英语每日一听 | 每天少于5分钟

So ... Capitalism. Capitalism is the most powerful prosperity-generating force ever known.所以……资本主义。资本主义是人类历史上最强大的繁荣创造力量。Excuse me! Yes. Uh, sorry. I think you mean the most extractive force ever known.打扰一下！是的，呃，抱歉。我想你是说“最具掠夺性”的力量吧。Oh, hello. Well, it's lifted billions of people out of poverty and expanded access to food and literacy. It basically birthed our modern world.哦，你好。但它让数十亿人摆脱了贫困，扩大了人们获得食物和识字的机会。它基本上创造了我们的现代世界。Yeah, and in the process, it's wiped out hundreds of species anddecimatedcountless cultures, extracting resources faster than anything that came before.是啊，可在这个过程中，它也消灭了数百个物种，摧毁了无数文化，比历史上任何制度都更快速地掠夺资源。OK. But the market is a genius at driving innovation, giving us the freedom to buy, sell, compete and create in ways that make society better.好吧。但市场对推动创新极为擅长，它赋予我们买卖、竞争与创造的自由，从而改善社会。Yeah, but how can you call it freedom when the most affordable food is diabetes-inducing junk? How can it be genius, when life-saving drugs aren't fast-tracked because they don't generate enough profit?是啊，但当最便宜的食物是引发糖尿病的垃圾食品时，你怎么能称之为“自由”？当救命药因利润不高而无法加速上市时，这又如何称得上“天才”？Oh, so you want to grow the pie? Well, then the name of the game is capitalism.哦，所以你想让蛋糕变大？那么这场游戏的名字就叫“资本主义”。The game of capitalism is rigged. I mean, who cares about the size of the pie if it's so unevenly distributed?资本主义这场游戏是被操控的。我的意思是，如果蛋糕分配极度不均，又有谁在乎它有多大？Sweetheart, size always matters.亲爱的，大小永远很重要。And who would you have managing our food supply or setting drug prices? Do Venezuela or North Korea develop any life-saving drugs? Sure, capitalism has its problems, but it solves them through innovation.那你想让谁来管理我们的食物供应或制定药品价格？委内瑞拉或北韩有开发出什么救命药吗？当然，资本主义有它的问题，但它靠创新来解决。Yeah, yeah, I'm all for innovation. But toward what end game? I mean, there's this paradox where innovations in energy efficiency often make us use more total energy, which is a problem if that energy isn't clean.是是是，我也支持创新。但终极目标是什么？比如，有个悖论是：能源效率的提升常常导致我们使用更多的总能量，如果这些能量不是清洁的，那就是个大问题。Listen, the economic system in America today isn't even true capitalism. It's a crony perversion of capitalism. But even in its imperfect form, capitalism is still humanity's greatest champion. Try not to drop your hammer on his toe or gut him with your sickle.听着，当今美国的经济体制甚至不是真正的资本主义，它是一种裙带资本主义的畸形版本。但即便是不完美的形式，资本主义仍然是人类最伟大的支柱。别把你的锤子掉在他脚上，也别用镰刀把他开膛破肚。OK. See, criticizing capitalism does not mean pushing for socialism. It means recognizing the fatal flaw of capitalism. In its pursuit of profit, it fails to account fully for its costs. We are in the midst of an existential crisis when arms races are counted as economic growth. A tree is worth more dead than alive. And people are worth more outraged and addicted than they are conscious and free.好吧。看，批评资本主义并不意味着要拥抱社会主义。那是对资本主义致命缺陷的认识：在追逐利润的过程中，它从未真正考虑其全部代价。当军备竞赛被当作经济增长、树木死了比活着更有价值、人们愤怒和上瘾比清醒和自由更有“利用价值”时，我们已经处在一场生存危机中。I'm not saying that capitalism itself is the goal, OK? It's simply our best strategy for achieving the goal.我不是说资本主义本身是目标，好吗？它只是我们实现目标的最佳策略之一。Oh, so then what is the goal? That is a question for society, not capitalists to answer, you oligarch!哦，那目标是什么？这是全社会应该回答的问题，而不是让资本家来定的，寡头先生！Bring it, Pinko!放马过来吧，粉红分子！Whoa, whoa, whoa, fellas.喂喂喂，伙计们，冷静点。What!?什么！？What!?什么！？Oh, boy, OK.哦天啊，好吧。What if you're both partially right?如果你们两个都“各有道理”呢？

Let me show you what we've built so far. So right off the bat, you can see how this -- it got the the overall aesthetic of the scene, right. You know, everything fits well globally. It got the environment, got the background. It got the pagoda to be the tallest structure. You have these houses next to it and you have the trees behind. So all of that sounds good.让我给你们看看我们目前构建的成果。首先你可以看到，它很好地把握了整个场景的美学风格，对吧？一切在整体上都非常协调。它做出了环境、背景，还把宝塔设置为最高的建筑。你能看到旁边有房屋，后面有树木。这些都非常不错。But I see my friend Maurice joining in from California. He's also watching this live and say, "Hi, Maurice."但我看到我的朋友莫里斯从加州上线了。他也正在观看这个直播。大家跟他说声“嗨，莫里斯”。Isn't it fun to basically connect, build and play with friends? This is the whole point of this thing. So obviously he's excited.能和朋友一起连接、一起建造、一起玩耍，是不是很有趣？这正是这个项目的核心所在。所以他显然也很兴奋。Oh wow, look at some of these things it's created. So the one interesting thing is if you don't like something, you can just move it around. So I'm going to move this object. It's a huge truck. Well let's move it away. Obviously this is the fun of doing the live demos.哇，看看它创建出来的一些东西。有趣的是，如果你不喜欢某个东西，你可以随意移动它。所以我现在要移动这个物体，是一辆大卡车。我们把它挪开。这就是现场演示的乐趣所在。And then let's take a look at all the things it created. Oh, I see this fox here or a wolf, right, the cute anime wolf. Let's see. Come back here. Let's take a look at you. OK, well, let's move you here. What do you guys think?然后我们来看看它创建的所有东西。哦，我看到这里有只狐狸或者狼，对吧？那只可爱的动漫风小狼。看看它。回来这边，让我们看看你。好吧，把你移动到这里。你们觉得怎么样？Well, unlike images, because this is a 3D world, we can build on a game engine. We can add effects to it. So you can actually make this much more immersive. Maybe I can make it snow because it's the winter village, so you'll start seeing snow in a second.与图片不同，因为这是一个3D世界，我们可以基于游戏引擎进行构建，还可以加入各种效果。所以你可以让这个场景更加沉浸式。比如我可以让它开始下雪，因为这是一个冬季村庄，你马上就会看到雪落下来。And in addition to creating objects, the AI model can also produce code to make these objects functional. So I can actually go up to this car or maybe let me try this snowmobile and it lets me ride it.除了生成物体，AI模型还能生成代码，使这些物体具备功能性。所以我实际上可以走到这辆车旁边，或者让我试试这辆雪地摩托，它可以让我骑上去。So if I press this, I can kind of go around and ride it around and you can see how this can get really cool. And I'm sure Maurice is going to do some fun driving around. Look at that, he's already there.所以如果我按下这个，我就可以骑着它四处转转。你能看到这玩起来是多么酷。我敢肯定莫里斯已经在开心地开车兜风了。你看，他已经在那里了。OK, Maurice, take it easy. One last thing I'd like to show you is with these worlds, I love seeing them at different times of the day, so I can switch it around, I can make it into sunset. Or actually I can see it at night. And night, it's kind of really cool because you start seeing the moon and the sky.好的，莫里斯，慢点开。我想展示的最后一件事是，在这些世界里，我很喜欢在不同的时间观察它们。所以我可以切换时间，比如变成日落时分。或者我也可以把它调成夜晚。夜晚也很酷，因为你可以看到月亮和夜空。But another thing that happens is see how these lanterns that we added, they start lighting up. And this is another example of the functionality which we call 4D, that the model adds. So it knows that the lanterns emit light. And so it makes them, you know, lit.还有一个很棒的效果是，你看到我们添加的那些灯笼了吗？它们开始亮起来了。这是模型添加的一种我们称之为“4D”的功能的又一个例子。它知道灯笼会发光，所以就让它们亮起来了。So these are some of the things that you can do, which bring a scene to life. And let me switch back to day. And the lights turn off.这些就是你可以做的一些事情，它们能让一个场景真正“活起来”。现在让我把时间切换回白天，灯光就会熄灭。Anyway, I could be doing this all day long with you guys, but sadly, I think I'm out of time. Hopefully you guys had a preview of the transformative power of AI for 3D.总之，我可以整天和你们一起做这些事情，但可惜的是，我的时间差不多到了。希望你们已经体验到AI在3D领域所带来的变革性力量。We think this is the future of 3D gaming.我们相信，这就是3D游戏的未来。

I'm excited to present a new way to design 3D games with AI. Now, many of you may have used AI to produce text or images or even code, but 3D, with that extra dimension, is incredibly hard.我很兴奋地向大家展示一种用人工智能设计3D游戏的新方式。现在，你们许多人可能已经用AI来生成文字、图像甚至是代码，但3D，由于它多了一个维度，是非常困难的。So today, in the next few minutes, you and I are going to create a playable 3D game in Roblox, that the world has never seen before, because we are going to imagine it together and use AI to build it.所以今天，在接下来的几分钟里，你和我将一起在Roblox中创造一个前所未有的可玩3D游戏，因为我们将共同想象它，并用AI将它构建出来。Now these are super early days, but let's see what AI can do. OK.现在这一切还处于非常初期的阶段，但让我们看看AI能做到什么。好的。I'm going to prompt to create an Asian village in winter. So how about a stylized Japanese village village in winter. Maybe a central pagoda. A few houses with pine trees around it. Maybe a traditional red gate and lanterns. Some prompts.我打算输入提示，创建一个冬天的亚洲村庄。那我们做一个具有风格化的日本冬季村庄如何？也许一个中心的宝塔，一些被松树围绕的房屋，也许还有一个传统的红色大门和灯笼。就这些提示。So when I say generate, what happens is an AI model takes this prompt, analyzes it, and produces the code that you see on the right. This is all happening live. And what it's doing is it's transforming that prompt into spatial boxes where the objects are going to land. So that's the location of the different objects. And soon you'll see, behind me, in my avatar, the objects transforming into their shapes, and then the textures. These are all happening live.所以当我说“生成”时，AI模型会接收这个提示，进行分析，并生成你在右边看到的代码。这一切都是实时发生的。它的作用是把这个提示转化为空间中的方框，也就是各个物体将会落地的位置。接着你将看到，在我身后的虚拟角色里，那些物体会变形成各自的形状，然后是贴图。这一切都是实时完成的。So while this is all happening, I need your help to help me build this out. So what would you guys want to add to this scene? What did you say?在这一切进行的同时，我需要你们的帮助来一起完善这个场景。那么，你们想往这个场景中添加什么？你刚才说了什么？Wolves, OK. Add a wolf. Let me do an anime ... a cute wolf -- Near me. How about some vehicles?狼，好，添加一只狼。让我来做一只动漫风格的……可爱的狼——就在我附近。那交通工具怎么样？Snowmobile, OK. A snowmobile. And a few ... Oh, palm trees, OK, wow. Near the gate. OK.雪地摩托，好，一辆雪地摩托。还有一些……哦，棕榈树，好吧，哇。在大门附近？好的。A palm tree, somebody said? Palm tree next to the house, maybe. And a Santa?有人说棕榈树？棕榈树放在房子旁边怎么样？还有一个圣诞老人？How about something else?还有其他想法吗？OK, a few animals. A few animals next to the trees, OK. Alright, that's good enough. We get a sense of it.好，那就添加几只动物。在树旁边放几只动物，好了。这就够了，我们已经感受到这个场景了。So while this is happening所以在这一切进行的过程中……

