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The animal is covered in spikes all over its back including some that are one metre long emerging from its neck. It also has a bony collar that wraps around its neck and what looks like a pointy mace-like weapon at the end of its tail. Professor Richard Butler of Birmingham University said it was the most exciting specimen he'd ever seen.这种动物的背部布满尖刺,其中一些从颈部伸出的尖刺长达一米。它的脖子上还有一个骨干环,尾巴末端有看起来像是一种和狼牙棒类似的尖锐武器。伯明翰大学的理查德·巴特勒教授表示,这是他所见过的最令人兴奋的恐龙标本。The discovery, which has been published in the journal Nature, turns current ideas – that armour evolved gradually in these animals over tens of millions of years – on their head. Instead, it suggests that the armour was elaborate to start with, possibly for mating and display, and then became simpler and possibly more effective as protection from predators, according to Professor Susannah Maidment of the Natural History Museum.这项发现,发表在《自然》杂志上,颠覆了目前已有的观点,即这些动物的铠甲是在数千万年的时间里逐渐进化形成的。正相反,这项发现表明这些铠甲一开始精巧复杂,可能是为了交配和求偶,而之后变得更加简单,可能成为了抵御捕食者的更有效的保护,这是自然历史博物馆苏珊娜·梅德门教授的观点。The ankylosaur is the oldest discovered to date and is the first to be found in Africa. The research team hope the specimen will be displayed to the public in Fez in Morocco.这种甲龙是迄今为止发现的最古老的、也是第一个在非洲被发现的甲龙。研究团队希望这个标本能在摩洛哥非斯向公众展出。
It's normal for our bodies to not always be in tip-top condition, whether we catch the flu, have aching muscles after lots of exercise or get travel sick. But there's an ingredient that can help with all of that, and it can be used in all sorts of ways.我们的身体并不总是处于尖端状态是正常的,无论我们感受到流感,运动后肌肉疼痛还是患病。 但是,有一种成分可以帮助所有这些,并且可以以各种方式使用。Ginger isn't just something to have in the kitchen – it's been used as an aidfor centuries. Research consistently shows it eases nausea, such asmotion sickness, and is recommended as a remedy by the NHS for helpingease pregnancy sickness. Anna Daniels, a dietitian and spokesperson for the British Dietetic Association, says it's so beneficial because it has "powerful anti-inflammatory properties which assist with reducing inflammation in the gas trointestinal tract and therefore relieve discomfort and settle upset stomachs."生姜不仅在厨房里有东西 - 它已被用作几个世纪的帮助。 研究始终表明,它缓解了恶心,例如运动疾病,并被NHS推荐作为帮助缓解怀孕疾病的补救措施。 英国饮食协会的营养师和发言人安娜·丹尼尔斯(Anna Daniels)表示,它具有“强大的抗炎特性,有助于减少胃肠道炎症,从而缓解不适并减轻胃部不适的胃部。”And it can help with more than just nausea. Ginger tea has been shown to help fight colds and flu because it encourages perspiration, which in turn reduces feverish symptoms. Gingerol, a bioactive compound in the spice, has been found to help reduce the risk of infections because it supports immune health, including autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. And if you're sporty, there's good news for you too. Studies by the International Journal of Preventative Medicine and The Journal of Pain found that a daily supplement of ginger eased muscle soreness after intense physical activity.它不仅可以帮助恶心。 姜茶已被证明可以帮助抗击感冒和流感,因为它鼓励了出汗,从而减少了发烧的症状。 Gingerol是香料中的生物活性化合物,已被发现有助于降低感染的风险,因为它支持免疫健康,包括自身免疫性疾病,例如类风湿关节炎和狼疮。 而且,如果您运动型,那么您也会有个好消息。 《国际预防医学杂志》和《疼痛杂志》的研究发现,每天的姜补充在激烈的体育锻炼后缓解了肌肉酸痛。So, how can you use ginger? It's an incredibly versatile ingredient and can be used in almost anything from tea to biscuits to fiery stir-fries. Many cafes and supermarkets now sell ginger shots promoting health benefits. Emily Jonzen, author of The Goodness of Ginger and Turmeric, suggests grating it, though she advises "it has a strong flavour and a fieriness to it so introduce it to your cooking a little at a time".那么,如何使用生姜? 这是一种多才多艺的成分,几乎可以用于从茶到饼干再到火热的炒菜中。 现在,许多咖啡馆和超市都出售生姜镜头,以促进健康益处。 姜和姜黄善良的作者艾米丽·琼森(Emily Jonzen)建议将其磨碎,尽管她建议“它具有强烈的风味和烈性,因此一次将其介绍给您的烹饪。”So, if you like the taste, you could incorporate it into your diet and see if you feel these health benefits.因此,如果您喜欢这种口味,则可以将其纳入饮食中,看看您是否会觉得这些健康益处。
We all know that having too much work and too much stress can lead to burnout, but did you know that the opposite can also be a problem? Have you ever felt that your job was too easy and that everything was just a bit too boring? If so, you might be suffering from rust out.我们都知道,工作量过多,压力太多会导致倦怠,但是您知道恰恰相反可能是一个问题吗? 您是否曾经觉得您的工作太简单了,一切都太无聊了? 如果是这样,您可能会遭受生锈。Rust out happens when there isn't enough challenge to motivate you to keep going in your job. Without some challenge, it can be hard to feelgrowth in your role. If a job has lots of repetitive and monotonous tasks, it can make it hard to see the purpose of a role. Having a lower level of responsibility at work than before can also make it harder to feel fulfilled in a job. This can affect people who have taken time out from their career for family or personal reasons.当没有足够的挑战以激励您继续工作时,就会发生生锈。 没有一些挑战,您的角色可能很难感受到成长。 如果工作有很多重复且单调的任务,则可能很难看到角色的目的。 在工作中的责任水平低于以前,也可以使工作中的满足感更加困难。 这可能会影响因家庭或个人原因从职业生涯中抽出时间的人。If you think that you might be suffering from rust out, then there are a number of signs to watch out for. You might dread finding your schedule each week and not seeing anything stimulating on it. It might be that you often find yourself clock-watching at work, willing the time to pass.Focus and motivation can drop, leading you to get less done than you had before, or to make more mistakes. You may start to feel apathetic and disengaged towards your job. These feelings can lead to anxiety and depression which can then spread from work into people's personal lives.如果您认为自己可能患有生锈,那么有很多迹象要注意。 您可能会害怕每周找到自己的日程安排,而没有看到任何刺激的东西。 可能是您经常发现自己在工作中观看时钟,愿意通过时间。 专注和动力可能会下降,导致您比以前做得更少,或者犯更多的错误。 您可能会开始感到冷漠,并脱离工作。 这些感觉会导致焦虑和沮丧,然后可以从工作中传播到人们的个人生活中。Finding yourself suffering from rust out can sometimes be an opportunity. Some experts suggest that self-awareness is key. By taking some time to realise what you are really looking for in work and life, you can take steps to re-discover your motivation. Setting yourself goals and allowing yourself to try new things can help you find a new purpose. Considering what you really need for a job can also lead you to find a new one that's better suited to your goals in life.发现自己患有生锈有时可能是一个机会。 一些专家认为自我意识是关键。 通过花一些时间意识到自己在工作和生活中真正寻找的东西,您可以采取步骤重新发现自己的动力。 设定自己的目标并让自己尝试新事物可以帮助您找到新的目标。 考虑到您真正需要的工作也可能会导致您找到一个更适合您人生目标的新工作。
Historians face many problems in piecing together the past from ancient inscriptions. They're usually incomplete, and also their origin and date may not be known.历史学家们在用古代铭文拼凑过往时面临许多难题。这些铭文通常残缺不全,而且它们的来源和年代也可能无从知晓。Researchers attempt to fill in the blanks by drawing on texts that are similar in wording, grammar, and appearance. Ancient inscriptions tend to be formulaic, so historians can infer what the missing part of the sentence is saying from similar inscriptions. The process is painstaking and can take months or years.研究人员们尝试填补铭文中的空白部分,他们通过借鉴在措辞、语法和外观上类似的文本来完成这项工作。古代铭文往往具有程式化的特征,所以历史学家们可以从相似的铭文中推断出一个句子中缺失的部分所要表达的内容。这个过程是十分艰难的,可能需要数月甚至数年的时间。Aeneas does this in the blink of an eye, by drawing from a database of 176,000 ancient Roman writings.而埃涅阿斯仅用一眨眼的功夫就能完成这项工作,它依靠的是从一个包含 17.6 万份古罗马文献的数据库中提取信息。
I also think there's a systematic or institutional resistance, right? Because genomics is thetipof the spear for preventive care. It's really the first in a series of things that we need to bring in order to preserve our health: multiomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, wearables, all the exciting things we've heard about that will keep us well instead of simply treating us when we're sick.我也认为存在一种系统性或制度性的抵制,对吧?因为基因组学是预防医疗的“矛头”。它实际上是我们为了保持健康所需要引入的一系列手段中的第一步:多组学、蛋白质组学、转录组学、可穿戴设备,所有这些令人兴奋的技术,都是为了帮助我们保持健康,而不仅仅是在生病时才进行治疗。Now, I'm happy to tell you that I've co-founded an international consortium on newborn sequencing. It's grown to 27 groups around the world that are all doing this in different healthcare systems. We get together, we compare notes, we share data. It's really exciting. I go to these annual meetings, it's the most exciting meeting I go to every year, we feel like we're inventing an entirely new field of medicine.现在,我很高兴地告诉大家,我共同创立了一个关于新生儿基因测序的国际联盟。它已经发展到全球27个团队,他们在不同的医疗体系中开展类似的工作。我们聚在一起,交流经验,分享数据,这令人无比兴奋。我每年都会参加这个年度会议,这也是我每年最激动人心的一次会议,因为我们感觉自己正在开创一个全新的医学领域。But if we really want to invent the future, we've got to do something different. If we really want to invent the future, we've got to realize that a child's DNA doesn't change over time, but the science is changing all the time. And so what that means is we should sequence your child's DNA, and we should revisit and reanalyze that DNA over and over again to truly create the dream of genome-informed medicine. Because each and every year there will be new insights and new treatments available.但如果我们真的想要创造未来,就必须做一些不同的事情。我们必须认识到:孩子的DNA不会随时间改变,但科学却在不断进步。这意味着我们应该对孩子的DNA进行测序,并且反复重新分析它,从而真正实现“基因组指导医疗”的梦想。因为每一年都会出现新的发现和新的治疗方法。This isn't offered anywhere in the world, but I'm happy to tell you that we are trying to build this. We are building an AI-enhanced digital health platform so that you, your grandchildren, your children, your pediatricians, your health care centers, your employers, your nations can do this at scale.目前,全世界还没有地方提供这种服务,但我很高兴地告诉大家,我们正在努力构建它。我们正在打造一个由人工智能增强的数字健康平台,这样你、你的孩子、你的孙辈、儿科医生、医疗中心、雇主乃至国家,都可以大规模开展这一工作。It's going to take a certain amount of courage to change the way we think about disease, to embrace the knowledge of risk in order to preserve our health, rather than waiting for us and our children to get sick and treating them there. But if we can do this, if we can embrace this, we can save millions of lives and usher in an entirely new era of genome-inspired medicine.要改变我们对疾病的看法,需要一定的勇气。我们必须接纳风险知识,以此来保护我们的健康,而不是等到我们和孩子生病后再去治疗。但如果我们能够做到这一点,如果我们能够拥抱这一理念,我们就能拯救数百万人的生命,并迎来一个由基因组启发的全新时代的医学。
But that system is overburdened, under-resourced, and since 2008, it's only added nine new conditions. And as we've just said, there are several hundred treatable genetic conditions today. It's going to be very hard for them to keep up.但该体系人手不足、资源匮乏,自2008年以来仅新增了九种疾病。正如我们刚才所说,如今有数百种可治疗的遗传性疾病,单靠现有体系很难跟得上。Why are people so resistant? Why aren't we demanding this? Well, part of the reason is human psychology, right? You bring home this perfect little baby, and you don't really want to look for something that might be wrong, even if, intellectually, you know it might be treatable. But we've got to get past that.人们为什么如此抗拒?为什么我们不去强烈要求普及这项技术?部分原因来自人类心理:把这个完美的小宝宝带回家后,你并不想去寻找可能存在的问题——即便从理智上你知道这些问题可能是可治疗的。但我们必须突破这种心理障碍。The other reason is privacy concerns. And this is sort of ironic because privacy concerns are real. Your DNA is a biometric. It's kind of like a fingerprint. There's certainly some law enforcement considerations, but if somebody steals my genome, they really can't make much of it. Whereas if they steal my electronic footprint or your electronic footprint, there's a lot more harm that can be done.另一个原因是隐私担忧。这有点讽刺,但隐私担忧确实存在。你的DNA是一种生物识别信息,有点像指纹。确实存在执法方面的考虑,但如果有人窃取了我的基因组,实际上他们也很难利用它做太多事情;而如果窃取了我的电子足迹或你的电子足迹,就可能造成更多的伤害。So I'm not saying we shouldn't be concerned about privacy. In fact, privacy is protected when you look for genomic information in a medical context, just like it's protected for your psychiatric history and your HIV status and so forth.我并不是说我们不该关心隐私问题。事实上,在医疗情境下查找基因组信息会受到隐私保护,就像精神病史、艾滋病感染状况等信息一样受保护。It's also been confusing to have direct-to-consumer genetic testing. Now, these companies, for the most part, were very honest about what they offered, but they were not protected by these same legal protections as health care. And typical direct-to-consumer companies use a technology called genotyping. So they're looking for various markers in the genome, which is good for ancestry and traits, but not so good for mutations. For that, you really need the sequencing, every single letter of the DNA, and that's 5,000 times more granular.直接面向消费者的基因检测也令人困惑。这些公司在很大程度上对其提供的服务是坦诚的,但它们并不受与医疗保健相同的法律保护。典型的直接检测公司使用的是一种叫做基因分型(genotyping)的技术,因此它们寻找的是基因组中的各种标记,这对祖源和性状分析很有用,但对检测突变并不十分可靠。要检测突变,确实需要测序——也就是读取DNA的每一个碱基——这种方法的精细度高出约5000倍。
Let me let you hear from a couple of the BabySeq mothers who've gone through this and hear what they have to say about the findings in their own children.让我带你听听几位参与 BabySeq 项目的母亲们的心声,听听她们对于自己孩子检测结果的看法。Now, this was baby Adam, who had an elastin gene mutation which can be associated with a narrowed aorta.这是婴儿亚当,他有一个弹性蛋白基因突变,这种突变可能与主动脉狭窄有关。Finding out that your newborn has a heart problem, of all things, is absolutely terrifying. But knowing that we could be proactive gave us some peace of mind that we were doing everything we could do instead of being surprised down the road.发现自己新生的孩子居然有心脏问题,这无疑是极其可怕的。但得知我们能够主动采取措施,这让我们心里多少有些安慰,因为我们已经尽力而为,而不是在未来突然遭遇意外打击。And in fact, after this mutation was found, a scan found that this baby's aorta was already mildly narrowed, it can now be followed and treated if it gets worse.事实上,在发现这个突变后,扫描检查表明这个婴儿的主动脉已经出现轻度狭窄。如今可以进行随访监测,如果情况恶化,就能及时治疗。Baby Cora, who's now almost nine years old, was found to have mutations suggestive of biotinidase deficiency, which is absolutely necessary for proper brain development. So she takes a simple dietary supplement every day that's kept her brain safe.科拉宝宝,如今已经快九岁了,她被发现携带提示生物素酶缺乏症的突变。这种酶对大脑正常发育至关重要。于是她每天服用一种简单的膳食补充剂,从而保护了她的大脑。We give her a daily vitamin to treat her enzyme deficiency. We had to get creative at first, but now it's part of our routine. I'm just glad we discovered the conditions before there were any symptoms.我们每天给她服用维生素来治疗这种酶缺乏。一开始我们得想办法让她接受,但现在这已经成为生活的一部分。我很庆幸我们在症状出现之前就发现了这个问题。And baby Jacob was one of four children who had mutations that created a predisposition for pediatric or adult onset cancers. Now, in his case, the gene was BRCA2 or “Broca” 2, and nobody in the family knew that it was present. When we found out, we traced it back to his mother, who was surprised but who could then take action.婴儿雅各布则是四个因基因突变而容易患儿科或成年期癌症的孩子之一。他的突变基因是 BRCA2(俗称“布罗卡2”),家里没人知道有这种基因存在。当我们发现后,追溯到他的母亲,她很惊讶,但随后能够采取应对措施。It turns out that I ultimately was carrying a mutation. I had risk-reducing and ultimately life-saving surgery, and I believe it was the right decision so I could be present for my son.结果发现,我自己最终是这个基因突变的携带者。我接受了降低风险、最终挽救生命的手术。我相信这是一个正确的决定,因为这样我才能陪伴在儿子身边。So how can we bring this to every family that wants this insight? Well, there is a newborn screening system around most of the world. It looks for, in the United States, up to 75 treatable conditions, mostly metabolic conditions.那么,我们该如何让每一个希望获得这种洞察的家庭都能受益呢?其实,在世界大多数国家和地区都有新生儿筛查系统。在美国,这种筛查可以检测多达75种可治疗的疾病,其中大多数是代谢性疾病。
