英语每日一听 | 每天少于5分钟

Last year, a new restaurant opened near us. We went there, but we were very disappointed. Yeah, we felt that the, what, the prices were too high and the quality of food wasn't really very good.去年，我们家附近开了一家新餐厅。我们去吃了，但非常失望。是啊，我们觉得价格太高，而且食物质量也不太好。And we said then that the restaurant needed some feedback. Yes, but feedback from customers. I think they'd had feedback, but from family and friends who were always going to be supportive, always going to say that's a great idea opening the restaurant.那时候我们就说，这家餐厅需要一些反馈。是的，但需要来自顾客的反馈。我想他们也收到过反馈，但都是来自家人和朋友，这些人肯定只会支持他们、说“开餐厅这个主意真棒”。They're not getting the correct feedback. And we have now since discovered, Richard, haven't we, that the restaurant has closed down. We're talking about getting feedback from customers.他们没有获得真正正确的反馈。而后来我们也发现了，对吧，Richard？这家餐厅已经关门了。我们今天谈的，就是如何获得顾客的反馈。So, the restaurant didn't ask for feedback at all from its new customers, but we do often get asked for feedback from online businesses. Yeah, just like everybody else really, isn't it? However, there's not usually a response, I've found.餐厅完全没有向新的顾客征求过任何反馈，不过我们经常收到来自线上企业的反馈请求。是啊，就像其他人一样，对吧？然而，我发现通常根本不会收到任何回应。What do you mean, having given us, having given the feedback? Yeah, you give the feedback, they say your views are important, and then nothing.你是说，给了他们反馈之后？对，你提供了反馈，他们说“您的意见很重要”，然后……就没下文了。Yeah, it wasn't that long ago, Richard, if you remember. I wrote quite a negative feedback to a company that we'd been dealing with. And I spent quite a long time giving, I felt, constructive feedback.是的，不久前的事，Richard，你记得吗？我给我们合作的一家公司写了一份比较负面的反馈。我花了很长时间写，觉得内容是有建设性的。It was negative, but I expressed, quite politely as well, what I was unhappy about. And you took a long time doing it as well. Yeah, yeah.虽然是负面的，但我很礼貌地表达了我不满意的地方。而且你花了不少时间写。对，对。Two weeks later, I've heard nothing back. Yes, and let's face it, customers would like to know that they have been heard. Yeah, thank customers for their feedback, always do that.两周过去了，我仍然没有收到任何回复。没错，说实话，顾客希望知道自己的意见被听到了。是啊，应该永远感谢顾客的反馈。Now, I read a blog recently about how to get feedback from customers, and they were talking about FedEx, and they said that FedEx put a telephone number on their receipt. And this person who wrote the blog said it would be much better if the cell phone number of the regional manager was on the receipt. I'm not sure he would want to receive a lot of complaints though.最近我读了一篇关于如何获取顾客反馈的博客，里面提到 FedEx。说 FedEx 会在收据上印一个电话号码。而作者还说，如果收据上放的是区域经理的手机号码会更好。不过，我不确定那位经理是否愿意接到那么多投诉电话。But it did remind me of what happened to you, Richard, recently. Yes, I bought a pair of high-tech trainers, and there was a problem with them. I think it was a design fault.但这让我想起你最近发生的事，Richard。是的，我买了一双高科技跑鞋，但它们有问题。我想那是设计缺陷。But there was a little card inside from, so it said, the CEO, and it had his email address on it. So I wrote to him, told him about the problems I was having, and thought no more of it. Did he reply? He did.但鞋盒里有一张小卡片，说是来自 CEO 的，上面有他的邮箱。所以我写信告诉他我遇到的问题，然后也没再多想。他回复了吗？回复了。Well, I'm sure it wasn't him, but it was a personal reply from a real person saying that they'd heard me and they were dealing with it in some way. I think even if something has gone wrong, if you feel you're a valued customer, it makes all the difference.我肯定不是 CEO 本人，但那封回信确实由一位真实的人写的，告诉我他们已经收到我的问题，并会处理。我觉得，即使事情出了问题，只要让顾客觉得自己被重视，那感觉完全不同。Feedback surveys are another big topic. We're not going to talk about it on this podcast. That's all going to be on the extra worksheet that goes with the podcast. But I think we can sum it up, Richard, by saying that online businesses should ask for feedback and respond to it.反馈调查是另一个大话题，我们不会在这期播客里讨论。这部分内容会放在播客附带的额外讲义里。但我想我们可以总结一句：线上企业应该征求反馈并对反馈做出回应。So getting back to the restaurant then, Jackie, so what happened there? Well, I think it was possible to see what your customers are doing and draw conclusions from their behaviour. In the case of the restaurant, there were eight of us, right, and seven of us left most of the chips uneaten. So the waiter collecting the plates should note and report this.回到那家餐厅吧，Jackie，到底发生了什么？嗯，其实完全可以通过观察顾客的行为而得出结论。比如那次我们八个人，对吧，其中七个人的薯条几乎都没吃。收盘子的服务员应该注意到并上报。I think there's something wrong with the chips. I doubt he even did that though. No, of course not.我觉得那些薯条肯定有问题。不过我怀疑他根本没做记录。没错，当然没有。That's why the restaurant closed down. If you don't know what's going wrong, you can never fix it.这就是餐厅关门的原因。如果你不知道哪里出了问题，你永远无法修复。

We're celebrating the new design of our website. Yeah, up until recently, the general lifespan of websites was between two and three years but now they're saying it's fallen to one year. Now Richard, we've had our website since 2006.我们正在庆祝我们网站的新设计。是的，直到最近，网站的一般寿命是两到三年，但现在人们说已经缩短到一年了。Richard，我们的网站自 2006 年以来就一直存在。Wow! Wow! Yeah, so we must be doing something right to be still going. Yes, there's been a few changes, mainly under the hood as it were. What does that mean? Well, things that the users wouldn't really recognise, things like HTML5 is the new technology that's taken over and also the biggest thing recently is HTTPS.哇！哇！是啊，我们能坚持这么久，说明我们确实做对了一些事情。是的，期间有一些改动，主要是在“引擎盖下面”。那是什么意思？嗯，就是用户不太察觉的东西，比如 HTML5 已经成为新主流技术，而最近最大的更新就是 HTTPS。What do you mean by that? Well, most people will see the little green padlock at the top of the browser bar, which means that the website is safe, basically. OK. Now, for our new design, we've concentrated on a few major areas, haven't we? And I suppose number one has to be the overall look, the overall design.你是什么意思？嗯，大多数人会在浏览器地址栏看到一个小小的绿色锁头，那基本上意味着这个网站是安全的。好的。现在，对于这次新设计，我们专注于几个主要方面，是吧？我想第一点就是整体外观，整体设计。You were mainly responsible for that, Jackie. What were you looking for here? Well, I suppose I wanted a fresher, more modern look and for me the starting point was I wanted an image of England or Britain and we didn't want the typical London look, you know, the double-decker buses and all that kind of stuff. But you wanted something green.Jackie，这部分主要是你负责的。你当时想要呈现什么呢？嗯，我想要更清新、更现代的外观。对我来说，起点是我想呈现英国的形象，但我们不想要典型的伦敦风，比如双层巴士那些东西。而你想要绿色的感觉。Well, I wanted something to represent England's green and pleasant land, so the countryside and I think it's a reflection of our culture and it says something about us. Yes, it's not just the colours though, is it? It's also the navigation and things like that. People are often saying how user-friendly our site is and I really wanted us to stay with that.嗯，我想呈现“英国绿野和美丽乡村”的形象，我觉得那能反映我们的文化，也能代表我们自己。是的，不过不仅仅是颜色，对吧？还有导航之类的设计。人们经常说我们的网站非常易用，我真的希望我们继续保持这一点。And I think we've... I hope we've done that. Yes, it's less cluttered, isn't it? We've just got the one sidebar now rather than two. I think originally, Richard, we were very concerned when people turned on their computers that all the information, the important information, was there to be seen straight away.我觉得我们……我希望我们做到了。是的，现在简洁多了，对吗？我们现在只有一个侧边栏，不再是两个。我记得当初，Richard，我们很担心用户打开电脑时，所有重要的信息能不能第一时间看到。But that's not so necessary nowadays, is it? The long scroll. It used to be important, as you said, to place all your important elements above the fold, as it were, immediately visible, but now people are more willing to scroll down. And I think they're more willing to scroll down because people, when they use mobile phones, they're always scrolling, scrolling, scrolling down, so it's become a familiar thing to do.但如今这已经不再那么必要了，对吧？现在大家习惯长距离滚动页面。以前，正如你说的，把所有重要内容放在“折叠线以上”（即无需滚动即可看到）是很重要的，但现在人们更愿意往下滑。我想这是因为大家用手机时一直在往下滑，所以已经习惯了这种行为。That is a very good point, Jackie, and it actually brings us to point number two, being responsive. What do you mean by that? Well, you talk about people using mobile phones, so the website has got to change size for people using mobile, so mobile phone users can see the website very, very clearly and very easily. So you're saying that the content should be available on every device? Yes, desktops, laptops, tablets and mobile phones.这一点非常好，Jackie，而且它引出了我们的第二点：响应式设计。你指的是什么？嗯，你提到人们使用手机，所以网站必须根据设备自动调整大小，这样手机用户才能清晰、方便地查看内容。也就是说，内容应该在每种设备上都能正常显示？是的，包括台式机、笔电、平板和手机。And also, of course, that helps us because Google favours sites that are mobile-friendly as well, so search engine optimisation is a very important thing. And the third point, Richard, we're thinking about is shareable content, sharing things. So we really want people to be able to share the podcasts that they like very easily on another social media site, for example, Facebook or Twitter.而且，这样做对我们也有好处，因为 Google 更喜欢对手机友好的网站，所以搜索引擎优化非常重要。第三点，Richard，就是可分享的内容。我们希望用户能够非常轻松地将自己喜欢的播客分享到其他社交媒体，比如 Facebook 或 Twitter。So the website, like every other one, is a work in progress, and we're also looking at future improvements as well, such as, as I mentioned, search engine optimisation and also the speed of page downloads as well. So it's been an exciting new project for us. We hope everybody likes it and we look forward to you telling us what you think about it.所以，我们的网站与其他网站一样，是一个持续改进的过程，我们也在考虑未来的优化，例如我刚提到的搜索引擎优化，以及页面下载速度。对我们来说，这是一个令人兴奋的新项目。我们希望大家喜欢，也希望你们告诉我们对它的看法。Yes, especially if you spot any glitches, let us know.是的，特别是如果你发现任何小问题，请告诉我们。

With 2 billion users, Facebook is the largest social networking company in the world. And for many people, it's the first port of call for information, both from friends and family. But it's also chock-a-block with adverts, stories that may interest you, videos and all the latest news and trends.拥有 20 亿用户的 Facebook 是世界上最大的社交网络公司。对许多人来说，它是获取信息的第一站，无论来自朋友还是家人。但它也塞满了广告、可能吸引你的故事、视频，以及最新的新闻和趋势。However, a dark side has begun to emerge and Facebook has gone from fun to fake. We're looking at fake Facebook. Well, we're going to look at three main fake things.然而，一个黑暗面开始浮现，Facebook 正从有趣变成虚假。今天我们要谈的是“假 Facebook”。我们将讨论三类主要的“假东西”。And the first of those is fake adverts, isn't it, Jackie? Yeah, we're going to start with Martin Lewis. Now, he's a consumer advisor and money-saving expert, and he's suing Facebook for publishing fake adverts. Yes, he's hugely popular in the UK and a very respected figure.第一类就是假广告，对吧，Jackie？对，我们先从 Martin Lewis 开始说。他是一位消费者顾问和省钱专家，他正在起诉 Facebook，因为 Facebook 发布了假广告。是的，他在英国非常受欢迎，也是备受尊敬的人物。Yeah. Now, the adverts feature his face and name, but he has nothing to do with them at all. They are simply scams.对。那些广告使用了他的照片和名字，但他与这些广告完全没有关系。这些完全是骗局。Victims pay a lot of money, thinking it's a scheme supported by him, a well-trusted advisor, but it's nothing of the kind. Now, Facebook's defence is that they've taken down individual adverts as they are reported. But then Lewis counter charges that they're soon predictably up and running again, slightly different.受害者花了大量钱，以为这是由他这位值得信赖的顾问支持的项目，但事实完全不是这样。Facebook 的辩解是：他们会在广告被举报后逐条下架。但 Lewis 反驳说，这些广告很快就会重新出现，只是内容稍有变化。Yeah. And he just can't keep up. And he's not the only one.对，他根本无法跟上。而且受害者不仅仅是他一个。Scammers often use pictures of celebrities to grab attention and increase the number of clicks on an advert and imply that the public figure has endorsed the product or investment, and it's not true. The second issue is fake pages. Yes.骗子经常使用名人的照片来吸引注意力、提高广告点击率，并暗示这些公众人物代言了产品或投资，但这完全不是真的。第二类问题是假页面。是的。Earlier this year, there was a Facebook page associated with the American Black Lives Matter campaign, and this was proved to be fake. Although it had nearly 700,000 followers, which made it the largest Facebook page affiliated with this movement, it was nothing to do with them.今年早些时候，出现了一个与美国“黑人的命也是命”（Black Lives Matter）运动相关的 Facebook 页面，但最后被证实是假的。尽管它有近 70 万粉丝，是该运动在 Facebook 上最大的页面，但它与真正的组织毫无关系。No, it turned out to be linked to a white Australian man, and it was in operation for more than a year, despite multiple efforts to warn Facebook that it might be fraudulent.不是的，最终发现这个页面与一名澳大利亚白人男子有关。尽管多次有人警告 Facebook 该页面可能存在欺诈，但它仍然运营了一年多。Yes. And in fact, it had raised at least $100,000 in donations, and much of that money went into private bank accounts.是的，而且这个假页面实际上募得至少 10 万美元的捐款，其中大部分进入了私人银行账户。Yeah. So completely conning so many people. And the last one is what we hear about all the time, Richard, fake news. Now before the last US election, Obama and his topaideswere aware of Russia's intervention on behalf of the Trump campaign.对，完全欺骗了那么多人。最后一类就是我们经常听到的，假新闻。上一次美国大选前，奥巴马和他的高级顾问们已经知道俄罗斯正在干预，以支持特朗普的竞选活动。Yes. For instance, there was a Facebook page called Heart of Texas, and it said that Hillary Clinton had a 69% disapproval rate among all veterans, and it was rubbish, and it was supplied by Russia, or a Russian source.是的。例如，有一个名为“Heart of Texas”的 Facebook 页面声称希拉里·克林顿在所有退伍军人中有 69% 的不支持率，但这完全是假消息，并且来自俄罗斯或与俄罗斯相关的来源。Yeah. Now Zuckerberg himself then acknowledged that there was a problem posed by fake news, but he just said that, you know, it wasn't that widespread, and it was difficult to deal with. Hmm. Since then...对。扎克伯格后来承认假新闻确实是一个问题，但他当时表示假新闻并不普遍，而且很难处理。嗯。从那以后……He's admitted that Facebook had indeed been manipulated, and that the company would now turn over to Congress more than 3,000 politically-themed advertisements that were bought by suspected Russian operatives.他承认 Facebook 确实被操纵过，公司将向美国国会提交 3000 多条由疑似俄罗斯势力购买的政治广告。Yes, it's fake news, but it's also not good news, either for individual people or for businesses who are using Facebook. So what can be done about it? Yes, I think a major problem is that Facebook has actually known about it, but they haven't been doing that much to stop it. Hmm.没错，这是假新闻，但对个人用户和使用 Facebook 的企业来说，这同样不是好消息。那么该怎么办呢？我认为主要问题是 Facebook 其实早就知道这些情况，但并没有做太多来阻止它。嗯。Either they're very naive, or, let's face it, they get a lot of money from the advertisements. Well, exactly. So you need to ask yourself, is this for real? Is this true? And then ask for evidence, especially if you're sceptical.要么他们非常天真，要么——说实话——他们从广告中赚了很多钱。没错。因此，你需要问自己：这是真的吗？内容可信吗？如果你心存怀疑，就更应该要求证据。And this is important both for consumers and businesses. And voters and politicians. And for the future of Facebook.这对消费者和企业都非常重要。对选民和政治人物也很重要。对 Facebook 的未来更是如此。

This new prize aims to celebrate the best contemporary fiction for children aged eight to 12 years old. It will be open to authors from around the world and will be given for a book written in English or translated into English, providing it was published in the UK or Ireland.这一新奖项的目标是庆贺写给八到 12 岁儿童的最佳当代小说。该奖项将向来自全球的作家开放，颁发给用英语创作或翻译成英语的小说，小说需要已经在英国或爱尔兰出版。The UK's Children's Laureate Frank Cottrell-Boyce is set to be the inaugural chair of judges. The panel will decide a shortlist of eight books to be announced in November next year. The first winner will be chosen in February 2027.英国儿童文学桂冠作家弗兰克·科特雷尔·博伊斯将成为首任评委会主席。评委会将选出包含八本书的入围名单，并于明年 11 月公布。第一位获奖者将于 2027 年 2 月被选出。The chief executive of the Booker Prize Foundation Gaby Wood described the new award as its most ambitious endeavour in 20 years and said it was hoped its impact would resonate for decades to come.布克奖基金会的首席执行官加比·伍德称这一新奖项是基金会 20 年来最具雄心的一次尝试，基金会希望这个奖项的影响能在未来几十年产生深远的影响。The foundation will gift 30,000 copies of the shortlisted and winning books, with the aim of engaging a new generation of readers.基金会将送出三万本入围和获奖作品，以期吸引新一代的读者。

Take your height in metres, square it, then divide it by your weight in kilograms. That's how you calculate your body mass index, or BMI. If it's between 18 and 25, your weight is healthy. If it's over, it isn't. So far, so simple. BMI has become a popular metric for people to check their health.把你的身高（以米为单位）平方，然后用这个数去除以你的体重（以千克为单位）。这就是计算你的身体质量指数（BMI）的方法。如果BMI介于18到25之间，你的体重被认为是健康的；如果高于这个范围，则不健康。到目前为止，这很简单。BMI已经成为人们检查自身健康状况的一个常用指标。On a population level, data backs this up. People with a high BMI are statistically more likely to develop conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, and some types of cancer along with other health problems. Checking BMI could be a way for people to easily assess their health and decide if they need to make any lifestyle changes.从人群层面来看，数据支持这一点。统计显示，BMI较高的人更容易出现高血压、糖尿病、关节炎以及某些类型的癌症等健康问题。检查BMI可以让人们更容易评估自身健康状况，并决定是否需要作出生活方式上的改变。However, BMI does not give the full picture. It's known that it's less accurate for some groups of people, such as children, the elderly or athletes. The measure was devised in the 19th Century by a Belgian mathematician, and this may be why the figures are more accurate for Europeans than other ethnicities. There are also several important factors that it doesn't measure. Someone who is very active may have significant weight from muscle. BMI doesn't differentiate between this or the visceral fat that is linked with negative health outcomes. It doesn't account for the range of nutrients or the level of cholesterol in someone's diet. What this means is that people can have a high BMI and be relatively healthy, while others may have a low BMI but be unhealthy.然而，BMI并不能提供全貌。众所周知，它对某些群体的准确度较低，比如儿童、老年人或运动员。BMI由一位比利时数学家在19世纪提出，这可能也是它对欧洲人比对其他种族更准确的原因。此外，还有一些重要因素是它无法衡量的。一个经常锻炼的人可能因为肌肉较多而体重偏高，而BMI无法区分肌肉重量与对健康不利的内脏脂肪。它也无法衡量一个人的营养摄入结构或胆固醇水平。也就是说，有些人BMI较高但相对健康，而另一些人BMI较低却并不健康。The simplicity of BMI is attractive, it's also very visible and fits with society's perception of the importance of weight. However, dependence on it as an indication of health can cause stigma. People can feel judged because of their weight. This sometimes leads people to avoid going to the doctors if they know they're likely to be questioned on it. While BMI may be a useful measure, experts remind us that it should always be considered alongside other measures, such as blood pressure, blood sugar level, cholesterol level and others.BMI的简单性很吸引人，它也很直观，并且符合社会对体重重要性的普遍看法。然而，把它当成健康的主要指标可能会让人感到被污名化，人们可能因为体重而感到被评判。这有时会导致一些人因为害怕被询问体重而避免看医生。虽然BMI是一个有用的指标，但专家提醒我们，它应该与其他指标一起考虑，例如血压、血糖、胆固醇水平等。

We're in the midst of a craft revolution. We're seeing explosive growth in many consumer products categories. There is no one definition, I would say, but oftentimes there are artisanal products, locally sourced, handmade, and sometimes made in small batches.我们正处在一场手工艺革命的浪潮之中。我们看到许多消费品类别都在出现爆炸式增长。虽然没有一个统一的定义，但通常它们是手工制作的产品、本地采购、手工打造，有时以小批量方式生产。It resonates with many of the megatrends that we see with consumers, particularly millennials who are really looking for something very authentic. They like to take risks and try new products. Right now, it's primarily a U.S. phenomenon, but we're seeing growth in many markets outside the U.S. as well.这与我们看到的许多消费大趋势相契合，尤其是千禧一代，他们非常追求真实的东西。他们喜欢冒险、尝试新产品。目前这主要是一种美国现象，但我们也在看到美国以外许多市场的增长。We really think the craft revolution will be a global phenomenon over the next 10 years. We're seeing the craft revolution across many categories. You know, when you think about restaurants, the whole farm-to-table concept is a great example of craft.我们确实认为，在未来10年内，手工艺革命将成为全球现象。我们在许多类别中都看到了这种手工艺浪潮。例如，当你想到餐饮业时，“从农场到餐桌”的理念就是一个典型的手工化代表。You're seeing it in cosmetics. Handmade soap, for example, is really a growing part of that industry. I think most importantly, where we're seeing the most and the fastest growth we're seeing is really in the alcoholic beverages.你也能在化妆品领域看到这种趋势。例如手工皂，已成为该行业快速增长的部分。而我认为最重要的是，我们看到增长最多、增速最快的领域其实是酒精类饮品。Beer and spirits are examples of where we're seeing really a true craft revolution playing out. Craft beer is the most developed and largest segment within craft. It's about 10% of the total industry volume, independent crafts, and if you include some of the craft-style brands that are owned by the major companies, it's actually as large as 13%, 14%.啤酒和烈酒是我们看到真正的手工革命正在发生的典型例子。在所有手工领域中，精酿啤酒是发展最成熟、规模最大的部分。独立精酿啤酒约占整个行业销量的10%，如果再算上大公司拥有的精酿风格品牌，比例实际上可达到13%至14%。It's interesting because it's not a new concept per se. Craft beers have been around since the 80s and 90s, really started out as some of the smaller microbrewery developing their own beer in their garages, and I think the last 10 years, we've seen such explosive growth in craft beer. And we think that over the next five years, the craft beer segment could be as big as 20% of the total industry volume.有趣的是，这本身并不是一个新概念。精酿啤酒从80年代、90年代就已经出现，最早是一些小型的家庭微型酿酒厂在车库里自行酿造。而在过去10年，我们看到了精酿啤酒的爆炸式增长。我们认为，在未来五年内，精酿啤酒可能会增长到整个行业规模的20%。Craft spirits is smaller than beer. Today we think it's about 2% to 3% of the total industry volume, but what's interesting and fascinating is that this is growing at a really faster rate than beer. Many of the craft spirits brands are growing 40%, 50%, and really it touches on across many categories within spirits.精酿烈酒目前比啤酒小得多。现在我们估计它占整个行业的2%到3%。但有趣的是，它的增长速度比啤酒还要快。许多精酿烈酒品牌正以40%至50%的速度增长，而且涵盖烈酒中的多个类别。So it's not just the whiskey phenomenon, but you're seeing it in vodka, you're seeing it in gin. The other thing that's interesting is when you think about the number of distilleries that are actually popping up, it's very close to where beer was 10, 15 years ago. So think about the trajectory that craft spirits could be on for the next 10 years, really replicating what beer went through on the craft side.所以这不只是威士忌的现象，你能在伏特加、杜松子酒中都看到这一趋势。另一个有趣的点是，当你观察新成立的蒸馏厂的数量时，它与啤酒在10到15年前的情况非常相似。所以想象一下未来10年精酿烈酒的发展轨迹，很可能会复制精酿啤酒过去的路径。Interestingly, I think what you have to keep in mind is the consequences of what all this means for some of the larger players. Some are buying some of these smaller craft brands, some are trying to develop their own brands organically, but certainly the competitive intensity has been rising and we think will continue to rise as a result of just the proliferation and the competitive pressure from these craft beer brands. So the rise of craft is here to stay.值得注意的是，我们必须考虑这些变化对大型企业意味着什么。一些大公司正在收购小型精酿品牌，一些则试图自行开发手工风格产品。但无论如何，竞争强度正在上升，且我们认为会持续上升，因为精酿品牌数量迅速增加并带来了巨大的竞争压力。因此，手工艺浪潮势不可挡。In some categories we think the craft will really take over the mainstream segments in that particular category, and like it or not, the larger companies really have to deal with the consequences of what that means. It's not just an impact on the consumers, but how the companies are dealing with that will really define how the industry impacts the broader trends over time.在某些类别中，我们认为手工化甚至会取代该类别的主流市场。不管大型企业愿不愿意，它们都必须应对这种变化带来的影响。这不仅影响消费者行为，更影响企业如何调整策略，而这些变化将最终塑造整个行业如何影响未来更广泛的趋势。