What we see here is Vancouver, a combination of tree height data, Landsat vegetation data and information from the affordable housing district, showing the blue dots right now. What we can start to identify is patterns, things that we can see about the city that affect the way that people live in it. You can tell that the areas that have a lot of trees protect us against heat. This is heat data showing the density of trees. And when we pan over to really forested parts of the city, we can tell that the trees are actually protecting us from that heat. So what we've identified is really two patterns here. One, that trees are great for economic development. People really desire living in places with trees. And two, that trees are critical for building a lovely, wonderful city.我们现在看到的是温哥华，这幅图结合了树木高度数据、Landsat卫星植被数据以及可负担住房区的信息，目前以蓝点显示。通过这些数据，我们开始能够识别出一些模式，也就是那些会影响人们生活方式的城市要素。你可以看出，树木密集的区域能够有效抵御热量。这张图是关于热能的数据，用来展示树木的密度。当我们把视角转向城市中森林密集的地段，就可以清楚地看到，树木确实在帮助我们抵御热浪。所以我们识别出两个关键的模式：第一，树木对经济发展有益，人们更倾向于住在有树的地方；第二，树木对建设一个宜人、美好的城市至关重要。But it's not enough to have a static map, looking at the past. Our goal is to have a really dynamic map that's updating in real-time. And in the background, dozens of satellites are orbiting the Earth, taking images of Vancouver, so that we can start to move from mapping to monitoring to building an instrument panel and a dashboard where we can really understand what's happening in our city in real-time. This lets us move away from thinking about individual projects towards thinking about the city as a cohesive whole. An integrated system where all of the projects play together to achieve multidimensional goals.但仅仅拥有一张静态的、用于回顾过去的地图是不够的。我们的目标是创建一张真正动态的地图，能够实时更新。在地图的背后，有数十颗卫星围绕地球运行，拍摄温哥华的图像，使我们能够从“制图”迈向“监测”，再迈向构建一个真正的“操作面板”和“控制仪表板”，用以实时理解我们的城市发生了什么。这种方式让我们从只关注个别项目，转向将城市作为一个整体来思考——一个项目协同运行、共同实现多维目标的集成系统。So here we have all of the building permits in Vancouver right now. But that doesn't really tell us what's actually happening on the ground. If we use satellite imagery, we can run change detection algorithms and actually see the places where change is really happening, where ground is being broken. Zooming into one of those, we can see the actual development that's occurring in Vancouver. We can see a satellite image of a construction site. Moving back in time and turning the trees red with infrared sensors, we can really see trees blossoming and growing, the vegetation changing over time. And we can see that this particular one small development in Vancouver cut down a bunch of trees, which is very natural. But in order to have our goal of having a more forested city, we're going to have to plant these trees somewhere else, probably north, in that affordablehousingdistrict that we saw earlier. This is what I mean by using maps to build. We get a dashboard and an instrument panel for understanding the change in the globe over time, not just in terms of thespatialinformation, but in terms of a time series, in terms of metrics and measures that we can use to guide development.现在我们看到的是温哥华所有的建筑许可数据。但这些数据并不能真正告诉我们地面上实际发生了什么。如果我们利用卫星图像，就可以运行变化检测算法，真正识别出那些正在发生变化、土地正在被动工的地方。放大其中一个区域，我们可以看到温哥华某地的实际建设情况，图中是一个建筑工地的卫星图像。通过时间回溯功能，并用红外传感器将树木标红，我们可以看到树木的开花、生长过程，以及植被随时间的变化。我们还可以发现，在温哥华这个小型建设项目中，砍掉了不少树木，这是非常自然的现象。但如果我们想实现“让城市更绿”的目标，我们就需要在别处补种这些树木，很可能是在之前提到的北边的可负担住房区。这就是我所说的“用地图来建设”：我们拥有一个可以监测全球变化的仪表盘，不只是空间上的信息，更是时间序列的数据，以及可用于引导城市发展的一系列指标与度量。For the last 50 years, we've really framed the question we have as a society very narrowly: to build or not to build. But the important thing about technology is that it eliminates trade-offs. It lets you do more with less. This living globe, it's not just a mirror for the world, it's also a canvas to build a better future, to visualize it, and then to summon the collective will to make it happen.过去的50年里，我们整个社会一直把问题框定得过于狭窄：建还是不建。但技术的真正意义在于，它能消除这种二选一的权衡，它让你用更少的资源做更多的事情。这个“活地球”不仅仅是世界的一面镜子，它更像是一块画布，供我们描绘更美好的未来，设想它，并激发集体意志去将它变为现实。I'm really excited to be here and share this with you.我非常激动能在这里与你们分享这一切。

I'm a digital cartographer by trade, and honestly, the last two, three, four presentations have been incredible. Maps, historically, they do really two things, and we've really seen an amazing amount of the first: understanding our world. But historically, maps weren't just about understanding. They were also about creating, about building, about shaping the built environment around us. They help us plan cities, do trade, fight wars and maintain peace. And as we've digitized these maps, you've seen them fit into our pocket. Things that used to take entire libraries, reams of paper, are now in our pocket or in our eyes.我的职业是数字制图师，说实话，过去两三四场的演讲都令人惊叹。历史上，地图主要有两个作用，我们刚刚看到的大部分内容都集中在第一个：帮助我们理解这个世界。但从历史上看，地图并不仅仅是用来理解的，它们也是用来创造、建设以及塑造我们周围的人造环境的。它们帮助我们规划城市、发展贸易、打仗与维持和平。随着地图的数字化，它们已经从纸张变成了装进口袋的东西。曾经需要整座图书馆和成堆纸张的内容，如今就在我们的口袋里，甚至就在我们眼前。But as we move from the information age into the cybernetic age, an era dominated by the application of robotics and artificial intelligence to the physical world, cartography needs to change. It's not enough to collaborate in a digital world. The challenge in front of us is really to take those technologies and to use them to build physically. And for the first time in history, we have the remote sensing capacity on orbit and the technology to process all of the data into a dynamic, living replica of the physical Earth inside of a computer -- what we call the “Living Globe.” You can think of this as a sandbox, a place where you can take the digital representation of our Earth and combine it with a physical representation on the ground, and go back and forth so that sensors can show you what's actually happening in real-time.但当我们从信息时代迈入控制论时代——一个以机器人和人工智能应用于物理世界为主导的时代——制图学也必须随之改变。仅在数字世界中协作已经不够了。我们面临的真正挑战，是将这些技术用于现实世界的物理建设。历史上第一次，我们拥有了在轨遥感能力，以及处理所有数据的技术，能在计算机中构建一个动态、活生生的地球复制体——我们称之为“活地球”。你可以把它想象成一个沙盒，一个能将数字地球与地面实景相结合、并实现实时互联的空间，让传感器告诉我们现实中正在发生什么。Let's make that real. Earlier this year, the Los Angeles wildfires devastated Southern California. Many of us were personally impacted or know someone who was. Satellite imagery and mapping played a critical role in understanding the impact of that devastation, guiding first responders and shining a spotlight on the destruction that happened. But it's not enough just to look, to observe, to react. What's been nagging me since then is that what LA needed, it wasn't satellite imagery, it was water. Large-scale infrastructure projects, megaprojects, rapid response systems with firefighting robots that would be able to take out the fire before it started.让我们回到现实。今年早些时候，洛杉矶的野火重创了南加州。我们当中许多人都受到影响，或认识受灾的人。卫星图像和地图在理解这场灾难的破坏程度、引导救援人员、聚焦受灾区域方面发挥了关键作用。但仅仅观测、记录、反应是远远不够的。从那时起，一直让我耿耿于怀的是：洛杉矶真正需要的不是卫星图像，而是水。是大型基础设施项目，是可以在火灾爆发前就扑灭火势的消防机器人组成的快速响应系统，是超级工程。This used to be how we thought. 200 years ago, we were a civilization of builders with a culture of action. We built the Erie Canal, the transcontinental railroad, the Hoover Dam -- megaprojects that fundamentally reshaped our Earth, our physical world. But these projects had devastating ramifications. Unable to predict their impact and know what the results would be, we retreated into the virtual world, a world of iPhones and personal computers dominated by individualism. The problem is: the problems of the 21st century, they're fundamentally physical. They're problems of moving atoms. When you think about climate change, energy abundance,housingaffordability, global security, these are problems that require regaining a builder's spirit and starting to act upon the physical world once again.过去我们就是这样思考的。200年前，我们是一个建设型文明，拥有行动至上的文化。我们修建了伊利运河、横贯大陆的铁路、胡佛大坝——这些超级工程从根本上改造了地球和物理世界。但这些工程也带来了毁灭性的后果。由于无法预测它们的影响和后果，我们退缩到了虚拟世界，一个被iPhone和个人电脑主导的个人主义世界中。问题是：21世纪的问题本质上是物理性的，是关于如何移动原子的难题。无论是气候变化、能源充足、住房可负担性，还是全球安全，这些问题都需要我们重新找回建设者的精神，重新在现实世界中采取行动。What we've done is we've taken dozens and dozens of different data sets. We've fused them together into a dynamic and living representation of the Earth. By pulling these into an ontology so that computers and people can interact with them together, we can programmatically start identifying patterns so that we can delegate the monitoring of those patterns to a computer.我们所做的是把几十种不同的数据集合并在一起，融合成一个动态的、活生生的地球表示。通过将这些数据整合进一个本体系统，让计算机与人类共同理解和交互，我们就可以通过程序识别出其中的模式，并将这些模式的监测任务交由计算机完成。

It looks like some kind of underwater ballet: two killer whales rubbing their bodies together as they move through the water. What's trickier to see in this new research footage, that was captured by scientists using drones, is a piece of kelp between the bodies of the two animals.这种看上去就像某种水下芭蕾舞的动作其实是两只虎鲸在水中移动时一起摩擦着身体。在科学家用无人机拍摄的这段研究画面中，更难以观察到的是这两只动物的身体之间有一条海带。The scientists don't know if this seaweed tool use is unique to the population of orcas they've studied, a group known as the Southern Resident Killer Whales, but they think it could have multiple benefits for the animals.科学家尚不清楚这种使用海藻作为工具的行为是否是他们所研究的、被称为南方居留虎鲸这个种群所特有的行为，但他们认为这一行为可能对虎鲸有多种益处。In 12 days of following these killer whales the researchers saw kelp rubbing 30 times. They hope that this new intimate insight into the lives of these magnificent but threatened animals will help highlight the importance of protecting the coastal waters where they live, hunt and often massage one another.在追踪这些虎鲸的 12 天当中，研究人员观察到了 30 次用海带按摩的行为。研究人员希望，本次对虎鲸这种宏伟而受威胁的生物生活方式的近距离观察了解能帮助他们强调保护海岸水域的重要性，这些水域是虎鲸赖以生存、捕猎和时常按摩彼此的栖息地。