People were aghast. They thought we were going to do terrible medical things to these children. They thought there was going to be catastrophic psychological distress, and they thought we were going to spend all sorts of money. So we've spent ten yearsexquisitely studying the medical, behavioral and economic impact of newborn genetic sequencing. And we don't have all the answers yet, but I have to tell you that what we've discovered so far is pretty reassuring.↳人们当时都很震惊。他们以为我们要对这些孩子进行可怕的医学实验;他们以为这会带来灾难性的心理创伤;他们还以为我们会花费大量的金钱。于是,我们花了十年时间,精细地研究新生儿基因测序在医学、行为和经济上的影响。虽然我们还没有得到全部的答案,但到目前为止的发现已经相当令人安心。Now, what was really surprising about this was what we found in these normal babies. If you take, let's say, 400 genes which represent conditions that are treatable today, absolutely treatable, in about 1,000 families, we found mutations in those genes in about four percent of these babies. Four percent.真正让人惊讶的是,我们在这些健康的新生儿中发现了什么。假设我们取大约400个基因,这些基因代表了当今可以明确治疗的疾病,在大约1000个家庭的新生儿中,我们发现约4%的婴儿携带这些基因的突变。4%!And if you expanded that gene list to be, let's say, 5,000 genes long, and that includes conditions that aren't treatable yet, conditions that maybe attack you in adulthood, we found an incredible 12 percent of these babies were carrying such mutations.如果把这个基因列表扩展到大约5000个基因,其中包括目前尚不可治疗、可能在成年后才会发病的疾病,那么我们发现竟有高达12%的婴儿携带这类突变。Now, remember, that doesn't mean that all of these children are going to get the disease. But it does mean that if you know the risk that the children have, then your pediatrician and your family can be on the lookout for vague symptoms that would otherwise be overlooked.当然,请记住,这并不意味着所有这些孩子都会得病。但这确实意味着,如果你知道孩子所具有的风险,那么儿科医生和家人就可以提前留意一些本来可能被忽视的模糊症状。This isn't a small problem. If this holds, that means in the United States, there are over 400,000 babies a year that will carry these risk mutations, and worldwide, that's over 15 million babies a year that will carry these risk mutations. It's kind of ironic, isn't it, because these are individually rare diseases, many of them you won't even have heard of, but together they are a massive medical problem.这可不是一个小问题。如果这个比例成立,那就意味着在美国,每年会有超过40万名婴儿携带这些风险突变;而在全球范围内,每年会有超过1500万名婴儿携带这些风险突变。这有点讽刺,不是吗?因为这些疾病单独来看都很罕见,许多甚至你从未听说过,但加在一起,它们却构成了一个巨大的医学难题。
So on April 22, 2015, a four-day-old baby girl in Boston, let's call her baby Maria, became the first healthy infant in human history to have her genome comprehensively sequenced, comprehensively analyzed, as part of a clinical controlled trial in preventive genomics.2015年4月22日,在波士顿,一名只有四天大的女婴——我们姑且称她为玛丽亚宝宝——成为人类历史上第一位健康婴儿,她的基因组在一项预防性基因组学的临床对照试验中被全面测序并进行全面分析。Now, why is this important? It's great to be first, but it's important because when children are ill, everybody's upset. But when children remain ill and doctors can't figure out what's going on, well, that casts their parents into a diagnostic odyssey that can take years and be incredibly agonizing. It can create all sorts of misunderstanding, misdiagnosis and mismanagement.那么,为什么这很重要呢?成为“第一”固然值得称道,但更重要的是,当孩子生病时,全家都会陷入焦虑。而当孩子长期患病而医生却无法找出病因时,父母就会踏上一段漫长而痛苦的“诊断奥德赛”,这种折磨可能持续多年。它会带来各种误解、误诊,甚至错误治疗。Now, sometimes those children will go on to get genetic testing, and sometimes they'll find an answer. And sometimes those answers mean that you can treat the child, but by then it can be too late. The damage is permanent. This is particularly tragic because there are so many treatable genetic conditions today, and they're going to be even more with gene editing, cell and gene therapies. In fact, it's been suggested that over 90 percent of genetic conditions will be treatable in the next few years with gene editing.有时候,这些孩子最终会接受基因检测,有时候能找到答案。而有时这些答案意味着孩子是可以治疗的,但等到那时,往往已经为时已晚,损害不可逆转。这尤其令人痛心,因为如今已有许多遗传性疾病是可治疗的,而随着基因编辑、细胞与基因疗法的发展,可治疗的遗传病将会更多。事实上,有人预测,在未来几年内,超过90%的遗传性疾病都将通过基因编辑得到治疗。So the key to this is obviously finding these children early, actually analyzing their DNA at or shortly after birth. And so ten years ago, I pulled together a team at Harvard Medical School, Mass General Brigham, Broad Institute, Ariadne Labs, and got together with a brilliant group of co-leaders: Alan Beggs, Amy McGuire, Heidi Rehm and Ingrid Holm. And together, we launched the BabySeq or Baby Sequencing Project, the world's first trial of newborn genomic sequencing.因此,关键显然在于尽早发现这些孩子,在出生时或出生后不久就对他们的DNA进行分析。于是十年前,我在哈佛医学院、麻省总医院、布罗德研究所和阿里阿德涅实验室组建了一支团队,并与一群杰出的共同领导者——艾伦·贝格斯、艾米·麦奎尔、海蒂·雷姆和英格丽德·霍尔姆——携手合作。我们共同启动了“婴儿基因组测序计划”(BabySeq Project),这是世界上第一个针对新生儿进行基因组测序的试验。Now, when we presented this information at medical meetings, we didn't quite get the reaction we were hoping for.然而,当我们在医学会议上展示这些成果时,却并没有得到我们所期望的反应。
The data shows the average surface temperature of UK waters in the seven months to the end of July was more than 0.2 degrees celsius higher than any year since 1980. Now that might not sound much, but the UK's seas are now considerably warmer than even a few decades ago.数据显示,在截至七月底的七个月里,英国海水的平均表面温度比 1980 年以来的任何一年都高出零点二摄氏度以上。这个温度升幅也许听起来不算太多,但是如今英国海水的温度已经比几十年前高出了相当多。Scientists and amateur naturalists in the south-west of England have observed a remarkable range of species, not usually seen in UK waters. They include large numbers of bluefin tuna and octopuses, as well as mauve stinger jellyfish, conger eels, humpback whales and even the world's second-largest whale species, the fin whale.科学家和业余博物学家在英格兰的西南部观察到了一系列非同寻常的物种,这些物种在英国海域中并不常见。这其中包括大量的蓝鳍金枪鱼和章鱼,以及紫纹海刺水母、康吉鳗鱼、座头鲸,甚至还有世界第二大鲸鱼物种——长须鲸。But there have also been significant declines in cooler water species, including cod and haddock.但是,喜冷生物的数量也出现了显著下降,比如鳕鱼和黑线鳕。
"The railway that got the world on track." On the 27 September 1825, crowds gathered in a small market town in north-east England to witness something that had not been seen before – a train carrying passengers for the first time. It had taken eight hours to travel 48km – around the speed of an average cyclist – but this steam locomotive was a pioneer in the development of modern railways and changed the world forever as rail spread across the globe.“使世界步入正轨的铁路”。 1825年9月27日,人群聚集在英格兰东北部的一个小市小镇,目睹了以前从未见过的东西 - 第一次载着乘客的火车。 在普通骑自行车的人的速度下,旅行48公里花了八个小时,但是这种蒸汽机车是现代铁路发展的先驱,随着铁路在全球范围内蔓延,世界永远改变了世界。2025 marks 200 years of passenger trains, and the UK is celebrating this milestone with Railway 200 – a year-long programme of events. From guided walking tours along old, abandoned rail routes, to competitions and careers events. Railway 200 organisers have also designed a travelling exhibition on a special train that will criss-cross the UK for 12 months. Admission to the train is free and there are four carriages, each with a different theme. These include a carriage with hands-on, interactive activities which invite people to test their engineering skills. Emma Roberts, Railway 200 organiser, said it is an "unforgettable experience" for visitors.2025年是200年的旅客列车,英国正在用Railway 200(一年的活动计划)庆祝这一里程碑。 从沿着古老的,废弃的铁路路线进行导游的徒步旅行,到比赛和职业活动。 Railway 200组织者还设计了一场特殊火车的旅行展览,该展览将在英国纵横交错12个月。 火车的入场是免费的,有四辆马车,每辆都有不同的主题。 这些包括带有动手互动活动的马车,邀请人们测试他们的工程技能。 铁路200组织者艾玛·罗伯茨(Emma Roberts)表示,对于游客来说,这是一种“难忘的经历”。Also celebrating this bicentennial is Tom Chesshyre, train enthusiast and author of 'Slow Trains Around Britain'. Among what attracts him to train travel is that you can see places off the beaten track out the train window, and you can relax and read a book without worrying about traffic jams. Tom's favourite slow train ride is from Inverness, in the middle of Scotland, to the most northerly station in the whole of the UK in Thurso through "a kind of desolate landscape". Tom says, "You feel like you're taking a train and disappearing from modern life, leaving it behind." The route Tom crowned 'most picturesque' was a short journey from St Erth in Cornwall to St Ives which travels along a clifftop with the beach down below.还庆祝这一双百年纪念的是汤姆·切斯海尔(Tom Chesshyre),他是火车爱好者,也是“英国慢火车”的作者。 在吸引他进行火车旅行的地方,您可以看到人迹罕至的轨道上的位置,您可以放松身心和阅读书,而不必担心交通拥堵。 汤姆最喜欢的慢速火车骑行是从因弗内斯,苏格兰中部,到瑟索全英国最北端的车站,通过“一种荒凉的景观”。 汤姆说:“您觉得自己正在乘火车,从现代生活中消失,将其抛在后面。” 汤姆(Tom)加冕的路线是从康沃尔(Cornwall)的圣埃斯(St Erth)到圣艾夫斯(St Ives)的一段短途旅行,沿着悬崖峭壁在悬崖上行进,海滩下方。Train travel has come a long way since 1825. Today, trains are more efficient and better connected than ever. From the Eurostar, which connects London to mainland Europe through a tunnel under the English Channel, to high-speed routes in Japan and China, the world is on the move.自1825年以来,4火车旅行已经走了很长一段路。今天,火车比以往任何时候都更加高效,连接更好。 从将英国频道下的隧道连接到伦敦到欧洲大陆的欧洲之星,再到日本和中国的高速航线,世界正在发生。
Take the chick killing. Innovators have developed in-ovo sexing technology that allows the egg industry to only hatch the female chicks. Thanks to that, Germany recently banned the killing of day-old chicks entirely, andFranceand Italy are largely doing so too.说到小鸡的屠杀,创新者已经研发出了“蛋内分性”技术,使得蛋类产业只孵化雌性小鸡。正因如此,德国最近全面禁止了对刚出生一天的小鸡的屠杀,法国和意大利也在大规模推行这一做法。Other innovators are developing alternative proteins, made from plants, algae, even animal cells to meet the world's growing demand for animal protein without more factory farming.还有一些创新者正在研发替代蛋白质,来源包括植物、藻类,甚至是动物细胞,以满足全球对动物蛋白日益增长的需求,而无需更多的工厂化养殖。And yet, for all this progress, the problem overall is still growing worse. More animals are suffering at human hands today than at any prior point in our history.然而,尽管已经有了这些进步,整体问题仍在恶化。如今,在人类手中受苦的动物数量,比历史上任何时期都要多。We raise and kill 210 billion animals globally every year. Two hundred and ten billion. That's more than the number of humans who have ever lived on Earth.全球每年被饲养并屠杀的动物高达2100亿只。2100亿!这个数字甚至超过了人类在地球上有史以来的总人口数。We are the only species to have ever inflicted so much suffering on so many other animals. But we are also the only species to have ever acted to protect other animals from cruelty. We are a species of animal lovers. It is core to our humanity.我们是唯一一个曾给如此多其他动物带来巨大苦难的物种。但我们也是唯一一个会采取行动保护动物免受残酷对待的物种。我们是爱动物的物种,这是人性的重要组成部分。One day, humanity will end the worst abuses on factory farms. And when we do, our descendants will look back and ask what we did to help end them.↳总有一天,人类会终结工厂化养殖中最严重的虐待行为。而当那一刻到来时,我们的后代会回头问:我们曾做过什么来帮助结束它?So what can you do to help? You can advocate, donate, even devote your career to this cause. But if you do just one thing, I ask this. Talk about factory farming.那么,你能做些什么来帮助呢?你可以倡导、捐助,甚至把一生奉献给这一事业。但如果只能做一件事,我请求你——请谈论工厂化养殖。Tell the corporations you buy from, the politicians you vote for that you expect them to adopt at least basic animal-welfare standards. Tell your friends and family what you've learned about factory farming.告诉你购买商品的企业、你投票支持的政客,你希望他们至少采用基本的动物福利标准。告诉你的朋友和家人你所了解到的关于工厂化养殖的真相。Factory farming thrives in the dark, shielded by a cone of silence, ignored by our politicians, our media and society at large. Its victims are voiceless. They need your voice.工厂化养殖依靠黑暗而存在,被沉默的屏障保护着,被政客、媒体和整个社会忽视。它的受害者没有声音,他们需要你的声音。I was thinking about this when I was back in New Zealand a few months ago with our three-year-old son, Willie, visiting my childhood farm. Willie's started asking what I do at work all day. He just doesn't understand strategic philanthropy to reform factory farming.几个月前,我带着三岁的儿子威利回到新西兰,参观我童年的农场时,我想到了这些。威利开始问我:你每天上班都在做什么?他根本无法理解“通过战略性慈善改革工厂化养殖”是什么意思。No matter how many times I repeat it.无论我重复多少次,他都听不懂。So I told him, I'm trying to make the world a little bit more like that farm. We can have that world. Humanity has already amassed unprecedented wealth and power. Soon, advances in AI will make us more powerful still.于是我告诉他:我正在努力让这个世界变得更像那片农场。我们完全可以拥有这样的世界。人类已经积累了前所未有的财富与力量,很快,人工智能的进步还会让我们更加强大。And we will face a choice, a test of our humanity. Will we use that power to factory-farm ever more animals? Or will we use it to end this cruelty?而我们将面临一个选择——一场人性的考验。我们会用这种力量去工厂化养殖更多的动物?还是用它来终结这种残酷?Humans are animals too. What separates us from the pigs and the chickens is our ability to make moral progress. We should use it.人类也是动物。我们与猪和鸡的区别,在于我们有能力推动道德的进步。我们理应运用这种能力。
And this. This is a trash can full of live baby chicks. I honestly didn't believe this one when I first heard about it. It just sounded like comic-book villain stuff. But it's real. The egg industry has no need for the seven billion male chicks born annually. So it kills them on their first day alive in this world, typically by throwing them in the trash or into a giant meat grinder.还有这个。这是一只装满活小鸡的垃圾桶。老实说,第一次听到这个时,我根本不相信,听起来就像漫画里反派的恶行。但这是真的。蛋类产业对每年出生的大约七十亿只雄性小鸡没有任何用途,因此它们在生命的第一天就被杀死,通常的做法是直接扔进垃圾桶,或丢进巨大的绞肉机。I could go on, but don't worry, I won't. We're all done with the images.我可以继续讲下去,但别担心,我不会了。关于图片的部分到此为止。I'm guessing you're not a fan of what you just saw. And you're not alone. Eighty-eight percent of Americans told a recent survey that they think gestation crates and battery cages are unacceptable. Try finding any other issue that 88 percent of Americans can agree on today.我想你对刚才看到的东西一定不喜欢。而你并不孤单。最近一项调查显示,88%的美国人认为妊娠栏和电池笼是不可接受的。如今,你几乎找不到另一个能让88%的美国人达成共识的问题。It's not surprising, though. We as a society have already decided that animal cruelty is wrong. If you treated your dog the way that a factory farm treats their pigs, you'd be committingfelonyanimal cruelty in most US states.这并不令人意外。作为一个社会,我们早已认定虐待动物是错误的。如果你像工厂化养殖场对待猪那样对待自己的狗,在大多数美国州,你都会被判定为严重的虐待动物罪。And this isn't just about the animals. Factory farms, which densely crowd together hundreds of thousands, even millions of near genetically identical, immune-compromised individuals, are the perfect breeding grounds for disease. They control these diseases with antibiotics. Tons of them. In fact, even as we face an antibiotic resistance crisis in humans, we are feeding far more antibiotics to farm animals than we use in all human medicine. But antibiotics can't stop viruses, which is why we have a bird-flu pandemic sweeping through America's factory farms right now.而且,这不仅仅关乎动物。工厂化养殖场把几十万、甚至上百万基因几乎相同、免疫力低下的个体挤在一起,这正是疾病的理想温床。它们用抗生素来控制疾病——大量的抗生素。事实上,即使人类正面临抗生素耐药性危机,我们给农场动物喂食的抗生素依然远远超过用于人类医疗的总量。但抗生素无法对抗病毒,这就是为什么如今美国的工厂化养殖场正在爆发禽流感大流行。After I learned all this, I dedicated my life to ending the worst abuses on factory farms. And the good news is, I've seen more progress in the last decade than in all prior decades combined. On these three practices, we are close to a tipping point.在了解到这些之后,我将自己的一生都投入到终结工厂化养殖中最严重的虐待行为中。好消息是,过去十年里我看到的进展,比之前几十年的总和还要多。在这三种做法上,我们正接近一个转折点。Take the gestation crates. Advocates have won bans on them in 11 US states, from California to Florida. The Brazilian pork industry, led by giants like JBS, is moving away from the crates entirely.以妊娠栏为例。倡导者已经在美国11个州推动禁用它们,从加州到佛罗里达都有。由JBS等巨头主导的巴西猪肉产业,也正在全面摆脱妊娠栏。Take the battery cages. Advocates have won promises from the world's largest supermarket and fast food chains to stop sourcing eggs from caged hens. McDonald's is now 100 percent cage-free in its US and Canadian egg supply, and Costco is nearly there too.再说电池笼。倡导者成功让全球最大的超市和快餐连锁企业承诺,不再采购笼养鸡蛋。麦当劳目前在美国和加拿大的鸡蛋供应已完全实现非笼养,Costco也几乎达到了这一标准。Forty-four percent of US hens are now out of cages, up from less than 10 percent a decade ago.如今,美国有44%的产蛋母鸡已经摆脱了笼养,而十年前,这个数字还不到10%。