It's becoming increasingly popular for businesses to only accept payments by card. Yes. London's bus network has been cashless since 2014.越来越多的商家只接受刷卡支付。是的，伦敦的公交系统从 2014 年起就已经全面取消现金支付了。And now there are many food and drink outlets in the UK that only accept payment by card. We're looking at the benefits of a cashless company.现在英国有许多餐饮店也仅接受刷卡支付。我们现在要讨论无现金公司的好处。Yes, specifically in the hospitality trade. If you think about in the past, Richard, restaurants. Imagine the scenario. Saturday night, they've done very well, OK.是的，尤其是在餐饮与服务行业。想想过去吧，Richard，比如餐馆。想象一个场景：星期六晚上，他们生意很好。They've had a lot of customers, well, a lot of orders. They've taken a lot of money. What happens at the end of the evening?有很多顾客、很多订单，收入也很多。那么在晚上打烊后会发生什么？Well, obviously the first thing is, after they close, they've got to count the cash, haven't they? They've got to count the takings for the night and record it.首先显而易见的是，打烊后他们必须清点现金，对吧？必须数清这晚的收入并记录下来。And it needs to be checked with the receipts. Exactly. So that takes up a lot of time and resources.而且还需要与收据核对。没错。所以这会占用大量时间和人力资源。And then, of course, if it's night time, they've got to hang on to that money, probably keep it in a safe. If it's a Saturday night, they've got to keep all that cash safe and then probably not be able to take it to the bank, what, until Monday morning?而且，如果是晚上，他们必须妥善保管这些现金，可能要放在保险箱里。如果是星期六晚上，他们需要整晚保管所有现金，并可能直到周一早上才能存入银行。And the bank is the other problem as well, of course, Jackie, because banks will charge customers if they deposit large amounts of cash.银行也是一个问题，Jackie，因为银行在客户存入大量现金时会收取费用。What kind of bank charges do restaurants have a year then, about?那餐馆一年大概要付多少银行手续费呢？Well, it can be as much as from £3,000 to £5,000 for a decent-sized restaurant, and obviously the chains pay much more than that.一家规模不错的餐馆一年大约要支付 3,000 到 5,000 英镑，连锁店则要付更多。Actually, even when people paid with their cards in the past, it wasn't easy or cheap for the restaurants either. The card processing system was much more complicated than it is now.事实上，即使过去顾客使用银行卡支付，对餐馆来说也不简单或便宜。当时的刷卡处理系统比现在复杂得多。OK, so you're talking about people putting their cards into the machine, the handheld machine? Exactly, yes.你是指顾客把卡插进那种手持刷卡机？没错。They had different cards, different fees, some were accepted, some weren't, different card readers. The process is much more streamlined now.当时不同的卡收费不同，有些能刷，有些不能，而且刷卡机也不统一。现在这个流程已经顺畅多了。Yeah, and I think that the card readers, they're much cheaper and easier to use, aren't they, for restaurants?是的，而且现在的刷卡机对餐馆来说更便宜、更容易使用了，对吧？Yes, and interestingly enough, in addition to that, at one particular McDonald's branch, where they introduced cashless kiosks, i.e. they wouldn't take cash at all, the values of the individual orders went up by 30%.是的，而且很有趣的是，在某家麦当劳分店，他们引入了完全不接受现金的自助点餐机后，单笔订单金额竟然上涨了 30%。Well, I suppose people are more willing to spend more if it's with a card, as opposed to putting their hands in their pockets for cash.嗯，我想人们在刷卡时更愿意多花钱，相比掏出现金要更轻松。Certainly would seem so. So maybe, perhaps after all, we are moving towards a cashless society.确实如此。所以或许，我们正在迈向一个无现金社会。However, interestingly, the Bank of England has observed that despite the rate of card transactions soaring, and actually back in 2016, purchases using a debit card overtook cash for the first time in the UK, the volume of cash in circulation is at a record high, which sounds a bit strange.不过有趣的是，英格兰银行观察到，尽管银行卡交易量大幅上升——实际上早在 2016 年英国借记卡消费就首次超过现金——但市场上流通的现金量却创下历史新高，这听起来有点奇怪。And the number of British people who only deal in cash, which is about 2.7 million, is also rising.而只使用现金的人数也在上升，约有 270 万英国人只使用现金交易。So why is that then? Well, there's a number of reasons.那为什么会这样呢？原因有很多。People are hoarding money after the 2008 crash.人们在 2008 年金融危机后开始囤积现金。They're stuffing it underneath their mattresses again, are they?他们又把现金塞回床垫下面了吗？Yeah, sounds a bit strange. But perhaps most interestingly, there's a booming criminal economy.是的，听起来有点奇怪。但也许最值得注意的是，黑色经济正在蓬勃发展。Cash in hand, avoiding taxes, etc. Exactly.比如私下收现金、逃税等等。没错。So cards are great for restaurants, but not necessarily for all businesses.所以刷卡支付对餐馆很有帮助，但不一定适用于所有行业。

Back in March 2018, an insurance company from New Zealand started a landmark trial with its company staff. It decided to trial a four-day working week. Almost 250 staff at Perpetual Guardian took part.早在 2018 年 3 月，新西兰一家保险公司开始对员工进行一项具有里程碑意义的试验：他们决定试行每周四天工作制。大约有 250 名来自 Perpetual Guardian 的员工参与了这项试验。We're looking at the pros and cons of working a four-day week. Right, Jackie. So that New Zealand company, what was the result of their trial? The employees completed surveys before they did the trial and after they did the trial.我们现在要讨论每周四天工作制的利与弊。好的，Jackie。那么那家新西兰公司，他们的试验结果如何？员工们在试验前和试验后都填写了问卷调查。And it was upon reading the results that the company declared it was a great success and decided to adopt the new schedule full-time.在看到调查结果后，公司宣布试验非常成功，并决定永久采用这一新的工作安排。OK. So why was it such a great success then? Well, there were three factors that they looked at.好的。那么它为何如此成功？他们主要从三个因素进行评估。And overall, staff reported lower stress levels, higher levels of job satisfaction. Interesting. And also an improved sense of work-life balance.总体而言，员工表示压力降低、工作满意度提高——很有趣——而且工作与生活的平衡感也有所提升。OK. That sounds obvious. The employees loved it. What did the firm get out of it?好的，这听起来很合理。员工很喜欢。那么公司从中获得了什么呢？Actually, because there was less stress, productivity increased. People who enjoy their job at the end of the day work better. Fantastic.实际上，由于压力减少，生产力反而提高了。喜欢自己工作的人最终会做得更好。太棒了。But actually, the four-day week, it's nothing new, is it? No, they've had it in America for some time. Richard, the difference is, in America, you still work 40 hours, right? But you just do it over four days.不过事实上，每周四天工作制并不新鲜，对吧？对，美国很早以前就有了。Richard，不同之处在于，美国人仍然工作 40 小时，只是把这 40 小时压缩在四天内完成。So you still do the same number of hours as you did in five days, but you do it in the four days.也就是说，你工作时长一样，只是从五天集中到四天中。Exactly. You're working a 10-hour day instead. The important thing here was that people worked fewer hours got paid the same.没错，你每天工作 10 小时。这里重要的是，人们工作更少的时间，却拿同样的薪水。They worked for four days but got paid for five. Exactly.他们只工作四天，但拿五天的工资。没错。So a four-day week then, it can't all be good then, surely?所以每周四天工作制肯定也不是全都是好处吧？Well, I suppose there is a possibility that if you're working harder for four days, you could actually come the fourth day, become less productive.嗯，我想有一种可能是，如果你在四天内更拼命工作，到了第四天你的效率可能反而下降。And also those on a four-day week, they may feel some pressure to come into meetings on that fifth day when they're not there. Or work from home.此外，实行四天工作制的人，可能会感到压力必须在他们本不应该上班的第五天参加会议，或在家工作。OK, it was a great success then, this four-day week. But why did the company actually go for it in the first place?好的，这个四天工作制非常成功。但是，公司当初为什么会尝试这样的制度？Yeah, new technology, Richard. I mean, you know, the use of computers.嗯，是因为新科技，Richard。比如电脑的使用。People always thought, didn't they, that in the future, it wasn't that long ago, they said in the future, people will be working more from home and having a more relaxed work-life balance.人们一直认为——直到不久前还这样说——未来大家会更多在家工作，拥有更轻松的工作与生活平衡。Yeah, they always said people will be working less in the future, didn't they? But it appears that people are actually working more.是啊，他们总说未来人们会工作得更少，对吧？但事实似乎是人们现在反而工作得更多。Exactly. You can't get away from the office nowadays, can you, with emails and phone calls, etc.没错，如今你完全无法远离办公室邮件、电话等。No. It's created a culture where workers are required to be constantly available to work.是的，这创造了一种文化：员工必须随时待命。You see that all the time, Richard. And with our friends, they're on the phone or answering emails at the weekend.你经常能看到这样的情况，Richard。我们的朋友们在周末也在打电话或回邮件。Now that company in New Zealand did one thing. But they've been trying something else in France, haven't they?那家新西兰公司采取了一种方式。但法国采取了另一种方式，对吧？Yeah, France realised that work was spilling into after hours. So they tried a different approach.是的，法国意识到工作不断侵入下班时间，于是他们尝试不同的方式。And this was getting companies to make regulations that stopped employees responding to emails, answering phones after a certain time.他们让公司制定规定，禁止员工在特定时间后回复邮件或接电话。But I wonder, it's interesting, the four-day week. It works for some companies. I wonder if it's the future.不过我很好奇，四天工作制很有趣。它对一些公司有效。我想知道这是否会成为未来趋势。Yes, I think it depends on the company itself, doesn't it? Some companies can lend their ways to four days where it might be impossible for others.是的，我想这取决于公司本身。有些公司可以适应四天工作制，而另一些公司则完全无法实行。Anyway, do you work for a company who does a four-day working week? Or would you like to see it introduced to your company? 总之，你的公司实行四天工作制吗？或者你希望公司引入这样的制度吗？

I'm talking to Simon. Hi Simon. Hi.我正在和西蒙说话。嗨，西蒙。嗨。Who is hoping to become a full-time freelance sports writer. Am I right about that? Yes, just about, yes.他希望成为一名全职自由体育作家。我这样说对吗？是的，差不多，是的。What kind of sports do you write about? Well, at the moment I only write about football.你写哪种运动？嗯，目前我只写足球。That's my specialist subject and that is done in two directions. I have always followed Manchester City Football Club, so that is my English arm of the football writing. And because I'm a resident of Lisbon, I also write about Portuguese football affairs.那是我的专长，而且分为两个方向。我一直关注曼城足球俱乐部，所以那是我足球写作的英格兰部分。而由于我住在里斯本，我也写葡萄牙足球的相关事务。Manchester City, you write about Manchester City. I do. Who do you write for? I write predominantly for ESPN.曼城，你写曼城的内容。是的。你主要为谁写？我主要为 ESPN 写作。Right. So I have a contract with them to produce three or four Manchester City-related articles per week. Per week? Per week.好的。我和他们有合约，每周需要写三到四篇与曼城相关的文章。每周？每周。And you find enough to write about per week? Always. And how long have you been doing that for? I've been doing that for about six or seven years, I think.那你每周都能找到足够的题材？总是能。你这样做多久了？我想大概六七年了。And then you said your other arm, as it were, is writing about Portuguese football. Tell me about that.你刚才还说你的另一部分写作是关于葡萄牙足球的。说说这个吧。Well, there's a huge global interest in the English Premier League, obviously, so there's a lot of competition amongst sports writers, football writers, to get their work published. There is not so much being done in the area of Portuguese football, so it's more of a niche market.嗯，全球对英超的兴趣非常大，所以体育记者、足球记者之间竞争激烈，想发表文章很难。而关于葡萄牙足球的内容并不多，所以这是一个更小众的市场。I write for an English-language website called portugol.net, which is run by a friend of mine in Lisbon. It's the biggest and most well-known English-language site covering Portuguese football.我为一个叫 portugol.net 的英文网站写稿，它由我在里斯本的朋友经营。这是最大、最知名的英文葡萄牙足球网站。Am I right in saying then, both... for both the Manchester City writing and for the Portugal writing, your writings appear on the internet only? No, it can be in print as well.那么我这样说对吗——无论是写曼城还是写葡萄牙足球，你的文章都是发表在网络上？不，也可以是纸媒。OK. Sometimes... sometimes... there's a lot of website-based stuff, but I write, for example, for the Irish Examiner.好。有时候……有很多是在线内容，但比如我也会为《Irish Examiner》（爱尔兰观察家报）写稿。All right. Again, about Manchester City. So that will be a newspaper?好的，又是关于曼城的。这是纸媒吗？That's a weekly column on a Monday in the newspaper, which is sort of a reflective piece on what happened at the weekend.那是报纸上每周一的专栏，主要是对周末比赛的一些回顾性评论。If there are other people listening who have a passion for a sport and like writing about it, what advice would you give them if they wanted to do something like this as well?如果有其他人热爱某项运动，也喜欢写作，希望做类似的事情，你会给他们什么建议？If it's football, it's very difficult to get into because there is a cabal of well-known writers who almost always are chosen by the newspapers and the magazines to do their stuff for them.如果是足球，这个行业很难进入，因为报纸和杂志几乎都选择那群知名作者来写稿。So are you the Man City expert?所以你算是曼城专家吗？Because I'm so old, I do have an advantage over some of the younger guns because I go back further and I can add historical perspective to a lot of my articles, which some of the others can't unless they research it.因为我年纪大，我相比年轻作者有优势——我能回顾更久远的历史，可以在文章中加入历史视角，而其他人若不特别研究，就无法做到。And even then, they don't have the feel as someone who was actually there and lived through whichever period we're writing about or talking about.即使研究了，他们也没有那种亲历其境的感觉——不像真正经历过那个时代的人。So you've got the experience. Yes. Yeah.所以你有经验。是的，没错。But I would say just keep going and try and get yourself noticed.但我会说，坚持写，让别人注意到你。If you have the skill and the ability and you write in an interesting, informative and entertaining way, somebody somewhere will take you on.如果你有技巧、有能力，并且写得有趣、有信息量、有可读性，总会有人愿意用你的文章。They probably will not offer to pay you to start with. So be prepared to do work for free just to get your name out there.他们一开始可能不会付你钱，所以准备好先免费写稿，让自己的名字被看到。Now, I know you're not a full-time freelance worker. So although you seem to be very busy, it's still a step away then from it paying all your bills.我知道你还不是全职自由工作者。虽然你看起来很忙，但这些收入还不足以支付你所有的开销。Yes, it doesn't pay all my bills. That's why I also teach.是的，不能完全覆盖所有开支。所以我还要教书。My dream would be to be free of teaching and just to write because I'd like to be a creative writer as well as a contracted writer because there's not complete creativity with what I do.我的梦想是不再教书，只靠写作，因为我希望既能成为创意写作者，也能成为签约作者——我现在做的写作并不完全属于创意写作。And how are you going to get onto that next step? Very good question.那你要怎么迈向下一步？好问题。Just keep writing. The more writing I do, the more it gets noticed. The more people want stuff from you, the more people are prepared to pay for it.就是继续写。我写得越多，就越容易被注意到。越多人想要你的内容，就越多人愿意付费。And your passion shows through your writing. I hope so. I hope so.而且你的热情会通过你的文字展现出来。我希望如此，我希望如此。

Hey, WorkLifers, it's Adam here, and I have some exciting news.嘿，WorkLifers，我是 Adam，有个令人兴奋的消息要告诉你们。Last year, by popular demand, we started releasing more conversations and debates with my favorite thinkers, creators, doers, and leaders.去年，根据大家的强烈要求，我们开始发布更多与我最喜爱的思想家、创作者、实干家和领导者的对话与讨论。The goal is to figure out what makes them tick, and what they can teach us about a life well lived.目标是弄清楚是什么驱动着他们，以及他们能教会我们如何过好一生。Sometimes we talk about work, but often it's just been a window into the interesting ways their minds work.有时我们谈论工作，但更多时候，这些对话是了解他们独特思维方式的窗口。If you haven't had a chance to listen, the guests have included Lin-Manuel Miranda, Brene Brown, Ava DuVernay, and Malcolm Gladwell.如果你还没收听过，嘉宾包括林-曼努尔·米兰达、布芮内·布朗、艾娃·杜威内以及马尔科姆·格拉德威尔。You asked for more episodes, so we're doing just that, regular episodes all year round.你们希望有更多节目，所以我们照做了——全年持续更新。We've decided to call it Rethinking with Adam Grant, because that's been the pull for me, a chance to reexamine the things I think are true, and to dig into the psychology of these fascinating guests.我们决定把节目命名为《Rethinking with Adam Grant》（与 Adam Grant 一起重新思考），因为这对我来说，是一个重新审视自以为真实的事物、深入挖掘这些迷人嘉宾心理的机会。We'll kick off the fall with conversations with entrepreneur Mark Cuban, best-selling author Celeste Ng, Oscar-winning actor and producer Rhys Witherspoon, neuroscientist Chantal Pratt, Nobel Laureate physicist Saul Perlmutter, and death-defying rock climber Alex Connold.秋季我们将以一系列对话开场——包括企业家马克·库班、畅销书作家伍绮诗、奥斯卡影后兼制片人瑞茜·威瑟斯彭、神经科学家尚塔尔·普拉特、诺贝尔物理学奖得主索尔·珀尔马特，以及挑战死亡极限的攀岩者亚历克斯·霍诺德。And season six of Work Life will still be coming out right here next year.另外，《Work Life》第六季将在明年继续在这个频道推出。Thanks as always for listening. Follow Rethinking with Adam Grant on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or wherever you listen.一如既往感谢你的收听。请在 Apple Podcasts、Spotify 或任何你使用的平台关注《Rethinking with Adam Grant》。

You know that saying, move fast and break things? I do. Well, we say move fast and fix things, because in our experience, speed and fixing go hand in hand. Absolutely.你知道那句“快速行动，打破常规”的说法吗？ 我知道。而我们说的是“快速行动，迅速修复”，因为根据我们的经验，速度和解决问题是相辅相成的。的确如此。Speed's gotten a dangerous reputation, but it signals that you take a problem seriously, and it builds momentum for real change. Which is why we move fast and we fix things. My name is Anne Morris.速度常常名声不佳，但它表明你认真对待问题，并且能为真正的改变积累动能。 这就是为什么我们快速行动并迅速解决问题。我叫安妮·莫里斯。I'm a company builder and a leadership coach. And I'm Frances Frey. I'm an author and a Harvard Business School professor.我是一名公司创建者和领导力教练。而我是弗朗西丝·弗雷，一名作家，也是哈佛商学院的教授。And, most importantly, I'm Anne's wife. You're going off script, sunshine. We're the co-authors of two books on building better businesses, and we've spent decades helping everyone, from entrepreneurs just starting out to CEOs of global corporations.而且最重要的是，我是安妮的妻子。你已经开始偏离台本了，亲爱的。我们共同撰写了两本关于打造更好企业的书籍，并花了数十年时间帮助各类人士——从刚创业的创始人到全球公司的 CEO。We help them all solve their work problems. Along the way, we've noticed something surprising. When people come to us with a work problem, whether it's completely new or something they've been wrestling with for years, often they're just one good conversation away from removing the roadblock and finding a solution.我们帮助他们解决各种工作难题。在这个过程中，我们注意到一个令人惊讶的现象：不管人们带来的工作问题是全新的，还是多年来一直困扰他们的，往往只需要一次高质量的对话，就能解除障碍，找到解决方案。That's where we come in. We guide people past those barriers so that they can make things happen. And that's exactly what we'll be doing here.这就是我们出现的地方。我们引导人们跨越这些障碍，让他们真正推动事情发生。而这正是我们将在这里做的事。Unfixable. This is a new show from the TED Audio Collective. Each week, we'll take a call from someone who's stuck, someone who's facing a work problem that they just don't know how to solve.《不可修复？》——这是 TED 音频团队推出的新节目。每周我们都会接到来自陷入困境的人的来电，他们正面临一个不知道如何解决的工作难题。We'll cover things like when to say enough is enough. The workload was starting to get unmanageable. What to do when you think your boss is acting unethically.我们将讨论的话题包括：什么时候该说“够了”；工作量已经变得无力承担；以及当你认为上司行为不道德时该怎么办。How do I convey that messages in a manner where they understand doing the right thing is not just aboutrhetoric. And my personal favorite, how to find your strengths and lean into them. Wow, you know, I came for the discussion and I'm staying for the ego boost.我该如何传达信息，让他们明白做正确的事不仅仅是口头说说？还有我个人最喜欢的话题：如何发现自己的优势并好好运用它们。哇，我本来是来听讨论的，现在是为了被夸留下的。This is great. Our hope is that by doing this work out here in the open, inviting everyone to the party, we can start to really spread the message that meaningful change happens fast and really that everything is fixable. Everything is fixable.太棒了。我们希望通过公开做这些事情、邀请所有人参与，真正传达一个信息：有意义的改变可以很快发生，而且——所有问题都能修复。所有问题都能修复。And that's where you come in. If you have a work problem you're feeling stuck on, get in touch. Tell us how we can help.这就是你可以参与的地方。如果你有工作上的困扰，卡住了，来联系我们。告诉我们如何能帮到你。Email us at fixable at ted.com or give us a call at 234-fixable. That's 234-349-2253. And make sure to subscribe to Fixable right now on your favorite podcast app so you don't miss a single episode.你可以发邮件到 fixable@ted.com，或拨打 234-FIXABLE（234-349-2253）。并记得在你喜欢的播客应用上订阅《Fixable》，别错过任何一集。Part of what we do in the world is just bring some can-do lesbian spirit into organizations. We are can-do lesbians and we think there's a can-do lesbian inside of everyone. You just have to find her.我们做的事情之一，就是把那种“什么都能做的女同志精神”带进各个组织。我们是能干的女同志，而且我们相信每个人心里都住着一个能干的女同志。你只需要把她找出来。You just got to find her. She's in there.你只要找到她。她就在你的心里。

We belong to an organisation that puts you in touch with pet-sitters when you go away. People who can look after your house and animals while you're on holiday. And it was coming up for renewal, wasn't it? The subscription, yes.我们加入了一个组织，当你外出时，它会帮你联系宠物看护的人。他们可以在你度假期间照顾你的房子和动物。而我们的会员马上要续费了，是吗？对，就是订阅服务。Every year. Fine. But what they didn't tell us was it was more expensive than the previous year.每年都要续费，好吧。但他们没告诉我们的是，这次续费比前一年更贵。And what's more, it was more expensive, a lot more expensive than new customers were going to pay. We're looking at customers' loyalty. It wasn't the first time that we found out that we as existing customers were paying more for a product than new customers coming on.更糟的是，这次续费比新客户要付的钱贵得多。我们说的就是对老顾客忠诚度的“惩罚”。这不是第一次我们发现，作为老客户，我们反而比新客户付更多钱。We're not the only ones. In the UK, Citizens Advice, which is an independent charity, have recently complained to a government department about these loyalty penalties, which people are paying in essential markets. Yes, now these essential markets, they include things like paying for your mobile, broadband, home insurance is a big one, bank savings and mortgages.我们并不是唯一的例子。在英国，一个独立慈善机构“公民咨询局”最近向政府部门投诉这种“忠诚惩罚”，它出现在很多基本民生市场里。是的，这些基本市场包括手机套餐、宽带、家庭保险（这个特别严重）、银行储蓄和房屋贷款。They're all more expensive for their loyal customers than for new people joining. Yeah, their existing customers. Up to 64% of consumers didn't know that they were being charged either the same or much more than newer customers.这些服务对长期客户来说都比对新加入的人更贵。是的，就是说对老客户更贵。多达 64% 的消费者甚至不知道自己被收取的费用要么和新客户一样高，要么更高。Yes, and they found that 8 in 10 bill payers are currently charged significantly higher prices for remaining with their existing supplier rather than getting a new supplier. And I suppose, Richard, part of this is because of privatisation. In the past, a lot of these – especially gas and electricity, things like that – the government provided those.是的，而且他们发现，十分之八的账单付款人因为继续使用原服务商，而不是更换新服务商，被收取了明显更高的费用。我想，Richard，这部分原因是私有化导致的。过去很多服务——特别是燃气、电力之类——都是政府提供的。And now you have to go and look, and it's difficult to choose which company to go for. And when they've got special offers to attract new customers, that's got to be paid for by someone. So, we're feeling very sympathetic towards these people, especially because of our own situation.而现在你必须自己去选择，挑选哪家公司很麻烦。而且企业为了吸引新客户会推出特价优惠，而这些成本总得由某些人承担。所以我们对这些被多收费的人很同情，尤其是因为我们自己也遇到了类似的情况。However, Richard... Yes? I'm wondering whether this might change your mind. OK. Now, we have a couple of dogs and we go to the supermarket and we buy dog food.不过呢，Richard……什么？我在想这件事可能会改变你的看法。好，现在我们有几只狗，我们去超市买狗粮。Yes. We can choose to switch to a different brand if we discover that it's cheaper. We have the option to do that.对。如果我们发现另一种品牌更便宜，就可以换品牌。我们完全可以这样做。Yes. And it would actually be very nonsensical of us to stay with our normal brand if it has become more expensive. Do you agree with that? If the quality is identical, you go for the cheaper the product.是的。如果我们发现平常买的品牌变贵了，还坚持不换，那其实很不明智。你同意吗？如果品质一样，当然选便宜的。Right. OK. Because this is all about a competitive market.好的。因为这一切都与竞争性市场有关。And competition is for the benefit of the consumers. And so, if you're going to have a competitive market, this includes switching from one brand to another. Loyalty doesn't pay.而竞争是为了让消费者获益。所以在竞争市场里，你就应该在品牌之间切换。忠诚并不划算。Right. OK. So, there is less sympathy for people being penalised for being loyal if, in fact, they just need to do a little bit more work and go for the cheaper brand.好的。所以如果消费者只需要稍微动动手，就能找到更便宜的品牌，那么他们因忠诚而被多收费，别人可能就不太同情了。It's just like buying in a supermarket. I'm not so sure about that. Obviously, there's more to it, isn't there, Richard? Because in the supermarket, the switching is very simple, isn't it? You just choose the other brand.这就像在超市购物。我不太确定哦，显然事情没那么简单，是吧 Richard？因为在超市换品牌很容易，你只要拿另一包就行了。Exactly. And I think what's happened nowadays, it's much more difficult to switch from one brand to another. And there are often penalties.没错。但现在情况更复杂了，从一个品牌切换到另一个往往非常困难，而且还会有罚金或额外费用。And also, if it's an auto-renewal subscription, then that price increase should be communicated to customers.而且如果是自动续订的订阅服务，价格上涨应该明确告知客户。Definitely. Actually, recently we changed our web host that hosts the site, Podcast in English.没错。事实上，我们最近更换了为 "Podcast in English" 网站提供服务的网络主机。I didn't choose the very cheapest host. I chose one a bit more expensive because their renewal price didn't actually go up that much. You're computer savvy, you see.我没有选择最便宜的那家，而是选了稍微贵一点的，因为他们续费的涨幅不大。你是电脑高手嘛。So, at the end of the day, if you know there are cheaper options out there but don't switch, that's your problem. However, if you stay with a brand who is overcharging because the barriers to switching, you know, it's too expensive or it's difficult to understand, those barriers are too big, then that is not acceptable.所以，最终如果你明明知道外面有更便宜的选择却不切换，那是你自己的问题。但如果你因为转换成本太高、太复杂，而被迫留在一家乱收费的公司，那就不可接受了。But really, people are going to be less sympathetic to us because we can find out about the switching and go for the cheaper option.但说实话，别人对我们不会太同情，因为我们有能力查到替代方案，也能选择更便宜的选项。

