Podcasts about Constituent assembly

The making of India's Constitution is usually told as the story of the few hundred prominent lawyers, politicians, and intellectuals who comprised the Constituent Assembly—the body tasked with drafting this historic document between 1946 and 1949. But a new book by the scholars Rohit De and Ornit Shani, Assembling India's Constitution: A New Democratic History, argues this familiar account captures only part of the story. Drawing on a remarkable range of archival material, the book shows that constitution-making was not confined to the halls of the Constituent Assembly alone. It also played out in provincial legislatures, princely states, government offices, civic associations, and communities across India. Ordinary citizens debated the constitution, petitioned its authors, organized around it, and creatively sought to shape its provisions. To discuss the book and its relevance for our understanding of India's democratic evolution, Rohit and Ornit join Milan on the show this week. Rohit is a professor of history at Yale University and the author of A People's Constitution: The Everyday Life of Law in the Indian Republic. Ornit is an associate professor of Asian Studies at Haifa University. She is the author of How India Became Democratic: Citizenship and the Making of the Universal Franchise. The trio discuss the serendipitous origins of the book, the authors' unusual writing process, and the gaps in the conventional account of India's constitution-making. Plus, the three talk about overlooked constitution-making efforts in the princely states and the forgotten story of Manipur's democratic experiment. Episode notes: “India's Hidden Treatise on Statecraft (with Rahul Sagar),” Grand Tamasha, November 2, 2022. Rohit De, A People's Constitution: The Everyday Life of Law in the Indian Republic (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018). Ornit Shani, How India Became Democratic: Citizenship and the Making of the Universal Franchise (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017).  Rohit De and Ornit Shani, “Assembling India's Constitution: Towards a New History* Open Access,” Past & Present 263, no. 1 (May 2024): 205-248. Video: “How India Became Democratic (with Ornit Shani),” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, April 25, 2018.

Today, “left” and “right” are the main labels we use to categorise political views, but their origins go back over two centuries. To understand, we have to go back to the French Revolution in 1789. That spring, France's King Louis XVI convened a meeting known as the Estates General, bringing together representatives from three groups, or “Estates”: the clergy, the nobility, and the Third Estate, which represented the common people. A few months later, in July, this assembly became the Constituent Assembly. Where did it all begin? Are there other kinds of political oppositions besides left and right? In under 3 minutes, we answer your questions! To listen to the last episodes, you can click here: ⁠⁠What is the European Political Community, the continent's intergovernmental organization?⁠⁠ ⁠⁠Who are the Moonies, the church with ties to Japanese politicians?⁠⁠ ⁠⁠Which swing states could decide the US election result?⁠⁠ A podcast written and realised by Amber Minogue. First Broadcast: 20/5/2025 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Get access to The Backroom (90+ exclusive episodes) and support 1Dime Radio: https://www.patreon.com/OneDimeThis week on 1Dime Radio, I am joined by Noj Rants, one of the sharpest new voices in Soviet history on YouTube. We go straight at the myths that both mainstream commentators and newer Marxist sympathizers tend to repeat, especially about the Lenin era, the Soviets themselves, and how the Soviet state actually functioned. We talk about bad historiography, timeline compression, “Lenin died, then Stalin took over” simplifications, Civil War narratives, archives, and why so much of Soviet history discourse ends up polarized into propaganda versus counterpropaganda. In the Backroom segment on Patreon, NOJ Rants, and I keep going for four more hours, continuing the conversation. It is split into two parts, covering a wide range of Soviet history debates across multiple periods. In these two Patreon exclusive episodes, NOJ Rants, and I continue our conversation about contentious events in Soviet history, from the development of the Bolshevik one‑party state to the realities of Soviet “democracy.” We also discuss the Stalin period, the Red Purges, and NOJ Rants' hot takes on Marxism‑Leninism and the lessons of Soviet state-building.  I basically throw every question you can imagine at him and get his take on the biggest controversies, interpretations, and myths. We also get into the state of left-wing YouTube today, and how prominent leftist creators, especially Marxist-Leninists, tend to cover Soviet history.Timestamps:00:00:00  The Backroom Preview 00:04:51  The Best Soviet History YouTuber00:10:05  Where to start reading Soviet history, the best historians and books00:20:19  Stalin Wasn't a Dictator According to the CIA?  00:37:43 The Soviet archives 00:42:36  How the Russian Civil War Timeline Gets Re-Written00:44:44  Soviet elections, Mensheviks, SRs, & the Socialist Opposition00:47:43 The Truth About Imperialist Encirclement01:11:52  The Constituent Assembly and Bolshevik Consolidation01:29:05   Was Soviet Democracy a real thing? 01:33:19  Prelude to the 4-hour Backroom Segment (Parts 2 and 2)GUEST:NOJ Rants (YouTuber, Soviet history)• YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@nojrantsFOLLOW 1Dime:• Substack (Articles and Essays): https://substack.com/@tonyof1dime• X/Twitter: https://x.com/1DimeOfficial• Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/tonyof1dime/• Check out my main channel videos: https://www.youtube.com/@1Dimee #soviethistory  #sovietunion #russianrevolution Leave a like, drop a comment, and give the show a 5-star rating on Spotify, Apple, or wherever you listen to this.

Original Air Date: 2/8/2019   Amid the ongoing fallout of a contested presidential election, we take a look back, briefly, at the last 100 years of Venezuelan history to understand how they went from oil riches and inequality to revolution and social progress only to run afoul of American imperialism. Be part of the show! Leave us a message or text at 202-999-3991, message us on Signal at the handle bestoftheleft.01, or email Jay@BestOfTheLeft.com Full Show Notes Check out our new show, SOLVED! on YouTube! In honor of our 20th birthday, we're giving new Members 20% OFF FOR THE LIFETIME OF YOUR MEMBERSHIP...this includes Gift Memberships! (Members Get Bonus Shows + No Ads!) Use our links to shop Bookshop.org and Libro.fm for a non-evil book and audiobook purchasing experience! Join our Discord community! SHOW NOTES Ch. 1: Attempted Coup in Venezuela with Abby Martin, Greg Wilpert, Paul Jay - @TheRealNews - Air Date 1-26-19 Sharmini Peries hosts a wide-ranging conversation about the US-backed attempted coup in Venezuela Ch. 2: How Did Venezuela Go From So Rich To So Poor - The Inquiry - Air Date 5-10-17 Venezuela was split between the rich and poor. Politicians lead the way to oil reliance. Ch. 3: Venezuela in Crisis- Defending the Bolivarian Revolution - Revolutionary Left Radio - Air Date 7-29-17 Topics Include: Hugo Chavez, the Constituent Assembly, the opposition, the Venezuelan Communes, the concept of dual power, Jacobin Magazine and the Bolivarian Revolution Ch. 4: Is Donald Trump waging a coup in Venezuela? - Majority Report (@MajorityFM) - Air Date 1-25-19 You need to be paying attention to what's happening in Venezuela. Eva Golinger joins Michael Brooks and the Majority Report crew to discuss this. Ch. 5: Maduro's Corruption Pushed Venezuela Further Into Economic DISASTER - @RingOfFireRadio - Air Date 2-2-19 Ivan Briscoe, Latin America and Caribbean program director for Crisis Group, joins Ring of Fire's Sam Seder, to talk about Maduro's corruption and Venezuela's economic disaster. Ch. 6: Jorge Martin on what's next for Venezuela's Bolivarian revolution? - @ThisIsHellRadio - Air Date 5-25-18 Writer Jorge Martin examines the two futures of Venezuela and the Bolivarian revolution. Jorge wrote the article "Maduro Wins Presidential Election, Despite Imperialist Meddling – What Next?" Ch. 7: The Yankee Plot to Overthrow Nicolás Maduro and Steal Venezuela's Oil - The Intercept - Air Date 2-2-19 This push for regime change in Venezuela did not appear in a vacuum. The CIA has been plotting with so-called rebels in Venezuela from the early days of the Trump administration. Ch. 8: As U.S. Moves to Oust Maduro, Is Invading Venezuela Next? Allan Nairn on Trump's Attempted Coup - @DemocracyNow - Air Date 1-30-19 Investigative journalist Allan Nairn explains many aspects of the US attempts at a coup in Venezuela Ch. 9: Many Countries at UN Oppose Trump Interference in Venezuela - @TheRealNews - Air Date 1-29-19 Larry Wilkerson joins Paul Jay discuss why countries that claim to support the UN and international law are supportive of US imperialistic escapades Ch. 10. Bonus Edition #137 Propaganda by poem and whole lot more about Venezuela Jay shares a ton of additional content on Venezuela and muses on the developing pattern of the Trump administration using poem-based propaganda   Produced by Jay! Tomlinson Visit us at BestOfTheLeft.com Listen Anywhere! BestOfTheLeft.com/Listen Listen Anywhere! Follow BotL: Bluesky | Mastodon | Threads | X Like at Facebook.com/BestOfTheLeft Contact me directly at Jay@BestOfTheLeft.com ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