Honestly, the slaughterhouse wasn't as bad as I'd expected. It was the state of the animals arriving there that shook me. I remember seeing pigs coming down off a transport truck. Some shaking, some squealing, some limping in pain.说实话,屠宰场本身并没有我想象中那么糟糕。真正让我震惊的是抵达那里的动物的状态。我记得看到一些猪从运输卡车上被赶下来,有的在发抖,有的在尖叫,有的痛苦地一瘸一拐。"Liam," I said, "why are those pigs limping?" "Not my problem," he replied. So I looked into it.“利亚姆,”我问,“那些猪为什么一瘸一拐的?”他回答说:“不关我的事。”于是我决定自己去调查。Before I tell you what I learned, let me say I'm not here to tell you what to eat. In fact, I don't think this should be on you as an individual consumer at all. You never chose factory farming. When the factory farms came in and replaced the old family farms, they didn't tell you they were doing it. They didn't relabel the meat as "Now from miserable animals." They labeled it as "all natural" and "farm fresh."在告诉你我发现了什么之前,我必须先说,我不是来告诉你该吃什么、不该吃什么的。事实上,我认为作为个体消费者,这根本不应该由你来承担。你从未选择过工厂化养殖。当工厂化养殖取代传统家庭农场时,他们并没有告诉你。而且他们也不会把肉类贴上“来自悲惨动物”的标签,他们贴的标签是“纯天然”和“农场新鲜”。In fact, the industry has created an entire system to stop you from seeing how your meat is produced. They've even passed egg gag laws in US states to make it a crime to record conditions in factory farms. Which makes it all the more important that we see what they're trying to hide from us.实际上,这个产业建立了一整套体系,目的就是阻止你看到肉类是如何生产的。在美国,有些州甚至通过了所谓的“禁蛋法”,把拍摄工厂化养殖场的状况定为犯罪。这也使得我们了解他们刻意隐瞒的真相变得更加重要。So I'm going to show you images of three common factory farming practices. I deliberately didn't choose the most gruesome or out-there practices I could find. These are everyday realities involved in the production of most pork and eggs globally.所以,我将给大家展示三种常见的工厂化养殖方式。我特意没有选择那些最恐怖、最极端的案例,而是展示全球大多数猪肉和鸡蛋生产中每天都在发生的现实。Here we go. This is the gestation crate. This is why the pigs at the slaughterhouse were limping. They were female breeding pigs who had been confined to crates like these, unable to walk or even turn around for their entire pregnancies. Once they gave birth, they were moved to slightly larger birthing crates and then back into these crates to get pregnant again and again and again for years on end.来看第一种:这是妊娠栏。这就是为什么屠宰场里的猪会一瘸一拐。它们是母猪,一整个怀孕期间都被关在这样的铁栏里,无法走动,甚至无法转身。生下小猪后,它们会被转移到稍大一些的分娩栏,随后又被关回这些妊娠栏里,不断地再次怀孕,年复一年,周而复始。A friend of mine who worked undercover at a pig factory farm told me the worst thing he has ever done was to force these pigs back into their crates after they gave birth. They fought so hard not to go back in.我有一位朋友曾以卧底身份进入一家猪场工作,他告诉我,自己做过的最痛苦的事,就是把这些母猪在生产后强行赶回妊娠栏里。母猪拼命挣扎,不愿再回到那个铁笼。This is a photo I took of a battery cage on an egg factory farm. Most of the world's eight billion egg-laying hens, roughly one for every person alive on Earth today, are confined right now in cages like these, unable to so much as flap their wings.这是我在一个蛋鸡工厂农场拍摄的电池笼照片。全世界大约有八十亿只产蛋母鸡——差不多相当于地球上每个人对应一只——此刻正被困在这样的笼子里,甚至连扇动翅膀都做不到。
Today, I want to talk with you of the most important moral issues we never talk about. And that's factory farming.今天,我想和大家谈一谈一个我们几乎从不讨论、却极其重要的道德问题——那就是工厂化养殖。But first, I want to share with you the story of how I came to be here. I grew up in New Zealand, and yes, we had a sheep farm. It was small, 100 acres of rolling hills, and the sheep would graze the hillsides by day and then retreat to the hilltops to circle up and fall asleep at night. That's me, ready to farm right after my picnic.但在此之前,我想先和你们分享一下我为什么会站在这里。我是在新西兰长大的,我们家确实有一个羊场。它很小,只有100英亩的起伏丘陵。白天,羊群在山坡上吃草;晚上,它们会退到山顶,围成一圈进入梦乡。那就是我,野餐之后准备去放羊的样子。The sheep ultimately went to slaughter, but I always felt like at least they'd lived good lives and had quick deaths. Frankly, if I'm ever reincarnated as a sheep, which, as a New Zealander, is not unlikely这些羊最终都会被宰杀,但我一直觉得,至少它们过着不错的生活,死得也算迅速。坦白说,如果我有来世变成了一只羊——作为一个新西兰人,这其实并非不可能——I'd like to live their life. When I was a teenager, we traveled to Vietnam. And in the backstreets of Hanoi, I stumbled into a live-animal market. I still remember seeing the sight: stacks upon stacks of cages crammed full of animals, of every species, trembling in fear, staring out at me in distress. I was shaken. But when I returned to New Zealand, I figured things were different. I mean, you can see the cows and the sheep in the fields.我宁愿过它们那样的生活。少年时,我曾随家人去越南旅行。在河内的街巷里,我无意间闯进了一个活体动物市场。我至今仍记得那一幕:一层又一层的笼子里挤满了各种动物,它们因恐惧而发抖,眼神里充满了痛苦与绝望地望着我。我震撼不已。但当我回到新西兰后,我心想情况应该不一样吧,毕竟在田野里你随处都能看到牛和羊自在地活动。Still, I started to wonder how we treated the animals that you couldn't see. How in particular did we treat the pigs and the chickens? So I did what you did back then. I picked up a phone book and I looked up some pig and chicken farms. And one by one, I called and I naively asked if I could just come visit. And one by one, they told me no. They don't let anyone just visit.然而,我还是开始好奇那些我们看不见的动物究竟是如何被对待的。尤其是猪和鸡,它们的处境如何?于是我做了当时人们常做的事——我翻开电话簿,找到了一些猪场和鸡场。然后一个接一个地打电话,天真地询问是否可以去参观。结果,一个接一个的回答都是“不可以”。他们根本不允许任何人随便参观。Finally, I got hold of a major slaughterhouse and connected with a farm boy, let's call him Liam. Now, this slaughterhouse didn't do visitors either, but Liam and I bonded over sheep, and he agreed to get me in.最后,我联系到了一家大型屠宰场,并结识了一个农场小伙子,我们就叫他利亚姆吧。虽然这家屠宰场同样不接待访客,但因为我和利亚姆聊到了养羊,他与我建立了信任,最终答应带我进去。
Moving from one group to another is something that shapes both gorilla and human society. To understand more about its evolutionary origins, researchers studied decades of data on mountain gorillas in the Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda, an area that's been monitored by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund since the 60s.从一个群体迁移到另一个群体,这种行为塑造着大猩猩和人类社会。为了进一步了解这种行为的进化起源,研究人员研究分析了几十年来在卢旺达火山国家公园居住的山地大猩猩的数据,该区域自上世纪 60 年代以来一直受到黛安·弗西大猩猩基金会的监测。The research team tracked the dispersal of 56 different female gorillas over the years. They discovered that the animals tended to join groups with females they knew, friends they'd grown up with or females that they'd made a social connection with more recently. Even if two females had been apart for many years they'd often reunite when an animal moved groups. The scientists say this shows that the relationship between two female gorillas is much more socially significant than previously thought.该研究团队多年来追踪了 56 只雌性大猩猩的分布情况。他们发现这些动物倾向于加入它们认识的雌性大猩猩,或是加入那些和它们一起长大的朋友们、或者是近期和它们建立社交联系的雌性群体。即使两只雌性大猩猩已经分别多年,但当其中一只迁移群体时,它们可能就会再度团聚。科学家们表示,这表明两只雌性大猩猩之间的关系比人们此前认为的更具社会意义。
Food colouring is difficult to avoid. From bright orange cheesy crisps to frosted cakes, and even peanuts and meat, these additives make food more visually appealing. But for years, people have been worried about their safety and the long-term effects on our bodies. So, just how bad is food colouring, and what are the alternatives?食用着色很难避免。 从明亮的橙色俗气的薯片到磨砂蛋糕,甚至花生和肉,这些添加剂使食物在视觉上更具吸引力。 但是多年来,人们一直担心自己的安全和对我们身体的长期影响。 那么,食用色素有多糟糕,还有什么选择?Synthetic food dyes, like Red 40 and Yellow 6, have been linked to hyperactivity and attention problems in children, particularly those in key stages of brain development. Studies show that even small amounts of these dyes, which are commonly found in ultra-processed foods, can affect behaviour. In 2010, the EU began requiring warning labels on products containing specific artificial colourings associated with hyperactivity in children.合成食品染料,例如红色40和黄色6,与儿童的多动症和注意力问题有关,尤其是那些处于大脑发育的关键阶段的问题。 研究表明,即使是在超级加工食品中通常发现的少量这些染料也会影响行为。 在2010年,欧盟开始需要在包含与儿童多动症相关的特定人造色素的产品上发出警告标签。There are further issues too, such as allergic reactions. Yellow 5 has been shown to produce hives, itching and symptoms typically associated with asthma in some people. It's derived from petroleum and is found in a range of foods, medicine and cosmetics. Red 3 is also problematic – links have been found between the colour and cancer in male rats. This dye is almost completely banned in the UK now, and food manufacturers in the USA have been given until 2027 to modify foods that currently use it in their recipe.还有其他问题,例如过敏反应。 黄色5已显示出产生蜂箱,瘙痒和通常与哮喘有关的症状。 它源自石油,可在各种食品,药物和化妆品中发现。 红色3也有问题 - 在雄性大鼠的颜色和癌症之间发现了联系。 现在,这种染料在英国几乎完全被禁止,并且在2027年之前,美国的食品制造商已被授予,以修改目前在食谱中使用它的食物。So, what can artificial colours be replaced with? There are natural alternatives like beetroot, turmeric, paprika and spirulina. Companies such as Fermentalg based in France are developing natural colourings from microalgae, such as Galdieria sulphuraria, which produces a bright blue pigment. Products using this colour are expected to be on shop shelves in the USA soon, alongside other natural blue dyes like butterfly pea extract and gardenia blue, which have all recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the US. However, replacing synthetic dyes can be challenging because of stability, cost, and colour intensity. Natural dyes tend to be less vivid and have shorter shelf lives.那么,可以将人造色素替换为什么? 有天然的替代品,例如甜菜根,姜黄,辣椒粉和螺旋藻。 位于法国的Fermentalg等公司正在开发微藻(例如Galdieria sulphuraria)的天然色素,该色彩产生了明亮的蓝色色素。 预计使用这种颜色的产品将很快在美国的商店货架上,以及其他天然蓝色染料,例如蝴蝶豌豆提取物和Gardenia Blue,这些染料最近都已获得美国食品药品监督管理局的批准。 但是,由于稳定性,成本和颜色强度,取代合成染料可能具有挑战性。 天然染料往往不会变得不那么生动,并且具有较短的货架寿命。So, it's hard to avoid, but for your health do what you can to minimise unnecessary artificial colours in what you eat, and stick to natural alternatives instead.因此,很难避免,但是为了您的健康,您可以尽力最大程度地减少饮食中不必要的人造色彩,然后坚持自然的替代品。
This movement was dealt a devastating blow in 1968, when the Supreme Court removed the cap on state interest rates, allowing massive interest hikes throughout the 1970s. New complications emerged in late 80s with the invention of credit scores, which reinforced the racial, gender, and class biases already impacting credit card applications.1968 年,这场反信用运动遭受了毁灭性打击。当时最高法院取消了各州利率的上限,导致 1970 年代出现了大幅度的利率飙升。到了 80 年代末,信用评分系统的出现带来了新的复杂问题,它进一步加剧了原本就存在于信用卡申请中的种族、性别和阶级偏见。Today, credit cards are a $500 billion industry. Banks consider these lines of credit when deciding whether or not to approve loans, incentivizing customers to maintain multiple credit cards. And since most users don't pay off their bills in full each month, they rack up debt and endless interest payments. By the end of 2023, credit card debt in the US alone exceeded $1 trillion. So while the earliest credit cards may have been the most limited, they might have actually been the best for our wallets.如今,信用卡已经成为一个 5000 亿美元规模的产业。银行在决定是否批准贷款时会参考这些信用额度,从而刺激客户持有多张信用卡。而由于大多数用户每个月并不会全额还清账单,他们不断积累债务和无止境的利息支出。到 2023 年底,仅美国的信用卡债务就已超过 1 万亿美元。所以,尽管最早的信用卡功能最为有限,但它们或许反而才是对我们钱包最友好的。
Despite these initial losses, US banks remained devoted to credit cards. At this time, it was illegal for banks to build branches outside their home state, so mailing credit cards was their best bet for attracting out of state customers. And once they brought in these new clients, they could sell them big ticket items like home and automobile loans. This led banks to double down on credit cards. They invested heavily in early computers to process charge slips, and began running ads that promised a more luxurious standard of living.尽管在早期遭遇了损失,美国的银行依然坚定地投入信用卡业务。当时,银行在法律上被禁止在本州以外设立分行,因此邮寄信用卡成了他们吸引外州客户的最佳手段。而一旦吸引到这些新客户,银行就能向他们推销高额贷款,比如住房贷款和汽车贷款。这使得银行进一步加大了对信用卡的投入,他们大量投资早期计算机来处理签单,并开始投放广告,宣称信用卡能带来更奢华的生活方式。These ad campaigns shifted the American attitude towards credit from one of shame and financial dependence to a celebration of financial freedom. However, the reality of these lending systems was far more exploitative. From 1956 to 1967, consumer debt increased by 133%, and concerns about consumer safety led to a surge of anti-credit activism through the 1960s.这些广告宣传改变了美国人对信用的态度——从原本带有羞耻感和经济依赖,转变为对“财务自由”的赞美。然而,这些借贷体系的现实却更加剥削性。从 1956 年到 1967 年,消费者债务增长了 133%。对消费者安全的担忧在 1960 年代引发了一股反信用运动的浪潮。
And the banks profited from small fees on each transaction. But soon, banks found another way to make money from these cards. They began allowing cardholders to pay off their debt more slowly for an additional fee called an interest payment. Essentially, cardholders could choose to pay just part of their monthly bill, and the bank would add a percentage of what they didn't pay to next month's bill.银行最初是靠每一笔交易收取少量手续费来盈利的。但很快,银行发现了另一种赚钱的方法:他们允许持卡人以更慢的速度偿还债务,但要额外支付一笔叫做“利息”的费用。换句话说,持卡人可以选择只偿还月账单的一部分,剩余未付金额则会被加上一定比例的利息,计入下个月的账单。Even in these early days, this system wasn't without problems. In 1958, Bank of America sent 60,000 unsolicited credit cards to residents of Fresno, California. While this promotion was intended to attract new customers, it mostly led to rampant card theft and unpaid bills.即便在这些早期阶段,这套体系也并非没有问题。1958 年,美国银行(Bank of America)向加利福尼亚州弗雷斯诺市的居民寄出了 60,000 张未曾请求的信用卡。虽然这项推广本意是为了吸引新客户,但结果却主要导致了信用卡盗窃猖獗和账单无法收回。Banks also struggled to process all the payment paperwork these cards produced. At this time, charging a credit card involved stamping a card's embossed details onto carbon paper and sending out these charge slips for manual processing. But as credit card use boomed, banks were left with warehouses of unprocessed charge slips, creating delays that prevented them from charging interest.银行还在为处理信用卡所产生的大量支付单据而头痛。当时的信用卡交易方式是把卡片的浮雕信息压印到复写纸上,然后把这些签单寄出,进行人工处理。但随着信用卡使用量的激增,银行堆满了仓库的未处理签单,造成延迟,使他们无法及时收取利息。