Iceland has no shortage of natural dangers – volcanic eruptions, glacial floods, scaldingly hot springs and bitterly cold winters. But it is at least one of the few places on Earth where humans don't have to worry about mosquitoes – until now.冰岛总是有各种各样的自然危险，那里有火山喷发、冰川导致的洪水、滚烫的温泉和苦寒冰冷的冬季。不过，冰岛至少是地球上少数几个人类不必担心蚊子的地方之一，直到现在。Two females and a male have been caught on a sticky trap used to attract moths. They're a species that's resistant to the cold.两只雌蚊和一只雄蚊被一个用于吸引飞蛾的粘性陷阱所捕获。它们属于一种能抵抗寒冷的蚊种。It isn't clear how many other mosquitoes are in Iceland or exactly how they got there. One scientist said he did not believe their arrival was linked to climate change and suggested they could have been stowaways on a ship.人们尚不清楚冰岛目前还有多少只蚊子，以及这些蚊子如何来到了这里。一名科学家表示，他不认为这些蚊子的到来和气候变化有关，并提出它们也可能是坐船抵达冰岛的 “偷渡者”。

"No pain no gain!" That's a mindset applied to many things – from working long hours when starting a new business, to studying hard for an important exam. And gym culture often encourages people to push themselves to their limits, leading people to have an all or nothing attitude, where they feel they must either have an extremely tough fitness regime, or do nothing at all. But what if it doesn't have to be this way? What if you can improve your fitness and wellbeing with minimal effort? Meet the new trend gainingtraction: zone zero exercise.“不劳无获！” 这种心态适用于许多事情——从创业初期的长时间工作，到为重要考试而刻苦学习。健身文化往往鼓励人们把自己推到极限，导致一种“要么全力以赴、要么干脆不做”的态度，仿佛非得执行极其严苛的健身计划，否则就是零运动。但事情真的一定要这样吗？如果只需付出最小的努力，也能提升健康与体能呢？让我们来认识一个正在流行的新趋势：零区运动（zone zero exercise）。Zone training is about your heart rate. For example, zone 1 exercise requires 50% of your maximum heart rate, up to zone 5 which is 100% effort. Activities range from a dog walk or easy warm-up in zone 1, to a sprint up the stairs at zone 5. Think of zone zero as any kind of movement that keeps your heart rate below 50%. This could be a gentle stroll, a few stretches in between long stints of sitting at your desk, even gardening or light housework. Terry Tateossian, a personal trainer and nutritionist, said that for many of her clients, "zone zero is the bridge between sedentary and sustainable". It is exercise that feels effortless.分区训练（zone training）主要基于你的心率。 例如，一区运动需要达到最大心率的 50%，五区则是 100% 的全力输出。日常活动从牵狗散步或轻松热身（一区），到冲刺上楼梯（五区）不等。所谓的零区，就是任何让心率维持在 50% 以下的动作。这可能是一段轻松的散步、久坐办公期间的几下伸展运动，甚至是园艺或轻度家务。私人教练兼营养师 Terry Tateossian 说，对于她的许多客户来说，“零区是从久坐到持续运动之间的桥梁。” 它是一种几乎不费力的运动方式。One major benefit of zone zero activity is accessibility. For those unable to do high intensity workouts, such as those recovering from injury, light exercise may feel like a smaller mountain to climb. And with this comes another benefit – consistency. A routine based on zone zero activity is easier to sustain, meaning the long-term benefits are easier to achieve. A 2018 review of research, published in the International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, found that zone zero activity can support mental wellbeing, help regulate blood sugar and improve circulation. It can even lower the risk ofcardiovasculardisease.零区运动的一大优势是容易执行。 对于无法进行高强度训练的人，如正在从伤病中恢复者，轻度运动更像是一座较易攀登的小山。同时也带来另一项好处——坚持性更强。以零区活动为基础的运动习惯更容易长期维持，也因此更容易获得长期健康效益。2018 年发表在《国际行为营养与体育活动杂志》上的一项研究综述显示，零区运动有助于提升心理健康、调节血糖并改善血液循环，甚至可以降低心血管疾病风险。Of course, if you're gunning for a personal best, or wanting to significantly improve your fitness, you shouldn't stop at zone zero activities. You'll need to do challenging, high-intensity workouts to grow stronger. But even top athletes must embrace gentle movement. Endurance coach Stephanie Holbrook says, "it's often the missing piece that unlocks breakthrough performances because it facilitates genuine recovery." Maybe slowing down is the best way to move forward.当然，如果你想刷新个人最佳成绩，或者显著提升体能，就不能只停留在零区活动上。你仍然需要具挑战性的高强度训练来变得更强。但即便是顶尖运动员也必须接受轻柔的活动。耐力教练 Stephanie Holbrook 说：“这往往是促成突破性表现的关键，因为它让身体真正恢复。” 或许，放慢脚步才是继续前进的最好方式。

We're talking about a restaurant. A restaurant that became the top-rated restaurant in London. Except that the restaurant was a fake.我们要谈的是一家餐厅——一家成为伦敦最高评分餐厅的餐厅。只不过，这家餐厅是假的。It didn't exist. Yes, so we ask who did it, why he did it and how. Well, let's start with who, Richard.它根本不存在。那么我们来问：是谁干的？为什么要这么做？又是怎么做到的？我们先从“谁”开始吧，理查德。It was a journalist, OK? By the name of Ubar Butler. And what's interesting was that his original job included writing fake reviews for TripAdvisor restaurants, even though he never went to them, right? And he saw that these fake reviews actually helped the restaurants to become very popular. The reviews were always positive.是一个记者，名叫乌巴·巴特勒。有趣的是，他之前的工作就是帮餐厅在TripAdvisor上写假评论——虽然他从来没去过那些餐厅。而且他发现，这些虚假的好评确实能让餐厅变得很受欢迎。Yes, obviously the restaurants themselves paid for him to write the reviews. Of course, which leads on to why he had his idea. Yes, he wondered whether it was possible for not only to have fake reviews but actually have a fake restaurant.没错，那些餐厅当然是付钱请他写好评的。而这也引发了他的灵感：他在想，既然有假的评论，那能不能干脆弄一家假的餐厅？Would it be possible to become the best restaurant in London? Yeah, now this became a challenge for him, didn't it, Richard? And we're talking about April 2017. So how did he go about it, Richard?能不能让这家假餐厅成为伦敦最好的餐厅？对，这对他来说成了一个挑战。时间是在2017年4月。那他是怎么做的呢，理查德？Well, the first thing is he decided to use his real shed in the garden. That was the restaurant.首先，他决定用自己花园里的小棚子当作餐厅。Yeah, and he called it The Shed. And for £10 he was actually able to get it verified as a real place. Because it wasn't real, he didn't want to give his real address, so he made it appointment-only.对，他把餐厅命名为“The Shed（棚屋）”。花了10英镑，他居然真的能让TripAdvisor验证通过。因为餐厅并不存在，他不想公开真实地址，于是设置为“仅限预约”。And then, so he did that, then he designed a website and he created a concept. What was that? He named all his dishes after moods. So he had a happy, love, comfort as his dishes.接着他做了网站，并设计了一个概念。他把所有菜品都以情绪命名，比如“快乐”“爱情”“安慰”等。So comfort for me would be something like shepherd's pie. Yes, and he also took some photos of the dishes. Yeah, those arty, soft, focused, close-up photos of food that is very popular nowadays.比如“安慰”这道菜，对我来说可能就像牧羊人派一样。是的，他还拍了一些菜的照片——那种现在很流行的艺术感、柔焦、特写的美食照。But they were all fake as well. Yeah, he didn't even use real ingredients, right? He used shaving cream instead of cream. Shaving cream, yes, and paint.但那些照片也全是假的。他根本没用真正的食材，比如用剃须膏代替奶油。没错，还有颜料。He painted his things to look attractive. Yeah, so he had a name, had a logo, and lots of great photos. So then he submits his restaurant to TripAdvisor and... Well, it's approved and then it's put on their site for everyone to see.他用颜料把东西涂得看起来很诱人。于是，他有了名字、有了标志，还有很多漂亮的照片。接着，他把餐厅提交到TripAdvisor——结果真的通过审核，上了网站。He started out ranked at number 18,149, but by the end of August he was at number 156. And by the winter he's number 30. How did he do that, Richard?起初他的排名是第18,149名，但到了八月底，已经上升到第156名。到了冬天，更是进入前三十。理查德，他是怎么做到的？Well, obviously, he has a history of writing fake reviews. Yes. He had lots of contacts. He got all his friends to write really great reviews for his non-existent restaurant and that soon got him shooting up the charts.很明显，他有写假评论的经验。而且人脉广，他请朋友们帮忙为这家不存在的餐厅写极好的评论。没多久，排名就蹭蹭往上涨。It was all about the reviews. All the reviews were fantastic and it made all the difference. And of course he couldn't have any bad reviews because no real people went to the restaurant at all.一切都靠评论。所有的评论都极其出色，这就是关键。而且根本不会出现差评，因为没有真正的顾客去过。Exactly. And then on the 1st of November, the same year, just six months after listing The Shed online, he gets an email from TripAdvisor. He's worried, isn't he?没错。然后在同年11月1日，也就是上架六个月后，他收到了TripAdvisor的邮件。他当时很紧张，对吧？Yes, he thinks they've rumbled him. Yeah. But an actual fact is to tell him that he's London's top-rated restaurant.对，他以为自己被揭穿了。其实不是。那封邮件是告诉他，他的餐厅成了伦敦排名第一的餐厅。A restaurant that doesn't exist, he's told, is currently the highest ranked in one of the world's biggest cities on perhaps the internet's most trusted review site.一间根本不存在的餐厅，成了世界上最大城市之一、也许是最受信任的评论网站上的第一名。Number one, Richard. I mean, that is just incredible.第一名啊，理查德。这真是太不可思议了。Now, he stayed there for two weeks, but of course now that the page has been deleted, everybody realises it was a fake.后来它保持第一名两周，但如今页面已被删除，大家才意识到那是个骗局。But he said it was a fake, didn't he? Yeah, he... It wasn't actually found out by anybody. No, no, no. He wanted to show that this was possible, right?不过是他自己公开承认的。并不是被揭穿的。他只是想证明，这一切是可以做到的。And I suppose it's sad really because it just shows how easily fooled people are.说起来也挺讽刺的，这说明人们是多么容易被欺骗。How fake everything is. But an actual fact, in his own words, he's much more positive. He says, if he can transform his garden into London's best restaurant, then literally anything is possible in the business world.世界多么虚假。但用他自己的话说，他倒是更乐观——如果他能把自家花园变成伦敦最好的餐厅，那在商业世界里，一切皆有可能。

Hey, what's up guys, MKBHD here, still in Las Vegas, and I've seen a lot of self-driving tech so far here at CES, like if you walk through any of the halls with cars in them, there's tons of like open room concepts and things like that, but they feel kind of useless, you know, like as long as they're still in a concept phase, they don't really feel real yet.大家好，我是 MKBHD，现在还在拉斯维加斯。在今年的 CES 展会上，我已经看到了很多自动驾驶技术。走进任何一个汽车展厅，都能看到各种“开放空间”式的概念车，设计很炫，但感觉都没什么实际用途。你懂的，只要还停留在概念阶段，就让人觉得离现实还挺远的。So then I got an email from a company called Yandex, you may know them as a Russian tech company, and they said, hey, come check out our autonomous car at CES.然后我收到一封来自一家叫 Yandex 的公司的邮件——你可能知道，这是一家俄罗斯科技公司。他们说：“嘿，来看看我们在 CES 上的无人驾驶汽车吧！”I'm kind of thinking, okay, well, I've seen a lot of autonomous concepts and things like that, how could this be much different? But then they said, listen, we have a fully autonomous driverless car hitting the streets of Las Vegas with all the other regular cars right now, you can go for a ride, you in? So I'm super in, let's do it.我当时心想，好吧，我已经看过那么多自动驾驶概念了，这还能有多不一样？但他们接着说：“听好了，我们的车已经在拉斯维加斯的街头，与普通车辆一起行驶，你可以亲自坐上去试一试。要不要来？”我当然要啊，立刻答应了！So the car itself is a retrofitted Prius, on top is radar, lidar, and camera array for the car to map out its surroundings.这辆车本身是一辆经过改装的丰田 Prius（普锐斯），车顶上安装了雷达、激光雷达和摄像头阵列，用来扫描和绘制周围的环境地图。I think as someone who's used the autopilot from a Tesla, it helps me to not be as nervous in the backseat, but it's still crazy not having anyone in the driver's seat at all as the car navigates the streets.我以前开过特斯拉的自动驾驶，所以坐在后座的时候没那么紧张，但眼前这辆车完全没有司机、自己在街上行驶，还是让人觉得很不可思议。There's a safety engineer in the passenger seat, which had a kill switch next to him for if anything happened to go wrong or it needed to be interrupted, but we did about a 15 minute loop around real streets, real drivers, real people, and everything went smoothly and it was kind of still trippy the whole time.副驾驶坐着一位安全工程师，旁边有个紧急关闭开关，如果出现问题可以立刻介入。我们在真实街道上行驶了大约15分钟，周围都是正常行驶的车辆和行人，一切顺利，但整个过程还是让人觉得有点“魔幻”。This really feels like the future, I gotta say. It might not be this crazy self-driving interior that everyone else is talking about, but this tech part is cool to me.我得说，这真有种“未来已至”的感觉。虽然它没有其他厂商展示的那种炫酷自动驾驶内饰，但技术本身就已经够让我兴奋了。The details are that this is a small area in Las Vegas that was already mapped by this company, so it was a predetermined route and the car knew where it was going to go, but everything else, road conditions, the other cars, the pedestrians, the traffic lights, the turns, speed changes, all of that was decisions made by the car, but all that makes sense for a taxi.具体来说，这辆车运行的区域是 Yandex 事先绘制好的拉斯维加斯一小片区域，路线是预设的，车知道自己要去哪。但像路况、其他车辆、行人、红绿灯、转弯、加减速这些，全都是车自己实时判断的。对无人驾驶出租车来说，这样的模式其实挺合理的。I mean you map the town or city you want to be in, you have predetermined routes for pickup and drop off, and then the taxis are driverless and they just go from there.比如说，你先把城市或镇区地图建好，设定好接送点的路线，然后这些出租车就可以无人驾驶运行了。And the even cooler, nerdier part is these iPad Pros you're seeing, that's a visualization of what the sensors on top of the car are seeing in real time.更酷、更“极客”的部分是，车里这些 iPad Pro 上显示的，就是车顶传感器实时捕捉到的周围环境画面。So the radar, lidar, and cameras are all combining to identify what is other cars on the road, what's pedestrians, what is a stationary object, and seeing things up to 250 meters away in every direction.雷达、激光雷达和摄像头的数据融合在一起，用来识别道路上的其他车辆、行人以及静止物体。它可以在四个方向上探测到最远250米外的情况。So things 6, 7 cars away were on the iPad that I couldn't even see in real life out the windows.我在 iPad 上能看到六七辆车之外的物体，而从车窗外肉眼是完全看不到的。So there are some red paths, and when we start driving you're going to see some green paths. And basically what I'm seeing here is, it's evaluating what's currently happening on the road and what's about to happen.屏幕上有一些红色路径和绿色路径。开车时你会看到绿色路径代表可行方向。简单来说，车在实时评估当前路况和即将发生的情况。Red paths, no good. Green paths, good. And it takes the green path, and it has a predetermined destination, we're on a left turning lane, so you can see way up ahead where it wants to go, and it's just going to follow where it can.红色路径代表不可行，绿色路径代表可行。车辆会自动选择绿色路径行驶。现在我们在左转车道上，可以看到系统已经标出了它想去的方向，车辆会顺着可行的路线前进。Based on the cars around us, you can't really merge right now, so those paths are red, but it has a green path, and it has a bunch of other possible paths to take if it wants to switch it up. But right now, it's all green.根据周围车辆的情况，现在无法并线，所以那些方向是红色的。但它仍然有一条绿色路线可走，而且系统还规划了备用路线以防需要变道。此刻，一切都是绿的。And the best part is the reaction from other people on the road was pretty great.最有趣的是，路上其他人的反应相当精彩。There's people pulling out their phones to record the driverless car, people kind of stare a little bit at stoplights when they realize what's going on, and apparently Las Vegas cops think it's pretty funny too.有人掏出手机拍摄无人驾驶车，也有人在红灯时发现没有司机后，盯着看个不停。听说连拉斯维加斯的警察都觉得挺有意思。But overall, the 15 minutes we spent in this car were a lot of fun, I learned a lot just looking at these iPads and what they were seeing as the car drove around, and this gave me sort of an optimism for the future of self-driving tech.总的来说，那15分钟真的很有趣。我通过这些 iPad 看到车在“看什么”，也学到了不少，让我对自动驾驶技术的未来充满信心。So that's pretty much it, I figured I would share my experience.这就是我今天的经历，想和大家分享一下。Would you let yourself get driven in a driverless taxi like this? Maybe share this video with other people you think would be interested, and I'll leave some links below with some more information so you can look it up if you want to see that too. Either way, thanks for watching, see you guys in the next one.你愿意坐上这样一辆无人驾驶出租车吗？可以把这个视频分享给感兴趣的朋友。我会在下方附上更多相关信息的链接，想了解的可以去看看。不管怎样，感谢观看，我们下期再见。

Imagine you're the mayor of a small, rural town. Over the years the houses have become empty as people move to the city for employment. An earthquake 50 years ago caused terrible damage and forced more families to leave their homes.想象一下，你是一座偏远小镇的市长。多年来，随着人们为了工作迁往城市，镇上的房屋逐渐空置。而且在五十年前，一场地震造成了严重破坏，迫使更多家庭离开家园。And you find yourself facing the possibility of living in a ghost town but in a most beautiful area. We look at the strategy that one local council used to reverse their decline. So where are we, Jackie? On the Italian island of Sicily in a small town called Sambuca.于是你发现自己正面临着一个可能——生活在一座风景优美却濒临“鬼城”的地方。我们来看一个地方政府是如何扭转这种衰退的。那么，我们现在在哪儿呢，杰基？在意大利西西里岛，一个名叫桑布卡（Sambuca）的小镇。Sounds great. So what was Sambuca like in the past then? Very different, Richard. It was a bustling town of about 9,000 people.听起来不错。那么，桑布卡过去是什么样的呢？完全不一样，理查德。那时它是一个热闹的城镇，约有九千名居民。It was, well, and still is, on the top of a hill. And it's in a nature reserve about an hour's drive from the capital. Right, OK.它坐落在一座山顶上，现在依然如此。小镇位于一个自然保护区内，距离首都大约一个小时车程。好的，明白了。So what happened? Basically, Richard, farming practices changed. And following the industrialisation of the agricultural sector, farm workers simply left. So they didn't need so many farm workers.那么后来发生了什么？基本上，理查德，是农业方式发生了变化。随着农业产业化的发展，农场工人不再被需要，因此纷纷离开了。They all left to the city to find jobs then. Yeah, I mean, there's just no human labour needed in the fields anymore. And that left the mayor and his deputy needing to decide what to do.他们都去了城市找工作。是的，因为农田里再也不需要人工劳作了。于是市长和副市长不得不面对一个问题——该怎么办。Exactly, with only about 5,000 people now. So what they decided to do was to sell the homes that the council owned because they wanted people to buy the homes and do them up, live in them and then provide a community once more. Actually, they had an interesting marketing strategy.没错，如今镇上只剩约五千人。所以他们决定出售镇政府名下的房屋，希望吸引人们购买、修缮、居住，从而重建一个社区。事实上，他们采用了一种非常有趣的营销策略。They wanted to sell the houses, but they also wanted to attract media attention. So they decided to advertise the homes for €1 each. €1.他们不仅想卖房子，还想吸引媒体关注。于是，他们决定以每套1欧元的价格对外宣传这些房屋。1欧元！So you can imagine, right, huge reaction and interest from around the world. And just a few weeks after the announcement, the council received almost 100,000 emails. Right, OK, but I still can't believe all these houses were for sale for just €1.你可以想象，来自世界各地的反响有多大。公告发布仅几周后，镇政府就收到了近十万封电子邮件。好的，但我还是难以相信这些房子真的只卖1欧元。They'd all be gone now, surely. Actually, it was an auction. The houses did indeed start at €1, Richard, but of course if there was competition, the price went up.这些房子现在肯定早就卖光了吧？其实并不是——那是一场拍卖。房价确实从1欧元起拍，理查德，但当然，如果有人竞争，价格就会上涨。So was it a success then? Was it a successful initiative? Well, five months after the scheme was advertised, the mayor announced the sale of the first 16 houses. The cheapest went for €1,000, so still very cheap. Very cheap.那么这个计划成功了吗？是一次成功的尝试吗？在计划公布五个月后，市长宣布首批16套房屋售出。最便宜的一套卖了1000欧元，依然非常便宜。非常便宜。The most expensive for €25,000. So what's the latest then, Jackie? What's happening now? Well, I've had a look at the Sambuca council site, Richard, and it looks like there are another 44 houses up for sale right now and people are bidding for them. And some of them still only have €1 bids on and some of them have higher bids on.最贵的一套卖了2万5千欧元。那么，杰基，现在最新的情况如何？我看了桑布卡镇政府的网站，理查德，目前又有44套房屋在出售，正在接受竞标。其中一些仍然只有1欧元的出价，而有些已经更高了。And do you know who's bought these houses? It's a whole mixture of people. Among the new owners are British, Russian, Chilean,Israelifamilies. Wow.你知道是谁买下这些房子的吗？买家可谓五花八门——包括英国人、俄罗斯人、智利人和以色列家庭。哇！So then from a business perspective then, it sounds like it's been quite successful. Yeah, I mean the mayor, he said we did not expect it to be so successful. What, selling houses for €1? Yeah, but I mean it's still a remote area of Europe, Richard, and the houses still need to be worked on.从商业角度来看，这似乎相当成功。是的，市长也说他们没想到会这么成功。卖1欧元的房子还能这么火？没错，但毕竟这里仍是欧洲的偏远地区，这些房子还需要修缮。These aren't houses you can just move into. They need to be rehabilitated. So this sounds great for the mayor, but what about the locals? What do they think about this? Well, interesting question, Richard.这些房子不是买来就能直接入住的，必须整修。因此，这对市长来说听起来很好，但当地居民怎么看呢？这是个有趣的问题，理查德。Many have feared that Sambuca will fall into decline, like many towns in southern Italy. So if the scheme prevents that from happening, I think they're willing to accept their new neighbours. It's certainly an interesting survival strategy.许多人担心桑布卡会像意大利南部的其他小镇一样继续衰落。因此，如果这个计划能阻止那种命运，他们愿意接受这些新邻居。这确实是一种有趣的生存策略。We'll just have to wait and see what happens.我们只能拭目以待，看看结果如何。

In the UK, over 3 million people are vegetarian. That's 7% of the population. And in addition to that, a further 600,000 people, less than 2% of the population, are vegan.在英国，有超过三百万人是素食者，占全国人口的7%。除此之外，还有大约六十万人（不到2%）是纯素食者。Yeah, now 600,000 is not a lot of people, but it's 4 more, 4 times more than in 2014. And half of these made the change just last year. In addition, a third of all Brits are reducing the amount of meat they eat.是的，六十万人并不是很多，但比2014年多了四倍。而且，其中一半人是在去年才改成纯素的。另外，三分之一的英国人正在减少他们吃肉的量。Yes, and actually it's even predicted that vegans and vegetarians will make up a quarter of the British population by 2025. So, without doubt, this is a new and fast-growing area. We're looking at how UK companies are responding.没错，事实上，有预测认为到2025年，素食者和纯素食者将占英国人口的四分之一。因此，这无疑是一个新兴且增长迅速的领域。我们来看看英国的企业是如何应对的。Now, Richard, tell us about Gregg's the Bakers. Yes, it's the largest bakery in the UK and this year in January they launched their first vegan sausage roll. As a result of that single sausage roll, profits leapt more than 50% to £40 million in the first six months of 2019.那么，理查德，请你谈谈英国最大的连锁面包店——Gregg's。是的，它是英国最大的面包连锁店，今年一月他们推出了第一款纯素香肠卷。结果仅凭这一款产品，公司在2019年上半年的利润就激增了50%以上，达到四千万英镑。I have to say, vegan and sausage roll, it sounds a bit strange to me, Richard. Yes, it does sound a bit strange, but it's obviously very tasty as it's now one of Gregg's five bestsellers. Wow! And for them, of course, veganism is great for business.我得说，纯素和香肠卷放在一起听起来有点怪，理查德。是啊，听起来确实有点奇怪，但显然味道很好，因为它现在是Gregg's销量前五的产品之一。哇！对他们来说，纯素主义简直成了生意上的福音。But the marketing strategy also meant an increase in their other products, so its shares have also doubled in value over the past year. Yes, because people are going in to buy the vegan sausage roll and buying other things at the same time. So Gregg's is a good example of a company embracing veganism and profiting from that.而且，这种市场策略也带动了他们其他产品的销量，所以过去一年公司股价翻了一倍。是的，因为顾客去买纯素香肠卷时，也顺便买了别的东西。所以Gregg's是一个很好的例子，说明企业拥抱纯素潮流也能从中获利。But it's not just the food industry, is it, that's riding the vegan wave? No, no. Another British company, Dr Martens, often called Doc Martens, isn't it? It's famous for its boots and shoes. Now they've been going in and out of fashion, what, since the 1960s? Don't tell me, Jackie, they've got a vegan boot.不过，乘着纯素潮流的不仅仅是食品业，对吧？没错，还有另一家英国公司——马汀博士（Dr. Martens），也叫Doc Martens，它以靴子和鞋子闻名。从上世纪六十年代起，它的鞋子时尚与否几经起伏。别告诉我，杰基，他们现在也出纯素靴子了？Yes, the company launched a vegan range of boots. Now this was back in 2011, actually, but it was this year that profits surged by 70% and online sales also rose by two-thirds to £72.7 million. And this accounts for 16% of the total revenues for the company.是的，这家公司在2011年就推出了纯素系列靴子。不过，今年它的利润猛增了70%，线上销售额也增长了三分之二，达到7270万英镑，占公司总收入的16%。Right, Jackie, what makes their boots vegan then? Well, you're not going to eat them, but they have replaced the leather uppers with a combination of polyester fabric and polyurethane. So you're basically telling me they're making plastic boots. It does seem a bit odd to exchange leather for plastic.好的，杰基，那他们的靴子怎么叫“纯素”呢？嗯，当然不是给人吃的，只是他们把皮革鞋面换成了聚酯纤维和聚氨酯的组合。也就是说，他们其实在做塑料靴子？是的，用塑料取代皮革确实有点奇怪。I mean, they may not be made out of animals, but plastic is hardly an ecological alternative. Again, it's the marketing, isn't it? Yes, it's interesting that these companies use the term vegan. But of course, we're talking about clothes.我的意思是，虽然这些靴子不是动物制品，但塑料显然也谈不上环保。又是营销手法，对吧？是的，这些公司使用“纯素”这个词很有意思。但别忘了，我们讨论的是衣物，不是食物。We're not talking about things that the customers are eating, is it? But it's the brand, isn't it, Richard? Because not that long ago, synthetic leather, it was considered fake. It was considered a product for people who couldn't afford the real thing. But now the brand, the marketing, it's making all the difference.我们不是在谈顾客吃的东西，对吧？但这关键在于品牌，不是吗，理查德？因为就在不久前，合成皮还被认为是“假货”，是买不起真皮的人才会买的产品。但如今，品牌与营销改变了一切。Yes, anything animal-free and it's flying off the shelves. Yeah, yeah. My question is this, Richard.是的，只要打上“无动物成分”的标签，产品就会被抢购一空。没错，没错。不过理查德，我有个问题。People become vegans for their health, for the animals and for the environment. But the reason companies are embracing the term and design vegan-labeled products, I think is a little bit more questionable. They're just after the cash, aren't they? Of course.人们选择纯素，是为了健康、动物和环境。但企业热衷推出纯素产品、打上“纯素”标签的动机，我觉得就值得怀疑了——他们只是为了赚钱，对吧？当然。Because at the end of the day, if you want to be eco-friendly, ethical, more sustainable, you just need to consume fewer items. Yeah, buy less. But that's hardly something that businesses want to hear.毕竟，如果真想做到环保、道德、可持续，其实只需要少消费。是的，少买点东西。但这显然不是企业愿意听到的话。