pWotD Episode 3169: Venezuela Welcome to popular Wiki of the Day, spotlighting Wikipedia's most visited pages, giving you a peek into what the world is curious about today.With 721,556 views on Sunday, 4 January 2026 our article of the day is Venezuela.Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. It comprises an area of 912,050 km2 (352,140 sq mi), with a population estimated at 31.3 million in 2024. The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of Caracas. The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Colombia, Brazil on the south, Trinidad and Tobago to the north-east and on the east by Guyana. Venezuela consists of 23 states, the Capital District, and federal dependencies covering Venezuela's offshore islands. Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north and in the capital.The territory of Venezuela was colonized by Spain in 1522, amid resistance from Indigenous peoples. In 1811, it became one of the first Spanish-American territories to declare independence from the Spanish and to form part of the first federal Republic of Colombia (Gran Colombia). It separated as a full sovereign country in 1830. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, remaining dominated by regional military dictators until the mid-20th century. From 1958, the country had a series of democratic governments, as an exception where most of the region was ruled by military dictatorships, and the period was characterized by economic prosperity.Economic shocks in the 1980s and 1990s led to major political crises and widespread social unrest, including the deadly Caracazo riots of 1989, two attempted coups in 1992, and the impeachment of a president for embezzlement of public funds charges in 1993. The collapse in confidence in the existing parties saw the 1998 Venezuelan presidential election, the catalyst for the Bolivarian Revolution, which began with a 1999 Constituent Assembly, where a new Constitution of Venezuela was written and ratified. The government's populist social welfare policies were bolstered by soaring oil prices, temporarily increasing social spending, and reducing economic inequality and poverty in the early years of the regime. However, poverty began to rapidly increase in the 2010s. The 2013, 2018 and 2024 presidential elections were all widely disputed, with opposition candidates being arrested and/or exiled. This led to widespread protest and international condemnation, which triggered another nationwide crisis that continues to this day. In 2026, the United States captured president Nicolás Maduro. The U. S. announced that it would "run the country" until a provisional Venezuelan administration was in place.Venezuela is officially a federal presidential republic, but has experienced democratic backsliding into an authoritarian state under the Chávez and Maduro administrations. It ranks poorly on international measurements of freedom of the press, civil liberties, and control of corruption. Venezuela is a developing country, has the world's largest known oil reserves, and has been one of the world's leading exporters of oil. Previously, the country was an underdeveloped exporter of agricultural commodities such as coffee and cocoa, but oil quickly came to dominate exports and government revenues. Venezuela struggles with record hyperinflation, shortages of basic goods, unemployment, poverty, disease, high child mortality, malnutrition, environmental issues, severe crime, and widespread corruption. U. S. sanctions and the seizure of Venezuelan assets overseas have cost the country $24–30 billion. These factors have precipitated the Venezuelan refugee crisis in which more than 7.9 million people had fled the country by May 2025. By 2017, Venezuela was declared to be in default regarding debt payments by credit rating agencies. The crisis in Venezuela has contributed to a rapidly deteriorating human rights situation.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 02:48 UTC on Monday, 5 January 2026.For the full current version of the article, see Venezuela on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm standard Amy.

pWotD Episode 3168: Nicolás Maduro Welcome to popular Wiki of the Day, spotlighting Wikipedia's most visited pages, giving you a peek into what the world is curious about today.With 2,519,497 views on Saturday, 3 January 2026 our article of the day is Nicolás Maduro.Nicolás Maduro Moros (born 23 November 1962) is a Venezuelan politician and former union leader who served as the president of Venezuela from 2013 until his de facto deposition in 2026. He served as the vice president under President Hugo Chávez from 2012 to 2013, and minister of foreign affairs from 2006 to 2012.Starting as a bus driver, Maduro rose to become a trade union leader before being elected to the National Assembly in 2000. A member of the United Socialist Party (PSUV), he was appointed to a number of positions under Chávez, serving as President of the National Assembly, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and as vice president under Chávez. Maduro assumed the presidency after Chávez's death and won the 2013 special presidential election. He ruled Venezuela by decree after 2015 through powers granted to him by the ruling party legislature. Shortages in Venezuela and decreased living standards led to a wave of protests in 2014 that escalated into daily marches nationwide, repression of dissent and a decline in Maduro's popularity. An opposition-led National Assembly was elected in 2015 and a movement toward recalling Maduro began in 2016, which was ultimately cancelled by Maduro's government; Maduro maintained power through the Supreme Tribunal, the National Electoral Council (CNE) and the military. The Supreme Tribunal stripped the elected National Assembly of power and authority, resulting in a constitutional crisis and another wave of protests in 2017. In response to the protests, Maduro called for a rewrite of the constitution, and the Constituent Assembly of Venezuela was elected in 2017 under voting conditions that many concluded were irregular. In 2018, Maduro was reelected and sworn in with widespread condemnation. The president of the National Assembly, Juan Guaidó, was declared interim president by the opposition legislative body—starting a presidential crisis that spanned nearly four years and divided the international community. In 2024, Maduro ran for a third term in an election which the Maduro-aligned CNE claimed he won—without providing evidence—starting another political crisis. Vote tallies gathered by the opposition showed that their candidate, Edmundo González, had won the most votes. In November 2025, Maduro was designated as a member of a foreign terrorist organization by the United States.Maduro was widely considered to be leading an authoritarian government characterized by electoral fraud, human rights abuses, corruption, and severe economic hardship. Between 2013 and 2023, Venezuela dropped 42 places in the Press Freedom Index. According to estimates by the United Nations (UN) and Human Rights Watch, under Maduro's administration thousands of people have died in extrajudicial killings and seven million Venezuelans were forced to flee the country. The UN Fact-Finding Mission on Venezuela concluded that the country's justice system independence had declined; the mission also identified frequent due process violations, including political external interference and the admission of evidence through torture was alleged. Most Venezuelan television channels are controlled by the state, and information unfavourable to the government is not covered completely. In 2018, a board designated by the Organization of American States (OAS) alleged that crimes against humanity have been committed in Venezuela during Maduro's presidency. In 2021, the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) announced the opening of an investigation regarding the situation in the country. Maduro denies all allegations of misconduct and argues the United States has conspired against Venezuela to manufacture a crisis as a means of enabling them to make the case for regime change.On 3 January 2026, Maduro and his wife were captured by US forces. They were then transported to New York, where they remain incarcerated, with Maduro expected to be arraigned in a Manhattan court in the next week.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 03:58 UTC on Sunday, 4 January 2026.For the full current version of the article, see Nicolás Maduro on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Bluesky at @wikioftheday.com.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm standard Emma.

Show Notes: Noah Feldman,  Harvard Law professor, author, and ethical advisor talks about his career in constitutional law and his experiences in Iraq and Tunisia, sharing stories from his time guiding, and in some cases, establishing, the law of countries in turmoil or collapse. He also talks about the themes explored in his books  and current pursuits. Real World Projects in Constitutional Law Noah describes his academic journey, starting from his early love for school and his decision to pursue academia full-time, with brief interruptions for real-world projects. He shares his experiences as a law clerk for the late Justice David Souter and his role as the senior constitutional advisor to the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq. Noah discusses his involvement in drafting the Iraqi constitution, starting from scratch, and the unique opportunity it provided to apply his academic knowledge in a real-world scenario. He recounts his work in Tunisia after the Arab Spring, advising the Constituent Assembly on constitutional design.  Oversight on Facebook After writing his book about James Madison, Noah's next step was unexpected involvement with Facebook's Oversight Board, which was inspired by a conversation with Sheryl Sandberg and Mark Zuckerberg. He was in California giving a talk at Stanford. He was thinking about writing a book on free speech in the era of social media. He explained to Sheryl how he had the idea that Facebook would benefit from having a kind of private Supreme Court. And the idea was that all of the companies privately made content moderation decisions could actually be made in a more public and transparent way, according to principles and the doing so would add to the legitimacy of their decision-making process. She loved the idea and introduced him to Mark Zuckerberg, and the outcome was the Oversight Board. Noah explains his ongoing work advising tech companies on governance issues and the complexities of balancing free expression and ethics in the tech industry. A Sideline in Journalism and a Focus on Writing Noah mentions his sideline in journalism, starting with a recommendation from Michael Ignatieff to write for the New York Times. He shares his experience of writing for Bloomberg's opinion section for over a decade. Noah talks about his podcast, Deep Background, which he hosted for three years, and his plans to relaunch it in a slightly different format. He discusses his current book project, The Importance of Being Human, which explores the value of human relationships in the age of AI and technology. Noah elaborates on his book project, focusing on the importance of human relationships in various aspects of life, including work, family, and politics. He expresses his open-mindedness about the potential value of romantic relationships with AI, despite initially holding a different view. Following a Theme of Constitutions When asked about his book choices, Noah explains his organizing theme of constitutions, focusing on Middle Eastern and US constitutional history. Noah outlines his planned book series on the history of the US Constitution, emphasizing the narrative throughline of the people who shaped it. He shares his experiences in Iraq, describing the chaotic and disorganized environment he encountered and the challenges of creating a functioning legal system in the midst of civil disorder. He shares the biggest lesson learned, the importance of order and law, arguing that without de facto control on the ground, it is difficult to establish a functioning legal or constitutional system. He also talks about how militias were formed. Noah discusses his work in Tunisia, highlighting the successful transition to democracy and the role of Islamist political parties in the democratic process. He reflects on the importance of norms and conventions in maintaining a functional constitutional system, using the example of Tunisia's failed Constitutional Court. Norms and Conventions in Maintaining a Constitutional System Noah emphasizes the significance of norms and conventions in the functioning of institutions, including legal systems and constitutional orders. He discusses the role of norms in the US constitutional system, using the example of the impeachment of Donald Trump to illustrate how norms can be changed by actions that challenge them. Noah reflects on the importance of understanding and respecting norms and conventions in maintaining the integrity of legal and constitutional systems. He highlights the need for clear and effective checks and balances to prevent the abuse of power and ensure the rule of law. The Importance of Family Noah shares details about his personal life, including his recent marriage to Julia Allison and his two children, Jamin and Mina, who are pursuing careers in the arts. He describes his relationship with his ex-wife, Jeannie Suk Gerson, and her husband, Jake Gerson, and how they maintain a good working relationship despite being colleagues.Noah reflects on the importance of family and personal relationships in his life, noting the support and encouragement he receives from his family.  Harvard Reflections Noah reminisces about his time at Harvard, highlighting the impact of his mentors and the courses he took. He talks about his mentorship with Robert Nozick and the influence of his work on his current thinking, medieval Islamic and Jewish Studies and his professors there Isadore Turski, Bernard Septimus, and Mohsen Madi. he also mentions Richard Primus, Constitutional Law with H.W. Perry. Noah discusses his involvement with the Program on Jewish and Israeli Law at Harvard Law School and the importance of medieval Jewish and Islamic Studies in his work. He reflects on the value of response papers in developing his skills as a journalist and opinion writer. Timestamps: 03:58: Involvement in Real-World Projects 07:52 Journalism and Media Engagement  13:07: Research and Personal Insights  23:51: Lessons from Iraq and Tunisia  37:46: Impact of Norms and Conventions  42:04: Personal Life and Family  45:08: Influences and Mentorship  Links: Website: https://www.noahfeldman.com/ Email: noah_feldman@harvard.edu @professornoahfeldman Linktree Featured Non-profit The featured non-profit of this week's episode  is brought to you by Anastasia Fernand who reports: "Hi. I'm Anastasia Fernand, class of 1992. The featured non-profit of this episode of the 1992 report is the Rebecca H. Rhodes African Inclusive Literacy Research prize. The African inclusive literacy Research Fund supports African scholars and practitioners undertaking research to identify the best ways of helping children with disabilities become literate as a critical step in reaching their full potential. Rebecca was my roommate throughout college and a member of our class of 1992 Rebecca spent her career proving that every child can learn. Let's make sure her prize keeps proving it for generations to come. And now here is Will Bachman with this week's episode." To learn more about their work, visit: https://www.adeanet.org

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar is remembered and admired for many things: for his heroic, lifelong, campaign to eradicate the evil of untouchability; for his scholarly contributions as an economist and social theorist; for the social movements he led and the political parties he founded; for the educational institutions he nurtured; for his critical role in overseeing and directing the framing of the Constitution; for the brilliant books, essays and pamphlets that he authored on a variety of subjects. This lecture will focus on Ambedkar as a visionary and deeply insightful theorist of constitutional democracy. By juxtaposing what he said in his speeches in the Constituent Assembly to the social and political realities of contemporary India, I shall demonstrate how his ideas remain of compelling relevance to us today. While the core of the talk will be on Ambedkar the political theorist, it will end by briefly comparing his legacy with that of other remarkable Indians of his generation, such as Nehru, Gandhi, Tagore, and Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay. The National Law School of India University, Bengaluru (NLSIU) and the Ahmadi Foundation have entered into a MoU to set up the Justice Ahmadi Initiative on Rule of Law, Democracy, and Social Justice in honour of, and to preserve and promote the legacy of former Chief Justice of India, Justice Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi. The Initiative will work to advance the ideas that Justice Ahmadi championed throughout his distinguished career, including but not restricted to human rights, education, inclusion and protection of vulnerable communities, judicial independence, alternate dispute resolution mechanisms, and strengthening of democratic institutions. An annual distinguished lecture series is one of the events planned under the Initiative. Presented by: National law School of India University, bangalore In this episode of BIC Talks, Ramchandra Guha will deliver a talk. This is an excerpt from a conversation that took place in the BIC premises in Jul 2025. Subscribe to the BIC Talks Podcast on your favourite podcast app! BIC Talks is available everywhere, including Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Google Podcasts, Castbox, Overcast, Audible, and Amazon Music.

To commemorate the 30th anniversary of Uganda's Constitution promulgation, Vision Group will on October 7, publish a comprehensive magazine that highlights the milestones covered under the Constitution. When the National Resistance Army NRA overran Kampala under the leadership of president Yoweri Museveni, the journey to transit to constitutional rule started almost immediately with the issuance of Legal Notice No. 1 of 1986.In this special episode of Around Uganda, Nelson Kiva speaks with Miria Matembe, a lawyer, women's rights activist, former minister of ethics and integrity, who was also the member of parliament for Mbarara district.Matembe narrates the making of the constitution, from her dream of becoming a lawmaker to being appointment to the commission that would put together the 1995 Constitution. How did the Constituent Assembly come to be, and what is the question she asked the president when they ran broke? 

The decision to end the privileges enjoyed by the nobility and clergy came in the early stages of the French Revolution, during a special session of the National Constituent Assembly of France and resulted in the August ...

In this remastered episode (originally aired 18 December 2020) of Guerrilla History, we are joined by Hisila Yami to talk about The People's War in Nepal, and the role of women in it. Hisila Yami was a leader in The People's War, a three times minister of Nepal, a former member of the Constituent Assembly, and the author of People's War and Women's Liberation in Nepal.  She can be followed on twitter @HisilaPost.    Help support the show by signing up to our patreon, where you also will get bonus content: https://www.patreon.com/guerrillahistory  We also have a (free!) newsletter you can sign up for, and please note that Guerrilla History now is uploading on YouTube as well, so do us a favor, subscribe to the show and share some links from there so we can get helped out in the algorithms!!

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy restructured the Church in France to align with the new administrative divisions of the country, bringing the Church under the control of the state and reducing the influence of the papacy in French ecclesiastical ...

Today, “left” and “right” are the main labels we use to categorise political views, but their origins go back over two centuries. To understand, we have to go back to the French Revolution in 1789. That spring, France's King Louis XVI convened a meeting known as the Estates General, bringing together representatives from three groups, or “Estates”: the clergy, the nobility, and the Third Estate, which represented the common people. A few months later, in July, this assembly became the Constituent Assembly. Where did it all begin? Are there other kinds of political oppositions besides left and right? In under 3 minutes, we answer your questions! To listen to the last episodes, you can click here: ⁠What is the European Political Community, the continent's intergovernmental organization?⁠ ⁠Who are the Moonies, the church with ties to Japanese politicians?⁠ ⁠Which swing states could decide the US election result?⁠ A podcast written and realised by Amber Minogue. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The story of the Indian National Movement is often told from the accounts of great leaders like Gandhi, Nehru or Patel. However, India's freedom struggle was a great cause that had attracted many young and bright minds of India at the time—Sarojini Naidu, Asaf Ali, Syed Hossain, and friends. The shared cause built many friendships—some survived the test of time, some did not; but their personal exchanges draw a vivid picture of the freedom struggle. इतिहास अक्सर राजा या बड़े नेताओं के नज़रिये से लिखा जाता है। लेकिन आज का एपिसोड नायकों की कहानी नहीं, बल्कि सह-नायकों की कहानी पर आधारित है। ये ऐसे लोग हैं जो भारत की आजादी की लड़ाई में मुख्य नेता नहीं थें, पर वे अपने आप में महत्वपूर्ण किरदार ज़रूर थें। हमारे मेहमान एम्बेसडर टी.सी.ए. राघवन जी अपनी किताब Circles of Freedom में इन सहनायकों की बातचीत और दोस्ती के ज़रिये 1913 से 1947 के समय पर कुछ प्रकाश डालते हैं। एम्बेसडर टी.सी.ए. राघवन सिंगापुर और पाकिस्तान में भारत के हाई कमिश्नर रह चुके हैं ।पुलियाबाज़ी पर आजादी की राह सीरीज़ पर हम उन्नीसवीं सदी की शुरुआत से लेकर भारत की आजादी तक के भारत को समझने की कोशिश करते हैं। आज की पुलियाबाज़ी इस सीरीज में एक और कड़ी है।We discuss:* Introducing the circle of friends* Sarojini, the Boss-woman* Asaf Ali and friends' thoughts on Nationalism* The importance of Khilafat movement for elite muslims* Mass movements and communal tensions* Moderates to Radicals* Was separate electorate the original sin?* What did the friends think about a separate nation?* Opposing ideas of the national movement* Ideas about Pakistan* The impact of partition* Aruna and Asaf Ali's marriagePuliyabaazi is now available on Youtube with video.Read:Circles Of Freedom :Friendship, Love And Loyalty in the Indian National Struggle by T.C.A. RaghavanThe People Next Door: The Curious History of India-Pakistan Relations by T.C.A. RaghavanWe welcome articles/blogs/experiences from our readers and listeners. If you are interested in getting your writing featured on Puliyabaazi, please send us your submissions at puliyabaazi@gmail.com. Check out this article for submission guidelines.More in Azaadi ki Raah series:1857 की लड़ाई का आँखों देखा हाल. An Eyewitness Account of the 1857 War.आज़ादी की राह: मैसूरु 1799 से 1947 तक। Mysore State during the British Rule ft. Siddharth Rajaभारतीय संविधान कैसे बना? Unpacking the Workings of Constituent Assembly ft. Achyut ChetanIf you have any questions for the guest or feedback for us, please comment here or write to us at puliyabaazi@gmail.com. If you like our work, please subscribe and share this Puliyabaazi with your friends, family and colleagues.Website: https://puliyabaazi.inGuest: @tca_raghavanHosts: @saurabhchandra @pranaykotas @thescribblebeeTwitter: @puliyabaaziInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/puliyabaazi/Subscribe & listen to the podcast on iTunes, Google Podcasts, Castbox, AudioBoom, YouTube, Spotify or any other podcast app. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.puliyabaazi.in

This lecture by Madhavan K. Palat, Secretary of the Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund and editor of the forthcoming comprehensive online edition of the Nehru Archives, explores the complex and often paradoxical dimensions of Nehru's engagement with democracy. Nehru presented himself as a liberal and a socialist. Yet, while he did not explicitly identify as a conservative, he frequently employed Burkean and traditionalist arguments to legitimize Indian democracy. At the same time, he repeatedly warned that democracy risked self-destruction through the emergence of a democratic dictatorship or the tyranny of the majority. Palat examines how Nehru derived the ethos of democracy from traditional panchayats and 19th-century nationalist movements, asserting that democracy had become the yugadharma—the defining moral order—after Independence. Nehru insisted that democracy had to be dynamic, propelled by movements but grounded in stable institutions. When conflicts inevitably arose between these two forces, he consistently prioritized movement, seeing it as a continuation of nationalist mobilization, while institutions embodied the legacy of the Constituent Assembly and its Constitution. Yet, Nehru never saw the Constitution as a sacred text. Democracy, he believed, could only be safeguarded through democratic practice, not constitutional rigidity—a stance that effectively repudiated the idea of a “Basic Structure” doctrine. Seeking to deepen democracy, Nehru championed Panchayati Raj, arguing that democracy required a broad, pyramid-like foundation to prevent its collapse. However, as Palat highlights, Nehru's vision was fraught with ambiguities. He viewed panchayats as both democratic and bureaucratic extensions, expressed dismay over the rise of opportunists in the electoral system, and feared that democracy was breeding an elective aristocracy and oligarchy. Nehru lamented the absence of a two-party system in India but keenly observed an ideological dichotomy between Congress and Hindutva, presciently suggesting that these ideologies could evolve into distinct parties. While Nehru valued moral ideals, his inspirations—Buddha, Ashoka, Akbar, and Gandhi—were not unequivocal democrats. Gandhi, though a democratic mobilizer, was autocratic in his methods. Nehru himself emerged as the most consistent symbol of democratic idealism but rejected the notion of a personality cult as vulgar and absurd. Palat's lecture delves into Nehru's ambivalence towards democracy: he despised its tendency to favor mediocrity yet feared that inspiration and charisma often led to right-wing politics, which he deplored. Nehru's political philosophy lay in reconciling contradictions and embracing ambiguities, favoring the pragmatism of a conservative over the ideological rigidity of a socialist. By drawing on his extensive work with the Nehru Archives, Palat offers fresh insights into Nehru's thought and legacy, portraying him as a leader navigating the complex interplay of ideals and realities with remarkable dexterity, even as he remained a figure defined by paradoxes and inconsistencies. Presented by: National Law School Of India University, Bangalore   In this episode of BIC Talks, Madhvan K Palat will deliver a talk. This is an excerpt from a conversation that took place in the BIC premises in January 2025. Subscribe to the BIC Talks Podcast on your favorite podcast app! BIC Talks is available everywhere, including Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Google Podcasts, Castbox, Overcast, Audible, and Amazon Music.

In the aftermath of the parliament's vote to abolish the Qajar dynasty, Reza Khan and his team lay the groundwork for his ascension to the throne and his official coronation as the new king. The post Book Two – Ep.2: Constituent Assembly appeared first on The Lion and The Sun Podcast.

UCC was debated more in the Constituent Assembly than in Uttarakhand. Why it's a problem

This is the Catchup on 3 Things by The Indian Express and I'm Flora Swain.Today is the 26th of November and here are the headlines.75 Years of the Indian ConstitutionOn Tuesday, President Droupadi Murmu and Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar marked 75 years of the Indian Constitution's adoption. President Murmu quoted Dr Rajendra Prasad, highlighting that the Constitution's success depends on how it's implemented. Vice-President Dhankhar reminded Parliamentarians of Dr B R Ambedkar's warning to prioritize the nation over party interests. Murmu praised the Constituent Assembly's efforts, noting how its deliberations shaped India's unity. She acknowledged key figures like Dr Prasad, Ambedkar, and B N Rau, calling the Constitution the country's 'holiest text.'India's Concern Over Arrest in BangladeshIndia expressed deep concern over the arrest of Hindu leader Krishna Das Prabhu in Bangladesh on Tuesday. Prabhu, a prominent member of ISKCON and the Bangladesh Sammilito Sanatan Jagaran Jote group, was detained at Dhaka airport, facing charges of sedition after leading a rally in Chattogram. He's accused of disrespecting Bangladesh's national flag. India urged the Bangladeshi government to ensure the safety of Hindus and all minorities in the country, calling for Prabhu's immediate release.Maharashtra Government ResignationMaharashtra CM Eknath Shinde resigned on Tuesday, marking the end of the 14th Assembly's term. Shinde, along with deputy CMs Fadnavis and Pawar, met Governor C P Radhakrishnan at Raj Bhawan. As caretaker CM, Shinde will oversee the formation of a new government. The BJP-led Mahayuti coalition won a clear mandate in the Assembly elections, securing 230 out of 288 seats. Ajit Pawar was also elected leader of the NCP, setting the stage for key decisions in the coming days.Violent Protests in PakistanIn Pakistan, violent protests erupted on Tuesday after supporters of jailed former PM Imran Khan clashed with security forces. Six people were killed, including four paramilitary personnel, and over 100 injured. The protests, calling for Khan's release, spiraled out of control, prompting the government to deploy the army in Islamabad. With 'shoot at sight' orders in place, the nationwide demonstrations, led by Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf supporters, have challenged Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif's government, showing no signs of abating.World Chess Championship: Game 2In the World Chess Championship, Gukesh and Ding Liren faced off in Game 2 on Tuesday after Ding claimed victory in the first game. Gukesh, playing with black pieces, started strong in the first game but faltered in the middle, ultimately resigning after 42 moves. Ding now leads 1-0 in this best-of-14 series. In Game 2, Gukesh faces a 30-minute time disadvantage as Ding picks up the pace, leaving his chair for strategic consultations. The race to 7.5 points continues.This was the Catch Up on 3 Things by The Indian Express.

Today, “left” and “right” are the main labels we use to categorise political views, but their origins go back over two centuries. To understand, we have to go back to the French Revolution in 1789. That spring, France's King Louis XVI convened a meeting known as the Estates General, bringing together representatives from three groups, or “Estates”: the clergy, the nobility, and the Third Estate, which represented the common people. A few months later, in July, this assembly became the Constituent Assembly. Where did it all begin? Are there other kinds of political oppositions besides left and right? In under 3 minutes, we answer your questions! To listen to the last episodes, you can click here: What is the European Political Community, the continent's intergovernmental organization? Who are the Moonies, the church with ties to Japanese politicians? Which swing states could decide the US election result? A podcast written and realised by Amber Minogue. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

स्वतंत्रता दिवस के अवसर पर ‘आज़ादी की राह' के इस ख़ास एपिसोड पर हम समझते हैं हमारे संविधान सभा के कामकाज के बारे में। संविधान सभा का गठन कैसे हुआ? सभा में निर्णय कैसे लिए जाते थे? बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर ने संविधान सभा में क्या भूमिका निभाई? क्या हमारे संविधान को एक कोलोनियल संविधान कहा जा सकता है? इन सब दिलचस्प सवालों पर विस्तार से चर्चा प्रोफेसर अच्युत चेतन के साथ। On this Independence Day special, we dive into the inner workings of the Constituent Assembly with Prof. Achyut Chetan. We explore the historical backdrop against which the Constituent Assembly was formed. We unpack the decision-making processes and the key contests and compromises in the Assembly, and discuss the provocative question of whether our constitution bears a colonial influence. Join us in this conversation to understand why studying the making of the Indian Constitution is not just an academic exercise but a crucial key to appreciating the essence of our democratic framework.Prof. Achyut Chetan is Professor of English at Sido Kanhu Murmu University, and author of Founding Mothers of the Indian Republic. We discuss:* The historical context in which the Constituent Assembly was formed* Representation in the Constituent Assembly* Role of Dr. Ambedkar* Decision making in the Constituent Assembly* Can our Constitution be called colonial?* Key contests and compromises* Why we should study the making of the ConstitutionMore in Azaadi ki Raah series:आज़ादी की राह #4: चलो याद करें संविधान की महिला रचयिताओं को। Founding Mothers of the Indian Republic ft. Achyut Chetanआज़ादी की राह #3: स्वदेशी बनाम खुले व्यापार की १५० साल पुरानी बहस। Historical Debate on Swadeshi vs Free Tradeआज़ादी की राह #2: मैसूरु 1799 से 1947 तक। Mysore State during the British Rule Ft. Siddharth Rajaआज़ादी की राह #1: भारत के सटीक नक़्शे कैसे बनें? The Himalayan task of mapping IndiaIf you have any questions for the guest or feedback for us, please comment here or write to us at puliyabaazi@gmail.com. If you like our work, please subscribe and share this Puliyabaazi with your friends, family and colleagues.Website: https://puliyabaazi.inHosts: @saurabhchandra @pranaykotas @thescribblebeeGuest: @achyutchetanTwitter: @puliyabaazi Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/puliyabaazi/Subscribe & listen to the podcast on iTunes, Google Podcasts, Castbox, AudioBoom, YouTube, Spotify or any other podcast app. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.puliyabaazi.in

Minendra Rijal is a distinguished former member of the Nepali Congress party's Central Working Committee, who served as the Minister of Information and Communications during Sushil Koirala's prime ministership. Elected to parliament from Morang-2 in the 2017 elections, he played a key role in developing the mixed electoral system that enhanced social and gender diversity in the Constituent Assembly. In this episode, he shares his insights on the free market, the political and economic turmoil in Nepal, and discusses the nation's economy in depth.

In celebration of Earth Day, Ellina Yin speaks with Mari Margil about climate solutions happening around the world and how we can bring some of them home. This episode is from our unreleased archives and was originally recorded March of 2022. Mari Margil is the Executive Director of the Center for Democratic and Environmental Rights (CDER).  She works with civil society, governments, as well as Tribal Nations and Indigenous communities in the U.S., Ecuador, the Philippines, Nepal, and elsewhere, to advance Rights of Nature frameworks. She consulted with Ecuador's Constituent Assembly, helping to draft the world's first Rights of Nature constitutional provisions in 2008. Margil received her Master's degree from Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government, and is a co-author of The Bottom Line or Public Health, Exploring Wild Law: The Philosophy of Earth Jurisprudence, and Bearing Witness: The Human Rights Case Against Fracking and Climate Change. Her writing has also been featured in publications including The Guardian, YES! Magazine, Earth Island Journal, Mongabay, Democracy Journal, World Policy Journal, and Common Dreams, and her work has been featured in the New York Times, and The New Yorker.  Episode Notes: Public Comment Remix by mias Santa Clara County Reid-Hillview Airport Study The New Constitution Project Democracy in the United States Orange County Florida Charter Amendment Update --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/onlyinsj/message

Chilean writer and activist Pablo Abufom spoke at UCLA on February 23, 2024 about how the October 2019 social revolt in Chile propelled Gabriel Boric to power, created a Constituent Assembly to write a new Constitution, but was then defeated, with reactionary neo-fascist forces now ascendant. Pablo Abufom was deeply involved in the social protest movement of October 2019, and has been on this podcast many times to discuss and analyze the revolt, the failure of the constitutional process, and the demobilizing effects of the pandemic.In this talk, Pablo attempts to explain larger political and social phenomena on a global scale from the Latin American experience. Why did the wave of revolts between 2018 and 2020 fail to go further, and what accounts for the rise of neo-fascism everywhere, most recently in Argentina?Pablo asks what can we learn from the Latin American revolts of the last five years and admits it is a tragic question; we ask it after being defeated or at least after the revolts were paralyzed by the power of ruling elites amid Covid-19. Cesar Bowey Castillo adds to the discussion with his analysis of the 2021 Colombian uprising, looking at how the various fragments of the working class and urban poor mobilized there. Suzi comments on Pablo's understanding of how the struggle for a dignified life moved people into the streets spontaneously, what did or did not emerge in terms of organizational forms, and how he sees that perennial, historical question of leadership and political mediation.Jacobin Radio with Suzi Weissman features conversations with leading thinkers and activists, with a focus on labor, the economy, and protest movements. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Surendra Pandey and Maya Gurung made history as Nepal's first legally married same-sex couple, marking a significant milestone as the first in South Asia to officially record a same-sex marriage. Sunil Babu Pant, the founder of Nepal's pioneering LGBT organization ‘The Blue Diamond Society', a monk, human rights activist, has also served as a former member of the Constituent Assembly.

After the Storming of the Bastille, the French Revolution shifts into high gear. The Constituent Assembly quickly abolishes feudal reforms and promotes the foundation of a new government with a document: the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. 1790 is a quieter year, but under the surface, divisions harden as the Paris political clubs metamorphosize into modern political parties. Meanwhile, the Assembly faces unexpected backlash when it passes the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, a law that converts all Catholic clergy into civil servants employed by the state. All of this culminates in the famous Flight to Varennes, an ill-fated attempt by the royal family to escape France altogether. The consequences for France – and for humanity – are yet to be seen. Dan's interview with Ro Martin on the Stoned Genius podcast: https://spotify.link/wZdJiSEY4Db SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub   Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRO_5dI2Ubxpe-wJOFRnZbWesgwAVzm_uIbxLho0pZOaHtm24okuTMexhjNIBmc5DUxBTZxka3qbMOY/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan

On Wednesday, 20 September this year, Nepal's current constitution completed eight years since its promulgation, the first under a Constituent Assembly. Nepal correspondent Ganesh Acharya spoke to Constitutional law expert Doctor Bipin Adhikari about the country's present and future in politics. - यो वर्ष बुधवार, २० सेप्टेम्बरको संविधान दिवससँगै नेपालको वर्तमान मूल कानूनले आठ वर्ष पूरा गरेको छ। संविधान सभा मार्फत पहिलो पटक बनाइएको उक्त संविधान बारे पछिल्लो समयमा टीका टिप्पणी भइरहँदा, नेपालमा "नेतृत्वको चुनौती" रहेको संविधानविद् तथा काठमाडौँ विश्वविद्यालयका प्राध्यापक डाक्टर बिपिन अधिकारीले बताएका छन्। सङ्घीयता र संशोधन लगायत दोहोरो नागरिकताका विषयमा डाक्टर अधिकारीले नेपाल संवाददाता गणेश आचार्यसँग गरेको कुराकानी सुन्नुहोस्।

While G20 dinner invite in the name of ‘President of Bharat' has triggered row, Centre had earlier asserted in court that ‘there is no change in circumstances to consider any change in Article 1'.

Bishnu Prasad Rimal is the Deputy General Secretary of CPN-UML. He is the former member of Constituent Assembly and has become Chief Advisor to the PM twice.

संविधान के बारे में बात करते वक़्त हम अक्सर भूल जाते है कि भारत की संविधान सभा में कई औरतें भी शामिल थि जिन्होंने हमारे संविधान की रचना में एक महत्वपूर्ण योगदान दिया था।  इस हफ़्ते की पुलियाबाज़ी में हमारी कोशिश रही कि हम उन महिलाओं के योगदान को समझें और याद करें।  आज की पुलियाबाज़ी पर हमारे साथ जुड़ते है प्रोफेसर अच्युत चेतन जिन्होंने इस विषय पर अपना संशोधन किया है। प्रोफेसर अच्युत चेतन को सुनते वक़्त हम तो बेहद मंत्रमुग्ध हो चुके थे, ज़रूर ही ये बातचीत आपको भी दिलचस्प लगेगी।   The women in India's Constituent Assembly had played an important role in shaping our Constitution. However, their contribution has often been ignored or forgotten over the years. This Puliyabaazi is our attempt to remember them and understand the role that they had played in framing our Constitution. On this week's Puliyabaazi, we talk to Prof. Achyut Chetan who has extensively researched this topic for his book ‘Founding Mothers of the Indian Republic'. Do listen to this very important conversation. We were spellbound by the knowledge and nuance with which Prof. Achyut explained the topic. We hope that you will find it insightful too.  **** Further Reading  ***** Prof. Achyut Chetan's Book:  Founding Mothers of the Indian Republic: Gender Politics of the Framing of the Constitution  https://amzn.eu/d/d2IVwjv Articles on this topic  https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/our-founding-mothers-how-women-contributed-to-constitution-building-8478240/ Constitution Assembly Debates  https://www.constitutionofindia.net/ *** More Puliyabaazi ***** संविधान सभा में महिलाओं का योगदान। Women in the Constituent Assembly https://youtu.be/k8NRVb2eP1s नारीवादी आंदोलन। The many waves of Feminism https://youtu.be/GX_roJzhCRU क्या भारतीय संविधान विशिष्ट वर्ग के लिए है? Is the Indian Constitution elitist?  https://youtu.be/2HSA25HpMOY*****************Website: https://puliyabaazi.in Write to us at puliyabaazi@gmail.com  Hosts: @saurabhchandra @pranaykotas @thescribblebee  Puliyabaazi is on these platforms: Twitter: @puliyabaazi  Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/puliyabaazi/ Subscribe & listen to the podcast on iTunes, Google Podcasts, Castbox, AudioBoom, YouTube, Spotify or any other podcast app.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Democracy in Question? is brought to you by:• Central European University: CEU• The Albert Hirschman Centre on Democracy in Geneva: AHCD• The Podcast Company: Novel Follow us on social media!• Central European University: @CEU• Albert Hirschman Centre on Democracy in Geneva: @AHDCentreSubscribe to the show. If you enjoyed what you listened to, you can support us by leaving a review and sharing our podcast in your networks!  DiQ S6 EP7Yehouda Shenhav-Shahrabani on Israel: Democracy on the DefensiveGlossaryWhat is the Mizrahi Democratic Rainbow Coalition?(02:11 or p.1 in the transcript)The Mizrahi Democratic Rainbow Coalition is a social movement on the party and outside the parliamentary system, whose goal is to influence the public agenda, with the intention of bringing about a comprehensive change of Israeli society and its various institutions. The initiative to establish the movement came from second and third generation men and women of the Jews of Arab and Eastern countries. They come from all parts of the country and represent different levels of Israeli society. The active nucleus of the movement includes academics, workers, businessmen, clerks, teachers, artists and intellectuals, community activists, students, social and cultural organizations, residents of towns, townships, and neighborhoods. The Mizrahi Democratic Rainbow was founded in March 1996 by 40 women and men. In December 1996, following a series of discussions, the movement was formally established by 100 members, who constituted the Constituent Assembly. Since then, this body has expanded and it functions as the council of the movement, in which the fundamental decisions binding the movement are made. At the founding conference, the secretariat of the movement, which operates under the decisions of the movement's council, was appointed. In addition, the Committee of the Spokespersons and the Audit Committee was elected. All officials were elected in secret elections and committed to equal representation of women and men in all elected institutions of the movement. It was decided that the elections for all institutions of the movement would be held once a year. source What was the February 26, 2023 Hawara pogrom?(05:24 or p.2 in the transcript)Following the murder of two Israeli brothers in the West Bank on Feb. 26, 2023, a mob of around 400 Israelis attacked the Palestinian town of Hawara. They torched dozens of homes and cars, leaving one dead and hundreds wounded before being stopped by Israeli security forces. Though some government leaders – including the head of the parliament's National Security Committee – praised the mob or called for the state itself to erase the town's existence, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu condemned them for “taking the law into their own hands.” Others – including the top Israeli military commander Major General Yehuda Fuchs in the West Bank – used even stronger language, calling the attack a “pogrom,” as did a statement against the attack by the Israeli Historical Society, signed by some of Israel's most renowned historians. According to historian John Klier, a pogrom is “an outbreak of mass violence directed against a minority religious, ethnic or social group [that] usually implies central instigation and control, or at minimum the passivity of local authorities.” source Who was Meir Kahane?(06:08 or p.2 in the transcript)Meir Kahane was an American-born Israeli political extremist and rabbi who campaigned for self-protection of Jews. Kahane joined a paramilitary, right-wing youth movement in 1946. He was ordained an Orthodox rabbi in 1957 after studies at Mirrer Yeshiva in New York. In 1968 he formed the militant Jewish Defense League (JDL), attracted followers with the post-Holocaust slogan “Never Again,” and sent armed patrols of young Jews into Black neighborhoods. After being imprisoned for conspiring to make bombs, Kahane moved to Israel in 1971. There Kahane formed the Kach Party and stirred nationalist fervor against Arabs, whom he campaigned to remove (violently, if necessary) from Israel and all Israeli-occupied areas. He won a seat in the Israeli Knesset (parliament) in 1984, but his term ended when Israel banned the Kach Party for its antidemocratic and racist beliefs. Back in New York, Kahane was shot to death by a naturalized American of Egyptian descent. source What was the 2014 Gaza War?(08:17 or p.3 in the transcript)On July 8, 2014, Israel launched a large-scale military operation using aerial and naval firepower against a variety of targets associated with Hamas and other militant groups. After more than a week of bombardment failed to halt the rocket attacks, Israeli land forces entered the Gaza Strip on a mission to destroy tunnels and other elements of the militants' infrastructure. Israel withdrew its land forces from the Gaza Strip in early August, declaring that their mission had been fulfilled. Israeli air strikes continued, as did rocket and mortar attacks on Israel from the Gaza Strip. In late August, after nearly two months of fighting, Israeli and Palestinian leaders reached an open-ended cease-fire. In exchange for Palestinian adherence to the cease-fire, Israel agreed to allow more goods into the Gaza Strip, to expand the fishing zone off the coast of the Gaza Strip from 3 to 6 miles (5 to 10 km), and to enforce a narrower security buffer in the areas adjacent to the Israeli border. Overall, the conflict was one of the deadliest between Israelis and Palestinians: 70 Israelis and more than 2,100 Palestinians were killed in the fighting. sourceWhat was the 1967 Six-Day War?(30:15 or p.7 in the transcript)Six-Day War, also called June WarorThird Arab-Israeli WarorNaksah was brief war that took place June 5–10, 1967, and was the third of the Arab-Israeli wars. Israel's decisive victory included the capture of the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, Old City of Jerusalem, and Golan Heights; the status of these territories subsequently became a major point of contention in the Arab-Israeli conflict. The Six-Day War also marked the start of a new phase in the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians since the conflict created hundreds of thousands of refugees and brought more than one million Palestinians in the occupied territories under Israeli rule. Months after the war, in November, the United Nations passed UN Resolution 242, which called for Israel's withdrawal from the territories it had captured in the war in exchange for lasting peace. That resolution became the basis for diplomatic efforts between Israel and its neighbors, including the Camp David Accords with Egypt and the push for a two-state solution with the Palestinians. source

इस महिला दिवस के मौके पर हम बात करते है हमारी संविधान सभा में महिलाओं के योगदान पर। हमारी संविधान सभा में १५ महिलाएं भी शामिल थीं, पर इस विषय पर ज़्यादा बातें नहीं होतीं।  तो इस हफ़्ते हमारी कोशिश रही की हम इस विषय पर चर्चा करें।  तो आप भी शामिल हो जाइये इस पुलियाबाज़ी में।   On the occasion of Women's day, we discuss the contribution of the eminent women who were a part of India's Constituent Assembly. What were the issues that they focused on? What were their stance on many debates that took place in the Constituent Assembly. Do listen in.  #IWD2023 #WomensDay #Constitution  #India  For More: Constitution Assembly Debates https://www.constitutionofindia.net/ Article | Our founding mothers: How women contributed to Constitution building https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/our-founding-mothers-how-women-contributed-to-constitution-building-8478240/ Puliyabaazi playlist on Ambedkar: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLRvXciEh5eJ3bmkdKPvYgt9_8w-3J8-n_&si=EnSIkaIECMiOmarE Write to us at puliyabaazi@gmail.com  Hosts: @saurabhchandra @pranaykotas @thescribblebee  Puliyabaazi is on these platforms: Twitter: @puliyabaazi  Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/puliyabaazi/ Subscribe & listen to the podcast on iTunes, Google Podcasts, Castbox, AudioBoom, YouTube, Spotify or any other podcast app.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

EP. Br#007 This episode is part of PEI's coverage of the 2022 General Elections. For our pre-election analyses, please read our policy brief and/or listen to EP. BR#005 - The Brief: Anurag Acharya and Avinash Karna on Inclusion, Coalitions, and the Power Dynamics behind General Elections 2022 As the results of the 2022 General Elections slowly trickle in, there are some interesting trends that are taking shape. To begin with, the voter turnout, reported to be 61 percent by the Election Commission of Nepal, has been lower than those from earlier elections, which analysts are taking as a signal that more people may be beginning to tune out from this democratic process. Number-wise, the initial results indicate that while the Nepali Congress will secure the largest number of seats, the UML has been able to hold its ground in second place. Perhaps the most unexpected outcome is the better-than-expected performance of the Rastriya Swatantra Party, an entity formed only several months before the elections. What is clear, however, is that the end result of this election is a hung parliament, leaving a lot of room for horsetrading among the political parties at the expense of stability and good governance. In today's episode, PEI colleague Saurab Lama sits with noted political commentator Bishnu Sapkota to discuss the significance of the 2022 elections, the low voter turnout, the early results, and the implications for the political parties. The two discuss the better-than-expected performance of the Rastriya Swatantra Party and also of the pre-election movements such as the #nonotagain. The two end on the topic of a hung parliament and its implications for the future of policymaking in Nepal. Bishnu Sapkota is a noted columnist and political commentator. He taught at Nepal's Tribhuvan University for nearly a decade prior to getting into international development work. He managed a national dialogue program called Nepal Transition to Peace (NTTP) during Nepal's crucial phases of Maoist insurgency through the 2006 People's Movement, ensuing ethnic upheavals, the Constituent Assembly, and finally promulgation of the new constitution in 2015. The NTTP forum was an inclusive national dialogue platform by major political parties, government, and civil society. He led UNDP/Nepal's Conflict Prevention Program between 2014-2015. He is currently based in Cambodia with an international organization, working in the sector of democracy and governance. Mr. Sapkota is also affiliated as an Asia Fellow to the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame, USA. Over the past decade, he has given talks and presentations on Nepal's peace process experiences at a number of international conferences and platforms.

In 2020, Chilean voters demanded a new constitution to replace the one written in 1980 under the military dictatorship.  But in 2022, Chilean voters rejected the new constitution drafted by political independents elected to a  gender-balanced and indigenous-inclusive assembly.  Why? What was in the constitution that many described as the most progressive constitution written to date?  And what does the vote say about the prospects for constitutional reform in Chile and beyond?Samuel Issacharoff is Bonnie and Richard Reiss Professor of Constitutional Law at NYU School of law and the author of Fragile Democracies: Contested Power in the Era of Constitutional Courts (2015). His research ranges from civil procedure to American and comparative constitutional law. He is one of the pioneers in the law of the political process, and is a co-author of the Law of Democracy casebook.Sergio Verdugo is an Assistant Professor of Law at the IE Law School in Spain, where he teaches Constitutional Law and Human Rights Law. He is also an Editor of the International Journal of Constitutional Law (ICON) and the Secretary General of the International Society of Public Law (ICON-S). Before joining the IE University, he was the Director of the Center for Constitutional Justice of the Universidad del Desarrollo School of Law, Chile. Camila Vergara is a critical legal theorist, historian, and journalist from Chile and author of Systemic Corruption: Constitutional Ideas for an Anti-Oligarchic Republic.She is currently a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellow at the University of Cambridge.  Her writings about social movements and the constitutional process in Chile have appeared in New Left Review and Jacobin. Read Sergio's post on I-Connect Blog, The Paradox of Constitution-Making in Democratic SettingsRead Camila's article in New Left Review, Chile's Rejection.Read the proposed new constitution for Chile. 

Meaning of the term Constituent Assembly

Chitranshul Sinha is an advocate on record of the Supreme Court of India and a partner in Dua Associates, Advocates and Solicitors, who primarily practises in the courts of New Delhi. He occasionally writes articles for leading publications on topics related to law. The Indian Penal Code was formulated in 1860, three years after the first Indian revolt for independence. It was the country's first-ever codification of offences and penalties. But it was only in 1870 that Section 124A was slipped into Chapter VI ('Of Offences against the State'), defining the offence of 'Sedition' in a statute for the first time in the history of common law. When India became independent in 1947, the Constituent Assembly expressed strong reservations against sedition as a restriction on free speech as it had been used as a weapon against freedom fighters, many of whom were a part of the Assembly. Nehru vocally opposed it. And yet, not only has Section 124A survived, it has been widely used against popular movements and individuals speaking up against the establishment. Where did this law come from? How did it evolve? And what place does it have in a mature democracy? Concise, incisive and thoughtful, The Great Repression: The Story of Sedition in India (India VIking, 2019) by Chitranshul Sinha tells the story of this outdated colonial-era law. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

Chitranshul Sinha is an advocate on record of the Supreme Court of India and a partner in Dua Associates, Advocates and Solicitors, who primarily practises in the courts of New Delhi. He occasionally writes articles for leading publications on topics related to law. The Indian Penal Code was formulated in 1860, three years after the first Indian revolt for independence. It was the country's first-ever codification of offences and penalties. But it was only in 1870 that Section 124A was slipped into Chapter VI ('Of Offences against the State'), defining the offence of 'Sedition' in a statute for the first time in the history of common law. When India became independent in 1947, the Constituent Assembly expressed strong reservations against sedition as a restriction on free speech as it had been used as a weapon against freedom fighters, many of whom were a part of the Assembly. Nehru vocally opposed it. And yet, not only has Section 124A survived, it has been widely used against popular movements and individuals speaking up against the establishment. Where did this law come from? How did it evolve? And what place does it have in a mature democracy? Concise, incisive and thoughtful, The Great Repression: The Story of Sedition in India (India VIking, 2019) by Chitranshul Sinha tells the story of this outdated colonial-era law. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history

Chitranshul Sinha is an advocate on record of the Supreme Court of India and a partner in Dua Associates, Advocates and Solicitors, who primarily practises in the courts of New Delhi. He occasionally writes articles for leading publications on topics related to law. The Indian Penal Code was formulated in 1860, three years after the first Indian revolt for independence. It was the country's first-ever codification of offences and penalties. But it was only in 1870 that Section 124A was slipped into Chapter VI ('Of Offences against the State'), defining the offence of 'Sedition' in a statute for the first time in the history of common law. When India became independent in 1947, the Constituent Assembly expressed strong reservations against sedition as a restriction on free speech as it had been used as a weapon against freedom fighters, many of whom were a part of the Assembly. Nehru vocally opposed it. And yet, not only has Section 124A survived, it has been widely used against popular movements and individuals speaking up against the establishment. Where did this law come from? How did it evolve? And what place does it have in a mature democracy? Concise, incisive and thoughtful, The Great Repression: The Story of Sedition in India (India VIking, 2019) by Chitranshul Sinha tells the story of this outdated colonial-era law. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/south-asian-studies

Chitranshul Sinha is an advocate on record of the Supreme Court of India and a partner in Dua Associates, Advocates and Solicitors, who primarily practises in the courts of New Delhi. He occasionally writes articles for leading publications on topics related to law. The Indian Penal Code was formulated in 1860, three years after the first Indian revolt for independence. It was the country's first-ever codification of offences and penalties. But it was only in 1870 that Section 124A was slipped into Chapter VI ('Of Offences against the State'), defining the offence of 'Sedition' in a statute for the first time in the history of common law. When India became independent in 1947, the Constituent Assembly expressed strong reservations against sedition as a restriction on free speech as it had been used as a weapon against freedom fighters, many of whom were a part of the Assembly. Nehru vocally opposed it. And yet, not only has Section 124A survived, it has been widely used against popular movements and individuals speaking up against the establishment. Where did this law come from? How did it evolve? And what place does it have in a mature democracy? Concise, incisive and thoughtful, The Great Repression: The Story of Sedition in India (India VIking, 2019) by Chitranshul Sinha tells the story of this outdated colonial-era law. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/law

Rohan J. Alva is a counsel practicing in the Supreme Court of India. He earned his LLM from Harvard Law School, where he focused on constitutional law, which he read for on numerous scholarships including as a Tata Scholar and on a Harvard Law School Scholarship. Prior to starting his counsel practice, he was a professor at Jindal Global Law School, where he was awarded the Excellence in Research Award. He has also been Visiting Faculty at NLSIU, Bengaluru. His writings have been published in internationally respected journals including Statute Law Review (Oxford University Press), and Hong Kong Law Journal. Alva's first book Liberty After Freedom: A History of Article 21, Due Process and the Constitution of India (HarperCollins India, 2022) explores the origins of what is today considered the most important fundamental right in the Indian Constitution - the right to life and personal liberty guaranteed by Article 21. This is the article which in recent years made the right to privacy as well as the decriminalization of homosexuality possible. Without a doubt, Article 21 has had the most outsized influence on the progressive development of rights in India. But the story of how this important right was birthed is deeply controversial and its passage in the Constituent Assembly divided opinion like no other feature of the Constitution. Liberty After Freedom explores the intellectual beginnings of this paramount fundamental right in an attempt to decode and unravel the controversies which raged at the time the Constitution was being crafted. Written in lucid prose and drawing extensively on the Constituent Assembly debates as well as a wide array of scholarly literature, it questions long-held beliefs and sheds new and important light on the fraught history of due process and Article 21. It is an indispensable book for the legal community and for everyone interested in the genesis of the Constitution. Alok Prasanna Kumar is Co-Founder and Lead, Vidhi Karnataka. Sarayu Natarajan is the Founder of Aapti Institute. In the past, she has worked in management consulting and the venture fund industry before the plunge into researching politics. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

Rohan J. Alva is a counsel practicing in the Supreme Court of India. He earned his LLM from Harvard Law School, where he focused on constitutional law, which he read for on numerous scholarships including as a Tata Scholar and on a Harvard Law School Scholarship. Prior to starting his counsel practice, he was a professor at Jindal Global Law School, where he was awarded the Excellence in Research Award. He has also been Visiting Faculty at NLSIU, Bengaluru. His writings have been published in internationally respected journals including Statute Law Review (Oxford University Press), and Hong Kong Law Journal. Alva's first book Liberty After Freedom: A History of Article 21, Due Process and the Constitution of India (HarperCollins India, 2022) explores the origins of what is today considered the most important fundamental right in the Indian Constitution - the right to life and personal liberty guaranteed by Article 21. This is the article which in recent years made the right to privacy as well as the decriminalization of homosexuality possible. Without a doubt, Article 21 has had the most outsized influence on the progressive development of rights in India. But the story of how this important right was birthed is deeply controversial and its passage in the Constituent Assembly divided opinion like no other feature of the Constitution. Liberty After Freedom explores the intellectual beginnings of this paramount fundamental right in an attempt to decode and unravel the controversies which raged at the time the Constitution was being crafted. Written in lucid prose and drawing extensively on the Constituent Assembly debates as well as a wide array of scholarly literature, it questions long-held beliefs and sheds new and important light on the fraught history of due process and Article 21. It is an indispensable book for the legal community and for everyone interested in the genesis of the Constitution. Alok Prasanna Kumar is Co-Founder and Lead, Vidhi Karnataka. Sarayu Natarajan is the Founder of Aapti Institute. In the past, she has worked in management consulting and the venture fund industry before the plunge into researching politics. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/political-science

Rohan J. Alva is a counsel practicing in the Supreme Court of India. He earned his LLM from Harvard Law School, where he focused on constitutional law, which he read for on numerous scholarships including as a Tata Scholar and on a Harvard Law School Scholarship. Prior to starting his counsel practice, he was a professor at Jindal Global Law School, where he was awarded the Excellence in Research Award. He has also been Visiting Faculty at NLSIU, Bengaluru. His writings have been published in internationally respected journals including Statute Law Review (Oxford University Press), and Hong Kong Law Journal. Alva's first book Liberty After Freedom: A History of Article 21, Due Process and the Constitution of India (HarperCollins India, 2022) explores the origins of what is today considered the most important fundamental right in the Indian Constitution - the right to life and personal liberty guaranteed by Article 21. This is the article which in recent years made the right to privacy as well as the decriminalization of homosexuality possible. Without a doubt, Article 21 has had the most outsized influence on the progressive development of rights in India. But the story of how this important right was birthed is deeply controversial and its passage in the Constituent Assembly divided opinion like no other feature of the Constitution. Liberty After Freedom explores the intellectual beginnings of this paramount fundamental right in an attempt to decode and unravel the controversies which raged at the time the Constitution was being crafted. Written in lucid prose and drawing extensively on the Constituent Assembly debates as well as a wide array of scholarly literature, it questions long-held beliefs and sheds new and important light on the fraught history of due process and Article 21. It is an indispensable book for the legal community and for everyone interested in the genesis of the Constitution. Alok Prasanna Kumar is Co-Founder and Lead, Vidhi Karnataka. Sarayu Natarajan is the Founder of Aapti Institute. In the past, she has worked in management consulting and the venture fund industry before the plunge into researching politics. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/south-asian-studies

Rohan J. Alva is a counsel practicing in the Supreme Court of India. He earned his LLM from Harvard Law School, where he focused on constitutional law, which he read for on numerous scholarships including as a Tata Scholar and on a Harvard Law School Scholarship. Prior to starting his counsel practice, he was a professor at Jindal Global Law School, where he was awarded the Excellence in Research Award. He has also been Visiting Faculty at NLSIU, Bengaluru. His writings have been published in internationally respected journals including Statute Law Review (Oxford University Press), and Hong Kong Law Journal. Alva's first book Liberty After Freedom: A History of Article 21, Due Process and the Constitution of India (HarperCollins India, 2022) explores the origins of what is today considered the most important fundamental right in the Indian Constitution - the right to life and personal liberty guaranteed by Article 21. This is the article which in recent years made the right to privacy as well as the decriminalization of homosexuality possible. Without a doubt, Article 21 has had the most outsized influence on the progressive development of rights in India. But the story of how this important right was birthed is deeply controversial and its passage in the Constituent Assembly divided opinion like no other feature of the Constitution. Liberty After Freedom explores the intellectual beginnings of this paramount fundamental right in an attempt to decode and unravel the controversies which raged at the time the Constitution was being crafted. Written in lucid prose and drawing extensively on the Constituent Assembly debates as well as a wide array of scholarly literature, it questions long-held beliefs and sheds new and important light on the fraught history of due process and Article 21. It is an indispensable book for the legal community and for everyone interested in the genesis of the Constitution. Alok Prasanna Kumar is Co-Founder and Lead, Vidhi Karnataka. Sarayu Natarajan is the Founder of Aapti Institute. In the past, she has worked in management consulting and the venture fund industry before the plunge into researching politics. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/law

Suzi talks to Pablo Abufom and Oscar Mendoza to get their analysis of the monumental defeat in Chile on Sunday, September 4, when Chileans went to the polls to approve or reject a new progressive Constitution, born in response to the massive social protest movement and revolt in October 2019. The demand that grew out of that movement was for a new Constitution to replace the reactionary Pinochet constitution imposed in a fraudulent plebiscite in 1980. A Constituent Assembly was elected, representing the most diverse sectors of the population, specifically excluding the traditional political class. Sadly it was rejected, in fact trounced. Pablo Abufom and Oscar Mendoza each analyze the scope and meaning of the ‘rechazo' or rejection, and look at what happens next.Jacobin Radio with Suzi Weissman features conversations with leading thinkers and activists, with a focus on labor, the economy, protest movements. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

In this podcast, Kushal speaks with Gautam R. Desiraju about his latest book " Bhārat: India 2.0 ". This book is a detailed journey from the proceedings of the Constituent Assembly to the formulation of the Indian Constitution of 1950 followed up by a number of amendments. What has been the impact of all of this and what are the solutions that one can apply to get over these inherent problems are all discussed in this podcast. Follow Them: Twitter: @GautamDesiraju Book: https://www.amazon.in/dp/9390961157/ #BhāratIndia 2.0 #IndianConstitution ------------------------------------------------------------ Listen to the podcasts on: SoundCloud: https://soundcloud.com/kushal-mehra-99891819 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/1rVcDV3upgVurMVW1wwoBp Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-c%C4%81rv%C4%81ka-podcast/id1445348369 Stitcher: https://www.stitcher.com/show/the-carvaka-podcast ------------------------------------------------------------ Support The Cārvāka Podcast: Become a Member on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKPxuul6zSLAfKSsm123Vww/join Become a Member on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/carvaka UPI: kushalmehra@icici To buy The Carvaka Podcast Exclusive Merch please visit: http://kushalmehra.com/shop ------------------------------------------------------------ Follow Kushal: Twitter: https://twitter.com/kushal_mehra?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/KushalMehraOfficial/? Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thecarvakapodcast/?hl=en Koo: https://www.kooapp.com/profile/kushal_mehra Inquiries: https://kushalmehra.com/ Feedback: kushalmehra81@gmail.com

The Indian Constitution is a result of debates and deliberations by the Constituent Assembly over three years between 1946 to 1959. As a barely formed nation, what were the issues that bothered our leaders and intellectuals and how did they debate these issues. These debates are a reflection of the idea of India as a nation and the country's aspirations  On the occasion of the 75th year of Independence, we at Suno India are releasing a podcast series on the raging Constituent Assembly debates and the Constitution–Contested Nation. It is researched and hosted by the Equals Project. The Equals project is an initiative that helps bring awareness about constitutional history and process by which constitution was written.  In this episode, Suno India's Menaka Rao hosting speaks with Shruti V, the founder of Equals Project.See sunoindia.in/privacy-policy for privacy information.

Jhala Nath Khanal was the 35th Prime Minister of Nepal who served in the post from Feb 2011 - to Aug 2011. Khanal also served for a time as Minister of Information and Communication in the 1997 coalition government under Surya Bahadur Thapa. Khanal was a member of the Communist Party of Nepal and was its General Secretary from 1982 to 1986. Later, he became a member of the Communist Party of Nepal. Khanal won the seat of the Ilam 1 constituency in the 2008 Constituent Assembly election. He led the CPN (UML) as General Secretary from 2008 to February 2009 and was elected as the Chairman of the CPN (UML) on February 16, 2009. In this podcast, Mr. Jhala Nath Khanal and Sushant talk about Political parties, International relations, Education, SPP, Citizenship, Border disputes, and much more.

Summary Alexis Albion (LinkedIn) joins Andrew (Twitter; LinkedIn) to discuss Kim Philby using some of his personal belongings as prompts. This episode on the Soviet mole inside MI6 coincides with SPY's 20th Anniversary. What You'll Learn Intelligence Why Philby has been called “The Spy of the Century” Philby the man, the ideologue, the spy, and the traitor Philby's corrosive effect on Cold War British and American intelligence The cultural blind spot that allowed him to hide in plain sight then ride a storm of suspicion  Reflections Psychological complexity and contradiction Social stratification And much, much more… Episode Notes The Cambridge Five are some of the most notable and notorious traitors in British history, and among them one man stands out in a way that has led some to call him, “The Spy of the Century,” MI6 officer Kim Philby. How did a quintessential Englishman who came from the “right” stock and went to the “right” schools become a Soviet mole? How did a genial chum come to haunt the corridors of British and American intelligence like a ghastly apparition?  Dr. Alexis Albion is this week's guest and the Curator of Special Projects at the International Spy Museum. She was formerly on the 9/11 Commission Report, the World Bank and the U.S. Department of State. In this is a first of a kind podcast, Alexis and Andrew sat down with some of Philby's personal belongings drawn from our world-leading collection of artifacts on espionage and intelligence.  And… Harold Adrian Russell Philby acquired the nickname “Kim” from the main character in Rudyard Kipling's novel Kim, an orphan-boy-cum-spy in British India. Kim and Philby also have the Punjab in common, the novel begins in Lahore and Philby was born in Ambala, although the historic region was partitioned between Pakistan and India in 1947. The drive between Lahore and Ambala is roughly similar to that between Los Angeles and San Francisco. Quote of the Week "So why is he The Spy of the Century? Maybe the fact that he's not identified with any particular event or set of information [e.g., unlike Julius Rosenberg], but he's identified with this idea of betraying his Englishness is perhaps why he's been such a lasting figure because he almost is a touchpoint for the history of the 20th century and England. Great Britain's demise is a great power." Resources *Andrew's Recommendation* My Five Cambridge Friends, Y. Modin (FS&G, 1994) A one-time KGB handler of the Cambridge 5 reflects on each of them as spies and as individuals *SpyCasts* Stalin's Englishman: Guy Burgess – with Andrew Lownie (2016) The British the Joint Intelligence Committee – with Mike Goodman (2014) The Real History of MI6 – with Keith Jeffrey (2010) The Cambridge 5 – with Nigel West (2009) *Beginner Resources* Facts About Kim Philby, J. Hayes, Factinate (n.d.) Reading Material Culture [i.e., objects] (2020] India's Partition in Pictures, BBC (n.d.) Books Spies & Traitors, M. Holzman (Pegasus, 2021) A Spy Among Friends, B. McIntyre (Crown, 2015) Kim, Rudyard Kipling (1901) Articles The Punjab Partition, S. Sultan, LSE (2018) Philby & Mistrust, M. Gladwell, New Yorker (2014) Documentary Why Was India Split into Two Countries, H. Roy, TED-Ed, YouTube (n.d.) MI6 Agent Turned Russian Spy, Philby, Timeline, YouTube (n.d.) Primary Sources Philby, I Spied for Russia from 1933 (1967) My Silent War, K. Philby (1967) The Disappearance of Kim Philby (1963)  Kim Philby (Peach): File 1 (1951-52) Constituent Assembly of India (1946) Primary Source Collections Indian Independence & Partition, UK National Archives *Wildcard Resource* Surnames & Social Mobility in England, 1230-2012 So, you thought social mobility in England has changed significantly since the Norman Conquest almost 1000 years ago – well, yes, and NO!

The last major political obstacle to the Bolsheviks was the Constituent Assembly, which as it turned out was more of a minor bump. A much bigger obstacle was the German army, and how to satisfactorily end a fight that had long since been lost.    Bibliography for this episode:    Hosking, Geoffrey Russia and the Russians: A History The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 2001 Figes, Orlando A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891-1917 Penguin Books 1998 Smith, SA Russia in Revolution: An Empire in Crisis 1890-1928 Oxford University Press 2018 Fitzpatrick, Sheila The Russian Revolution, 4th Edition Oxford University Press 2017 Kotkin, Stephen Stalin: Paradoxes of Power 1878-1928 Penguin Books 2015 Smele, Jonathon D The Russian Civil Wars C. Hurst & Company Ltd 2016 Mawdsley, Evan The Russian Civil War Pegasus Books LLC 2007 Suny, Ronald Grigor The Cambridge History of Russia, Vol III: The Twentieth Century Cambridge University Press 2006   Questions? Comments? Email me at peaceintheirtime@gmail.com

Jhala Nath Khanal was the 35th Prime Minister of Nepal who served in the post from Feb 2011 - to Aug 2011. Khanal also served for a time as Minister of Information and Communication in the 1997 coalition government under Surya Bahadur Thapa. Khanal was a member of the Communist Party of Nepal and was its General Secretary from 1982 to 1986. Later, he became a member of the Communist Party of Nepal. Khanal won the seat of the Ilam 1 constituency in the 2008 Constituent Assembly election. He led the CPN (UML) as General Secretary from 2008 to February 2009 and was elected as the Chairman of the CPN (UML) on February 16, 2009. In this podcast, Mr. Jhala Nath Khanal and Sushant talk about Politics, Khanal's experiences, and much more.

Questions of the bourgeois state, democracy, and the proletariat's conquest of state power were the subject of a number of debates and attempts at theoretical formulation in the Second International. In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution and the dissolving of the Constituent Assembly, the stakes of the debate became even more pronounced, with figures such as Lenin, Kautsky, and Luxemburg focusing especially on the concept of dictatorship of the proletariat.