You can't beat a holiday, but would you ever consider going away for just one day? Extreme day trips are a new trend that squeeze international adventure into just 24 hours. It might sound exhausting, but for lots of people, the appeal lies in time efficiency, budget-friendly prices and the excitement of going somewhere and doing something completely new.没有什么能比得上一场假期，但你有没有想过只出门一天？“极限一日游”是一种新兴趋势，把国际冒险压缩在短短24小时内。听起来可能很累，但对许多人来说，它的吸引力在于节省时间、价格亲民，以及去一个全新地方体验新鲜事物的兴奋感。It's possible to zip to cities in your own country to experience new culture, food and geography without ever leaving 'home', though many European extreme day-trippers go abroad. Monica Stott, a travel blogger from the UK, has taken day trips to Reykjavik in Iceland, Milan in Italy and Lisbon in Portugal, all without staying overnight. It all started for her when she flew over to Ireland for work meetings. She told the BBC, "I'd quite often pop over for a one or two-hour meeting and come home. Then I realised I could stay and make a full day of it."你可以飞往本国的城市，去体验不同的文化、美食和地理风貌，而无需真正“出国”。不过，许多欧洲的极限一日游爱好者还是选择了跨国旅行。英国旅游博主莫妮卡·斯托特曾在不留宿的情况下，前往冰岛的雷克雅未克、意大利的米兰和葡萄牙的里斯本进行一日游。这一切始于她因工作飞往爱尔兰开会。她告诉BBC：“我经常飞过去开一两个小时的会，然后当天返回。后来我意识到，其实我可以多留一整天。”Social media groups advertising extreme day trips are now booming. These groups offer a supportive community for like-minded travellers and are packed with tips and destination ideas.宣传极限一日游的社交媒体群组现在正蓬勃发展。这些群体为志同道合的旅行者提供了支持性的社区，里面满是旅行建议和目的地灵感。However, it's not all fun and games. Hours of the day can easily be taken up with long airport transfers, traffic jams, and in many big cities, there isn't enough time to see everything you want to. Critics also point to the environmental cost. Flying significantly contributes to global emissions and makes carbon-neutral air travel aims, such as the UK's Jet Zero, much less likely to succeed. If other forms of transport can be used, such as trains, that can be a better alternative for the environment. Train stations are often located in city centres, so you can be right in the heart of the city in much less time.不过，这并非完全是轻松愉快的旅程。一天中的大部分时间可能会被机场转乘、交通堵塞占据，而在许多大城市，你根本没足够时间游览所有想去的地方。批评者还指出其对环境的影响。航空旅行会显著增加碳排放，像英国“Jet Zero”这样实现碳中和飞行的目标因此更难达成。如果能选择其他交通方式，例如火车，对环境会更友好。火车站通常位于市中心，因此你能更快直达城市核心区域。So, if you're tempted, pack light, plan smart and consider the best way to travel for the environment and limited time you have.所以，如果你也心动了，那就轻装上阵，聪明规划，并考虑对环境更友好、同时也更适合你有限时间的出行方式吧。

Now these are simple things for many businesses to do, but they're very hard for creative people to do. But artist corporations will take these same capabilities and put them in the hands of the entire creative community. And creative people are already leaders and entrepreneurs. We just don't think of them that way. The painter Mike Kelley once said, "I started out an anarchist and a hippie, and now I'm an entrepreneur with 15 employees." Look at Tyler, The Creator, teenage hip hop phenom turned fashion impresario and now world builder. Or Dolly Parton, who turned her incredible talent and fame into a whole world of businesses and even a theme park that celebrates where she comes from in the Smoky Mountains of Tennessee. Now these are people at the top of their game who use their agency to take these bigger risks. But what if you didn't have to be in the one percent to get that chance? What if these sort of tools and self-determination were a part of every artist's kit?这些事情对许多企业来说很简单，但对创意工作者却非常困难。而“艺术家公司”（Artist Corporations）将把这些能力交到整个创意群体的手中。其实，创意人本身就是领导者和企业家——只是我们平常不这么看待他们。画家麦克·凯利（Mike Kelley）曾说：“我起初是个无政府主义者和嬉皮士，现在却成了带着15名员工的企业家。”再看 Tyler, The Creator，从青少年嘻哈天才变成时尚品牌主理人，再到如今的“世界建构者”；还有 Dolly Parton，她把自己的才华与名气转化为一个商业帝国，甚至打造了一座主题公园，纪念她来自田纳西州烟雾山的故乡。这些人站在各自领域的顶峰，用主动性去承担更大的风险。但如果并不需要进入“金字塔顶尖的1%”，也能获得这样的机会呢？如果这些工具和自主权成为每一位艺术家的“标准配置”，那会怎么样？So this is not a government handout, this is not a charity, this is not a special favor, this is the exact opposite. Right now, creative people are excluded from the full benefits of capitalism. Artist Corporations will treat them as real economic actors for the first time. Creating a consistent structure for how we value creative work is going to cause a revolution in how these industries operate. And it's going to bring more money into the space than we've ever seen before. A lot of it coming from fans who just want to support the world they want to see and won't be looking for a big financial return. Other people will. And I fully expect venture capital for artists and creators to become a real thing. And to be honest, this is where I start to get nervous. But then I remember the way things are now. And that in the past, artists have had to answer to the church, to kings, the aristocracy, wealthy patrons, network executives, now corporate algorithms. But Artist Corporations finally give us our own seat at the table.所以，这不是政府补贴，也不是慈善，更不是某种特殊照顾——它恰恰相反。如今，创意人被排除在资本主义全部收益之外。而艺术家公司，第一次把他们当作真正的经济主体来对待。为创作工作建立一个统一、持续的价值架构，将会彻底改变整个产业的运作方式。它也将带来比以往更多的资金投入——其中许多将来自粉丝，他们只是想支持那个他们希望看到的世界，并不指望获得高额回报。当然也会有一些人希望获得投资收益。我完全可以预见：面向艺术家和创意者的风险投资将成为现实。老实说，想到这里我会有些紧张。但我又想到现在的现状：过去，艺术家必须向教会、君主、贵族、富有的资助人、电视台高层“交账”，而现在则要听命于企业算法。但艺术家公司，将终于让我们自己在这个体系中拥有一个真正的席位。To make this a reality, we're following an established path for making new corporate forms, and we have people on our team who have successfully done this before. A lot of this work will be happening in public. Building a coalition of artists, creators, fans, investors, politicians, all people who believe that artist corporations are a good thing for everybody. Because this isn't anti-tech. This isn't anti-AI. This is about what type of world we want to live in.为了让这一切成为现实，我们正在沿用一条已有的、成熟的路径来建立新的公司形式，我们团队中也有曾经成功创建过这种新公司结构的人。很多工作将会在公众视野下进行。我们正在组建一个联盟，聚集艺术家、创作者、粉丝、投资人、政策制定者等，所有相信艺术家公司对每个人都利大于弊的人。因为，这并不是反对科技，也不是反对人工智能，而是关于——我们究竟想要一个怎样的世界。One where we rent access to corporate-controlled AI-generated platforms, or one where our creative and cultural institutions are owned by the people who made them.一个是我们“租用”由公司控制、用 AI 生成的平台；另一个是由创作者自己拥有他们所创建的创意和文化机构。If we keep artists powerless, the options are just going to get more and more limited. But if we allow them to be more than just individuals, whole new possibilities await. The next Disney won't be started by AI or some traditional company. It'll start as an artist corporation, a creative vision brought to life by a person or group of people that changes how the rest of us see the world.如果我们继续让艺术家没有力量，那么他们的选择只会越来越少。但如果我们允许他们不仅仅是“个体”，那么全新的可能性就会出现。下一个迪士尼，不会是由人工智能或传统公司创造的，它将诞生于一个艺术家公司，是由一个人或一群人将创意愿景变为现实，改变我们对世界的看法。Artists don't need pity. Artists need power.艺术家不需要同情，艺术家需要权力。And together, we're going to build it.而我们，将一起去构建这个未来。

Eventually I got so frustrated, I started a new project to help creative people release work together. It's called Metalabel. And one of the first releases was by myself and 10 other writers who'd all independently written about the same subject. So I reached out to these people who I didn't know, and I proposed a way that we would work together. We would publish our pieces together in a book, and the initial sales would go back to paying the cost of making it. After that, 70 percent of the profits would be split equally among us, and 30 percent would go into a shared treasury that we could use for a future project if things went well. Everyone agreed, and we became the Dark Forest Collective. And now, a year later, we've sold 2,000 copies of this book. More than 70,000 dollars has automatically flowed through our arrangement. And just now we published our second book by another author, even better than the first. And our little collective is going to make six figures, which is wild.最终，我感到非常沮丧，于是开始了一个新项目，目的是帮助创意人士以合作的方式发布作品。这个项目叫做 Metalabel。而第一批发行的作品之一，是我和另外十位作家各自独立写的同一个主题。我联系了这些原本不认识的人，提出一个合作方式：我们将各自的文章集结成一本书出版，最初的销售收入用来支付制作成本。之后，70%的利润平均分给我们每个人，剩下的30%进入一个共享资金池，如果项目顺利，可以用来支持下一个项目。大家都同意了，我们成立了“幽暗森林联盟（Dark Forest Collective）”。一年后，我们已经卖出了2000本书，通过我们的机制自动分配了超过7万美元的收入。现在我们刚刚发布了第二本书，由另一位作者撰写，比第一本还要好。我们这个小联盟的收入很快就会突破六位数，真是难以置信。But then I realized it was kind of silly to be so legally YOLO about this, and so I should create some sort of structure to represent what we were doing. And I was surprised to find there wasn't an obvious fit. We could be an LLC, but that just puts a shield over the project. It doesn't help you grow the pie or share it. We could be a C corporation, but then you're taxed twice and you have all sorts of overhead. You could be a nonprofit and then be wrapped in red tape.但后来我意识到，这样在法律上“随便搞搞”其实挺不靠谱的，我需要为我们正在做的事情建立一个正式的结构来承载它。但令我惊讶的是，竟然没有一个现成的、合适的形式。我们可以注册成有限责任公司（LLC），但那只是给项目加了个保护壳，无法帮助我们“做大蛋糕”或合理分配成果。我们也可以成立C型公司，但那样就要被双重征税，还会有各种运营负担。如果选择非营利组织，就又陷入繁琐的行政和法律程序中。So I started thinking, what if you could create a new structure for a project like ours? So I reached out to a trusted colleague, and soon we were speaking to experts in making new corporate forms. And for the last year, a small team of us have been working together, digging into this question, and I'm here representing our work because we've come up with something. A new structure for creative work. We call it the Artist corporation or A Corp.于是我开始思考：我们能不能为这样的项目创造一种新的结构？我联系了一位值得信赖的同事，没多久我们就开始和设计新型企业结构的专家对话。在过去一年里，我们组成了一个小团队，一起深入研究这个问题。今天我来分享我们的成果：我们确实创造出一种新的创作组织结构，我们称之为“艺术家公司”（Artist Corporation），简称 A Corp。Now I realize that a new corporate structure sounds like the last thing creative people need.我知道，说要搞一个“新企业结构”听起来完全不是创意工作者所需要的东西。And that these two words are the exact opposite of each other. But the A Corp just might be the door that opens up a new path to prosperity for creative people. You could think of an A Corp as like a company but built for how creative people work.而且“艺术家”和“公司”这两个词，几乎听起来就是相反的概念。但 A Corp 可能正是一扇大门，为创意人打开通往繁荣的新路径。你可以把 A Corp 理解为一个公司，但它是为创作者的工作方式量身打造的。And we can imagine a band starts, and right from the beginning they have an A Corp. So not just five individuals, they're people who collectively own an organization that has the power to own their intellectual property, their gear, their business. As they start to get paid, that money can automatically flow to each of the members according to pre-set amounts, and they could even set aside money to be saved for future projects in a treasury, or pooling together with other Artist Corporations to get better healthcare or other benefits.比如，我们可以设想一个乐队刚起步时就成立了一个 A Corp。他们不只是五个单独的人，而是共同拥有一个组织，这个组织可以拥有他们的知识产权、设备和整个业务运营。收入进来后，资金会根据预设比例自动分配给每位成员。他们还可以设立资金池，用于未来项目的投资，或者和其他 A Corp 联合起来，共享更好的医保或其他福利。As an Artist Corporation, they would also be able to receive both commercial revenue as well as non-profit sources of funding. And if a label or a bigger commercial entity came along, rather than just selling the rights to their intellectual property, which has been customary until now, as an artist corporation, they can issue shares. So instead, that entity would make an investment in the artist corporation, allowing it to be valued more highly and everyone to benefit if things went well.作为一个艺术家公司（A Corp），他们不仅可以获得商业收入，也可以接收非营利性质的资助。而当唱片公司或大型商业机构出现时，他们不需要像以往那样直接出售自己的知识产权，而是可以发行股份。这样，外部机构相当于是在对艺术家公司进行投资，从而提升其整体估值，一旦项目成功，所有人都能受益。