Very recently, a restaurant in Manchester, in the north-west of England, won the city's first Michelin star in 40 years. We talk about the Michelin Guide and the effect of winning one of its prestigious stars. Yes, because this restaurant, Mana it's called, opened less than a year ago.最近，位于英格兰西北部的曼彻斯特有一家餐厅获得了该市四十年来的第一颗米其林星。我们今天要谈的，就是米其林指南以及获得这一权威星级后的影响。是的，这家名为 Mana 的餐厅开业还不到一年。And as soon as it was awarded the star, it became fully booked for months ahead, well into the next year. Yeah, and good news also for Manchester, Richard. Once a restaurant in a town gets given a star, it elevates not just the restaurant's profile but that of the city too.一旦获得米其林星级，这家餐厅立刻变得一位难求，订位排到了好几个月之后，甚至延续到下一年。是啊，Richard，这对曼彻斯特来说也是个好消息。因为一旦一座城市有餐厅获得米其林星，不仅餐厅的声誉得到提升，整个城市的形象也会随之提高。I mean, quite simply, people want to come to a place which has a Michelin-starred restaurant. Yeah, so it all seems a very positive thing, doesn't it? The most Michelin-starred chef, who was French, he claimed that the stars were financially transformative. Yes, indeed, because I think he said with one Michelin star you can get about 20% more business.很简单，人们总是想去有米其林星级餐厅的地方。是啊，这听起来一切都很正面，不是吗？拥有最多米其林星星的那位法国厨师就曾说过，米其林星对餐厅的经济效益有“颠覆性的作用”。没错，他说获得一颗星后，生意可以增长大约20%。Two stars, 40% more business, and with three stars you'll do twice as much business. That's 100% improvement. So you'd think then all restaurants would want to get at least star, but that is not necessarily the case.拿到两颗星，生意增长40%；而三颗星的餐厅，营业额可以翻倍，也就是提升100%。听起来每家餐厅都该梦想至少拿到一颗星，但事实并非如此。Gaining a star, surely that can only be a positive thing. Actually some restaurants return their stars and don't actually want to be in the Guide. That sounds very odd.获得米其林星，照理说应该是件好事吧？但实际上，有些餐厅选择“退星”，甚至不想再出现在米其林指南里。这听起来相当奇怪。Why would they do that? Two main reasons, right? One is undesirable customer expectations. Ah, OK. The customers expect too much, do they? Well, as soon as you become a Michelin-starred restaurant, then customers have... they expect a certain style of food and formal dining.他们为什么要这么做呢？主要有两个原因。第一个是顾客的期望变得“难以招架”。哦？是顾客期望太高了吗？没错，一旦餐厅获得米其林星，顾客便会期待一种特定风格的菜肴和正式的用餐体验。So restaurants that, especially those that serve very, very good but perhaps more simple food, they start to get loads of complaints from customers. Ah, the pressure. The pressure's really on, isn't it? For example, there was one chef, she had a restaurant in a garden centre and she said it changed the atmosphere.于是，那些原本提供非常美味但较为简朴菜肴的餐厅，就会突然收到一堆顾客投诉。啊，这压力确实不小，对吧？例如有一位女厨师，她的餐厅开在一个花园中心里，她说获得星级后，整个餐厅的氛围都变了。Instead of people coming in and being surprised how good the food was, they came expecting something very special and they complained, for example, that there wasn't tablecloths on the wooden tables. They didn't like the rustic feel, they wanted something posher, did they? Yeah. The other thing is that the chefs are overwhelmed by the response.以前，顾客走进来时往往惊喜于食物的美味；但现在，他们带着极高的期望而来，然后抱怨木桌上没有铺桌布。原本的乡村风格不再被欣赏，他们反而希望环境更华丽。是的。另一方面，厨师们也被这种反应压得喘不过气来。You talked about that restaurant in Manchester, completely full up. And then the thing is, Richard, you've got this star. Any minute now, any day, without anybody knowing, a judge can come into your restaurant and decide whether or not you should keep that star or not.你刚提到曼彻斯特那家餐厅——订位已经排满。而问题在于，Richard，一旦你有了这颗星，任何时候、任何一天，米其林评审员都可能悄悄走进你的餐厅，决定你是否还能保住这颗星。So the pressure on the chefs to maintain that star is enormous. And if you lose that star... If you lose a star, you can actually have fewer customers than before. People think it's gone downhill.因此，厨师们为了维持这颗星所承受的压力极大。而一旦失去了星级……顾客甚至可能比以前还少，因为人们会认为餐厅“变差了”。Now, an example of this, a restaurant in Dublin, right, lost its star and as a result, profits declined by 76% and eventually the restaurant was forced to close. Oh dear. So it's a double-edged sword, really.比如，有一家位于都柏林的餐厅在失去米其林星后，利润下滑了76%，最终被迫关门。真糟糕。看来这真是一把双刃剑啊。So perhaps, Richard, you won't be surprised to hear that in fact, a few years ago, a celebrated French chef wanted to lose one of his three stars. But surely that is the industry's highest accolade. That's the right, the top.所以，Richard，也许你不会惊讶地听到，其实几年前有一位著名的法国厨师，主动要求摘掉他三颗星中的一颗。可那可是厨师界的最高荣誉啊。没错，顶级的象征。He said he wanted to be allowed to cook excellent food, but away from the frenzy of star ratings and the anxiety over Michelin's anonymous food judges, it just wasn't worth the stress. It's interesting then, isn't it, that becoming the best in the business is one thing, but maintaining that is even more demanding.他说，他只想专注于烹饪美食，而不想再被星级排名的狂热和对匿名米其林评审的焦虑所折磨。这种压力，根本不值得。真是有趣——成为业界最优秀的人是一回事，但要持续保持在那个位置，却更艰难。

Sawflies are named after the saw-like organ used by the females to lay eggs in plants. The insects want to avoid killing the plants, which provide food for their larvae.锯蜂以它身上一种像锯子一样的器官命名，雌性锯蜂会用这个锯状器官在植物内部产卵。这种昆虫会尽量避免杀死植物，因为植物可以为它们的幼虫提供食物。The researchers discovered that small serrations on the sawfly's teeth worked with larger protrusions to create a selective cutting action, allowing them to avoid cutting internal structures carrying water and nutrients. The team scaled up the mechanism and tested it on material mimicking human tissue.研究人员发现，锯蜂牙齿上较小的锯齿状突起和较大的突起物共同作用，从而创造出了一种具有选择性的切割动作，这种动作让锯蜂能够避免切断植物中含有水分和养分的内部结构。研究团队按比例放大了这一构造机制，然后在模拟了人体组织的材料上对其进行了测试。Although more work is needed, they think there's potential for a surgical instrument based on this natural mechanism, which could instinctively avoid critical tissues whilst cutting.虽然尚有更多工作需要完成，但研究人员认为也许能够发明出一种基于这种自然机制的外科手术器械，这种器械可以在切割时本能地避开关键组织。

When you hear the word 'carnivore', do you think of lions and bears and sharks, or humans? Steak for breakfast, chicken breasts for lunch and salmon and lamb for dinner. No veg and no carbs. This is just a typical day for someone on the carnivore diet. It's a meal plan that only allows meat, poultry, eggs, fish, seafood, dairy products and water. It's animal-based opposed to plant-based. But why are some people following this diet? And what do nutritionists think about it?当你听到“食肉者”这个词时，你会想到狮子、熊和鲨鱼，还是人类？早餐是牛排，午餐是鸡胸肉，晚餐是三文鱼和羊肉——没有蔬菜，也没有碳水化合物。这就是一个典型的“食肉饮食”者的一天。这种饮食方式只允许食用肉类、禽类、鸡蛋、鱼类、海鲜、乳制品和水——完全以动物性食物为主，与植物性饮食截然相反。但问题是，为什么会有人选择这种饮食方式？而营养学家对此又怎么看？The carnivore diet is a type of ketogenic diet. Normally the body uses glucose from carbohydrates as energy, but when there's a lack of this, the liver breaks fat down into ketones. This essentially means the body can fuel itself using fat instead of sugar. Followers of the diet may experience weight loss, especially early on. One reason for this is that protein is highly satiating, so you consume fewer calories. On top of this, cutting out sugary snacks and fizzy drinks has significant health benefits, and when our carb intake is reduced, our stored water levels fall, again helping to reduce weight.食肉饮食其实是一种生酮饮食。通常，人体会利用来自碳水化合物的葡萄糖作为能量来源，但当缺乏碳水化合物时，肝脏就会将脂肪分解为酮体。这意味着身体可以用脂肪代替糖来提供能量。遵循这种饮食的人通常在初期会出现体重下降，这部分是因为蛋白质具有很强的饱腹感，从而减少总热量摄入。除此之外，戒掉含糖零食和碳酸饮料本身就有益健康，而当碳水摄入减少时，身体储存的水分也会随之减少，从而进一步帮助减重。Nevertheless, the carnivore diet can't be described as 'balanced' by any stretch, according to health experts. In fact, the British Heart Foundation strongly opposes it, saying there is no scientific evidence that it helps weight loss in the long term, and it's lacking in essential nutrients. They say extreme diets which are low in fibre and high in fat can increase the risk of heart attacks and strokes. Saturated fat increases levels of LDL cholesterol and processed meat is high in salt which can raise blood pressure. Fibre, they say, is necessary andcounteracts all these issues, but it can only be found in 'banned foods' of the carnivore diet – fruits, vegetables, seeds, legumes and wholegrains, for example.然而，健康专家指出，食肉饮食无论如何都不能称作“均衡”。事实上，英国心脏基金会（British Heart Foundation）强烈反对这种饮食方式，认为没有科学证据表明它能长期有效减重，而且缺乏必需营养素。他们警告说，这种高脂肪、低纤维的极端饮食可能增加心脏病发作和中风的风险。饱和脂肪会提高“坏胆固醇”（LDL）的水平，而加工肉类中含有大量盐分，会升高血压。专家还指出，膳食纤维对人体是必需的，它能抵消这些风险，但纤维主要存在于食肉饮食所“禁止”的食物中——例如水果、蔬菜、种子、豆类和全谷物。On social media you'll find plenty of people showing off their muscles and claiming their brain is working better than ever after weeks of fat and eggs and butter. Influencer Paul Saladino was an advocate of the carnivore diet until he started experiencing some persistent unpleasant symptoms. Speaking on a health and fitness podcast, he recounted heart palpitations, muscle cramps and sleep disturbances. He researched the diet more and concluded it was detrimental to his health and probably "not a great thing for most humans".在社交媒体上，你会看到很多人炫耀自己的肌肉，并声称在连续几周只吃脂肪、鸡蛋和黄油之后，大脑运转比以往更好。网红Paul Saladino曾是食肉饮食的倡导者，但后来他开始出现一些持续的不适症状。在一次健康与健身播客中，他提到自己经历了心悸、肌肉痉挛和睡眠障碍。经过进一步研究后，他得出结论：这种饮食对健康有害，可能“并不适合大多数人”。Most experts recommend balance, such as the Mediterranean diet, which is full of fruits, vegetables, wholegrains and seeds – it even includes meat, fish and eggs – but everything in moderation.大多数专家仍然推荐“均衡饮食”，比如地中海饮食。这种饮食富含水果、蔬菜、全谷物和种子，也包含肉类、鱼类和鸡蛋——但一切都讲究“适量”。

Sporting events and organisations have long looked to sponsorship for a way of surviving. For many, without financial support of sponsors, they simply wouldn't be able to compete. We're talking about one particular area of concern in sponsorship.体育赛事和组织长期以来都依靠赞助来维持生存。对许多赛事而言，如果没有赞助商的资金支持，他们根本无法继续竞争。我们今天要谈的是赞助领域中的一个特别值得关注的问题。Yeah, now we both remember, Richard, the dominance of tobacco companies sponsoring major events, especially things like Formula One. Yes, the Marlborough McLaren cars, for instance. Yeah.是的，Richard，我们都还记得，以前烟草公司主导了大型赛事的赞助，尤其是像一级方程式赛车这样的赛事。没错，比如万宝路赞助的迈凯伦车队。Now, that's not allowed anymore. But there's a new industry taking over, isn't there? And that is gambling and betting. Betting companies take £14.4 billion from punters every year.如今，烟草赞助已经被禁止了。但现在有一个新的行业正在接手，不是吗？那就是博彩业。博彩公司每年从赌客那里获得高达144亿英镑的收入。In the UK. Yes, that is equal to about £200 from every man, woman and child. It's a huge amount.在英国，这相当于全国每个男人、女人和孩子各贡献了约200英镑。这是一个庞大的数字。Yeah. So why has this happened? How has it happened? And is it really such a bad thing? Well, I suppose it really, it goes back to 2005 and the government of the day then passed the Act and this dramatically relaxed many of the old restrictions. And as soon as they did that, the difference was just incredible.是啊，那为什么会出现这种情况？这是怎么发生的？真的有那么糟糕吗？嗯，我想这要追溯到2005年。当时的政府通过了一项法案，大幅放宽了旧有的限制。一旦法律放宽，整个行业的变化简直令人惊讶。How has it happened? Well, simply because gambling-related TV and radio advertising was banned up until 2005. And then since then, advertising has increased significantly. Yes.它是怎么发展的？其实很简单——在2005年之前，博彩类的电视和广播广告是被禁止的。但从那以后，广告数量显著增加。没错。By 2018, UK betting firms were spending £328 million on direct advertising alone. Yeah. And you're talking about adverts in the commercial breaks and sports programmes.到2018年，英国的博彩公司仅在直接广告上的支出就达到了3.28亿英镑。是的，那些广告主要出现在商业广告时段以及体育节目中。But what we're really talking about is live footballs on the TV. Oh yes. I mean, you know I love football.但我们真正要谈的是电视上播放的足球直播。哦，是的，你知道我多么喜欢足球。I watch the football match and there are adverts on betting before, during, after. It's just all betting. But Richard, you say about the adverts, OK, but it's not just the adverts, of course, it's what they're wearing.我看一场足球比赛，从赛前到中场再到赛后，全是博彩广告，几乎无处不在。但Richard，你刚才提到广告，其实不仅仅是广告问题，还有他们穿的球衣。It's blasted across the players' shirts, isn't it? They're all sponsored by betting companies. I think half of the Premier League shirts will have a gambling company's logo on it. Clubs in the Premier League stand to earn about £350 million from their shirt sponsors.球衣上全都印着博彩公司的名字，不是吗？几乎所有球队都由博彩公司赞助。我记得英超大约有一半球队的球衣上印着博彩公司的标志。英超俱乐部从球衣赞助中能赚取大约3.5亿英镑。And about £70 million of that comes from betting companies alone. Yeah. But not just the shirts, but all around the football pitch as well, the hoardings around the football pitch.其中大约7000万英镑来自博彩公司的赞助。是的。不仅是球衣，连球场四周的广告牌上也到处都是博彩公司的标志。The publicity for these gambling companies is in your face, isn't it? It's everywhere. Hmm. Research has shown that gambling, it can make people's lives a misery.这些博彩公司的宣传无孔不入，几乎扑面而来。是啊，研究表明，赌博可能会让人的生活陷入痛苦。Yes. And the problem nowadays is it's so easy. You know, in the old days, you used to have to go to the betting shop to place a bet.没错。现在的问题是赌博变得太容易了。以前你还得亲自去投注站下注。Now it's all on the mobile phone and everybody has a mobile phone so everybody can gamble. It's so easy. But the adverts, we go back to the adverts that they have, there's this real feeling of excitement and they give the perception that gambling is a fundamental part of watching the sport.而现在，一切都能通过手机完成。每个人都有手机，因此每个人都能随时赌博，太方便了。至于广告，它们总是营造一种极度兴奋的氛围，让人误以为“看体育比赛”就该伴随“下注”——仿佛赌博是体育观赛不可或缺的一部分。They're linking sport and watching the game so directly with gambling, it's like the two automatically go together. And actually, we've just heard that the club with the biggest shirt sponsorship deal in the Premier League, Manchester United, they're not renewing the contract for their current sponsor. Hmm.他们把体育和赌博联系得如此紧密，以至于让人觉得两者天生就该绑在一起。而事实上，我们刚刚听说英超拥有最大球衣赞助合约的俱乐部——曼联——决定不再续约现任赞助商。嗯。Well, let's hope that their new sponsor is not going to be a betting company.希望他们的新赞助商不要再是博彩公司吧。

The British Pest Control Association says its members have recorded an increase in complaints about rat activity around the UK. Cleankill, a company that operates in the south of England, says it's seen a 20% rise in call-outs about rats in the last two years, and climate change may be playing a role.英国虫害防治协会称，其成员记录了英国各地对老鼠的活动情况投诉数量的增长。一家在英格兰南部地区开展业务的名为 “Cleankill” 的公司称，他们在过去两年中发现由老鼠引起的呼叫请求上升了 20%，而气候变化可能是其中一个原因。A study published earlier this year of 16 cities around the world, mostly in North America, found a strong link between rising temperatures and rat activity. The researchers believe warmer winters enable rats to reproduce more rapidly.今年早些时候发布的一项针对全球 16 座主要分布在北美洲的城市的研究发现气温上升和老鼠的活动情况之间有密切联系。研究人员认为，更温暖的冬季让老鼠能以更快的速度繁殖。But there are also other issues at play. Pest controllers say our overflowing bins, fractured communities and growing appetite for fast food all allow rats to thrive.不过依然有其它因素在发挥作用。害虫防治人员表示，人们满当当的垃圾桶、分崩离析的社区关系和快餐食品盛行都让老鼠得以快速成长。

After MIT Professor Joseph Weizenbaum created the chatbot Eliza, he became concerned that people who had used the programme started to act as if it was human. This might sound like a modern problem, but Eliza was created in 1966. If a programme from the 1960s was capable of tricking people into thinking it was human, what effect could the large-language-model-based chatbots of the 2020s have?麻省理工学院教授 Joseph Weizenbaum 创建聊天机器人 Eliza 后，他开始担心使用该程序的人开始表现得像人类一样。 这听起来像是一个现代问题，但 Eliza 是在 1966 年创建的。如果 1960 年代的程序能够欺骗人们认为它是人类，那么 2020 年代基于大型语言模型的聊天机器人会产生什么效果呢？Modern philosophers and technology experts have discussed whether AI could develop consciousness. Sentience is difficult to define, but the fact that large language models respond by mathematically calculating the probability of certain patterns appearing suggests that it would be hard to consider them to be alive. However, in terms of our responses to them, what matters is not whether they are sentient, but whether they appear to be so.现代哲学家和技术专家讨论了人工智能是否可以发展意识。 感知很难定义，但大型语言模型通过数学计算某些模式出现的概率来做出响应的事实表明，很难认为它们是活着的。 然而，就我们对它们的反应而言，重要的不是它们是否有知觉，而是它们看起来是否有知觉。Large language models are made up of genuine human interactions. While their tendency to hallucinate means that chatbots are not able to provide reliable factual information, they are able to effectively replicate the language used in human communication. Psychologists report that people tend to have a cognitive bias towards forming attachment and trust. Even sceptical technology writers report feeling some emotion towards AI chatbots. Some users have even reported grief when one model has been replaced by a newer one.大型语言模型由真实的人类互动组成。 虽然聊天机器人产生幻觉的倾向意味着它们无法提供可靠的事实信息，但它们能够有效地复制人类交流中使用的语言。 心理学家报告说，人们往往对形成依恋和信任存在认知偏见。 即使是持怀疑态度的技术作家也表示对人工智能聊天机器人有一些感情。 一些用户甚至表示，当一种型号被更新的型号取代时，他们感到非常悲伤。This combination of believable human language together with the inability to reliably assess facts can be dangerous.Cases have been reported where people have been encouraged by chatbots to do dangerous or illegal things. The chatbots were able to use language to encourage and persuade, but not identify or evaluate risks. Trust becomes dangerous when it is not accompanied by reason. Also, if people form relationships with AI, then they may spend less time and effort trying to cultivate genuine human relationships. Could the chatbot revolution lead to a world where we struggle to relate to each other?可信的人类语言与无法可靠评估事实的结合可能是危险的。据报道，聊天机器人鼓励人们做危险或非法的事情。 聊天机器人能够使用语言来鼓励和说服，但无法识别或评估风险。 当信任没有理性的陪伴时，它就会变得危险。 此外，如果人们与人工智能建立关系，那么他们可能会花费更少的时间和精力来培养真正的人际关系。 聊天机器人革命是否会导致我们难以相互联系的世界？

For our last business podcast, we talked about the big PLCs, the companies traded on the stock exchange.在上一期商业播客中，我们谈到了大型公众有限公司（PLCs），也就是在证券交易所上市的公司。We're talking about the stock exchange. Richard, what is it?我们现在要谈的是证券交易所。Richard，它是什么？The stock exchange is also called the stock market and essentially it is a market.证券交易所也叫股票市场，本质上它就是一个市场。It's where the big companies, the shares in the big companies are bought and sold. Simple as that.在那里，大公司的股票被买卖。就是这么简单。Now, Richard, I have to confess my image of the stock market comes from films where you often see scenes of people throwing their arms in the air and, you know, lots of pieces of paper.Richard，我得承认，我对股票市场的印象来自电影——你经常看到人们挥舞着手臂，还有满天飞的纸片。It seems very mad. What's happening there?看起来很疯狂。那是怎么回事？Well, that doesn't really happen anymore. That system is called an open outcry.嗯，现在基本不会那样了。那种方式叫“公开喊价”。And basically these are the guys in the exchange buying and selling the shares. Only a certain number of people can do this in the old days.以前交易所里只有特定的人可以大声喊价买卖股票。So the old days, they don't do that anymore? Not so much now.所以那是以前了，现在不再这样了？现在基本不这样了。It's nearly all electronic trading.现在几乎全部是电子交易。I know that there's the FTSE 100 and there's things like the Dow Jones. What exactly are they?我知道有富时100指数，还有道琼斯这样的指数。它们到底是什么？Well, the FTSE 100 is basically the 100 biggest shares in the UK.富时100指数实际上是英国最大的100支股票。100 biggest companies? 100 biggest companies, yes.100家最大公司？没错，就是100家最大公司。It's a number to represent the total value of those 100 companies.它是一个代表这100家公司总价值的指数数字。And of course, as individual shares go up and down, what happens to the FTSE 100 gives a general indication of all of them, what's going on.当然，随着个股的涨跌，富时100的变化可以总体反映市场情况。So that's why it's called an index, because it's an indication. Exactly.所以它叫指数，因为它是一种指示。没错。And that's the same for the Dow Jones? The Dow Jones is the top 30 companies in America.道琼斯也是如此？道琼斯指数是美国最大的30家公司。And in Germany, you have the DAX, which again is the top 30 companies in Germany.德国有DAX指数，代表德国最大的30家公司。So all of these are indications of how the stock market is going in those countries? Exactly.所以这些指数都反映了各国股市的表现？没错。So there's the bear and the bull, isn't there? Stocks and shares generally rise and we call that a bull market.还有“熊”和“牛”，对吧？股票整体上涨时叫牛市。And then, or if they're generally falling, we call that a bear market.如果整体下跌，就是熊市。It always seems to me, Richard, that the stock market is a kind of a veryelitebuying market. Can anybody buy shares?Richard，我一直觉得股市是精英才能参与的市场。任何人都可以买股票吗？Well, yes. Actually, because most stock market trading is done online now, anybody can open up an online account and buy shares through the internet.当然可以。现在大多数交易都在线进行，任何人都可以开个网上账户买股票。It's very simple and it doesn't cost that much anymore.很简单，而且成本已经不高了。But interestingly, actually, I think most people will already have shares.但有趣的是，我认为大多数人其实已经持有股票了。Really?真的吗？Well, because a lot of people have pensions, especially company pensions, and the pension companies themselves invest their money in the stock exchange.是的，因为很多人有养老金，尤其是公司养老金，而养老金公司会把这些资金投资到股市。So anyone with a pension already will probably have a significant portion of that pension invested in the stock market.所以任何有养老金的人，其实都有一部分钱投资在股市里。Already? Yes.已经投资了？是的。I do know if you buy, if you spend too much money on buying shares and things, it can all go horribly wrong and you can lose your investment in your house, etc, etc. How risky is it?我知道如果你投入太多钱买股票，事情可能会变得很糟糕，你甚至可能损失所有投资甚至房子。风险到底有多大？Well, yes, of course, if you buy shares in just one company, that company goes bust, you've lost everything.是的，如果你只买一家公司的股票，而那家公司倒闭，你就会损失所有投资。So what a lot of people do is buy a fund.所以很多人会选择买基金。OK, what does that mean?好的，那是什么意思？Well, a fund is a collection of companies. So if any one of them does really badly, you don't lose all your money.基金就是一篮子公司。如果其中一家表现不好，你不会损失全部资金。But of course, if one of them does really well, then you do pretty well.当然，如果其中一家公司表现特别好，你也能赚到钱。So buy a fund. Your investment is spread then?所以买基金更好。这样投资就分散了？The key is to spread the risk. Don't put all your eggs in one basket.关键是分散风险。不要把所有鸡蛋放在一个篮子里。Otherwise, you'll have egg on your face.否则，你会颜面尽失（丢大脸/损失惨重）。

