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My friend Anne says that when her children were very small and they received presents, it was the packaging that excited them the most. First they would play with the brightly coloured wrapping paper, then they would play with the box, opening and closing it and when it was empty, filling it with toys they already had. It wasn't until some time later that their attention was drawn to the actual present that had been inside.我的朋友安妮说，她的孩子在很小的时候，每当收到礼物，最让他们兴奋的其实是包装。起初，他们会先玩那色彩鲜艳的包装纸，然后再玩盒子——开开关关，等到盒子空了，还会把自己已有的玩具放进去。直到过了好一阵子，他们才会注意到盒子里真正的礼物。That is so true. We're talking about the importance of packaging, in particular the design. Yeah, because adults too are drawn towards a product because of the packaging.的确如此。我们今天要谈的是包装的重要性，尤其是包装的设计。是的，因为成年人也常常因为包装而被某个产品吸引。Now if you go to any supermarket, you'll see the shelves are completely stacked with similar products from different brands. So what do you choose? Yes, and as you know, Jackie, you can often find me in the supermarket staring at bottles of wine. And actually wine labels are becoming a dominant factor for consumers when deciding which actual bottle of wine to buy.现在如果你去任何一家超市，你会看到货架上摆满了不同品牌但种类相似的产品。那么你会怎么选择呢？没错，正如你知道的，Jackie，我常常在超市里盯着酒瓶看。事实上，葡萄酒的标签已经成为消费者决定买哪一瓶酒的重要因素。And in fact, in one supermarket study, the most visible wine bottles were noticed by up to 77% more consumers than less visible bottles. Sorry, so what do you mean by visible? Well, it seemed that consumers gravitated towards the brightly coloured labels, especially red, orange and gold. And also the owners of small size shops agreed.事实上，在一项超市研究中，最显眼的酒瓶比不显眼的酒瓶多吸引了高达77%的消费者注意。抱歉，你说的“显眼”是什么意思？嗯，看起来消费者更容易被色彩鲜艳的标签吸引，尤其是红色、橙色和金色。而且，小型商店的老板们也同意这一点。They said that if a consumer is unsure of what they're looking for, it only makes sense that they actually end up choosing the most eye-catching bottle. Yeah, so standing in front of hundreds of bottles which all contain the same thing, it's the labels that help you make the choice. Now, if further proof of the importance of packaging design is needed, then the story of Tropicana needs telling.他们说，如果消费者并不确定自己想买什么，那么选择最显眼的瓶子就是合乎逻辑的。没错，当你站在摆满上百瓶内容相同的饮品前，正是那些标签帮助你做出选择。现在，如果你还需要更多关于包装设计重要性的证明，那就必须提到Tropicana的故事。Now, Tropicana, as you know, Richard, is an American company that sells fruit-based drinks. Yeah, it's orange drinks in a carton, isn't it? Yeah. Now, way back in February 2009, for some reason, the company decided to change the design on the orange juice carton.Tropicana，正如你知道的，Richard，是一家销售果汁饮料的美国公司。对，就是那种纸盒装的橙汁。是的。早在2009年2月，这家公司不知出于什么原因，决定更改橙汁包装盒的设计。After less than two months and a 20% drop in sales, worth about $20 million, Tropicana switched back to its original design, and that had cost them $35 million. So what was the big mistake then? What did they do? Well, for some bizarre reason, Tropicana took a distinctive characteristic brand look. And that's the orange with the straw, isn't it, coming out of it? Yeah, and then they replaced it with a bland, nothing special design, just a glass of orange juice.不到两个月，销量就下降了20%，损失约两千万美元。于是Tropicana被迫恢复原有的包装设计，而这一折腾共花费了三千五百万美元。那么，他们到底犯了什么大错？他们做了什么？嗯，奇怪的是，Tropicana放弃了原本极具辨识度的品牌形象——就是那个插着吸管的橙子，对吧？没错，他们把它换成了一种平淡无奇的设计——仅仅是一杯橙汁。And so the carton instantly disappeared in the masses of no-name juice cartons. Right, so the people were actually looking for that design which they were so used to, and then they couldn't find it, so they picked something else. The product had lost its visual identity, so it was more about the packaging than the content.结果，这种新包装瞬间淹没在众多无名果汁盒中。没错，人们其实在寻找他们熟悉的那个设计，当他们找不到时，就转而选择其他品牌。产品失去了视觉上的识别度，这说明问题更多出在包装而非内容本身。Mm-hmm. Now, interesting, brands of all sizes now are starting to see the value of doing extensive research. Now, in particular, Richard, they're using this eye-tracking technology.嗯，现在有趣的是，无论大小品牌都开始意识到深入研究消费者行为的重要性。尤其是，Richard，他们正在使用一种叫做“眼动追踪技术”的工具。Yes, they can tell now what exactly the consumers are looking at, can't they? They can track their eyes over the products. So they can make comparisons with different designs and which ones attract the eye of the possible consumer the most. Well, actually, I can certainly see from the consumer's point of view, it'd be interesting to see why you actually chose one bottle or one packet over another.是的，他们现在能确切知道消费者在看什么，不是吗？他们可以追踪消费者在商品上的视线移动，从而比较不同的设计，看看哪一种最能吸引潜在顾客的注意。其实，从消费者的角度来看，了解自己为什么会选择某一瓶或某一包产品，也确实挺有趣的。Yeah, and it's certainly, from a manufacturer's point of view, something that they need to know.没错，而从制造商的角度来看，这无疑是他们必须了解的关键信息。

We're looking at the wine industry. Yeah, we're looking at two countries whose wine industries have faced two very different problems recently. Richard, we're starting with South Africa.我们来看看葡萄酒产业。是的，我们要谈的是两个国家，它们的葡萄酒产业最近面临着截然不同的问题。理查德，我们先从南非开始吧。Tell us about that. Yes, well they've been making wine for quite some time, since 1659, and they are the eighth largest wine producer, producing 3.3% of the world's wine. Who do they export to? Mainly to Europe.说说南非的情况吧。好的，他们酿酒的历史可以追溯到1659年，是世界第八大葡萄酒生产国，占全球葡萄酒产量的3.3%。那他们主要出口到哪里呢？主要是欧洲。It's 13% to the UK, 11% to Germany and 3% toFrance. So they're doing quite well. Well, as it happens, wine production in South Africa has actually been gradually falling.出口比例是：英国13%、德国11%、法国3%。所以总体来说，他们的表现还不错。不过事实上，南非的葡萄酒产量近年来一直在逐渐下降。Now it's mainly because of the drought that they've been having over the last few years. Right, but for this podcast, we're talking about a specific problem they have now. Yes, they have had a specific problem this year, is that they've got a surplus stock of about 300 million litres of wine, which is about 400 million bottles.主要原因是过去几年他们经历了严重的干旱。没错，但在这期节目中，我们要讨论的是他们现在面临的一个特殊问题。是的，今年他们面临的问题是，出现了大约3亿升葡萄酒的库存过剩，相当于4亿瓶酒。That's a lot. It's about the total wine sales for them for one year. So how has that happened? I'll give you one guess.这可不少啊，这个数量几乎相当于他们一年的葡萄酒总销量。那这是怎么发生的？我让你猜猜看。Covid. Now, South Africa has the most Covid-19 deaths of any African country and the President, he decided to introduce some serious measures and these included the total ban on alcohol sales in the country. A complete total ban? Yes, the President argued that it was necessary to reduce alcohol-related illnesses and injuries so that hospitals could instead focus just on Covid-19.新冠疫情。南非是非洲新冠死亡人数最多的国家，总统决定采取严厉措施，其中包括全国范围内全面禁止酒类销售。全面禁止？是的，总统认为这样做是为了减少酒精相关疾病和伤害，好让医院能专注于治疗新冠患者。Right, OK. Now, what was the result of that? Well, the domestic wine sales decreased by 20% and, of course, exports declined as well because people in Europe were drinking less because of the pandemic. And actually, in addition, some winemakers were unable to launch any new products and the industry actually fears a loss of 27,000 jobs across the industry.好的。那么结果如何？国内葡萄酒销量下降了20%，当然出口也下降了，因为疫情期间欧洲人也减少了饮酒量。此外，一些酿酒商无法推出新产品，整个行业预计可能会失去约27,000个工作岗位。That is 10% of the total workforce of 265,000. Not looking good for South Africa then. So what's your country then, Jackie? Well, the second country produces a lot more than South Africa, between three to four billion bottles of wine.这相当于全国26.5万名葡萄酒从业者中的10%。南非的情况看起来不太乐观。那么，杰基，你说的另一个国家是哪一个？第二个国家的产量比南非高得多，每年在30到40亿瓶之间。That's got to beFrance, hasn't it? Yeah. Now, but interestingly, Richard, over the last few years, the French wine industry too has seen a steady decline. And why is that then? A number of reasons.那一定是法国，对吧？没错。不过有趣的是，理查德，近年来法国的葡萄酒产业也在持续下滑。那是为什么呢？原因有好几个。The US has imposed import taxes on French wine. The UK left, so Brexit also caused a problem. Sales to the UK dropped.美国对法国葡萄酒征收了进口税；英国脱欧也带来了问题，对英出口量下降了。And also, interestingly, competition with many New World wines. Such as South Africa. Well, exactly, exactly.还有一个原因是来自“新世界葡萄酒”的激烈竞争。比如南非。没错，正是如此。Yes, French wine's always more expensive, isn't it? But there is now a specific problem. At least a third of French wine production, worth almost 2 billion euros, will be lost this year. Wow.是的，法国葡萄酒一直比较昂贵，对吧？不过现在他们也面临一个特殊问题。今年至少三分之一的法国葡萄酒产量将损失，价值近20亿欧元。哇。Is that Covid-related? Not because of Covid. Why then? The weather. Rare freezing temperatures have devastated many vines across the country.这也是因为新冠疫情吗？不是。那是什么原因？天气。罕见的低温冻结摧毁了全国许多葡萄藤。But it's not just the bitter frost and ice, which is the worst in decades, Richard. But the problem was, it came after a bout of warm weather. So the vines started to develop earlier than usual.不仅仅是几十年来最严重的冰霜灾害，理查德，问题在于它发生在一段温暖天气之后。葡萄藤因此提前萌芽。And then they were killed off. And then they were killed off by the frost, yeah. 80% of vineyards have been affected inFrance.然后这些嫩芽就被霜冻毁掉了。是的，被冻死了。法国80%的葡萄园受到了影响。Wow, that's a lot. That's a lot, yeah. And some areas have lost all of their crops, 100% of their crops, and they don't think they'll produce a single bottle.哇，那可真严重。是的，确实如此。一些地区的葡萄作物全部被毁，100%绝收，他们甚至预计今年一瓶酒都酿不出来。It's been devastating. I'm sure. Yeah.这太毁灭性了。是啊，确实如此。But, Richard, one wine country has done well. No US tariffs, no limits on drinking during Covid and no bad weather. Wow, where's that then?Portugal.不过，理查德，有一个葡萄酒生产国的情况相当不错。没有美国关税，没有新冠期间的饮酒限制，也没有恶劣天气。哇，那是哪儿？葡萄牙。

Since TV advertising began, there has always been food adverts aimed at children. Yes, sweets, chocolate, ice cream. But that may be about to change.自从电视广告诞生以来，就一直有针对儿童的食品广告。是的，糖果、巧克力、冰淇淋——但这种情况可能即将改变。We're looking at the UK's radical plans for advertising of junk food for children.我们今天要看看英国针对儿童垃圾食品广告的一项激进计划。There's growing concern, isn't there, Richard, that children's health is being negatively affected by how food products are marketed to children.人们越来越担心，不是吗，理查德？孩子们的健康正受到食品广告营销方式的不良影响。Yes, in the UK, the government have estimated that children under the age of 16 are exposed to billions of food adverts online every year.是的，据英国政府估计，16岁以下的儿童每年在网上接触到数十亿条食品广告。But now the government's decided to do something about it. They plan to ban all junk food adverts on TV before nine o'clock in the evening and a total ban online.但现在，政府决定采取行动。他们计划在晚上九点前禁止所有垃圾食品电视广告，并在网络上全面禁止此类广告。The total ban online. This is not just for children, is it?网络上的全面禁令。这不仅仅是针对儿童的，对吧？No, because online advertisers aren't able to effectively identify which users are children and which are adults.没错，因为网络广告商无法有效区分哪些用户是儿童、哪些是成年人。So restricting all advertising is the best way to ensure that children aren't exposed to and harmed by highly influential but unhealthy food adverts.因此，全面限制广告是确保儿童不受这些具有强大影响力但不健康的食品广告伤害的最佳方法。Now, they say that if implemented, the ban would affect ads on Facebook, Google, social media activity.他们表示，如果该禁令实施，将影响Facebook、Google等平台上的广告，以及社交媒体活动。I mean, we're talking Twitter and Instagram. How on earth are they going to do that?也就是说，还包括Twitter和Instagram。他们到底打算怎么做到这一点？I have absolutely no idea. What are they talking about?我完全不知道。他们到底在说什么？They're talking about products like burgers, meat pizzas, ice cream, chocolate, crisps.他们指的是像汉堡、肉类披萨、冰淇淋、巧克力、薯片等产品。All of these products won't be able to be advertised online.所有这些产品都将不能在网上投放广告。It may not come as a great surprise to you, but the number one advertising company in the UK is McDonald's and they spend over £85 million on advertising every year.这可能并不让人惊讶，但英国最大的广告主是麦当劳，他们每年在广告上花费超过8500万英镑。So why are they doing it, Richard? What's this big thing now?那么，他们为什么要这样做呢，理查德？这次的大动作是为了什么？Well, let's face facts. Britain is the second fattest European nation and obesity is thought to be a factor that could have worsened the country's death toll during the pandemic.说实话，英国是欧洲第二肥胖的国家，而肥胖被认为是导致新冠疫情中死亡人数更高的一个因素。Yeah. Research has shown that one in three children leaving primary school are overweight or obese.是的，研究表明，每三名小学毕业的孩子中，就有一人超重或肥胖。That's a third of 11-year-olds. That's terrible, isn't it?也就是说，三分之一的11岁儿童。真是可怕，不是吗？And obese children, I think they're five times more likely to remain obese into adulthood.而肥胖儿童成年后继续肥胖的可能性高达五倍。Yeah. Now, we mentioned how much McDonald's spends on their advertising, right?是的。我们刚提到麦当劳在广告上的花费，对吧？Now, compare that to the government's healthy eating campaign. What's the budget for that? £5.2 million.现在，把它和政府的健康饮食宣传活动预算相比——只有520万英镑。And then on top of that, the NHS spends an estimated £38 million a year on weight loss surgery.此外，英国国家医疗服务体系（NHS）每年还花费约3800万英镑用于减肥手术。Yes, but wait for it. It's a further £5.1 billion a year on treating obesity-related conditions such as diabetes, which is really increasing.是的，但更惊人的是——每年还要额外花费约51亿英镑来治疗与肥胖相关的疾病，比如糖尿病，而且这些病例正在不断增加。I think the interesting thing though, Richard, is why has Boris Johnson really taken these companies to task now?不过有趣的是，理查德，鲍里斯·约翰逊为什么现在才决定对这些公司出手？Well, in 2020, a number of UK ministers got Covid but only the Prime Minister. He was the only one who was seriously ill and needed to go into intensive care.2020年，英国有几位部长感染了新冠病毒，但只有首相本人病得很重，还被送进了重症监护室。He admitted himself he was too fat and he thought his weight was a factor in why he became so ill.他后来亲口承认，自己太胖了，并认为体重是导致病情严重的一个重要原因。So there we go, Richard. No more chocolate adverts on the telly.所以就是这样，理查德——电视上再也不会有巧克力广告了。

It has been suggested that one in three jobs that exist today will eventually be done by smart machines, robots and software. Some say as soon as 2025. The robots, it seems, are taking over.有人指出，当今存在的工作中有三分之一最终将由智能机器、机器人和软件来完成。有些人甚至认为这一切最早会在2025年发生。看来，机器人正逐步接管人类的工作。Now we have some podcasts about the rise of automation, we're looking at jobs that only humans can do. Right then, Jackie, give me a job then that robots can't do that humans can. Well, they can't taste like humans.现在，我们有一些关于自动化崛起的播客，来探讨那些“只有人类能做的工作”。好吧，杰姬，那你给我举个例子，机器人无法胜任而人类可以完成的工作。——“嗯，它们不会像人类那样‘品尝'。”Already in the food industry, robot vision is used to grade food, it can identify foreign components, plastic for example. Yes, it can see things, can't it, with cameras. Read barcodes, etc, etc.其实在食品行业，机器视觉已经被用来为食品分级，它还能识别异物，比如塑料。——“是啊，它能通过摄像头‘看见'东西，还能读取条形码之类的。”Now, there are e-noses that can prevent food poisoning. E-noses? Well, they can smell for things like salmonella or e.coli.现在还有“电子鼻”，可以用来预防食物中毒。——“电子鼻？那是什么？”——“它们能嗅出像沙门氏菌或大肠杆菌这样的致病物质。”Wow, things that... Well, that'll make you ill. But they can't, obviously robots, they can't smell or taste as humans do.哇，那些……会让人得病的东西啊。但显然，机器人并不能像人类那样真正地闻或尝。In fact, scientists don't really understand how smell works. Because we all taste differently as well, don't we? Or taste things differently, rather, and have different food preferences. So presumably, chefs are going to be fairly safe then.事实上，科学家们至今仍未完全理解嗅觉的工作原理。而且每个人的味觉也不同，对食物的偏好也各异。所以，厨师这个职业大概还是相当安全的吧。Exactly. Now, you mentioned vision, Jackie. That's a sense that robots can do.没错。杰姬，你刚才提到了视觉——这是机器人可以具备的感知能力。But there are still some jobs which humans are better at. That involves vision. And one is the fire lookout.不过，仍有一些依赖视觉的工作是人类更擅长的，比如“森林防火观察员”。OK, so what fire lookout? Well, these are the people in the fire towers that stare at the horizon looking for the first signs of fire, which obviously is smoke.“防火观察员”？——“他们是在瞭望塔上观察地平线的人，负责发现火灾的最初迹象——通常是烟雾。”And perhaps they can even see a small puff of smoke in the distance. The problem is, in environments with fog, low cloud or haze, smoke can be very difficult to spot and robots can't do it.他们甚至能在远处看到一缕细微的烟。但问题是，在有雾、低云或霾的环境下，烟雾很难辨认，机器人在这种情况下几乎无能为力。OK, so differentiate between a low cloud on the horizon or a puff of smoke. The humans can do that much better. Exactly.“也就是说，人类能更好地区分地平线上的低云和一缕烟，对吧？”——“没错，人类确实更擅长。”They do use high-tech cameras and satellites and drones, etc. But they're not quite as good as people.虽然现在确实使用高科技摄像机、卫星、无人机等设备，但它们的表现仍不如人类观察员。Now, there are huge fires in the west of the US at the moment. Are they being detected by humans?目前，美国西部正在发生大规模森林火灾——这些火灾是由人类发现的吗？Well, as I said, they do use high-tech cameras, drones, etc. And there are fewer lookouts. But human lookouts remain crucial.就像我刚才说的，确实有高科技设备在使用，也有越来越少的人工观察员，但人类观察员仍然是不可或缺的。Maybe they need more. Indeed. A dangerous job though, perhaps.“也许他们需要更多人手。”——“确实，不过这工作挺危险的。”The last thing, Richard. What makes people happy? It seems that it's not the things that people have, it's the things that people do.最后一个问题，理查德——是什么让人们感到幸福？看起来，并不是人们“拥有”的东西，而是人们“做”的事情。Yeah, so experiences are much more important than possessions.是的，经历远比物质更重要。Yes. And it seems that the interest in outdoor life and adventure tourism is increasing these days. And as a result, tour guides will be pleased to hear that they are much more in demand.没错。如今人们对户外生活和探险旅游的兴趣日益增长。因此，导游们应该会很高兴听到，他们的需求也大大增加了。Yes, because these are the people who can show you the best of these places and where to go, what to do, sharing their knowledge and expertise.是的，因为导游能带你领略这些地方的精华，告诉你该去哪里、该做什么，并分享他们的知识与经验。Exactly, exactly. And we've been on city walks, haven't we, with a tour guide? Yes. Fascinating. Exactly. Much better than listening to something on your phone or... Or the headphones.没错没错。我们也曾经参加过城市导览，对吧？——“是的，非常有趣。”——“确实，比听手机导览或戴耳机要好得多。”Exactly. You can ask questions, you can interact. Obviously, there are, you know, you can have your GPS on your smartphone.没错。你可以提问、可以互动。当然，现在每个人手机上都有GPS导航。But at the end of the day, that might replace a map. But a robot can't replace a tour guide. And that personal experience.不过归根结底，那或许能取代地图，但机器人永远无法取代导游——尤其是那种人与人之间的交流体验。Exactly. Well, those jobs seem to be pretty safe, don't they? And let's just hope teachers are safe as well.没错。看来这些职业还是相当安全的，对吧？希望教师这个职业也同样安全。