So if you want to understand how challenging the future could be for creative people, just look at what's happening with musicians right now. Up until the late '90s, people either listened to music for free on the radio or by buying a physical copy to listen to at home. But then the internet happened, and now Spotify and other streaming services give us access to an infinite catalog of music. We don't own anything, but we can rent pretty much all of it. So people pay less money, which means musicians make less money, but the platforms make a lot of money.所以，如果你想了解未来对创作者来说会有多么艰难，只需看看当下音乐人的处境。在90年代末之前，人们要么在广播上免费听音乐，要么买实体唱片回家听。但随后互联网出现了，如今 Spotify 和其他串流服务让我们可以无限制地访问海量音乐。我们不再拥有任何音乐，但几乎所有音乐都可以“租”来听。于是，人们花的钱变少了，音乐人的收入减少了，而平台却赚得盆满钵满。Recently, researchers have discovered a new type of song on Spotify, a ghost song by a ghost artist. These are unnamed, uncredited musicians who are paid to make music that sounds like what the Spotify algorithm says people want to hear. In recent years, some of Spotify's most prominent playlists have seen real songs by real artists, replaced with ghost songs by ghost artists. Real songs have to be paid real royalties. Ghost songs don't.最近，研究人员在 Spotify 上发现了一种新的歌曲类型——由“幽灵艺术家”创作的“幽灵歌曲”。这些创作者没有名字，也不被署名，他们只是被雇佣来创作出符合 Spotify 算法推荐的“大众爱听”的音乐。近年来，Spotify上一些最热门的歌单，已经把真实音乐人创作的歌曲，换成了这些幽灵艺术家的作品。因为真实歌曲要支付版权费用，而幽灵歌曲则不需要。Something like this dynamic is playing out across every creative industry: maximize profits by minimizing creator compensation. Now add AI, and the ghost artist doesn't even have to be human anymore. A future of art without artists.类似的情况正在所有创意产业中发生：通过压缩创作者的收入来最大化利润。如今再加上人工智能，连“幽灵艺术家”都不需要是真人了——我们正迈向一个没有艺术家的“艺术未来”。Now I'm not an expert on AI, but I have spent the last 25 years working as a creative person and making tools for creative people. I'm a son of a musician, and my career began writing about music for "Pitchfork" and "The Village Voice," I started a tiny record label, and I'm one of the cofounders of Kickstarter, which gave creative people a way to bypass the gatekeepers and go straight to the public with their projects.我并不是人工智能方面的专家，但过去25年来，我一直是一位创作者，也在为创作者打造工具。我是音乐人的儿子，职业生涯起步于为《Pitchfork》和《Village Voice》撰写音乐评论，后来我创办了一个小唱片公司，并且是 Kickstarter 的联合创始人之一。Kickstarter 为创作者提供了一条途径，让他们绕过传统的把关者，直接将项目面向大众。Before Kickstarter, so many amazing projects had no chance to exist because they didn't fit some pre-existing business model. After Kickstarter, millions of people have exchanged billions of dollars in support of new ideas. Where there was a wall, we built a door.在 Kickstarter 诞生之前，很多精彩的项目根本没有机会问世，只因为它们不符合既有的商业模式。而在 Kickstarter 之后，数百万人用数十亿美元的资金，支持了各种新想法。原本是一堵墙的地方，我们开出了一扇门。But despite what you hear about the creator economy, the reality for most creative people is stark. It's estimated that 85 percent of visual artists make less than 25,000 dollars a year, and that just 13 percent of creative people earn a full-time living from their work. So we're not talking about aristocrats and rock stars. We're talking about people working hard, trying to make a living by doing what comes natural to them. A musician, a craftsperson, a community theater director, a potter. Millions of people who are our friends, our family, our neighbors who inspire us and millions more people too. But despite being so central to how we experience life, we don't make things easy for these folks. There's no automatic health care, there's no retirement benefits, there's no path to collective wealth at all. They're entirely on their own. In a world of global capitalism, creative people operate like 18th-century traveling peddlers, moving from village to village and project to project, trying to piece together a living.尽管你可能听说“创作者经济”很有前景，但大多数创意工作者的现实却非常残酷。据估计，85%的视觉艺术家年收入低于2.5万美元，只有13%的创意人士能靠作品维持全职生计。所以我们不是在谈论贵族或摇滚明星，而是那些努力工作、试图靠天赋谋生的人：音乐人、手工艺人、社区剧团导演、陶艺师。他们是我们身边的朋友、家人、邻居，是激励我们的人，还有更多不被看见的人。但尽管他们在我们生活体验中扮演着如此重要的角色，我们却没有为他们提供便利。他们没有自动医保、没有退休金、没有建立财富的路径。他们完全是孤军奋战。在全球资本主义的语境下，创作者们就像18世纪的流动小贩，从一个村子走向另一个村子，从一个项目转向另一个项目，勉强拼凑生活。So there's something missing here: a way for creative people to get access to the basics and be a part of something bigger than just them on their own. And I personally really struggled with this a few years ago. I was grinding away in the creator economy and getting lonelier by the second. The people most like me, were my biggest competition. It left me constantly on edge and burnt out and alone.所以我们现在缺少的，是一个机制——能让创意工作者获得基本保障，并参与到一个比他们自己更大的整体之中。几年前，我自己也在为这个问题而痛苦挣扎。我在创作者经济里拼命奋斗，却感到越来越孤独。那些和我最相似的人，反而成了我最大的竞争对手。这种状态让我持续焦虑、精疲力尽，也越来越孤单。

When's your next big birthday? How do you feel about that? Do you feel you need to do something spectacular to mark it? Are you excited by the prospect, or dreading the future?你的下一个重要生日是什么时候？你对它有什么感受？你是否觉得需要做一些特别的事情来纪念这个日子？你是对它感到兴奋，还是对未来感到担忧？We usually think of birthdays as a time to celebrate, but they can also cause stress and worry. Research suggests that this can be even stronger for '9-enders', the 29, 39 and 49-year-olds who are worried about the milestone they are about to reach. What is it that makes a number that ends in zero so daunting?我们通常认为生日是一个值得庆祝的时刻，但它们有时也会带来压力和焦虑。研究表明，这种情绪在“9结尾的人”中尤为明显——例如29岁、39岁和49岁的人，他们对即将到来的里程碑感到担忧。到底是什么让以“0”结尾的数字如此令人畏惧？New decades can seem like a fresh start where we evaluate how we are doing. The problem is that many of us look for something to compare with. This might be people that we know or that we follow on social media, or just what we think society expects us to have achieved by a certain age. Any differences can lead us to question ourselves. This links to other stresses that can come with getting older. We might worry that there is limited time to achieve society's expectations. We may also know people from older generations who had health problems at a certain age, and fear that the same thing will affect us.新的十年看起来像是一个新的开始，让我们重新评估自己过得如何。问题在于，很多人会寻找比较对象。这个比较对象可能是我们认识的人、在社交媒体上关注的人，或者是我们认为社会期望我们在某个年龄应该达成的成就。任何差距都可能让我们怀疑自己。这与随着年龄增长而来的其他压力相关联。我们可能会担心实现社会期待的时间已经不多了。我们或许还认识一些年纪更大的人，他们在某个年龄段出现了健康问题，因此害怕自己也会遭遇同样的事情。So, what can we do? Psychologists advise a few steps. Many agree that it's important to celebrate or mark your birthday in your own way. Do something you genuinely enjoy to avoid feeling the pressure of having to celebrate in a particular way. Another key piece of advice that psychologists offer is that we should use the opportunity to reflect on our lives, but in positive ways. First, consider what you have achieved recently and record those achievements. Then decide what you want to achieve next, and what steps you can take to get there. Having achievable goals can help give our lives greater purpose.那么我们该怎么办呢？心理学家提出了一些建议。许多人认为，用你自己的方式庆祝或纪念生日是很重要的。做一些你真正喜欢的事，避免因必须“按规定”庆祝而产生压力。心理学家的另一个关键建议是：要借这个机会积极地反思自己的生活。首先，思考你最近取得了哪些成就，并将它们记录下来。接着，决定你接下来想要实现什么目标，以及你可以采取哪些步骤来达成它。有现实可行的目标能让我们的生活更有意义。If we can celebrate our successes, set ourselves realistic and achievable goals, and find a way to spend our day that we really enjoy, then maybe we'll find it much easier to deal with those big milestone birthdays.如果我们能够庆祝自己的成就，设定现实可达的目标，并找到真正享受的方式度过这一天，那么，也许我们会更轻松地应对那些重要的生日节点。

Ballot pops up on my screen, and the ballot itself is simple and easy to use, and I go through it, I take my time, no rush. Whenever I'm ready, I hit submit. And when I hit submit, three things happen. First, my ballot is encrypted. Second, it's anonymized. Third, I get a tracking code, like if it were a FedEx package, so I can track the progress of my ballot all the way through the process.选票会在我的屏幕上弹出，整个选票设计得简单易用，我可以慢慢来，不着急。等我准备好，就点击“提交”。当我提交时，会发生三件事：第一，选票被加密；第二，身份被匿名处理；第三，我会收到一个追踪码，就像寄 FedEx 包裹那样，可以在整个流程中追踪我的选票状态。Then it goes back to the New York City Board of Elections, and they air-gap it, which means they take it offline. And once my ballot is no longer connected to the internet, then they decrypt it, a paper copy is printed out that gets mixed in with all of the other ballots.之后，选票会被送回纽约市选举委员会，他们会将其“隔离”，也就是断网处理。一旦选票完全脱离互联网环境，他们就会将其解密，然后打印出纸质副本，与其他所有纸质选票一起混合处理。I know where my ballot stands, because I can see from the tracking code that it was received, tabulated, printed and so on. And the underlying code itself is open source, which means that anyone can audit it. Anyone can verify it. It's totally transparent.我能清楚地知道我的选票走到哪一步了，因为从追踪码上可以看到它是否被接收、统计、打印等。并且，整个系统的底层代码是开源的，意味着任何人都可以审核、验证它，一切都是完全透明的。To me, that's a lot more secure than the way we vote right now. And we've already built it. We've already paid for it, and we're giving it away to anyone who wants to use it for free.对我来说，这种方式比我们现在的投票方式要安全得多。而且这个系统我们已经开发完成了，也已经为它买单了。现在，我们把它免费开放给任何想使用它的政府。And with a little more work, I think we could do even more. We could register people to vote on the app. We could give voters nonpartisan information about candidates or ballot measures so you actually know what you're voting on.再多做一点努力，我认为我们还可以做得更多。我们可以在应用中让人们注册为选民；我们可以向选民提供关于候选人或公投事项的非党派信息，让你真正知道自己在投什么票。And versions of this already do exist. Mobile voting in a way, exists in Estonia. They use it in party elections in the UK. Somemunicipalities here in Canada use it. But not in the US, and not in most democracies.事实上，这种形式的投票已经存在于一些地方。在爱沙尼亚，某种程度上已经实现了移动投票；英国的党内选举中也使用过；加拿大一些市政选举中也采用了。但在美国，还没有，在多数民主国家也还没有。And that's where the hard part really kicks in: getting politicians to let us use our phones to vote in elections, because in my experience, people in power don't like making it easier for other people to gain power. And that's -- Yeah, exactly.而最难的部分正是这里：让政治人物同意我们使用手机进行投票。因为根据我的经验，掌权者通常不喜欢让别人更容易获取权力。对，就是这样。And that's why I'm here. Because they're not just going to do it if I ask nicely. They're not just going to do it if I snarl at libertarians on X or at the liberals on Bluesky. They're only going to do it if you make it happen. If we all make it happen. And we can.这也是我为什么站在这里。因为光靠我礼貌地请求，政治人物不会做这件事；即使我在 X 上对自由意志主义者怒吼、在 Bluesky 上对自由派咆哮，也没用。他们只会在你们推动下才会动起来。如果我们大家一同努力，就能让它发生。我们做得到。Every major right that has ever been won, anywhere: the right to vote, the Civil Rights Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act, same-sex marriage, anything, has only happened because enough people stood up loud enough and long enough and demanded their rights, and eventually the status quo had to give in历史上每一项重要权利的争取，无论在哪：投票权、《民权法案》、《美国残障人法案》、同性婚姻……所有这些，都是因为有足够多的人站出来，发出足够大的声音，持续足够长的时间，坚持要求自己的权利，最终旧有秩序不得不让步。And we can do that here, too. We can make voting easier and a lot more secure. We can bring regular people back into the process. We can take power away from the extremes. We can end the dysfunction and polarization that plagues our society today.而我们在这里，也完全可以做到。我们可以让投票更容易、更安全。我们可以让普通人重新参与到民主程序中。我们可以削弱极端派的权力。我们可以终结困扰当今社会的混乱与撕裂。We can give our politicians the cover and the courage they need to work together and to finally, finally get things done. We can do all of this in the next ten years. We can do it with mobile voting.我们可以为政治人物提供掩护和勇气，让他们彼此合作，终于——真的可以办成事。我们可以在接下来的十年内做到这一切。我们可以用“移动投票”来实现。