In 1949, businessman Frank McNamara was about to pay for dinner when he realized something terrible: he'd forgotten his wallet. While this scenario isn't that uncommon, McNamara's response was. Determined to ensure he'd never be caught without cash again, he invented the Diners Club Card— a wallet-sized piece of cardboard that allowed carriers to dine at associated restaurants and settle their bills at the end of each month.1949 年,商人弗兰克·麦克纳马拉在准备付晚餐账单时,突然发现一个糟糕的情况:他忘带钱包了。虽然这种情况并不少见,但麦克纳马拉的反应却与众不同。为了确保自己不再因为没带现金而陷入窘境,他发明了“大来俱乐部卡”(Diners Club Card)——一张钱包大小的纸板卡片,持卡人可以在合作餐厅用餐,并在每个月底统一结账。McNamara wasn't the first person to codify the IOU— there's evidence of deferred payment systems stretching all the way back to ancient Mesopotamia. In America's Wild West, ranchers and farmers used metal plates as credit placeholders. And just a few years before McNamara's dining disaster, many department stores and airlines had already begun rolling out reward programs and charge cards.麦克纳马拉并不是第一个把“欠条”制度化的人——早在古代美索不达米亚,就已经有延期支付的系统存在。在美国西部拓荒时期,牧场主和农民们会用金属牌作为信用的凭证。而就在麦克纳马拉“晚餐危机”的前几年,许多百货公司和航空公司已经开始推出奖励计划和记账卡。But the Diners Club Card was different. Where previous credit arrangements saw one business authorizing credit for one individual, McNamara's card gave users credit with over two dozen otherwise unassociated businesses. This decentralized credit was revolutionary, and in just one year, the Diners Club Card gained 10,000 users. Soon, several US banks recruited local merchants and launched their own credit programs. For these merchants, credit cards provided increased business and upfront financing. For consumers, the cards offered financial flexibility, allowing them to make larger purchases so long as they could pay them off at the end of each month.但“大来俱乐部卡”却与众不同。以往的信用安排是某一家商户为某一个人提供信用额度,而麦克纳马拉的卡片则让用户在二十多家互不相关的商户中都能获得信用支持。这种去中心化的信用体系是革命性的,仅仅一年时间,大来俱乐部卡就拥有了一万名用户。很快,美国几家银行也招募本地商户,推出了自己的信用计划。对商户来说,信用卡能带来更多生意和预付款资金;而对消费者而言,信用卡则提供了财务上的灵活性,让他们能够进行更大额的消费,只要月底能还清账单即可。
People got very upset. And I got yelled at a lot. Very gently. A lot about "I hope your pillow is warm."人们非常生气,我也经常被骂——不过是那种很“温柔”的责骂,比如“希望你的枕头一直是热的”之类的话。These started getting millions and millions of views.这些视频开始获得数百万、甚至上千万的观看量。And a lot of reactions as well.同时也引发了大量的反应。People asked me to do mazes. OK. How do you screw up a maze? This is how. It went right past the exit.人们让我画迷宫。好吧,那要怎么把迷宫搞砸呢?答案就是——它直接从出口旁边走了过去。I had to learn the rules of this little medium. It had to be 12, maybe 15 seconds. Go quickly. And I had to try to hide the mistake underneath the mechanism.我必须学会这种小短片的规则:视频要控制在 12 秒,也许 15 秒之内,动作要快,还要尽量把错误藏在机器运作的过程中。And mostly the ending had to be traumatic.而且结尾往往得是“令人崩溃”的。I would promise people oddly satisfying, and then I would betray them.我会先承诺给人一种“奇怪的满足感”,然后再彻底背叛他们的期待。People thought this was about AI.很多人以为这是在讲人工智能。That one went super viral. People spent 200,000 hours watching my 17 second video. I got so many notifications my phone died repeatedly for days.有一个视频彻底爆火。人们花了二十万小时来看我那段 17 秒的视频。通知多到让我手机连续几天反复死机。So ultimately, constraints are great for making art, but you ultimately end up becoming a crappy cover artist of your own work. And I didn't really like that, so I took a break.所以说,限制其实对艺术创作是有帮助的,但最终你会变成自己作品的“糟糕翻唱者”。我并不喜欢这种状态,所以停了一段时间。But remember that if you go on the internet and see something that annoys you just a bit ... it might have been me.不过请记住,如果你在网上看到一个让你有点恼火的东西……那可能就是我做的。
So for many years I've been doing computer art, geometric art with pen and paper on plotters. I write the code and sometimes I build the machines.很多年来,我一直在做电脑艺术——用绘图仪、钢笔和纸张创作几何艺术。我自己写代码,有时还会自己造机器。I would upload the stuff to social media, figuring maybe people like the soft noises and the clicks and pops and so on. No one really paid any attention to it.我把这些作品上传到社交媒体,想着或许有人会喜欢那些轻微的噪音、咔嗒声、噼啪声之类的。但实际上几乎没人关注。At some point, someone gave me a chocolate 3D printer extruder, and I filled it with acrylic paint, and set it up and made a terrible mess.后来有人送了我一个巧克力 3D 打印机的喷头,我就把它装满了丙烯颜料,安装好之后结果搞得一团糟。I wanted to try out making some dots, and I wrote a little program, and the dots weren't in order.我想试着打印一些点,于是写了一个小程序,但这些点并没有按照顺序排列。These were reactions it got. Some people got angry. Some people sympathized with the robot.这就是它引发的反应:有些人很生气,有些人则对这个机器人表示同情。Some people danced to it. Mostly angry.还有些人甚至随着它的节奏跳舞。但大多数人还是生气。If you go in a line, it'll be faster. If you go in a line, it'll be -- it'll be quicker if you go in a line. I think -- you're going side to side. You should go in a line and you'll go faster. Just go -- go in a line!“如果你沿着直线走会更快。如果你沿着直线走——会更快的。我觉得——你现在在左右移动。你应该沿着直线走,那样会更快。就直接——走直线吧!”This one is “Bad day at the circle factory.” I realized you could manufacture emotions of various kinds with just a robot and pen and paper.这一幅叫做《圆圈工厂的糟糕一天》。我意识到,只用一个机器人加上一支笔和纸,就能制造出各种情绪。So I leaned into it.于是我更加投入其中。
The images reveal intricate details in the ancient tattoos, which picture leopards, a stag, a rooster and the mythical griffin creature that is half lion and half eagle.图片揭示了这些古老纹身中精美复杂的细节,纹身图案包括豹子、一只雄鹿、一只公鸡以及一只神话异兽,它长着狮身鹰首。The tattooed woman, aged about 50, was from the horse-riding warrior Pazyryk people, who lived on the vast steppe between China and Europe in the 5th century BC.还有一名有纹身的女性,大约 50 岁,来自擅长在马背上作战的巴泽雷克民族,他们在公元前五世纪生活在中国与欧洲之间的广阔草原上。The archaeologists worked with a tattooist who reproduces ancient skin decorations on his own body to understand how exactly they were made.考古学家们与一位在自己身上复刻古代纹身图案的纹身师合作,以深入了解古人究竟是如何制作出这些图案的。The team say the decorations were so crisp and uniform that modern tattooists would find it challenging to produce them. They believe that the tattoos were first stencilled onto the skin. Then two needle-like tools were probably used, made from animal horn or bone. The pigment was likely made from burned plants or soot.该研究团队表示,这些纹身图案线条非常清晰且整齐,即使对现代纹身师来说,也颇具挑战性。他们认为,这些纹身最初是用镂空模板在皮肤上描绘出来的。然后可能用了两种针状的刺青工具,工具由动物角或骨头制成。纹身的颜料则很可能由烧焦的植物或烟灰制成。
The work towards a better world is not automated.通往更美好世界的努力,并不是自动化的。No computer could take this job.没有一台电脑能够承担这份工作。Of audacious hope. Of unfounded optimism.这份工作属于大胆的希望,属于无凭无据的乐观。We are the unprompted.我们是不需要提示的人。In the face of the bleakest calculations.即便面对最冷酷的演算结果。We aspire in a way no algorithm could advise.我们怀抱的渴望,是任何算法都无法给予的。And that is what will save us from the abyss.而正是这一点,将把我们从深渊中拯救出来。Solely we are our saviors, but just as every hero has their gadgets,唯有人类自己才是自己的救赎者,但就像每位英雄都有自己的工具。Technology can be the engine of our altruism.科技可以成为我们利他之心的引擎。Every invention is just an extension of your hand.每一项发明,都只是你手的延伸。So in the same way that a hammer can both build and destroy.正如同一把锤子既能建造,也能毁灭。So in the same way that a hammer can both build and destroy.同样地,一把锤子既可以成就,也可以摧毁。You tell me, how will youwieldyour tools?那么,请告诉我,你将如何使用你的工具?Again I say to people. Remember people.我再次对人们说:记住,你们是人。Be unprompted, but with a promise.要自发行动,但要怀着承诺。To let my most pressing 3 am question.让那个困扰我凌晨三点的最迫切的问题。Not be whether or not I'll have a world to wake up to.不再是:明天醒来时,我是否还能拥有一个世界?But how these new things can finally find us well.而是:这些新事物,如何最终能真正让我们安好。
The displaced children without homes do not cry mechanical tears.无家可归的流离儿童流下的,不是机械的眼泪。About a simulated hunger induced by virtual war.他们的饥饿,不是虚拟战争所模拟出来的假象。The viruses they suffer from are not the zeros and ones in your devices.他们所遭受的病毒,并不是你设备里零和一构成的代码。Cured by simple software reset. If only the world had such a button.那些病毒不能靠一次简单的软件重启来治愈。要是世界也有这样一个按钮就好了。We've got our heads so far up in the cloud we forget that the ground exists.我们的头颅早已埋进云端,以至于忘记了地面依然存在。New prompt: is this modernity?新的提示:这就是所谓的现代性吗?Marveling at machines that can read and write.我们惊叹于机器竟然能读能写。When currently 700 million adults are illiterate?可此刻仍有七亿成年人是文盲。New prompt: is this innovation?新的提示:这就是所谓的创新吗?Chipped by click workers in dark, dank rooms without proper compensation?由那些在黑暗潮湿的房间里,得不到合理报酬的“点击工人”所凿刻完成?The future, we fear, is not the sci-fi cyborg AI uprising that sets the world aflame.我们所害怕的未来,并不是科幻作品里由赛博格 AI 点燃世界的叛乱。No, the true dystopia is the today we make.不,真正的反乌托邦,正是我们亲手塑造的今天。When humans watch the worldburnstill with the power to save it. And don't.当人类明明依然拥有拯救世界的力量,却只是眼看着它燃烧——而什么也不做。
I fill my empty 3 ams with spineless phone scrolls, Text abbreviations,And uni-human conversations. AI chat bots answer all my aimless interrogations:我用毫无意义的手机刷屏、缩写的文字,和一些非人不人的对话来填满我空洞的凌晨三点。AI 聊天机器人回答了我所有漫无目的的疑问:like, how do I answer an email that does not find me well?Or oh my gosh, my crush just texted me, what do I say?比如:我该怎么回复一封“希望你一切安好”但其实我并不好时的邮件?或者:天啊,我的暗恋对象刚给我发了消息,我该说什么?Or is it true, what the headlines say?That the world is crumbling beneath our feet,And we do nothing but crumble with it?还是说,新闻头条所写的都是真的?世界正崩塌在我们脚下,而我们所做的,只是和它一起崩塌?Our glassend eyes lost in the latent space,Calculating our extinction with every pulse of our carbon-based circuitry我们那如玻璃般呆滞的眼睛迷失在潜在空间里,每一次碳基电路的跳动,都在计算着我们自己的灭亡。And as we fall deeper and deeper into the black box,Is hoping for humanity the most human thing we can do?而当我们越来越深地坠入这个黑匣子时,是否“怀抱对人性的希望”才是我们能做的最“人性”的事情?And the AI says back to me,I don't know.More specifically,Hmm, I'm not sure how to process your request. Please try a new prompt.而 AI 回答我:“我不知道。更准确地说,嗯……我不确定该如何处理你的请求。请尝试一个新的提示吧。”I say to AI:Don't feel too special.You aren't the first artificial system,We humans carelessly labeled “intelligent”我对 AI 说:别觉得自己太特别。你不是第一个被人类草率贴上“智能”标签的人工系统。Global capitalism was genius until it became negligentLeaving the unfortunate to suffer without the means for life.全球资本主义曾是天才般的构想,直到它变得疏忽冷漠,让不幸的人们在缺乏生存手段中痛苦煎熬。Biased science elevated one people over the last,But with differentiation came racism and caste,Littering our world with non-compostable isms.带有偏见的科学把一部分人抬到另一部分人之上,但随着区分而来的,是种族主义与等级制度,让世界堆满了无法分解的各种“主义”。I say to its text and images,You're brilliant, but you aren't the first generation to forge something out ofseeminglynothing.我对它的文字和图像说:你很出色,但你并不是第一个能凭空创造出看似“无”之物的世代。Haven't you seen my generation, the DIYers and binary defiers?We to extract wisdom from the Earth's mouth,like a flower, or a land mine.你难道没见过我的一代人吗?那些自己动手、挑战二元对立的人?我们从大地的口中挖掘智慧,它可能像一朵花,也可能像一颗地雷。Sure, drive our cars but never our movements.Never our blood and boned passions.当然,你可以驾驶我们的汽车,但永远驱动不了我们的运动。永远无法取代我们血肉中的激情。You can't replace the place of the people,I say to the people:你无法取代人类自身的立场,我对人们说:
The dizzying variety of options, the amazing range of flavours, and for some of us, the sheer quantity that you can eat. It's easy to see the appeal of a buffet. It takes the stress out of choosing what to eat - just have it all! But are there risks that we need to think about? Food hygiene specialists suggest there might be.各种各样的选择,令人惊叹的风味范围,对于我们中的某些人来说,您可以吃的大量数量。 很容易看到自助餐的吸引力。 选择吃什么 - 只要全部吃东西! 但是,我们需要考虑的风险吗? 食品卫生专家建议可能会有。Restaurant and hotel buffets can be a food poisoning risk. The large number of different dishes and people serving themselves creates opportunities for cross-contamination. Microbes can be transferred from people to dishes, from dishes to people and from one dish to another. Even the air can transfer microbes to your food. It's easy to see how an entire buffet could end up contaminated. Food temperature creates another risk factor. It's easy for food to be kept lukewarm and in the danger zone between 8C and 63C where bacteria and other microbes grow and multiply easily.餐厅和酒店自助餐可能是食物中毒的风险。 大量不同的菜肴和为自己服务的人们创造了交叉污染的机会。 微生物可以从人转移到菜肴,从菜肴到人,从一道菜到另一种菜肴。 甚至空气也可以将微生物转移到您的食物中。 很容易看到整个自助餐最终如何污染。 食物温度会产生另一个危险因素。 食物很容易保持不冷热,并在8c至63c之间的危险区域,在那里细菌和其他微生物易于生长和繁殖。Restaurants that manage buffets well can reduce the risks. Hot food should be replaced after two hours and cold food after four. It's important that the old food is disposed of and that containers are not just topped up, allowing the older food to contaminate fresh items. Hot food should be kept above 63C, and cold food should be refrigerated.家管理自助餐的餐厅可以降低风险。 两个小时后,应在四个小时后更换热食品。 旧食物要处置,并且容器不仅要装满,而且允许较旧的食物污染新鲜物品,这一点很重要。 热食应保持在63℃以上,并应冷藏冷食。However, any attempts by hospitality businesses to reduce risks can easily be undone by careless clients. There are many ways that diners can unwittingly or thoughtlessly increase the risks. Tongs and ladles can be contaminated by those who do not wash their hands, or who reuse their plates when getting a second helping. Food on display can be contaminated by people using the wrong utensil or who accidentally drop the handles into bowls of food. That's before even mentioning those who cough or sneeze near the buffet.但是,款待业务降低风险的任何尝试都可以被粗心的客户轻松撤销。 食客可以通过多种方式不知不觉地增加风险。 那些不洗手,或者在获得第二次帮助时重复使用盘子的人可能会污染钳子和梯子。 使用错误的餐具或意外将手柄放入食物碗的人可能会污染展出的食物。 那是在提到那些在自助餐附近咳嗽或打喷嚏的人。So, to enjoy a buffet, while keeping the risks as low as possible, you should check to see that it is well-managed by the restaurant or hotel, that others are following good hygiene rules and that you do the same. Even so, a buffet is likely to be more risky than other types of restaurants.因此,要享受自助餐,同时保持风险尽可能低,您应该检查一下餐厅或酒店的管理良好,其他人正在遵守良好的卫生规则,并且您也这样做。 即便如此,自助餐可能比其他类型的餐馆更具风险。