A global level study by the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations says that one third of food, roughly 1.3 billion tonnes, is wasted every year.联合国粮食及农业组织（FAO）的一项全球性研究显示，全球约有三分之一的食物——大约13亿吨——每年被浪费掉。Yes, but it's also estimated that about 815 million people in the world are suffering from chronic undernourishment.是的，但据估计，全球约有8.15亿人长期营养不良。Yes, we're looking at organisations who are addressing the difference.是的，我们来看看那些试图弥合这种差距的组织。Yes. Now, let's start in India where almost 190 million people go to sleep every day hungry. Now, you know India very well, Richard.好的。我们先从印度说起，那里的大约1.9亿人每天都带着饥饿入睡。理查德，你对印度很熟悉吧。There's a huge difference, isn't there, between the haves and the have-nots?在印度，富人和穷人之间的差距非常大，不是吗？Yes, there is indeed. And back in 2014, an initiative called No Food Waste was started.确实如此。早在2014年，一个名为“No Food Waste（不浪费食物）”的倡议诞生了。No Food Waste? Yes, it's a very simple idea.“不浪费食物”？是的，这是一个非常简单的理念。It aims to redistribute excess food from weddings, parties, events, etc., where the people over-order the food and they give that excess food to the hungry.它的目标是将婚宴、派对、活动等场合中过量订购的剩余食物重新分配，送给有需要的人。So, it's the uneaten food?所以，这些食物是没有被吃过的？Yes, but obviously hygiene standards are very, very important. So, it's untouched edible surplus food.是的，但显然卫生标准非常重要。这些食物必须是未被接触过的、可安全食用的剩余食物。So, it's not half-eaten or spoiled stuff.所以不是吃了一半的或变质的东西。Right, and it's not thrown away.没错，而且它不会被浪费掉。Exactly.完全正确。Well, that's interesting, Richard, because closer to home, in Europe, a Danish organisation started Too Good To Go in 2015.这真有意思，理查德。离我们更近的欧洲，在2015年有一家丹麦组织创立了“Too Good To Go”（好食不弃）。Now, again, they aim to reduce food waste and also redistribute surplus food, but in their case, it's food that's not sold. It's a B2C.同样，他们的目标是减少食物浪费并重新分配多余食物，但他们的情况是处理“未售出的食物”，属于B2C（企业对消费者）模式。B2C, OK, business to consumer. So, in this case, the business is things like grocery stores, bakers, pizzerias, restaurants and markets, etc.B2C，明白了，也就是“企业对消费者”。在这里，企业指的是杂货店、面包店、披萨店、餐厅和市场等。Right, OK, so that sounds good, but how does it actually work?好的，听起来不错，但它到底是如何运作的？It's all through a free mobile application.这一切都通过一个免费的手机应用来实现。The retailers display on the app what sort of food, you know, baked food, meals, any kind of produce, etc., etc., is available within a certain radius and a specified time slot, usually of 30 minutes or more.零售商会在应用上展示他们可提供的食物类型，比如烘焙食品、餐点或其他产品等，并标明供应范围和时间段，通常为30分钟或更长。So, how does that actually work in practice then? For example, a grocery store realises at the end of the day it has a load of fruit that needs selling immediately.那在实际操作中是怎样的呢？比如，一家杂货店在一天结束时发现还有一批水果需要马上出售。Right, so they box up a variety of things and they advertise it on the app.于是他们把这些水果打包成盒，并在应用上发布信息。They give the weight of the box, the original price the fruit goes for and the reduced price.他们会标明盒子的重量、原价以及折扣价。Right. So, a local customer sees that it's available from, let's say, 5 to 5.30pm, they want the box, they pay over the phone and then they go and collect it.是的，比如某位本地顾客看到这个水果盒在下午5点到5点半之间可取，他通过手机付款后再去现场领取。Yeah, so the grocer doesn't throw the food away and the customer gets a good deal.没错，这样杂货商不用丢掉食物，顾客也能买到便宜的东西。Yeah. Everyone's happy.是的，皆大欢喜。Yeah, however, the customer doesn't know exactly what's in the box. It's a bit of potluck. Sounds simple.不过，顾客并不知道盒子里具体有什么。这有点像“盲盒”，挺有趣的，操作也很简单。I actually quite like the element of surprise, Richard. So, you take a baker, for example, towards the end of the day they've got a load of cakes, buns, pastries, etc. still available.我其实挺喜欢这种惊喜感的，理查德。比如一家面包店，到了傍晚时分，他们可能还有很多蛋糕、小面包和点心没卖完。So, they box these up, they say that originally they're worth €12 but if someone collects them in the afternoon, late afternoon, they can have them for €3.99.他们会把这些食物装箱，原价可能是12欧元，但如果有人在当天下午取走，只需支付3.99欧元。That reminds me of when I was a lad. I am. Coming home from school, I used to pop into the baker's shop and they used to give me free staleys which they hadn't sold during the day.这让我想起我小时候放学回家的情景。我常常顺路去面包店，店主会把当天没卖出去的面包免费送给我。Well, hopefully this food isn't actually stale. But yes, I mean everyone's benefiting, you know. So, I think if you have a business that sells produce with a use-by date, then I think you should check out the app.当然，希望这些食物并不是“过期的”。不过确实如此，这种方式让所有人都受益。所以，如果你的生意涉及保质期较短的商品，我建议你试试这个应用。Yes, so the consumers save money and it prevents waste. So, everyone's happy.没错，消费者省了钱，商家减少了浪费，真是皆大欢喜。

In July of 1969, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin left the first human footprints on the moon. They also left two pairs of boots, a handful of tools, and four vomit bags. This lunar litter was far from the last space junk humanity has produced. In 2006, Suni Williams lost her camera while tussling with a stuck solar array on the ISS. And the following year, a similar job resulted in the loss of a bag filled with $100,000 worth of tools. These accidental satellites typically have short lifespans, before falling back to Earth and burning up in our atmosphere. However, other pieces of space junk, like SpaceX's Tesla Roadster, will be stuck in their orbits for the foreseeable future.1969年7月，尼尔·阿姆斯特朗和巴兹·奥尔德林在人类历史上第一次在月球上留下了脚印。他们还留下了两双靴子、一些工具以及四个呕吐袋。这些月球垃圾远不是人类制造的最后一批太空废弃物。2006年，宇航员苏尼·威廉姆斯在国际空间站上处理卡住的太阳能电池板时丢失了她的相机。第二年，一次类似的任务又导致一个装有价值10万美元工具的袋子遗失。这些意外的“人造卫星”通常寿命很短，最终会坠回地球并在大气层中烧毁。然而，像SpaceX的特斯拉跑车这样的太空垃圾，将在可预见的未来长久地被困在轨道上。In the early days of space travel, this kind of littering was largely considered inconsequential. But in today's crowded skies, orbital debris poses a serious threat to the thousands of satellites that underpin Earth's vital technologies. Currently, there are over 131 million pieces of debris whipping around the planet at an average speed of 10 kilometers a second. This debris ranges in size from pieces as large as an entire bus, to those as small as a grain of sand. But roughly 1 million pieces are at least one centimeter across, which is large enough to severely damage most satellites. While losing any spacecraft is bad enough, the knock-on effects are even worse. When satellites crash into debris or each other, such as in 2009, when an American communications satellite collided with a defunct Russian satellite, they can explode into thousands of pieces. And if events like these happen often enough, the increase in debris could trigger a catastrophic cascade that researchers have named the Kessler syndrome: a runaway effect which could destroy untold numbers of orbiting spacecraft.在太空探索的早期，这种“乱扔垃圾”的行为被认为无关紧要。但在当今拥挤的太空环境中，轨道碎片对支撑地球重要科技系统的数千颗卫星构成了严重威胁。目前，有超过1.31亿块碎片以平均每秒10公里的速度围绕地球飞行。这些碎片大小不一，从一辆公共汽车那么大到一粒沙子那么小不等。其中大约有100万块直径至少一厘米的碎片，这已经足以严重损坏大多数卫星。失去任何一颗航天器本身已经够糟糕了，但连锁反应更为可怕。当卫星与碎片或彼此相撞时——比如2009年，美国一颗通信卫星与一颗报废的俄罗斯卫星相撞——会产生数千块新的碎片。如果此类事件频繁发生，碎片数量的增加可能引发一种灾难性的连锁反应，即研究人员所谓的“凯斯勒综合症”：一种失控的效应，可能毁灭无数在轨航天器。But what does all this mean for people on Earth? Well, even if space shrapnel does take down a satellite, most debris burns up during re-entry. So theprobabilityof waking up to a spacecraft in your yard is very small. That said, some large specimens can survive the trip, such as the SpaceXCapsulethat landed in an Australian field in August of 2022. And the odds of something similar happening again grows alongside the amount of space junk. So how can we save our satellites and ourselves from all this trash?那么，这一切对地球上的人意味着什么呢？即使太空碎片击落了一颗卫星，大多数残骸在重返大气层时都会烧毁。所以，你早晨醒来发现院子里掉了一艘飞船的概率非常低。不过，也有一些体积较大的物体能在重返地球时幸存下来，比如2022年8月坠落在澳大利亚农田中的SpaceX飞船舱。而随着太空垃圾数量的增加，这种事情再次发生的几率也在上升。那么，我们该如何拯救卫星和自己免于这片“太空垃圾场”呢？Part of the solution is to stop creating waste in space, but debris is generated in a lot of ways. In addition to collisions, solar radiation erodes spacecraft surfaces, motors spew slag, and satellite launches routinely abandon rocket bodies, covers, cowlings, and explosive bolts. Since 1957, we've ferried almost 16,000 satellites to space using thousands of disposable rockets. Researchers are finally experimenting with new systems that can send up over 100 satellites in a single rocket launch. Meanwhile, both NASA and private companies are working to prevent existing satellites from becoming junk by using servicer satellites to refuel, inspect, and repair them. But we also need to clean up the junk that's already up in orbit.解决问题的一部分是停止在太空中制造垃圾，但碎片的来源非常多。除了碰撞外，太阳辐射会侵蚀航天器表面，发动机会喷出熔渣，而每次发射卫星时，火箭的主体、保护盖、整流罩以及爆炸螺栓等部件都会被遗弃。自1957年以来，人类已通过数千枚一次性火箭将近1.6万颗卫星送入太空。研究人员终于开始尝试使用新系统——能在一次火箭发射中部署超过100颗卫星。同时，美国国家航空航天局（NASA）及多家私人公司正努力防止现有卫星成为太空垃圾，他们利用“服务卫星”为其加油、检查和维修。但我们也必须清理那些已经在轨道上的垃圾。When a satellite is ready to retire, engineers can use controlled re-entry to intentionally burn it up in Earth's atmosphere. Ideally, this would happen as soon as a satellite is out of use, but outside the US, current guidelines allow defunct satellites to remain in orbit for up to 25 years, but this rule has barely been enforced. Beyond retired spacecraft, researchers have identified some particularly dangerous debris, so efforts could be made to tackle them first. Some debris experts have proposed using lasers, based both on Earth and in space, to nudge small debris to a higher, safer orbit or into the atmosphere. And private companies are attempting to use space tug boats to ferry large debris to less dangerous orbits.当一颗卫星准备退役时，工程师可以通过“受控再入”的方式，让它在地球大气层中有意烧毁。理想情况下，这应在卫星停止使用后立即进行。但除美国外，目前的国际准则允许报废卫星在轨道上停留长达25年，而这一规定几乎从未被严格执行。除了退役卫星外，研究人员还确定了一些特别危险的碎片，因此可以优先处理这些目标。一些碎片专家提议利用地面或太空中的激光，将小型碎片推向更高、更安全的轨道，或让其坠入大气层中燃烧。而私人公司则尝试使用“太空拖船”，将大型碎片拖往较不危险的轨道。Whatever the solution, all these satellites and orbital debris reflect human consumption back on Earth. So if we want to keep using and exploring this final frontier, we'll need to get better at cleaning up our trash both up there and down here.无论采用哪种解决方案，这些卫星和轨道碎片都折射出人类在地球上的消费行为。如果我们想继续利用并探索这片“最后的疆域”，就必须学会更好地清理我们的垃圾——无论是在太空中，还是在地球上。

We're talking about The Dragon's Den.我们今天要谈的是《龙穴》（The Dragon's Den）这档节目。Yes, so Richard, what is The Dragon's Den?是的，那么，Richard，《龙穴》到底是什么节目呢？Well, the BBC describes it as a show where budding entrepreneurs get three minutes to pitch their business ideas to five multi-millionaires who are willing to invest their own cash.BBC 的官方描述是：这是一个节目，让有抱负的创业者在三分钟内向五位愿意用自己资金投资的百万富翁展示他们的商业创意。Now it's the multi-millionaires, isn't it Richard, who are the dragons and they can be very fierce indeed.而这些百万富翁就是所谓的“龙”，对吧，Richard？他们确实非常强势。They're very cutthroat, aren't they?他们可谓是相当“冷酷无情”的，对吧？So, as part of their opening pitch, the entrepreneurs are required to specify the amount of money they require from the dragons. And what percentage that will get of their company.所以在开场陈述中，创业者必须说明他们希望从这些“龙”那里获得多少资金，以及愿意出让公司多少股份。Right, the equity, plus they have to say how much they think the company could be worth.对，就是股权比例。此外，他们还得说明他们认为公司目前的估值是多少。Yes, and then if a dragon or maybe multiple dragons are interested, then they negotiate then and if they're not interested, they simply say they're out.是的，如果有一位或多位“龙”感兴趣，就会进入谈判阶段；如果不感兴趣，他们会直接说：“我退出（I'm out）。”It doesn't sound exciting, Richard, but it is.听起来似乎没什么刺激的，Richard，但实际上节目非常精彩。What makes it compelling TV?那是什么让这档节目如此吸引人呢？Well, the first thing, from the people pitching their ideas, you can see these enthusiastic but very nervous people.首先，是那些上台推介的创业者——他们既充满热情，又紧张不安。They're just normal people and they're talking for three minutes on something which they're passionate about and they really don't know the reaction of the dragons.他们只是普通人，用三分钟讲述自己热爱的事业，但他们完全不知道“龙”们会作何反应。And as you've said, they can be quite scary.正如你说的，那些“龙”有时候确实挺吓人的。Now, on the programme, most of the people walk away with nothing. There are only, what, one or two successful pitches every time.在节目中，大多数人都空手而归。每一期大概只有一到两个成功的案例。And there are also times when the entrepreneurs, they're so nervous in front of the TV cameras, they completely freeze up.有时候创业者因为太紧张，面对镜头完全僵住，说不出话。So, who can apply to the show then?那么，谁可以申请参加这个节目呢？Well, there's a form on the BBC website you can fill in.BBC 的网站上有一个申请表格可以填写。It's interesting because they say that the final selection for participation in the programme will be decided on the strength of the idea, a robust business plan and a projected turnover.有趣的是，他们说明最终能否被选中要看创业点子的实力、商业计划书的完整性以及预计的营业额。And this is decided by the BBC, presumably.这 presumably（大概）是由 BBC 来决定的。Presumably the dragons don't know the product before the people come up to present it.也就是说，那些“龙”在创业者登场前并不知道他们要介绍的产品是什么。No, and I think also that's one of the exciting things about the programme.没错，我觉得这正是节目有趣的地方之一。There's a whole range of products and companies that the people present.上节目的创业者展示的产品和公司种类非常广泛。Now, as we said, most people don't get a deal. However, sometimes the dragons turn down people who become very successful.正如我们说的，大多数人没能成功融资，但有时那些被拒绝的人反而后来大获成功。Yes, one such guy was a guy called Sean Palfrey and he invented the Tangle Teaser.是的，其中一个例子是一位叫 Sean Palfrey 的人，他发明了“Tangle Teaser”（解结梳）。He got turned down by the dragons but he had a hairbrush that also smooths knotted hair.他被“龙”们拒绝了，但他的发明是一种可以轻松梳顺打结头发的梳子。And he appeared on the Dragons' Den in 2007. He offered 15% of his company Tangle Teaser for £80,000 but was rejected.他在2007年登上《龙穴》，希望以公司15%的股份换取8万英镑投资，但遭到拒绝。And what's more, they were very, very negative about his product.更糟的是，“龙”们对他的产品评价非常负面。However, when the episode was aired on TV, his website crashed as a result of the public demand and they immediately placed 1,500 orders for the Tangle Teaser.然而，当那期节目播出后，他的网站因访问量过大而崩溃，公众反而立刻下了1500份订单。Subsequently, two years later, the brand had turned a profit and started to expand into a global market.随后两年，这个品牌实现了盈利，并开始向全球市场扩张。Where is Tangle Teaser today then, Richard?那么，Richard，现在的 Tangle Teaser 发展得怎样了？Well, I checked up on this and Tangle Teaser are expecting to post sales of close to £30 million.我查了一下，Tangle Teaser 预计年销售额接近3000万英镑。This is 2020 and the brushes are sold in over 75 countries.那是在2020年，他们的梳子已在75个国家销售。So they turned down a fantastic offer.所以，“龙”们错过了一个极其优秀的投资机会。I'm not sure if we went on.我不确定我们是否要继续。

We're talking about marketing terms used on food products and deciding if they are officially recognised terms or not.我们今天要讨论的是食品包装上常见的营销术语，并判断这些术语是否是官方认可的。Richard? Yes. A popular term used on many products, organic.Richard？是的。一个在许多产品上都能看到的热门词——“有机”。Right, yes. So, do you think organic is a legitimate term?好，对。那么你认为“有机”是一个合法、正规的术语吗？Yes, I think you have to pass certain standards to label your product organic.是的，我认为要想在产品上标注“有机”，必须通过一定的标准。Yeah, it's one of the most strict labels.没错，这是最严格的标签之一。Right, OK. It means that 95% of the ingredients have to originate from organically produced plants or animals.是的，确切地说，这意味着产品中95%的成分必须来自有机种植或有机饲养的动植物。Which means that no pesticides or herbicides.也就是说，不能使用农药或除草剂。Exactly. And also it means that there are no GMO, no genetically modified organisms in the food as well.没错，而且还意味着食品中不能含有任何转基因成分。OK, that makes sense. Very strict. Free range.好，我明白了，非常严格。那么“放养（Free range）”呢？Free, I know this. People generally think it means, it's chickens, isn't it? They think they can run around free wherever they want to go. But the reality is it's not true.“放养”，我知道这个。人们一般认为这是指鸡，对吧？他们觉得这些鸡可以随意到处跑。但事实上并不是这样。I know in Australia it means they have fresh grass to eat but they're not actually free to run around. It's just the matter they have fresh grass. I don't know what it means in other countries though.我知道在澳大利亚，“放养”意味着这些鸡有新鲜的草可以吃，但它们并不能真正自由活动。只是说它们的饲料中有新鲜草料而已。我不太清楚在其他国家是怎样的。In the UK, it only refers to the amount of space a chicken has, no more than 13 birds per square metre.在英国，这个词只表示鸡的饲养密度——每平方米不超过13只。Wow, they're packed in, that's not free-ranged for me.哇，那也太挤了吧！这在我看来根本算不上“放养”。No, there has to be access to open-air runs, that's all.不，他们只要求鸡能接触到户外区域，仅此而已。So, a legally defined term but it's very misleading.所以，“放养”虽然是法律定义的术语，但非常具有误导性。Natural. That doesn't mean anything, I'm sure.“天然的（Natural）”，我敢肯定这个词毫无意义。Well, actually it does. It is legally defined but it's defined very, very logically. When you read the definition you say, of course.其实它是有法律定义的，只不过定义得非常笼统。你看完之后只会觉得：“哦，原来如此。”Apparently a lot of people are turning away from products labelled natural when they know it is because they just see it as a marketing ploy.显然，许多人在了解“天然”这个词的真实含义后，会刻意避开这类产品，因为他们认为这只是营销手段。A gimmick. A gimmick.一种噱头，没错，就是噱头。Right, OK, I can understand that. Superfood.好吧，我能理解。那么“超级食物（Superfood）”呢？Superfood? I don't think it has any meaning whatsoever.“超级食物”？我觉得这个词根本没有任何意义。I know it's blueberries or something.我知道，人们通常会用它来形容蓝莓之类的东西。No. It's simply a marketing term.不，这纯粹是一个营销术语。It's not based on any scientific basis.它没有任何科学依据。It doesn't mean you can't use it, everybody can use it but it doesn't mean anything.当然，任何人都可以用这个词，但它本身并不代表什么实际含义。Yes, yes, nonsense.是的，没错，纯属胡扯。Sugar-free.“无糖（Sugar-free）”。Yes, it doesn't have any sugar.对，就是没有糖。It means a product can contain up to 0.5 grams of sugar per 100 ml or 100 grams.其实它的意思是每100毫升或100克产品中最多可以含有0.5克糖。Oh, that's complicated. So, a bottle of... a two-litre bottle of Fanta Zero... Right. ...can contain 10 grams of sugar.哦，这听起来有点复杂。那么，一瓶两升的“零度芬达”……对，可能含有10克糖。Now wait, so that's two and a half teaspoons. Right, OK. Wow.等等，那大概相当于两茶匙半的糖。是的，没错。哇。So, it's not sugar-free.所以它并不是真的“无糖”。It's not sugar-free. So, it's a legal term but again I would say that's misleading.没错，它并不是真的无糖。虽然这是一个法律定义的术语，但同样具有误导性。Yes. Gluten-free. That's got to be legal, hasn't it? Because people, celiacs have problems with gluten so that must be strict.是的。那么“无麸质（Gluten-free）”肯定是合法且严格定义的吧？因为患有乳糜泻的人不能吃麸质，所以标准应该很严。Very, very strict. However, you can have up to 200 parts of gluten per a million.是的，非常严格。不过，允许每百万份中含有多达200份的麸质。At the end of the day, Jackie, from a consumer's point of view, all of these marketing terms can mean anything but what you really need to do is just check the ingredients.总的来说，Jackie，从消费者的角度来看，这些营销术语可能什么都意味着，也可能什么都不代表。真正重要的是——仔细查看配料表。