People often ask me what we do, and I reply by saying we have an internet business. But we don't actually have a... we're not actually a company, are we, Richard?人们经常问我我们是做什么的，我通常回答说我们有一家互联网业务。但实际上我们并没有……我们其实不是一家公司，对吧，Richard？No we're not, we are going to talk about companies, in particular PLCs. So, OK, what is a PLC? A PLC, a public limited company, is one which has a number of shares which are publicly traded on the stock exchange.没错，我们不是。接下来我们要谈的是公司，特别是股份有限公司（PLC）。那么，什么是 PLC？PLC，也就是公众有限公司，是一种拥有股票，并且这些股票可以在证券交易所公开交易的公司。So, when you say shares... Well, the company is divided into shares, so you own a share of the company. A portion of the company. Exactly.那么，当你说“股份”时……公司被分成许多股份，所以你拥有公司的一个股份，也就是一部分公司。没错。So these shares are bought or sold on the stock exchange, and so the value goes up and down.这些股份可以在证券交易所买卖，因此它们的价值会上下波动。Is there a certain number of shares? I mean, do all companies have 100 shares, or can you have a different number of shares per company? They can have as many as they like. OK.股份数量是固定的吗？比如说，所有公司都是 100 股，还是可以不同？公司可以拥有任意数量的股份。好的。Often there are millions of shares. Right. But you can be a shareholder.通常公司会发行数百万股。对。但你仍然可以成为股东。You may only own 10 shares, but you still own a part of that company. So, if somebody buys shares in a company, they're shareholders. Yep.你可能只拥有 10 股，但你仍然是公司的一部分。所以，只要某人买了股票，他就是股东。对。What do they do? Essentially nothing. They've bought the shares in the hope that the value of the company, and i.e. their shares, will go up in price. Right.那股东平时做什么呢？基本上什么都不做。他们买股票是希望公司价值上涨，也就是他们的股票升值。没错。And if the company makes a profit, the company gives them a dividend, a small amount of money out of the profits. Like a kind of interest? Sort of, yes.如果公司盈利，公司会分红，也就是从利润中分给股东的钱。有点像利息？差不多，是的。And that money goes directly back to the shareholder? Exactly, yes.这些钱会直接返还给股东？没错。But often most of the profits go back into the company, reinvested into the company.但大多数利润会回流公司，用于再投资。So, that's all very well when the company is doing well, but what happens when the company goes belly up? What happens to the shares and the shareholders then?当公司经营良好时一切都很好，但如果公司破产了呢？股份和股东会怎样？Well, if a company fails, the whole point is it is a public limited company, and that is the word limited. The owners, i.e. the shareholders, can only lose the amount that they invested, i.e. the amount they paid for their shares.如果公司倒闭，关键在于这是“有限”公司。所有者，也就是股东，最多只会损失他们投资的金额，即买股票的钱。So, usually the company would have bank loans or owe money to their suppliers, etc., but the shareholders won't be liable for this.所以，公司可能欠银行或供应商的钱，但股东不需要承担这些债务。The accountants or the liquidators will come in and just try to sell all the things that the company has in order to pay off the loans, and, of course, the employees will lose their jobs.会计或清算人会接管并出售公司资产来偿还贷款，当然，员工会失业。If you're a shareholder with, say, 300 shares and the company goes belly up, you lose your 300 shares and that's it? Correct.如果你有 300 股，公司倒闭了，你就损失这 300 股，就这样？对。What I don't understand, though, Richard, is that recently in the news – and there are always stories like this – Richard Branson, Virgin Airways, now, he's a multi-billionaire.但我不明白的是，Richard，最近新闻里——这种故事常见——说到 Richard Branson，维珍航空，他是个亿万富翁。His company has done extraordinarily well, but because there's a problem with his airline, Virgin Atlantic, now, he wants the government to bail out his airline.他的公司一直经营很好，但现在他的航空公司维珍大西洋出了问题，他希望政府救助他的航空公司。Doesn't he have responsibility for that? He's got loads of money. Why doesn't he do that himself?难道他不需要负责吗？他有那么多钱。为什么不自己出钱？Well, you're quite right, but he's just a shareholder, just like lots of other people.你说得没错，但他只是股东，和其他人一样。So he owns a portion of the company, and if it goes bust, he loses his investment, yes. But that's it. He doesn't have any further liability.所以他拥有公司的一部分，如果公司破产，他损失自己的投资，仅此而已。他不需要承担额外责任。But if the company's going very well, which it has been, he makes an enormous amount of money for his own personal use, if it goes wrong, he's expecting me, the taxpayer, to bail him out.但如果公司经营很好，他能赚大笔钱用于个人消费；如果出问题，他却希望我——纳税人——来救他。Well, that's certainly true, but that's the whole point of the system.嗯，这是真的，但这就是这个制度的核心。He's only liable for the shares that he holds.他只对自己持有的股份负责。So he doesn't actually own the company?所以他实际上不拥有公司？He owns a proportion of the company.他拥有公司的一部分股份。So it's who will blink first, the government or Branson?所以现在就看谁先妥协，是政府还是 Branson？

We're talking about product placement.我们在谈植入式广告。Product placement, also known as embedded marketing, has grown both on TV and on the big screen.植入式广告，也称为嵌入式行销，在电视和大银幕上都越来越常见。OK, OK, Jackie, I've heard of product placement but what exactly is it?好，好，Jackie，我听说过植入式广告，但它到底是什么呢？Well, basically it means a deliberate inclusion of a product or a brand for promotional purposes.简单来说，就是为了宣传目的而刻意把产品或品牌放入内容中。If we think about, Richard, think about the 1986 film, Top Gun, right?如果我们想一下，Richard，想想1986年的电影《壮志凌云》，对吧？Oh, one of my favourites.哦，那是我最喜欢的电影之一。Now there's a particular product worn by many of the characters but especially by Tom Cruise, Maverick, right?片中很多角色都戴了一样特定产品，尤其是汤姆·克鲁斯扮演的Maverick，对吗？I know this, I know this, he's so cool, isn't he? Because of the aviator sunglasses.我知道，我知道，他超级酷，对吧？因为那副飞行员太阳镜。Yeah, so... Ray-Bans.对，就是……雷朋（Ray-Ban）。Exactly. Now, they're a brand of luxury sunglasses, right?没错，它们是一个高端太阳镜品牌，对吧？And they became hugely popular then, didn't they?而且当时变得非常流行，对不对？They struck a deal with the producers so that in the film, Tom Cruise and his fellow Navy colleagues wore aviators.他们跟制作方达成了合作，所以电影里汤姆·克鲁斯和他的海军同袍都戴了飞行员墨镜。You said they became hugely popular.你刚才说它们变得非常流行。As a result, the sales of aviator sunglasses rose by 40%.结果飞行员太阳镜的销量上涨了40%。Wow, good deal.哇，真是一笔好交易。Yeah.没错。OK, another film, Richard, I want you to think about another film, right?好，Richard，再想一部电影。Year 2000, big film, Cast Away.2000年的一部大电影，《浩劫重生》。Tom Hanks, right?汤姆·汉克斯，对吧？Tom Hanks.汤姆·汉克斯。What was a significant product placement, do you think, in that film?你觉得那部电影里最明显的产品植入是什么？Well, I can't think of one because he was abandoned on a desert island.呃，我想不到，因为他不是被困在荒岛上吗？Who did he work for?他之前在哪工作？Did he work for a courier company?他是不是在一家快递公司工作？Yeah, yeah, throughout the film, references to this courier company.对，整部电影里都提到这家快递公司。They obviously went over my head.显然我没注意到。Was it FedEx?是联邦快递（FedEx）吗？Yes.对。Yeah. Now, the interesting thing was, when they wrote the film, when they produced the film, they wanted it to be real life.对，有趣的是，电影编剧和制作团队想让电影看起来真实。Right, OK.嗯，好的。So, they didn't want to make up a courier, a transport company.所以他们不想凭空虚构一个快递或运输公司。Right.没错。So, they wrote to FedEx and said, can our hero be a FedEx employee?于是他们写信给联邦快递，问：我们的主角能是你们的员工吗？Now, they read the script and they said no.联邦快递看了剧本后说不行。Oh.哦？Well, what happens in the film?电影里发生了什么？Well, he crashes, doesn't he? The FedEx plane...他不是坠机了吗？联邦快递的飞机……The FedEx plane crashes, so that's not very good.联邦快递的飞机坠毁，这看起来不太好。But then they realised that the overall...但后来他们意识到整体……Yes, overall, it was... everything happened... everything was well in the end.对，总体来说……最后一切都很好。Yes, of course.是的，当然。And as a result of the film, FedEx became much more famous in Asia and Europe, not just in the US.而且因为这部电影，联邦快递在亚洲和欧洲也变得更有名了，不仅是在美国。So, two films.所以，这两部电影。In the first film, Ray-Ban paid for their product placement.在第一部电影里，雷朋为植入付了钱。In the second film, FedEx didn't pay.在第二部电影里，联邦快递没有付钱。Now, in those two films, the products appeared throughout the whole film.在这两部电影里，那些产品从头到尾一直出现。Right, yes.对，是的。They were key parts of the film.它们是电影的重要元素。Yes.没错。But, however, it is possible for a few seconds to change a company's fortune.但是，有时候只需要几秒钟就能改变一家公司的命运。Oh, do tell.哦，说来听听。In 2020, Parasite became the first non-English language film to win an Oscar in the Best Picture category.2020年，《寄生虫》成为第一部获得奥斯卡最佳影片的非英语电影。Do you know what nationality the director is?你知道导演是哪国人吗？Is he Spanish or Italian?他是西班牙人还是意大利人？South Korean.韩国人。Ah, yes. It's a South Korean.啊，对，是韩国的。But it's interesting because there is the Spanish connection here.但有趣的是，这里还和西班牙有点关系。In one of the scenes, very briefly, a can of crisps called Bonilla a la Vista appeared on the film.在其中一个场景里，有一款叫Bonilla a la Vista的薯片罐短暂出现了一下。Very, very briefly.非常非常短暂。And sales went through the roof.然后销量爆炸性增长。Well, it was already a recognised brand in South Korea, but as soon as they saw it in the film, which was hugely popular, the sales have rocketed.其实它在韩国本来就有知名度，但因为电影太火了，一出现销量就飙升。It surged by 150%.销量增长了150%。Wow.哇。I tell you what, though, Jackie, we've got loads of members from South Korea.不过你知道吗，Jackie，我们有很多韩国用户。It would have been fantastic if, on the film, one of the characters would have been listening to podcastsandenglish.com.如果电影里有角色在听 podcastsandenglish.com，那就太棒了。That would have been something.那就真的厉害了。

We're talking about Instagram and why it's a useful platform for businesses. You know my first question, of course, Jackie. I know nothing about Instagram.我们在谈论 Instagram，以及为什么它对企业来说是一个有用的平台。当然，你知道我第一个问题是什么，Jackie。我对 Instagram 一无所知。What is it? Well, it's an American photo and video sharing social networking service and it's owned by Facebook.它是什么？它是一个美国的照片和视频分享社交网络服务，由 Facebook 所拥有。Aha! I know all about Facebook, the world's top social media platform. Yeah.啊哈！我对 Facebook 很了解，它是世界顶级的社交媒体平台。是的。With about one and a half billion users? No, almost 2.4, Richard. Oh, wow. I know.大约十五亿用户？不，接近二十四亿，Richard。哦，哇。我知道。Instagram, on the other hand, has one billion users but considering it was launched in 2010, this is actually quite amazing. Facebook bought it in 2012 for about a billion dollars. Wow, big, big numbers.另一方面，Instagram 有十亿用户，但考虑到它是在 2010 年推出的，这实际上相当惊人。Facebook 在 2012 年以约十亿美元的价格收购了它。哇，真是巨大的数字。And so if there are so many millions of small businesses that have Facebook pages, why have an Instagram page as well?所以，如果已经有成千上万的小企业拥有 Facebook 页面，为什么还要有 Instagram 页面呢？The answer is in the differences, the difference between those who use the site and how they use it. So what are those differences then?答案就在差异上，即使用这些平台的人以及他们如何使用它。那么这些差异是什么呢？Well, the audiencedemographics are very different for each one. Instagram has a much younger user base with a majority of users in the 13 to 17 age group.这两个平台的用户群体非常不同。Instagram 的用户群体更年轻，大多数用户在 13 到 17 岁之间。Yes, the Facebook users are much older, aren't they? Yeah, they're much more likely to be in the 18 to 29 age group, over 30. And of course, there are many more users over 60.是的，Facebook 的用户要年长得多，对吧？是的，他们更可能在 18 到 29 岁之间，或者超过 30 岁。当然，还有更多超过 60 岁的用户。So yeah, so therefore it's obvious then that companies wanting to reach out to younger people should opt for Instagram then, shouldn't they? Yes.所以，是的，很显然，想要接触年轻人的公司应该选择 Instagram，对吧？没错。But the advantage of being a popular social network for older consumers is, of course, they have the higher incomes.但作为受年长用户欢迎的社交网络，也有一个优势：他们收入更高。Yeah, definitely. So, for example, Richard, an investment firm might have much more success on Facebook than they would on Instagram.是的，确实如此。所以，例如，Richard，一家投资公司在 Facebook 上可能比在 Instagram 上更成功。So what are the differences then between how the two sites are used?那么，两个平台的使用方式有什么区别呢？Well, in general, you get far more engagement with an Instagram post than with Facebook. This is especially true with the images.总体来说，Instagram 的帖子比 Facebook 的帖子获得更多互动，尤其是在图片方面。But of course, that's what Instagram is primarily used for. Photos, visual content.当然，这正是 Instagram 的主要用途——照片、视觉内容。Yeah, it's much more focused on images, short videos, so text is better left to Facebook most of the time.是的，它更专注于图片和短视频，因此大部分时间文字内容更适合留给 Facebook。Yes, because Facebook is all about sharing, sharing links, sharing your content with others, campaigns, advertising, charity appeals, discussions, etc.没错，因为 Facebook 强调分享，分享链接、分享内容、活动、广告、慈善募捐、讨论等。All of that, all of that, Richard, yes.所有这些，所有这些，Richard，是的。And Instagram is much more about original content. It's about being authentic and unique.而 Instagram 更注重原创内容，强调真实和独特。And as we said, the context is in the picture, not in the text.正如我们所说，信息在图片中，而不是文字中。OK, so from a business perspective, then you have to be more creative if you want to build an audience? Yes, yes.好，那么从商业角度来看，如果想建立受众，就必须更有创意？是的，没错。And it's a bit more fun, a bit less formal? Absolutely.而且更有趣、更不正式？绝对是。So that investment firm we referred to earlier, right, if they want, for example, a recruitment drive aimed at younger people, then on Instagram they need to post a photo of a special event, an awards ceremony or an opening, and then put that on Instagram with hashtag recruitment, hashtag name of the company.所以，之前提到的那家投资公司，如果想要招募年轻人，就需要在 Instagram 上发布活动照片，例如颁奖典礼或开幕式，并加上 #recruitment 和公司名称的标签。Yes, I know, that Instagram, they love the hashtags. Then it's much more visual, much more fun and they'll get more engagement.是的，我知道，Instagram 超爱标签。这样更具视觉效果、更有趣，并且会获得更多互动。So you've mentioned an investment firm. Who else uses Instagram?你提到了一家投资公司。还有谁使用 Instagram？One of the businesses that is really benefiting from Instagram is the restaurant trade. People love taking photos of their food, don't they?真正从 Instagram 中受益的行业之一是餐饮业。人们喜欢拍他们的食物，不是吗？Yeah, and they take the photos of the food, they'll add the location to the photo.是的，他们拍完食物还会加上位置标签。And in fact, Richard, young people check out a restaurant's Instagram page before deciding to go there.事实上，Richard，年轻人在决定去一家餐厅之前，会先查看它的 Instagram 页面。Makes sense, doesn't it? Yeah, and the more photos, the better the photos, the more likely people will come to the restaurant.这很合理，对吧？是的，照片越多、越好看，人们越可能去那家餐厅。So they don't need a review, they just need the photos.所以他们不需要评论，只需要图片。Yeah, forget TripAdvisor, check out Instagram. It's the pictures that hold the most power.没错，忘掉 TripAdvisor，去看 Instagram。图片的力量最大。Yeah, so make your brand visual and get on Instagram for a whole new business opportunity.没错，让你的品牌更具视觉效果，上 Instagram，抓住全新的商业机会。

In an underground car park in Paris, I encountered something I didn't expect. I had to wipe the spores off my camera. I was in a huge mushroom farm.在巴黎的一处地下停车场，我遇到了一件意想不到的事情。我不得不用手擦去相机上的孢子，因为我置身于一个巨大的蘑菇农场中。So why was it down here? When housing blocks like this sprouted up in Paris in the 1960s and 70s, it was common practice to also build underground parking for residents. So beneath Paris, there are millions of square meters of car park. But car ownership is in steady decline in Paris, a trend city authorities are keen to encourage.那么，为什么农场会在这里呢？当上世纪六七十年代巴黎建起这样的大型住宅区时，人们通常会为居民修建地下停车场。于是，在巴黎地下，隐藏着数百万平方米的停车空间。然而，如今巴黎的汽车拥有量正在稳步下降，而这正是市政府乐于推动的趋势。And thanks to technology, there are new ways to get around the city. Some underground car parks now find themselves surplus to requirements. City officials have been running competitions to find new leases of life for them.多亏了科技的发展，人们有了更多在城市中出行的新方式。于是，一些地下停车场变得多余。市政官员因此举办竞赛，征集这些空间的新用途。One of the winners of these was urban farmers, Cycloponics. They've rejuvenated three car parks in Paris. This one in La Chapelle used to be a no-go area, used by drug dealers and prostitutes.其中的获胜者之一是一家名为 Cycloponics 的城市农业公司。他们让巴黎的三个地下停车场焕发新生。比如这座位于拉夏贝尔（La Chapelle）地区的停车场，曾经是毒贩和妓女出没的禁区。But now the space is blooming. The conditions down here are perfect for their main crop, oyster, shiitake and white button mushrooms. They also grow chicory.但如今，这片空间生机盎然。这里的环境非常适合他们的主要作物——平菇、香菇和白蘑菇生长。他们还种植菊苣。They're a northern French delicacy that can grow in the dark. The harvest is sold through nearby organic grocery stores. It means urban food is grown and consumed within a short distance.菊苣是一种法国北部的美味蔬菜，可以在黑暗中生长。收获的作物会通过附近的有机杂货店售卖，这意味着城市中的食物实现了“就地生产、就地消费”。This cuts the pollution that comes with transportation. In France, there are lots of regulations around operating a business underground, not least for safety reasons. Other businesses have had applications turned down.这种模式减少了运输带来的污染。在法国，地下经营场所有严格的法规，尤其是出于安全考虑。许多其他类型的企业申请在地下经营时都被拒绝了。But it has been possible to get permits for this type of farming. And now, more car parks are being renovated like this in cities across France.不过，这种城市农业却得到了许可。如今，法国各地的城市中，越来越多的地下停车场正被改造成这样的农场。

Huntington's is one of the most brutal and devastating of all diseases. It's caused by a faulty gene which progressively destroys brain cells, which then affects all parts of the body. Symptoms tend to first appear in your 30s or 40s, leading to death within 20 years.亨廷顿病是最凶残和最具破坏性的疾病之一。这种疾病是由一种基因缺陷引起的，这种基因缺陷会渐进性地破坏脑细胞，进而影响身体的所有部位。亨廷顿病的症状通常在 30 多岁或 40 多岁时首次出现，然后会在 20 年内导致死亡。The treatment is a gene therapy which is injected deep into the brain during lengthy surgery. The drug enters cells and delivers a new piece of DNA, which blocks the production of a faulty protein. The trial involved 29 patients. Only the topline results have been released by the company, but these show that three years after surgery, the disease was slowed by an average of 75%, based on measures including cognition, movement and the ability to manage in daily life.本次用于治疗这种疾病的新手段是一种基因疗法，这种疗法通过漫长的手术将药物注射到大脑深处。药物会进入细胞并传递一段新的 DNA，从而阻断有缺陷的蛋白质的产生。这个疗法的试验有 29 名病人参与。相关公司只公布了试验的主要结果，但这些结果显示在手术三年后，疾病的发展速度被平均减缓了 75%，这一结论基于包括认知能力、运动能力和应对日常生活能力等多项指标。Researchers at University College London, who were part of the trial, said the results were spectacular and would give hope to thousands of patients affected by the disease, and to their children, who have a 50/50 chance of inheriting the condition.参与了本次试验的伦敦大学学院的研究人员表示，试验结果令人惊叹，将能为成千上万名罹患这一疾病的患者带来希望，对他们有 50% 的概率会经遗传获得该疾病的子女来说也是如此。The drug could be licensed as soon as next year. It is certain to be expensive. Another gene therapy costs more than £2 million per patient.该药物最早在明年就可能获得上市许可。它肯定会十分昂贵。另一种基因疗法治疗每个病人的费用超过了 200 万英镑。

Have you ever been alone in a room, heard someone coming, and been able to identify who it was based solely on the recognisable stomp of their shoes? Maybe you've experienced seeing a group in the distance, too far to recognise faces, but you're absolutely sure one blurry figure is your friend because of the way they're swinging their arms when they walk. Research suggests that a person's movement signature, or the way they move, could be as unique as a fingerprint. So, what makes up a person's movement signature?您是否曾经独自一人待在一个房间里，听到有人走过来，并且仅根据可识别的鞋子踩踏声就能够识别出是谁？ 也许您曾经历过在远处看到一群人，距离太远而无法识别面孔，但您绝对确定一个模糊的人物是您的朋友，因为他们走路时摆动手臂的方式。 研究表明，一个人的运动特征或运动方式可能像指纹一样独特。 那么，一个人的动作特征是由什么组成的呢？We all have a particular way of moving our faces. One person might purse their lips when they're angry. Another might squint their eyes or pull their face into a grimace, and these movement patterns help us recognise familiar people, even in poor visibility. Another reliable clue for identifying people is their gait. The combination of stride length, limb movement, pace and posture form a movement signature that is very difficult to fake. Researchers in a 2005 study called 'Person identification from biological motion' put small lights on key parts of some male walkers' bodies. When the room was dark and their bodies invisible, observers were able to distinguish the walkers using the lights at an impressively high rate.我们都有一种特定的移动脸部的方式。 一个人生气时可能会撅起嘴唇。 另一些人可能会眯起眼睛或做鬼脸，这些动作模式可以帮助我们识别熟悉的人，即使在能见度很低的情况下也是如此。 识别人的另一个可靠线索是他们的步态。 步幅、肢体运动、步速和姿势的结合形成了很难伪造的运动特征。 2005 年，研究人员进行了一项名为“根据生物运动进行身份识别”的研究，他们在一些男性步行者身体的关键部位放置了小灯。 当房间漆黑且看不见他们的身体时，观察者能够利用灯光以惊人的高速度区分步行者。Movement signatures are deeply human and expressive. "Dance has always been a part of my life." Brenda Loukes is a dancer and artist who uses ink and bleach to portray bodies in motion. "It occurred to me that each body has a unique blueprint for the way it moves". For dance writer Nancy Wozny, dancers who make it onto her list of 'ones to watch' are those who move in a way she's never seen before, like Stephanie Troyak who has a 'sublime awkwardness', reminding Nancy of a foal's 'first steps out of the womb', or how Ching Ching Wong can divide her body between 'wiggly-squiggly' and completely still.动作特征非常人性化且富有表现力。 “舞蹈一直是我生活的一部分。” 布伦达·洛克斯 (Brenda Loukes) 是一位舞蹈家和艺术家，她使用墨水和漂白剂来描绘运动中的身体。 “我突然想到，每个身体的移动方式都有一个独特的蓝图”。 对于舞蹈作家南希·沃兹尼来说，列入她“值得观看”名单的舞者都是那些以她以前从未见过的方式移动的舞者，比如斯蒂芬妮·特罗亚克(Stephanie Troyak)，她有一种“极其尴尬”的感觉，让南希想起小马驹“走出子宫的第一步”，或者黄青青如何将她的身体分为“摇摆不定”和完全静止之间。Whether you're dancing professionally or just walking down the street, your movements reveal who you are and tell a story that no one else can replicate.无论您是专业跳舞还是只是走在街上，您的动作都会揭示您是谁，并讲述一个其他人无法复制的故事。

Things turned upside down for many businesses earlier this year. We're looking at how two companies made changes to survive. So, OK, Richard, what happened? In March 2020, companies in the UK, they were told that they weren't allowed to offer over-the-counter services.今年年初，许多企业的经营状况被彻底颠覆。我们今天要看看两家公司是如何调整策略以求生存的。好的，Richard，当时发生了什么？2020年3月，英国政府宣布企业不得提供柜台服务。So obviously that would affect many high-street shops. Yes, indeed, all high-street shops and including those who sell fish and chips. So the Chesterfield Group in the UK owns 40 fish and chip restaurants, serving about 50,000 people every week.显然，这一规定会影响许多街边商店。没错，所有街头商铺都受到了影响，其中包括炸鱼薯条店。英国的切斯特菲尔德集团拥有40家炸鱼薯条餐厅，每周为大约五万人提供餐饮服务。However, of course, the coronavirus lockdown forced the restaurants to close for all walk-in customers. So therefore no customers at all then? They lost all their customers in one fail swoop. Right.然而，由于新冠封锁政策，这些餐厅不得不关闭所有堂食服务。那么，这是不是意味着他们一个顾客都没有了？没错，他们在一夜之间失去了所有顾客。So what the CEO, James Lipscomb, did was he realised the company was running out of cash fast, so he had to do something really quickly. And within two weeks, he created a new way for the company to continue in business. OK, so what did he do? He started a click and collect system.公司的首席执行官詹姆斯·利普斯康意识到公司资金正在迅速枯竭，因此他必须立刻采取行动。两周之内，他为公司创造了一种全新的经营方式。好的，他做了什么？他启动了“线上点餐、到店取餐”的系统。So they designed an app and they started taking food orders online, cashless payments only. Right. So customers go on the app and they turn up and they just tap their card at the store so there's no interaction with staff whatsoever.他们开发了一个应用程序，通过线上接收点餐，并只接受非现金支付。对的，顾客只需在应用上下单，然后到店刷卡取餐，全程无需与员工接触。So click is on the app and collect is at the shop. Exactly. Right.“Click”代表线上点单，“Collect”就是到店取餐。没错，完全正确。And actually they also introduced home delivery as well on a similar sort of basis. OK. So two new systems.实际上，他们还推出了类似模式的外送服务。好的，也就是说他们建立了两个新系统。Did that work? Yes. He kept 70% of the staff and they worked throughout the lockdown and this very fast decision prevented the business from closing down.那这样做有效果吗？非常有效。他保留了70%的员工，并让他们在封锁期间继续工作。这一快速决策挽救了公司的命运，使其避免倒闭。Well, another company... another example of a company adapting to the new situation, Richard, is Boohoo. You won't have heard of them. I certainly haven't. Who are they? Well, they're a fashion brand but they already sell online.好吧，另一家公司——也就是另一家成功适应新形势的例子，Richard，是Boohoo。你可能没听过这个名字。确实没有。他们是谁？这是一家时尚品牌公司，但他们本来就是做线上销售的。OK, so how were they affected then? Well, the problem with them was that they sold a lot of clothes to women who wanted to buy fancy dresses and shoes for the weekend. It's a quick turnover, right? So come Friday or Saturday, big night out, big sales. But of course no one was going out so no one was buying these dresses.那他们又受到了怎样的影响呢？问题在于，他们的客户主要是那些准备在周末外出、想买漂亮裙子和鞋子的女性。这类商品周转速度快——到了周五、周六夜晚，销量通常很高。但封锁期间没人外出，自然没人再买这些裙子了。And no one was ordering anything online at all. OK, so what did they do then? Well, again, two things. First of all, the company had all this stock that no one was buying so they advertised and everything must go flash sale.而且那时几乎没人上网购物。那么他们怎么办？他们也采取了两步措施。首先，公司仓库里堆满了没人买的库存，于是他们推出了“清仓特卖”活动。70% of all stock and 50% of 500 dresses. Wow. And then they replaced the range.所有库存商品七折出售，五百款连衣裙五折优惠。哇！然后他们更新了产品线。They introduced a whole new range of clothes. Lounge wear. Ah, stairs home wear then. Clothes for the sofa. Exactly. Fancy pyjamas to wear all day and attractive leggings and tops.他们推出了全新的服装系列——家居服。啊，就是在家穿的衣服。对，沙发服,没错，是那种可以整天穿的漂亮睡衣，还有舒适又时尚的紧身裤和上衣。Still attractive clothing but for watching TV instead. So their strategy was to clear out the old stock... Yep. ...and bring in a totally new line at speed. Yep.依然是好看的衣服，但这次是为了在家看电视时穿的。所以他们的策略是——先清掉旧库存……对……再快速推出全新的系列产品。没错。So did that work? Absolutely. A few weeks later the company announced that it had not only survived the first few weeks of the crisis but increased its April sales against the previous year.那他们的策略奏效了吗？完全奏效。几周后，公司宣布他们不仅成功度过危机初期的几周，而且四月的销售额甚至超过了去年同期。So two companies that adapted. One with how they sold their product and the other with new products. But they both relied on being online.这就是两家成功适应变化的公司——一家改变了销售方式，另一家则更新了产品类型。但它们有一个共同点：都依靠线上平台。Yes, so that simply means e-commerce is definitely the way to go.没错，这充分说明了电子商务才是未来的发展方向。

When we moved to Portugal, it was the third country that we had lived in while working on our podcasting website. Yeah, we realised that, of course, working digitally, you can live anywhere in the world. And with online teaching these days, it's become even easier.当我们搬到葡萄牙时，那已经是我们在经营播客网站期间居住过的第三个国家了。是啊，我们意识到，既然是数字化工作，那其实你可以生活在世界的任何角落。而如今随着线上教学的普及，这变得更加容易了。Yes, and perhaps it's not surprising that there's been a really sharp increase in the no longer work from a set office. So if you can do your job by opening a laptop in any location in the world, why not move from one virtual desk in your home country to another on the other side of the globe? We're talking about digital nomads. Yes, and interestingly, there are actually some countries which are actively encouraging business people to move to their country.是的，也许并不奇怪，如今越来越多人不再局限于固定的办公室工作。如果你只需打开笔电，就能在世界上任何地方完成工作，那为何不从祖国的“虚拟办公桌”，搬到地球另一端的“虚拟办公桌”呢？我们今天要谈的就是“数字游民”。有趣的是，现在确实有一些国家在积极鼓励专业人士迁居到他们那里。Yeah, I mean, it's interesting, isn't it, the reasons why? I mean, recently, the tourism industry has suffered a lot, hasn't it? So it's a way for countries to attract visitors and they offer a good incentive to work there. Yes, one country I noticed, which sounds very nice, the bar is Barbados. Yeah, fancy living on a Caribbean island for a year.是啊，这背后的原因也挺有趣的。近年来旅游业受到了很大打击，对吧？因此，这成为各国吸引外国访客、刺激经济的一种新方式——他们提供良好的条件，邀请人们来当地工作。没错，我注意到有个听起来很诱人的国家——巴巴多斯。想象一下，在加勒比海的岛上住上一年，多么惬意啊。Exactly, and I saw on their website, there's a personal message from the Prime Minister and he asks... No, she... She asks... Do you need a change of scenery? Can you work anywhere as long as you have access to the internet? Come to Barbados. Yeah, absolutely. So what do you need to do? You need to buy a welcome stamp, which is basically a visa really, isn't it? Which costs about one and a half thousand pounds.没错，我还在他们的网站上看到总理的亲自留言。他——不，是她——写道：“你是否需要换个环境？只要能上网，你是否就能在任何地方工作？那就来巴巴多斯吧！”完全没错。那么要怎么做呢？你需要购买一种叫做“欢迎印章”的签证，本质上就是一种工作签证，费用大约是1500英镑。Yes, and the other thing is they're only after people who can earn at least £37,000 a year. But people do that, Richard. Yes, true enough, true enough.是的，另外一个条件是——他们只接受年收入至少三万七千英镑的人。不过，Richard，很多人其实都能达到这个标准。没错，确实如此。Yeah, I think that's quite tempting. But it's a bit hot, maybe, if you're tempted to go to a cooler climate. Estonia, one of the Baltic states, has also got a scheme, haven't they? They've opened applications for what they call a digital nomad visa.我觉得这确实很诱人。不过那地方有点太热了。如果你更向往凉爽的气候，那么波罗的海国家之一——爱沙尼亚，也推出了类似的计划。他们开放申请一种名为“数字游民签证”的项目。And you have to earn about the same amount there as well, don't you? It's about £40,000. And I think Estonia is at the forefront of digitisation anyway. They've got fantastic coverage of the internet there, I know that.而且在那里你也需要差不多的收入，对吧？大约四万英镑一年。我认为爱沙尼亚本来就在数字化领域走在前沿，他们的网络覆盖非常出色，我知道那一点。So it's interesting. But obviously there are some drawbacks. Yes, obviously moving country is always going to be stressful, isn't it? But of course one of the main issues, of course, is tax, as always.这确实很有趣。不过显然也有一些缺点。是啊，搬到另一个国家总是会带来压力。而且最主要的问题之一——当然，还是税务问题。And anyone who works abroad, even for a short time, they need to be completely aware of who they should pay their taxes to. And also, Richard, there are those complicated corporate tax rules as well, aren't there? So if a company allows an employee to work in another country, they can be negatively affected by that. Yes, there's been a number of cases in the news recently, hasn't there? Now, the other interesting thing to consider, Richard, is if you have clients or customers on the other side of the world, because there's a huge time difference.任何在国外工作的人，即使只是短期，也必须完全清楚自己该向哪个国家缴税。而且，Richard，还有那些复杂的公司税规定，对吧？如果一家公司允许员工在另一国家远程工作，它自己也可能因此受到不利影响。没错，最近新闻里已经出现了不少这样的案例。另外，还有一点值得注意——如果你的客户在地球的另一边，那巨大的时差会是个问题。So if you're having to set up meetings, or you want to respond to emails in a timely manner, something to think about. Yes, time-sensitive jobs can be difficult. So, Jackie, if anyone is interested in becoming a digital nomad, what do you suggest they do first off? Well, I think going on to nomadlist.com, which is a fascinating website.如果你需要安排会议，或者希望及时回复邮件，那就必须仔细考虑时差问题。是的，对于时间敏感型的工作来说，这确实很棘手。那么，Jackie，如果有人想成为数字游民，你建议他们首先做什么呢？嗯，我认为可以先上一个非常有趣的网站——nomadlist.com。It gives information about cities all around the world. So, Richard, you went on to the website. I did, yes.这个网站提供世界各地城市的相关资讯。Richard，你上去看过吧？是的，我看过。So which city is number one? Number one city for digital nomads, Lisbon. So at least we're in the right country!那么排名第一的城市是哪一个？数字游民最喜欢的第一名城市是——里斯本。至少我们现在住的国家选对了！

My friend Anne says that when her children were very small and they received presents, it was the packaging that excited them the most. First they would play with the brightly coloured wrapping paper, then they would play with the box, opening and closing it and when it was empty, filling it with toys they already had. It wasn't until some time later that their attention was drawn to the actual present that had been inside.我的朋友安妮说，她的孩子在很小的时候，每当收到礼物，最让他们兴奋的其实是包装。起初，他们会先玩那色彩鲜艳的包装纸，然后再玩盒子——开开关关，等到盒子空了，还会把自己已有的玩具放进去。直到过了好一阵子，他们才会注意到盒子里真正的礼物。That is so true. We're talking about the importance of packaging, in particular the design. Yeah, because adults too are drawn towards a product because of the packaging.的确如此。我们今天要谈的是包装的重要性，尤其是包装的设计。是的，因为成年人也常常因为包装而被某个产品吸引。Now if you go to any supermarket, you'll see the shelves are completely stacked with similar products from different brands. So what do you choose? Yes, and as you know, Jackie, you can often find me in the supermarket staring at bottles of wine. And actually wine labels are becoming a dominant factor for consumers when deciding which actual bottle of wine to buy.现在如果你去任何一家超市，你会看到货架上摆满了不同品牌但种类相似的产品。那么你会怎么选择呢？没错，正如你知道的，Jackie，我常常在超市里盯着酒瓶看。事实上，葡萄酒的标签已经成为消费者决定买哪一瓶酒的重要因素。And in fact, in one supermarket study, the most visible wine bottles were noticed by up to 77% more consumers than less visible bottles. Sorry, so what do you mean by visible? Well, it seemed that consumers gravitated towards the brightly coloured labels, especially red, orange and gold. And also the owners of small size shops agreed.事实上，在一项超市研究中，最显眼的酒瓶比不显眼的酒瓶多吸引了高达77%的消费者注意。抱歉，你说的“显眼”是什么意思？嗯，看起来消费者更容易被色彩鲜艳的标签吸引，尤其是红色、橙色和金色。而且，小型商店的老板们也同意这一点。They said that if a consumer is unsure of what they're looking for, it only makes sense that they actually end up choosing the most eye-catching bottle. Yeah, so standing in front of hundreds of bottles which all contain the same thing, it's the labels that help you make the choice. Now, if further proof of the importance of packaging design is needed, then the story of Tropicana needs telling.他们说，如果消费者并不确定自己想买什么，那么选择最显眼的瓶子就是合乎逻辑的。没错，当你站在摆满上百瓶内容相同的饮品前，正是那些标签帮助你做出选择。现在，如果你还需要更多关于包装设计重要性的证明，那就必须提到Tropicana的故事。Now, Tropicana, as you know, Richard, is an American company that sells fruit-based drinks. Yeah, it's orange drinks in a carton, isn't it? Yeah. Now, way back in February 2009, for some reason, the company decided to change the design on the orange juice carton.Tropicana，正如你知道的，Richard，是一家销售果汁饮料的美国公司。对，就是那种纸盒装的橙汁。是的。早在2009年2月，这家公司不知出于什么原因，决定更改橙汁包装盒的设计。After less than two months and a 20% drop in sales, worth about $20 million, Tropicana switched back to its original design, and that had cost them $35 million. So what was the big mistake then? What did they do? Well, for some bizarre reason, Tropicana took a distinctive characteristic brand look. And that's the orange with the straw, isn't it, coming out of it? Yeah, and then they replaced it with a bland, nothing special design, just a glass of orange juice.不到两个月，销量就下降了20%，损失约两千万美元。于是Tropicana被迫恢复原有的包装设计，而这一折腾共花费了三千五百万美元。那么，他们到底犯了什么大错？他们做了什么？嗯，奇怪的是，Tropicana放弃了原本极具辨识度的品牌形象——就是那个插着吸管的橙子，对吧？没错，他们把它换成了一种平淡无奇的设计——仅仅是一杯橙汁。And so the carton instantly disappeared in the masses of no-name juice cartons. Right, so the people were actually looking for that design which they were so used to, and then they couldn't find it, so they picked something else. The product had lost its visual identity, so it was more about the packaging than the content.结果，这种新包装瞬间淹没在众多无名果汁盒中。没错，人们其实在寻找他们熟悉的那个设计，当他们找不到时，就转而选择其他品牌。产品失去了视觉上的识别度，这说明问题更多出在包装而非内容本身。Mm-hmm. Now, interesting, brands of all sizes now are starting to see the value of doing extensive research. Now, in particular, Richard, they're using this eye-tracking technology.嗯，现在有趣的是，无论大小品牌都开始意识到深入研究消费者行为的重要性。尤其是，Richard，他们正在使用一种叫做“眼动追踪技术”的工具。Yes, they can tell now what exactly the consumers are looking at, can't they? They can track their eyes over the products. So they can make comparisons with different designs and which ones attract the eye of the possible consumer the most. Well, actually, I can certainly see from the consumer's point of view, it'd be interesting to see why you actually chose one bottle or one packet over another.是的，他们现在能确切知道消费者在看什么，不是吗？他们可以追踪消费者在商品上的视线移动，从而比较不同的设计，看看哪一种最能吸引潜在顾客的注意。其实，从消费者的角度来看，了解自己为什么会选择某一瓶或某一包产品，也确实挺有趣的。Yeah, and it's certainly, from a manufacturer's point of view, something that they need to know.没错，而从制造商的角度来看，这无疑是他们必须了解的关键信息。

We're looking at the wine industry. Yeah, we're looking at two countries whose wine industries have faced two very different problems recently. Richard, we're starting with South Africa.我们来看看葡萄酒产业。是的，我们要谈的是两个国家，它们的葡萄酒产业最近面临着截然不同的问题。理查德，我们先从南非开始吧。Tell us about that. Yes, well they've been making wine for quite some time, since 1659, and they are the eighth largest wine producer, producing 3.3% of the world's wine. Who do they export to? Mainly to Europe.说说南非的情况吧。好的，他们酿酒的历史可以追溯到1659年，是世界第八大葡萄酒生产国，占全球葡萄酒产量的3.3%。那他们主要出口到哪里呢？主要是欧洲。It's 13% to the UK, 11% to Germany and 3% toFrance. So they're doing quite well. Well, as it happens, wine production in South Africa has actually been gradually falling.出口比例是：英国13%、德国11%、法国3%。所以总体来说，他们的表现还不错。不过事实上，南非的葡萄酒产量近年来一直在逐渐下降。Now it's mainly because of the drought that they've been having over the last few years. Right, but for this podcast, we're talking about a specific problem they have now. Yes, they have had a specific problem this year, is that they've got a surplus stock of about 300 million litres of wine, which is about 400 million bottles.主要原因是过去几年他们经历了严重的干旱。没错，但在这期节目中，我们要讨论的是他们现在面临的一个特殊问题。是的，今年他们面临的问题是，出现了大约3亿升葡萄酒的库存过剩，相当于4亿瓶酒。That's a lot. It's about the total wine sales for them for one year. So how has that happened? I'll give you one guess.这可不少啊，这个数量几乎相当于他们一年的葡萄酒总销量。那这是怎么发生的？我让你猜猜看。Covid. Now, South Africa has the most Covid-19 deaths of any African country and the President, he decided to introduce some serious measures and these included the total ban on alcohol sales in the country. A complete total ban? Yes, the President argued that it was necessary to reduce alcohol-related illnesses and injuries so that hospitals could instead focus just on Covid-19.新冠疫情。南非是非洲新冠死亡人数最多的国家，总统决定采取严厉措施，其中包括全国范围内全面禁止酒类销售。全面禁止？是的，总统认为这样做是为了减少酒精相关疾病和伤害，好让医院能专注于治疗新冠患者。Right, OK. Now, what was the result of that? Well, the domestic wine sales decreased by 20% and, of course, exports declined as well because people in Europe were drinking less because of the pandemic. And actually, in addition, some winemakers were unable to launch any new products and the industry actually fears a loss of 27,000 jobs across the industry.好的。那么结果如何？国内葡萄酒销量下降了20%，当然出口也下降了，因为疫情期间欧洲人也减少了饮酒量。此外，一些酿酒商无法推出新产品，整个行业预计可能会失去约27,000个工作岗位。That is 10% of the total workforce of 265,000. Not looking good for South Africa then. So what's your country then, Jackie? Well, the second country produces a lot more than South Africa, between three to four billion bottles of wine.这相当于全国26.5万名葡萄酒从业者中的10%。南非的情况看起来不太乐观。那么，杰基，你说的另一个国家是哪一个？第二个国家的产量比南非高得多，每年在30到40亿瓶之间。That's got to beFrance, hasn't it? Yeah. Now, but interestingly, Richard, over the last few years, the French wine industry too has seen a steady decline. And why is that then? A number of reasons.那一定是法国，对吧？没错。不过有趣的是，理查德，近年来法国的葡萄酒产业也在持续下滑。那是为什么呢？原因有好几个。The US has imposed import taxes on French wine. The UK left, so Brexit also caused a problem. Sales to the UK dropped.美国对法国葡萄酒征收了进口税；英国脱欧也带来了问题，对英出口量下降了。And also, interestingly, competition with many New World wines. Such as South Africa. Well, exactly, exactly.还有一个原因是来自“新世界葡萄酒”的激烈竞争。比如南非。没错，正是如此。Yes, French wine's always more expensive, isn't it? But there is now a specific problem. At least a third of French wine production, worth almost 2 billion euros, will be lost this year. Wow.是的，法国葡萄酒一直比较昂贵，对吧？不过现在他们也面临一个特殊问题。今年至少三分之一的法国葡萄酒产量将损失，价值近20亿欧元。哇。Is that Covid-related? Not because of Covid. Why then? The weather. Rare freezing temperatures have devastated many vines across the country.这也是因为新冠疫情吗？不是。那是什么原因？天气。罕见的低温冻结摧毁了全国许多葡萄藤。But it's not just the bitter frost and ice, which is the worst in decades, Richard. But the problem was, it came after a bout of warm weather. So the vines started to develop earlier than usual.不仅仅是几十年来最严重的冰霜灾害，理查德，问题在于它发生在一段温暖天气之后。葡萄藤因此提前萌芽。And then they were killed off. And then they were killed off by the frost, yeah. 80% of vineyards have been affected inFrance.然后这些嫩芽就被霜冻毁掉了。是的，被冻死了。法国80%的葡萄园受到了影响。Wow, that's a lot. That's a lot, yeah. And some areas have lost all of their crops, 100% of their crops, and they don't think they'll produce a single bottle.哇，那可真严重。是的，确实如此。一些地区的葡萄作物全部被毁，100%绝收，他们甚至预计今年一瓶酒都酿不出来。It's been devastating. I'm sure. Yeah.这太毁灭性了。是啊，确实如此。But, Richard, one wine country has done well. No US tariffs, no limits on drinking during Covid and no bad weather. Wow, where's that then?Portugal.不过，理查德，有一个葡萄酒生产国的情况相当不错。没有美国关税，没有新冠期间的饮酒限制，也没有恶劣天气。哇，那是哪儿？葡萄牙。

Since TV advertising began, there has always been food adverts aimed at children. Yes, sweets, chocolate, ice cream. But that may be about to change.自从电视广告诞生以来，就一直有针对儿童的食品广告。是的，糖果、巧克力、冰淇淋——但这种情况可能即将改变。We're looking at the UK's radical plans for advertising of junk food for children.我们今天要看看英国针对儿童垃圾食品广告的一项激进计划。There's growing concern, isn't there, Richard, that children's health is being negatively affected by how food products are marketed to children.人们越来越担心，不是吗，理查德？孩子们的健康正受到食品广告营销方式的不良影响。Yes, in the UK, the government have estimated that children under the age of 16 are exposed to billions of food adverts online every year.是的，据英国政府估计，16岁以下的儿童每年在网上接触到数十亿条食品广告。But now the government's decided to do something about it. They plan to ban all junk food adverts on TV before nine o'clock in the evening and a total ban online.但现在，政府决定采取行动。他们计划在晚上九点前禁止所有垃圾食品电视广告，并在网络上全面禁止此类广告。The total ban online. This is not just for children, is it?网络上的全面禁令。这不仅仅是针对儿童的，对吧？No, because online advertisers aren't able to effectively identify which users are children and which are adults.没错，因为网络广告商无法有效区分哪些用户是儿童、哪些是成年人。So restricting all advertising is the best way to ensure that children aren't exposed to and harmed by highly influential but unhealthy food adverts.因此，全面限制广告是确保儿童不受这些具有强大影响力但不健康的食品广告伤害的最佳方法。Now, they say that if implemented, the ban would affect ads on Facebook, Google, social media activity.他们表示，如果该禁令实施，将影响Facebook、Google等平台上的广告，以及社交媒体活动。I mean, we're talking Twitter and Instagram. How on earth are they going to do that?也就是说，还包括Twitter和Instagram。他们到底打算怎么做到这一点？I have absolutely no idea. What are they talking about?我完全不知道。他们到底在说什么？They're talking about products like burgers, meat pizzas, ice cream, chocolate, crisps.他们指的是像汉堡、肉类披萨、冰淇淋、巧克力、薯片等产品。All of these products won't be able to be advertised online.所有这些产品都将不能在网上投放广告。It may not come as a great surprise to you, but the number one advertising company in the UK is McDonald's and they spend over £85 million on advertising every year.这可能并不让人惊讶，但英国最大的广告主是麦当劳，他们每年在广告上花费超过8500万英镑。So why are they doing it, Richard? What's this big thing now?那么，他们为什么要这样做呢，理查德？这次的大动作是为了什么？Well, let's face facts. Britain is the second fattest European nation and obesity is thought to be a factor that could have worsened the country's death toll during the pandemic.说实话，英国是欧洲第二肥胖的国家，而肥胖被认为是导致新冠疫情中死亡人数更高的一个因素。Yeah. Research has shown that one in three children leaving primary school are overweight or obese.是的，研究表明，每三名小学毕业的孩子中，就有一人超重或肥胖。That's a third of 11-year-olds. That's terrible, isn't it?也就是说，三分之一的11岁儿童。真是可怕，不是吗？And obese children, I think they're five times more likely to remain obese into adulthood.而肥胖儿童成年后继续肥胖的可能性高达五倍。Yeah. Now, we mentioned how much McDonald's spends on their advertising, right?是的。我们刚提到麦当劳在广告上的花费，对吧？Now, compare that to the government's healthy eating campaign. What's the budget for that? £5.2 million.现在，把它和政府的健康饮食宣传活动预算相比——只有520万英镑。And then on top of that, the NHS spends an estimated £38 million a year on weight loss surgery.此外，英国国家医疗服务体系（NHS）每年还花费约3800万英镑用于减肥手术。Yes, but wait for it. It's a further £5.1 billion a year on treating obesity-related conditions such as diabetes, which is really increasing.是的，但更惊人的是——每年还要额外花费约51亿英镑来治疗与肥胖相关的疾病，比如糖尿病，而且这些病例正在不断增加。I think the interesting thing though, Richard, is why has Boris Johnson really taken these companies to task now?不过有趣的是，理查德，鲍里斯·约翰逊为什么现在才决定对这些公司出手？Well, in 2020, a number of UK ministers got Covid but only the Prime Minister. He was the only one who was seriously ill and needed to go into intensive care.2020年，英国有几位部长感染了新冠病毒，但只有首相本人病得很重，还被送进了重症监护室。He admitted himself he was too fat and he thought his weight was a factor in why he became so ill.他后来亲口承认，自己太胖了，并认为体重是导致病情严重的一个重要原因。So there we go, Richard. No more chocolate adverts on the telly.所以就是这样，理查德——电视上再也不会有巧克力广告了。