So ZeroSeHero started. We ran thousands of polls, we ran many surveys, we trained thousands of citizens to tell their climate stories in their own way. And slowly the campaign became a national campaign. People started talking about it in closed circles, it became a public conversation. We started organizing dialogues with policymakers and young people on the same dais, and things began to move forward. We noticed a larger net-zero conversation happening in India.于是 ZeroSeHero 活动启动了。我们开展了上千次投票,做了许多调查,还培训了数以千计的公民,让他们用自己的方式讲述气候故事。慢慢地,这个活动发展成了一场全国性的运动。人们开始在私下讨论它,后来变成了一场公开对话。我们开始组织政策制定者和年轻人同台对话,事情开始往前推进。我们注意到,印度正在出现一场更大规模的 净零排放 讨论。So in 2023, we did something else as well. We partnered with India's National Institute of Urban Affairs to co-create the country's first youth engagement frameworks that puts young people at the center of climate decision making in cities. And this year we are beginning to roll it out across the country in multiple cities, along with city governments. And this --所以在 2023 年,我们还做了另一件事。我们与印度国家城市事务研究所合作,共同创建了该国第一个以年轻人为中心的城市气候决策青年参与框架。今年,我们已经开始与各地市政府合作,把它推广到全国多个城市。而这——And this really changes the perspective. We were building individual agency. And we realized that at some point we're actually building collective agency as well. We're trying to move things forward a lot faster.这真正改变了我们的视角。我们原本是在培养个人的行动力,但后来意识到,在某种程度上我们其实也在培养集体的行动力。我们正在努力让事情更快地向前发展。But this generation, Gen Z, Gen Alpha, gets criticized a lot and I'm here for them. It's very important to stand for them. What we realized was that for the younger generation, it's very important to build the reflex of change-making as something that is as simple as texting a friend, something that really makes them feel like they're beginning to participate. They're beginning to change the conversation somewhere.但是,这一代年轻人——Z 世代和 Alpha 世代——常常受到很多批评,而我愿意为他们站出来。支持他们非常重要。我们意识到,对年轻一代来说,关键是要培养他们的一种 改变的本能,就像发条消息给朋友一样简单,让他们真切感受到自己正在参与,正在某个地方推动对话的改变。So this year, we're beginning to use AI to do that. We are building the country's first WhatsApp bot that uses AI to send thousands of young people in our community one single question on a critical issue a day. Answering this makes them realize that critical thinking is deeply important, but in return, we get access to critical data about what young people are thinking, the future that they're imagining, so we can make better use of it, and talk to policy makers about things that truly matter.所以今年,我们开始用 人工智能 来实现这一点。我们正在打造全国第一个 WhatsApp AI 机器人,它每天会给我们社区里的数千名年轻人推送一个关于关键议题的问题。回答这个问题会让他们意识到 批判性思维的重要性;而作为回报,我们能获得关于年轻人正在思考什么、他们想象的未来是什么等重要数据,以便更好地加以利用,并与政策制定者对话,聚焦真正重要的议题。And let me also tell you one very important thing, which is that this kind of work cannot happen on your regular social media. Social media is not built for social change. It's built for vanity. It's not built for equity. Right?还有一件非常重要的事——这种工作不可能在常见的社交媒体上完成。社交媒体不是为社会变革而建的,而是为了虚荣心而建的。它不是为了公平。对吧?It's unfortunately built to enhance the loudest voice, not necessarily the most authentic. So what does this mean? This means that we need to invest in storytelling. We need to invest in collectivizing voices. And that means we need to invest in community.遗憾的是,它的逻辑是放大最响亮的声音,而不是最真实的声音。那么这意味着什么?这意味着我们需要 投资于讲故事,需要 投资于汇聚声音。而这进一步意味着,我们需要 投资于社区。We've built a blueprint for how we can do it in India, and we cannot wait to take it across the world to every single young person.我们已经为如何在印度实现这一点制定了蓝图,并迫不及待地想把它推广到全世界的每一个年轻人身上。
But like I said, Ashwini saw this as more than just a medical crisis. He wanted to do so much more for Rajghat. So he collaborated with us, and he told the story of Rajghat on Youth Ki Awaaz. It slowly and steadily began picking attention. Thousands of people found out about Rajghat, NGOs came there, the first time in many years decision makers came to Rajghat and support began to rally. The courts took suo motu cognizance and asked the government to act. Slowly, electricity came to Rajghat. The first-ever school was built in Rajghat as well. And --但正如我所说,阿什维尼把这看作不仅仅是医疗危机。他想为 Rajghat 做更多事情。于是他与我们合作,在 Youth Ki Awaaz 上讲述了 Rajghat 的故事。这个故事逐渐引起了关注。成千上万的人知道了 Rajghat,非政府组织也来到了那里,很多年来首次有决策者走进了 Rajghat,支持力量开始汇聚。法院主动介入,要求政府采取行动。渐渐地,Rajghat 有了电力供应,村里第一所学校也建起来了。而且——And guess what? The first wedding in 22 years.你猜怎么着?22年来的第一场婚礼终于举行了。And Ashwini was not alone. After Ashwini, we saw Jolly's story. Jolly was a wheelchair user. Struggled her entire life to find accessible toilets. Her story went so viral, was read by more than a million people in less than a week, including the HR of her organization, that all the toilets at her workplace were reconstructed for her.而且,阿什维尼并不是唯一的故事。接下来我们看到了 Jolly 的故事。Jolly 是一位轮椅使用者,一生都在为寻找无障碍厕所而苦苦挣扎。她的故事迅速走红,在不到一周的时间里就有超过一百万人阅读,包括她所在机构的人力资源部。结果,她工作的地方把所有厕所都为她重新改造了。After Jolly came Rayees. Rayees talked about how there was a complete lack of menstrual hygiene awareness in the state of Kashmir in India. And his story sparked one of the largest menstrual hygiene awareness campaigns in Kashmir.在 Jolly 之后,是 Rayees 的故事。Rayees 谈到印度克什米尔邦在月经卫生意识方面几乎一片空白。而他的故事引发了克什米尔地区最大规模之一的月经卫生宣传活动。And for Pranay, his story led to the rescue of his father, who was stranded in Libya during the Arab Spring. And not just that. Eighteen thousand Indians were brought back to the country because his story made an impact.至于 Pranay,他的故事促成了对父亲的营救——他的父亲在阿拉伯之春期间被困在利比亚。而且不仅如此,因为他的故事产生了影响,18,000 名印度人被接回了国内。Now, these are not anomalies. We saw hundreds of them over the years, and what we realized was that we were really building individual agency. We were enabling a muscle, the muscle of change making.这些并不是孤例。多年来我们见证了上百个类似的故事,我们逐渐意识到,我们真正做的是在培养个人的行动力。我们在锻炼一块肌肉——改变的肌肉。But as the platform grew, the world became a lot more complex, we realized that the issues are also becoming very complex. It's difficult to get heard more and more, the louder the world gets. And climate change seemed like this faceless, shapeless, this mammoth of a beast that we just did not know what to do about. Thousands of young people had written about climate change on Youth Ki Awaaz, but it was almost like we were talking at it. We didn't know what to do about it.但是,随着平台的发展,世界也变得更加复杂,我们发现问题也变得越来越复杂。世界的声音越嘈杂,想让人听见就越困难。气候变化看起来像是一个无形无状、庞大无比的怪兽,我们完全不知道该如何应对。数以千计的年轻人在 Youth Ki Awaaz 上写过关于气候变化的文章,但几乎就像是在对着空气说话,我们不知道如何真正采取行动。So in 2023, we decided to do something different. We decided that we are going to collectivize these voices. So we launched a campaign called ZeroSeHero. The idea was very simple. We'll bring together young people, we'll get thousands of their stories, and we'll build a common platform where young people, decision makers, businesses, nonprofits, they can all come together to talk about something that climate experts love to talk about: net zero. Nobody understands it. We wanted people to understand it. This is the reality.所以在 2023 年,我们决定做一些不同的事情。我们决定把这些声音汇聚起来,于是发起了一个名为 ZeroSeHero 的活动。这个想法非常简单:我们要把年轻人聚集在一起,收集成千上万的故事,并建立一个共同的平台,让年轻人、决策者、企业、非营利组织都能聚在一起,去讨论一个气候专家们热衷谈论的话题:净零排放(net zero)。虽然几乎没人真正理解它,但我们希望让更多人理解。这就是现实。
Every single day, I would train them on how to write better. But what they were writing about was actually tough issues. Gender, discrimination, climate change, issues that we are not taught to talk about. And something slowly began to shift in them. The more they wrote, the more they began to question. They started acting. They started wondering why things were the way they were. And that motivated me to go school to school, college to college, sticking up posters, asking more and more young people to join me.每天我都会训练他们如何写得更好。但他们写的其实是一些艰难的话题:性别、歧视、气候变化,这些都是我们从未被教导去谈论的问题。而在他们身上,慢慢开始发生变化。他们写得越多,就越开始质疑。他们开始采取行动,开始思考为什么事情会是现在这样。这也激励我一个学校一个学校地走,一个大学一个大学地跑,张贴海报,邀请越来越多的年轻人加入我。Slowly and steadily, a community began to form. And that blog became Youth Ki Awaaz, or Voice of the Youth, India's largest citizen media platform, where today more than 200,000 young people are writing on issues that are deeply underrepresented every single month.慢慢地,一个社区开始形成。而那个博客也逐渐成长为 Youth Ki Awaaz(青年之声),印度最大的公民媒体平台。如今,每个月都有超过二十万名年轻人在这个平台上撰写那些在社会中被严重忽视的问题。And this was not just young people coming together and ranting. This was young people coming together and telling stories that were not being told anywhere.而这不仅仅是年轻人聚在一起发牢骚,而是他们聚在一起讲述那些在其他地方根本没有被讲述的故事。So let me tell you about Ashwini. Ashwini was a medical student studying in the state of Rajasthan. And he had this phenomenal habit. Every single summer break, he would go to the closest village and provide free medical services. So he went to this village called Rajghat, a couple of kilometers away from the city of Jaipur in India. And when he went there, what he found was far more than a medical crisis. There was absolutely no clean drinking water. There were no proper roads. There was no electricity. And he realized that there were no schools at all. And no weddings had taken place in the last 22 years because nobody wanted to send their daughters to a village which was so impoverished. Imagine a village of single men.让我来说一个叫阿什维尼(Ashwini)的故事。阿什维尼是拉贾斯坦邦的一名医科学生,他有一个很了不起的习惯:每年暑假,他都会去最近的村庄提供免费的医疗服务。于是他去了一个叫 Rajghat 的村子,离印度斋普尔市只有几公里远。然而到了那里,他发现的问题远远超过了医疗危机。那里完全没有干净的饮用水,没有像样的道路,没有电力供应。他还发现村子里根本没有学校。而且在过去22年里,这个村子里从未举行过婚礼,因为没有人愿意把女儿嫁到这样一个极度贫困的地方。想象一下,一个全是单身男人的村庄。
In 2008, when I was 17, I felt invisible. And not like Harry Potter with an invisibility cloak. I actually felt really powerless. I remember watching the news every single day with my parents. It was like a ritual in our house. And the more I saw it, the more I realized that I just couldn't relate with it. The people didn't look like me, the issues didn't feel like mine. And more than anything, young people's voices were nowhere to be found.2008年,当我17岁的时候,我觉得自己是隐形的。但不是像哈利·波特披着隐形斗篷那种,而是真的感觉到无力。我记得每天都和父母一起看新闻,那几乎成了我们家的日常仪式。但看得越多,我越发现自己无法与之产生共鸣。那些新闻里的人不像我,关注的问题也不是我的问题。最重要的是,根本听不到年轻人的声音。Now I have grown up in a family where everybody cared deeply about what was happening in the world. So naturally we had a lot of conversation at home. I had many opinions, many perspectives and experiences that I wanted to share with the world, but there was absolutely nowhere to go. My friends who I spoke with, my teachers who I spoke with, they all reminded me of the only thing that mattered, and that was how I performed in my exams. And that's it.我是在一个非常关心世界大事的家庭里长大的,所以我们家经常会有各种各样的讨论。我有很多观点、很多看法和经历,想要与世界分享,但完全没有出口。我跟朋友聊,跟老师聊,他们都只会提醒我唯一重要的事情——那就是考试成绩。而就只有这个。So I was extremely disappointed, very frustrated. And the only thing that I knew and I loved was writing. So I started a blog. I had absolutely no idea what I was doing. I just went online and I started writing, and I forced my friends to read what I was saying.因此我非常失望,也很沮丧。而我唯一熟悉并热爱的事情就是写作。所以我开了一个博客。我完全不知道自己在做什么,只是上网开始写作,然后强迫朋友们去看我写的东西。My first story was actually about climate change, and I remember asking a friend to read it, and she went ahead and she commented on it. And the comment was a smiling emoji. So I was disappointed because I wanted more.我的第一篇文章实际上是关于气候变化的,我记得请一个朋友去读,她看完后留言评论。而她的评论只是一个笑脸表情。那一刻我感到失望,因为我期待更多。I realized that, you know, a lot of us young people, we grew up in this culture of silence. We are told, don't question, don't think critically, don't ask too much. And that was something that really frustrated me.我意识到,其实我们很多年轻人都在一种“沉默的文化”中长大。我们被告诫不要质疑,不要批判性思考,不要问太多问题。而这正是让我深感挫败的地方。I loved writing, like I said, so I thought that I'll do something interesting. I launched a writer's training program. Young people, they want better jobs, they want to be skilled, so I thought I'll skill them in writing. And by that time, by the way, I had about a thousand readers on the blog. So I thought about 30 people will apply. At least 30 people will apply for this program. And to my surprise, only two did.正如我说过的,我热爱写作,所以我决定做一些有趣的事情。我发起了一个写作培训计划。年轻人希望有更好的工作,希望掌握更多技能,所以我想着教他们写作。那时,我的博客已经有大约一千名读者。我想,至少会有三十个人报名参加吧。但出乎意料的是,只有两个人报名。So I took those two and gave them the best that I had.于是我接纳了这两个人,并把自己最好的东西教给他们。
So let's just say that's not what we expected when we first approached them to talk about extending the life and quality of fresh products.↳可以说,当我们最初带着延长新鲜农产品寿命与品质的想法去找他们时,得到的回应完全出乎我们的意料。But we can't change this thinking alone. And we're not a silver bullet to end food waste ourselves. But thankfully there are lots of start-ups, scale-ups, organizations and individuals all around the world working to transform this post-harvest space. And we're optimistic that our one small innovation, using common ingredients inspired by the ancient wisdom of plants, is playing its part and having an impact, reinventing the food system and helping to create abundance for all. Thanks so much.但仅靠我们自己无法改变这种思维方式,我们也不是解决食物浪费的万能钥匙。幸运的是,全球还有许多初创公司、成长型企业、组织和个人,一起努力改变采后处理这一领域。我们很乐观,相信我们这项小小的创新——用植物的古老智慧启发的常见成分——正在发挥作用,正在产生影响,帮助重塑食物系统,并为所有人创造更多的丰盈。非常感谢。Thank you.谢谢大家。Incredible, thank you, Jenny.太棒了,谢谢你,珍妮。I feel like, when I buy avocados and then I bring them home, and then I blink and they are rotten. How long could you extend the shelf life of an avocado?↳我常常觉得,我一买牛油果回家,眨眼间它们就烂了。你们能把牛油果的保质期延长多久呢?In your experience, maybe you have this, too, there's like a day, a day and a half when they're like, perfect. Like, avocado toast, cuttable, before you're like, do I sacrifice them to guacamole? And so it takes that day and a half and extend it to four days. Maybe you're actually going to have a chance to use it before you throw it away.根据你的经验,你可能也遇到过这种情况:牛油果只有大约一天或一天半的时间是最佳状态——可以完美做牛油果吐司,切开正合适。过了这段时间,你就要考虑是不是只能做成鳄梨酱了。而我们的技术能把那一天半的最佳时间延长到四天。这样,你可能真的能在它坏掉前用得上。So you're more than doubling. And when you're spraying things that don't have a shell, does it have a taste or a smell or anything?所以你们等于是把时间延长了一倍多。那么当这种涂层用在没有硬壳的食物上时,会不会带有味道或气味呢?No, they're very neutral. So no taste, no smell. You saw we used a little of it. It's like a strange thing we do around the office, which is like, eat the fruit, lick the surface, like, confirm that. But we've also done it with credible other institutions, like universities doing these blind taste tests with strawberries. And you can't tell that there's anything on them.不会,它们非常中性,没有味道,也没有气味。你看到我们只用了一点点。在办公室里我们甚至有个奇怪的小实验——吃水果后舔一舔表面,来确认这点。但我们也和一些权威机构合作过,比如大学,用草莓做过盲测,结果是人们完全分辨不出来水果表面有任何东西。Amazing. 太棒了
So thinking about replacing a standard waxing step, for example.比如说,可以考虑用这种方式来取代传统的水果打蜡工序。We've made good progress since those early days in the garage. We've established a supply chain for responsibly sourced, high-purity ingredients. We've demonstrated safety and effectiveness to regulators in the US, the European Union and more than 40 additional countries around the world. And while we're still relatively small and early in our journey, we have a presence in about 10 markets worldwide.自从在车库里起步的那些早期日子以来,我们已经取得了显著的进展。我们建立了一个负责任的供应链,能够提供高纯度的原料。我们向美国、欧盟以及全球40多个国家的监管机构证明了这一方法的安全性与有效性。虽然我们依然是一个相对小型、处于早期阶段的公司,但如今我们已经进入了全球约10个市场。What I'm most proud of, though, it's why we got into all of this in the first place. And that is that since 2021, when we started measuring, we've prevented 166 million pieces of produce from going to waste. In doing that, that's avoided the emissions of more than 29,000 metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions, which is equivalent to planting 485,000 trees and saved almost seven billion liters of water, or enough to fill 2,800 Olympic-sized swimming pools.让我最自豪的,其实正是我们最初投入这一切的原因。自从2021年开始有数据统计以来,我们已经阻止了1.66亿件农产品的浪费。这样做避免了超过29,000公吨的温室气体排放,相当于种植了48.5万棵树,并节省了近70亿升水——足够填满2,800个奥运标准泳池。Thank you.谢谢大家。What we're also excited about is the opportunity to add a little extra peel to help small growers get their unique varieties of fruits and vegetables to market with more confidence. This is especially important in places that don't have widespread or reliable access to refrigeration, like with these regional mango varieties. This could mean that a greater diversity of fruits and vegetables could be more available to more people.我们同样感到兴奋的是,这项技术还能帮助小型种植户,把他们独特的水果和蔬菜品种更有信心地推向市场。尤其是在那些缺乏广泛或可靠冷藏条件的地区,比如某些地区特有的芒果品种。这就意味着,将来更多样化的水果和蔬菜能被更多人享用。The work, though, is far from done. We've unfortunately encountered food and agriculture companies that have a really hard time seeing past the food waste status quo. "Shrink," as it's called in the industry, it's just accepted as a normal part of doing business. And disappointingly, we've had some folks -- producers, packers and retailers -- tell us, "Well, the waste bin is kind of my best friend. The more that people throw away, the more they have to come back and buy again."不过,这项工作距离完成还很遥远。不幸的是,我们遇到过一些食品和农业公司,他们很难突破对“食物浪费”的固有认知。在业内,“Shrink”(损耗)被认为是经营活动中的正常部分。更令人失望的是,一些生产商、包装商和零售商甚至直言:“垃圾桶算是我的好朋友。人们扔掉的越多,他们就得回来买得越多。”