When we first started podcasting many, many years ago, other podcasters who didn't have worksheets to sell suggested that those who used their podcasts to buy me a coffee. Yeah, buy me a coffee. It was a way of generating a small income for their work, wasn't it? And also advertisements on sites are also one way of making money and there are a few websites that don't have Google Ads or something similar on them.当我们许多年前刚开始做播客时，那些没有可出售资料的播客主持人建议听众通过“请我喝杯咖啡”的方式来支持他们。对，“请我喝杯咖啡”。这是一种为他们的工作赚取一点收入的方式，不是吗？另外，网站上的广告也是赚钱的一种途径，很少有网站上没有谷歌广告或类似的内容。Yeah, absolutely. But for this week's podcast, we're looking at an alternative way of making money, Patreon. OK, Jackie, so what is Patreon? Well, it's an American membership platform.没错，完全正确。但对于这周的播客来说，我们要看一种不同的赚钱方式——Patreon。好的，Jackie，那Patreon是什么呢？它是一个美国的会员制平台。It's a way of helping creators and artists earn a monthly income. It provides the tools to run a subscription payment service. All right, OK.这是一种帮助创作者和艺术家获得月收入的方式。它提供了运行订阅付费服务的工具。好吧，明白了。But how does it actually work then? Well, content creators, those people who have a website or a blog, they set up a Patreon page, right? And this allows patrons to pay a fixed amount to the creator on a monthly basis. Right, OK. So who are these patrons then? Well, they're the people who want to support the creator and help to pay for their income.但它究竟是怎么运作的呢？创作者，比如那些有网站或博客的人，他们会建立一个Patreon页面，对吧？这样，赞助者就可以每月向创作者支付一笔固定金额的费用。好的，那这些赞助者是谁呢？他们就是那些希望支持创作者并帮助他们维持收入的人。Right, OK. Instead of buying them a coffee, you become a patron. Yeah, and rather than buying the product, which they don't necessarily have, you're paying for their service.没错，也就是说，你不是“请他们喝咖啡”，而是成为他们的赞助人。是的，而且你不是在购买具体的产品（他们可能并没有产品），而是在为他们的创作服务付费。OK, for example, Richard, there's a Spanish chef behind Spain on a Fork. Ah yes, OK. Now on his website, all the recipes are free to read and all the instructional cooking videos that he produces are all free to watch.举个例子，Richard，有一位西班牙厨师经营着“Spain on a Fork”这个网站。啊，是的。现在在他的网站上，所有的食谱都可以免费阅读，他制作的教学烹饪视频也都可以免费观看。Right, so just like many, many blogs on cooking. Yeah, yeah, exactly. But the patrons want to support him to carry on producing his content, which is just fantastic.对，这就像许多烹饪博客一样。是的，完全没错。但那些赞助者希望支持他，让他能持续创作内容，这真是太棒了。And how much do they pay for this then? Well, it depends. Every single creator chooses the amount. If we look at Spain on a Fork again, he has four levels and you can choose to pay as little as one euro a month, subscription remember.那他们为此要付多少钱呢？这取决于创作者本人。每个创作者可以自己设定金额。以“Spain on a Fork”为例，他有四个等级，最低的订阅费用是每月1欧元（记住，这是订阅制的）。Right. Up to 22 euros a month. OK, and what do you get for that then, for the different amounts? Well, it depends.最高可以到每月22欧元。好吧，那不同的金额能获得什么呢？这也要看创作者设定。But for all of them, you get extra content, extra recipes, extra instructional videos that other people won't see. Right. And if you pay more, you presumably get to see more.但无论哪个等级，你都会获得额外的内容、额外的食谱，以及普通观众看不到的教学视频。没错。而且如果你支付更多，自然能看到更多独家内容。And also he thanks you publicly, you know, that you've paid to support him. Also, Richard, patrons can cancel at any time. So you can do a one-off payment if you want.此外，他还会公开感谢你，表示你对他的支持。而且，Richard，赞助者可以随时取消订阅。如果你愿意，也可以只支付一次性的费用。But most people like join for a year to support these people who are working at the end of the day. OK, it sounds like a good idea. But of course, how much do the creators pay Patreon for this? Well, it's not free, is it? I can imagine.不过，大多数人都会选择一年期的订阅，以支持这些全职创作者。听起来这是个不错的主意。不过创作者要为此付给Patreon多少费用呢？显然，这不是免费的，对吧？我可以想象。They charge, Richard, anywhere between a commission, five to 12 percent. Wow, that's quite a lot actually, isn't it? Of their monthly income. Yeah.他们会收取佣金，大约在5%到12%之间。哇，那其实挺高的，对吧？这是从创作者的月收入中扣除的。是的。And also, sorry, and also there are payment processing fees as well. Of course. I think one of the problems is, Richard, with the Internet is that many people expect the content always to be free.而且，对不起，还有支付处理费用。当然。我认为，互联网的一个问题是，很多人总是期望内容是免费的。And there is a lot of stuff on the Internet that is completely free. Yeah, so good quality stuff, which takes a lot of time to prepare. And these videos, for example, very well done, very well presented.确实，网上确实有很多完全免费的内容。但那些高质量的作品往往需要花费大量时间准备。比如这些视频——制作精良，呈现专业。It's his job at the end of the day. And you can choose whether you want to pay or not. I think that's a great idea.归根结底，这就是他的工作。而你可以选择是否愿意付费支持。我觉得这真是个好主意。Yeah, it's a way of supporting those who work online. And if you're just paying a few euros a month, well, that's keeping someone in employment. Everybody's happy.没错，这是一种支持网络创作者的方式。而且每月只付出几欧元，就能让一个人有稳定收入。大家都开心。

We're talking about how technology has really changed the face of business. 我们在谈论技术是如何改变商业面貌的。To be more specific, We're really talking about the internet, aren't we?更具体一点，我们其实是在谈论互联网，不是吗？Yeah. I mean, nowadays, Richard, every company, whether they provide a service or sell a product, they have a website.是啊。我的意思是，如今，Richard，不论一家公司是提供服务还是销售产品，他们都有自己的网站。Or at the very least, a Facebook page.或者至少也会有一个 Facebook 页面。Yeah. Now, you mentioned Facebook, Richard.是的。你刚才提到 Facebook，Richard。The rise of social media has really changed business, hasn't it?社交媒体的兴起确实彻底改变了商业模式，不是吗？I mean, it wasn't that long ago that you really needed to be able to, what, write a professional email.我的意思是，不久之前，一个人只需要会写一封专业的电子邮件就够了。But today, business owners, what, they must be able to communicate on Twitter, they need to engage regularly on Facebook, have a LinkedIn account...但如今，企业主必须能够在 Twitter 上交流，定期在 Facebook 上互动，还要拥有一个 LinkedIn 账号……And also, obviously, video conferencing is by Zoom.而且，显然，现在视频会议都是通过 Zoom 进行的。Yeah. And recruitment has changed completely.是的。而招聘方式也发生了彻底的变化。The whole explosion of social media has made it a part of our everyday lives, but both personally and professionally.社交媒体的全面爆发使它成为我们生活中不可分割的一部分，无论是个人生活还是职业领域。And of course, the other technology is, of course, mobile technology.当然，另一项重要的技术就是移动技术。Everything's done on the move and remotely.一切事情都可以在移动中、远程完成。Fewer actual phone calls are being made nowadays.如今人们打真正电话的次数越来越少了。It's all emails, texting, tweeting, and using messaging apps, isn't it?现在全都是发邮件、发短信、发推文，以及用各种通讯应用，对吧？Yeah. And the problem with that is that we are always connected.是的。而问题在于，我们总是“在线”的。So therefore, the line between work and home life, that's become blurred, hasn't it?因此，工作与家庭生活之间的界限变得模糊了，不是吗？Yes. There's no such thing nowadays as out of the office.是的。如今已经不存在所谓的“下班”状态了。Interesting, Richard, becausePortugalhas banned bosses from text messaging and emailing staff out of working hours.这很有趣，Richard，因为葡萄牙已经禁止老板在非工作时间发短信或发邮件给员工。They have this new law, the right to rest.他们制定了一项新法律，叫作“休息权”。Yes, it's all about improving work-life balance, which is very important.是的，这一切都是为了改善工作与生活的平衡，这非常重要。And of course, Richard, the other thing is, you say there's no out of office, but actually there's no office nowadays.当然，Richard，另一点是，你说没有“下班”，但实际上，现在很多人连“办公室”都没有了。Well, actually, that's good because starting a business used to mean a huge amount of investment required for an office.实际上这挺好，因为过去创业往往意味着要投入大量资金去租或建办公室。You don't need that anymore.而现在你已经不再需要这样做了。Yeah. Small businesses, they can be run entirely virtually. It's a huge saving.是啊，小型企业完全可以虚拟化运营，这节省了大量成本。Cuts down on a lot of overheads.大大减少了各种固定开支。Not just small businesses though, Richard. More and more employees, as we know, want to work remotely.但这不仅限于小企业，Richard。正如我们所知，越来越多的员工也希望能够远程工作。And PricewaterhouseCooper, a huge organisation, they recognise this and they have said it will allow all US employees who can telework the ability to work virtually from anywhere on the continent, which is amazing.普华永道这样的大型机构也意识到了这一点，他们宣布允许所有可以远程办公的美国员工在北美大陆的任何地方工作，这真是了不起。That's 40,000 employees who can, if they want to, work from home. Wow.这意味着有四万名员工如果愿意，都可以在家工作。哇。So that's a huge change in the way businesses are run nowadays, isn't it?这真的是商业运作方式上的巨大变革，不是吗？Yeah. We've talked mainly about engaging with customers, but obviously payment methods, getting paid online is much easier as well.是的。我们主要谈到了客户互动，但显然，在线支付方式也让收款变得更加容易。Yes. Online banking, PayPal, etc, etc.没错，比如网上银行、PayPal 等等。And consumers spend more than ever nowadays as well. It's so easy just to click on buy now, isn't it?如今消费者的支出也比以往任何时候都多。只要点一下“立即购买”就能完成购物，太容易了，对吧？Yes. So at the end of the day, Jackie, starting a new business in this digital age has never been easier.是的。总的来说，Jackie，在这个数字时代创业从未如此简单。So if you've got an idea, go for it.所以，如果你有一个好点子，就大胆去做吧。

Nasa's Perseverance Rover has spent the past four years exploring an area of Mars called the Jezero Crater. It's dry and dusty, but billions of years ago, it was thought to be an ancient lake with a river flowing into it.美国国家航空航天局的 “毅力” 号火星车在过去四年里探索了火星上被称为杰泽罗陨石坑的区域。这片区域干燥并布满灰尘，但科学家认为数十亿年前这里是一个古湖泊，有一条河流汇入其中。The intriguing rocks were found on the riverbed. They have unusual ringed markings, nicknamed 'leopard spots' by the researchers, and black dots the team are calling 'poppy seeds'. These features are actually minerals, and the scientists think they could have been produced by chemical reactions associated with microbes.这些引人注目的岩石就是在这里的河床上被发现的。它们带有被研究人员戏称为 “豹纹” 的不同寻常的环状斑纹，以及被研究团队称为 “罂粟籽” 的小黑点。岩石上的这些特征其实是矿物质，而科学家们认为这些矿物质可能产生自与微生物相关的化学反应。Life isn't the only possible explanation. The minerals could have been made by natural geological processes. The only way to find out for sure is to bring the rocks back to Earth for analysis. Missions to return samples have been proposed, but there's uncertainty because of the proposed cuts to Nasa's budget.生命并不是对这些矿物质的唯一解释。这些矿物质也可能产生于自然地质作用的过程。唯一能查明真相的方式就是把这些岩石带回地球进行分析。已经有人提议开展航天任务带回这些样本，但这尚存在不确定性，因为已有提议削减美国国家航空航天局的预算。While there's still much to find out, these rocks are tantalising, and the findings are strong enough to meet Nasa's criteria for potential biosignatures, features that warrant further investigation to determine if they really are a sign of life.还有许多事情尚待发掘，但这些岩石十分诱人，而且目前的研究结果所具备的说服力也达到了美国国家航空航天局对潜在生物特征的判定标准。潜在生物特征指的是 “足以满足值得进一步调查的理由，以确认它们是否真的是生命的迹象”。

The researchers describe this artificial intelligence model as like a weather forecast for your health. But instead of warning of a 70% chance of rain, it tells you the risk of more than a thousand diseases. The AI has learned to spot patterns hidden in the types and timings of different medical diagnoses, so now it can look at a patient and predict what is likely to come next.研究人员称，这个人工智能模型就好像一个对我们健康状况发出的 “天气预报”。只不过它并不是对 70% 的降水概率做出预警，而是告诉人们一千多种疾病的患病风险。这个人工智能模型已经学会了如何发现隐藏在不同医学诊断类型和时间中的模式，因此现在它可以通过观察一个病人来预测接下来很可能会发生什么。The AI was trained using more than 400,000 people's anonymous medical records from the UK and tested on nearly two million people's records in Denmark.这个人工智能模型使用了来自英国 40 多万人的匿名医疗记录进行训练，然后在丹麦接近两百万人的医疗记录上进行了测试。But what can we do with such predictions? People are already offered a cholesterol-lowering statin based on a calculation of their risk of a heart attack or stroke. Understanding how diseases unfold could lead to new ways of intervening early. The AI could also help inform screening programmes or help hospitals plan for future demand, like estimating how many heart attacks might happen in Norwich in 2030. The researchers say there is work to do, but that they are at the beginning of a new way of understanding health and disease.但我们能用这种预测做些什么呢？已经有人因被计算出具有患心脏病或中风的风险而被提供了降胆固醇的他汀类药物。了解疾病如何发展能为我们带来早期干预的新方法。这个人工智能模型也能为筛查项目提供信息，或帮助医院规划未来的就诊需求，比如估计 2030 年时诺里奇可能会出现多少例心脏病发作。研究人员表示，目前还有工作要做，但他们已经处在一个理解健康和疾病的新方式的开端。

An asteroid ended the age of the dinosaurs 66 million years ago. Could something as catastrophic as that happen again?6600 万年前，一颗小行星结束了恐龙时代。 如此灾难性的事情还会发生吗？Asteroids are something astronomers closely track. Recently, the asteroid named 2024 YR4 made headlines for its tiny, but real, chance of colliding with Earth in 2032. In February 2025, NASA increased the impact probability of this asteroid hitting us to 2.3%. Scientists have calculated that YR4 is between 40m and 90m in diameter. It would have the power of a nuclear bomb if it was to hit Earth, causing severe damage if the impact was in a populated area. However, Dr Robert Massey of the Royal Astronomical Society urges calm. He said he is not "losing sleep over" the asteroid, but stresses that funding planetary defence and spotting potential threats is essential.小行星是天文学家密切追踪的对象。 最近，一颗名为 2024 YR4 的小行星因其在 2032 年与地球相撞的微小但真实的机会而成为头条新闻。2025 年 2 月，美国宇航局将这颗小行星撞击我们的可能性提高到 2.3%。 科学家计算出YR4的直径在40m到90m之间。 如果它击中地球，其威力将相当于核弹，如果撞击在人口稠密地区，则会造成严重破坏。 然而，英国皇家天文学会的罗伯特·梅西博士敦促大家保持冷静。 他表示，他并没有因为这颗小行星“失眠”，但强调为行星防御提供资金和发现潜在威胁至关重要。So what are asteroids? They are fragments of rock left over from the creation of the solar system 4.6 billion years ago. They frequently orbit close to Earth pushed by the gravity of other planets, though it was only in the late 1900s that scientists were able to systematically track near-Earth objects and learn this. They found that asteroids of more than 40m across, that's large enough to destroy a city, cross the Earth's path within lunar distance several times a year.那么什么是小行星？ 它们是 46 亿年前太阳系形成时留下的岩石碎片。 它们经常在其他行星的引力推动下在靠近地球的轨道上运行，尽管直到 1900 年代末科学家才能够系统地跟踪近地天体并了解这一点。 他们发现，直径超过 40m 的小行星（大到足以摧毁一座城市）每年都会在月球距离内多次穿过地球轨道。The chance of an asteroid being large enough to penetrate our atmosphere intact and destroy a city is likely to happen once in every hundred years. In 1908, an asteroid exploded over Siberia, injuring people and buildings across more than 500 square kilometres. However, actual impacts aren't as common as near-misses. For example, the asteroid Apophis raised alarms after it was discovered in 2004 because it was estimated to be around the size of a cruise ship. Even scarier, in 1994, the comet named Shoemaker-Levy 9 crashed into Jupiter, and, if it had hit Earth, all life would have been wiped out, just like the dinosaurs were.小行星足够大，可以完整地穿透我们的大气层并摧毁一座城市，这种情况可能每百年就会发生一次。 1908 年，一颗小行星在西伯利亚上空爆炸，造成 500 多平方公里的人员和建筑物受伤。 然而，实际影响并不像未遂事件那样常见。 例如，小行星阿波菲斯在 2004 年被发现后就引发了警报，因为据估计它的大小与一艘游轮差不多。 更可怕的是，1994年，名为舒梅克-利维9号的彗星撞上了木星，如果它撞上了地球，所有生命都会被消灭，就像恐龙一样。So, it's safe to enjoy admiring the night sky because the chances of you being hit by an asteroid are very, very small, even if they're not zero.所以，欣赏夜空是安全的，因为你被小行星撞击的可能性非常非常小，即使它们不为零。

Everyone knows that dogs are supposed to be our best friends. Could it be that they know what we are thinking? Whether it's getting excited at the prospect of a walk or knowing that tasty food is coming soon, are our dogs reading our minds?每个人都知道狗应该是我们最好的朋友。 难道他们知道我们在想什么吗？ 无论是对散步的前景感到兴奋，还是知道美味的食物即将到来，我们的狗会读懂我们的心思吗？Now, by mind-reading we're not talking about knowing our deepest thoughts in detail, but various psychologists have suggested that dogs might have a theory of mind. What this means is that they are aware that other creatures, like humans, are able to see and understand things in different ways. In various experiments it appears that dogs are able to identify who is paying them attention. They are more likely to ask for food from someone if there is a reason that the human would know where the dog treats are. If dogs have been forbidden food by someone, they are more likely to try and get it quietly.现在，我们所说的读心术并不是要详细了解我们最深层的想法，但许多心理学家都认为狗可能有一种心理理论。 这意味着他们意识到其他生物，比如人类，能够以不同的方式看待和理解事物。 在各种实验中，狗似乎能够识别谁在关注它们。 如果人类有理由知道狗的食物在哪里，他们更有可能向某人索要食物。 如果有人禁止狗吃东西，它们更有可能尝试悄悄地得到它。As well as these behavioural studies, there are other things that show how dogs are able to relate closely to humans. Brain imaging studies have shown not only that canine brains react to human voices, but that they also show an emotional response to those human sounds which demonstrate strong feelings, such as laughing or crying. Brain scan studies have also shown that human faces also provoke an emotional response in dogs. Other studies have shown that sweat from people feeling scared could make dogs feel more stressed than sweat from happy people.除了这些行为研究之外，还有其他一些研究表明狗如何能够与人类建立密切的关系。 脑成像研究表明，犬类的大脑不仅会对人类的声音做出反应，而且还会对那些表现出强烈感情的人类声音表现出情绪反应，例如笑或哭。 脑部扫描研究还表明，人脸也会引起狗的情绪反应。 其他研究表明，感到害怕的人流的汗比快乐的人流的汗会让狗感到更大的压力。There is some debate about whether dogs have evolved to respond to human emotions as they have become domesticated or whether this behaviour is a learned reaction to stimuli. Experiments like those described above have also been carried out on wolves that have been raised by humans, who may have learned to respond to their carer's behaviour, but do not have the genes of a domesticated species. Wolves did show some abilities to respond to human emotions, but were less able to pick up more subtle clues.关于狗是否在被驯化后进化到能够对人类情绪做出反应，或者这种行为是否是对刺激的后天反应，存在一些争议。 类似上述的实验也在人类饲养的狼身上进行，这些狼可能已经学会了对照顾者的行为做出反应，但不具备驯化物种的基因。 狼确实表现出了一些对人类情绪做出反应的能力，但它们不太能够捕捉到更微妙的线索。Whether it's learned or innate, dogs' ability to read human emotions and intentions are one reason that we have included them in our lives for centuries. It's also why they have been successful as assistance dogs, helping their owners to get through everyday life.无论是后天习得的还是天生的，狗解读人类情感和意图的能力是几个世纪以来我们将它们融入我们生活的原因之一。 这也是它们作为协助犬取得成功的原因，帮助主人度过日常生活。

