Council of India Act to strengthen self-regulation of the media, and the empowering of the Press Council of India to fight the menace of fake news and misinformation. Most fake news is amplified by TV news on a daily basis, and Cherry says: “TV newsrooms have whipped up war hysteria, communal mongering ... Be it Ayodhya, Pulwama, Balakot—I mean TV newsrooms go insane.” She also discusses the Congress’s promise of making defamation a civil offence and the removal of the controversial sedition law.Gaurav tells us about Yogi Adityanath’s rally in Bisara village near Greater Noida where the prime accused in the Akhlaq lynching case were present in the front rows, attending the rally. Gaurav quotes one of the accused as saying “we are out on bail and nothing can happen to us”. Ayush adds, “When one of the accused died, he was wrapped in a tricolour.” The panel discusses religion and the caste system in the context of the beef ban, and its impact on people. Cherry also brings up NaMo TV—now renamed Content TV—and how most details about the channel are hidden. "The Election Commission should examine its funding, violation of the Model Code of Conduct, ownership and whether the broadcasting rules are being violated or not,” she says.This and more, so listen up! See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

An unholy rush: the cavalier, chaotic and catastrophic sequence of events surrounding Indian Independence in the summer of 1947 In the immediate aftermath of World War Two it became clear that the British Raj was no longer sustainable. But how should the British leave the Indian subcontinent after such a long period of colonial rule? Should the territory be divided? How could this be done? The long-contested answers to these questions were finally delivered between June and August of 1947. In this episode of Travels Through Time the writer and artist Aanchal Malhotra ventures back to the bewildering and traumatic events of that summer. We meet British officials like Sir Cyril Radcliffe, the man responsible for drawing the border line between India and Pakistan, and many of the individuals whose lives were altered irrevocably by his decisions. Scene One: 3 June, 1947 India – the announcement of Indian independence and subsequent Partition called the Independence of India Act, 1947 or the Mountbatten Plan.  Scene Two: 8 July, 1947, arrival of Sir Cyril Radcliffe, who goes on to draw the "Radcliffe Line". Scene Three: The days of Partition – roughly, the middle of August, 1947. The northern belt of present-day India and Pakistan. Follow Aanchal’s work on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/aanch_m Or get your copy of Aanchal’s book: Remnants of Partition https://www.hurstpublishers.com/book/remnants-of-partition/ Presenter: Peter Moore Guest: Aanchal Malhotra Producer: Maria Nolan

Episode 203 - Indian Republic Day 2019 Special Shows - Promo ! Indian Republic Day honors the date on which the Constitution of India came into effect on 26 January 1950 replacing the Government of India Act as the governing document of India

The civil-military divide is a subject of continuous discussion. Democracy doesn’t seem to take root as politicians seek unaccountable power and fail to develop any respect for institutions. Debate in the media and our academia is limited to wishing for both the army and politicians to behave. Few look at the constitution that is supposed to frame democracy. Pakistan’s constitution was hurriedly framed using the Government of India Act of 1935 with little regard for constitutional principles and local context. It seems that without amending this constitution to develop adequate checks and balances, better election system for improved representation, more detail on institutions and how they are run, as well as a well-defined local government system, democracy and good government will elude us. Here we take this important subject up with Bakhtawar Soofi a young lawyer who writes in papers and has freshly studied this subject. The constitution is too important a subject to be left to lawyers alone has been emphasized by several major economic thinkers. The constitution provides the backdrop to economic activity. And many economists such as Hayek, Buchanan and Mueller have written about it. The constitution is a subject on which many disciplines should be brought to bear. So, we invite all of you to devote some attention to debating and researching the constitution. The current debate that excludes the constitution is barren. We need to move towards understanding the constitutions and incentives it sets for politicians, institutions and the players in the economy. 

In the first of two episodes on the Government of India Act of 1935, I set the context for this masterpiece in Imperial legislation that somehow persists in the daily life of all Indians. Bonus feature: Slightly sexier voice.

In this episode we look very briefly at the legislative implications of the Government of India Act of 1919. While this was an act that was widely reviled at the time, it ironically continues to have lasting influence on the Indian republic. Beware the opening monologue.

This episode talks about the aftermath of the First War of Independence, especially the Government of India Act of 1858. Featuring cameo appearances by Charles Dickens and Queen Victoria.

It was the last in a long line of ‘Acts’ designed to ensure better colonial governance for the Indian sub-continent. It was an Act which was vociferously opposed by, amongst others, Winston Churchill. It is the Act upon which the Constitution of modern India is for the most part based. Andrew Muldoon‘s new book, Empire, Politics and the Creation of the 1935 India Act: Last Act of the Raj (Ashgate, 2009) is all about the Government of India Act, 1935. The Act was long in the making; it replaced the eponymous 1919 Act, and there were many who were interested in it- politicians Indian and British, commercial conglomerates, and of course, your average Indian or Briton. When it took shape, after six years of ‘legislative, administrative and political’ work, it met with receptions ranging from the welcoming to the hostile; despite everything, it became the blueprint for the development of post Independence Indian polity and its impact may be yet be discerned today. It was an act which provided for a federal structure for British India, under the ultimate control of a Central power. So the 1935 Act was not a just a major piece of legislation; it was also an event that said much about prevailing ideas of Empire, identity, autonomy and governance.   Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

It was the last in a long line of ‘Acts’ designed to ensure better colonial governance for the Indian sub-continent. It was an Act which was vociferously opposed by, amongst others, Winston Churchill. It is the Act upon which the Constitution of modern India is for the most part based. Andrew Muldoon‘s new book, Empire, Politics and the Creation of the 1935 India Act: Last Act of the Raj (Ashgate, 2009) is all about the Government of India Act, 1935. The Act was long in the making; it replaced the eponymous 1919 Act, and there were many who were interested in it- politicians Indian and British, commercial conglomerates, and of course, your average Indian or Briton. When it took shape, after six years of ‘legislative, administrative and political’ work, it met with receptions ranging from the welcoming to the hostile; despite everything, it became the blueprint for the development of post Independence Indian polity and its impact may be yet be discerned today. It was an act which provided for a federal structure for British India, under the ultimate control of a Central power. So the 1935 Act was not a just a major piece of legislation; it was also an event that said much about prevailing ideas of Empire, identity, autonomy and governance.   Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

It was the last in a long line of ‘Acts’ designed to ensure better colonial governance for the Indian sub-continent. It was an Act which was vociferously opposed by, amongst others, Winston Churchill. It is the Act upon which the Constitution of modern India is for the most part based. Andrew Muldoon‘s new book, Empire, Politics and the Creation of the 1935 India Act: Last Act of the Raj (Ashgate, 2009) is all about the Government of India Act, 1935. The Act was long in the making; it replaced the eponymous 1919 Act, and there were many who were interested in it- politicians Indian and British, commercial conglomerates, and of course, your average Indian or Briton. When it took shape, after six years of ‘legislative, administrative and political’ work, it met with receptions ranging from the welcoming to the hostile; despite everything, it became the blueprint for the development of post Independence Indian polity and its impact may be yet be discerned today. It was an act which provided for a federal structure for British India, under the ultimate control of a Central power. So the 1935 Act was not a just a major piece of legislation; it was also an event that said much about prevailing ideas of Empire, identity, autonomy and governance.   Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices