Podcasts about removedebris

Many of us ponder what lies in outer space. When we look up at the night sky, we see stars, the twinkle of a moving satellite and occasionally a distant planet. But one thing we don't see is the millions of pieces of junk filling up space. It's this debris that's causing problems for the existing technology that's up there and which we rely on.我们中的许多人都在思考外层空间的内容。当我们仰望夜空时，我们会看到星星，移动卫星的闪烁，偶尔还有一颗遥远的行星。但我们看不到的一件事是数百万块垃圾填满了空间。正是这些碎片给我们所依赖的现有技术带来了问题。The amount of space junk is increasing. Over the last few decades, satellites and rockets have been launched into space, littering the cosmos as they go. It's estimated there are now millions of discarded pieces of metal and other materials in orbit – everything from old rocket segments to accidentally dropped astronaut tools, and even flecks of paint. The fear is that if we don't start taking this litter out of the sky soon, it will become a significant threat to active satellites. Nobu Okada, Chief Executive of Astroscale – a company working on ways to clean up space junk – says hitting “even a small paint fleck… has enough power to blow up other satellites.”太空垃圾的数量正在增加。在过去的几十年里，卫星和火箭被发射到太空中，随处可见的垃圾。据估计，现在轨道上有数百万件废弃的金属和其他材料——从旧火箭部件到意外掉落的宇航员工具，甚至是油漆斑点。令人担忧的是，如果我们不尽快开始将这些垃圾带出天空，它将成为对活动卫星的重大威胁。致力于清理太空垃圾的公司 Astroscale 的首席执行官 Nobu Okada 表示，“即使是一个小的油漆斑点……也有足够的力量炸毁其他卫星。”Several ideas are being looked at to capturethe debris floating around in space. In 2018, the RemoveDebris spacecraft carried out various experiments, including testing a net that could snare a satellite and firing a harpoon at a target in orbit to try to catch it.正在研究几种想法来捕捉漂浮在太空中的碎片。 2018 年，RemoveDebris 航天器进行了各种实验，包括测试可以诱捕卫星的网，并向轨道上的目标发射鱼叉以试图捕捉它。This year the UK Space Agency is helping to fund new approaches to tracking satellites and debris in space. Jacob Geer from UKSA told the BBC: “Space surveillance and tracking is one of the key things we can do to keep safe those satellites we rely on now, and to make sure certain orbits don't become inaccessible for future generations because there's too much debris in them.”今年，英国航天局正在帮助资助追踪太空卫星和碎片的新方法。来自 UKSA 的 Jacob Geer 告诉 BBC：“太空监视和跟踪是我们可以做的关键事情之一，以确保我们现在依赖的那些卫星的安全，并确保某些轨道不会因为有太多里面有碎片。”It's clear that a solution is needed so a celestial deep clean can take place. But looking to the future, like any litter problem, we need to look at ways of creating less – and that shouldn't be the stuff of science fiction.很明显，需要一种解决方案才能进行天体深层清洁。但展望未来，就像任何垃圾问题一样，我们需要寻找减少创造的方法——这不应该是科幻小说的内容。词汇表outer space 外层空间，太空twinkle 闪烁，闪耀satellite 人造卫星junk 废弃的旧东西，垃圾debris 碎片，残片rocket 火箭launch 发射litter 丢弃垃圾the cosmos 宇宙orbit （天体围绕行星或恒星运行的）轨道segment （事物的） 部分，段astronaut 宇航员float 漂浮spacecraft 宇宙飞船snare 用罗网捕捉space surveillance and tracking 宇宙空间监视跟踪系统celestial 天空的，天外的deep clean 深层清洁science fiction 科幻小说，科幻电影

Episodio espacial dedicado a la basura espacial, un problema que tiende a agravarse cada día ACTUALIDAD Un tema de especial relevancia Nuevas megaconstelaciones de satélites De 4500 satélites activos en órbita, 1800 son de SpaceX Y pidieron permiso para lanzar 42.000 El operador de satélites más grande en la órbita baja terrestre Starlink ahora mismo implicados en 50% de las alertas de colisión (‘encuentros cercanos'), cuando estén desplegados los primeros 12k, subirá al 90% Las megaconstelaciones cambian un poco el juego. Muchísimos satélites en órbita. Son un riesgo en sí mismos Tienen 1700 avisos a la semana Tienen un sistema autónomo para CAMs Cada maniobra invalida los TLEs de Celestrak. Dificulta el control para otros operadores La NASA expresa su preocupación por el plan de despliegue de satélites de SpaceX por primera vez A la NASA le preocupa el potencial de un aumento significativo en la frecuencia de los eventos de conjunción y los posibles impactos en las misiones científicas y de vuelos espaciales tripulados de la NASA China denuncia ante la ONU que su estación espacial ha tenido que esquivar dos satélites de SpaceX China alega que los satélites Starlink se están volviendo demasiado abundantes e impredecibles en órbita, y quiere asegurarse de que Estados Unidos sepa que es responsable de cualquier daño que causen Pidió al secretario general que recordara a sus socios el Tratado del Espacio Ultraterrestre No está claro si el segundo de Starlink maniobró La delegación china afirma que un satélite Starlink se movía constantemente de manera impredecible ¿Un nuevo escenario de conflicto sinoestadounidense? China ha realizado una prueba que parece ser de retirada de residuos: El satélite Shijian 21, lanzado el 24 de octubre de 2021 desde Xichang en un Larga Marcha CZ-3B/G2 Experimental para validar tecnologías de retirada de basura espacial Se fue a GEO El 01/11 el Pentágono dijo que soltó un subsatélite. ¿Motor de apogeo? Realizaron varias maniobras de acercarse y alejarse Hace poco ExoAnalytic Solutions lo estuvo siguiendo con telescopios desde tierra. Se alejó del subsatélite, se acercó al Beidou-2 G2 (de posicionamiento [China tiene satélites de este sistema en GEO inclinadas]) Se fue acercando, y lo capturó. Luego, se lo llevó casi 3000 km por encima de GEO, a una órbita cementerio (y hacia el oeste de donde estaba). ¿Brazo robot? ¿En la tobera como el MEV-1? ¿Una red? No se sabe. China no dice nada. Este secretismo no les ayuda. Pero, de momento, está clara que su misión declarada es lo que era. Han retirado un satélite no funcional de una zona protegida. Es un logro notable. HISTORIA Un poco de Historia La humanidad ha generado basura espacial desde el principio El satélite más antiguo todavía en órbita es el Vanguard I, lanzado el 17 Marzo 1958, y se espera que dure 240 años (se usó y se usa para estudios de densidad atmosférica) Las últimas etapas de los cohetes se quedaban en órbita. Hay muchísimas todavía Eventos más famosos generadores de basura espacial: El proyecto West Ford (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_West_Ford?wprov=sfti1) Esto es "genial". Una prueba de las locuras de la guerra fría En esa época las comunicaciones iban por cables submarinos o rebotando en la ionosfera. ¿Y si los soviéticos cortaban los cables? ¿Era la ionosfera suficientemente confiable? El plan era, atención, lanzar 480 millones de agujas de cobre, muy finas, de 1'78 cm (la mitad de la longitud de onda de la señal de 8GHz) Se lanzaron en tres ocasiones a alturas de más de 3000 km y a 96º y 87º de inclinación (casi polares) En la primera prueba, las antenas no se dispersaban, quedando todas juntas Se abandonó cuando aparecieron mejores soluciones, como los satélites de comunicaciones El embajador USA ante la ONU justificó que perturbaciones como la presión de radiación solar las harían reentrar en pocos años Pero no, algunos de los montones que no se desplegaron siguen arriba 11 de enero de 2007. Prueba antisatélite china (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Chinese_anti-satellite_missile_test?wprov=sfti1). 865 km de altura. Satélite FY-1C, de la serie Fengyun Destruido en un choque frontal con un impactador cinético. El último test anti satélite había sido en 1985 (un misil lanzado desde un F-15 estadounidense) Se detectaron casi 3500 trozos Se calcula que alrededor del 30% seguirán en órbita para el 2035 20 de febrero de 2008. Prueba antisatélite estadounidense (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Burnt_Frost?wprov=sfti1) Un satélite de la NRO, el USA-193 Se justificó diciendo que llevaba hidracina muy tóxica y que se había perdido el control Se lanzó desde un barco Había un vuelo de la lanzadera espacial programado, así que esperaron a que aterrizara También lo querían muy bajo para minimizar el debris, pero no mucho, al no ser un cuerpo aerodinámico, lo que complicaría las cosas Ventana de ocho días Una altura de unos 250 km Se detectaron 174 piezas, que re-entraron en pocos meses. Dos duraron algo más. La última re-entró 20 meses después Siempre negaron que fuera respuesta a la prueba china. Febrero de 2009: El choque entre un satélite Iridium (operacional) y uno ruso Kosmos 2251 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_satellite_collision?wprov=sfti1). Primer choque entre dos satélites (aunque antes ya habían chocado satélites con debris). Altura de 789 km. Chocaron a 11,700 m/s de forma casi perpendicular Los cálculos realizados por CelesTrak esperaban que estos dos satélites fallaran en 584 metros. 10 días después se estimaron unos 1000 piezas de más de 10 cm (muchas más de tamaño menor). Un año después eran alrededor de 2000. 5 años después, 1500 seguían en órbita (otras habían reentrado) Restos de esta colisión pasaron cerca de la ISS (un trozo pasó a 120 m. La tripulación estaba en las Soyuz) Misión Shakti. 27 marzo de 2019. La India hace su prueba anti satélite (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Shakti?wprov=sfti1). El objetivo era un satélite de prueba a 283 km Otro impactador cinético Supuestamente, empezaron activamente tras la prueba China Eligieron una órbita baja para minimizar los debris que se generaban Más o menos, en unos meses la mayoría habían reentrado. Los que llegaron más altos tardaron uno o dos años La prueba rusa del 2021. Hablamos de ella en el primer episodio y a ese episodio nos remitimos EL PROBLEMA YA NO ES QUE SE LANCE, SINO QUE NO SE RETIRE Algunas de las altitudes más congestionadas en la órbita terrestre baja son las que van de 750 a 850 kilómetros, un cementerio de satélites rusos, chinos y estadounidenses que han ido abandonándose a lo largo de las décadas. Algunos cuerpos de cohetes que orbitan la Tierra son enormes y pesan alrededor de 9 toneladas, como autobuses Otra altitud problemática es entre 1400 y 1500 kilómetros, donde no hay suficiente resistencia atmosférica para hacerlos frenar. A 500 o 600 kilómetros, el arrastre de la atmósfera derriba los escombros en máx. 10 a 20 años.  “A 1400 kilómetros, estará allí durante siglos” El Comando Espacial de EE.UU. actualmente rastrea alrededor de 35000 objetos de escombros, el 70% de los cuales están en órbita terrestre baja. LeoLabs rastrea objetos del tamaño de una pelota de béisbol y más grandes. McKnight dijo que hay entre 500000 y 900000 artículos más pequeños que actualmente no se rastrean y "cruzamos los dedos y esperamos que no nos golpeen". ALERTAS DE COLISIÓN El NORAD empezó a crear bases de datos recopilando lo que hay en el espacio desde el Sputnik ¿En qué consisten estas bases de datos? La información se almacena en lo que se conoce como Two line elements – el sistema clásico de parámetros orbitales Da información de la órbita y su evolución futura Son relativamente precisas para un cierto espacio de tiempo (días / semanas)… …dejan de valer si un satélite maniobra. Celestrak. Probablemente la principal base de datos a día de hoy Hay varias instituciones a día de hoy trabajando en generar alertas de colisiones CSpOC (Combined Space Operations Center en la Vandenberg Space Force Base). Desde 2005, antes se llamaba JSpOC (Joint Space Operations Center), se cambió el nombre en 2018). Hay empresas privadas, como LeoLabs. Muy críticos últimamente con todo el tema de la basura espacial. Después de analizar la probabilidad de colisiones en la órbita terrestre baja y las consecuencias en términos de desechos producidos, la startup de mapeo espacial LeoLabs advierte a los operadores de naves espaciales que se mantengan alejados de ciertas altitudes. "No compre condominios en el rango de 780 a 850 kilómetros", dijo Darren McKnight, miembro técnico senior de LeoLabs, el 6 de enero durante un webcast del Centro de Investigación y Política Espacial de la Universidad de Washington. Esa altitud alberga escombros de un evento ASAT chino, cuerpos de cohetes rusos abandonados y cargas útiles y escombros estadounidenses descartados. PD McKnight también advirtió sobre problemas a 1.400 kilómetros, donde los escombros se acumulan durante siglos. Aparte de decir de forma clara y casi brusca que opina que los USA van muy por detrás del resto en misión de contención de basura espacial. El radar S3TSR (Spanish Space Surveillance and Tracking Space Radar) está situado en la Base Aérea de Morón (Sevilla) y su operación y sostenimiento es responsabilidad del COVE (Centro de Operaciones de Vigilancia Espacial del Ejército del Aire), centro a través del cual España participa en el consorcio EU-SST. El primero de Europa en detectar los restos del satélite ruso Tselina-D tras su destrucción Maniobras para evitar la colisión: Primero se estudia el aviso (suele llegar del CSpOC). Se analiza (determina) mejor la órbita de los dos objetos. Se analiza la probabilidad. Se decide si se maniobra Cambio de órbita Cambio de periodo Consideraciones operacionales (impacto en el combustible y en la misión del satélite) MITIGACIÓN Qué se puede hacer antes, para evitar ser un debris Planificar el final de la vida: Motores, tethers, elementos de añadir resistencia Hay varias estrategias, en función de la órbita Reentrada Órbitas cementerio Para ayudar en Active Debris Removal (ADR): Marcadores, luces, pegatinas, enganches, sistemas de reducción del giro (los satélites muertos giran sin control, en general) Técnicas de retirada activa de basura espacial: Contacto Hay técnicas de tirar (son técnicas que no necesitan una sincronización muy compleja, es decir, el «detumbling» puede hacerse con el propio agarre), y técnicas de empujar (técnicas con una sincronización rígida). Tirar (laxos) Las redes con cable Los arpones con cable Un sistema de agarre con cable Empujar (sincronizados) Brazos robot (con o sin sistemas de amortiguamiento) Tentáculos. Sirven para casos en los que haya cierta incertidumbre en el cuerpo a capturar Sin contacto «Pastoreo» con impulsión iónica (los motores se ponen contra el debris — necesita motores al otro lado para compensar) Tractores electrostáticos Láser (mediante transferencia de impulso, o mediante ablación en el debris) Kits de desorbitación. Por ejemplo, con cohetes de combustible sólido, o con kits desplegables, como con cables, o superficies que incrementen la resistencia. Normalmente antes de capturarlos hay que cancelar su giro. Suelen estar girando sin control. Hay varias técnicas también, muchas relacionadas con los métodos anteriores. NORMATIVA Normativa. Vimos hace poco que Kamala Harris creó un marco de prioridades espaciales para Estados Unidos que incluye eliminación de desechos orbitales, pero no es más que una primera piedra Estados Unidos líder en lanzamientos espaciales, muy retrasada en la retirada de basura ¿Cómo se regula este tema? La normativa es muy escasa. No hay realmente nada a nivel internacional que obligue a tratar con el tema. Algunos países lanzadores pueden tener normativa, de forma que sólo lancen objetos que cumplan ciertas características (porque según los tratados en vigor, el estado lanzador es responsable de los daños que provoquen los objetos que lancen). Aparte de los tratados como el Tratado del Espacio Ultraterrestre, hay recomendaciones, que no obligaciones, como las Guías para la Mitigación de la Basura Espacial, del COPUOS, Comité para el Uso Pacífico del Espacio Ultraterrestre, u otra del mismo nombre del INTER-AGENCY SPACE DEBRIS COORDINATION COMMITTEE La Space systems — Space debris mitigation requirements - ISO 24113:2019, que es voluntaria) Locales. Las ECSS, por ejemplo Dos zonas de especial protección: LEO y GEO. Técnicas: reentradas u órbitas cementerio 25 años máximo en órbita Reentrada controlada si la probabilidad de bajas es mayor a 10e-4 EMPRESAS ¿Qué se está haciendo en este campo? Interés privado: DeorbitKit, RemoveDebris, AstroScale... Detección: LeoLabs, Privateer AstroScale tiene una misión ahora mismo haciendo pruebas, aunque han tenido que detenerlo recientemente por tener un problema Surrey también ha realizado pruebas en órbita Interés público: eDeorbit, Andorid, Clean Space (proyecto ESA, empresa privada suiza), prueba de retirar un adaptador de cohete. GEO: prolongación de la vida (dos misiones ya, las MEV de Northrop-Grumman) El problema es intentar controlar el número de objetos en órbita y, sobre todo, su riesgo. El objetivo hace unos años era retirar cosas grandes (ENVISAT y etapas de lanzadores. Básicamente, que no aumente el problema). Para mantener la situación bajo control se estima que el 90-99% debería desorbitar, lo cual excede las cifras actuales. La Space Force quiere colaborar con empresas privadas. Ha mostrado interés, pero de momento habla poco de financiación. El brazo tecnológico de la Fuerza Espacial conocido como SpaceWERX lanzó un programa llamado Orbital Prime que solicita propuestas de empresas privadas e instituciones académicas sobre tecnologías para eliminar desechos espaciales Los equipos pueden ganar premios en la Fase 1 de $250,000 y premios en la Fase 2 de $1.5 millones. Si se selecciona alguno para una demostración en el espacio, el gobierno financiará una parte del coste. INCLUSO EN LA LUNA Por terminar el tema, comentar que aunque el problema es básicamente terrestre, tenemos que tener cuidado en no «exportarlo» a otros cuerpos. Por ejemplo, recientemente (finales del año 2021), dos sondas lunares tuvieron una alerta. Chandrayaan-2 de la India realizó una maniobra el 18 de octubre para evitar un acercamiento con Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter de la NASA Chandrayaan-2 realizó una maniobra dos días antes de la conjunción prevista para el 20 de octubre después de que los datos orbitales mostraran que las dos naves espaciales se acercarían a tres kilómetros entre sí. el anuncio pasó desapercibido porque se emitió el mismo día que ocurrió la prueba de misil antisatélite ruso Tanto la NASA como la agencia espacial india ISRO dijeron que se coordinaron entre sí en la maniobra, pero no revelaron cómo decidieron que Chandrayaan-2, en lugar de LRO, debería ser el que maniobre. Chandrayaan-2 entró en órbita lunar en agosto de 2019 y, en ese momento, los funcionarios de ISRO dijeron que la nave espacial tendría suficiente propulsor para operar durante siete años y medio. LRO, por el contrario, ha estado en órbita lunar desde 2009, la NASA dijo el año pasado que tenía suficiente combustible a bordo para al menos seis años más de operaciones. A finales de enero saltó la noticia de que un viejo cohete de SpaceX iba camino de estrellarse contra la Luna. Resulta que los astrónomos estaban equivocados. Sí, un cohete va a impactar de manera descontrolada en la superficie del satélite el 4 de marzo, pero no es la segunda etapa de un Falcon 9, sino el propulsor de un cohete Larga Marcha 3C que se usó en la misión china Chang'e 5-T1 en 2014. ¿PRÓXIMAMENTE MARTE? En marzo, la NASA confirmó que estaba intercambiando datos con la agencia espacial china sobre las órbitas de sus naves que orbitan Marte después de algunas frustraciones iniciales por la falta de datos sobre la órbita de Tianwen-1. PARSEC es un podcast semanal sobre exploración espacial presentado por Javier Atapuerca y Matías S. Zavia. Haznos llegar tus preguntas por Twitter: @parsecpodcast@JaviAtapu@matiass Puedes escucharnos en todas las plataformas a través de parsecpodcast.com.

Antariksh Matters: Will Debris-Swallowing Satellites Eat Space Norms for Breakfast?— Aditya RamanathanOn the morning of 23 October 2021, a Chinese Long March 3b rocket shot into space, putting a satellite into geosynchronous transfer orbit, the elliptical path into which any satellite must first enter before moving into a geosynchronous orbit.Under normal circumstances, the launch would have received little attention, but this Long March rocket’s payload was different. According to the state-run Xinhua, the satellite, named Shijian-21, would be “used to test and verify space debris mitigation technologies.” These seemingly innocuous words immediately drew the attention of space-watchers, since any debris removal satellite is also a potential space weapon. Chinese authorities have not released any details about the Shijian-21. However, in early November, reports indicated that the US Space Force had detected another object, possibly a rocket body component, that was orbiting alongside the Shijan-21 in geosynchronous orbit. China’s Shijan-21 test is shrouded in secrecy, which is only bound to provoke speculation. However, we must acknowledge that removing space debris is likely to be increasingly necessary and may present commercial opportunities. How do you solve a problem like space debris?Space debris is perhaps the most challenging governance problem in orbital space. About 27,000 pieces of debris are routinely tracked. Besides these, there are an estimated 100,000 pieces of debris between 1 cm and 10 cm in size, another 900,000 less than 1 cm and greater than 1mm, and some 130 million pieces of debris that are less than 1mm. In lower orbits, debris can fly at speeds of 28,000 km per hour or about 7.8 km per second. For reference, a standard 4 gram (62 grain) bullet from a full-size M16A2 rifle has a muzzle velocity of about 853 metres per second. The problem of space debris is likely to get worse without the creation of clear guidelines to which space actors will adhere. A major culprit is likely to be the planned mega-constellations of low earth orbit (LEO) satellites that are to provide everything from satellite internet to military surveillance. Following the incredibly destructive Chinese ASAT test in 2007, the UN General Assembly backed a set of Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines. However, more rules will need to be put in place to slow down the accretion of orbital debris. In the meantime, some of the debris already in orbit needs to be removed. China is not the only state or entity experimenting with debris-mitigating satellites. In March, a Japanese start-up called Astroscale launched an experimental satellite to test “space debris docking and removal.”The European Union is also funding a project called RemoveDebris, which seeks to develop a “low cost in-orbit demonstrator mission” that will engage in active debris removal (ADR). According to a description of the mission:“A microsatellite called here RemoveSAT, will release, capture and deorbit two space debris targets, called DebrisSats, in sequence using various rendezvous, capture and deorbiting technologies thus demonstrating in orbit, key ADR technologies”.In 2018, one of the experimental RemoveDebris satellites deployed a net at an altitude of 300 km to ensnare a simulated piece of debris. Other proposals include a Chinese one for a laser-wielding orbital craft to burn space junk, and an Airbus plan to harpoon a defunct French satellite. Of Ploughshares and SwordsEvery one of the proposed methods of debris mitigation has obvious anti-satellite applications. Whether such crafts use robotic arms, harpoons, nets, lasers, or kamikaze-hugs that result in de-orbiting, they can all be employed on active satellites. These platforms can also serve an effective coercive function in international politics: the very act of placing a laser-armed craft next to an adversary’s satellite can send a powerful signal and change the adversary’s behaviour. Such platforms are also far more usable than kinetic-kill weapons like ASAT missiles: given the very nature of debris-mitigating technology, using one of them to put an active satellite out of commission is unlikely to affect satellites in orbit. Today, there are few, if any, dedicated space weapons. Even Direct Ascent- ASAT missiles are largely derived from ballistic missile defence (BMD) platforms. At present, the US Space Force has only one publicly-acknowledged weapon for space warfare: an Earth-based jammer that can target communications satellites. Russia also fields the Tirada-2S, which performs the same function, and China is reportedly developing similar platforms. While there has been talk of a secret US space weapon, information in the public domain tells us states are yet to turn their space ploughshares into swords. That means any attempt at arms control that seeks to limit hardware is likely to fail at this time.  What has greater chances of success are the efforts to put in place norms for behaviour in space. As states haggle over the details in the coming weeks and months, we’ll keep you posted on the developments. Watch this space. If you like the content of this newsletter consider signing up for our Post-Graduate Programme in Public Policy (PGP). The course is targeted at dynamic individuals who wish to enter the growing professional sphere of policy, public affairs, governance and leadership, while pursuing their current occupations. The PGP equips participants with a core set of skills in policy evaluation, economic reasoning, effective communication and public persuasion.Cyberpolitik: Blurred Battle Lines on DCNs— Sapni G KFrance is all set to go polls next year, which could prove decisive for the incumbent President Emmanuel Macron. Two days before the final vote during the 2017 elections that Macron won, “Macron Leaks” – a series of materials that accused Macron and his campaign team of committing tax evasion and election fraud. This had limited effects on the result of the polls itself, arguably due to the near-total pre-electoral silence period mandated by French law. The limited availability of time played a crucial part in preventing the spread of these sets of claims. It was later discovered to be a coordinated operation involving hackers affiliated with the Russian Federation’s Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU), its foreign military intelligence agency. The information that was part of the leaks was found to be false information interspersed with select genuine campaign material.Repeated attempts to orchestrate such incidents, as recent as Russia’s alleged involvement in disinformation campaigns on Facebook in Sudan, is cause for worry in France. Reports also suggest that foreign information operations on social media platforms have been identified in other European countries, including Spain and Germany. Given this background, France is taking proactive steps to reduce and counter politically destabilising events on DCNs. In January 2021, France created an office called VigiNum dedicated to detecting and analysing foreign media manipulation. This office has been functioning under the Prime Minister’s office since October 2021, in consonance with the intelligence services and the election regulator.Interestingly, French Defense Minister Florence Parly presented a new cyber influence doctrine last month called lutte informatique d’influence, roughly translating into the doctrine of computer influence warfare. According to the doctrine, these are “military operations conducted in the informational layer of cyberspace to detect, characterize and counter-attacks, support strategic command, provide information (intelligence) or deceive, either stand-alone or in combination with other operations”.  Under this doctrine, French armed forces are permitted to use social media for information operations, within the bounds of State and international laws. These operations are primarily to “detect, characterize, and counter” adversarial operations, but also to “provide information; conduct deception; or support strategic communication”. It is amusing to see transparency from a country on Information Operations, while the undercurrents of States covertly conducting these operations on social media and other networked platforms have been around for long. However, with this shift in narrative and transparency, the vulnerabilities of DCNs ( as we have discussed earlier in this newsletter) are evident. They have brought intelligence and war-like operations closer to the ordinary citizen, effectively blurring the line between a civilian and an actor in a military conflict. It also depicts the incapability of large private corporations that operate DCNs to prevent such coordinated operations or take action to protect the users from manipulation. Course correction might no longer be an option for DCNs, as such incidents are facilitated by features that have been entrenched into their mechanics. With decisive state elections pending in 2022 in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Manipur, etc., these are developments that India should keep a close watch on. Information manipulation campaigns need not be restricted to foreign interference. They can be conducted within the country by vested interests of varying kinds. India must re-evaluate its methods to ensure that free and fair elections can take place without the electorate being subject to information operations. It is time India adopts a defensive strategy for manipulation from external actors on networked information ecosystems, including DCNs. However, ensuring that deterrent mechanisms of the State are not used for information operations within the country is critical. Treading that thin line is challenging but crucial to sustaining democratic processes. Matsyanyaaya #1: Signals and Signalling from Syndey— Arjun GargeyasLast week saw the world’s first-ever conference dedicated to emerging and critical technologies. The Syndey Dialogue, a brainchild of the Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI), was held virtually from 17th to 19th of November. The presence and the delivery of keynote addresses from key political leaders emphasised the criticality of the dialogue. In the current digital and information age, emerging technologies have become both an intrinsic part of everybody’s lives as well as tools of statecraft. There was a common vision that echoed throughout the discussions at the dialogue: the design, deployment, and usage of these technologies need effective regulations to minimise the harms and maximise the benefits that critical and emerging technologies have to offer.Shaping global technology governance by democratic states and institutions across the globe was the single point of focus by the different panelists and dignitaries at the event. Finding the right balance of governance in the technology domain remains essential for the betterment of modern society. This can be achieved through the governance of technical standard-setting processes, design principles, ethical frameworks, and legal enforcement of technology legislations. Ensuring all democratic states a seat at the table for creating a uniform technology governance framework remains a primary objective as more technologies emerge that can prove to be economically and geopolitically significant. The need for democratic states to come together on technology governance was underlined by the challenges technology creates for government institutions. Technology remains a double-edged sword creating vulnerabilities for every advantage it creates. Tackling these vulnerabilities and challenges remains critical for ensuring a safe environment for those using technology as an enabler in their daily lives. The abuse of technology platforms for spreading disinformation by non-state actors has resulted in catastrophic consequences (COVID-19 vaccine misinformation resulted in the loss of many lives) for citizens and has resulted in some states piggybacking on online harms for gaining strategic advantage. There is also the fear of technology abuse by authoritarian regimes resulting in stifling their own citizens’ voices. The Quad’s recent take on technology has laid the groundwork for democracies around the world working towards fostering an open, accessible, and secure technology ecosystem. The all-important issue of protecting the privacy rights of individuals, especially in the wake of the Pegasus revelations, remains at the forefront of government tech policy objectives. Governments across the globe have the responsibility to keep the internet ‘open’ - away from surveillance and towards an inclusive, transparent system of data flows. The socio-economic influence of ‘Big Tech’ companies raises question marks over the issue of governments’ sovereignty in the technology domain. Basic regulatory practices, specific to the technology sphere, are the need of the hour for finding the right balance between protecting individuals and the industry’s rights.The Syndey Dialogue was a major step forward taken by technologically advanced states around the world to signal their governments’ intentions of playing a role in presiding over global technology governance frameworks. Emphasis was placed on the fact that certain rules cannot be left to the whims and fancies of private companies. Stress on the need for crucial legislation concerning the utilisation of technologies was signalled through the keynote addresses from major political leaders. The dialogue also underlined the commitment towards organising multi-group forums with the presence of private technology companies, government bodies, and civil society organisations for formulating effective policies concerning technologies. The lessons from Syndey show the intent of collaboration between democratic states to protect technology and its growth. Governments are now finding it imperative for their presence in the field. The sight of governments taking on an active role in shaping discourse related to critical and emerging technologies is something to watch out for. Matsyanyaaya #2: Pegging China’s Tech Power— Pranay Kotasthane(Crossposted from Anticipating the Unintended — a public policy newsletter by Pranay and RSJ)If one were to judge the technological prowess of a nation-state on the basis of daily news, China comes across as heads and shoulders above the rest. Hardly any day passes by without reports reminding us that China is well on its path to creating a self-reliant technology industry.While China’s technological progress is quite real, I want to list three caveats to make you recalibrate exponential growth projections and over-optimistic predictions about China’s tech ecosystem.1. CCP’s self-preservation imperativeAcross many critical sectors such as defence and technology, the CCP exaggerates its capabilities. This strategy is not meant to be just an information operation aimed at other nation-states. It is also a domestic imperative for the CCP, to create a perception that it has things under control at all times.Projecting control requires demonstrating success. For this reason, CCP propaganda projects promising initiatives by individual companies as world-beating solutions. What we forget is that such reportage is prone to survivorship bias — it overlooks the many companies and initiatives that have failed.Take the example of Tsinghua Unigroup — which made a lot of news in 2015 for its bid to buy the American memory chipmaker Micron. Once touted as China’s leading chip design house, it has failed to make any significant breakthroughs. As of now, it is reeling under debt, and the government is coordinating its buyout to another player. Similarly, companies such as the Wuhan Hongxin Semiconductor Project (HSMC), once projected to unleash China’s first seven-nanometer foundry, went bust last year. But you’ll hardly see reports about the costs and consequences of such failures.2. US’ Need to Align Domestic VectorsThe second reason we should be wary of tall claims is that it is in the interest of the US military-industrial complex to overplay China’s technology capabilities. Few things can fire national imagination like a well-equipped, seemingly more advanced adversary.Just as the Sputnik moment aligned the domestic constituencies in the US and resulted in path-breaking institutions such as the DARPA, overplaying China’s technological advances creates room for prioritising expenditure on key technologies and their governance structures.It’s not surprising then that the first National Strategy for Critical & Emerging Technologies (C&ET) put out by the Trump administration explicitly cautions against China’s pursuit to become a global leader in Science & Technology.As an example, consider the debate over semiconductor policy in the US. China’s shadow over East Asia has allowed the US semiconductor industry to make a persuasive case for higher incentives and government support.3. Opportunity Cost NeglectA lot of China’s technological success is being financed by governments at the city, provincial, and central levels. While the benefits and successes of these initiatives make news, the costs do not. And as a student of public policy, the first question that comes to my mind is: what is the opportunity cost of China’s governments pouring money, attention, and time into this quest for all-around self-reliance?Predicting a linear growth path based on current trends misses asking the opportunity cost question completely. In my view, the odds of getting anywhere near the US’ technological capabilities are stacked against China for three reasons.One, China’s per capita GDP is one-eighth of the US GDP per capita. Simply put, every dollar used in pursuit of one technology goal in China is eight times as costly as a dollar used for the same purpose in the US. With limited resources available, China might well be able to take a lead in a few areas, but the opportunity costs are likely to catch up much before it reaches anywhere near self-reliance.Two, until now, the opportunity costs were partially being borne by other countries, particularly the US. FDI from the US and uninhibited access for its citizens to the technology ecosystems of other countries allowed China to make rapid progress in key technology domains. That party is now over. The US is now acutely aware of the asymmetric advantage that China enjoyed in the old-world globalisation period. The US has already started putting in place restrictions on the movement of knowledge and capital to China. Under this changed geopolitical scenario, China’s technological superiority is far from inevitable.Take the example of the recent Alibaba announcement of Yitian 710 - a cutting-edge server chip. The Taiwanese foundry TSMC is the only company that can mass-produce this chip. And there are already murmurs in the US to restrict TSMC from accepting orders from Alibaba on the grounds that this chip can potentially have military applications.And three, the US still remains a vibrant destination attracting the best tech talent from across the world. Chinese governments, at various levels, can throw money but are unlikely to attract top global talent in the same manner. And in the high-tech domain, skilled labour holds the key.And so, the next time you come across another technological breakthrough in China, take a deep breath and consider if any of the three factors outlined in this note modulates the hype.Our Reading Menu[Paper] Algorithmic Governance and the International Politics of Big Tech by Swati Srivatsava. Perspectives on Politics. Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–12. doi: 10.1017/S1537592721003145[Article] How the Kremlin has weaponized the Facebook files by Jessica Brandt[Book] The Palgrave Handbook of Digital Russia Studies[Takshashila Unredacted Note] about Russia's Direct Ascent Anti Satellite Test on 15th November 2021 by Aditya Pareek and Aditya Ramanathan, who are also contributors to this Newsletter. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit hightechir.substack.com

Of all the different areas that robotics is being applied to, space robotics might be the one that most captures people's imaginations and inspires us to make what seems impossible, possible. From robots in orbit to planetary rovers and wearable tech, in this episode we'll explore the latest developments in space robotics and technology. In this episode, I'm joined by Xander Hall (Airbus Defence and Space), Dr Arthur Bouton (Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey) and Steph Pau (Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College London) to talk about the challenges and opportunities for robots in space - present and future. Xander Hall is a Mission Systems Engineer at Airbus in Stevenage and specialises in robotics, in-orbit servicing and UK national missions. His time at Airbus has seen him work on projects to build >100m reflectors in orbit, perform Mars rover field trials in the Atacama desert in Chile, and develop the RemoveDEBRIS space harpoon (amongst many others). He is passionate about developing the next generation of spacecraft/services and is an advocate for keeping the space environment sustainable. Dr Arthur Bouton did his PhD in Paris on the topic of compliant wheel-legged locomotion systems. Two years ago, he joined the Future of AI and Robotics in Space (FAIR-SPACE) project at the University of Surrey to work on planetary rover mobility. Robotics is for him the best way to engage with all the engineering topics he is passionate about, from the mechanical design to machine learning and control. Stephanie Pau is a research associate at the Hamlyn Centre at Imperial College London, where she works with medical robotics researchers to create the links with space and industry. She has masters degrees in Electronics and Electronics Engineering from Imperial College and in Healthcare and Design from the Royal College of Art. She worked for 6 years in the space industry as a solutions architect and is now writing a book chapter on the Future of Human Robot Interaction in Space. She recently ran a webinar series, “From PPE to Spacesuits”.

Quelqu'un de passionné et passionnant. Rencontrer Tabatha Sauvaget c'est se laisser bercer par le son de sa voix et l'écouter raconter sa passion pour l'astronomie, qu'elle a concrétisée en fondant SpaceBus France en 2017. SpaceBus France est un événement itinérant qui va à la rencontre des vacanciers et locaux en France pour leur faire découvrir l'astronomie. Elle nous parle de l'immensité de l'univers, du petit miracle qu'est la Terre et donc l'importance qu'il y a à la préserver, ainsi que l'intérêt d'avoir une culture générale scientifique pour comprendre ces enjeux. Elle partage aussi les difficultés de la recherche scientifique, de la solitude qui va parfois avec, ainsi que de la difficulté à s'affirmer dans un milieu d'hommes souvent plus âgés. Le SpaceBus France parcourt toujours la France tout au long de l'année. Cette interview a été réalisée en 2018. Contexte : Tabatha Sauvaget est aujourd'hui cheffe de projet chez Event Catalyst. Elle a été présidente de SpaceBus France en 2018, et trésorière de SpaceBus France en 2019. Focus : • Favoriser la place des femmes dans les sciences, une des volontés du SpaceBus France : 11:34 • La vulgarisation scientifique est valorisante pour les chercheurs : 20:24 • Est-ce qu'on va se faire écraser par un astéroïde, est-ce que nous terriens sommes en danger? 43:16 • La découverte de la difficulté du travail de chercheur avec la thèse : 52:49 • Son point de vue philosophique sur la petitesse de la planète Terre en tant que thésarde, en tant que scientifique. 1:00:00 • L'humilité face à l'immensité de la terre et la nécessité de protéger de petit miracle : 1:03:39 • Apprendre à s'affirmer dans un milieu d'hommes avec des différences générationnelles : 1:10:06 • Devenir astronaute : un rêve mais aussi un moment contraire à nos instincts d'humains. : 1:18:18 Références : Le site de SpaceBus France : https://spacebusfr.wixsite.com/spacebusfrance. Vous pouvez retrouver les prochaines dates de rencontres avec le SpaceBus France sur leur site. Pint of Science : https://pintofscience.fr Le camion-poubelle de l'espace! • Un premier satellite de test nommé RemoveDEBRIS avait été lancé en 2018 depuis la Station Spatiale Internationale. Ce projet est dirigé par le Surrey Space Center au Royaume-Uni et mené avec d'autres partenaires européens. • Une autre mission dans le giron de l'Agence Spatiale Européenne (ESA) avec la start-up ClearSpace a démarré en décembre 2019.

Richard Duke from the Surrey Space Center joins me to talk about their RemoveDEBRIS mission, which launched last year and carried out 4 different tests focused on space debris removal and management.This episode of Main Engine Cut Off is brought to you by 38 executive producers—Kris, Pat, Matt, Jorge, Brad, Ryan, Nadim, Peter, Donald, Lee, Chris, Warren, Bob, Russell, John, Moritz, Joel, Jan, David, Grant, Mike, David, Mints, Joonas, Robb, Tim Dodd the Everyday Astronaut, Frank, Julian and Lars from Agile Space, Tommy, Adam, Sam, and six anonymous—and 308 other supporters.Surrey Space Centre | University of SurreyRemoveDEBRIS | University of SurreyRemdeb Mission Highlights - YouTubeRemoveDebris Mission - YouTubeSurrey Nanosats SSC Mission Delivery Team - YouTubeLike the show? Support the show!Email your thoughts, comments, and questions to anthony@mainenginecutoff.comFollow @WeHaveMECOListen to MECO HeadlinesJoin the Off-Nominal DiscordSubscribe on Apple Podcasts, Overcast, Pocket Casts, Spotify, Google Play, Stitcher, TuneIn or elsewhereSubscribe to the Main Engine Cut Off NewsletterBuy shirts and Rocket Socks from the Main Engine Cut Off ShopMusic by Max Justus

Populating the outermost reaches of our solar system may not be that far-fetched, if you ask us! Actually, it's not even that hard! We'll have it done in a week.In this first episode of our third season, we're trying out a new format, where the entire episode will be in context of a single theme. This week, Robin's come up with the very concise theme of space! And the guys are running with it!Hear, how we'll be populating the vicinity of Proxima Centauri b, how Elon Musk wants to rid the Earth of space trash, and how UFOs are not, and have never been, a thing.Check out our merchandise bit.ly/spækshopRate us on iTunes! bit.ly/spækitunesSend us water-hilarious science (it's an inside joke) or ask a question on facebook, twitter, or to spaekbraettet@gmail.comIt's our own music now, baby!Citations:Earth Observation Portal Directory - Satellite Missions: RemoveDebrishttps://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/r/removedebrisAccessed 07-05-2019Boffey PM (1969) UFO Study: Condon Group Finds No Evidence of Visits from Outer Space.Heiman M. (1967) UFO's: Ideal Space Inhabitants.Spanos NP (1993) Close encounters: an examination of UFO experiences.Support the show (https://spaekbraettet.10er.app/)

Attorno alla Terra c'è una discarica di detriti spaziali destinata a crescere sempre più.

With the number of satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) projected to swell to up to 15,000 in the next five years, space situational awareness and debris mitigation have become a much-discussed topic in the last year. In this episode, we talk to Dan Ceperly, CEO of LeoLabs, whose mission is to ensure safe commercial operations in LEO. The Space Angels and Space Capital-funded company was founded to provide a practical, cost-effective solution to debris tracking, management, and mitigation starting now, before the problem escalates. US start-up LeoLabs maps out plan to make dollars from space junk •  SRI International • platform.leolabs.space • Space Policy Directive-3, National Space Traffic Management Policy •  RemoveDEBRIS harpoon and net capture

NASA is looking to send humans to go back to the moon, and this time they want to do it quickly... Within the next decade! But to get there we'll need to make sure that we don't have so much debris floating around the Earth that we can't launch any rockets through! And we close with a quick tribute to the MER-B rover, also known as opportunity. As always, Dr. Tamitha Skov joins us to bring you the latest Space Weather report.

NASA is looking to send humans to go back to the moon, and this time they want to do it quickly... Within the next decade! But to get there we'll need to make sure that we don't have so much debris floating around the Earth that we can't launch any rockets through! And we close with a quick tribute to the MER-B rover, also known as opportunity. As always, Dr. Tamitha Skov joins us to bring you the latest Space Weather report.

There's a video version of this podcast here: https://youtu.be/eyHoXKvxTtk ....Scientists find out what happens when you give ecstasy to Octopuses. Elon Musk reveals fashion mogul, Yusaku Maezawa is going around the moon and taking artists. Meanwhile, Elon is poop de scooping around social media. Space is full of dangerous old junk and we're finally cleaning it up with a net throwing satellite, called "RemoveDebris satellite." You can finally play music from your skin, and Germany unveils the first hydrogen trains. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/thats-all-folks/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/thats-all-folks/support

Prvočísla udivujú svojou nepredvídateľnosťou. Dva, tri, päť, sedem, jedenásť, trinásť, sedemnásť, devätnásť, dvadsaťtri, dvadsaťdeväť, tridsaťjeden. Čím ďalej idete, tým sa zdajú rozmiestnené zriedkavejšie. Alebo aj nie? Nový výskum naznačuje, že výskyt prvočísel možno predsa nie je len takým náhodným. Vedci totiž narazili na unikátny vzor v rozmiestnení prvočísel, ak si ich predstavíte ako fyzický útvar. A prekvapivo sa podobá na vzor rozmiestnenia atómov v určitých prírodných kryštáloch. Objav opisujú vedci v odbornom magazíne Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment. -- Ďalšie správy z vedy Britský satelit RemoveDebris úspešne vyskúšal technológiu, ktorá by mohla pomôcť s odpadom na obežnej dráhe našej planéty. Podarilo sa mu roztiahnuť sieť, ktorá by mala takýto odpad zachytávať. Zápalové procesy môžu byť aj dobré. Nový výskum ukazuje, že môžu byť kľúčové pri prevencii infarktu a mŕtvice. Totižto, telu dávajú informáciu o tom, či sa už podarilo napraviť poškodené miesta. Vedci zistili, že baktérie dokáže meniť svoj povrch tak, aby zvýšili svoju odolnosť voči najčastejšie používaným antibiotikám. Výskum tiež odhalil, ako tento proces fungujú, čo by nám mohlo pomôcť v hľadaní budúcich liekov.

In this episode we record ourselves together in the same room for the first time, and discuss what skills are useful to have if you want to get a job dealing with EO imagery, and whether those skills have changed over the decades. In the news we talk about the Geospatial Commission and MasterMap, Sentinel-5P and space harpoons! Amongst other things. If you have questions, comments or corrections then you can contact Alastair (@ajggeoger) and Andrew (@map_andrew) on Twitter using #scenefromabove or @eoscenefrom Shownotes: As we were both in the same building at the same time, we grabbed a seat in the Satellite Applications Catapult which is part of the Harwell Space Cluster  Geospatial Commission moves to open up parts of OS MasterMap Sentinel-5P maps of Formaldehyde Airbus are in the news! TerraSAR-X tasking and links with Planet. PakTES-1A launch announced SSTL launches RemoveDebris space harpoon!

Apriamo, come promesso, con l'intervista a Lisa Becking che Serena Tarabini ha registrato per noi. - Poi è stato un susseguirsi di discorsi spaziali, letteralmente. Siamo partiti con Guglielmo Aglietti, dell'università del Surrey, per parlare di RemoveDEBRIS. A seguire Adriano Autino, presidente e fondatore di Space Renaissance International, ci racconta del convegno "Officine orbitali, primo livello di espansione civile nello spazio" che si terrà all'Inaf di Bologna il 18 e 19 maggio. Fra i relatori ci sarà Leopoldo Benacchio, dell'università di Padova, che in chiusura ci aiuta a capire se stiamo parlando di scienza o fantascienza. - News in coda

Apriamo, come promesso, con l'intervista a Lisa Becking che Serena Tarabini ha registrato per noi. - Poi è stato un susseguirsi di discorsi spaziali, letteralmente. Siamo partiti con Guglielmo Aglietti, dell'università del Surrey, per parlare di RemoveDEBRIS. A seguire Adriano Autino, presidente e fondatore di Space Renaissance International, ci racconta del convegno "Officine orbitali, primo livello di espansione civile nello spazio" che si terrà all'Inaf di Bologna il 18 e 19 maggio. Fra i relatori ci sarà Leopoldo Benacchio, dell'università di Padova, che in chiusura ci aiuta a capire se stiamo parlando di scienza o fantascienza. - News in coda

Renier Chico y Félix Bolívar comentan la información más relevante para que inicies la semana con buenas noticias. Serán las 5 noticias más relevantes de los líderes de interne, la tecnología, emprendimientos y plataformas de trabajo freelance y remoto.Enlaces de Interés:iTunes--> https://goo.gl/rkGUJhSuscribirme a la lista de correos --> https://goo.gl/6FcP3uEste Episodio es presentado por:Asesortech.com - Asesoría tecnológica para tu negocio.Host:Renier Chico, Asesor Tecnológico y de Negocios Digitales | Instructor, Blogger y Podcaster. (renierchico.com)Félix Bolívar, Freelance, Emprendedor, Especialista en Tecnologías ETL, Talend y BI. Entusiasta de Blockchain y los Sistemas Open Source.Enlaces a Noticias:Post: Aprende a cuidar tu espalda digital: https://goo.gl/26zX1wNAT EP060-1 La era sin contraseñas: Firefox y Chrome anuncian soporte para un nuevo estándar en inicio de sesioneshttps://goo.gl/n1wNJbNAT EP060-2 Colaboración entre China y el estado de California USA en vehículos eléctricoshttps://goo.gl/ab4N4aNAT EP060-3 Cómo aumentar la inteligencia financiera de los niñoshttps://goo.gl/E5zrBfNAT EP060-4 Granjas urbanas en Parishttps://goo.gl/d4vPyYNAT EP060-5 Lanzan al espacio RemoveDebris, el primer limpiador espacial que recogerá desechoshttps://goo.gl/t1oKLGhttps://youtu.be/_QUhCLTfXf0Support the show (https://somosimpulso.com/podcast)

This week in SF history-- 13 April 1990, relaunch of Palapa B2R. (HT /u/deltavof4point3: sattel.com)Spaceflight news-- SpaceX fairing recovery efforts -- Parafoil manufacturer identified as MMIST (reddit.com/r/spacex) -- FCC assessment (PDF: faa.gov)(reddit.com/r/SpaceXLounge) -- Iridium-5 fairing recovered intact, just maybe missed Mr. Steven? (twitter.com/elonmusk)-- VSS Unity flies (spaceflightnow.com)-- Interstellar Glory arrives on the scene (HT Sam Moore: weixin.qq.com)Short & Sweet-- Astra Space flight scrubbed (HT twitter.com/jeff_foust PDF: faa.gov)(HT twitter.com/kdmgabe paywall: kodiakdailymirror.com)-- RemoveDebris is now in orbit (space.com)Questions, comments, corrections-- /u/Nerobro: FCC/NOAA update

This week features a chat with internationally renowned author Robert Kurson with a new and brilliant book on Apollo 8 called "Rocket Men" which is out this week. We have a quick catch up up on the latest news Dozen black holes found at galactic centre The RemoveDebris system is at the International Space Station A University of Bath scientist will see over 15 years of work realised with the launch of Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor (ASIM) Why SPACEX is abandoning Falcon 9 boosters 50th anniversary Estec Europe's largest place for space, had its royal inauguration on 3 April 1968 50th anniversary of the release of Arthur C. Clarke’s science fiction film 2001: A Space Odyssey 50th anniversary of Saturn V Apollo 6 Space Song playlist on spotify bit.ly/spacesongs If you enjoy the show please go over to www.Patreon.com/Interplanetary and become a Patron or even a producer of the show. If you enjoy why not join the BIS at www.bis-space.com the oldest space advocacy organisation in the world. Subscribe on iTunes itunes.apple.com/podcast/id1097505801 Subscribe on Stitcher www.stitcher.com/podcast/interplanetary-podcast Hosts: Matt Russell and Jamie Franklin Music: Matt Russell / Iam7 Additional Narration: George Russell www.interplanetary.org.uk @interplanetypod

In apertura voliamo all'Università del Surrey dove ci aspetta Guglielmo Aglietti, direttore del Surrey Space Centre, per parlare del progetto RemoveDEBRIS. Lo scopo è quello di raccogliere ed eliminare i principali detriti spaziali. Abbiamo chiesto a Guglielmo cosa hanno in mente. - Nella seconda parte di trasmissione apriamo il microfono a voi ascoltatori per chiedervi cosa ne pensate di Elon Musk e della sua auto mandata in orbita attorno a Marte con il Falcon Heavy. - News e segnalazioni in chiusura.

In apertura voliamo all'Università del Surrey dove ci aspetta Guglielmo Aglietti, direttore del Surrey Space Centre, per parlare del progetto RemoveDEBRIS. Lo scopo è quello di raccogliere ed eliminare i principali detriti spaziali. Abbiamo chiesto a Guglielmo cosa hanno in mente. - Nella seconda parte di trasmissione apriamo il microfono a voi ascoltatori per chiedervi cosa ne pensate di Elon Musk e della sua auto mandata in orbita attorno a Marte con il Falcon Heavy. - News e segnalazioni in chiusura.

Talking about the latest news in space exploration and astronautics. This week we take a good look at Space Junk and Kessler Syndrome Envisat, Iridium-33, Kosmos 2251, DMSP F15 and Meteor 1-26 and all those other naughty satellites that hopefully, RemoveDebris from Britain, Japan’s just-launched Kounoutori 6 satellite, carrying the Kounotori Integrated Tether Experiment; and e.Deorbit from the ESA. may do something about! We look at the other news items, launch of Exspace, waiting for SpaceX RTF. If you enjoy why not join the BIS at www.bis-space.com the oldest space advocacy organisation in the world. Click subscribe to the Interplanetary podcast on Stitcher www.stitcher.com/podcast/interplanetary-podcast Or subscribe to the Interplanetary podcast on iTunes itunes.apple.com/gb/podcast/inter…ast/id1097505801 Hosts: Matt Russell and Jamie Franklin Music: Matt Russell / Iam7 Additional Narration: George Russell www.interplanetary.org.uk @interplanetypod

Earlier this week, the US space agency successfully put a new probe in orbit around Jupiter. The Juno satellite, which left Earth five years ago, had to fire a rocket engine in a tricky and precise manoeuvre in order to brake and become ensnared by Jupiter's gravity. Fran Baganal is a mission scientist for Juno and tells Adam Rutherford what measurements Juno is now in position to make. Space is full of junk left over from past space missions: from flecks of paint to used rockets, dead satellites, also debris from past collisions of space junk. This junk is speeding around the Earth at several thousand miles per hour. At those speeds even small pieces of rubbish just fractions of a millimetre across can damage communication satellites which are vital for the web, mobile phones, and satellite navigation on earth. The Surrey Space centre team are preparing to launch the world's first space litter-picking mission. The RemoveDebris team share their clean up designs with Adam. Researchers have had success growing body parts like windpipes and ears in the laboratory for use in transplants. A group of scientists at Barts Cancer Institute in London are making own tumours; tissues we don't want. However, it is important to study how they grow, and co-opt other cells in the body. Reporter Anand Jagatia heads to their tissue lab to see what they've grown. All animals take risky decisions all the time. The ability to assess the potential gain from the potential harm, and make the right choice, gives the animal an evolutionary advantage. A new study suggests that plants are capable of making similar calculations, despite not having brains. Alex Kacelnik at Oxford University is one of the scientists behind the experiment that suggests that pea plants are willing to gamble. Presenter: Adam Rutherford Producer: Adrian Washbourne.