The real beauty of inhalers is how they get these medications into your lungs. They work by suspending, or aerosolizing, medications into the air to be easily inhaled. Each type of inhaler does this in a slightly different way.吸入器真正的妙处在于，它能将药物高效地送入肺部。它的原理是将药物悬浮在空气中，或将其雾化成可吸入的微粒。而不同类型的吸入器实现这一过程的方式略有不同。Dry powder inhalers require a person to breathe in to aerosolize a powder medication.干粉吸入器需要使用者主动吸气，使粉末状药物被雾化并吸入肺部。Nebulizers, on the other hand, use either ultrasonic vibrations or compressed air to turn liquid medication into a mist.雾化器则利用超声波震动或压缩空气，将液态药物转化成细微的雾状颗粒。The pressurized metered-dose inhaler works a lot like hairspray. This medicine is dissolved in a fluid called a propellant, and it's under high pressure. This causes the fluid and medication mixture to shoot out in a fast-moving mist.加压定量吸入器（MDI）的工作方式与喷发胶非常相似。药物被溶解在一种称为推进剂的液体中，并处于高压状态。当按下装置时，药液与药物的混合物会以高速喷出，形成可吸入的雾气。But this mist can sometimes be hard to coordinate with breathing. So there's one more device, called a soft mist inhaler, that administers doses at lower speeds, without the use of a propellant.不过，这种喷雾有时需要与呼吸动作配合，操作并不总是容易。因此，又出现了一种称为“软雾吸入器”的装置，它不使用推进剂，而是以较低速度释放药物，使吸入更加平稳自然。Asthma and COPD each affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide each year. But thanks to inhalers, what once kept Proust confined to a cork-lined room, can now be treated in a few short puffs.哮喘和COPD每年都影响着全球数以亿计的人口。但多亏了吸入器，这种曾让普鲁斯特困于软木包裹房间、饱受折磨的疾病，如今只需几次轻轻吸入，就能得到有效控制。

In chronic bronchitis, the airway's lining is inflamed and produces more mucus to trap incoming smoke or dust particles. And the little hairs lining the airways that normally help push the mucus out are often damaged, so the mucus gets stuck. During a COPD attack, rescue inhalers open the airways, just as they do for asthma.在慢性支气管炎中，气道的内壁会发炎，并分泌出更多的黏液来捕捉进入的烟雾或灰尘颗粒。而那些原本排列在气道上的微小毛发（纤毛），通常负责将黏液向外排出，却常常受到损伤，导致黏液堆积无法排出。当COPD（慢阻肺）发作时，急救型吸入器可以像治疗哮喘一样，帮助打开气道。Preventative inhalers are used daily to stop asthma and COPD symptoms before they even start. They often contain both a corticosteroid, which reduces inflammation, and a long-acting bronchodilator.预防型吸入器则是每天使用，用来在哮喘或COPD症状出现之前就加以控制。它们通常同时含有糖皮质激素（可减少炎症）和长效支气管扩张剂。In fact, one class of bronchodilators for patients with COPD is related to the compounds in thorn apples. These drugs block signals from the nerves that tell the airway muscles to contract. Those same nerve signals are thought to be responsible for increasing mucus in the lungs, so these drugs may help clear the airways as well.事实上，用于治疗COPD患者的一类支气管扩张剂，其化学成分与曼陀罗中的化合物有关。这类药物通过阻断神经向气道肌肉发出的收缩信号来起作用。而这些神经信号也被认为会促进肺部黏液的增加，因此这种药物可能还能帮助清除气道。

So how do they work? When you take a breath, air travels through your lungs using tubes called airways, or bronchi. The airways funnel to sacs, called alveoli, where your red blood cells absorb all the oxygen your body needs.那么，它们是如何起作用的呢？当你吸气时，空气通过称为气道或支气管的管道进入肺部。气道最终通向被称为肺泡的气囊，红血球就在这里吸收身体所需的全部氧气。But if you have asthma, the muscles around your airways may tighten, the lining of your airways may get inflamed, and your lungs may make too much of the mucus they use to trap dust and germs. Essentially, this clogs the pipes and makes it difficult to exhale.但如果你患有哮喘，气道周围的肌肉可能会收缩，气道内壁可能发炎，而肺部可能会产生过多的黏液——这种黏液原本用于捕捉灰尘和病菌。结果就像管道被堵住一样，使呼气变得困难。Rescue inhalers deliver a medication called a bronchodilator that quickly relaxes these muscles, making it easier to breathe. These bronchodilators are short acting, lasting around four hours.急救型吸入器会输送一种名为“支气管扩张剂”的药物，它能迅速放松这些肌肉，使呼吸变得顺畅。这类支气管扩张剂属于短效药物，作用时间大约为四小时。Rescue inhalers can be used for COPD, too. COPD is a catch-all term to describe the most common breathing conditions, like emphysema and chronic bronchitis, which people often have at the same time.急救型吸入器同样可以用于治疗慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）。COPD 是一个总称，用来描述最常见的呼吸系统疾病，如肺气肿和慢性支气管炎，这两种疾病往往会同时出现。In emphysema, repeated exposure to smoke or irritating particles breaks the inner walls of the alveoli. Because there's less surface area for blood and oxygen to interact, less oxygen makes its way to your bloodstream, causing you to constantly feel out of breath.在肺气肿中，长期接触烟雾或刺激性颗粒会破坏肺泡的内壁。由于血液与氧气交换的表面积减少，进入血液的氧气也随之减少，因此患者会持续感到呼吸困难。

Early 20th century writer, Marcel Proust, finished his magnum opus “In Search of Lost Time” from bed— in a cork-lined room to keep allergens out. Proust suffered from severe asthma. At the time, there weren't great treatments. When breathlessness set in, he'd burn powders that filled the space with smoke and fumes. Or, for a quick fix, he'd smoke a doctor-recommended anti-asthma cigarette. These powders and cigarettes commonly contained thorn apple, which can open your airways. However, both were clearly terrible ideas. Smoking and fumes bring damaging, carcinogenic toxins into your lungs.二十世纪初的作家马塞尔·普鲁斯特，在床上完成了他的鸿篇巨著《追忆似水年华》——他住在一个用软木塞包裹的房间里，以隔绝过敏原。普鲁斯特患有严重的哮喘，而当时并没有有效的治疗方法。当他呼吸困难时，会燃烧一些粉末，使房间充满烟雾和气味；或者，为了快速缓解，他会抽医生推荐的“抗哮喘香烟”。这些粉末和香烟通常含有曼陀罗成分，可以帮助打开气道。然而，这两种做法显然都是糟糕的主意——吸入烟雾会把有害的致癌毒素带入肺部。Thankfully, today we have inhalers— simple but powerful devices that deliver lung medications straight to the source and without the nasty side effects of smoke inhalation.幸运的是，如今我们有了吸入器——这种简单而强大的装置能将药物直接输送到肺部病灶处，而不会产生吸入烟雾带来的副作用。Inhalers are mainly used to treat two conditions: asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD. And there are two main types: preventative inhalers and rescue inhalers. Preventative inhalers can be used every day to control symptoms. There are also rescue inhalers, which are great in an emergency, but using them regularly can be dangerous.吸入器主要用于治疗两种疾病：哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）。吸入器分为两大类：预防型吸入器和急救型吸入器。预防型吸入器可以每天使用，以控制症状；而急救型吸入器在紧急情况下非常有用，但若经常依赖使用则可能带来危险。

The major supermarkets have imposed their own voluntary ban on selling high-caffeine drinks to the under-16s, but this isn't the case in many smaller stores. Plans to prohibit their sale to children in England were published by the last government but then shelved. Now they're being revived by ministers.英格兰各大主要超市已经开始在店内自主实施禁令，不再向 16 岁以下的未成年人售卖咖啡因含量高的饮料，但许多小型商超并没有这样做。禁止在英格兰向未成年人售卖能量饮料的计划由上一届政府发布，但随后被搁置。现在政府大臣们正着手恢复这一计划。The ban will apply to drinks containing more than 150 milligrams of caffeine per litre. Some drinks contain almost three times this amount. By contrast, a standard cola contains about 120 milligrams per litre. The British Soft Drinks Association said under its code of practice members didn't market or promote the sale of energy drinks to under-16s.该禁令将涵盖咖啡因含量超过每升 150 毫克的饮料。有些饮料中的咖啡因含量几乎达到了这个量的三倍。相比之下，普通的可乐饮料每升含约 120 毫克咖啡因。英国软饮料协会称，根据该协会的行业准则要求，协会的成员企业并没有向 16 岁以下的未成年人推销或宣传能量饮料。In Scotland, there are restrictions at public sector sites. In Wales and Northern Ireland, ministers are considering a ban.在苏格兰，公共部门负责的场所内对能量饮料的售卖有所限制。在威尔士和北爱尔兰，政府大臣们也在考虑实施禁令。

How much pocket money did you get as a child, if any? Was it a regular, weekly allowance, or just occasional one-off payments for chores? Parents around the world have different ideas about the dos and don'ts of pocket money. How much should parents give? Should they track what their children spend money on? And where is the balance between teaching children valuable life lessons and simply spoiling them?您小时候得到了多少零用钱？ 这是常规的，每周的津贴，还是偶尔的一次杂务付款？ 世界各地的父母对零用钱的零用钱有不同的想法。 父母应该给多少？ 他们应该跟踪孩子花钱吗？ 教孩子有价值的生活课程和简单地破坏他们之间的平衡在哪里？Giving children pocket money offers more than just disposable income – it can provide lessons in financial literacy. One of the first things children can learn is that money is finite – once it is spent, there's no more until the next allowance. This awareness can help children learn how to budget and make good financial decisions. For example, they might spend weeks saving up for something big and exciting, rather than spending small amounts immediately. Making money mistakes while the amounts are relatively small can prepare children for when they start handling larger sums of money as adults.2给儿童零用钱不仅提供可支配收入，还可以提供金融知识的课程。 孩子们可以学到的第一件事是金钱是有限的 - 一旦花费了，直到下一个津贴才有。 这种意识可以帮助儿童学习如何预算和做出良好的财务决策。 例如，他们可能会花几个星期的钱为大而激动人心的东西，而不是立即花费少量。 犯金额的时候犯错误，而年龄相对较小，可以为孩子们开始处理成年人时的大笔钱时做好准备。Some parents link pocket money to household chores, teaching kids that hard work and good behaviour is rewarded. Louise Hill is the CEO of GoHenry – a money management service for children. She says that earning through chores encourages financial independence and "ultimately gives much more satisfaction rather than instant gratification". The downside of this, however, is that kids may only help around the house when they receive payment, rather than seeing it as their shared responsibility. In their adolescence, young people may transition to a more lucrative way of earning pocket money – part-time work such as babysitting.一些父母将零用钱与家务联系起来，教孩子努力工作和良好行为得到回报。 路易斯·希尔（Louise Hill）是Gohenry的首席执行官 - Gohenry（儿童资金管理服务）。 她说，通过琐事赚钱会鼓励财务独立性，并“最终给予更多的满足感，而不是即时的满足感”。 但是，不利的是，孩子们在收到付款时只能在房屋周围有所帮助，而不是将其视为他们的共同责任。 在青春期，年轻人可能会过渡到一种更有利可图的赚钱方式 - 兼职工作，例如保姆。Pocket money used to mean exactly that – coins or notes that children could keep in their pocket. And when they're young, seeing physical cash is a good way for them to understand money. But in today's digital world, families are increasingly going cashless. Online money management services are emerging in the market, many of them offering a combination of prepaid debit cards and an app that both child and parent can use to track spending. Some even offer gamified money lessons and the option to set up pots to fulfil savings goals. This modern approach is just another way children can be prepared for adult life, where many transactions are digital.零用钱曾经是确切的意思 - 硬币或指出孩子可以放在口袋里。 当他们年轻时，看到实物现金是他们了解金钱的好方法。 但是在当今的数字世界中，家庭越来越无现金。 在线货币管理服务正在市场上出现，其中许多提供了预付费借记卡以及孩子和父母可以用来跟踪支出的应用程序的组合。 有些人甚至提供游戏的金钱课程，并可以选择设置锅以实现储蓄目标。 这种现代方法只是儿童可以为成人生活做好准备的另一种方式，那里的许多交易都是数字化的。There's no perfect formula when it comes to pocket money, and a lot will depend on family situation and finances. Ultimately, learning to spend wisely, save and even give generously can help children build a healthy relationship with money that can continue into adulthood.关于零用钱，没有完美的公式，很大程度上取决于家庭状况和财务状况。 最终，学会明智地花费，储蓄甚至慷慨地付出可以帮助孩子与可以持续成年的金钱建立健康的关系。

Simply put, to make better digital cameras, you need image sensors with higher numbers of larger photosites. Engineers know this. In fact, it's basically how they've made the best cameras humanity have: giant telescopes that take photos of deep space. But phones don't even have as much sensor space as a standard DSLR camera, let alone the surface area of a massive telescope. In fact, most phone camera sensors are no larger than a pea.简单来说，要制造更好的数码相机，就需要拥有更多、更大的感光元件（photosites）的图像传感器。工程师们对此心知肚明。事实上，人类迄今为止制造出的最强大“相机”——那些拍摄深空的巨型望远镜——正是基于这一原理。然而，手机的传感器面积远小于单反相机，更不用说庞大的望远镜镜面了。实际上，大多数手机相机的传感器都不过豌豆大小。Fortunately, these devices have a technological trick to compensate for their cameras' tiny size: powerful processors. When you snap a picture on your phone, this pocket-computer starts running complex algorithms, which often begin by secretly taking a string of photos in rapid succession. The algorithms then manipulate these pictures, using math to perfectly align them and identify their best parts before combining the images into one high-quality photo. The end result is an image with less noise, wider dynamic range, and higher resolution than its sensors should be able to achieve.幸运的是，手机拥有一种可以弥补摄像头尺寸不足的技术手段——强大的处理器。当你按下快门拍照时，这个掌上电脑会立即运行复杂的算法，通常会在你毫无察觉的情况下快速连拍多张照片。然后算法会对这些照片进行数学运算，精确对齐每一张图像，挑选出最优部分，再将它们融合成一张高质量的照片。最终生成的图像噪点更少、动态范围更宽、分辨率也远超传感器本身的物理极限。This approach is known as computational photography, and advances here are likely how phone companies will continue to advertise increasingly better cameras without improving their image sensors. Today, these algorithms often leverage machine learning, where phones learn to improve your shots based on patterns found in massive photo databases. For example, night mode prioritizes dynamic range and noise reduction, while portrait mode tells your phone to focus on a central subject and blur the background. Machine learning also allows our phones to do the opposite, unblurring faces to grab quick candid shots. And newer programs can even help you remove unwanted elements altogether.这种方法被称为计算摄影（computational photography）。未来，手机厂商很可能会继续依靠这项技术来宣传“更好的相机”，而不必真正提升传感器硬件。如今，这些算法常常借助机器学习（machine learning），让手机从海量图片数据库中学习如何自动优化你的照片。比如，夜景模式会优先增强动态范围、减少噪点；人像模式则让手机聚焦于主体人物并虚化背景。而机器学习还能反向操作，让手机“去模糊”人脸，从而捕捉自然瞬间。更先进的程序甚至能帮你直接移除照片中不想要的元素。So, with the help of software, even phones with the smallest cameras can snap crisp, detailed photos of loved ones, spectacular views, and of course, lots and lots of food.因此，在强大软件的加持下，即使是最小的手机摄像头，也能拍出清晰细腻的照片——无论是所爱之人的笑容、壮丽的风景，还是那一盘盘令人垂涎的美食。

When the Visualphone VP210 hit the market in 1999, it advertised a never-before-seen feature: a camera. With only 0.11 megapixels and storage for 20 photos, the Visualphone is a relic compared to modern devices sporting three distinct cameras, each with up to 100 times more resolution. But while this technology has improved dramatically in the 21st century, engineers are rapidly approaching a hard limit on phone camera quality.1999年，当Visualphone VP210上市时，它宣传了一项前所未有的功能——摄像头。这个摄像头仅有0.11百万像素，最多能储存20张照片。与当今配备三颗摄像头、分辨率高出上百倍的智能手机相比，Visualphone简直就是古董。然而，尽管这项技术在21世纪突飞猛进，工程师们如今正迅速接近手机相机质量的硬性极限。To understand this limit, we first need to know how phone cameras work. Just like any other digital camera, when your phone takes a picture, light enters through its lens. This lens focuses the light onto an image sensor covered in a grid of photosites— microscopic light sensors roughly 100 times smaller than a grain of sand. There are millions of these sensors, and each one is covered by a red, green, or blue filter, allowing it to measure how much of that color is in the light hitting its location. Then these measurements are simplified, rounding them to less detailed numbers. This stepsacrificessome data, thus lowering the final images' quality, but it's essential for the camera's processor. This computer can only handle so much information as it decrypts the three sets of color data to assemble a digital recreation of the image.要理解这个极限，我们首先得了解手机摄像头的工作原理。和其他数码相机一样，当手机拍照时，光线会通过镜头进入。镜头将光线聚焦到一个图像传感器上，这个传感器表面覆盖着由光敏单元（photosites）组成的网格——这些微型感光元件比一粒沙子小约100倍。这样的感光元件有上百万个，每一个上面都有红、绿或蓝的滤光片，使它能够测量到达该位置的光线中对应颜色的强度。接着，这些测量值会被简化，四舍五入成较粗略的数字。这一步虽然会牺牲部分数据，从而降低最终图像的质量，但却是摄像头处理器运作所必需的。因为这个微型计算机在解读三组颜色数据、重建数字图像的过程中，所能处理的信息量是有限的。While the quality of this final photo depends on every part of the camera, nothing determines the look of a digital picture more than the image sensor. And engineers judge the quality of image sensors based on their performance in three areas. The first is resolution, or level of detail. Sensors with higher numbers of photosites offer better resolution, as the camera can collect more granular light data. Second and third are dynamic range and noise. Dynamic range is the span from light to dark within a single photo, and noise is the graininess that can come from poor lighting, long exposure times, or an overheating camera. Both these factors can be improved by using larger photosites, which can capture more light overall. This wider range of data helps processors better measure the intensity of the incoming light, adding contrast and reducing noise.虽然最终照片的质量取决于相机的每一个部分，但决定数码图像观感的关键因素，莫过于图像传感器。工程师通常从三个方面评估传感器的质量。第一是分辨率，即细节的清晰程度。拥有更多感光元件的传感器能提供更高的分辨率，因为它能收集更细微的光线数据。第二和第三是动态范围与噪点。动态范围指的是一张照片中从最亮到最暗的跨度，而噪点则是由于光线不足、曝光时间过长或摄像头过热而产生的颗粒感。这两者都可以通过使用更大的感光元件来改善，因为更大的感光面积能捕捉到更多光线。更宽的数据范围让处理器能更准确地判断光线强度，从而提升对比度并减少噪点。

So we ended up taking the car back, it was no longer functional, and we decided to place it in an art gallery in Los Angeles. And at this gallery, actually, I got to attend the opening, and at the opening I observed something that I totally did not expect to see, which was purchasers of the key had flown in from all over the country, not just to see the thing that they had touched and interacted with show up in a gallery, but they were actually there to meet each other for the first time. I watched them taking photos and sharing stories of their own individual escapades with the car, and I took a step back and realized this project was never about the car. It was never about the keys. It was about the people. Like, it really was about the friends you make along the way.最后我们把那辆车收回来了，它已经无法使用了，于是我们决定把它放在洛杉矶的一家艺术馆里。开幕那天我也有幸参加，结果我看到了一个完全没预料到的场景——那些曾经买过钥匙的人从全美各地飞来，不只是为了看他们曾经触碰和互动过的东西出现在画廊里，而是为了第一次彼此见面。我看到他们拍照、分享自己和这辆车的冒险故事。那一刻我退后一步，意识到这个项目从来不是关于车，也不是关于钥匙，而是关于人，关于一路上你结交的朋友。And now if you see the car, you'll see it outside, I mean, it looks nothing like it did when we started out. The faux wood paneling is gone, regrettably, but now it's covered in paint, drawings, scribbled messages from complete strangers to other total strangers. It's no longer a car. Now it's a rallying point for this weird little random community that sprang up out of nowhere and gave this thing a life of its own.如果你现在看到那辆车，你会发现它完全不像最初的样子了。人造木板装饰已经没了，虽然有点遗憾，但如今车身上覆盖着涂鸦、画作，以及陌生人写给陌生人的随手留言。它已经不再是一辆车，而成了一个奇怪而随机的社区的聚集点，这个社区凭空出现，却让它拥有了自己的生命。And with that, I'd like to invite each and every one of you to reach under your seat. Because I've placed -- Sorry, sorry, sorry.说到这里，我想邀请在座的每一位伸手到你们的座位下面。因为我放了——啊，对不起，对不起，对不起。They told me not to do that. I did it anyways. This is my first and last TED Talk. Whatever.他们曾经告诉我不要这么做。但我还是做了。这是我第一次也是最后一次TED演讲。随便吧。Anyways, we all know that keys, they start cars just like ATM machines are supposed to dispense cash. Just like Big Red Boots are supposed to be shoes. But in the case of the bad idea, none of these ended up being what they appeared to be on the surface. They ended up taking a life of their own, and they all became something else entirely, for better or for worse. And to me, that's the most exciting thing about it all.总之，我们都知道钥匙是用来发动汽车的，就像ATM机是用来吐钞票的，就像大红靴子理应是鞋子一样。但在“坏点子”的案例里，它们最后都不是表面上看起来的那个东西。它们有了自己的生命，完全变成了别的东西，不论好坏。而对我来说，这正是其中最令人兴奋的地方。I'm not necessarily saying that bad ideas are good ideas. All I'm saying is give yourself a chance to explore the thing that makes you uncomfortable, because you just never know what might happen.我并不是在说坏点子就是好点子。我想说的只是：给自己一个机会去探索那些让你感到不舒服的事物，因为你永远不知道会发生什么。

When you open Pandora's box of bad ideas, clearly the sky's the limit. So let's keep pushing it. I got three minutes.当你打开“坏点子”的潘多拉魔盒时，很明显，没有什么是不能尝试的。所以让我们继续往前推。我还有三分钟。This is a big fruit loop. I don't -- there's not much else to say. It's real. It's about the size of a dinner plate. It takes a lot of milk to put down, but I assure you, it's just as good as the original.这是一个巨大的麦圈。我没什么别的好说的。它是真的，大小差不多有一只餐盘那么大。需要很多牛奶才能吃下去，但我保证，它的味道和原版一样好。This is what we call an Alexagate. It's an electronics device armed with seven ultrasonic speakers at its base that blasts white noise into the mic of any Alexa device to keep it from eavesdropping on you when you're not using it.这是我们称之为 Alexagate 的东西。它是一种电子设备，底部装有七个超声波扬声器，会向 Alexa 设备的麦克风发射白噪音，从而防止 Alexa 在你不用的时候偷听你。And then this one is a life-size sculpture that keeps track of and counts the number of times anyone has touched it. Because if you ever go to a gallery or museum, you know you're not supposed to touch the art. So this is supposed to discourage people touching the art.然后这是一个真人大小的雕塑，它会记录并统计每个人触碰它的次数。因为如果你去过美术馆或博物馆，你就知道艺术品是不能随便碰的。而这个作品的目的，就是让人们更不敢去碰艺术品。Right. Actually, I wanted to wrap up the story about the car because it is real. If you take a second later, it's parked outside. It's here on the loop, so go find it. The car was real. The 5,000 keys were real. We released this to the world in the fall of 2022, and for the following nine months, we actually got to watch this thing change hands hundreds, if not thousands of times, mostly via very peaceful communal meetups and the occasional Grand Theft Auto, which I can't really talk too much about here.好的。实际上，我想把关于那辆车的故事收尾，因为它是真的。等会儿你们可以去看看，它就停在外面，在这附近，所以自己去找吧。车是真的，5,000 把钥匙也是真的。我们在 2022 年秋天把它释放到这个世界里，在接下来的九个月里，我们真的看到它几百次，甚至上千次易手，大多数情况是很和平的社区聚会，当然偶尔也会有“侠盗猎车”的场景出现——不过这个我在这里不能细说。Over that nine months, it started in New York, it made its way down to Philadelphia, it stayed in Philadelphia for a few days. Grand Theft Auto. And then eventually made its way across the Midwest to the West Coast, where nine months later, I mean, the GPS stopped. We kind of assumed that the project was over. Which is OK. It had a glorious life. But then one day I get a call, and it's a call from a tow pound. And the tow pound is saying, "Hey, we're pretty sure that we have your car because it is registered under your name. But it's such a weird thing because people keep showing up and claiming the car, and they all have keys that work."在那九个月中，它最初出现在纽约，然后一路到费城，在费城停留了几天（期间发生了一次“侠盗猎车”事件）。后来，它又穿过中西部，一直到了西海岸。九个月后，GPS 信号消失了，我们就以为这个项目结束了。没关系，它已经有过辉煌的一生。但某天我接到一个电话，来自一个拖车场。拖车场的人说：“嘿，我们很确定有一辆车是你的，因为它登记在你的名下。但怪事是，不断有人来认领这辆车，而且他们手里都有能开的钥匙。”

I'm glad you guys think it's funny. I thought it was horrifying. So it wasn't enough for us to just make this. We had to put it in the right place. Does it go outside our studio in Brooklyn? Do we put it in Times Square? My colleagues and I conferred for a little bit, and we realized there's only one place that this thing can ever go. It's Art Basel Miami.很高兴你们觉得这件事好笑。但在我看来，它其实挺可怕的。所以，光是做出这台机器还不够，我们必须把它放在合适的地方。是放在布鲁克林的工作室门口？还是放在时代广场？我和同事们商量了一下，最后发现，这东西唯一合适的地方就是 迈阿密巴塞尔艺术展。So we take it to Miami. Somehow, we get our way into a gallery and we get into a booth. And on day one, people were actually a little bit hesitant to engage, which I totally get it. It's a little bit shady. It's participatory, I understand. But eventually people would muster up the courage to swipe their card. They would clock in at like 100 dollars in their bank account balance, maybe 1,200 dollars in their bank account balance. By the end of the day, however, someone ended up swiping and clocked in at 12,000 dollars in their bank account balance. And then things started to get a little bit weird.于是我们把它运到迈阿密。不知怎么的，我们成功挤进了一家画廊，弄到一个展位。第一天，人们其实有点犹豫，不太敢尝试，我完全理解——它看起来确实有点阴间操作，而且是参与式的。但最终，人们还是鼓起勇气刷了卡。有人显示账户里有 100 美元，有人显示 1,200 美元。但到了当天结束时，有人刷卡显示账户里有 12,000 美元，事情开始变得微妙起来。The next day, a famous celebrity DJ named Diplo showed up with his entire entourage, pulled out his debit card, swiped it in the machine, clocked in at three million dollars in his bank account, and shot to the top of the leaderboard. And honestly, the rest is kind of hazy because a crowd amassed so huge around the ATM machine for the following three days that the art fair actually assigned five extra security guards not to protect the ATM machine, but to keep the crowd from bumping into the artworks of the neighboring galleries, which was actually very funny.第二天，一位著名的明星 DJ —— Diplo 带着他的随行人员出现在展会。他掏出借记卡，在机器上刷了一下，结果账户余额显示 三百万美元，直接登上排行榜首位。接下来的情况有点模糊了，因为在随后的三天里，这台 ATM 机前聚集了庞大的人群，以至于艺术博览会不得不额外安排五个保安——不是为了保护这台 ATM 机，而是为了防止人群撞到隔壁画廊的艺术品。这件事本身就很搞笑。But the most interesting thing that I got to observe here was this unexpected crowd dynamic where when people with astonishingly low bank accounts would swipe their cards, in front of this captive audience, by the way -- and I'm talking really low, like two dollars, concerningly low --但对我来说，最有趣的观察点在于，那些账户余额极低的人刷卡时，意外引发的人群反应。注意，我说的是真的很低，比如只有 两美元，低到令人担心的程度——而且是在一群观众面前公开显示的时候。They would swipe, they would get ranked at the bottom, and then they would turn around to face the audience, and the audience would lose their minds -- they were cheering and screaming and celebrating and clapping and taking pictures. And it was sincere. It was actually like this wholesome "one of us"-like celebration, which was not anything that we expected.↳他们刷完卡，显示在排行榜最底端，然后转过身面对观众。观众却沸腾了——欢呼、尖叫、庆祝、鼓掌、拍照，而且是发自内心的。那感觉就像一种真诚的“你是我们中的一员”的集体庆祝，这完全出乎我们的意料。And then to sort of wrap up that week, the funny thing is, a buyer ended up acquiring the ATM machine as a sculpture for a whopping 75,000 dollars. But the funny thing to me is, I don't think that person ever realized that the artwork was not the ATM machine. The artwork was the act of people engaging with the ATM machine. The actual artwork was the relationships that people developed with one another via the ATM machine.到了那周的尾声，最有趣的是，有人最后以 7.5 万美元 的高价把这台 ATM 当作雕塑买走了。但在我看来好笑的是，我不觉得那位买家意识到：真正的艺术作品并不是这台 ATM 机本身，而是人们与这台 ATM 的互动。真正的艺术，是人们通过这台机器彼此之间建立的关系。See, when we made this thing originally, we were pretty sure it was going to reflect all the worst parts of humanity at Art Basel Miami. But we were wrong. It ended up just being a random crowd of total strangers having a great time together in one big awkward, shared moment of financial transparency.你要知道，当我们最初制作这个东西时，我们确信它会在迈阿密巴塞尔艺术展上揭露人性最糟糕的一面。但我们错了。最后它却成了一个随机的陌生人群体，在一种巨大而尴尬、却共同的“财务透明时刻”中，一起度过了愉快的时光。Oh, I'm not done yet. I'm not done yet. So.哦，我还没讲完呢，我真的还没讲完。好了

So you've probably figured out by now that I'm not actually here to sell you keys to a car. Today I'm here to talk to you about bad ideas. The kind of ideas that typically die on the vine because reason or work colleagues get in the way. But to me, these are the most exciting ideas because you just never know what might happen.你们大概已经猜到了，我其实不是来卖车钥匙的。今天我想谈的是“坏点子”。这种点子通常在一开始就会被扼杀，因为理性思考或同事的否决会把它挡在路上。但在我看来，这些恰恰是最令人兴奋的点子，因为你永远不知道它们最终会变成什么。Take these crazy-looking shoes, for example. I think it was like the spring of 2023. My colleagues and I were sketching out the initial prototypes of the Big Red Boot. I remember us being equal parts terrified because, of course, like, who's going to wear these, much less spend money on them? But at the same time, the moment that we put on the initial prototypes ourselves --就拿这双长得很疯狂的鞋子来说吧。我记得那大概是 2023 年的春天，我和同事们在画 Big Red Boot 的最初原型。当时我们既兴奋又害怕，因为很自然的想法就是——谁会穿这种鞋？更别提花钱去买了。但与此同时，当我们自己第一次穿上原型鞋的那一刻——We were filled with such a chaotic sense of glee that we were like, you know what, we just got to do it. So we committed to making a couple hundred pairs, we priced them at 350 dollars and we just prayed that there would be a few hundred people out there in the world who would spend money on these crazy-looking things.我们心里涌起了一种混乱却强烈的喜悦感，于是我们想：“算了，不管了，干吧！”于是我们决定做几百双，把价格定在 350 美元，只能祈祷世界上会有几百个人愿意花钱买下这种看起来疯狂的东西。So a week before the drop, we leaked this image through a friend's Instagram account. Again, just hoping that people don't hate it, or even worse, that they don't ignore it. In hindsight, we needn't have worried. The algorithm smiled quite fondly upon the Big Red Boot, and all of a sudden this thing was everywhere. Like, I don't even, I can't even. It's basically like a blur. I don't understand what happened.在正式发售前一周，我们通过一个朋友的 Instagram 账号泄露了这张照片。再次，只是希望人们不要讨厌它，更不要完全无视它。结果回过头来看，我们根本不需要担心。算法很“宠爱”这双 Big Red Boot，突然之间，它火遍了各个角落。老实说，我甚至都说不清楚是怎么回事，一切都像是一阵模糊的旋风。All of a sudden, people were wearing them courtside at NBA games. I saw Lil Wayne wearing them in amusicvideo. I remember my dad calling me and saying, "Hey, Gabe, there's a professional WWE wrestler wearing your boots on live pay-per-view TV. And he just curb stomped another guy."转眼之间，人们穿着它出现在 NBA 球场边。我看到 Lil Wayne 在一支音乐录影带里穿着它。我还记得我爸打电话告诉我：“嘿，Gabe，有个职业 WWE 摔跤选手在付费直播里穿着你的靴子，他刚刚用它踩翻了另一个人。”It's incredible. And yet we almost didn't do it. This is almost where it ended. Just as an internal project on the cutting room floor. People told us it was not a great business decision. And honestly, I get it. But what started as a bad idea ended up becoming a very interesting idea.这太不可思议了。但我们差点就没做这件事，差点它就停留在内部项目阶段，被放在角落里废弃。很多人告诉我们，这不是一个很好的商业决策。说实话，我理解他们的想法。但一个最初的坏点子，最终却变成了一个非常有趣的点子。Here's another one. The idea was an ATM machine. Totally normal, functional, operational, extremely legal ATM machine, with one catch. Attached to the ATM machine, as you see, is a digital leaderboard that ranks people based on the amount of money in their remaining account balances.再来一个例子。这次的点子是一台自动取款机。完全正常、功能齐全、合法合规的 ATM 机，但有一个特别之处：在 ATM 机上安装了一块电子排行榜，它会根据用户账户的剩余余额多少来对他们进行排名。

Good morning everyone. My name is Gabe. I'm a traveling car salesman. So today, I'm here to sell you the keys to this car, this beautiful vintage PT Cruiser. I mean, look at that faux wood side paneling. I'm told it's got turbo. Look. It's a work of art. Trust me.大家早上好。我叫 Gabe。我是一名四处奔波的汽车推销员。今天，我来是要把这辆车的钥匙卖给你们——这辆漂亮的复古 PT Cruiser。看看这仿木纹的侧板，多特别。我听说它还有涡轮增压。看看吧，这就是一件艺术品。相信我。Now, when I say that I'm selling the keys to this car, I really mean it. I have 5,000 of these keys, and every single last one of them works to that car. You click the key fob once, it unlocks the door, you click it twice, it starts the engine. If you buy any one of these 5,000 keys from me, naturally you get access to the car, but so do 4,999 other people. Whatever happens beyond that is not necessarily my problem. Like I said, I'm just a car salesman.当我说我要卖这辆车的钥匙时，我是认真的。我有 5,000 把这样的钥匙，而且每一把都能打开这辆车。按一次遥控器，它就解锁车门；按两次，它就启动引擎。如果你从我这里买走这 5,000 把钥匙中的任意一把，你当然能开这辆车，但另外 4,999 个人也能开。至于之后会发生什么，那不一定是我的问题。就像我说的，我只是个卖车的。So you're probably wondering at this point, is this real? Is this guy just making this stuff up? Well, it is real. My name is Gabe, and I'm actually the founder of an art collective based in New York City, called Mschf. These are our logos.你们现在大概会想，这是真的吗？这家伙是不是在胡编乱造？其实，这是真的。我叫 Gabe，我实际上是一个艺术团体的创始人，这个团体位于纽约市，名字叫 Mschf。这些是我们的标志。Mischief is a bit of a difficult beast to explain, and I'm not going to even try to describe it. Let me give you a couple examples to help paint that picture or confuse you even further.Mschf（恶作剧）是个很难解释的东西，我甚至不打算尝试去定义它。让我给你几个例子，可能能帮你了解一点，或者让你更加困惑。Handbags. Handbags are really expensive, and incredibly, the smaller they get, the more expensive they become. So a few summers ago, we actually endeavored to make the world's smallest handbag, microscopic, in fact, and somehow it ended up selling at auction for 63,000 dollars, incidentally making it the world's most expensive handbag per volume.手袋。手袋非常昂贵，而且不可思议的是，它们越小，反而越贵。于是几年前的一个夏天，我们真的去尝试制作了世界上最小的手袋——实际上是显微镜下才能看到的大小。结果它竟然在拍卖会上以 63,000 美元成交，顺便也让它成了单位体积价格最贵的手袋。Here's another one. This is nothing like a handbag. You've probably seen those Boston Dynamics Spot dog robots that do TikTok dances with K-pop stars on YouTube. Well, we managed to get one. Instead of making it dance, we strapped a paintball gun to it and we connected it remotely to a website where people could take turns driving it and firing it at an art gallery that we constructed. Boston Dynamics did not like that one very much.再举一个例子。这和手袋完全不同。你们大概见过波士顿动力公司的 Spot 机器人狗吧？在 YouTube 上它们常常和韩流明星一起跳 TikTok 舞。我们设法搞到了一只。但我们没让它跳舞，而是给它绑上一把彩弹枪，然后把它远程连接到一个网站上，让人们轮流操控它，开着它朝我们搭建的艺术画廊射击。波士顿动力公司对这件事可不太高兴。

Once again, there are many possibilities, all consistent with the data. Some with a lot more metal, some with less. And the difference is a measure of uncertainties. This enables us to know where we should collect information next, where we should drill the next hole, and when we can stop drilling and actually start building a mine.再一次，我们面对的是许多种可能性，而这些可能性都与现有数据相符。有些含有更多金属，有些则更少。而这种差异，正是我们对不确定性的衡量。这让我们能够判断下一步该在哪里收集信息、在哪里钻下一个孔，以及什么时候可以停止钻探，转而真正开始建矿。To build the mine of the future, we continue to contend with this uncertainty. The industry designs an entire mine based on a single model. We're developing KoBold mine, a mine-design optimization tool that looks at the many possible mine designs against the many possible ore body geometries that we talked about earlier. This enables the best decisions about how much ore we're going to mine, how much waste we're going to produce, how much water we'll use, the cash flows, and so on.为了建造未来的矿山，我们必须继续应对这种不确定性。矿业行业往往是基于单一模型去设计整个矿山。而我们正在开发 KoBold Mine——一种矿山设计优化工具，它会结合我们之前提到的各种可能的矿体几何结构，来对比和评估多种矿山设计方案。这使我们能够做出最优决策，比如将开采多少矿石、会产生多少废料、需要多少用水、现金流如何等等。This enables the best mine planning decisions about where to put permanent infrastructure, like a shaft. Where the traffic and the tunnels will be placed so we can make efficient decisions, and also how we can maximize the ore and the metal we get and minimize the waste. This technology will move into mine operations to help guide day-to-day decisions for efficiencies.这还使我们能在矿山规划中做出最佳决策，例如永久性基础设施（如竖井）应该放在哪里，交通路线和隧道应该如何布局，以便做出高效的选择。同时还能帮助我们最大化矿石和金属的产出，并将废料最小化。这项技术最终会被应用到矿山运营中，用来指导日常决策，提升效率。Better predictions don't just mean profitability. It means a safer mine, knowing where the rocks are weaker. It means an environmentally sustainable mine so we can lessen our impact on the environment. And it also means a resilient mine with cash flows to support local communities and businesses through different commodity pricing cycles.更好的预测不仅仅意味着更高的盈利，它还意味着矿山的安全性更高，因为我们能知道哪些地方的岩石更脆弱。它意味着更具环境可持续性的矿山，从而减少对环境的影响。它也意味着矿山具备更强的韧性，能够在不同商品价格周期中，依然保持现金流，进而支持当地社区和企业的发展。Our Mingomba project in Zambia will be the mine of the future. It's being designed and developed by amazing talent from around the world, including Zambians and Africans like myself. We face the reality that our need for these materials will continue to grow because our lifestyles are going to advance and they're going to demand for it. So the mining industry must ensure they transform so we can become responsible miners and build better mines with better technology. Asante and thank you.我们在赞比亚的明贡巴（Mingomba）项目将成为未来的矿山。它正在由来自世界各地的杰出人才设计和开发，其中也包括像我这样的赞比亚人和非洲人。我们必须面对一个现实：对这些资源的需求将会持续增长，因为我们的生活方式在不断进步，而进步本身就会带来需求。因此，矿业必须确保自身实现转型，让我们能够成为负责任的矿工，利用更先进的技术去建设更好的矿山。Asante！（谢谢）非常感谢大家。

The incumbent industry deals with this problem by ignoring it. They pick one possible answer and act like the other ones don't exist. And as a result, we design suboptimal mines, make suboptimal decisions, often mining unnecessary material.现有的矿业行业处理这个问题的方式是忽视它。他们只选择一个可能的答案，然后假装其他可能性不存在。结果就是，我们设计出的矿山并不理想，做出的决策也并不优化，经常还会开采大量不必要的物料。We've invented a different way. We collect all the possibilities consistent with the data measured, and we do this by simulating the physical response of each of the arrangement of rocks. We do this 10,000 times faster by training an AI to learn the relevant physics of the rock beneath, in the time it takes the conventional method to test one. That means we collect better data, we make better predictions of where to look next. So if you had a rock body and a rock body that's denser than material around it, you might drill through the middle of it. But if you have all the hundreds of thousands of possible solutions, the best thing you can do is to collect data where you're the most uncertain and rigorously eliminate as many possibilities as possible. This enables us to maximize the information we get for every dollar we spend, and we do this repeatedly so we can quantify our uncertainties.我们发明了一种不同的方法。我们会收集所有与测量数据相符的可能性，并通过模拟各种岩石组合的物理反应来实现这一点。借助人工智能学习地下岩石相关物理特性，我们的速度比传统方法快上 10,000 倍——在传统方法只能测试一个的时间里，我们能完成成千上万次模拟。这意味着我们能收集到更好的数据，进而对下一步的勘探地点做出更好的预测。比如，如果你发现一个岩体，其密度大于周围的物质，你可能会选择直接在它的中间钻探。但如果你手上有成千上万种可能的解决方案，最明智的做法就是在最不确定的地方收集数据，并尽可能严格地排除掉不可能的情况。这让我们能够最大化每一美元投入所获得的信息，并且我们会不断重复这一过程，从而量化我们的不确定性。Even after we've made an ore body discovery, we still have to contend with this uncertainty. We have to define the size and shape of this ore body. Let me illustrate how difficult this is. So now, 1,000 meters below your feet, you drilled, you sampled the rock and you determined that it has five percent copper. So now you know, you've got your data point and your observation. Now, I ask you to make a prediction of the concentration of copper of the person sitting next to you.即便我们发现了一个矿体，仍然需要面对这种不确定性。我们必须界定这个矿体的大小和形状。让我来说明这有多困难。假设现在你在脚下 1000 米处钻探，取出了岩石样本，并测定其铜含量为 5%。到这里，你得到了一条数据点和一个观测结果。接下来，我让你预测一下：坐在你旁边的人脚下 1000 米处的铜含量是多少？What would your prediction be and how confident would you be in your prediction? What about across the room? Think of any person across this room and try to predict 1,000 meters below them. What about in the next building or the next city? This is the vast challenge that we face. We've only sampled a tiny fraction of rock, collected several football fields apart from each other, for which we're trying to make predictions of all the rock properties in between.你的预测会是什么？你对这个预测有多少信心？那么房间另一头呢？想象一下房间那头的某个人，试着预测他脚下 1000 米处的铜含量。那隔壁大楼呢？或者下一座城市呢？这就是我们面临的巨大挑战。我们只采集了极少量的岩石样本，而且这些样本之间相隔相当于几个足球场的距离，却要用这些数据去预测其间所有岩石的属性。This technology has helped us move fast in Zambia, where I come from, to design and develop a mine based on our predictions for which we've only sampled a tiny fraction of rock.这种技术已经帮助我们在我来自的赞比亚快速推进，仅凭极少量的岩石样本和我们的预测，就能够设计并开发出一座矿山。