It has been suggested that one in three jobs that exist today will eventually be done by smart machines, robots and software. Some say as soon as 2025. The robots, it seems, are taking over.有人指出，当今存在的工作中有三分之一最终将由智能机器、机器人和软件来完成。有些人甚至认为这一切最早会在2025年发生。看来，机器人正逐步接管人类的工作。Now we have some podcasts about the rise of automation, we're looking at jobs that only humans can do. Right then, Jackie, give me a job then that robots can't do that humans can. Well, they can't taste like humans.现在，我们有一些关于自动化崛起的播客，来探讨那些“只有人类能做的工作”。好吧，杰姬，那你给我举个例子，机器人无法胜任而人类可以完成的工作。——“嗯，它们不会像人类那样‘品尝'。”Already in the food industry, robot vision is used to grade food, it can identify foreign components, plastic for example. Yes, it can see things, can't it, with cameras. Read barcodes, etc, etc.其实在食品行业，机器视觉已经被用来为食品分级，它还能识别异物，比如塑料。——“是啊，它能通过摄像头‘看见'东西，还能读取条形码之类的。”Now, there are e-noses that can prevent food poisoning. E-noses? Well, they can smell for things like salmonella or e.coli.现在还有“电子鼻”，可以用来预防食物中毒。——“电子鼻？那是什么？”——“它们能嗅出像沙门氏菌或大肠杆菌这样的致病物质。”Wow, things that... Well, that'll make you ill. But they can't, obviously robots, they can't smell or taste as humans do.哇，那些……会让人得病的东西啊。但显然，机器人并不能像人类那样真正地闻或尝。In fact, scientists don't really understand how smell works. Because we all taste differently as well, don't we? Or taste things differently, rather, and have different food preferences. So presumably, chefs are going to be fairly safe then.事实上，科学家们至今仍未完全理解嗅觉的工作原理。而且每个人的味觉也不同，对食物的偏好也各异。所以，厨师这个职业大概还是相当安全的吧。Exactly. Now, you mentioned vision, Jackie. That's a sense that robots can do.没错。杰姬，你刚才提到了视觉——这是机器人可以具备的感知能力。But there are still some jobs which humans are better at. That involves vision. And one is the fire lookout.不过，仍有一些依赖视觉的工作是人类更擅长的，比如“森林防火观察员”。OK, so what fire lookout? Well, these are the people in the fire towers that stare at the horizon looking for the first signs of fire, which obviously is smoke.“防火观察员”？——“他们是在瞭望塔上观察地平线的人，负责发现火灾的最初迹象——通常是烟雾。”And perhaps they can even see a small puff of smoke in the distance. The problem is, in environments with fog, low cloud or haze, smoke can be very difficult to spot and robots can't do it.他们甚至能在远处看到一缕细微的烟。但问题是，在有雾、低云或霾的环境下，烟雾很难辨认，机器人在这种情况下几乎无能为力。OK, so differentiate between a low cloud on the horizon or a puff of smoke. The humans can do that much better. Exactly.“也就是说，人类能更好地区分地平线上的低云和一缕烟，对吧？”——“没错，人类确实更擅长。”They do use high-tech cameras and satellites and drones, etc. But they're not quite as good as people.虽然现在确实使用高科技摄像机、卫星、无人机等设备，但它们的表现仍不如人类观察员。Now, there are huge fires in the west of the US at the moment. Are they being detected by humans?目前，美国西部正在发生大规模森林火灾——这些火灾是由人类发现的吗？Well, as I said, they do use high-tech cameras, drones, etc. And there are fewer lookouts. But human lookouts remain crucial.就像我刚才说的，确实有高科技设备在使用，也有越来越少的人工观察员，但人类观察员仍然是不可或缺的。Maybe they need more. Indeed. A dangerous job though, perhaps.“也许他们需要更多人手。”——“确实，不过这工作挺危险的。”The last thing, Richard. What makes people happy? It seems that it's not the things that people have, it's the things that people do.最后一个问题，理查德——是什么让人们感到幸福？看起来，并不是人们“拥有”的东西，而是人们“做”的事情。Yeah, so experiences are much more important than possessions.是的，经历远比物质更重要。Yes. And it seems that the interest in outdoor life and adventure tourism is increasing these days. And as a result, tour guides will be pleased to hear that they are much more in demand.没错。如今人们对户外生活和探险旅游的兴趣日益增长。因此，导游们应该会很高兴听到，他们的需求也大大增加了。Yes, because these are the people who can show you the best of these places and where to go, what to do, sharing their knowledge and expertise.是的，因为导游能带你领略这些地方的精华，告诉你该去哪里、该做什么，并分享他们的知识与经验。Exactly, exactly. And we've been on city walks, haven't we, with a tour guide? Yes. Fascinating. Exactly. Much better than listening to something on your phone or... Or the headphones.没错没错。我们也曾经参加过城市导览，对吧？——“是的，非常有趣。”——“确实，比听手机导览或戴耳机要好得多。”Exactly. You can ask questions, you can interact. Obviously, there are, you know, you can have your GPS on your smartphone.没错。你可以提问、可以互动。当然，现在每个人手机上都有GPS导航。But at the end of the day, that might replace a map. But a robot can't replace a tour guide. And that personal experience.不过归根结底，那或许能取代地图，但机器人永远无法取代导游——尤其是那种人与人之间的交流体验。Exactly. Well, those jobs seem to be pretty safe, don't they? And let's just hope teachers are safe as well.没错。看来这些职业还是相当安全的，对吧？希望教师这个职业也同样安全。

A global level study by the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations says that one third of food, roughly 1.3 billion tonnes, is wasted every year.联合国粮食及农业组织（FAO）的一项全球性研究显示，全球约有三分之一的食物——大约13亿吨——每年被浪费掉。Yes, but it's also estimated that about 815 million people in the world are suffering from chronic undernourishment.是的，但据估计，全球约有8.15亿人长期营养不良。Yes, we're looking at organisations who are addressing the difference.是的，我们来看看那些试图弥合这种差距的组织。Yes. Now, let's start in India where almost 190 million people go to sleep every day hungry. Now, you know India very well, Richard.好的。我们先从印度说起，那里的大约1.9亿人每天都带着饥饿入睡。理查德，你对印度很熟悉吧。There's a huge difference, isn't there, between the haves and the have-nots?在印度，富人和穷人之间的差距非常大，不是吗？Yes, there is indeed. And back in 2014, an initiative called No Food Waste was started.确实如此。早在2014年，一个名为“No Food Waste（不浪费食物）”的倡议诞生了。No Food Waste? Yes, it's a very simple idea.“不浪费食物”？是的，这是一个非常简单的理念。It aims to redistribute excess food from weddings, parties, events, etc., where the people over-order the food and they give that excess food to the hungry.它的目标是将婚宴、派对、活动等场合中过量订购的剩余食物重新分配，送给有需要的人。So, it's the uneaten food?所以，这些食物是没有被吃过的？Yes, but obviously hygiene standards are very, very important. So, it's untouched edible surplus food.是的，但显然卫生标准非常重要。这些食物必须是未被接触过的、可安全食用的剩余食物。So, it's not half-eaten or spoiled stuff.所以不是吃了一半的或变质的东西。Right, and it's not thrown away.没错，而且它不会被浪费掉。Exactly.完全正确。Well, that's interesting, Richard, because closer to home, in Europe, a Danish organisation started Too Good To Go in 2015.这真有意思，理查德。离我们更近的欧洲，在2015年有一家丹麦组织创立了“Too Good To Go”（好食不弃）。Now, again, they aim to reduce food waste and also redistribute surplus food, but in their case, it's food that's not sold. It's a B2C.同样，他们的目标是减少食物浪费并重新分配多余食物，但他们的情况是处理“未售出的食物”，属于B2C（企业对消费者）模式。B2C, OK, business to consumer. So, in this case, the business is things like grocery stores, bakers, pizzerias, restaurants and markets, etc.B2C，明白了，也就是“企业对消费者”。在这里，企业指的是杂货店、面包店、披萨店、餐厅和市场等。Right, OK, so that sounds good, but how does it actually work?好的，听起来不错，但它到底是如何运作的？It's all through a free mobile application.这一切都通过一个免费的手机应用来实现。The retailers display on the app what sort of food, you know, baked food, meals, any kind of produce, etc., etc., is available within a certain radius and a specified time slot, usually of 30 minutes or more.零售商会在应用上展示他们可提供的食物类型，比如烘焙食品、餐点或其他产品等，并标明供应范围和时间段，通常为30分钟或更长。So, how does that actually work in practice then? For example, a grocery store realises at the end of the day it has a load of fruit that needs selling immediately.那在实际操作中是怎样的呢？比如，一家杂货店在一天结束时发现还有一批水果需要马上出售。Right, so they box up a variety of things and they advertise it on the app.于是他们把这些水果打包成盒，并在应用上发布信息。They give the weight of the box, the original price the fruit goes for and the reduced price.他们会标明盒子的重量、原价以及折扣价。Right. So, a local customer sees that it's available from, let's say, 5 to 5.30pm, they want the box, they pay over the phone and then they go and collect it.是的，比如某位本地顾客看到这个水果盒在下午5点到5点半之间可取，他通过手机付款后再去现场领取。Yeah, so the grocer doesn't throw the food away and the customer gets a good deal.没错，这样杂货商不用丢掉食物，顾客也能买到便宜的东西。Yeah. Everyone's happy.是的，皆大欢喜。Yeah, however, the customer doesn't know exactly what's in the box. It's a bit of potluck. Sounds simple.不过，顾客并不知道盒子里具体有什么。这有点像“盲盒”，挺有趣的，操作也很简单。I actually quite like the element of surprise, Richard. So, you take a baker, for example, towards the end of the day they've got a load of cakes, buns, pastries, etc. still available.我其实挺喜欢这种惊喜感的，理查德。比如一家面包店，到了傍晚时分，他们可能还有很多蛋糕、小面包和点心没卖完。So, they box these up, they say that originally they're worth €12 but if someone collects them in the afternoon, late afternoon, they can have them for €3.99.他们会把这些食物装箱，原价可能是12欧元，但如果有人在当天下午取走，只需支付3.99欧元。That reminds me of when I was a lad. I am. Coming home from school, I used to pop into the baker's shop and they used to give me free staleys which they hadn't sold during the day.这让我想起我小时候放学回家的情景。我常常顺路去面包店，店主会把当天没卖出去的面包免费送给我。Well, hopefully this food isn't actually stale. But yes, I mean everyone's benefiting, you know. So, I think if you have a business that sells produce with a use-by date, then I think you should check out the app.当然，希望这些食物并不是“过期的”。不过确实如此，这种方式让所有人都受益。所以，如果你的生意涉及保质期较短的商品，我建议你试试这个应用。Yes, so the consumers save money and it prevents waste. So, everyone's happy.没错，消费者省了钱，商家减少了浪费，真是皆大欢喜。

In July of 1969, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin left the first human footprints on the moon. They also left two pairs of boots, a handful of tools, and four vomit bags. This lunar litter was far from the last space junk humanity has produced. In 2006, Suni Williams lost her camera while tussling with a stuck solar array on the ISS. And the following year, a similar job resulted in the loss of a bag filled with $100,000 worth of tools. These accidental satellites typically have short lifespans, before falling back to Earth and burning up in our atmosphere. However, other pieces of space junk, like SpaceX's Tesla Roadster, will be stuck in their orbits for the foreseeable future.1969年7月，尼尔·阿姆斯特朗和巴兹·奥尔德林在人类历史上第一次在月球上留下了脚印。他们还留下了两双靴子、一些工具以及四个呕吐袋。这些月球垃圾远不是人类制造的最后一批太空废弃物。2006年，宇航员苏尼·威廉姆斯在国际空间站上处理卡住的太阳能电池板时丢失了她的相机。第二年，一次类似的任务又导致一个装有价值10万美元工具的袋子遗失。这些意外的“人造卫星”通常寿命很短，最终会坠回地球并在大气层中烧毁。然而，像SpaceX的特斯拉跑车这样的太空垃圾，将在可预见的未来长久地被困在轨道上。In the early days of space travel, this kind of littering was largely considered inconsequential. But in today's crowded skies, orbital debris poses a serious threat to the thousands of satellites that underpin Earth's vital technologies. Currently, there are over 131 million pieces of debris whipping around the planet at an average speed of 10 kilometers a second. This debris ranges in size from pieces as large as an entire bus, to those as small as a grain of sand. But roughly 1 million pieces are at least one centimeter across, which is large enough to severely damage most satellites. While losing any spacecraft is bad enough, the knock-on effects are even worse. When satellites crash into debris or each other, such as in 2009, when an American communications satellite collided with a defunct Russian satellite, they can explode into thousands of pieces. And if events like these happen often enough, the increase in debris could trigger a catastrophic cascade that researchers have named the Kessler syndrome: a runaway effect which could destroy untold numbers of orbiting spacecraft.在太空探索的早期，这种“乱扔垃圾”的行为被认为无关紧要。但在当今拥挤的太空环境中，轨道碎片对支撑地球重要科技系统的数千颗卫星构成了严重威胁。目前，有超过1.31亿块碎片以平均每秒10公里的速度围绕地球飞行。这些碎片大小不一，从一辆公共汽车那么大到一粒沙子那么小不等。其中大约有100万块直径至少一厘米的碎片，这已经足以严重损坏大多数卫星。失去任何一颗航天器本身已经够糟糕了，但连锁反应更为可怕。当卫星与碎片或彼此相撞时——比如2009年，美国一颗通信卫星与一颗报废的俄罗斯卫星相撞——会产生数千块新的碎片。如果此类事件频繁发生，碎片数量的增加可能引发一种灾难性的连锁反应，即研究人员所谓的“凯斯勒综合症”：一种失控的效应，可能毁灭无数在轨航天器。But what does all this mean for people on Earth? Well, even if space shrapnel does take down a satellite, most debris burns up during re-entry. So theprobabilityof waking up to a spacecraft in your yard is very small. That said, some large specimens can survive the trip, such as the SpaceXCapsulethat landed in an Australian field in August of 2022. And the odds of something similar happening again grows alongside the amount of space junk. So how can we save our satellites and ourselves from all this trash?那么，这一切对地球上的人意味着什么呢？即使太空碎片击落了一颗卫星，大多数残骸在重返大气层时都会烧毁。所以，你早晨醒来发现院子里掉了一艘飞船的概率非常低。不过，也有一些体积较大的物体能在重返地球时幸存下来，比如2022年8月坠落在澳大利亚农田中的SpaceX飞船舱。而随着太空垃圾数量的增加，这种事情再次发生的几率也在上升。那么，我们该如何拯救卫星和自己免于这片“太空垃圾场”呢？Part of the solution is to stop creating waste in space, but debris is generated in a lot of ways. In addition to collisions, solar radiation erodes spacecraft surfaces, motors spew slag, and satellite launches routinely abandon rocket bodies, covers, cowlings, and explosive bolts. Since 1957, we've ferried almost 16,000 satellites to space using thousands of disposable rockets. Researchers are finally experimenting with new systems that can send up over 100 satellites in a single rocket launch. Meanwhile, both NASA and private companies are working to prevent existing satellites from becoming junk by using servicer satellites to refuel, inspect, and repair them. But we also need to clean up the junk that's already up in orbit.解决问题的一部分是停止在太空中制造垃圾，但碎片的来源非常多。除了碰撞外，太阳辐射会侵蚀航天器表面，发动机会喷出熔渣，而每次发射卫星时，火箭的主体、保护盖、整流罩以及爆炸螺栓等部件都会被遗弃。自1957年以来，人类已通过数千枚一次性火箭将近1.6万颗卫星送入太空。研究人员终于开始尝试使用新系统——能在一次火箭发射中部署超过100颗卫星。同时，美国国家航空航天局（NASA）及多家私人公司正努力防止现有卫星成为太空垃圾，他们利用“服务卫星”为其加油、检查和维修。但我们也必须清理那些已经在轨道上的垃圾。When a satellite is ready to retire, engineers can use controlled re-entry to intentionally burn it up in Earth's atmosphere. Ideally, this would happen as soon as a satellite is out of use, but outside the US, current guidelines allow defunct satellites to remain in orbit for up to 25 years, but this rule has barely been enforced. Beyond retired spacecraft, researchers have identified some particularly dangerous debris, so efforts could be made to tackle them first. Some debris experts have proposed using lasers, based both on Earth and in space, to nudge small debris to a higher, safer orbit or into the atmosphere. And private companies are attempting to use space tug boats to ferry large debris to less dangerous orbits.当一颗卫星准备退役时，工程师可以通过“受控再入”的方式，让它在地球大气层中有意烧毁。理想情况下，这应在卫星停止使用后立即进行。但除美国外，目前的国际准则允许报废卫星在轨道上停留长达25年，而这一规定几乎从未被严格执行。除了退役卫星外，研究人员还确定了一些特别危险的碎片，因此可以优先处理这些目标。一些碎片专家提议利用地面或太空中的激光，将小型碎片推向更高、更安全的轨道，或让其坠入大气层中燃烧。而私人公司则尝试使用“太空拖船”，将大型碎片拖往较不危险的轨道。Whatever the solution, all these satellites and orbital debris reflect human consumption back on Earth. So if we want to keep using and exploring this final frontier, we'll need to get better at cleaning up our trash both up there and down here.无论采用哪种解决方案，这些卫星和轨道碎片都折射出人类在地球上的消费行为。如果我们想继续利用并探索这片“最后的疆域”，就必须学会更好地清理我们的垃圾——无论是在太空中，还是在地球上。

We're talking about The Dragon's Den.我们今天要谈的是《龙穴》（The Dragon's Den）这档节目。Yes, so Richard, what is The Dragon's Den?是的，那么，Richard，《龙穴》到底是什么节目呢？Well, the BBC describes it as a show where budding entrepreneurs get three minutes to pitch their business ideas to five multi-millionaires who are willing to invest their own cash.BBC 的官方描述是：这是一个节目，让有抱负的创业者在三分钟内向五位愿意用自己资金投资的百万富翁展示他们的商业创意。Now it's the multi-millionaires, isn't it Richard, who are the dragons and they can be very fierce indeed.而这些百万富翁就是所谓的“龙”，对吧，Richard？他们确实非常强势。They're very cutthroat, aren't they?他们可谓是相当“冷酷无情”的，对吧？So, as part of their opening pitch, the entrepreneurs are required to specify the amount of money they require from the dragons. And what percentage that will get of their company.所以在开场陈述中，创业者必须说明他们希望从这些“龙”那里获得多少资金，以及愿意出让公司多少股份。Right, the equity, plus they have to say how much they think the company could be worth.对，就是股权比例。此外，他们还得说明他们认为公司目前的估值是多少。Yes, and then if a dragon or maybe multiple dragons are interested, then they negotiate then and if they're not interested, they simply say they're out.是的，如果有一位或多位“龙”感兴趣，就会进入谈判阶段；如果不感兴趣，他们会直接说：“我退出（I'm out）。”It doesn't sound exciting, Richard, but it is.听起来似乎没什么刺激的，Richard，但实际上节目非常精彩。What makes it compelling TV?那是什么让这档节目如此吸引人呢？Well, the first thing, from the people pitching their ideas, you can see these enthusiastic but very nervous people.首先，是那些上台推介的创业者——他们既充满热情，又紧张不安。They're just normal people and they're talking for three minutes on something which they're passionate about and they really don't know the reaction of the dragons.他们只是普通人，用三分钟讲述自己热爱的事业，但他们完全不知道“龙”们会作何反应。And as you've said, they can be quite scary.正如你说的，那些“龙”有时候确实挺吓人的。Now, on the programme, most of the people walk away with nothing. There are only, what, one or two successful pitches every time.在节目中，大多数人都空手而归。每一期大概只有一到两个成功的案例。And there are also times when the entrepreneurs, they're so nervous in front of the TV cameras, they completely freeze up.有时候创业者因为太紧张，面对镜头完全僵住，说不出话。So, who can apply to the show then?那么，谁可以申请参加这个节目呢？Well, there's a form on the BBC website you can fill in.BBC 的网站上有一个申请表格可以填写。It's interesting because they say that the final selection for participation in the programme will be decided on the strength of the idea, a robust business plan and a projected turnover.有趣的是，他们说明最终能否被选中要看创业点子的实力、商业计划书的完整性以及预计的营业额。And this is decided by the BBC, presumably.这 presumably（大概）是由 BBC 来决定的。Presumably the dragons don't know the product before the people come up to present it.也就是说，那些“龙”在创业者登场前并不知道他们要介绍的产品是什么。No, and I think also that's one of the exciting things about the programme.没错，我觉得这正是节目有趣的地方之一。There's a whole range of products and companies that the people present.上节目的创业者展示的产品和公司种类非常广泛。Now, as we said, most people don't get a deal. However, sometimes the dragons turn down people who become very successful.正如我们说的，大多数人没能成功融资，但有时那些被拒绝的人反而后来大获成功。Yes, one such guy was a guy called Sean Palfrey and he invented the Tangle Teaser.是的，其中一个例子是一位叫 Sean Palfrey 的人，他发明了“Tangle Teaser”（解结梳）。He got turned down by the dragons but he had a hairbrush that also smooths knotted hair.他被“龙”们拒绝了，但他的发明是一种可以轻松梳顺打结头发的梳子。And he appeared on the Dragons' Den in 2007. He offered 15% of his company Tangle Teaser for £80,000 but was rejected.他在2007年登上《龙穴》，希望以公司15%的股份换取8万英镑投资，但遭到拒绝。And what's more, they were very, very negative about his product.更糟的是，“龙”们对他的产品评价非常负面。However, when the episode was aired on TV, his website crashed as a result of the public demand and they immediately placed 1,500 orders for the Tangle Teaser.然而，当那期节目播出后，他的网站因访问量过大而崩溃，公众反而立刻下了1500份订单。Subsequently, two years later, the brand had turned a profit and started to expand into a global market.随后两年，这个品牌实现了盈利，并开始向全球市场扩张。Where is Tangle Teaser today then, Richard?那么，Richard，现在的 Tangle Teaser 发展得怎样了？Well, I checked up on this and Tangle Teaser are expecting to post sales of close to £30 million.我查了一下，Tangle Teaser 预计年销售额接近3000万英镑。This is 2020 and the brushes are sold in over 75 countries.那是在2020年，他们的梳子已在75个国家销售。So they turned down a fantastic offer.所以，“龙”们错过了一个极其优秀的投资机会。I'm not sure if we went on.我不确定我们是否要继续。

We're talking about marketing terms used on food products and deciding if they are officially recognised terms or not.我们今天要讨论的是食品包装上常见的营销术语，并判断这些术语是否是官方认可的。Richard? Yes. A popular term used on many products, organic.Richard？是的。一个在许多产品上都能看到的热门词——“有机”。Right, yes. So, do you think organic is a legitimate term?好，对。那么你认为“有机”是一个合法、正规的术语吗？Yes, I think you have to pass certain standards to label your product organic.是的，我认为要想在产品上标注“有机”，必须通过一定的标准。Yeah, it's one of the most strict labels.没错，这是最严格的标签之一。Right, OK. It means that 95% of the ingredients have to originate from organically produced plants or animals.是的，确切地说，这意味着产品中95%的成分必须来自有机种植或有机饲养的动植物。Which means that no pesticides or herbicides.也就是说，不能使用农药或除草剂。Exactly. And also it means that there are no GMO, no genetically modified organisms in the food as well.没错，而且还意味着食品中不能含有任何转基因成分。OK, that makes sense. Very strict. Free range.好，我明白了，非常严格。那么“放养（Free range）”呢？Free, I know this. People generally think it means, it's chickens, isn't it? They think they can run around free wherever they want to go. But the reality is it's not true.“放养”，我知道这个。人们一般认为这是指鸡，对吧？他们觉得这些鸡可以随意到处跑。但事实上并不是这样。I know in Australia it means they have fresh grass to eat but they're not actually free to run around. It's just the matter they have fresh grass. I don't know what it means in other countries though.我知道在澳大利亚，“放养”意味着这些鸡有新鲜的草可以吃，但它们并不能真正自由活动。只是说它们的饲料中有新鲜草料而已。我不太清楚在其他国家是怎样的。In the UK, it only refers to the amount of space a chicken has, no more than 13 birds per square metre.在英国，这个词只表示鸡的饲养密度——每平方米不超过13只。Wow, they're packed in, that's not free-ranged for me.哇，那也太挤了吧！这在我看来根本算不上“放养”。No, there has to be access to open-air runs, that's all.不，他们只要求鸡能接触到户外区域，仅此而已。So, a legally defined term but it's very misleading.所以，“放养”虽然是法律定义的术语，但非常具有误导性。Natural. That doesn't mean anything, I'm sure.“天然的（Natural）”，我敢肯定这个词毫无意义。Well, actually it does. It is legally defined but it's defined very, very logically. When you read the definition you say, of course.其实它是有法律定义的，只不过定义得非常笼统。你看完之后只会觉得：“哦，原来如此。”Apparently a lot of people are turning away from products labelled natural when they know it is because they just see it as a marketing ploy.显然，许多人在了解“天然”这个词的真实含义后，会刻意避开这类产品，因为他们认为这只是营销手段。A gimmick. A gimmick.一种噱头，没错，就是噱头。Right, OK, I can understand that. Superfood.好吧，我能理解。那么“超级食物（Superfood）”呢？Superfood? I don't think it has any meaning whatsoever.“超级食物”？我觉得这个词根本没有任何意义。I know it's blueberries or something.我知道，人们通常会用它来形容蓝莓之类的东西。No. It's simply a marketing term.不，这纯粹是一个营销术语。It's not based on any scientific basis.它没有任何科学依据。It doesn't mean you can't use it, everybody can use it but it doesn't mean anything.当然，任何人都可以用这个词，但它本身并不代表什么实际含义。Yes, yes, nonsense.是的，没错，纯属胡扯。Sugar-free.“无糖（Sugar-free）”。Yes, it doesn't have any sugar.对，就是没有糖。It means a product can contain up to 0.5 grams of sugar per 100 ml or 100 grams.其实它的意思是每100毫升或100克产品中最多可以含有0.5克糖。Oh, that's complicated. So, a bottle of... a two-litre bottle of Fanta Zero... Right. ...can contain 10 grams of sugar.哦，这听起来有点复杂。那么，一瓶两升的“零度芬达”……对，可能含有10克糖。Now wait, so that's two and a half teaspoons. Right, OK. Wow.等等，那大概相当于两茶匙半的糖。是的，没错。哇。So, it's not sugar-free.所以它并不是真的“无糖”。It's not sugar-free. So, it's a legal term but again I would say that's misleading.没错，它并不是真的无糖。虽然这是一个法律定义的术语，但同样具有误导性。Yes. Gluten-free. That's got to be legal, hasn't it? Because people, celiacs have problems with gluten so that must be strict.是的。那么“无麸质（Gluten-free）”肯定是合法且严格定义的吧？因为患有乳糜泻的人不能吃麸质，所以标准应该很严。Very, very strict. However, you can have up to 200 parts of gluten per a million.是的，非常严格。不过，允许每百万份中含有多达200份的麸质。At the end of the day, Jackie, from a consumer's point of view, all of these marketing terms can mean anything but what you really need to do is just check the ingredients.总的来说，Jackie，从消费者的角度来看，这些营销术语可能什么都意味着，也可能什么都不代表。真正重要的是——仔细查看配料表。

When we first started podcasting many, many years ago, other podcasters who didn't have worksheets to sell suggested that those who used their podcasts to buy me a coffee. Yeah, buy me a coffee. It was a way of generating a small income for their work, wasn't it? And also advertisements on sites are also one way of making money and there are a few websites that don't have Google Ads or something similar on them.当我们许多年前刚开始做播客时，那些没有可出售资料的播客主持人建议听众通过“请我喝杯咖啡”的方式来支持他们。对，“请我喝杯咖啡”。这是一种为他们的工作赚取一点收入的方式，不是吗？另外，网站上的广告也是赚钱的一种途径，很少有网站上没有谷歌广告或类似的内容。Yeah, absolutely. But for this week's podcast, we're looking at an alternative way of making money, Patreon. OK, Jackie, so what is Patreon? Well, it's an American membership platform.没错，完全正确。但对于这周的播客来说，我们要看一种不同的赚钱方式——Patreon。好的，Jackie，那Patreon是什么呢？它是一个美国的会员制平台。It's a way of helping creators and artists earn a monthly income. It provides the tools to run a subscription payment service. All right, OK.这是一种帮助创作者和艺术家获得月收入的方式。它提供了运行订阅付费服务的工具。好吧，明白了。But how does it actually work then? Well, content creators, those people who have a website or a blog, they set up a Patreon page, right? And this allows patrons to pay a fixed amount to the creator on a monthly basis. Right, OK. So who are these patrons then? Well, they're the people who want to support the creator and help to pay for their income.但它究竟是怎么运作的呢？创作者，比如那些有网站或博客的人，他们会建立一个Patreon页面，对吧？这样，赞助者就可以每月向创作者支付一笔固定金额的费用。好的，那这些赞助者是谁呢？他们就是那些希望支持创作者并帮助他们维持收入的人。Right, OK. Instead of buying them a coffee, you become a patron. Yeah, and rather than buying the product, which they don't necessarily have, you're paying for their service.没错，也就是说，你不是“请他们喝咖啡”，而是成为他们的赞助人。是的，而且你不是在购买具体的产品（他们可能并没有产品），而是在为他们的创作服务付费。OK, for example, Richard, there's a Spanish chef behind Spain on a Fork. Ah yes, OK. Now on his website, all the recipes are free to read and all the instructional cooking videos that he produces are all free to watch.举个例子，Richard，有一位西班牙厨师经营着“Spain on a Fork”这个网站。啊，是的。现在在他的网站上，所有的食谱都可以免费阅读，他制作的教学烹饪视频也都可以免费观看。Right, so just like many, many blogs on cooking. Yeah, yeah, exactly. But the patrons want to support him to carry on producing his content, which is just fantastic.对，这就像许多烹饪博客一样。是的，完全没错。但那些赞助者希望支持他，让他能持续创作内容，这真是太棒了。And how much do they pay for this then? Well, it depends. Every single creator chooses the amount. If we look at Spain on a Fork again, he has four levels and you can choose to pay as little as one euro a month, subscription remember.那他们为此要付多少钱呢？这取决于创作者本人。每个创作者可以自己设定金额。以“Spain on a Fork”为例，他有四个等级，最低的订阅费用是每月1欧元（记住，这是订阅制的）。Right. Up to 22 euros a month. OK, and what do you get for that then, for the different amounts? Well, it depends.最高可以到每月22欧元。好吧，那不同的金额能获得什么呢？这也要看创作者设定。But for all of them, you get extra content, extra recipes, extra instructional videos that other people won't see. Right. And if you pay more, you presumably get to see more.但无论哪个等级，你都会获得额外的内容、额外的食谱，以及普通观众看不到的教学视频。没错。而且如果你支付更多，自然能看到更多独家内容。And also he thanks you publicly, you know, that you've paid to support him. Also, Richard, patrons can cancel at any time. So you can do a one-off payment if you want.此外，他还会公开感谢你，表示你对他的支持。而且，Richard，赞助者可以随时取消订阅。如果你愿意，也可以只支付一次性的费用。But most people like join for a year to support these people who are working at the end of the day. OK, it sounds like a good idea. But of course, how much do the creators pay Patreon for this? Well, it's not free, is it? I can imagine.不过，大多数人都会选择一年期的订阅，以支持这些全职创作者。听起来这是个不错的主意。不过创作者要为此付给Patreon多少费用呢？显然，这不是免费的，对吧？我可以想象。They charge, Richard, anywhere between a commission, five to 12 percent. Wow, that's quite a lot actually, isn't it? Of their monthly income. Yeah.他们会收取佣金，大约在5%到12%之间。哇，那其实挺高的，对吧？这是从创作者的月收入中扣除的。是的。And also, sorry, and also there are payment processing fees as well. Of course. I think one of the problems is, Richard, with the Internet is that many people expect the content always to be free.而且，对不起，还有支付处理费用。当然。我认为，互联网的一个问题是，很多人总是期望内容是免费的。And there is a lot of stuff on the Internet that is completely free. Yeah, so good quality stuff, which takes a lot of time to prepare. And these videos, for example, very well done, very well presented.确实，网上确实有很多完全免费的内容。但那些高质量的作品往往需要花费大量时间准备。比如这些视频——制作精良，呈现专业。It's his job at the end of the day. And you can choose whether you want to pay or not. I think that's a great idea.归根结底，这就是他的工作。而你可以选择是否愿意付费支持。我觉得这真是个好主意。Yeah, it's a way of supporting those who work online. And if you're just paying a few euros a month, well, that's keeping someone in employment. Everybody's happy.没错，这是一种支持网络创作者的方式。而且每月只付出几欧元，就能让一个人有稳定收入。大家都开心。

We're talking about how technology has really changed the face of business. 我们在谈论技术是如何改变商业面貌的。To be more specific, We're really talking about the internet, aren't we?更具体一点，我们其实是在谈论互联网，不是吗？Yeah. I mean, nowadays, Richard, every company, whether they provide a service or sell a product, they have a website.是啊。我的意思是，如今，Richard，不论一家公司是提供服务还是销售产品，他们都有自己的网站。Or at the very least, a Facebook page.或者至少也会有一个 Facebook 页面。Yeah. Now, you mentioned Facebook, Richard.是的。你刚才提到 Facebook，Richard。The rise of social media has really changed business, hasn't it?社交媒体的兴起确实彻底改变了商业模式，不是吗？I mean, it wasn't that long ago that you really needed to be able to, what, write a professional email.我的意思是，不久之前，一个人只需要会写一封专业的电子邮件就够了。But today, business owners, what, they must be able to communicate on Twitter, they need to engage regularly on Facebook, have a LinkedIn account...但如今，企业主必须能够在 Twitter 上交流，定期在 Facebook 上互动，还要拥有一个 LinkedIn 账号……And also, obviously, video conferencing is by Zoom.而且，显然，现在视频会议都是通过 Zoom 进行的。Yeah. And recruitment has changed completely.是的。而招聘方式也发生了彻底的变化。The whole explosion of social media has made it a part of our everyday lives, but both personally and professionally.社交媒体的全面爆发使它成为我们生活中不可分割的一部分，无论是个人生活还是职业领域。And of course, the other technology is, of course, mobile technology.当然，另一项重要的技术就是移动技术。Everything's done on the move and remotely.一切事情都可以在移动中、远程完成。Fewer actual phone calls are being made nowadays.如今人们打真正电话的次数越来越少了。It's all emails, texting, tweeting, and using messaging apps, isn't it?现在全都是发邮件、发短信、发推文，以及用各种通讯应用，对吧？Yeah. And the problem with that is that we are always connected.是的。而问题在于，我们总是“在线”的。So therefore, the line between work and home life, that's become blurred, hasn't it?因此，工作与家庭生活之间的界限变得模糊了，不是吗？Yes. There's no such thing nowadays as out of the office.是的。如今已经不存在所谓的“下班”状态了。Interesting, Richard, becausePortugalhas banned bosses from text messaging and emailing staff out of working hours.这很有趣，Richard，因为葡萄牙已经禁止老板在非工作时间发短信或发邮件给员工。They have this new law, the right to rest.他们制定了一项新法律，叫作“休息权”。Yes, it's all about improving work-life balance, which is very important.是的，这一切都是为了改善工作与生活的平衡，这非常重要。And of course, Richard, the other thing is, you say there's no out of office, but actually there's no office nowadays.当然，Richard，另一点是，你说没有“下班”，但实际上，现在很多人连“办公室”都没有了。Well, actually, that's good because starting a business used to mean a huge amount of investment required for an office.实际上这挺好，因为过去创业往往意味着要投入大量资金去租或建办公室。You don't need that anymore.而现在你已经不再需要这样做了。Yeah. Small businesses, they can be run entirely virtually. It's a huge saving.是啊，小型企业完全可以虚拟化运营，这节省了大量成本。Cuts down on a lot of overheads.大大减少了各种固定开支。Not just small businesses though, Richard. More and more employees, as we know, want to work remotely.但这不仅限于小企业，Richard。正如我们所知，越来越多的员工也希望能够远程工作。And PricewaterhouseCooper, a huge organisation, they recognise this and they have said it will allow all US employees who can telework the ability to work virtually from anywhere on the continent, which is amazing.普华永道这样的大型机构也意识到了这一点，他们宣布允许所有可以远程办公的美国员工在北美大陆的任何地方工作，这真是了不起。That's 40,000 employees who can, if they want to, work from home. Wow.这意味着有四万名员工如果愿意，都可以在家工作。哇。So that's a huge change in the way businesses are run nowadays, isn't it?这真的是商业运作方式上的巨大变革，不是吗？Yeah. We've talked mainly about engaging with customers, but obviously payment methods, getting paid online is much easier as well.是的。我们主要谈到了客户互动，但显然，在线支付方式也让收款变得更加容易。Yes. Online banking, PayPal, etc, etc.没错，比如网上银行、PayPal 等等。And consumers spend more than ever nowadays as well. It's so easy just to click on buy now, isn't it?如今消费者的支出也比以往任何时候都多。只要点一下“立即购买”就能完成购物，太容易了，对吧？Yes. So at the end of the day, Jackie, starting a new business in this digital age has never been easier.是的。总的来说，Jackie，在这个数字时代创业从未如此简单。So if you've got an idea, go for it.所以，如果你有一个好点子，就大胆去做吧。

Nasa's Perseverance Rover has spent the past four years exploring an area of Mars called the Jezero Crater. It's dry and dusty, but billions of years ago, it was thought to be an ancient lake with a river flowing into it.美国国家航空航天局的 “毅力” 号火星车在过去四年里探索了火星上被称为杰泽罗陨石坑的区域。这片区域干燥并布满灰尘，但科学家认为数十亿年前这里是一个古湖泊，有一条河流汇入其中。The intriguing rocks were found on the riverbed. They have unusual ringed markings, nicknamed 'leopard spots' by the researchers, and black dots the team are calling 'poppy seeds'. These features are actually minerals, and the scientists think they could have been produced by chemical reactions associated with microbes.这些引人注目的岩石就是在这里的河床上被发现的。它们带有被研究人员戏称为 “豹纹” 的不同寻常的环状斑纹，以及被研究团队称为 “罂粟籽” 的小黑点。岩石上的这些特征其实是矿物质，而科学家们认为这些矿物质可能产生自与微生物相关的化学反应。Life isn't the only possible explanation. The minerals could have been made by natural geological processes. The only way to find out for sure is to bring the rocks back to Earth for analysis. Missions to return samples have been proposed, but there's uncertainty because of the proposed cuts to Nasa's budget.生命并不是对这些矿物质的唯一解释。这些矿物质也可能产生于自然地质作用的过程。唯一能查明真相的方式就是把这些岩石带回地球进行分析。已经有人提议开展航天任务带回这些样本，但这尚存在不确定性，因为已有提议削减美国国家航空航天局的预算。While there's still much to find out, these rocks are tantalising, and the findings are strong enough to meet Nasa's criteria for potential biosignatures, features that warrant further investigation to determine if they really are a sign of life.还有许多事情尚待发掘，但这些岩石十分诱人，而且目前的研究结果所具备的说服力也达到了美国国家航空航天局对潜在生物特征的判定标准。潜在生物特征指的是 “足以满足值得进一步调查的理由，以确认它们是否真的是生命的迹象”。

The researchers describe this artificial intelligence model as like a weather forecast for your health. But instead of warning of a 70% chance of rain, it tells you the risk of more than a thousand diseases. The AI has learned to spot patterns hidden in the types and timings of different medical diagnoses, so now it can look at a patient and predict what is likely to come next.研究人员称，这个人工智能模型就好像一个对我们健康状况发出的 “天气预报”。只不过它并不是对 70% 的降水概率做出预警，而是告诉人们一千多种疾病的患病风险。这个人工智能模型已经学会了如何发现隐藏在不同医学诊断类型和时间中的模式，因此现在它可以通过观察一个病人来预测接下来很可能会发生什么。The AI was trained using more than 400,000 people's anonymous medical records from the UK and tested on nearly two million people's records in Denmark.这个人工智能模型使用了来自英国 40 多万人的匿名医疗记录进行训练，然后在丹麦接近两百万人的医疗记录上进行了测试。But what can we do with such predictions? People are already offered a cholesterol-lowering statin based on a calculation of their risk of a heart attack or stroke. Understanding how diseases unfold could lead to new ways of intervening early. The AI could also help inform screening programmes or help hospitals plan for future demand, like estimating how many heart attacks might happen in Norwich in 2030. The researchers say there is work to do, but that they are at the beginning of a new way of understanding health and disease.但我们能用这种预测做些什么呢？已经有人因被计算出具有患心脏病或中风的风险而被提供了降胆固醇的他汀类药物。了解疾病如何发展能为我们带来早期干预的新方法。这个人工智能模型也能为筛查项目提供信息，或帮助医院规划未来的就诊需求，比如估计 2030 年时诺里奇可能会出现多少例心脏病发作。研究人员表示，目前还有工作要做，但他们已经处在一个理解健康和疾病的新方式的开端。

An asteroid ended the age of the dinosaurs 66 million years ago. Could something as catastrophic as that happen again?6600 万年前，一颗小行星结束了恐龙时代。 如此灾难性的事情还会发生吗？Asteroids are something astronomers closely track. Recently, the asteroid named 2024 YR4 made headlines for its tiny, but real, chance of colliding with Earth in 2032. In February 2025, NASA increased the impact probability of this asteroid hitting us to 2.3%. Scientists have calculated that YR4 is between 40m and 90m in diameter. It would have the power of a nuclear bomb if it was to hit Earth, causing severe damage if the impact was in a populated area. However, Dr Robert Massey of the Royal Astronomical Society urges calm. He said he is not "losing sleep over" the asteroid, but stresses that funding planetary defence and spotting potential threats is essential.小行星是天文学家密切追踪的对象。 最近，一颗名为 2024 YR4 的小行星因其在 2032 年与地球相撞的微小但真实的机会而成为头条新闻。2025 年 2 月，美国宇航局将这颗小行星撞击我们的可能性提高到 2.3%。 科学家计算出YR4的直径在40m到90m之间。 如果它击中地球，其威力将相当于核弹，如果撞击在人口稠密地区，则会造成严重破坏。 然而，英国皇家天文学会的罗伯特·梅西博士敦促大家保持冷静。 他表示，他并没有因为这颗小行星“失眠”，但强调为行星防御提供资金和发现潜在威胁至关重要。So what are asteroids? They are fragments of rock left over from the creation of the solar system 4.6 billion years ago. They frequently orbit close to Earth pushed by the gravity of other planets, though it was only in the late 1900s that scientists were able to systematically track near-Earth objects and learn this. They found that asteroids of more than 40m across, that's large enough to destroy a city, cross the Earth's path within lunar distance several times a year.那么什么是小行星？ 它们是 46 亿年前太阳系形成时留下的岩石碎片。 它们经常在其他行星的引力推动下在靠近地球的轨道上运行，尽管直到 1900 年代末科学家才能够系统地跟踪近地天体并了解这一点。 他们发现，直径超过 40m 的小行星（大到足以摧毁一座城市）每年都会在月球距离内多次穿过地球轨道。The chance of an asteroid being large enough to penetrate our atmosphere intact and destroy a city is likely to happen once in every hundred years. In 1908, an asteroid exploded over Siberia, injuring people and buildings across more than 500 square kilometres. However, actual impacts aren't as common as near-misses. For example, the asteroid Apophis raised alarms after it was discovered in 2004 because it was estimated to be around the size of a cruise ship. Even scarier, in 1994, the comet named Shoemaker-Levy 9 crashed into Jupiter, and, if it had hit Earth, all life would have been wiped out, just like the dinosaurs were.小行星足够大，可以完整地穿透我们的大气层并摧毁一座城市，这种情况可能每百年就会发生一次。 1908 年，一颗小行星在西伯利亚上空爆炸，造成 500 多平方公里的人员和建筑物受伤。 然而，实际影响并不像未遂事件那样常见。 例如，小行星阿波菲斯在 2004 年被发现后就引发了警报，因为据估计它的大小与一艘游轮差不多。 更可怕的是，1994年，名为舒梅克-利维9号的彗星撞上了木星，如果它撞上了地球，所有生命都会被消灭，就像恐龙一样。So, it's safe to enjoy admiring the night sky because the chances of you being hit by an asteroid are very, very small, even if they're not zero.所以，欣赏夜空是安全的，因为你被小行星撞击的可能性非常非常小，即使它们不为零。

Everyone knows that dogs are supposed to be our best friends. Could it be that they know what we are thinking? Whether it's getting excited at the prospect of a walk or knowing that tasty food is coming soon, are our dogs reading our minds?每个人都知道狗应该是我们最好的朋友。 难道他们知道我们在想什么吗？ 无论是对散步的前景感到兴奋，还是知道美味的食物即将到来，我们的狗会读懂我们的心思吗？Now, by mind-reading we're not talking about knowing our deepest thoughts in detail, but various psychologists have suggested that dogs might have a theory of mind. What this means is that they are aware that other creatures, like humans, are able to see and understand things in different ways. In various experiments it appears that dogs are able to identify who is paying them attention. They are more likely to ask for food from someone if there is a reason that the human would know where the dog treats are. If dogs have been forbidden food by someone, they are more likely to try and get it quietly.现在，我们所说的读心术并不是要详细了解我们最深层的想法，但许多心理学家都认为狗可能有一种心理理论。 这意味着他们意识到其他生物，比如人类，能够以不同的方式看待和理解事物。 在各种实验中，狗似乎能够识别谁在关注它们。 如果人类有理由知道狗的食物在哪里，他们更有可能向某人索要食物。 如果有人禁止狗吃东西，它们更有可能尝试悄悄地得到它。As well as these behavioural studies, there are other things that show how dogs are able to relate closely to humans. Brain imaging studies have shown not only that canine brains react to human voices, but that they also show an emotional response to those human sounds which demonstrate strong feelings, such as laughing or crying. Brain scan studies have also shown that human faces also provoke an emotional response in dogs. Other studies have shown that sweat from people feeling scared could make dogs feel more stressed than sweat from happy people.除了这些行为研究之外，还有其他一些研究表明狗如何能够与人类建立密切的关系。 脑成像研究表明，犬类的大脑不仅会对人类的声音做出反应，而且还会对那些表现出强烈感情的人类声音表现出情绪反应，例如笑或哭。 脑部扫描研究还表明，人脸也会引起狗的情绪反应。 其他研究表明，感到害怕的人流的汗比快乐的人流的汗会让狗感到更大的压力。There is some debate about whether dogs have evolved to respond to human emotions as they have become domesticated or whether this behaviour is a learned reaction to stimuli. Experiments like those described above have also been carried out on wolves that have been raised by humans, who may have learned to respond to their carer's behaviour, but do not have the genes of a domesticated species. Wolves did show some abilities to respond to human emotions, but were less able to pick up more subtle clues.关于狗是否在被驯化后进化到能够对人类情绪做出反应，或者这种行为是否是对刺激的后天反应，存在一些争议。 类似上述的实验也在人类饲养的狼身上进行，这些狼可能已经学会了对照顾者的行为做出反应，但不具备驯化物种的基因。 狼确实表现出了一些对人类情绪做出反应的能力，但它们不太能够捕捉到更微妙的线索。Whether it's learned or innate, dogs' ability to read human emotions and intentions are one reason that we have included them in our lives for centuries. It's also why they have been successful as assistance dogs, helping their owners to get through everyday life.无论是后天习得的还是天生的，狗解读人类情感和意图的能力是几个世纪以来我们将它们融入我们生活的原因之一。 这也是它们作为协助犬取得成功的原因，帮助主人度过日常生活。

The real beauty of inhalers is how they get these medications into your lungs. They work by suspending, or aerosolizing, medications into the air to be easily inhaled. Each type of inhaler does this in a slightly different way.吸入器真正的妙处在于，它能将药物高效地送入肺部。它的原理是将药物悬浮在空气中，或将其雾化成可吸入的微粒。而不同类型的吸入器实现这一过程的方式略有不同。Dry powder inhalers require a person to breathe in to aerosolize a powder medication.干粉吸入器需要使用者主动吸气，使粉末状药物被雾化并吸入肺部。Nebulizers, on the other hand, use either ultrasonic vibrations or compressed air to turn liquid medication into a mist.雾化器则利用超声波震动或压缩空气，将液态药物转化成细微的雾状颗粒。The pressurized metered-dose inhaler works a lot like hairspray. This medicine is dissolved in a fluid called a propellant, and it's under high pressure. This causes the fluid and medication mixture to shoot out in a fast-moving mist.加压定量吸入器（MDI）的工作方式与喷发胶非常相似。药物被溶解在一种称为推进剂的液体中，并处于高压状态。当按下装置时，药液与药物的混合物会以高速喷出，形成可吸入的雾气。But this mist can sometimes be hard to coordinate with breathing. So there's one more device, called a soft mist inhaler, that administers doses at lower speeds, without the use of a propellant.不过，这种喷雾有时需要与呼吸动作配合，操作并不总是容易。因此，又出现了一种称为“软雾吸入器”的装置，它不使用推进剂，而是以较低速度释放药物，使吸入更加平稳自然。Asthma and COPD each affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide each year. But thanks to inhalers, what once kept Proust confined to a cork-lined room, can now be treated in a few short puffs.哮喘和COPD每年都影响着全球数以亿计的人口。但多亏了吸入器，这种曾让普鲁斯特困于软木包裹房间、饱受折磨的疾病，如今只需几次轻轻吸入，就能得到有效控制。

In chronic bronchitis, the airway's lining is inflamed and produces more mucus to trap incoming smoke or dust particles. And the little hairs lining the airways that normally help push the mucus out are often damaged, so the mucus gets stuck. During a COPD attack, rescue inhalers open the airways, just as they do for asthma.在慢性支气管炎中，气道的内壁会发炎，并分泌出更多的黏液来捕捉进入的烟雾或灰尘颗粒。而那些原本排列在气道上的微小毛发（纤毛），通常负责将黏液向外排出，却常常受到损伤，导致黏液堆积无法排出。当COPD（慢阻肺）发作时，急救型吸入器可以像治疗哮喘一样，帮助打开气道。Preventative inhalers are used daily to stop asthma and COPD symptoms before they even start. They often contain both a corticosteroid, which reduces inflammation, and a long-acting bronchodilator.预防型吸入器则是每天使用，用来在哮喘或COPD症状出现之前就加以控制。它们通常同时含有糖皮质激素（可减少炎症）和长效支气管扩张剂。In fact, one class of bronchodilators for patients with COPD is related to the compounds in thorn apples. These drugs block signals from the nerves that tell the airway muscles to contract. Those same nerve signals are thought to be responsible for increasing mucus in the lungs, so these drugs may help clear the airways as well.事实上，用于治疗COPD患者的一类支气管扩张剂，其化学成分与曼陀罗中的化合物有关。这类药物通过阻断神经向气道肌肉发出的收缩信号来起作用。而这些神经信号也被认为会促进肺部黏液的增加，因此这种药物可能还能帮助清除气道。

So how do they work? When you take a breath, air travels through your lungs using tubes called airways, or bronchi. The airways funnel to sacs, called alveoli, where your red blood cells absorb all the oxygen your body needs.那么，它们是如何起作用的呢？当你吸气时，空气通过称为气道或支气管的管道进入肺部。气道最终通向被称为肺泡的气囊，红血球就在这里吸收身体所需的全部氧气。But if you have asthma, the muscles around your airways may tighten, the lining of your airways may get inflamed, and your lungs may make too much of the mucus they use to trap dust and germs. Essentially, this clogs the pipes and makes it difficult to exhale.但如果你患有哮喘，气道周围的肌肉可能会收缩，气道内壁可能发炎，而肺部可能会产生过多的黏液——这种黏液原本用于捕捉灰尘和病菌。结果就像管道被堵住一样，使呼气变得困难。Rescue inhalers deliver a medication called a bronchodilator that quickly relaxes these muscles, making it easier to breathe. These bronchodilators are short acting, lasting around four hours.急救型吸入器会输送一种名为“支气管扩张剂”的药物，它能迅速放松这些肌肉，使呼吸变得顺畅。这类支气管扩张剂属于短效药物，作用时间大约为四小时。Rescue inhalers can be used for COPD, too. COPD is a catch-all term to describe the most common breathing conditions, like emphysema and chronic bronchitis, which people often have at the same time.急救型吸入器同样可以用于治疗慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）。COPD 是一个总称，用来描述最常见的呼吸系统疾病，如肺气肿和慢性支气管炎，这两种疾病往往会同时出现。In emphysema, repeated exposure to smoke or irritating particles breaks the inner walls of the alveoli. Because there's less surface area for blood and oxygen to interact, less oxygen makes its way to your bloodstream, causing you to constantly feel out of breath.在肺气肿中，长期接触烟雾或刺激性颗粒会破坏肺泡的内壁。由于血液与氧气交换的表面积减少，进入血液的氧气也随之减少，因此患者会持续感到呼吸困难。

Early 20th century writer, Marcel Proust, finished his magnum opus “In Search of Lost Time” from bed— in a cork-lined room to keep allergens out. Proust suffered from severe asthma. At the time, there weren't great treatments. When breathlessness set in, he'd burn powders that filled the space with smoke and fumes. Or, for a quick fix, he'd smoke a doctor-recommended anti-asthma cigarette. These powders and cigarettes commonly contained thorn apple, which can open your airways. However, both were clearly terrible ideas. Smoking and fumes bring damaging, carcinogenic toxins into your lungs.二十世纪初的作家马塞尔·普鲁斯特，在床上完成了他的鸿篇巨著《追忆似水年华》——他住在一个用软木塞包裹的房间里，以隔绝过敏原。普鲁斯特患有严重的哮喘，而当时并没有有效的治疗方法。当他呼吸困难时，会燃烧一些粉末，使房间充满烟雾和气味；或者，为了快速缓解，他会抽医生推荐的“抗哮喘香烟”。这些粉末和香烟通常含有曼陀罗成分，可以帮助打开气道。然而，这两种做法显然都是糟糕的主意——吸入烟雾会把有害的致癌毒素带入肺部。Thankfully, today we have inhalers— simple but powerful devices that deliver lung medications straight to the source and without the nasty side effects of smoke inhalation.幸运的是，如今我们有了吸入器——这种简单而强大的装置能将药物直接输送到肺部病灶处，而不会产生吸入烟雾带来的副作用。Inhalers are mainly used to treat two conditions: asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD. And there are two main types: preventative inhalers and rescue inhalers. Preventative inhalers can be used every day to control symptoms. There are also rescue inhalers, which are great in an emergency, but using them regularly can be dangerous.吸入器主要用于治疗两种疾病：哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）。吸入器分为两大类：预防型吸入器和急救型吸入器。预防型吸入器可以每天使用，以控制症状；而急救型吸入器在紧急情况下非常有用，但若经常依赖使用则可能带来危险。