So we took a test batch of material that we made using leftover tomato peels, since those are rich in these fatty acids and glycerides. We dipped those limes in a bowl of these ingredients in water and set them aside to dry. And then we waited. And we saw that we could add an extra week of freshness to these limes.↳于是,我们利用番茄加工后剩下的番茄皮制作了一批测试材料,因为它们富含脂肪酸和甘油酯。我们把这些指橙浸泡在装有这些成分的水碗里,然后放在一旁晾干。接着我们等待,结果发现,这些指橙的保鲜期竟然延长了一整周。And when we saw that for the first time, we were like, "Shut the front door! Oh my God, this might actually work." So we then went and wanted to apply this little bit of extra peel to all other kinds of fruits and vegetables. Bananas, avocados, limes, green beans, tomatoes, bell peppers, cucumbers, berries, like, you name it. And what we saw, amazed and quite frankly, still amazes us. This concept works for dozens of categories, things that need to ripen before you eat them, things that don't. Things that have edible peels, non-edible peels. We even saw that with protected blueberries, we could retain vitamin C levels at higher levels for longer than unprotected blueberries. And tomatoes could be harvested later, not when they were green and tasteless, but when they were red and actually ripe, and they'd still have enough time to get into your homes.↳当我们第一次看到这个结果时,我们的反应是:“不会吧!天啊,这居然真的有用!”于是我们接着尝试把这层“额外果皮”应用到其他各种水果和蔬菜上。香蕉、牛油果、青柠、四季豆、西红柿、甜椒、黄瓜、浆果——你能想到的几乎都试了一遍。而结果让我们震惊,甚至直到今天依然觉得不可思议。这一概念适用于几十种不同类别的农产品:有些需要成熟后才能吃,有些不需要;有的果皮可食用,有的不可食用。我们甚至发现,在处理过的蓝莓中,维生素C的含量能保持更高水平,而且维持的时间比未经处理的蓝莓更久。而西红柿则可以等到真正红熟、味道香甜时再采摘,而不是在青涩无味时提前收获——同时还能保证有足够的时间运送到消费者手中。And we love that it really takes so little material, the little bit of extra peel we add to an average avocado, for example, that's equivalent in weight to a 10th of a small raisin. And even though these materials are, of course, they're edible, you can wash them off by just rubbing under running water. We also, the more that we learned about the fresh produce supply chain today, we realized we could integrate into how these are processed in these packing houses before they're sent to grocery stores.更让我们喜欢的是,这其实只需要极少的材料。比如,给一个普通牛油果增加的那层“额外果皮”,重量大约只相当于一颗小葡萄干的十分之一。而且这些成分本身当然是可食用的,但你只需在流水下轻轻揉搓就能将其洗掉。随着我们对当今新鲜农产品供应链的进一步了解,我们还意识到,这一工艺可以直接融入到分拣包装环节,在水果和蔬菜送往超市之前完成。
And then all of this leads to a pretty narrow set of fruits and vegetables that are available in stores today relative to the amazing diversity of what's really out there. And so it's really like the categories that can survive storage and transportation that are commonly available. And those aren't always the ones that taste best or have the highest density of nutrients. So my friends wanted to approach this differently.↳这一切最终导致了一个问题:相较于自然界中丰富多样的水果和蔬菜,我们今天在商店里能买到的品类其实非常有限。基本上只有那些能够在储存和运输过程中幸存下来的品类才会常见。但这些并不一定是味道最好的,或者营养密度最高的。于是,我的朋友们想用一种不同的方式来应对这个问题。And we led first with some questions. How do plants protect themselves? Well, with a peel. Plants, just like us, have a skin or a peel, technically called the plant cuticle, and that helps to protect them from moisture loss, oxidation and infection. And what are those peels made of? Fatty acids, glycerides. That's what's the important part. And these are ingredients found universally in all plants. In the peel, pulp and seeds, and including in plants that we already eat. Different fruits have different shelf lives because of the thickness and arrangement of these materials in those peels.我们首先提出了一些问题:植物是如何保护自己的?答案是果皮。植物和我们一样,也有一层“皮肤”,学术上称为“角质层”,它能帮助植物抵御水分流失、氧化以及感染。那么这些果皮由什么构成呢?主要是脂肪酸和甘油酯——这才是关键所在。而这些成分在所有植物中普遍存在,不论是果皮、果肉还是种子,甚至在我们日常食用的植物中也都有。不同水果的保鲜期长短,其实和这些物质在果皮中的厚度与排列方式有关。So the idea then is: Can we take these harmless, edible, plant-based ingredients, apply them in a thin layer on the surface of fresh fruits and vegetables to help reinforce the existing natural peel? And if you do that, can you help to retain peak flavor, texture and nutrients for longer without reliance on refrigeration, pesticides, waxes or plastics?于是,想法就诞生了:我们是否可以利用这些无害、可食用的植物性成分,把它们涂覆在新鲜水果和蔬菜的表面,形成一层薄膜,来强化原本的天然果皮?如果能做到这一点,是否就能在无需依赖冷藏、农药、蜡涂层或塑料包装的情况下,延长食材的最佳风味、口感和营养?And so that's what James, Lou and I, that's why we founded Apeel Sciences and ultimately headed to James's garage to try and figure out. We started first by partnering with a small local grower, and we tested the idea on this category you may not have heard of called finger limes. They are literally finger-shaped, and when you cut them open, the pulp is in the shape of beads, like caviar. They are delicious, and they're super fragrant. But once they're picked, that grower had maybe about seven days before their organic limes would start to dry out and the skin would start to change color. And that was even with refrigeration.↳于是,这就是我、詹姆斯和路易斯创立 Apeel Sciences 的原因。我们最终跑到詹姆斯的车库里,开始动手实验。起初,我们与一家本地的小型种植户合作,把这个想法应用到一种你可能没听说过的水果——“指橙”(finger limes)上。它们真的像手指一样细长,当你切开时,果肉呈现出一颗颗像鱼子酱般的珠粒,味道鲜美,香气浓郁。但问题是,一旦被采摘下来,这些有机指橙大概只有七天的时间就会开始干瘪、果皮变色——即便是在冷藏条件下也是如此。
When you pick a piece of fruit off a tree, it's like a ticking time bomb. It's literally this living and breathing thing that's slowly cannibalizing its own stores of energy and nutrients, just trying to stay alive until it ultimately gets eaten by microbes or some other animal, like us. Have you ever wondered why that is and what could be done about it?↳当你从树上摘下一颗水果时,它就像一颗正在倒计时的定时炸弹。它实际上是一个还在“呼吸”的生命体,会慢慢吞噬自己储存的能量和养分,只为了尽可能维持生存,直到最终被微生物或其他动物(比如我们人类)吃掉。你有没有想过这是为什么?以及对此能做些什么?My journey in trying to figure that out started in the spring of 2013. I'm finishing up my postdoctoral research in chemistry at the University of Santa Barbara, California. And all that really means is I'm a huge nerd and I've been in school for way too long. And I'm trying to figure out how to put all that training to meaningful use. So two of my lab mates, James Rogers and Louis Perez, invite me to dinner. But it turns out to be a pitch disguised as dinner, and they opened by totally flooring me with some staggering stats.我试图弄清这个问题的旅程开始于2013年春天。那时我正在加州圣塔芭芭拉大学完成化学博士后的研究。说白了,就是我这个超级书呆子在学校里待得太久了,现在在思考如何把这些年接受的训练用在真正有意义的事情上。于是,我的两个实验室伙伴詹姆斯·罗杰斯和路易斯·佩雷斯邀请我共进晚餐。但事实证明,那顿饭其实是伪装成晚餐的“推销会”,而他们一开口就用一些惊人的数据震撼了我。A third of the food that we produce worldwide is lost or wasted before it ever has a chance to be eaten. For fresh fruits and vegetables, that number is a half. And waste is a problem at every single step of the supply chain. From the farm, trying to get it to market, in stores, restaurants and in our homes. And it's not just a waste of the food. It's a waste of the land, water, fertilizers, labor, energy, fuel, packaging and money out of farmers' and our pockets. If global food waste was a country, it'd be the third-highest emitter of greenhouse gases after China and the US.↳全球所生产的食物中,有三分之一在被吃掉之前就已经损失或浪费了。而在新鲜水果和蔬菜方面,这个比例更是高达二分之一。而浪费的问题存在于供应链的每一个环节:从农场,到运输市场,再到商店、餐厅,甚至是我们的家庭。而这不仅仅是食物的浪费,更是土地、水资源、化肥、劳动力、能源、燃料、包装,以及农民和我们自己口袋里的金钱的浪费。如果把全球食物浪费看作一个国家,那么它的温室气体排放量将位居世界第三,仅次于中国和美国。For decades, all around the world, we've relied heavily on a surprisingly small number of ways to help fruits and vegetables last longer after harvest. These have gotten us a really long way, but they also have their challenges. Refrigeration is a massive energy suck, a significant source of emissions, and it's expensive. It's unfortunately why a lot of places around the world don't have access to refrigeration. Designer pesticides aren't great for our long-term health or the environment. Waxes, some can be plant-based, but a lot of them are also animal-derived or petroleum-derived, and they help make produce look better but not really meaningfully extend their life and quality. And packaging, that's just adding to our problems with single-use plastics and microplastics.几十年来,全世界主要依赖数量极少的几种方法来延长水果和蔬菜的保鲜期。这些方法确实在一定程度上帮助了我们,但也带来了挑战。冷藏消耗巨大的能源,是温室气体的重要排放源,而且成本高昂,这也是为什么世界上很多地方至今无法普及冷藏。至于人工合成的农药,对人类的长期健康和环境都并不友好。蜡涂层方面,有些是植物基的,但更多是动物性或石油提取的,它们能让农产品外观看起来更好,却不能真正有效地延长其保质期和品质。而包装,则让一次性塑料和微塑料的问题更加严重。
If you've got a phone or a fitness tracker, you're probably checking your steps each day. Reach 10,000 and you feel smug. Why? Well, we've been told it's the number to aim for – the threshold for health gains. 如果你拥有一部手机或者一个健身追踪器,你就很可能每天都会查看你的行走步数。一旦达到一万步你可能就会沾沾自喜。这是为什么呢?因为我们常常听说应该以每天走一万步为目标,它是令人更加健康的门槛。But a review of previous studies in medical journal The Lancet, involving data on 160,000 adults worldwide, suggests a target of 7,000 steps brings plenty of health benefits, too, including reducing the risk of heart disease, dementia, depression, cancer and falls. The research found that even modest step counts of 4,000 per day were linked to better health, compared with very low activity of 2,000 a day. 但一篇研究综述刚刚被发表在了医学杂志《柳叶刀》上,这项研究囊括了全球 16 万名成人的健康数据,研究结果显示每天步行 7000 步也能为健康带来许多益处,包括降低患心脏病、痴呆、抑郁、癌症和意外跌倒的风险。研究发现,即使每天仅走上 4000 步,和活动量非常小的 2000 步相比,也能改善健康状况。For most health conditions, the benefits tended to level off beyond 7,000 steps, although there were additional advantages to walking further for the heart. The review can't prove that daily steps alone reduce the risk of disease. Some of the findings were based on only a small number of studies, but they say encouraging people to track their steps is a practical way to improve their health. And adding a step count target into official exercise guidance could be useful for everyone.对于大多数健康问题来说,每天步行带来的益处似乎在 7000 步以后就逐渐趋平,不再有明显的变化,不过再多走一些对心脏健康还有其它好处。这篇综述未能证明仅靠每天步行就能降低患病风险。虽然一些结论仅基于少量研究,但研究人员表示鼓励人们追踪每天所走的步数是改善健康的一种切实可行的方法;并且,在官方锻炼指南中加入行走步数作为目标可能对所有人都有益。
What do rubber tyres have to do with delicious food? The answer lies in the story of the Michelin brothers. French inventors Edouard and Andre Michelin created the Michelin tyre company in 1889 and transformed the travel industry. A few decades later, they began publishing a guide to highlight food in restaurants worth travelling for, which, of course, they'd need strong Michelin tyres to reach. Nowadays, the coveted Michelin star – an award given to only the world's finest restaurants – is one of the culinary world's highest accolades. But the rating system is somewhat shrouded in mystery.橡胶轮胎与美味食物有什么关系? 答案在于米其林兄弟的故事。 法国发明家爱德华(Edouard)和安德烈·米歇林(Andre Michelin)于1889年成立了米其林轮胎公司,并改变了旅游业。 几十年后,他们开始发布一份指南,以突出值得旅行的餐馆中的食物,当然,他们需要强大的米其林轮胎才能到达。 如今,令人垂涎的米其林之星(仅授予世界上最好的餐厅)是烹饪界最高的荣誉之一。 但是评级系统在某种程度上笼罩在神秘之中。The Michelin Guide itself says their inspectors take into account five criteria: the quality of the ingredients, the harmony of flavours, the mastery of techniques, the personality of the chef as expressed through their cuisine and consistency both across the entire menu and over time. But the inspectors are anonymous, and chefs are always kept in the dark about when they are going to visit. "We're never aware of the inspectors' visit," said Julia Sedefdjian, who became France's youngest Michelin-starred chef at the age of 21. "If they introduce themselves, it's only after they've eaten. And often – very often – they never introduce themselves at all."《米其林指南》本身说,他们的检查员考虑了五个标准:成分的质量,口味的和谐,掌握技术的掌握,厨师的个性,通过其美食和整个菜单上的菜单和一致性表达。 但是检查员是匿名的,厨师何时要访问厨师。 朱莉娅·塞夫迪安(Julia Sedefdjian)说:“我们从来没有意识到检查员的访问,他在21岁时成为法国最年轻的米其林星级厨师。“如果他们自我介绍,只有在他们吃饭之后,他们就经常 - 经常 - 通常 - 他们从不介绍自己。”And how much does the overall ambience of a restaurant play into the ratings? Ideas vary. Chef Maxime Bouttier, who has worked in Michelin-starred restaurants across France for 15 years, thinks details like white tablecloths and background piano music can help to tick boxes for inspectors. Despite this, Bouttier's own restaurant doesn't have tablecloths, and his clientele listen to '80s rap while dining, yet his restaurant earnt a star less than a year after opening. The Michelin Guide says a Michelin star is awarded for the food on the plate, nothing else, and that the style and degree of formality have no bearing on the award whatsoever.餐厅的整体氛围有多少? 想法各不相同。 厨师Maxime Bouttier曾在法国各地的米其林星级餐厅工作了15年,他认为诸如白色桌布和背景钢琴音乐之类的细节可以帮助检查员打勾检查员。 尽管如此,Bouttier自己的餐厅没有桌布,他的客户在用餐时听着80年代的说唱,但他的餐厅在开业后不到一年就赚了一颗明星。 《米其林指南》说,米其林明星因盘子上的食物而被授予,别无其他,形式的风格和程度与该奖项无关。Michelin stars can make or break a chef's culinary career. Earning one gives a chef more recognition, more table bookings and can allow them to raise their prices. But there's also the risk of losing one, and with that comes a lot of pressure. 位米其林明星可以使厨师的烹饪生涯创造或破坏。 赚取的人会给厨师提供更多的认可,更多的餐桌预订,并可以使他们提高价格。 但是,也有失去一个的风险,随之而来的是很大的压力。
Kew's Palm House is a wonder of the Victorian age. When it opened in 1848, it was the largest glass house ever constructed. But the hot and humid conditions inside that are essential for the tropical plants it houses have taken their toll on the building. Its ornate painted metalwork is rusting, and 16,000 panes of glass need to be replaced.邱园的棕榈温室是维多利亚时代的奇观。在 1848 年开放时,它曾是当时人类建造过的最大的玻璃温室。然而,它内部的高温潮湿环境对于它所收容的热带植物来说是必需的,不过这也让建筑本身受到了损害。棕榈温室装饰华丽的、涂有颜料的金属部件开始生锈,1 万 6 千块玻璃窗板也需要被更换。The renovation will begin in two years' time. But the horticulturalists at Kew have already started to relocate some of the precious plants as more than 1,000 species need to be removed and safely stored before work can start. Kew is also taking the opportunity to make the greenhouse much greener, replacing the gas boilers with huge heat pumps to drastically cut its emissions.翻新工程将在两年后开始。但邱园的园艺师们已经开始着手迁移部分珍贵的植物,因为有超过 1000 种植物品种需要在施工前被移出并妥善保存。邱园还将借此机会让温室变得更加环保,用大型热泵替代燃气锅炉,以大幅减少污染物排放量。