So we need to look deeper. Controversially, we've been taught that these materials will run out. We don't lack ore body deposits. We lack information of where they lie. So if you had a crystal ball, you'd just look into it and start digging out the rocks that are the best and generate the least waste. But we don't have a crystal ball. So the thing that we should do is make predictions of where these materials lie.所以我们需要向更深处探索。一直以来，存在一种争议性的说法：这些矿产资源会枯竭。但实际上，我们并不缺少矿体，我们缺少的是关于它们分布位置的信息。如果你有一个水晶球，只要看一眼，就能直接去挖掘那些品质最好、废料最少的矿石。但现实是我们没有水晶球，所以我们必须依靠预测，推断这些矿产究竟分布在哪里。My colleagues and I at KoBold are doing what the industry has neglected to do. We aim to predict everything, quantify what we don't know and collect information efficiently. So we're all going to try that right now. I want you to predict 1,000 meters below your feet what the concentration of copper is right where you're sitting. I want you to predict how hard it is, how fractured it is, what's its density? We aim to predict all these things and more. We're developing machine learning technologies that help us predict all of this and rigorously quantify our uncertainties in these predictions. So what does this look like in practice?我和在 KoBold 的同事们正在做这个行业长期忽视的事情。我们的目标是尽可能预测一切，将未知进行量化，并高效地收集信息。现在我想让你们也来尝试一下：试着预测你脚下 1000 米深处的铜浓度是多少？它的硬度如何？裂隙程度怎样？密度又是多少？我们希望能够预测所有这些，甚至更多。为此，我们正在开发机器学习技术，帮助我们完成这些预测，并严格地量化预测中的不确定性。那么，这在实际操作中会是什么样子呢？When we're exploring for mines, we often fly aircraft thousands of kilometers across the Earth to try collect information such as the Earth's magnetism, its gravitational field, that tells us something about the rocks beneath. But there's a problem. For everything that we're looking at, there are going to be an infinite number of possibilities. And that's because we're building three-dimensional models to fit two-dimensional data. So if a body was smaller and closer to the surface or larger and further away, the measurement would be the same. So this body will also fit the data. And will this one, and this one, and many more.当我们进行矿产勘探时，通常会驾驶飞机在地球上飞行数千公里，以收集数据，例如地球的磁场和引力场信息，这些数据能告诉我们地表下岩石的一些特征。但这里有一个问题：我们观察到的每一个现象，都可能对应无数种可能的解释。这是因为我们用二维数据去构建三维模型。举例来说，如果一个矿体比较小但更接近地表，或者比较大但埋得更深，它们的测量结果可能完全一样。所以，这个矿体可以匹配数据，而另一个也可以，再一个也行，还有更多。

I was born and raised in Zambia, a country known for its rich copper mining history. Alignment of the stars meant that by birth and by science, I became a miner. Everything we build and use was either grown or mined. From the walls to the windows, the tables and the chairs, your phones, your computers, the stage, my copper earrings and maybe your jewelry.我在赞比亚出生并长大，这个国家以丰富的铜矿开采历史闻名。命运与科学的安排，使我自然而然成为了一名矿工。我们建造和使用的一切，要么是种出来的，要么是挖出来的。从墙壁到窗户，从桌子到椅子，从你的手机到电脑，从舞台到我戴的铜耳环，甚至可能还有你的首饰。So today when we talk about building a circular economy, we mean we need to electrify everything. Our economies will have cars and trucks, robots, drones and aircraft powered by batteries. Our children will need computers in all schools with equal access, and we'll have data centers full of advanced chips to bring us AI, all sourced by abundant sources of renewable energy. The raw materials we'll need will be recyclable so we can become clean and circular. So that means a lot more lithium, copper, cobalt, nickel and others. So we need to build more than 400 new mines by 2040 for us to become circular.所以今天当我们谈论构建循环经济时，意思是我们必须让一切实现电气化。我们的经济体系将拥有由电池驱动的汽车和卡车、机器人、无人机和飞机。我们的孩子们将在所有学校里都能平等地使用电脑，而我们也会有充满先进芯片的数据中心来为我们带来人工智能，而这一切都将依赖丰富的可再生能源。我们所需要的原材料必须是可回收的，这样我们才能实现清洁和循环。因此，这意味着需要更多的锂、铜、钴、镍以及其他矿物。到 2040 年，我们需要建立超过 400 座新矿山，才能实现循环经济。But before you can build a mine, you have to find the raw materials. The thing is, today's mining industry leaders are doing too little to advance our qualities of life. In other industries that rely on discovery for growth, like pharmaceuticals and technology, for every dollar they return to shareholders, they spend about a dollar in R and D. In mining, however, for every dollar returned to shareholders, less than a penny is spent in exploration. With such underinvestment, it shouldn't surprise you that the technology used in exploration and mining has barely advanced. In fact, we've gotten ten times worse in the last 30 years at making ore body discoveries.但在你建矿之前，首先必须找到原材料。问题在于，当今的矿业领袖们在提升我们的生活质量方面做得太少。在其他依赖发现推动增长的行业，比如制药业和科技行业，每返还一美元给股东，他们大约会投入一美元用于研发。然而在矿业中，每返还一美元给股东，用于勘探的投入却不到一分钱。在如此严重的投资不足下，你不应该对矿业勘探和开采技术几乎毫无进步感到惊讶。事实上，在过去 30 年里，我们在发现矿体方面的效率已经降低了十倍。But there's good news. The vast majority of ore deposits are still out there waiting to be found. They're just harder to find. Of all the past mines we know of, they were easy because they were poking out of the surface and they were near the surface.但好消息是，绝大多数矿床仍然存在，正等待我们去发现。只是它们变得更难寻找了。我们已知的那些过去的矿山之所以容易发现，是因为它们要么直接露出地表，要么距离地表非常近。

Somewhere on a farm in Iowa in 2010, a hen lays an egg. In just a few short weeks, this egg will be part of a massive infection event: thousands of people will fall ill, millions of eggs will be recalled, and several egg industry titans will ultimately land in jail, all thanks to a microscopic but mighty bacterium.2010年，在爱荷华州的一座农场里，一只母鸡产下了一枚鸡蛋。仅仅几个星期后，这枚鸡蛋将成为一场大规模感染事件的一部分：成千上万的人会生病，数百万枚鸡蛋将被召回，而几位蛋业巨头最终会锒铛入狱，而这一切都源于一种微小却强大的细菌。Salmonella infects millions worldwide each year, causing fever, stomach cramps, and diarrhea. And these effects can be extreme: Salmonella is the leading cause of hospitalizations and deaths from food poisoning.↳每年，全世界有数百万人感染沙门氏菌，导致发烧、胃痉挛和腹泻。这些影响可能非常严重：沙门氏菌是食物中毒导致住院和死亡的主要原因。So, let's follow this microbe to find out how it makes so many people sick.那么，让我们跟随这种微生物，看看它是如何让如此多人患病的。We begin in the chicken's digestive tract, a major source of all Salmonella infections. In chickens, Salmonella bacteria often go undetected, allowing them to spread to eggs either through the developing yolk or by passing through feces, which can then contaminate shells. Under unhygienic farming conditions, this Salmonella-laden feces may also infect or contaminate other animals and crops, causing various food-linked outbreaks. Meanwhile, chicken meat can be exposed to intestinal Salmonella during processing.我们从鸡的消化道开始，它是所有沙门氏菌感染的主要来源。在鸡体内，沙门氏菌常常不易被察觉，它们可能通过正在发育的蛋黄传播到鸡蛋中，或通过粪便排出并污染蛋壳。在不卫生的养殖条件下，这些含有沙门氏菌的粪便还可能感染或污染其他动物和农作物，导致各种与食物相关的疫情。同时，在加工过程中，鸡肉也可能接触到肠道中的沙门氏菌。On its journey from farm to plate, the microbe can survive extreme cold, wet, and dry conditions. However, once it moves into a human body, Salmonella reveals its true talents for survival. The first hurdle is the stomach. Here, most bacterial invaders are killed off by stomach acid. But Salmonella cells can detect acidic conditions, which triggers the production of acid shock proteins. These molecules shield the bacteria from damage just long enough for it to pass into the intestines.↳在从农场到餐桌的旅途中，这种微生物能在极端的寒冷、潮湿和干燥环境中生存。然而，一旦进入人体，沙门氏菌便展现出它真正的生存本领。第一道关卡是胃。在这里，大多数细菌入侵者都会被胃酸消灭。但沙门氏菌能感知酸性环境，从而触发酸冲击蛋白的产生。这些分子保护细菌免受伤害，正好能支撑它们进入肠道。Salmonella then faces the next gauntlet, as intestinal cells swiftly unleash microbe-destroying immune cells. But once again, the bacteria detect these changes with inbuilt sensors. And embedded within Salmonella's genome are pathogenicity islands, clusters of adaptive genes that launch the next phase of attack. They signal the construction of a specialized system that resembles a needle and syringe. Within seconds, it injects molecules called effector proteins into the intestinal cells, causing them to change their structure and swallow up the Salmonella. Once inside, Salmonella can then exploit the cell machinery to replicate and spread.接着，沙门氏菌面对下一道挑战：肠道细胞会迅速释放出能消灭微生物的免疫细胞。但细菌再次利用内置的感应器来探测这些变化。在沙门氏菌的基因组中，存在着致病岛——一组自适应基因簇，它们会启动下一阶段的攻击。它们指令细菌构建一个类似针管的特殊系统。在几秒钟内，沙门氏菌就能将效应蛋白注入肠道细胞，使其结构发生变化并吞噬沙门氏菌。一旦进入细胞，沙门氏菌就能利用细胞的机制进行复制和扩散。But these invaded intestinal cells don't go down without a fight— as soon as this breach begins, they release cytokines, chemical messengers that prompt the immune system to launch into action. Fleets of white blood cells seek out and destroy Salmonella microbes and infected cells. This inflammatory response is also what leads to symptoms like abdominal pains and fever. And it further damages the breached intestinal cells, limiting their usual ability to absorb water. So, whatever's in the digestive tract gets released in watery diarrhea.但这些被入侵的肠道细胞并不会坐以待毙——一旦入侵开始，它们就会释放细胞因子，这是一种化学信使，能促使免疫系统立即行动。大量白细胞会追踪并摧毁沙门氏菌以及被感染的细胞。这种炎症反应也正是导致腹痛和发烧等症状的原因。此外，它还会进一步损伤受侵的肠道细胞，限制它们正常吸收水分的能力。于是，消化道中的物质就会以水样腹泻的形式排出体外。While this inflammatory response may feel unpleasant, it effectively purges Salmonella from the body within 2 to 7 days for most people, without the need for antibiotics.虽然这种炎症反应令人不适，但对大多数人而言，它能在 2 到 7 天内有效清除体内的沙门氏菌，而无需使用抗生素。But there are times when a Salmonella infection may require more treatment. It can lead to severe dehydration, particularly in children and older patients. And in some unusual cases, Salmonella can continue to spread through the body, hiding inside immune cells, invading other organs and tissues, and even poisoning the blood. These cases occur if a person is infected by a rare but powerful type of Salmonella called S. typhi. Unlike other strains, S. typhi doesn't infect chickens— It spreads from person to person, mainly via poor sanitation and untreated drinking water. Although it's uncommon in many parts of the world, typhoid fever, the disease that S. typhi causes, still kills over 100,000 people yearly.但有时沙门氏菌感染需要更多治疗。它可能导致严重脱水，尤其是在儿童和老年患者中。而在一些少见的情况下，沙门氏菌会继续在体内传播，藏身于免疫细胞中，侵入其他器官和组织，甚至引发败血症。这些情况多发生在感染了一种罕见但强大的沙门氏菌——伤寒沙门氏菌（S. typhi）时。与其他菌株不同，S. typhi 不会感染鸡，它主要通过人际传播，尤其是因卫生条件差或饮用未处理的水而传播。尽管在世界许多地区并不常见，但由 S. typhi 引起的伤寒每年仍导致超过 10 万人死亡。Thankfully, there are vaccines to prevent infection by S. typhi. To avoid milder variants, there are steps that everyone can take, like washing your hands, avoiding unpasteurized milk, and cooking meat and eggs thoroughly. Cookie dough should be off limits: raw eggs and flour both carry a Salmonella risk.幸运的是，目前已有疫苗可以预防 S. typhi 的感染。为了避免较轻型的变种感染，每个人都可以采取一些措施，比如勤洗手、避免饮用未经消毒的牛奶、彻底煮熟肉类和鸡蛋。饼干生面团则应避免食用：因为生鸡蛋和面粉都存在沙门氏菌风险。And there are ways to stop Salmonella at its source. Investigations into the outbreak in 2010 revealed one company's dark history of unhygienic farming conditions, bribery of health officials, and mislabeled eggs. Since then, the United States has taken steps to put stricter regulations in place. In Europe, many countries have successfully reduced Salmonella by requiring testing on farms and before products reach shelves. But there's still work to be done if we want to stop the spread of this incredibly crafty pathogen.同时，也有办法从源头阻止沙门氏菌。对2010年疫情的调查揭示了一家公司不为人知的黑暗历史：不卫生的养殖环境、行贿卫生官员以及错误标记鸡蛋。自那以后，美国采取了更严格的监管措施。而在欧洲，许多国家通过要求在农场和产品上架前进行检测，成功减少了沙门氏菌的传播。但如果我们想要彻底阻止这种极具狡猾性的病原体传播，仍有大量工作要做。

The animal is covered in spikes all over its back including some that are one metre long emerging from its neck. It also has a bony collar that wraps around its neck and what looks like a pointy mace-like weapon at the end of its tail. Professor Richard Butler of Birmingham University said it was the most exciting specimen he'd ever seen.这种动物的背部布满尖刺，其中一些从颈部伸出的尖刺长达一米。它的脖子上还有一个骨干环，尾巴末端有看起来像是一种和狼牙棒类似的尖锐武器。伯明翰大学的理查德·巴特勒教授表示，这是他所见过的最令人兴奋的恐龙标本。The discovery, which has been published in the journal Nature, turns current ideas – that armour evolved gradually in these animals over tens of millions of years – on their head. Instead, it suggests that the armour was elaborate to start with, possibly for mating and display, and then became simpler and possibly more effective as protection from predators, according to Professor Susannah Maidment of the Natural History Museum.这项发现，发表在《自然》杂志上，颠覆了目前已有的观点，即这些动物的铠甲是在数千万年的时间里逐渐进化形成的。正相反，这项发现表明这些铠甲一开始精巧复杂，可能是为了交配和求偶，而之后变得更加简单，可能成为了抵御捕食者的更有效的保护，这是自然历史博物馆苏珊娜·梅德门教授的观点。The ankylosaur is the oldest discovered to date and is the first to be found in Africa. The research team hope the specimen will be displayed to the public in Fez in Morocco.这种甲龙是迄今为止发现的最古老的、也是第一个在非洲被发现的甲龙。研究团队希望这个标本能在摩洛哥非斯向公众展出。

It's normal for our bodies to not always be in tip-top condition, whether we catch the flu, have aching muscles after lots of exercise or get travel sick. But there's an ingredient that can help with all of that, and it can be used in all sorts of ways.我们的身体并不总是处于尖端状态是正常的，无论我们感受到流感，运动后肌肉疼痛还是患病。 但是，有一种成分可以帮助所有这些，并且可以以各种方式使用。Ginger isn't just something to have in the kitchen – it's been used as an aidfor centuries. Research consistently shows it eases nausea, such asmotion sickness, and is recommended as a remedy by the NHS for helpingease pregnancy sickness. Anna Daniels, a dietitian and spokesperson for the British Dietetic Association, says it's so beneficial because it has "powerful anti-inflammatory properties which assist with reducing inflammation in the gas trointestinal tract and therefore relieve discomfort and settle upset stomachs."生姜不仅在厨房里有东西 - 它已被用作几个世纪的帮助。 研究始终表明，它缓解了恶心，例如运动疾病，并被NHS推荐作为帮助缓解怀孕疾病的补救措施。 英国饮食协会的营养师和发言人安娜·丹尼尔斯（Anna Daniels）表示，它具有“强大的抗炎特性，有助于减少胃肠道炎症，从而缓解不适并减轻胃部不适的胃部。”And it can help with more than just nausea. Ginger tea has been shown to help fight colds and flu because it encourages perspiration, which in turn reduces feverish symptoms. Gingerol, a bioactive compound in the spice, has been found to help reduce the risk of infections because it supports immune health, including autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. And if you're sporty, there's good news for you too. Studies by the International Journal of Preventative Medicine and The Journal of Pain found that a daily supplement of ginger eased muscle soreness after intense physical activity.它不仅可以帮助恶心。 姜茶已被证明可以帮助抗击感冒和流感，因为它鼓励了出汗，从而减少了发烧的症状。 Gingerol是香料中的生物活性化合物，已被发现有助于降低感染的风险，因为它支持免疫健康，包括自身免疫性疾病，例如类风湿关节炎和狼疮。 而且，如果您运动型，那么您也会有个好消息。 《国际预防医学杂志》和《疼痛杂志》的研究发现，每天的姜补充在激烈的体育锻炼后缓解了肌肉酸痛。So, how can you use ginger? It's an incredibly versatile ingredient and can be used in almost anything from tea to biscuits to fiery stir-fries. Many cafes and supermarkets now sell ginger shots promoting health benefits. Emily Jonzen, author of The Goodness of Ginger and Turmeric, suggests grating it, though she advises "it has a strong flavour and a fieriness to it so introduce it to your cooking a little at a time".那么，如何使用生姜？ 这是一种多才多艺的成分，几乎可以用于从茶到饼干再到火热的炒菜中。 现在，许多咖啡馆和超市都出售生姜镜头，以促进健康益处。 姜和姜黄善良的作者艾米丽·琼森（Emily Jonzen）建议将其磨碎，尽管她建议“它具有强烈的风味和烈性，因此一次将其介绍给您的烹饪。”So, if you like the taste, you could incorporate it into your diet and see if you feel these health benefits.因此，如果您喜欢这种口味，则可以将其纳入饮食中，看看您是否会觉得这些健康益处。

We all know that having too much work and too much stress can lead to burnout, but did you know that the opposite can also be a problem? Have you ever felt that your job was too easy and that everything was just a bit too boring? If so, you might be suffering from rust out.我们都知道，工作量过多，压力太多会导致倦怠，但是您知道恰恰相反可能是一个问题吗？ 您是否曾经觉得您的工作太简单了，一切都太无聊了？ 如果是这样，您可能会遭受生锈。Rust out happens when there isn't enough challenge to motivate you to keep going in your job. Without some challenge, it can be hard to feelgrowth in your role. If a job has lots of repetitive and monotonous tasks, it can make it hard to see the purpose of a role. Having a lower level of responsibility at work than before can also make it harder to feel fulfilled in a job. This can affect people who have taken time out from their career for family or personal reasons.当没有足够的挑战以激励您继续工作时，就会发生生锈。 没有一些挑战，您的角色可能很难感受到成长。 如果工作有很多重复且单调的任务，则可能很难看到角色的目的。 在工作中的责任水平低于以前，也可以使工作中的满足感更加困难。 这可能会影响因家庭或个人原因从职业生涯中抽出时间的人。If you think that you might be suffering from rust out, then there are a number of signs to watch out for. You might dread finding your schedule each week and not seeing anything stimulating on it. It might be that you often find yourself clock-watching at work, willing the time to pass.Focus and motivation can drop, leading you to get less done than you had before, or to make more mistakes. You may start to feel apathetic and disengaged towards your job. These feelings can lead to anxiety and depression which can then spread from work into people's personal lives.如果您认为自己可能患有生锈，那么有很多迹象要注意。 您可能会害怕每周找到自己的日程安排，而没有看到任何刺激的东西。 可能是您经常发现自己在工作中观看时钟，愿意通过时间。 专注和动力可能会下降，导致您比以前做得更少，或者犯更多的错误。 您可能会开始感到冷漠，并脱离工作。 这些感觉会导致焦虑和沮丧，然后可以从工作中传播到人们的个人生活中。Finding yourself suffering from rust out can sometimes be an opportunity. Some experts suggest that self-awareness is key. By taking some time to realise what you are really looking for in work and life, you can take steps to re-discover your motivation. Setting yourself goals and allowing yourself to try new things can help you find a new purpose. Considering what you really need for a job can also lead you to find a new one that's better suited to your goals in life.发现自己患有生锈有时可能是一个机会。 一些专家认为自我意识是关键。 通过花一些时间意识到自己在工作和生活中真正寻找的东西，您可以采取步骤重新发现自己的动力。 设定自己的目标并让自己尝试新事物可以帮助您找到新的目标。 考虑到您真正需要的工作也可能会导致您找到一个更适合您人生目标的新工作。