About a decade or so ago, I helped run a lot of the campaigns around the US to legalize Uber. And I know that now when you guys think of Uber, it's this giant corporation. But back then, we were a tiny little tech startup, and taxi was this big, politically powerful industry who really didn't like us.大约十年前，我协助推动了美国各地让 Uber 合法化的许多宣传活动。我知道现在大家一想到 Uber，就觉得它是一家巨头公司。但那时候，我们只是一个小小的科技初创企业，而出租车行业则是一个庞大且政治势力强大的产业，他们非常不喜欢我们。And we knew we couldn't out-muscle them. And so instead, we turned to the people. And by making it possible for our customers to tell their elected officials, "Hey, I like this Uber thing, please leave it alone," we were able to mobilize millions of people through the app to advocate on our behalf.我们知道自己无法硬碰硬地打败他们。所以我们转而寻求人民的支持。我们让顾客可以通过应用程序直接告诉他们的民选官员：“嘿，我挺喜欢 Uber 的，请不要干涉。”就这样，我们动员了数以百万计的用户为我们发声。And when mayors and city council members started hearing from thousands of their constituents, that's exactly what they did. They left Uber alone. It's how we won at basically every market in the country.当市长和市议员们开始收到成千上万选民的来信后，他们确实就不再干涉 Uber 了。正是这样，我们几乎在全国每一个市场都赢得了胜利。And while this was happening, I just remember sitting there thinking, "God bless these people. They're making my job a lot easier." But my guess is they don't know who their city council member is. They don't vote in state Senate primaries. And you know, why would they? They're busy, they have kids, they have jobs, they have lives.在这一过程中，我记得我坐在那里想：“感谢老天，这些人真是帮了我大忙。”但我猜他们其实并不知道自己的市议员是谁，也不去参与州参议院初选。你想想，为啥他们要去投？他们很忙，有孩子、有工作、有生活要过。But when we made it really easy, when we let people reach their politicians directly from their phones, everything changed. So what if we could vote this way?但当我们把事情变得非常简单，让人们可以直接通过手机联系他们的政治代表，一切都改变了。那么，如果我们也能用这种方式来投票，会怎样？So in 2017, we created the Mobile Voting Project. And the first thing we did was work with election officials in seven states, red and blue, where either deployed military or people with disabilities were able to vote in real elections on their phones. Soldiers from West Virginia stationed in Afghanistan. People who are blind in Denver. In one election in Seattle, we let everyone participate. And after doing it for two years in a row, turnout tripled.于是，在2017年，我们创建了“移动投票项目”。我们首先做的是与七个红州蓝州的选务官合作，让驻外军人或残障人士能通过手机在正式选举中投票。比如驻扎在阿富汗的西弗吉尼亚州士兵，丹佛的盲人选民。在西雅图的一次选举中，我们甚至让所有人都能参与。连续两年之后，投票率增长了三倍。Denver did a poll of those who participated in their election, and 100 percent, so every single respondent, said, "Yeah, I like pressing a button better than having to go somewhere." Shocking, right? In other big news, water is wet, and ice cream tastes good.丹佛对参加那次投票的选民做了调查，结果是 100% 的受访者——也就是说每一个人——都表示：“是的，我更喜欢按个按钮，而不是跑一趟投票站。”是不是很震惊？呵呵，就跟“水是湿的、冰淇淋好吃”一样，是个“震惊的常识”。But that was for specific groups of voters. And we wanted everyone to be able to vote securely on their phones.但那还只是针对特定群体的投票。我们想让所有人都能安全地用手机投票。So four years ago, we started building our own mobile voting technology. We're almost done, we're going to finish it this summer. And when we do, it's going to be free and open-source to any government in the world that wants to use it.于是四年前，我们开始开发自己的移动投票技术。现在已经快完成了，预计今年夏天就会完成。一旦完成，它将免费开源，供全球任何愿意使用的政府采用。And to be clear, this is just an additional way to vote. If you like voting by mail, vote by mail. If you like voting in person, great, do that. Some people really like the ceremony that comes with going somewhere and waiting in line and all of that. And if that happens to be you, knock yourself out. But based on turnout, that's not most of you. So let's give people another option.需要说明的是，这只是一种额外的投票方式。如果你喜欢邮寄投票，那就邮寄；喜欢亲自到投票站，那就去吧。有些人真的很享受那种仪式感——走进投票站、排队等待这一套。如果你就是这种人，那请尽情享受。但根据目前的投票率来看，大多数人并不是这样的人。所以我们应该给人们提供另一个选择。So as I mentioned before, and as you can probably tell from my accent, I'm from New York, so I'm going to use that as the example for how it works. I go on the App Store, and I download the New York City Board of Elections app.正如我之前说过的，也如你可能从我的口音中听出来的，我来自纽约，所以我就用纽约来举例说明这个流程。我会打开 App Store，然后下载“纽约市选举委员会”的官方应用。And the first thing they do is say, OK, is Bradley really a registered voter here in New York City? I put in my address. Fine. Next thing is multi-factor authentication. So you know how, like, when you forget your Google password, they send you a code and you put it back into the app? Same thing here.首先，系统会核实：“Bradley 是否真的是纽约市的注册选民？”我输入我的地址。没问题。接下来就是多重身份验证。就像你忘了 Google 密码时，他们会发你一个验证码，然后你在应用里输入一样，这里也是同样的流程。Then we take a scan of your face, match that up against your government ID. And at this point we've fully established, OK, Bradley is really Bradley.然后我们会扫描你的脸部图像，并与政府颁发的身份证件进行比对。到了这一步，我们就完全确认了：好的，Bradley 就是 Bradley 本人。

So let me ask you a question. How many of you do your banking, your health care on your phones? Right, of course you do. How about like, your love life, your entertainment, travel planning, all that kind of stuff? Right. How many of you vote on your phones? That's the problem.那我问你们一个问题。你们当中有多少人是在手机上处理银行业务或健康事务的？对吧，当然是这样。那你们的恋爱、娱乐、旅行计划这些呢？也是如此，对吧？那有多少人是在手机上投票的？这就是问题所在。So I spent the first 15 years of my career working in US government and politics. City government, state government, federal government, you name it, I saw it from pretty much every angle. And the main thing that I took away from it, really, more than anything else, is why politicians make the decisions they make. Is it based on what they believe in? No. Is it what's best for their city or their state or their country? Not really. How about what's best for their constituents specifically? Not even that. It's actually a lot simpler. Virtually every politician makes every decision solely based on winning the next election and nothing else. And that's true for the next election and then the next election after that.我职业生涯的前15年都在美国政府和政治体系中工作。市政府、州政府、联邦政府……你能想到的层级我基本都经历过，从各个角度观察过。而我最大的收获之一就是：为什么政治人物会做出某些决策。他们是基于自己的信仰吗？不是。是为了他们的城市、州或国家的最佳利益吗？也不是。是为了他们选民的最大利益吗？甚至也不是。其实原因简单得多——几乎所有政治人物做每一个决定，都是为了赢得下一次选举，仅此而已。这适用于下一次选举，也适用于再下一次。And it's a problem in democracies all over the world, but it's especially pervasive in the United States because we have this corrupt practice known as gerrymandering. And what that allows the two political parties to do is divvy up all the legislative districts so that, as a result, the only election that ever really matters is the party primary.这是全球民主制度中的普遍问题，但在美国尤其严重，因为我们有一种腐败的操作方式，叫做“选区划分操控”（gerrymandering）。这种做法让两个主要政党得以重新划分所有立法选区，结果导致唯一真正重要的选举成了党内初选。Now we had a big election last fall. You guys might have heard something about it. And in that election, about two thirds of Americans voted. But that was for president. I live in New York City. In 2023, we had city council primaries. Turnout was 7.2 percent. So I don't know if you guys have ever been to New York, but if you have, you will know, we are not a shy people. And yet, in this city of 8.5 million highly opinionated people, you could win a council seat with just 8,000 votes. And the same thing is true in state legislative races, congressional, mayoral, you name it, and it's true everywhere.我们在去年秋天举行了一场大型选举。你们可能听说过一些情况。在那场选举中，大约有三分之二的美国人投票了，但那是总统选举。我住在纽约市。在2023年，我们举行了市议会初选，投票率只有7.2%。我不知道你们有没有来过纽约，但如果来过，你就知道我们可不是害羞的人。可就是在这个拥有850万意见强烈市民的城市里，只需要8000票就可以赢得一个市议会席位。州议会、国会、市长选举也是一样，到处都是如此。So who are those voters? They're typically the far right or the far left, or special interests that know how to move money and votes in low-turnout elections. They dictate not only who wins office but then what happens once they're in office. And that gets us one of two types of government. Either the chaos and dysfunction that we call Washington, DC, or totally one-sided governments, whether it's the state of Texas on the right or the city of San Francisco on the left. And if we were truly hopelessly divided, if we just couldn't agree on any issue, that'd be one thing, but we're not.那么这些投票的人是谁？通常是极左或极右的人，或者是懂得如何在低投票率选举中操控资金和选票的特殊利益集团。他们不仅决定了谁能当选，还决定了当选者上任后会做些什么。这种状况导致我们只有两种政府：要么就是我们称之为“华盛顿特区”的混乱与瘫痪，要么就是极端一边倒的政府，比如右派主导的德克萨斯州，或左派主导的旧金山市。如果我们真的如此严重分裂，任何议题都无法达成共识，那还情有可原——但事实上并不是这样。Most people agree on the solutions to most issues, whether it's education or health care or climate or taxes or let's take guns as an example. The vast majority of Americans would say that we should neither confiscate everyone's guns, but nor should it be easy to walk into a store and walk out with an assault rifle. But the problem is, those Americans, the people in the center, the people in the middle, they don't vote in primaries. So politicians ignore their views and cater only to the extremes. And when the next school shooting happens, and it will happen, all of us are going to bang our heads against the wall and say, Why can't our politicians just do the right thing for once?”大多数人在大多数议题上其实是有共识的，不论是教育、医疗、气候还是税收。就拿枪支问题来说，大多数美国人都认为，我们既不应该没收所有人的枪，也不该让人随便走进一家店就能带着突击步枪走出来。但问题在于，那些处于中间立场的人——也就是大多数人——他们并不参加初选。所以政客们无视他们的观点，只迎合极端选民。当下一起校园枪击案发生时（而它确实还会发生），我们所有人又会撞墙大喊：我们的政客为什么就不能做一次正确的事？Why? I'll tell you why. Because they're held hostage by the extremes. They're stuck. We have to free them from their clutches. We have to make it possible for them to move back to the middle. And the only way to do that is to get a lot more people voting. And the only way to do that is to meet the people where they are: on their phones.为什么？我来告诉你为什么。因为他们被极端派俘虏了。他们被困住了。我们必须把他们从这些人的控制中解放出来。我们必须让他们有可能回到中间立场。而实现这一点的唯一方法，就是让更多人参与投票。而要让更多人参与，唯一的办法就是在他们所在的地方找到他们：在他们的手机上。