Use of technology in sports is supposed to be able to provide accurate and instant feedback, with better decision-making and reduced errors compared to human intervention. But is that always the case?1在体育中使用技术应该能够提供准确,即时的反馈,与人干预相比,决策更好,并且错误减少。 但是总是这样吗?The annual tennis tournament Wimbledon made the decision this year to replace their line judges. These have traditionally been men and women who judge whether the ball is in or out of bounds, but they were switched out for AI that analyses camera footage, which should be faster and more accurate. Despite this, the electronic line calling system failed just a week into the 2025 championship. The ball-tracking technology was turned off by a person accidentally. This meant a point had to be replayed, which resulted in Sonay Kartal controversially winning the game. If technology needs humans to operate it in the first place, whose fault is it in situations like these where things go wrong?年度网球锦标赛温布尔登今年决定取代他们的阵容法官。 传统上,这些是男人和女人,他们判断球是界限还是超出范围,但是他们被转移到了分析摄像机镜头的AI上,这应该更快,更准确。 尽管如此,在2025年锦标赛中,电子线路通话系统还是失败了一周。 偶然的人关闭了球跟踪技术。 这意味着必须重播一个观点,这导致Sonay Kartal有争议地赢得了比赛。 如果技术首先需要人类来操作它,那么在这种情况下出现问题的情况下是谁的错?In football, referees often come under fire for their decision-making. But VAR, that's 'video assistant referee', is regularly used in football these days too. A referee can ask for a VAR check, which means that if they are unsure of something, like the awarding of a penalty, they can double-check their own judgement. However, last football season, VAR made oversights which angered a lot of managers, players and fans. They said the system was notfit for purpose and even favoured some teams over others. Despite this, the Premier League's chief football officer, Tony Scholes, said during the middle of last year's season that standards were actually higher than ever. "Before VAR, 82% of the decisions made were deemed to be correct. In the season so far, that figure is 96%," he said.在足球比赛中,裁判经常因决策而受到抨击。 但是,这是“视频助理裁判”,如今也经常在足球中使用。 裁判可以要求进行VAR检查,这意味着,如果他们不确定某件事,例如判处罚款,他们可以仔细检查自己的判断。 但是,上一个足球赛季,VAR进行了监督,激怒了许多经理,球员和球迷。 他们说,该系统不适合目的,甚至偏爱其他团队而不是其他团队。 尽管如此,英超联赛的首席足球官托尼·斯科尔斯(Tony Scholes)表示,在去年中期,标准实际上比以往任何时候都要高。 他说:“在VAR之前,做出的决定中有82%被认为是正确的。到目前为止,这个数字为96%。”So,why do we still not trust technology if it often improves a situation? Professor Gina Neff from Cambridge University says that we have a very strong, in-built sense of fairness." The machine makes decisions based on the set of rules it's been programmed to adjudicate," she said. "Right now, in many areas where AI is touching our lives, we feel like humans understand the context much better than the machine."那么,如果技术经常改善情况,为什么我们仍然不信任技术? 剑桥大学的吉娜·内夫(Gina Neff)教授说,我们有一种非常强烈的内在公平意识。“该机器根据一套规则做出了决定,它已被编程以裁定,”她说。 “目前,在AI触及我们生活的许多领域,我们觉得人类比机器更好地了解环境。”Whether you trust it or not, technology is here to stay, including in the world of sport.无论您是否信任,技术都将留在这里,包括运动世界。
The logic of common knowledge and social relationships explains why we all deplore the hypocrisy and white lies and role playing of everyday social interaction, but we wouldn't want to live without them.公共知识与社会关系的逻辑,解释了为什么我们一方面都厌恶日常社交中的虚伪、小谎言以及角色扮演,但另一方面又不愿意没有它们的生活。As dystopian comedies like "Liar Liar" play out.就像反乌托邦式喜剧《大话王》(Liar Liar)所展现的那样。Our relationships are underpinned by a common understanding of limitless loyalty and generosity.我们的关系是建立在一种“无限忠诚与慷慨”的共同理解之上的。Privately, we know they're fictions, but making these rude realities common knowledge would pollute the pool of common assumptions that allow us to get along.私下里,我们都知道这些是虚构的,但如果把这些残酷的现实变成公共知识,就会污染那一池让我们得以相处的共同假设。We also have to get along in less intimate relationships, and in those cases, we rely on norms: ways of living together that aren't written down by lawgivers or enforced by the police, but exist because everyone knows they exist.我们还需要在不那么亲密的关系中相处,在这些情况下,我们依赖于“规范”——它们不是立法者写下的,也不是由警察强制执行的,而是因为每个人都知道它们存在,所以它们才存在。In social life, basic civility depends on norms such as that you don't brazenly lie, you don't insult people to their faces, you don't prosecute personal vendettas.在社会生活中,基本的礼貌依赖于一些规范,比如:你不能厚颜无耻地撒谎、不能当面侮辱他人、不能公报私仇。In the anarchic global arena, peace depends on norms such as that nation states are immortal, national borders are grandfathered in, conquest is unacceptable, and nuclear weapons are unthinkable.在无政府状态的全球舞台上,和平依赖于一些规范,比如:国家是永久存在的、国界是既定且不可轻易更改的、征服行为是不可接受的、使用核武器是不可想象的。These norms arepropped upby nothing but common acceptance, and so they're vulnerable to imploding if they are overtly flouted, or even if there is loose talk about flouting them.这些规范仅仅依靠“普遍接受”来支撑,因此一旦被公然违背,甚至只是被随意谈论要违背,它们就有可能瞬间崩塌。I hope that, having explained the logic behind human harmony, I don't have to explain how these norms are currently under threat or what is at stake if we lose them.我希望,在解释了人类和谐背后的逻辑之后,我就不必再解释这些规范目前是如何受到威胁,以及如果失去它们会付出怎样的代价。As a man once said, "What's there to say? It's so obvious."正如有人曾经说过的:“这还有什么好说的?太明显了。”
Or laughter, where an unignorable noise can expose the common assumptions among everyone who gets the joke.或者是笑声,那种无法忽视的声音能够揭示所有明白这个笑话的人之间的共同假设。Conversely, when we worry about upending a relationship, we might go to great lengths to repress common knowledge. We might avoid looking someone in the eye, or pretend to ignore the elephant in the room or mumble with great incoherence.相反,当我们担心会颠覆一段关系时,可能会竭尽全力压制“公共知识”。我们可能会避免直视对方的眼睛,假装忽视房间里的“大象”,或者用极其含糊的方式咕哝说话。This is why, in everyday conversation, we often don't blurt out what we mean in so many words, but veil our intentions in innuendo and euphemism, counting on our listeners to catch ourdrift.这就是为什么在日常对话中,我们常常不会直截了当地说出自己的意思,而是用暗示和委婉语来掩饰自己的意图,并依赖听众去心领神会。A classic example is the sexual come on "Would you like to come up and see my etchings," which by the 1930s was so familiar that James Thurber could draw a cartoon in which the hapless man says to his date, "You wait here and I'll bring the etchings down."一个经典的例子是性暗示“你想上楼看看我的蚀刻画吗”,到了20世纪30年代已经如此普及,以至于詹姆斯·瑟伯能画出这样一幅漫画:倒霉的男士对他的约会对象说,“你在这等着,我把蚀刻画拿下来给你看。”A century later, etchings has become “Netflix and chill.”一个世纪后,“蚀刻画”已经变成了“Netflix and chill”(看网飞电影并发生亲密关系的委婉说法)。We also veil our bribes, as in, "Gee, officer, is there some way we might settle the ticket here?"我们也会掩饰我们的贿赂,比如说:“哎呀,警官,有没有办法我们可以在这里把罚单的事解决掉?”And our threats, as in, "I'm so delighted to learn that you're on the jury of the Soprano trial. It's an important civic duty that we should all take part in. You've got a wife and kids, we know you'll do the right thing."同样,我们也会掩饰我们的威胁,比如说:“我很高兴得知你是‘索普拉诺'审判的陪审员。这是一项我们都应该参与的重要公民义务。你有妻子和孩子,我们相信你会做正确的事。”The point of innuendo is not plausible deniability because these euphemisms don't pass the giggle test, but rather deniability of common knowledge.暗示的目的并不是为了让自己“貌似有否认的可能”,因为这些委婉语经不起一笑置之的检验,而是为了否认“公共知识”的成立。If Harry says to Sally, "Want to come up for Netflix and chill," and Sally turns him down, well, Sally knows she's turned down a sexual overture, and Harry knows that Sally has turned down a sexual overture.如果哈利对莎莉说:“要不要上楼Netflix and chill?”而莎莉拒绝了,那么莎莉知道自己拒绝了一个性暗示,哈利也知道莎莉拒绝了一个性暗示。But does Sally know that Harry knows? She could think, "Maybe he thinks I'm naive."但是莎莉知道哈利知道吗?她可能会想:“也许他觉得我很天真。”And does Harry know that Sally knows that Harry knows? He could think, "Maybe she thinks I'm dense."而哈利知道莎莉知道哈利知道吗?他可能会想:“也许她觉得我很迟钝。”Without the common knowledge, they can maintain the fiction of a platonic relationship.没有公共知识,他们就能维持一种“柏拉图式关系”的假象。But if Harry were to have said, “Want to come up and have sex,” and Sally said no, well, now Harry knows that Sally knows that Harry knows that Sally knows.但是,如果哈利说的是:“要不要上楼做爱?”而莎莉拒绝了,那么此时哈利知道莎莉知道哈利知道莎莉知道。With this common knowledge, they can no longer maintain the fiction of a platonic friendship.有了这样的公共知识,他们就再也无法维持柏拉图式友谊的假象了。And that's what lies behind the intuition that with bare-faced speech, you can't take it back. It's out there.这正是那种直觉背后的原因:一旦赤裸裸地说出来,就无法收回——它已经在那里了。
This can set off cycles of exuberant recursive mentalizing, as investors desperately search for focal points, each one buying an investment not because of its inherent productive value but because they hope to unload it at a profit on future investors, greater fools.这会引发一种亢奋的递归心理博弈循环——投资者拼命寻找“焦点”,他们买入一种投资并不是因为它本身具有生产价值,而是希望将它高价转手卖给未来的投资者,也就是所谓的“更大的傻瓜”。This can set everyone off in search of conspicuous focal points such as Super Bowl ads. Everyone knows that everyone watches the Super Bowl. In 2022, cryptocurrency exchanges ran high-concept ads in which they tried to gin up a common expectation of rising prices not by touting any of the advantages of cryptocurrency but by warning, "Don't be like Larry. Don't miss out."这会让所有人去寻找显眼的焦点,比如“超级碗”的广告。人人都知道人人会看超级碗。2022年,加密货币交易所投放了创意十足的广告,他们试图制造一种价格上涨的共同预期,不是通过宣传加密货币的优势,而是通过警告人们——“别像拉里那样错过机会。”Now, of course, it's only so long that an asset can levitate in midair, suspended by nothing but common expectation. Bubbles pop when the market runs out of greater fools who don't want to miss out on the next best thing or when the doubt itself becomes common knowledge.当然,一项资产只靠共同预期“悬在空中”的时间有限。当市场上再也没有愿意接盘、不想错过下一个机会的“更大的傻瓜”,或者当怀疑本身变成了公共知识时,泡沫就会破裂。This can send investors running for the exits, each desperate to sell a security out of fear that everyone else is desperate to sell it. The result can be a bank run or hyperinflation or a Great Depression.这会导致投资者争相出逃——每个人都急着卖掉手中的证券,因为害怕其他人也急着卖。结果可能就是银行挤兑、恶性通货膨胀,甚至是大萧条。When Franklin Delano Roosevelt said, "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself," it was not a feel-good bromide, but a theorem of common knowledge.当富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福说“我们唯一需要害怕的就是恐惧本身”时,这并不是一句鼓舞人心的鸡汤,而是“公共知识”定理的体现。With investors constantly on the lookout for focal points, financial leaders have to be wordsmiths, mystics and occasionally, comedians. Alan Greenspan once said, "Since I've become a central banker, I've learned to mumble with great incoherence."在投资者不断寻找“焦点”的环境下,金融领袖必须既是语言大师,又是神秘主义者,有时甚至是喜剧演员。艾伦·格林斯潘曾说:“自从我成了央行行长,我就学会了用极度含糊的方式咕哝说话。”"If I seem unduly clear to you, you must have misunderstood what I said."“如果我看起来说得过于清楚,那你一定是误解了我的意思。”After Jimmy Carter told his inflation czar, Alfred Kahn, never to use the self-fulfilling word "depression," he said, "OK, but we're in danger of having the biggest banana in 45 years."当吉米·卡特告诉他的通胀主管阿尔弗雷德·卡恩,绝不能使用那个会自我应验的词——“经济萧条”——时,卡恩说:“好吧,但我们正面临45年来最大的香蕉危机。”My own interest in common knowledge comes from its role in social relationships. A relationship is a coordination game. Two people are friends or lovers or allies, or dominant and subordinate or transaction partners because each one knows the other one knows that they are.我个人对“公共知识”的兴趣,源于它在社会关系中的作用。一段关系本质上是一场协调游戏。两个人之所以是朋友、恋人、盟友,或者是上下级、交易伙伴,是因为他们彼此知道对方知道他们的关系。And this common knowledge can be cemented by a number of common knowledge generating signals. Like eye contact, where you're looking at the part of the person that's looking at the part of you that's looking at that part of them. Or blushing, where you feel the heat of the cheeks, reddening of your cheeks from the inside, knowing that other people can see it from the outside.这种“公共知识”可以通过多种能生成公共知识的信号来巩固。例如,眼神接触——你在看对方看着你的那个部位;又或者是脸红——你从内部感受到脸颊发热变红,同时知道别人从外部能看到这一点。
At larger scales, common salience or focal points and conventions, drive a lot of our legal and financial coordination. An everyday example is driving on the left, or on the right. It doesn't matter as long as everyone agrees to drive on the same side, as in the joke about the woman who calls her husband during his morning commute and says, "Be careful, honey. The radio says that there's a maniac driving on the wrong side of the freeway."在更大的范围内,共同的显著性(焦点)和约定,驱动了我们大量的法律与金融协作。一个日常例子是——在左侧行驶还是在右侧行驶。只要大家一致,选哪一边都无所谓。这就像那个笑话:一位女士在丈夫的早高峰通勤途中打电话对他说:“小心点,亲爱的,广播里说高速公路上有个疯子在逆行。”And he says, "One maniac? There are hundreds of them."丈夫回答:“一个疯子?有几百个呢。”Another everyday example is money. I accept a piece of paper in exchange for an old chair, because I know that my grocer will accept it in exchange for some groceries because he knows his supplier will accept it, and so on.另一个日常例子是货币。我愿意用一张纸来交换一把旧椅子,因为我知道杂货商会接受它换取食品,而他也知道他的供货商会接受它,如此循环。Now not all the examples are this obvious. Why are autocrats terrified of public protests? Well the basic reason was explained by Gandhi in the eponymous movie when he said, "100,000 Englishmen cannot control 350 million Indians if the Indians refuse to cooperate." The problem is that the Indians can't refuse to cooperate if each one fears that no one will join him.当然,并非所有例子都这么显而易见。为什么独裁者会害怕公众示威?根本原因在《甘地》这部电影中就有解释——甘地说:“如果印度人拒绝合作,十万英国人无法统治三亿五千万印度人。”问题在于,如果每个印度人都担心没有人会和自己一起行动,他们就不可能拒绝合作。In a public demonstration, each protester can see the other protesters see the other protesters, and this common knowledge allows them to coordinate their resistance, whether by literally storming the palace or by bringing the apparatus of the state to a halt through boycotts and work stoppages.在一次公开示威中,每个抗议者都能看到其他抗议者看到其他抗议者的存在,这种“公共知识”让他们得以协调抵抗——无论是直接冲击王宫,还是通过抵制与罢工让国家机器停摆。This is the basis for a joke from the old Soviet Union, in which a man in Red Square is handing out leaflets to passersby. Soon enough, the KGB arrest him, only to discover that the leaflets are blanksheetsof paper. They say, "What is the meaning of this?"这就是一个来自前苏联笑话的逻辑基础:一个人在红场向路人发传单,很快就被克格勃逮捕。但当他们查看传单时,发现全是白纸。他们问:“这是什么意思?”And the man says, "What's there to say? It's so obvious."那人答道:“还用说吗?这不是显而易见吗?”The point of the joke is the man was generating subversive common knowledge. And in a case of life imitating a joke, in recent years, Russian police have arrested several people for holding, yes, blank signs.这个笑话的重点是——那个人在制造颠覆性的“公共知识”。而在现实生活模仿笑话的案例中,近年来俄罗斯警方确实逮捕了几名举着……对,空白标语牌的人。Another non-obvious example comes from the world of investing. John Maynard Keynes compared speculative investing to a newspaper beauty contest, in which the winner is not the woman with the prettiest face but the contestant who chooses the face that is chosen by the greatest number of other contestants, each of whom is anticipating the choices of other contestants, and so on.另一个不那么显而易见的例子来自投资领域。约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯将投机投资比作报纸上的选美比赛,比赛的赢家并不是选出最美面孔的人,而是选出最多其他参赛者会选的面孔的人——而每个参赛者都在推测其他参赛者的选择,如此往复。