Historians face many problems in piecing together the past from ancient inscriptions. They're usually incomplete, and also their origin and date may not be known.历史学家们在用古代铭文拼凑过往时面临许多难题。这些铭文通常残缺不全，而且它们的来源和年代也可能无从知晓。Researchers attempt to fill in the blanks by drawing on texts that are similar in wording, grammar, and appearance. Ancient inscriptions tend to be formulaic, so historians can infer what the missing part of the sentence is saying from similar inscriptions. The process is painstaking and can take months or years.研究人员们尝试填补铭文中的空白部分，他们通过借鉴在措辞、语法和外观上类似的文本来完成这项工作。古代铭文往往具有程式化的特征，所以历史学家们可以从相似的铭文中推断出一个句子中缺失的部分所要表达的内容。这个过程是十分艰难的，可能需要数月甚至数年的时间。Aeneas does this in the blink of an eye, by drawing from a database of 176,000 ancient Roman writings.而埃涅阿斯仅用一眨眼的功夫就能完成这项工作，它依靠的是从一个包含 17.6 万份古罗马文献的数据库中提取信息。

I also think there's a systematic or institutional resistance, right? Because genomics is thetipof the spear for preventive care. It's really the first in a series of things that we need to bring in order to preserve our health: multiomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, wearables, all the exciting things we've heard about that will keep us well instead of simply treating us when we're sick.我也认为存在一种系统性或制度性的抵制，对吧？因为基因组学是预防医疗的“矛头”。它实际上是我们为了保持健康所需要引入的一系列手段中的第一步：多组学、蛋白质组学、转录组学、可穿戴设备，所有这些令人兴奋的技术，都是为了帮助我们保持健康，而不仅仅是在生病时才进行治疗。Now, I'm happy to tell you that I've co-founded an international consortium on newborn sequencing. It's grown to 27 groups around the world that are all doing this in different healthcare systems. We get together, we compare notes, we share data. It's really exciting. I go to these annual meetings, it's the most exciting meeting I go to every year, we feel like we're inventing an entirely new field of medicine.现在，我很高兴地告诉大家，我共同创立了一个关于新生儿基因测序的国际联盟。它已经发展到全球27个团队，他们在不同的医疗体系中开展类似的工作。我们聚在一起，交流经验，分享数据，这令人无比兴奋。我每年都会参加这个年度会议，这也是我每年最激动人心的一次会议，因为我们感觉自己正在开创一个全新的医学领域。But if we really want to invent the future, we've got to do something different. If we really want to invent the future, we've got to realize that a child's DNA doesn't change over time, but the science is changing all the time. And so what that means is we should sequence your child's DNA, and we should revisit and reanalyze that DNA over and over again to truly create the dream of genome-informed medicine. Because each and every year there will be new insights and new treatments available.但如果我们真的想要创造未来，就必须做一些不同的事情。我们必须认识到：孩子的DNA不会随时间改变，但科学却在不断进步。这意味着我们应该对孩子的DNA进行测序，并且反复重新分析它，从而真正实现“基因组指导医疗”的梦想。因为每一年都会出现新的发现和新的治疗方法。This isn't offered anywhere in the world, but I'm happy to tell you that we are trying to build this. We are building an AI-enhanced digital health platform so that you, your grandchildren, your children, your pediatricians, your health care centers, your employers, your nations can do this at scale.目前，全世界还没有地方提供这种服务，但我很高兴地告诉大家，我们正在努力构建它。我们正在打造一个由人工智能增强的数字健康平台，这样你、你的孩子、你的孙辈、儿科医生、医疗中心、雇主乃至国家，都可以大规模开展这一工作。It's going to take a certain amount of courage to change the way we think about disease, to embrace the knowledge of risk in order to preserve our health, rather than waiting for us and our children to get sick and treating them there. But if we can do this, if we can embrace this, we can save millions of lives and usher in an entirely new era of genome-inspired medicine.要改变我们对疾病的看法，需要一定的勇气。我们必须接纳风险知识，以此来保护我们的健康，而不是等到我们和孩子生病后再去治疗。但如果我们能够做到这一点，如果我们能够拥抱这一理念，我们就能拯救数百万人的生命，并迎来一个由基因组启发的全新时代的医学。

But that system is overburdened, under-resourced, and since 2008, it's only added nine new conditions. And as we've just said, there are several hundred treatable genetic conditions today. It's going to be very hard for them to keep up.但该体系人手不足、资源匮乏，自2008年以来仅新增了九种疾病。正如我们刚才所说，如今有数百种可治疗的遗传性疾病，单靠现有体系很难跟得上。Why are people so resistant? Why aren't we demanding this? Well, part of the reason is human psychology, right? You bring home this perfect little baby, and you don't really want to look for something that might be wrong, even if, intellectually, you know it might be treatable. But we've got to get past that.人们为什么如此抗拒？为什么我们不去强烈要求普及这项技术？部分原因来自人类心理：把这个完美的小宝宝带回家后，你并不想去寻找可能存在的问题——即便从理智上你知道这些问题可能是可治疗的。但我们必须突破这种心理障碍。The other reason is privacy concerns. And this is sort of ironic because privacy concerns are real. Your DNA is a biometric. It's kind of like a fingerprint. There's certainly some law enforcement considerations, but if somebody steals my genome, they really can't make much of it. Whereas if they steal my electronic footprint or your electronic footprint, there's a lot more harm that can be done.另一个原因是隐私担忧。这有点讽刺，但隐私担忧确实存在。你的DNA是一种生物识别信息，有点像指纹。确实存在执法方面的考虑，但如果有人窃取了我的基因组，实际上他们也很难利用它做太多事情；而如果窃取了我的电子足迹或你的电子足迹，就可能造成更多的伤害。So I'm not saying we shouldn't be concerned about privacy. In fact, privacy is protected when you look for genomic information in a medical context, just like it's protected for your psychiatric history and your HIV status and so forth.我并不是说我们不该关心隐私问题。事实上，在医疗情境下查找基因组信息会受到隐私保护，就像精神病史、艾滋病感染状况等信息一样受保护。It's also been confusing to have direct-to-consumer genetic testing. Now, these companies, for the most part, were very honest about what they offered, but they were not protected by these same legal protections as health care. And typical direct-to-consumer companies use a technology called genotyping. So they're looking for various markers in the genome, which is good for ancestry and traits, but not so good for mutations. For that, you really need the sequencing, every single letter of the DNA, and that's 5,000 times more granular.直接面向消费者的基因检测也令人困惑。这些公司在很大程度上对其提供的服务是坦诚的，但它们并不受与医疗保健相同的法律保护。典型的直接检测公司使用的是一种叫做基因分型（genotyping）的技术，因此它们寻找的是基因组中的各种标记，这对祖源和性状分析很有用，但对检测突变并不十分可靠。要检测突变，确实需要测序——也就是读取DNA的每一个碱基——这种方法的精细度高出约5000倍。

Let me let you hear from a couple of the BabySeq mothers who've gone through this and hear what they have to say about the findings in their own children.让我带你听听几位参与 BabySeq 项目的母亲们的心声，听听她们对于自己孩子检测结果的看法。Now, this was baby Adam, who had an elastin gene mutation which can be associated with a narrowed aorta.这是婴儿亚当，他有一个弹性蛋白基因突变，这种突变可能与主动脉狭窄有关。Finding out that your newborn has a heart problem, of all things, is absolutely terrifying. But knowing that we could be proactive gave us some peace of mind that we were doing everything we could do instead of being surprised down the road.发现自己新生的孩子居然有心脏问题，这无疑是极其可怕的。但得知我们能够主动采取措施，这让我们心里多少有些安慰，因为我们已经尽力而为，而不是在未来突然遭遇意外打击。And in fact, after this mutation was found, a scan found that this baby's aorta was already mildly narrowed, it can now be followed and treated if it gets worse.事实上，在发现这个突变后，扫描检查表明这个婴儿的主动脉已经出现轻度狭窄。如今可以进行随访监测，如果情况恶化，就能及时治疗。Baby Cora, who's now almost nine years old, was found to have mutations suggestive of biotinidase deficiency, which is absolutely necessary for proper brain development. So she takes a simple dietary supplement every day that's kept her brain safe.科拉宝宝，如今已经快九岁了，她被发现携带提示生物素酶缺乏症的突变。这种酶对大脑正常发育至关重要。于是她每天服用一种简单的膳食补充剂，从而保护了她的大脑。We give her a daily vitamin to treat her enzyme deficiency. We had to get creative at first, but now it's part of our routine. I'm just glad we discovered the conditions before there were any symptoms.我们每天给她服用维生素来治疗这种酶缺乏。一开始我们得想办法让她接受，但现在这已经成为生活的一部分。我很庆幸我们在症状出现之前就发现了这个问题。And baby Jacob was one of four children who had mutations that created a predisposition for pediatric or adult onset cancers. Now, in his case, the gene was BRCA2 or “Broca” 2, and nobody in the family knew that it was present. When we found out, we traced it back to his mother, who was surprised but who could then take action.婴儿雅各布则是四个因基因突变而容易患儿科或成年期癌症的孩子之一。他的突变基因是 BRCA2（俗称“布罗卡2”），家里没人知道有这种基因存在。当我们发现后，追溯到他的母亲，她很惊讶，但随后能够采取应对措施。It turns out that I ultimately was carrying a mutation. I had risk-reducing and ultimately life-saving surgery, and I believe it was the right decision so I could be present for my son.结果发现，我自己最终是这个基因突变的携带者。我接受了降低风险、最终挽救生命的手术。我相信这是一个正确的决定，因为这样我才能陪伴在儿子身边。So how can we bring this to every family that wants this insight? Well, there is a newborn screening system around most of the world. It looks for, in the United States, up to 75 treatable conditions, mostly metabolic conditions.那么，我们该如何让每一个希望获得这种洞察的家庭都能受益呢？其实，在世界大多数国家和地区都有新生儿筛查系统。在美国，这种筛查可以检测多达75种可治疗的疾病，其中大多数是代谢性疾病。

People were aghast. They thought we were going to do terrible medical things to these children. They thought there was going to be catastrophic psychological distress, and they thought we were going to spend all sorts of money. So we've spent ten yearsexquisitely studying the medical, behavioral and economic impact of newborn genetic sequencing. And we don't have all the answers yet, but I have to tell you that what we've discovered so far is pretty reassuring.↳人们当时都很震惊。他们以为我们要对这些孩子进行可怕的医学实验；他们以为这会带来灾难性的心理创伤；他们还以为我们会花费大量的金钱。于是，我们花了十年时间，精细地研究新生儿基因测序在医学、行为和经济上的影响。虽然我们还没有得到全部的答案，但到目前为止的发现已经相当令人安心。Now, what was really surprising about this was what we found in these normal babies. If you take, let's say, 400 genes which represent conditions that are treatable today, absolutely treatable, in about 1,000 families, we found mutations in those genes in about four percent of these babies. Four percent.真正让人惊讶的是，我们在这些健康的新生儿中发现了什么。假设我们取大约400个基因，这些基因代表了当今可以明确治疗的疾病，在大约1000个家庭的新生儿中，我们发现约4%的婴儿携带这些基因的突变。4%！And if you expanded that gene list to be, let's say, 5,000 genes long, and that includes conditions that aren't treatable yet, conditions that maybe attack you in adulthood, we found an incredible 12 percent of these babies were carrying such mutations.如果把这个基因列表扩展到大约5000个基因，其中包括目前尚不可治疗、可能在成年后才会发病的疾病，那么我们发现竟有高达12%的婴儿携带这类突变。Now, remember, that doesn't mean that all of these children are going to get the disease. But it does mean that if you know the risk that the children have, then your pediatrician and your family can be on the lookout for vague symptoms that would otherwise be overlooked.当然，请记住，这并不意味着所有这些孩子都会得病。但这确实意味着，如果你知道孩子所具有的风险，那么儿科医生和家人就可以提前留意一些本来可能被忽视的模糊症状。This isn't a small problem. If this holds, that means in the United States, there are over 400,000 babies a year that will carry these risk mutations, and worldwide, that's over 15 million babies a year that will carry these risk mutations. It's kind of ironic, isn't it, because these are individually rare diseases, many of them you won't even have heard of, but together they are a massive medical problem.这可不是一个小问题。如果这个比例成立，那就意味着在美国，每年会有超过40万名婴儿携带这些风险突变；而在全球范围内，每年会有超过1500万名婴儿携带这些风险突变。这有点讽刺，不是吗？因为这些疾病单独来看都很罕见，许多甚至你从未听说过，但加在一起，它们却构成了一个巨大的医学难题。

So on April 22, 2015, a four-day-old baby girl in Boston, let's call her baby Maria, became the first healthy infant in human history to have her genome comprehensively sequenced, comprehensively analyzed, as part of a clinical controlled trial in preventive genomics.2015年4月22日，在波士顿，一名只有四天大的女婴——我们姑且称她为玛丽亚宝宝——成为人类历史上第一位健康婴儿，她的基因组在一项预防性基因组学的临床对照试验中被全面测序并进行全面分析。Now, why is this important? It's great to be first, but it's important because when children are ill, everybody's upset. But when children remain ill and doctors can't figure out what's going on, well, that casts their parents into a diagnostic odyssey that can take years and be incredibly agonizing. It can create all sorts of misunderstanding, misdiagnosis and mismanagement.那么，为什么这很重要呢？成为“第一”固然值得称道，但更重要的是，当孩子生病时，全家都会陷入焦虑。而当孩子长期患病而医生却无法找出病因时，父母就会踏上一段漫长而痛苦的“诊断奥德赛”，这种折磨可能持续多年。它会带来各种误解、误诊，甚至错误治疗。Now, sometimes those children will go on to get genetic testing, and sometimes they'll find an answer. And sometimes those answers mean that you can treat the child, but by then it can be too late. The damage is permanent. This is particularly tragic because there are so many treatable genetic conditions today, and they're going to be even more with gene editing, cell and gene therapies. In fact, it's been suggested that over 90 percent of genetic conditions will be treatable in the next few years with gene editing.有时候，这些孩子最终会接受基因检测，有时候能找到答案。而有时这些答案意味着孩子是可以治疗的，但等到那时，往往已经为时已晚，损害不可逆转。这尤其令人痛心，因为如今已有许多遗传性疾病是可治疗的，而随着基因编辑、细胞与基因疗法的发展，可治疗的遗传病将会更多。事实上，有人预测，在未来几年内，超过90%的遗传性疾病都将通过基因编辑得到治疗。So the key to this is obviously finding these children early, actually analyzing their DNA at or shortly after birth. And so ten years ago, I pulled together a team at Harvard Medical School, Mass General Brigham, Broad Institute, Ariadne Labs, and got together with a brilliant group of co-leaders: Alan Beggs, Amy McGuire, Heidi Rehm and Ingrid Holm. And together, we launched the BabySeq or Baby Sequencing Project, the world's first trial of newborn genomic sequencing.因此，关键显然在于尽早发现这些孩子，在出生时或出生后不久就对他们的DNA进行分析。于是十年前，我在哈佛医学院、麻省总医院、布罗德研究所和阿里阿德涅实验室组建了一支团队，并与一群杰出的共同领导者——艾伦·贝格斯、艾米·麦奎尔、海蒂·雷姆和英格丽德·霍尔姆——携手合作。我们共同启动了“婴儿基因组测序计划”（BabySeq Project），这是世界上第一个针对新生儿进行基因组测序的试验。Now, when we presented this information at medical meetings, we didn't quite get the reaction we were hoping for.然而，当我们在医学会议上展示这些成果时，却并没有得到我们所期望的反应。

The data shows the average surface temperature of UK waters in the seven months to the end of July was more than 0.2 degrees celsius higher than any year since 1980. Now that might not sound much, but the UK's seas are now considerably warmer than even a few decades ago.数据显示，在截至七月底的七个月里，英国海水的平均表面温度比 1980 年以来的任何一年都高出零点二摄氏度以上。这个温度升幅也许听起来不算太多，但是如今英国海水的温度已经比几十年前高出了相当多。Scientists and amateur naturalists in the south-west of England have observed a remarkable range of species, not usually seen in UK waters. They include large numbers of bluefin tuna and octopuses, as well as mauve stinger jellyfish, conger eels, humpback whales and even the world's second-largest whale species, the fin whale.科学家和业余博物学家在英格兰的西南部观察到了一系列非同寻常的物种，这些物种在英国海域中并不常见。这其中包括大量的蓝鳍金枪鱼和章鱼，以及紫纹海刺水母、康吉鳗鱼、座头鲸，甚至还有世界第二大鲸鱼物种——长须鲸。But there have also been significant declines in cooler water species, including cod and haddock.但是，喜冷生物的数量也出现了显著下降，比如鳕鱼和黑线鳕。

"The railway that got the world on track." On the 27 September 1825, crowds gathered in a small market town in north-east England to witness something that had not been seen before – a train carrying passengers for the first time. It had taken eight hours to travel 48km – around the speed of an average cyclist – but this steam locomotive was a pioneer in the development of modern railways and changed the world forever as rail spread across the globe.“使世界步入正轨的铁路”。 1825年9月27日，人群聚集在英格兰东北部的一个小市小镇，目睹了以前从未见过的东西 - 第一次载着乘客的火车。 在普通骑自行车的人的速度下，旅行48公里花了八个小时，但是这种蒸汽机车是现代铁路发展的先驱，随着铁路在全球范围内蔓延，世界永远改变了世界。2025 marks 200 years of passenger trains, and the UK is celebrating this milestone with Railway 200 – a year-long programme of events. From guided walking tours along old, abandoned rail routes, to competitions and careers events. Railway 200 organisers have also designed a travelling exhibition on a special train that will criss-cross the UK for 12 months. Admission to the train is free and there are four carriages, each with a different theme. These include a carriage with hands-on, interactive activities which invite people to test their engineering skills. Emma Roberts, Railway 200 organiser, said it is an "unforgettable experience" for visitors.2025年是200年的旅客列车，英国正在用Railway 200（一年的活动计划）庆祝这一里程碑。 从沿着古老的，废弃的铁路路线进行导游的徒步旅行，到比赛和职业活动。 Railway 200组织者还设计了一场特殊火车的旅行展览，该展览将在英国纵横交错12个月。 火车的入场是免费的，有四辆马车，每辆都有不同的主题。 这些包括带有动手互动活动的马车，邀请人们测试他们的工程技能。 铁路200组织者艾玛·罗伯茨（Emma Roberts）表示，对于游客来说，这是一种“难忘的经历”。Also celebrating this bicentennial is Tom Chesshyre, train enthusiast and author of 'Slow Trains Around Britain'. Among what attracts him to train travel is that you can see places off the beaten track out the train window, and you can relax and read a book without worrying about traffic jams. Tom's favourite slow train ride is from Inverness, in the middle of Scotland, to the most northerly station in the whole of the UK in Thurso through "a kind of desolate landscape". Tom says, "You feel like you're taking a train and disappearing from modern life, leaving it behind." The route Tom crowned 'most picturesque' was a short journey from St Erth in Cornwall to St Ives which travels along a clifftop with the beach down below.还庆祝这一双百年纪念的是汤姆·切斯海尔（Tom Chesshyre），他是火车爱好者，也是“英国慢火车”的作者。 在吸引他进行火车旅行的地方，您可以看到人迹罕至的轨道上的位置，您可以放松身心和阅读书，而不必担心交通拥堵。 汤姆最喜欢的慢速火车骑行是从因弗内斯，苏格兰中部，到瑟索全英国最北端的车站，通过“一种荒凉的景观”。 汤姆说：“您觉得自己正在乘火车，从现代生活中消失，将其抛在后面。” 汤姆（Tom）加冕的路线是从康沃尔（Cornwall）的圣埃斯（St Erth）到圣艾夫斯（St Ives）的一段短途旅行，沿着悬崖峭壁在悬崖上行进，海滩下方。Train travel has come a long way since 1825. Today, trains are more efficient and better connected than ever. From the Eurostar, which connects London to mainland Europe through a tunnel under the English Channel, to high-speed routes in Japan and China, the world is on the move.自1825年以来，4火车旅行已经走了很长一段路。今天，火车比以往任何时候都更加高效，连接更好。 从将英国频道下的隧道连接到伦敦到欧洲大陆的欧洲之星，再到日本和中国的高速航线，世界正在发生。