You listed travel as one of your passions.你说旅行是你的兴趣之一。Yeah. But actually my passion is airport to airport, what happens between airports.是的。但实际上，我热爱的部分是“从一个机场到另一个机场”，也就是机场之间发生的一切。So you like the flying then, the journey?所以你喜欢的是飞行本身，也就是这个旅程？Absolutely.完全是。What about that do you like?那你喜欢飞行中的什么？I love airplanes. Do I love airports? Not really. When I go to an airport I go to the window to look at the airplanes. Since the tender age of five I've always had this passion for airplanes, and my dream was to become an airline pilot.我喜欢飞机。我喜欢机场吗？不太喜欢。每次我去机场，我都会走到窗边去看飞机。从我五岁那年起，我就对飞机充满热情，我的梦想就是成为一名航空公司飞行员。Okay. Have you ever flown an airplane?好吧，那你飞过飞机吗？Have I ever flown in an airplane?你是说坐过飞机吗？Not in an airplane. Have you ever flown an airplane?不是坐飞机。我是问你有没有亲自驾驶过飞机？I've never flown an airplane. I've been in the flight deck of a number of aircraft, but I've never flown one.我从没开过飞机。我进过不少飞机的驾驶舱，但从没亲自飞过。Okay. So walk us through a trip with Tony. What's going through your mind along the journey from airport to airport?好吧，那就带我们体验一趟“托尼之旅”。在机场到机场的过程中，你脑子里在想些什么？Well, just like the other souls on board, I go on, I sit, I buckle my seatbelt. I obey the commands from the cabin crew. I hear the pilots talking over the Intercom. But I take it another step further. I actually listen to the details of what the pilots are saying. I'm thinking about what's the weather going to be like, what's the weather on the ground, what's the surface winds on the runway? All these things that regular passengers don't think about when they're sitting in the seat and they're just like.嗯，就像机上的其他乘客一样，我登机、坐下、系好安全带，听从机组人员的指示，听飞行员在广播中讲话。但我会更进一步去听，我会认真听飞行员在说什么细节。我会思考天气会怎么样？地面的天气如何？跑道上的风速和风向是怎样的？这些都是普通乘客坐在座位上完全不会想的事。Yeah. I certainly don't think about that, no. I am probably just relaxing, and maybe once in a while looking out the window, if I'm privileged enough to get a window seat. And just seeing how pretty it is.是啊，我肯定不会想这些。我通常是在放松，要是运气好坐到靠窗的位子，偶尔看看窗外，觉得风景挺漂亮的，仅此而已。And if you're looking out, and you say you have a seat just over the wing, you're looking out and you're like, oh, there's the wing. It looks nice, long, okay.如果你坐在机翼旁，看向窗外，也许你会说：“啊，那是机翼，看起来还挺长的，还不错。”I don't even think that much at any rate.我甚至连这种程度都不会去想。Yeah. Yeah. But to me, I'm looking at the wing and I'm like, that's the forward slats, those are the landing flaps, that's the spoiler. Oh, look at the winglet at the end. Yeah.是啊。但对我来说，我看着机翼会想：“那是前缘缝翼，那是着陆襟翼，那是扰流板。哦，看，翼尖还有个小翼。”Okay. No, I'm definitely not thinking that at all. So you actually don't care about the cities that you're traveling to, and seeing new places?好吧，我绝对不会那样想。所以说，你其实并不在意你去的城市，也不在意看新地方？No, no, no. Don't get me wrong. I actually do. I've had the fortune of visiting some really amazing places, like Glasgow, Scotland, which I do love. Meeting the people, meeting different people actually is something I look forward to. And the architecture and all the fun stuff, like art, artworks and crafts and all that stuff that when you travel you always try to secure before you return home. But yeah, I do, I do like the experiences outside of aviation when it comes to traveling. But for me, you may think it's weird, but it's still aviation for me. That's the top. That's definitely at the top of the list for me. When it comes to flight there are five critical phases. You have takeoff, climb out, cruise, descent and landing. Even at the end of a flight, coming to the end just before landing, the pilots are trying their best to keep the nose of the airplane training down the center line of the runway. After landing, when we're deplaning, I would often stop at the flight deck door and I'll be like, "What happened there just before touchdown?" And the pilots would laugh and be like, "Oh, just a little gust. Nothing really. But we're on the ground, we're safe."不是，不是，你别误会。其实我还是在意的。我有幸去过一些很棒的地方，比如苏格兰的格拉斯哥，我真的很喜欢那里。遇见新的人、不同的人，这也是我所期待的。而且像建筑啊、艺术啊、手工艺品这些旅行中必不可少的乐趣，我也会尽可能在回家前带一些。但对我来说，你可能觉得奇怪，但我最在意的始终还是航空。这是排在第一位的。一次飞行分为五个关键阶段：起飞、爬升、巡航、下降和着陆。即便是快要结束时，在落地前，飞行员还在尽力让飞机的机头保持在跑道的中心线上。飞机落地、下机的时候，我经常会停在驾驶舱门口，问飞行员：“刚才接地前那一下发生了什么？”飞行员会笑着说：“哦，就一阵小阵风，没什么事。但我们安全着陆了。”Oh my gosh. So basically you're grading the pilot as you are taking a trip somewhere.天啊。所以你基本上是在给飞行员打分，顺便去旅行？Weird. It's so weird, right?好奇怪吧，真的很奇怪，对吧？Absolutely. Absolutely weird.没错，确实很奇怪。That's what aviation buffs do.这就是航空迷的日常啦。Crazy. Crazy.疯了，疯了。

The phenomenon that many people believe is a mass psychogenic illness, with a particularly modern twist.许多人认为这是一种群体性心因疾病，但带有鲜明的现代特征。The thing about mass hysteria is that it's a line of sight thing, right? Part of the reason you get the symptoms is because you see somebody having the symptoms themselves.群体癔症的关键在于"视觉传染"——你出现症状，部分原因是你亲眼目睹了他人的症状。But with the advent of police body cams, each psychogenic overdose also creates a video. And that video then gets seen by other police officers, which potentially creates more psychogenic overdoses, which creates more videos -- you see the problem -- creating perhaps the perfect vector for spread.但随执法记录仪普及，每次心因性"吸毒过量"都会被录下。视频在其他警员间传播，可能引发更多案例，继而产生更多视频——这形成了完美的传播链条。Back in Le Roy, the outbreak there followed a pattern of many mass psychogenic illnesses. It came on strong, it wreaked havoc, and it faded away.勒罗伊事件符合典型群体心因疾病模式：猛烈爆发、造成混乱、逐渐消退。Why there? It's impossible to say for sure, but we do now know that some of the girls were experiencing their own personal, private, traumatic situations that may have contributed to their susceptibility.虽无法确定具体诱因，但现已得知部分女孩当时正经历个人创伤，这可能增加了她们的易感性。And of course, once mass hysteria sets in, it kind of brings its own stress and trauma, as does just being an American teenage girl today.当然，一旦群体癔症爆发，它本身就会带来压力与创伤——更何况当今美国少女本就承受着诸多压力。Before it was over, 19 girls at the high school came down with symptoms. All of them somehow connected to the others. Several of them were on the soccer team together. Several of them shared a very specific art class, and two of them were best friends.疫情结束前，该校共有19名女生出现症状，她们彼此都存在关联：有些是同队足球队员，有些共修特定艺术课，还有两人是挚友。By the time summer break arrived, the symptoms were all but gone from the high school. Almost. Remember Rose? She was the one with the tampon theory. Rose never caught those Tourette's-like symptoms that ripped through the high school so severely because Rose already had Tourette's. She has since she was three.暑假来临，症状几乎从校园绝迹——但"几乎"不包括罗斯。就是提出卫生棉条理论的那个女孩。她没被传染类似妥瑞氏症的症状，因为她本就患有此症，三岁起便如此。I had always had very prominent tics from the time I was diagnosed, like I had facial twitches, I would go through spurts where I would be throwing things. I was always very loud, like I always have very loud vocal tics. You will always hear me. Everybody always knows who I am."确诊后我一直有明显抽搐，比如面部痉挛、突然扔东西。发声抽动尤其响亮，所有人老远就能认出我。"Unfortunately for Rose, when people with tic disorders are around other people who tic, both people tend to tic more severely. So you can imagine when 19 other girls are walking the halls ticking, Rose's tics got worse. Much, much worse.的是，抽动症患者相处时会加重彼此症状。当19个女孩在走廊集体抽搐时，罗斯的症状急剧恶化。So I had a tic where I would punch myself right here in the face, over and over and over."我有个抽动动作是反复捶打自己脸部。"And your chin. That was your tic."还有下巴。"My tic was literally to coldcock myself. I have permanent damage in my right eye because my other tic was to punch myself in the eye. I was literally beating the shit out of myself."我会猛击自己眼部，右眼已留下永久损伤。那段时间我简直在自我殴打。"Rose had a really difficult year, to say the least. But it was something she told me about her life now that struck me about this idea of contagion and connection.至少可以说，罗斯那年过得异常艰难。但她现在的生活状态，让我对"传染与联结"有了新认识。So I volunteer at Tourette Syndrome Camp every summer, right?"我每年夏天都在妥瑞氏症夏令营做志愿者。"And I love it. It is one of the best things I do with my life every year. It's so amazing. But we all tic so much more because we're all ticking."那是我生命中最美好的经历。虽然大家症状会相互加重，但实在太棒了。"Does that feel good or bad?"这种感觉是好是坏？"Oh, I love it."噢，我爱死它了。"At Rose's Tourette's Camp, when the contagion comes on, they let it happen. They don't hold back.在罗斯的夏令营里，当"传染"发生时，他们放任其发生。It is so worth every second of it, because you are having the best time and you are around your people. And there's something called tic shopping. That's the actual name for it. And you can pick up other people's tics."每分每秒都值得，因为你和同类人共度美好时光。我们管这叫'抽动购物'——真的会不自觉地'买来'别人的症状。"They're literally sharing their symptoms. They're passing them back and forth unconsciously. And even if just for one weird, humid, buggy weekend in the summer, they're able to revel in those symptoms and really appreciate the connection that it gives them.他们共享症状，无意识地交换抽动。哪怕只是潮湿闷热、蚊虫肆虐的夏日周末，他们也能在症状中狂欢，珍视这种特殊的联结。So I always have to take the day after camp off, because I'll come home with God knows what tics. But it's like the best feeling ever. It is the best feeling ever."每次夏令营后我都得休息一天，因为天知道会带回什么新症状。但那种感觉无与伦比。"The line between contagion and connection is a thin one. Sometimes it's hardly there at all.传染与联结的界限如此模糊，有时甚至根本不存在。