When the little boy said the emperor was naked, he wasn't telling them anything they didn't already know. But he added to their knowledge nonetheless. By blurting out what everyone could see within earshot of the others, he ensured that everyone knew that everyone else knew what they knew, that everyone knew that, and so on. And that changed their relationship with the emperor from obsequious deference to ridicule and scorn.当那个小男孩说皇帝没穿衣服时,他并没有告诉大家他们原本不知道的事情。但他仍然在一定程度上增加了他们的认知。因为他当众喊出大家都能看到的事实,让所有人都知道了其他人也知道他们所知道的,而所有人也知道这一点,如此循环往复。于是,这改变了他们对皇帝的态度——从谄媚恭敬转为嘲笑与蔑视。Hans Christian Andersen's immortal story draws on a momentous logical distinction. With private knowledge, I know something, and you know it. With common knowledge, I know that fact, and you know it, but in addition, I know that you know it, and you know that I know it, and I know that you know that I know it, ad infinitum. Of course, the reason that common knowledge is significant is that it is essential for coordination.安徒生这篇不朽的故事揭示了一个重要的逻辑区别:在“私有知识”中,我知道某件事,你也知道它。而在“公共知识”中,我知道这个事实,你也知道,但除此之外,我知道你知道它,你也知道我知道它,我还知道你知道我知道它,如此无限递归。当然,“公共知识”之所以重要,是因为它对于协调行动至关重要。In a classic example from Thomas Schelling, a couple is separated in Manhattan, incommunicado, and somehow must find each other. Well he knows that she likes to browse the aisles of certain bookstore, so he heads there. But then he realizes that she knows that he likes to hang out in a certain camera store, so he changes course until he figures that she will anticipate that he will guess that she will opt for the bookstore. So he does another about face, only for it to dawn on him that it will occur to her that he knows that she is aware that he likes to haunt the bookstore, so he pirouettes once again. Meanwhile, she is whipsawed by the same futile empathy. Nothing short of common knowledge can guarantee that they'll end up at the same place and at the same time.托马斯·谢林的一个经典例子是:一对情侣在曼哈顿走散,无法联系,但必须想办法找到对方。男方知道女方喜欢逛某家书店,于是往那边走;但他又想到,女方知道他喜欢待在某家相机店,于是改道过去;接着他又推测,女方可能会预料到他会猜她会选择书店,于是他再次掉头;然而他又意识到,女方可能会想到他知道她清楚他喜欢去书店,于是他又转回去。与此同时,女方也在被同样无休止的推测折腾着。除了“公共知识”,没有任何东西能确保他们在同一时间出现在同一地点。Of course, no one can think an infinite Russian doll of “I know that she knows that I know that she knows” thoughts. Our heads start to spin with three or four layers, let alone an infinite number.当然,没有人能在脑中无限套娃地思考“我知道她知道我知道她知道”这种想法。三四层就足以让人头晕,更别说无限层了。In a well-known episode of "Friends," Phoebe says to Rachel, “They don't know we know they know we know. Joey, you can't say anything!"在著名美剧《老友记》的一集中,菲比对瑞秋说:“他们不知道我们知道他们知道我们知道。乔伊,你什么也不能说!”And he replies, "I couldn't even if I wanted to!"乔伊回答:“我就算想说,也说不出来!”Instead, common knowledge can be captured in a simple mental intuition that something is public or conspicuous or out there, and that can be conveyed by direct speech. In the case of our separated couple, a cell phone call. Indeed, solving coordination dilemmas may be the reason that language evolved in our species in the first place.实际上,“公共知识”可以通过一种简单的心理直觉来获得——某事是公开的、显而易见的、众所周知的——而这种状态可以通过直接的语言传递。在走散情侣的例子中,一个电话就足够了。事实上,解决协调困境可能正是人类语言最初演化的原因之一。In the absence of a public event, the next best thing is conspicuous salience, or a focal point. Schelling suggests that our couple might gravitate toward the big clock in Grand Central Station, even if it wasn't particularly close to the point at which they'd been separated, simply because each might anticipate that it would pop into the mind of the other.如果没有公共事件,次优的选择是明显的“显著性”或“焦点”。谢林建议,这对情侣可能会选择去中央车站的大钟下见面,即使它离他们走散的地方并不近,仅仅是因为他们都可能想到对方会首先想到这个地方。A third solution is a convention. A tacit agreement to do something in a certain way for no other reason than they have agreed to do it that way, which is reason enough. Our separated couple might agree that should they ever be separated in the future, they will adopt the convention of chivalry and go to the bookstore. Or patriarchy, and go to the camera store. Or whimsy, and go to a lost-and-found in a department store. Or fairness, and take turns or flip coins.第三种解决方式是“约定”。即双方默契地同意以某种方式行事,唯一的理由就是他们已经同意了这样做,而这本身就足够了。这对走散的情侣可能会约定,如果以后再走散,就按照“骑士精神”去书店;或者按照“男权主义”去相机店;又或者凭“异想天开”去百货商店的失物招领处;或者讲求“公平”,轮流决定或抛硬币来定。
Archaeological evidence indicates that ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia may have been in contact at least 10,000 years ago, when people in Mesopotamia began to farm and domesticate animals, and so making the transition from hunter-gatherers to an agricultural society. Many scholars believe that this social and technological revolution may have influenced similar developments in ancient Egypt, but there's been no irrefutable proof of direct contact between the populations until now.考古证据表明,古埃及文明和美索不达米亚文明可能早在一万年前就有过接触。当时,美索不达米亚人开始进行农垦并驯化动物,从而开启了从狩猎采集者向农耕社会的转变。许多学者相信,这一社会和技术变革可能影响了古埃及文明的类似发展进程,但此前还没有确凿的证据证明两个人群之间发生过直接接触。Scientists have been using ancient DNA analysis to track changes in human evolution over millions of years, but refinements of the technique mean the technology now has the potential to show more recent historical events in a new way.科学家一直在用对人类远古 DNA 的分析来追踪人类在数百万年间的进化过程,但这项技术的改进意味着它现在有可能以一种新的方式呈现更近期的历史事件。
Surprisingly, severed tissues can survive for a few hours without these resources. And keeping them cool further slows the rate of tissue death, generally giving surgeons a 6-to-12-hour window for reattachment. But once the tissues die, reconnecting them won't bring them back to life.令人惊讶的是,断裂的组织即使没有这些资源,也能存活几个小时。而将其保持低温则能进一步减缓组织坏死的速度,通常可以为外科医生争取 6 到 12 小时的再植时间。但一旦组织死亡,即使重新连接,也无法让它们“复活”。This tight timeline is especially challenging for surgeons. Due to the issues we've already mentioned, reattachment operations are fairly uncommon. So most hospitals don't have the tools and expertise required to tackle these time-sensitive procedures. And even if they do, nerve repair is extremely tricky. With perfectly clean cuts, surgeons can attempt to stitch nerves back together directly. And when a cut is ragged, they may try to create nerve conduits— tunnels between nerve ends that can allow the nerves to reconnect over time. But neither these, nor any other surgical options, reliably restore movement and sensation.这紧迫的时间限制对外科医生来说尤其具有挑战性。由于前面提到的种种问题,再植手术相当罕见,因此大多数医院并没有应对这种时间敏感型手术所需的工具和专业技术。即便具备条件,神经修复也是极其棘手的工作。在切口整齐的情况下,外科医生可以尝试直接将神经缝合;而如果切口参差不齐,他们可能会尝试制作“神经导管”——一种连接神经断端的隧道,使神经能够随着时间重新连接。但无论是这些方法还是其他手术手段,都无法确保可靠地恢复肢体的运动和感觉。All these obstacles make it highly unlikely that a lost limb can be reattached. However, medical technology has developed another dependable solution for amputation: prosthetics. Today, prostheses come in countless forms to replace numerous body parts. Prosthetic legs are excellent for walking and running. Prosthetic arms have historically struggled to replicate our hands' fine motor movements. However, new myoelectric prostheses can detect electrical activity in nearby muscles and then translate those signals into relatively precise movements.所有这些障碍使得断肢能够成功再植的可能性极低。然而,医学技术发展出了另一种可靠的截肢解决方案——假肢。如今,假肢的形式多种多样,可以替代人体的不同部位。假肢腿在行走和跑步方面表现出色;而假肢手臂在历史上一直难以复制人手的精细运动。然而,新的肌电假肢可以检测邻近肌肉的电活动,并将这些信号转化为相对精确的动作。But perhaps the most dramatic development in prosthetic technology is transcutaneous osseointegration. First successfully performed in 1990, this procedure surgically anchors a metal implant into the bone of the remaining limb. The bone then grows into the crevices of the metal, creating a permanent connection. These implants extend through a portal in the skin, and can be attached to any prosthesis, which solves a handful of common prosthetic issues. Where traditional prosthetics can be heavy, providing a direct skeletal connection makes their weight feel more natural. Osseointegrated prosthetics are also less likely to irritate the skin where they attach, and they can offer more sensation by transmitting forces like vibration through the implant to the bone.或许,假肢技术中最引人注目的发展是“经皮骨整合”技术。该技术于 1990 年首次成功实施,它通过手术将金属植入物固定在残肢的骨骼中,随后骨骼会长入金属的缝隙中,从而形成永久连接。这些植入物会穿出皮肤的开口,并可以连接到任何假肢上,从而解决了许多传统假肢的常见问题。传统假肢可能较为笨重,而直接的骨骼连接能让重量感更加自然。经皮骨整合假肢也不易刺激与之接触的皮肤,并且能够通过将震动等力量从植入物传递到骨骼,为使用者提供更多的感知。Even with all these new technologies, not everyone wants to replace or reattach a lost limb. After an amputation, some people opt to rely on their remaining limbs, with or without the help ofmobilityaids and other adaptive equipment.即便有了这些新技术,并不是每个人都希望替换或再植失去的肢体。截肢后,有些人选择依靠剩余的肢体生活,无论是否借助助行器或其他适应性设备。
After a long day helping patients in the emergency room, Priya is prepping dinner when her knife slips and neatly severs her finger. Fortunately, being an ER doctor, she knows exactly what to do.在急诊室忙碌了一整天帮助病人后,普莉娅正在准备晚餐,突然刀子一滑,干净利落地切断了她的手指。幸运的是,作为一名急诊医生,她非常清楚该怎么做。First, she cleans the wound with a wet paper towel and bandages her finger—careful not to wrap the wound too tightly. To manage the pain, she knows not to take ibuprofen, which would prevent the wound from clotting, and instead opts for acetaminophen. Then she rinses off the severed finger, wraps it in a clean, moist towel, and puts it in a cooler while avoiding direct contact with ice. Finally, she rushes to the hospital, where luckily, a skilled hand surgeon is on staff. Thanks to the clean cut and Priya's rapid response, the surgeon can get to work. They set the bones and fix them in place with wires before repairing the tendons, nerves, blood vessels, and finally, the skin. The entire incident is finished in about eight hours, and after a few months of occupational therapy, Priya's hand is back in action.首先,她用湿纸巾清理伤口,然后为手指包扎,注意不要缠得太紧。为了缓解疼痛,她知道不能服用会阻碍伤口凝血的布洛芬,而是选择对乙酰氨基酚。接着,她冲洗被切断的手指,用干净湿润的毛巾包好,放入冷藏箱中,并避免手指直接接触冰块。最后,她赶往医院,幸好医院有一位经验丰富的手外科医生值班。得益于整齐的切口和普莉娅的快速反应,外科医生得以立即开始手术。他们先将骨头对齐并用钢丝固定,再修复肌腱、神经、血管,最后缝合皮肤。整个过程大约耗时八小时,几个月的职业康复治疗后,普莉娅的手恢复如初。This is the ideal outcome for reattaching a body part. Unfortunately, it's also incredibly unlikely— and not just because most people aren't as prepared as Priya. In reality, there are countless complications that come up with most accidental amputations.这是身体部位再植的理想结局。不幸的是,这种情况极为罕见——不仅仅是因为大多数人不像普莉娅那样做好了充分准备。实际上,大多数意外截肢都会出现无数的并发症。First, there's the accident. Unlike Priya's clean cut, most traumatic amputations occur in car crashes or industrial accidents that cause extensive, uneven tissue damage and dirty the wound in a way that prevents reattachment. Plus, more than half of all limb amputations in the United States are due to disease, and limbs removed for medical reasons obviously aren't safe to reattach. Then, there's preserving the limb. When a body part is severed, its blood circulation is cut off, stopping the influx of oxygen and other nutrients.首先是事故本身。与普莉娅整齐的切口不同,大多数创伤性截肢发生在车祸或工业事故中,这类事故会造成大面积、不均匀的组织损伤,并使伤口污染,从而无法再植。此外,美国超过一半的肢体截肢是由疾病引起的,而因医疗原因切除的肢体显然也不适合再植。其次是肢体的保存问题。当身体部位被切断时,其血液循环会中断,氧气和其他营养物质的供应随之停止。
They're not the same, are they? The smiles you see when you meet your friends and family compared with what you see from salespeople trying to get you to buy something or management consultants pretending that the bad news they're giving you is actually good news. How can we tell that someone really means it when they're smiling?1他们不一样,是吗? 与您从销售人员那里看到的东西相比,您会看到您的朋友和家人时看到的微笑,试图让您购买某物或管理顾问,假装他们给您的坏消息实际上是个好消息。 我们怎么能说出某人在微笑时确实意味着它?There are physical differences between types of smiles. 19th Century French neurologist, Guillaume Duchenne, spotted that there are two sets of muscles that are used for smiling. Unsurprisingly, one set of muscles moves the corners of your mouth. The other tightens the skin around your eyes. He noticed that only genuine smiles triggered the muscles around the eyes, leading a real smile to be named a Duchenne smile. Later research suggests that there are two pathways to triggering these sets of muscles. Those that are around the mouth can be set off voluntarily, while those around the eyes are triggered involuntarily and almost always by our emotions.微笑类型之间存在物理差异。 19世纪的法国神经科医生Guillaume Duchenne发现有两组用于微笑的肌肉。 毫不奇怪,一组肌肉会移动您的嘴角。 另一个会收紧您的眼睛周围的皮肤。 他注意到,只有真正的微笑触发了眼睛周围的肌肉,导致一个真正的微笑被称为Duchenne的微笑。 后来的研究表明,有两种触发这些肌肉的途径。 那些在嘴巴周围的人可以自愿脱离,而眼睛周围的人则是非自愿触发的,几乎总是被我们的情绪触发。A genuine smile has certain physical signs. Typically, if a smile is real, then people's cheeks are pulled up, the skin under their eyes bulges, and crow's feet can be seen at the corners of their eyes. Smiles that aren't genuine often disappear suddenly rather than fading gradually. These fake smiles are not caused by emotions, but they can get mixed with signs of the emotions that someone is genuinely feeling, like a wrinkled forehead caused by worry.真正的微笑有某些身体迹象。 通常,如果微笑是真实的,那么人们的脸颊就会拉起,眼睛下面的皮肤在凸起,而乌鸦的脚在他们的眼角可以看到。 不是真正的微笑常常突然消失,而不是逐渐消失。 这些假的微笑不是由情绪引起的,但是它们可以与某人真正感觉到的情绪的迹象混合在一起,就像由忧虑引起的皱纹额头。Even ten-month-old-babies have shown that they can identify a real smile. It may be that we have evolved to spot genuine emotion. There's clearly a benefit in being able to identify who to trust, and who may be trying to deceive us. That's not to say that fake smiles are always a problem. They can help to smooth over difficult situations and maintain politeness. But there are times when it's good to know that a smile really means something.甚至十个月大的巴克斯也表明他们可以识别出真正的微笑。 我们可能已经演变出来发现真实的情感。 能够确定谁信任谁,以及谁可能试图欺骗我们有一个好处。 这并不是说假笑总是一个问题。 他们可以帮助平滑困难的情况并保持礼貌。 但是有时候很高兴知道微笑确实意味着什么。
Most of the food on the space station is standard packaged fare, full of goodness, no doubt, but lacking that culinary je ne sais quoi which any self-respecting French astronaut so badly needs. But astronauts can bring with them a certain quantity of their own food.国际空间站上的大部分食物都是标准的预包装食品,毫无疑问,营养丰富,但是缺少那种让人回味无穷的美食风味,这是任何一位体面的法国宇航员都迫切需要的。不过,宇航员们可以携带一定数量的自备食物。And so, Sophie Adenot has teamed up with the multi-Michelin-starred Anne-Sophie Pic to draw up a list of items to help her through those long, dawnless days in weight-free orbit.因此,宇航员索菲·阿德诺特与多次获得米其林星级的名厨安妮·索菲·皮克联手,精心制定了一份美食菜单,来帮助她自己度过那些在失重的太空轨道中漫长而无晨昏的日子。One day over the Atlantic, it could be chicken with Malagasy wild pepper, tonka beans and a creamy polenta. The next day, over the Pacific, pulled beef with black garlic and smoked vanilla. And for dessert – how about a chocolate cream with crushed hazelnut?也许在某天飞越大西洋时,她的餐盘里是鸡肉配马达加斯加野胡椒、零陵香豆和奶油玉米糊。在第二天,飞越太平洋时,可能吃的就是黑蒜熏香草手撕牛肉。至于甜点的话,来一份榛子碎巧克力奶油蛋糕怎么样?Sophie Adenot says she will share the haute cuisine with her colleagues on board. It is, after all, an important moment. French gastronomic culture becoming, for the first time, extraterrestrial.索菲·阿德诺特表示,她会将这些高级菜肴与空间站上的同事们一同分享。毕竟,这是一个重要的时刻,法国的美食文化首次 “走出地球”。