Take the chick killing. Innovators have developed in-ovo sexing technology that allows the egg industry to only hatch the female chicks. Thanks to that, Germany recently banned the killing of day-old chicks entirely, andFranceand Italy are largely doing so too.说到小鸡的屠杀，创新者已经研发出了“蛋内分性”技术，使得蛋类产业只孵化雌性小鸡。正因如此，德国最近全面禁止了对刚出生一天的小鸡的屠杀，法国和意大利也在大规模推行这一做法。Other innovators are developing alternative proteins, made from plants, algae, even animal cells to meet the world's growing demand for animal protein without more factory farming.还有一些创新者正在研发替代蛋白质，来源包括植物、藻类，甚至是动物细胞，以满足全球对动物蛋白日益增长的需求，而无需更多的工厂化养殖。And yet, for all this progress, the problem overall is still growing worse. More animals are suffering at human hands today than at any prior point in our history.然而，尽管已经有了这些进步，整体问题仍在恶化。如今，在人类手中受苦的动物数量，比历史上任何时期都要多。We raise and kill 210 billion animals globally every year. Two hundred and ten billion. That's more than the number of humans who have ever lived on Earth.全球每年被饲养并屠杀的动物高达2100亿只。2100亿！这个数字甚至超过了人类在地球上有史以来的总人口数。We are the only species to have ever inflicted so much suffering on so many other animals. But we are also the only species to have ever acted to protect other animals from cruelty. We are a species of animal lovers. It is core to our humanity.我们是唯一一个曾给如此多其他动物带来巨大苦难的物种。但我们也是唯一一个会采取行动保护动物免受残酷对待的物种。我们是爱动物的物种，这是人性的重要组成部分。One day, humanity will end the worst abuses on factory farms. And when we do, our descendants will look back and ask what we did to help end them.↳总有一天，人类会终结工厂化养殖中最严重的虐待行为。而当那一刻到来时，我们的后代会回头问：我们曾做过什么来帮助结束它？So what can you do to help? You can advocate, donate, even devote your career to this cause. But if you do just one thing, I ask this. Talk about factory farming.那么，你能做些什么来帮助呢？你可以倡导、捐助，甚至把一生奉献给这一事业。但如果只能做一件事，我请求你——请谈论工厂化养殖。Tell the corporations you buy from, the politicians you vote for that you expect them to adopt at least basic animal-welfare standards. Tell your friends and family what you've learned about factory farming.告诉你购买商品的企业、你投票支持的政客，你希望他们至少采用基本的动物福利标准。告诉你的朋友和家人你所了解到的关于工厂化养殖的真相。Factory farming thrives in the dark, shielded by a cone of silence, ignored by our politicians, our media and society at large. Its victims are voiceless. They need your voice.工厂化养殖依靠黑暗而存在，被沉默的屏障保护着，被政客、媒体和整个社会忽视。它的受害者没有声音，他们需要你的声音。I was thinking about this when I was back in New Zealand a few months ago with our three-year-old son, Willie, visiting my childhood farm. Willie's started asking what I do at work all day. He just doesn't understand strategic philanthropy to reform factory farming.几个月前，我带着三岁的儿子威利回到新西兰，参观我童年的农场时，我想到了这些。威利开始问我：你每天上班都在做什么？他根本无法理解“通过战略性慈善改革工厂化养殖”是什么意思。No matter how many times I repeat it.无论我重复多少次，他都听不懂。So I told him, I'm trying to make the world a little bit more like that farm. We can have that world. Humanity has already amassed unprecedented wealth and power. Soon, advances in AI will make us more powerful still.于是我告诉他：我正在努力让这个世界变得更像那片农场。我们完全可以拥有这样的世界。人类已经积累了前所未有的财富与力量，很快，人工智能的进步还会让我们更加强大。And we will face a choice, a test of our humanity. Will we use that power to factory-farm ever more animals? Or will we use it to end this cruelty?而我们将面临一个选择——一场人性的考验。我们会用这种力量去工厂化养殖更多的动物？还是用它来终结这种残酷？Humans are animals too. What separates us from the pigs and the chickens is our ability to make moral progress. We should use it.人类也是动物。我们与猪和鸡的区别，在于我们有能力推动道德的进步。我们理应运用这种能力。

And this. This is a trash can full of live baby chicks. I honestly didn't believe this one when I first heard about it. It just sounded like comic-book villain stuff. But it's real. The egg industry has no need for the seven billion male chicks born annually. So it kills them on their first day alive in this world, typically by throwing them in the trash or into a giant meat grinder.还有这个。这是一只装满活小鸡的垃圾桶。老实说，第一次听到这个时，我根本不相信，听起来就像漫画里反派的恶行。但这是真的。蛋类产业对每年出生的大约七十亿只雄性小鸡没有任何用途，因此它们在生命的第一天就被杀死，通常的做法是直接扔进垃圾桶，或丢进巨大的绞肉机。I could go on, but don't worry, I won't. We're all done with the images.我可以继续讲下去，但别担心，我不会了。关于图片的部分到此为止。I'm guessing you're not a fan of what you just saw. And you're not alone. Eighty-eight percent of Americans told a recent survey that they think gestation crates and battery cages are unacceptable. Try finding any other issue that 88 percent of Americans can agree on today.我想你对刚才看到的东西一定不喜欢。而你并不孤单。最近一项调查显示，88%的美国人认为妊娠栏和电池笼是不可接受的。如今，你几乎找不到另一个能让88%的美国人达成共识的问题。It's not surprising, though. We as a society have already decided that animal cruelty is wrong. If you treated your dog the way that a factory farm treats their pigs, you'd be committingfelonyanimal cruelty in most US states.这并不令人意外。作为一个社会，我们早已认定虐待动物是错误的。如果你像工厂化养殖场对待猪那样对待自己的狗，在大多数美国州，你都会被判定为严重的虐待动物罪。And this isn't just about the animals. Factory farms, which densely crowd together hundreds of thousands, even millions of near genetically identical, immune-compromised individuals, are the perfect breeding grounds for disease. They control these diseases with antibiotics. Tons of them. In fact, even as we face an antibiotic resistance crisis in humans, we are feeding far more antibiotics to farm animals than we use in all human medicine. But antibiotics can't stop viruses, which is why we have a bird-flu pandemic sweeping through America's factory farms right now.而且，这不仅仅关乎动物。工厂化养殖场把几十万、甚至上百万基因几乎相同、免疫力低下的个体挤在一起，这正是疾病的理想温床。它们用抗生素来控制疾病——大量的抗生素。事实上，即使人类正面临抗生素耐药性危机，我们给农场动物喂食的抗生素依然远远超过用于人类医疗的总量。但抗生素无法对抗病毒，这就是为什么如今美国的工厂化养殖场正在爆发禽流感大流行。After I learned all this, I dedicated my life to ending the worst abuses on factory farms. And the good news is, I've seen more progress in the last decade than in all prior decades combined. On these three practices, we are close to a tipping point.在了解到这些之后，我将自己的一生都投入到终结工厂化养殖中最严重的虐待行为中。好消息是，过去十年里我看到的进展，比之前几十年的总和还要多。在这三种做法上，我们正接近一个转折点。Take the gestation crates. Advocates have won bans on them in 11 US states, from California to Florida. The Brazilian pork industry, led by giants like JBS, is moving away from the crates entirely.以妊娠栏为例。倡导者已经在美国11个州推动禁用它们，从加州到佛罗里达都有。由JBS等巨头主导的巴西猪肉产业，也正在全面摆脱妊娠栏。Take the battery cages. Advocates have won promises from the world's largest supermarket and fast food chains to stop sourcing eggs from caged hens. McDonald's is now 100 percent cage-free in its US and Canadian egg supply, and Costco is nearly there too.再说电池笼。倡导者成功让全球最大的超市和快餐连锁企业承诺，不再采购笼养鸡蛋。麦当劳目前在美国和加拿大的鸡蛋供应已完全实现非笼养，Costco也几乎达到了这一标准。Forty-four percent of US hens are now out of cages, up from less than 10 percent a decade ago.如今，美国有44%的产蛋母鸡已经摆脱了笼养，而十年前，这个数字还不到10%。

Honestly, the slaughterhouse wasn't as bad as I'd expected. It was the state of the animals arriving there that shook me. I remember seeing pigs coming down off a transport truck. Some shaking, some squealing, some limping in pain.说实话，屠宰场本身并没有我想象中那么糟糕。真正让我震惊的是抵达那里的动物的状态。我记得看到一些猪从运输卡车上被赶下来，有的在发抖，有的在尖叫，有的痛苦地一瘸一拐。"Liam," I said, "why are those pigs limping?" "Not my problem," he replied. So I looked into it.“利亚姆，”我问，“那些猪为什么一瘸一拐的？”他回答说：“不关我的事。”于是我决定自己去调查。Before I tell you what I learned, let me say I'm not here to tell you what to eat. In fact, I don't think this should be on you as an individual consumer at all. You never chose factory farming. When the factory farms came in and replaced the old family farms, they didn't tell you they were doing it. They didn't relabel the meat as "Now from miserable animals." They labeled it as "all natural" and "farm fresh."在告诉你我发现了什么之前，我必须先说，我不是来告诉你该吃什么、不该吃什么的。事实上，我认为作为个体消费者，这根本不应该由你来承担。你从未选择过工厂化养殖。当工厂化养殖取代传统家庭农场时，他们并没有告诉你。而且他们也不会把肉类贴上“来自悲惨动物”的标签，他们贴的标签是“纯天然”和“农场新鲜”。In fact, the industry has created an entire system to stop you from seeing how your meat is produced. They've even passed egg gag laws in US states to make it a crime to record conditions in factory farms. Which makes it all the more important that we see what they're trying to hide from us.实际上，这个产业建立了一整套体系，目的就是阻止你看到肉类是如何生产的。在美国，有些州甚至通过了所谓的“禁蛋法”，把拍摄工厂化养殖场的状况定为犯罪。这也使得我们了解他们刻意隐瞒的真相变得更加重要。So I'm going to show you images of three common factory farming practices. I deliberately didn't choose the most gruesome or out-there practices I could find. These are everyday realities involved in the production of most pork and eggs globally.所以，我将给大家展示三种常见的工厂化养殖方式。我特意没有选择那些最恐怖、最极端的案例，而是展示全球大多数猪肉和鸡蛋生产中每天都在发生的现实。Here we go. This is the gestation crate. This is why the pigs at the slaughterhouse were limping. They were female breeding pigs who had been confined to crates like these, unable to walk or even turn around for their entire pregnancies. Once they gave birth, they were moved to slightly larger birthing crates and then back into these crates to get pregnant again and again and again for years on end.来看第一种：这是妊娠栏。这就是为什么屠宰场里的猪会一瘸一拐。它们是母猪，一整个怀孕期间都被关在这样的铁栏里，无法走动，甚至无法转身。生下小猪后，它们会被转移到稍大一些的分娩栏，随后又被关回这些妊娠栏里，不断地再次怀孕，年复一年，周而复始。A friend of mine who worked undercover at a pig factory farm told me the worst thing he has ever done was to force these pigs back into their crates after they gave birth. They fought so hard not to go back in.我有一位朋友曾以卧底身份进入一家猪场工作，他告诉我，自己做过的最痛苦的事，就是把这些母猪在生产后强行赶回妊娠栏里。母猪拼命挣扎，不愿再回到那个铁笼。This is a photo I took of a battery cage on an egg factory farm. Most of the world's eight billion egg-laying hens, roughly one for every person alive on Earth today, are confined right now in cages like these, unable to so much as flap their wings.这是我在一个蛋鸡工厂农场拍摄的电池笼照片。全世界大约有八十亿只产蛋母鸡——差不多相当于地球上每个人对应一只——此刻正被困在这样的笼子里，甚至连扇动翅膀都做不到。

Today, I want to talk with you of the most important moral issues we never talk about. And that's factory farming.今天，我想和大家谈一谈一个我们几乎从不讨论、却极其重要的道德问题——那就是工厂化养殖。But first, I want to share with you the story of how I came to be here. I grew up in New Zealand, and yes, we had a sheep farm. It was small, 100 acres of rolling hills, and the sheep would graze the hillsides by day and then retreat to the hilltops to circle up and fall asleep at night. That's me, ready to farm right after my picnic.但在此之前，我想先和你们分享一下我为什么会站在这里。我是在新西兰长大的，我们家确实有一个羊场。它很小，只有100英亩的起伏丘陵。白天，羊群在山坡上吃草；晚上，它们会退到山顶，围成一圈进入梦乡。那就是我，野餐之后准备去放羊的样子。The sheep ultimately went to slaughter, but I always felt like at least they'd lived good lives and had quick deaths. Frankly, if I'm ever reincarnated as a sheep, which, as a New Zealander, is not unlikely这些羊最终都会被宰杀，但我一直觉得，至少它们过着不错的生活，死得也算迅速。坦白说，如果我有来世变成了一只羊——作为一个新西兰人，这其实并非不可能——I'd like to live their life. When I was a teenager, we traveled to Vietnam. And in the backstreets of Hanoi, I stumbled into a live-animal market. I still remember seeing the sight: stacks upon stacks of cages crammed full of animals, of every species, trembling in fear, staring out at me in distress. I was shaken. But when I returned to New Zealand, I figured things were different. I mean, you can see the cows and the sheep in the fields.我宁愿过它们那样的生活。少年时，我曾随家人去越南旅行。在河内的街巷里，我无意间闯进了一个活体动物市场。我至今仍记得那一幕：一层又一层的笼子里挤满了各种动物，它们因恐惧而发抖，眼神里充满了痛苦与绝望地望着我。我震撼不已。但当我回到新西兰后，我心想情况应该不一样吧，毕竟在田野里你随处都能看到牛和羊自在地活动。Still, I started to wonder how we treated the animals that you couldn't see. How in particular did we treat the pigs and the chickens? So I did what you did back then. I picked up a phone book and I looked up some pig and chicken farms. And one by one, I called and I naively asked if I could just come visit. And one by one, they told me no. They don't let anyone just visit.然而，我还是开始好奇那些我们看不见的动物究竟是如何被对待的。尤其是猪和鸡，它们的处境如何？于是我做了当时人们常做的事——我翻开电话簿，找到了一些猪场和鸡场。然后一个接一个地打电话，天真地询问是否可以去参观。结果，一个接一个的回答都是“不可以”。他们根本不允许任何人随便参观。Finally, I got hold of a major slaughterhouse and connected with a farm boy, let's call him Liam. Now, this slaughterhouse didn't do visitors either, but Liam and I bonded over sheep, and he agreed to get me in.最后，我联系到了一家大型屠宰场，并结识了一个农场小伙子，我们就叫他利亚姆吧。虽然这家屠宰场同样不接待访客，但因为我和利亚姆聊到了养羊，他与我建立了信任，最终答应带我进去。

Moving from one group to another is something that shapes both gorilla and human society. To understand more about its evolutionary origins, researchers studied decades of data on mountain gorillas in the Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda, an area that's been monitored by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund since the 60s.从一个群体迁移到另一个群体，这种行为塑造着大猩猩和人类社会。为了进一步了解这种行为的进化起源，研究人员研究分析了几十年来在卢旺达火山国家公园居住的山地大猩猩的数据，该区域自上世纪 60 年代以来一直受到黛安·弗西大猩猩基金会的监测。The research team tracked the dispersal of 56 different female gorillas over the years. They discovered that the animals tended to join groups with females they knew, friends they'd grown up with or females that they'd made a social connection with more recently. Even if two females had been apart for many years they'd often reunite when an animal moved groups. The scientists say this shows that the relationship between two female gorillas is much more socially significant than previously thought.该研究团队多年来追踪了 56 只雌性大猩猩的分布情况。他们发现这些动物倾向于加入它们认识的雌性大猩猩，或是加入那些和它们一起长大的朋友们、或者是近期和它们建立社交联系的雌性群体。即使两只雌性大猩猩已经分别多年，但当其中一只迁移群体时，它们可能就会再度团聚。科学家们表示，这表明两只雌性大猩猩之间的关系比人们此前认为的更具社会意义。

Food colouring is difficult to avoid. From bright orange cheesy crisps to frosted cakes, and even peanuts and meat, these additives make food more visually appealing. But for years, people have been worried about their safety and the long-term effects on our bodies. So, just how bad is food colouring, and what are the alternatives?食用着色很难避免。 从明亮的橙色俗气的薯片到磨砂蛋糕，甚至花生和肉，这些添加剂使食物在视觉上更具吸引力。 但是多年来，人们一直担心自己的安全和对我们身体的长期影响。 那么，食用色素有多糟糕，还有什么选择？Synthetic food dyes, like Red 40 and Yellow 6, have been linked to hyperactivity and attention problems in children, particularly those in key stages of brain development. Studies show that even small amounts of these dyes, which are commonly found in ultra-processed foods, can affect behaviour. In 2010, the EU began requiring warning labels on products containing specific artificial colourings associated with hyperactivity in children.合成食品染料，例如红色40和黄色6，与儿童的多动症和注意力问题有关，尤其是那些处于大脑发育的关键阶段的问题。 研究表明，即使是在超级加工食品中通常发现的少量这些染料也会影响行为。 在2010年，欧盟开始需要在包含与儿童多动症相关的特定人造色素的产品上发出警告标签。There are further issues too, such as allergic reactions. Yellow 5 has been shown to produce hives, itching and symptoms typically associated with asthma in some people. It's derived from petroleum and is found in a range of foods, medicine and cosmetics. Red 3 is also problematic – links have been found between the colour and cancer in male rats. This dye is almost completely banned in the UK now, and food manufacturers in the USA have been given until 2027 to modify foods that currently use it in their recipe.还有其他问题，例如过敏反应。 黄色5已显示出产生蜂箱，瘙痒和通常与哮喘有关的症状。 它源自石油，可在各种食品，药物和化妆品中发现。 红色3也有问题 - 在雄性大鼠的颜色和癌症之间发现了联系。 现在，这种染料在英国几乎完全被禁止，并且在2027年之前，美国的食品制造商已被授予，以修改目前在食谱中使用它的食物。So, what can artificial colours be replaced with? There are natural alternatives like beetroot, turmeric, paprika and spirulina. Companies such as Fermentalg based in France are developing natural colourings from microalgae, such as Galdieria sulphuraria, which produces a bright blue pigment. Products using this colour are expected to be on shop shelves in the USA soon, alongside other natural blue dyes like butterfly pea extract and gardenia blue, which have all recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the US. However, replacing synthetic dyes can be challenging because of stability, cost, and colour intensity. Natural dyes tend to be less vivid and have shorter shelf lives.那么，可以将人造色素替换为什么？ 有天然的替代品，例如甜菜根，姜黄，辣椒粉和螺旋藻。 位于法国的Fermentalg等公司正在开发微藻（例如Galdieria sulphuraria）的天然色素，该色彩产生了明亮的蓝色色素。 预计使用这种颜色的产品将很快在美国的商店货架上，以及其他天然蓝色染料，例如蝴蝶豌豆提取物和Gardenia Blue，这些染料最近都已获得美国食品药品监督管理局的批准。 但是，由于稳定性，成本和颜色强度，取代合成染料可能具有挑战性。 天然染料往往不会变得不那么生动，并且具有较短的货架寿命。So, it's hard to avoid, but for your health do what you can to minimise unnecessary artificial colours in what you eat, and stick to natural alternatives instead.因此，很难避免，但是为了您的健康，您可以尽力最大程度地减少饮食中不必要的人造色彩，然后坚持自然的替代品。

This movement was dealt a devastating blow in 1968, when the Supreme Court removed the cap on state interest rates, allowing massive interest hikes throughout the 1970s. New complications emerged in late 80s with the invention of credit scores, which reinforced the racial, gender, and class biases already impacting credit card applications.1968 年，这场反信用运动遭受了毁灭性打击。当时最高法院取消了各州利率的上限，导致 1970 年代出现了大幅度的利率飙升。到了 80 年代末，信用评分系统的出现带来了新的复杂问题，它进一步加剧了原本就存在于信用卡申请中的种族、性别和阶级偏见。Today, credit cards are a $500 billion industry. Banks consider these lines of credit when deciding whether or not to approve loans, incentivizing customers to maintain multiple credit cards. And since most users don't pay off their bills in full each month, they rack up debt and endless interest payments. By the end of 2023, credit card debt in the US alone exceeded $1 trillion. So while the earliest credit cards may have been the most limited, they might have actually been the best for our wallets.如今，信用卡已经成为一个 5000 亿美元规模的产业。银行在决定是否批准贷款时会参考这些信用额度，从而刺激客户持有多张信用卡。而由于大多数用户每个月并不会全额还清账单，他们不断积累债务和无止境的利息支出。到 2023 年底，仅美国的信用卡债务就已超过 1 万亿美元。所以，尽管最早的信用卡功能最为有限，但它们或许反而才是对我们钱包最友好的。

Despite these initial losses, US banks remained devoted to credit cards. At this time, it was illegal for banks to build branches outside their home state, so mailing credit cards was their best bet for attracting out of state customers. And once they brought in these new clients, they could sell them big ticket items like home and automobile loans. This led banks to double down on credit cards. They invested heavily in early computers to process charge slips, and began running ads that promised a more luxurious standard of living.尽管在早期遭遇了损失，美国的银行依然坚定地投入信用卡业务。当时，银行在法律上被禁止在本州以外设立分行，因此邮寄信用卡成了他们吸引外州客户的最佳手段。而一旦吸引到这些新客户，银行就能向他们推销高额贷款，比如住房贷款和汽车贷款。这使得银行进一步加大了对信用卡的投入，他们大量投资早期计算机来处理签单，并开始投放广告，宣称信用卡能带来更奢华的生活方式。These ad campaigns shifted the American attitude towards credit from one of shame and financial dependence to a celebration of financial freedom. However, the reality of these lending systems was far more exploitative. From 1956 to 1967, consumer debt increased by 133%, and concerns about consumer safety led to a surge of anti-credit activism through the 1960s.这些广告宣传改变了美国人对信用的态度——从原本带有羞耻感和经济依赖，转变为对“财务自由”的赞美。然而，这些借贷体系的现实却更加剥削性。从 1956 年到 1967 年，消费者债务增长了 133%。对消费者安全的担忧在 1960 年代引发了一股反信用运动的浪潮。