The spread of the contagion tends to be a function of how connected the victims are to each other. So students at a small town high school, or workers on a factory floor, or even nuns in a convent.这种"传染"的传播程度往往取决于受害者之间的关联性。比如小镇高中的学生、工厂工人，甚至修道院的修女。In the Middle Ages, there were several cases reported in Europe in convents, including one extended case in France where a nun supposedly began meowing uncontrollably, only to have that symptom spread to the rest of the nuns in the convent.中世纪欧洲就记录过数起修道院群体癔症，其中法国一起持续事件中，一名修女突然无法控制地学猫叫，随后症状传染了整个修道院。And then, of course, there's the witches of Salem, right? Perhaps the archetypical women being hysterical. Many now believe that that was a mass psychogenic illness.还有著名的塞勒姆女巫审判事件——如今许多人认为那正是一场群体性心因疾病，堪称"女性歇斯底里"的典型案例。Why does it happen? There's usually some sort of underlying stress or trauma affecting the people involved.为何会出现这种现象？通常与当事人承受的压力或创伤有关。Like, for example, in the fall of 2001, when a mystery rash broke out in grade schools around the country, at least dozens and dozens of schools, hundreds of students affected.例如2001年秋天，全美数十所小学爆发神秘皮疹，数百名学生受影响。The rash would pass from student to student during the day in the school but then often disappear when the kid went home at night. And then it would reappear the next day and begin spreading all over again.皮疹白天在校内传播，晚上学生回家后却常会消退，次日返校又再度爆发。Tests showed no bacteria, no virus, no toxic exposure that would explain it. Turns out what may have been happening is that it was fear of toxic exposure that caused the contagion.检测未发现细菌、病毒或毒素。真相可能是：对有毒物质的恐惧引发了这场"传染"。In fact, the mystery rash began on the very day that the news reported that a man in Florida had been diagnosed with anthrax, just weeks after they began appearing in envelopes after September 11th in people's mailboxes.事实上，神秘皮疹爆发当日，新闻正报道佛罗里达州发现炭疽病例——就在9·11事件后带炭疽菌信封出现的几周内。Many epidemiologists now believe that the post-9/11 rash was a mass psychogenic illness, a real physical expression of the collective anxiety those kids were feeling at the time.许多流行病学家现在认为，这场后9·11皮疹是群体性心因疾病，是孩子们集体焦虑的躯体化表现。It's actually why I don't even care for the phrase "mass psychogenic illness." It's more polite, perhaps, but it's "mass hysteria" that really gets the messiness of it.这正是我不喜欢"群体性心因疾病"这个术语的原因——它更礼貌，但"群体癔症"才真正捕捉到其中的混乱本质。It's not just medical. It's not just psychological. It's social. It's cultural. It's about all of us.它不仅是医学或心理学问题，更是社会文化现象，关乎我们所有人。And it's not just women. You may have heard of Havana Syndrome. That's the neurological medical mystery affecting foreign workers in the United States and in Canada. Many people believe that that is a mass psychogenic illness.不仅限于女性。比如"哈瓦那综合征"——这个影响美加外交人员的神经医学谜团，就被许多人认为是群体心因性疾病。And these things don't just happen anywhere. They tend to happen at the stress points in the culture. Or as one expert put it to me, they tend to happen in the fissures of society.这类事件往往爆发于文化压力点。正如一位专家所言："它们总在社会裂缝中滋生"。I want to play you some more tape. These are all taken from police body cams of police officers in the field. In each instance, the police officer has just come into contact with the street drug fentanyl.请听这些警用执法记录仪片段——每位警官都声称刚接触了毒品芬太尼。It's so weird, man. He said he's floating. His legs are tingling. Yeah, yeah, my toes are tingling. We have fentanyl! We have fentanyl! You're good, you're good. You're good. Keep breathing. Hey, stay with me, OK? It's warrant officer. Possible exposure to fentanyl. I'm getting my -- you got yours out? All right. Relax."太诡异了，他说自己在飘""我脚趾发麻""是芬太尼！坚持住！""我是巡警，可能接触了芬太尼""快拿解毒剂"...You may have seen or heard footage like this in the news. It pops up all the time. Local新闻最爱这种戏剧性画面。我们追踪到332起类似案例——警员因"接触芬太尼"出现昏厥、刺痛、心跳加速等症状。But of those 332 cases that we were able to track the number of actual toxicology reports that showed fentanyl in those police officers' system at the time, as far as we can tell, one.但在这332起案例中，有确切毒理学报告证明警员体内含芬太尼的——据我们核实——仅1例。At a state prison in Alaska. And even that one hasn't been independently confirmed. In fact, the American Society of Medical Toxicology says it is near impossible to overdose on fentanyl in this way.（那例还在阿拉斯加州监狱，且未获独立验证。）美国医学毒理学会明确指出：这种接触方式几乎不可能导致芬太尼过量。And yet, it keeps happening. But it doesn't happen to doctors and nurses who handle fentanyl in hospital settings. It doesn't even really happen to fentanyl abusers who are obviously handling the drug all the time.然而事件仍在发生。奇怪的是，医院接触芬太尼的医护从未出现类似症状，长期接触毒品的瘾君子也不例外。It's only in this one specific preexisting social group: police officers, male police officers, incidentally.唯独这个特定群体——顺便说一句，主要是男性警官——反复出现这种状况。

I make audio documentaries, and I recently spent some time in a town called Le Roy, New York. It's a town about 50 miles outside of Buffalo. It's a small town. Its claim to fame is that it's the birthplace of Jell-O.我制作音频纪录片，最近在纽约州一个叫勒罗伊的小镇待了一段时间。这个镇位于布法罗市外约50英里，是个小地方，最出名的是它是果冻（Jell-O）的诞生地。There's a museum and everything.那里甚至有个博物馆，应有尽有。Anyway, in 2011, at the beginning of the school year, something strange happened in Le Roy. A student at Le Roy Junior-Senior High School, a cheerleader, she wakes up from a nap with a stutter, like a severe stammer, trouble speaking. And pretty soon, that turns into head tics and facial twitches, and then blurting out sounds and words. Symptoms that you'd associate with something like Tourette's syndrome.2011年开学季，勒罗伊发生了一件怪事。当地初高中联合学校的一名啦啦队员午睡醒来后突然严重口吃，说话困难。很快，症状演变成头部抽动、面部痉挛，并开始不受控制地发出怪声和词语——类似妥瑞氏症的症状。A couple of weeks later, while she's dealing with that, another student at the school comes down with the same symptoms: tics, spasms, barks, blurting out sounds and words. And it happens from 0 to 60 overnight, out of nowhere. And then it happens to another student. And then two more.几周后，就在她还在应对这些症状时，另一名学生也出现了同样的抽搐、痉挛、怪叫和言语失控。症状一夜之间突然爆发，毫无预兆。接着是第三个、第四个……This is Rose. Rose was in eighth grade at the time of the outbreak. At first it was whispers. It was like, "Oh, it's this one girl. We don't know what's going on, blah blah blah." And the next thing I know, it's like doubling and tripling, and it's all these girls.这是罗斯，疫情爆发时她正读八年级。起初只是窃窃私语，比如"噢，就是这个女孩，我们也不知道怎么回事"之类的。但很快，患者数量成倍增加，而且全是女生。Jessica was a senior at the time. And I remember thinking, were they making it up? What is going on?杰西卡当时是高三学生。我记得我在想：她们是不是装的？到底发生了什么？People thought they were faking it. Everybody thought they might be faking it. And then my friend came to school the one day, and I was at my locker. And she came up to me and she was stuttering super bad. I'm like, "What are you doing? Stop fucking around. Why are you talking like that?"大家都觉得她们在装病。直到有一天，我在储物柜前遇到朋友，她口吃得厉害。我问："你在干嘛？别闹了，为什么这样说话？"And she's like, "I can't." She's, like, twitching, she's crying at that point, just trying to get out her words, and I'm like, "Holy shit. This is real. What happened?"她却说："我控制不了。"她抽搐着，哭了起来，拼命想说出话。我这才意识到："天啊，这是真的。到底怎么了？"Within weeks, the case count hits double digits. All at the high school. All girls. An investigation begins. They test for Lyme disease. They test for heavy metals in the blood. Back at the school, they test for the water safety. They test for the air quality. They test for mold. And the only thing spreading faster than the contagion are the theories about what's causing it.几周内，病例数突破两位数，全是高中女生。调查随即展开：莱姆病检测、血液重金属检测、学校水质检测、空气质量检测、霉菌检测……而传播得比疫情更快的，是各种病因猜测。I remember hearing at some point, since it was all girls, it must be a bad batch of tampons.我记得有人猜测，既然全是女生，可能是某批卫生棉条有问题。The tampon theory does not pan out. In fact, none of them do. After a month-long investigation, the state and the school board and the and the doctors involved, they come up with what they think is the answer. The outbreak ripping through the high school is a mass psychogenic illness, otherwise known as mass hysteria.卫生棉条理论被推翻，其他猜测也均不成立。经过一个月的调查，州政府、校方和医生们得出结论：这场席卷校园的疫情是"群体性心因性疾病"，即"群体癔症"。Emily was in eighth grade when she came down with the symptoms herself. This is what her doctor told her. Emily: She basically said, "It's all in your head. You're fine." How are you, as a medical professional, going to look your patient in the eye and be like, you're fine. Stop thinking about it. You're fine, you're fine.艾米莉八年级时也出现了症状。她的医生告诉她："这完全是心理作用，你没事。"作为一个医疗专业人士，怎么能看着病人的眼睛说"你没事，别多想"？And she should be skeptical, right? Especially because she's a woman. Even the word hysteria has its roots in the Greek for uterus. For centuries, doctors would blame the wandering womb for all sorts of problems that women were having with their bodies, without really understanding what it was medically.她当然该怀疑——尤其因为她是女性。"癔症"（hysteria）一词本就源于希腊语的"子宫"。几个世纪以来，医生们总把女性身体问题归咎于"子宫游走"，却从未真正理解医学原理。Back in Le Roy, this is how Jessica reacted to the diagnosis. I thought, "That's bullshit. I don't believe that. Seeing all these girls, they're not making it up. I just don't believe that that's the thing. After all of this, that's all it is? I just don't know how to believe that.在勒罗伊，杰西卡对诊断结果的反应是："胡扯！我不信。我亲眼看到那些女孩的痛苦，她们不是装的。经历了这么多，结果就这？我实在无法接受。"I love that. "I don't know how to believe that." Not just "I don't believe that." "I don't know how to believe it." Here's what I have come to believe. I think we all need to start learning how to believe in mass hysteria, because while it is very rare, it is also very real. So say neurologists, psychoanalysts, sociologists, so says the NIH.我喜欢这个说法——"我不知道该怎么相信"，而不仅仅是"我不信"。我的观点是：我们都需要学会接受"群体癔症"的存在，因为它虽罕见，却真实存在。神经学家、心理分析师、社会学家乃至美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）都证实了这点。And it's a very specific type of contagion that says a lot about how we're connected as people. Mass psychogenic illness is the rapid spread of real physical symptoms from one person to the other. But those symptoms don't seem to have any organic cause. So you've got a limp, but your x-ray is normal. Or you've got neurological symptoms, but your MRI doesn't show anything. Medically, these symptoms shouldn't be happening. But then they begin to spread from person to person. But it's not random.这是一种特殊的"传染"，深刻揭示了人类的联结方式。群体性心因性疾病会让真实症状快速传播，但这些症状却无器质性病因。比如你跛行，但X光正常；或有神经症状，但MRI无异常。医学上这些症状本不该出现，但它们却开始人际传播——且并非随机发生。

Piecing together thousands of fragments of 2,000-year-old plaster has been the ultimate archaeological jigsaw puzzle, but stunning frescoes have emerged.将数千块两千年前的灰泥碎片拼接在一起是一个终极的考古拼图挑战，不过好在这幅拼图向人们展现出了令人惊叹的壁画。The lower wall sections are pale pink and dotted with paint to imitate marble. Above them are bright yellow panels with soft green borders with beautifully drawn details of musical instruments, birds, flowers and fruit.较低的墙壁部分是淡粉色的，上面点缀着仿大理石的颜料。在它们上方的部分是明亮的黄色镶嵌板，并配有柔和的绿色边框，其中精美地绘制了乐器、鸟类、花卉和水果等装饰细节。The frescoes make up at least 20 walls of a luxurious villa, which was built soon after the Romans first founded London. And there are clues about who painted them. Some fragments are scored with the letters F, E, C, I, T – the Latin word for 'has made this'. But the piece where the name should be is missing. The archaeologists are still sifting through the fragments to see if it could be amongst them.这些壁画装饰了这座豪华别墅的至少 20 面墙壁，这栋别墅建于罗马人建立伦敦城后不久。对于壁画的创作者是谁，考古学家们已经有了一些线索。部分碎片上刻着 “F”、“E”、“C”、“I”、“T” 这几个字母，这些字母组成了拉丁语中表达 “由……制作” 的单词。但本应该刻有画师姓名的那块碎片却找不到了。考古学家们仍在碎片中仔细翻找，以确认那块带有署名的碎片是否还在其中。

It's been named Khankhuuluu mongoliensis, which means 'Dragon Prince of Mongolia', and the University of Calgary scientists say that this species is a window into how tyrannosaurus evolved to become the powerful predators that terrorised North America and Asia until the end of the reign of the dinosaurs. 这个新物种被命名为 “蒙古汗库鲁龙”，意思是 “蒙古龙王子”。卡尔加里大学的科学家们表示，这一物种为我们打开了一扇了解暴龙属是如何进化成为强大捕食者的窗口，它们曾统治着北美和亚洲大陆直至恐龙时代结束。 While the most famous tyrannosaur is the giant T. rex, fossils show that the earliest animals in this superfamily of dinosaurs were actually very small – fleet-footed hunters that scampered after rat-sized prey. 虽然最著名的暴龙属是巨大的霸王龙，但化石显示出暴龙超科中最早的成员实际上体型很小，它们是迅捷的猎手，会用轻快的步伐追捕老鼠大小的猎物。 But this newly identified horse-sized dinosaur represents an important evolutionary shift. The 86-million-year-old skeleton also shows early evolutionary stages of features that were key to tyrannosaur's domination as apex predators, including long hind limbs and powerful jaws. 但这个新发现的、马匹大小的恐龙代表了生物进化中一次重要的转折。这具 8600 万年前的骨骼还显示了许多处于早期进化阶段的特征，这些特征是暴龙属作为顶级捕食者称霸的关键，其中包括修长的后肢和强有力的下颚。

Picture your dream living room. You're sitting on the sofa with the window open. What do you hear? Is it the sound of a flowing river? The murmuring of human chatter as friends enjoy a hot drink at the neighbouring cafe? A soundscape is your aural environment – everything you can hear around you, and researchers say the soundscape where you live can influence your wellbeing.想象您梦dream以求的客厅。 您坐在沙发上，窗户打开。 你听到了什么？ 它是流动的河流吗？ 当朋友在附近的咖啡馆享用热饮吗？ 音景是您的听觉环境 - 您周围能听到的一切，研究人员说，您所处的声音会影响您的健康。In times gone by, soundscapes would've consisted of the sounds of nature, such as birdcall and the sound of crashing waves. The reality of human life in the 21st Century means that air travel, construction and traffic noises are now in the mix, and agricultural noise means that not even rural life is safe. Noise pollution can lead to heightened stress levels, impaired cognitive function and higher risk of cardiovascular disease in humans, according to an article published by the UK Parliament called 'The effects of artificial light and noise on human health'. Not only that, it can affect the behaviour and life cycles of species which rely on sound.在过去的时间里，音景将由自然的声音组成，例如鸟叫声和撞浪的声音。 21世纪人类生活的现实意味着现在的空中旅行，建筑和交通噪音现在已经存在，农业噪音意味着甚至农村的生活也不是安全的。 根据英国议会发表的一篇文章，噪声污染会导致应激水平升高，认知功能受损和人类心血管疾病的风险更高。 不仅如此，它还会影响依赖声音的物种的行为和生命周期。So, what can be done? Urban design is one trick. In Barcelona in Spain, urban planners designed 'superblocks', where traffic goes around big groups of buildings and the inner streets are pedestrianised, creating space for people and wildlife that is free from beeping horns and humming motors. In a 2025 article published in BMC Public Health, people in these areas reported an improvement in wellbeing, quality of sleep and reduction in noise.那么，怎么办？ 城市设计是一种技巧。 在西班牙的巴塞罗那，城市规划师设计了“超级块”，那里的交通围绕着大型建筑物和内部街道进行了行人，为人们和野生动植物创造了空间，这些空间没有蜂鸣声和嗡嗡声。 在2025年发表在BMC公共卫生中的一篇文章中，这些地区的人们报告说，健康状况的改善，睡眠质量和噪音的降低。Other techniques include tree buffers, where trees are planted in urban areas to absorb sound energy. In the Netherlands, they have created earth banks next to Schiphol airport to absorb noise from the runways and protect residents in the surrounding areas. England has a vast network of hedgerows – they'd stretch around the Earth almost ten times if lined up! And it turns out they make excellent sound barriers, particularly if the hedges are large, dense and evergreen.其他技术包括树缓冲液，在城市地区种植树木以吸收声音能量。 在荷兰，他们在史基菲尔机场旁边创建了地球银行，以吸收跑道的噪音，并保护周围地区的居民。 英格兰有一个庞大的树篱网络 - 如果排队几乎可以在地球上延伸十倍！ 事实证明，它们制造出极好的声音障碍，尤其是在树篱大，密集且常绿时。When we think about improving our environment, it's likely your mind jumps to reducing litter and air pollution. But reducing noise pollution is also important, to create a soundscape that works for everyone – people and wildlife. 当我们考虑改善环境时，您的大脑可能会跳下垃圾和空气污染。 但是，减少噪音污染也很重要，可以创建适合每个人（人和野生动植物）的音景。

If they find themselves in a particularly cool environment, they can enter a dormant state and survive over a year without feeding. While bedbugs can easily move around, they usually stay within 20 feet of where their human host is regularly sitting or sleeping. So new infestations are most often the result of humans accidentally transporting bugs via furniture, clothing, or other items.如果它们身处特别凉爽的环境中，就会进入休眠状态，无需进食即可存活一年以上。虽然臭虫很容易四处移动，但它们通常待在距离人类宿主日常起居或睡眠场所 20 英尺以内的地方。因此，新的虫害通常是由于人类意外地通过家具、衣物或其他物品将臭虫带入室内造成的。Throughout human history, we've tried almost everything to prevent these itchy invasions. In Eastern Europe, for example, people used bean leaves, which can trap bedbugs in their tiny, hooked hairs. Another common trick was running lit candles along bed frames to burn any hiding insects. While these methods were occasionally effective, bedbugs continued to thrive. And in the early 1900s, as central heating made homes more livable to humans and bugs year-round, populations hit unprecedented heights.纵观人类历史，我们几乎尝试了所有方法来阻止这些令人瘙痒的入侵。例如，在东欧，人们使用豆叶，用它们细小的钩毛捕捉臭虫。另一个常用的伎俩是沿着床架点燃蜡烛，烧死任何藏匿的昆虫。虽然这些方法偶尔有效，但臭虫仍然猖獗。到了20世纪初，随着中央供暖系统的出现，房屋一年四季都更适合人类和臭虫居住，臭虫数量达到了前所未有的高度。But this bedbug renaissance was short lived. In the 1940s, the pest faced an existential threat in the powerful insecticide called dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane. Also known as DDT, this neurotoxin disrupts insects' nervous systems, causing spasms and death. For decades, DDT was used across the globe to control agricultural pests and combat insect-borne diseases. However, in the 1970s, scientists realized DDT had accumulated to dangerous levels in the environment, potentially putting human health at risk. Many countries began banning DDT, but not before it had rid the world almost entirely of bedbugs. Almost.但臭虫的复兴并未持续太久。20世纪40年代，一种名为二氯二苯三氯乙烷的强效杀虫剂曾一度威胁着这种害虫的生存。这种神经毒素又名滴滴涕（DDT），会破坏昆虫的神经系统，导致其痉挛甚至死亡。几十年来，DDT一直被世界各地用于控制农业害虫和对抗虫媒疾病。然而，到了20世纪70年代，科学家们意识到DDT在环境中的积累量已达到危险水平，可能危及人类健康。许多国家开始禁用DDT，但在此之前，它几乎彻底消灭了世界上的臭虫。After decades of quiet comfort, bedbugs reemerged in the early 2000s, shepherded by fast-moving international trade. Many of these insects have since become pesticide resistant, developing traits like thicker exoskeletons, and the enhanced ability to break down insecticide toxins in their bodies.在经历了数十年的平静之后，臭虫在21世纪初再次出现，这得益于快速发展的国际贸易。许多臭虫从那时起就对杀虫剂产生了抗药性，进化出了一些特性，例如外骨骼变得更厚，体内分解杀虫剂毒素的能力也更强。Thankfully, we still have options. People can utilize high heat, as most bedbugs and their eggs can't survive temperatures above 45° Celsius. And despite their adaptations, bedbugs remain vulnerable to the suction of a vacuum cleaner. While simple, these tools warrant some gratitude. After all, unlike naval ships of the past, we no longer rely on the services of our other age-old nemesis, the cockroach.谢天谢地，我们还有其他选择。人们可以利用高温，因为大多数臭虫及其卵无法在45摄氏度以上的温度下生存。尽管臭虫已经适应了高温，但它们仍然容易受到吸尘器的吸力影响。虽然这些工具简单易用，但仍然值得感激。毕竟，与过去的海军舰艇不同，我们不再依赖另一个宿敌——蟑螂——的服务。

In 1834, the British Royal Navy ship, the Chanticleer, was dealing with a terrible cockroach infestation. The ship's surgeon, however, wrote enthusiastically about the stowaways, describing them as a “most valuable insect.” Their shining characteristic? Devouring every bedbug on board.1834年，英国皇家海军舰艇“雄鸡号”（Chanticleer）遭遇了严重的蟑螂侵扰。然而，船上的外科医生却热情洋溢地描述了这些偷渡者，称它们是“最珍贵的昆虫”。它们的闪光点是什么？吞噬船上的每一只臭虫。Bedbugs have tormented humans for millennia, so detested that their mere mention can make hearts race and arms itch. So why are these unwelcomed houseguests so difficult to defeat?臭虫折磨人类已有数千年，令人厌恶至极，以至于只要一提起它们，就会让人心跳加速、手臂发痒。那么，为什么这些不受欢迎的“客人”如此难以消灭呢？There are approximately 100 species of bedbugs. Thankfully, only three feed on humans, all of which are chestnut brown, half a centimeter long, and incredibly flat— as long as they haven't eaten recently.臭虫大约有100种。值得庆幸的是，只有三种以人为食，它们都是栗褐色的，半厘米长，而且非常扁平——前提是它们最近没有进食。To find their next blood meal, bedbugs follow the biological signals our bodies release, such as carbon dioxide, odor, and body heat. Once located, they use their straw-like mouthparts to inject a cocktail of proteins that dilate blood vessels for easier feeding, along with an anesthetic to block any pain that might give them away. These compounds and other foreign proteins are what can trigger our immune response. While some people's bodies don't react to these bites, others develop itchy, red lesions that can stick around for several weeks. And these bites can appear anywhere on the body— it's a myth that they always appear in neat rows or sets of three.为了找到下一顿血餐，臭虫会追踪我们身体释放的生物信号，例如二氧化碳、气味和体温。一旦找到位置，它们就会用类似吸管的口器注入一种混合蛋白质，扩张血管以便更容易吸血，同时还会注入麻醉剂来阻止任何可能暴露它们的疼痛。这些化合物和其他外来蛋白质能够触发我们的免疫反应。有些人的身体对这些叮咬没有反应，而另一些人则会出现发痒的红色病变，这些病变可能会持续数周。而且这些叮咬可能出现在身体的任何部位——它们总是成排或三个一组出现的说法是错误的。While they're not considered social insects like bees or ants, bedbugs cooperate in fascinating ways. They huddle together in piles, called refugia, stacking their flat bodies within wall cracks or furniture, which is thought to help them preserve precious moisture and energy reserves. They release chemical signals, known as pheromones, to alert each other to threats. And their feces are rich in volatile compounds that help guide feeding bedbugs back to the safety of the refugia in the dark.虽然臭虫不像蜜蜂或蚂蚁那样被认为是社会性昆虫，但它们的合作方式却令人着迷。它们会挤在一起，形成一堆被称为“避难所”的群体，将扁平的身体塞进墙壁缝隙或家具里，这被认为有助于它们保存宝贵的水分和能量储备。它们会释放化学信号，即所谓的信息素，来提醒彼此注意威胁。它们的粪便富含挥发性化合物，有助于引导正在进食的臭虫回到黑暗中安全的避难所。Once a colony is established, it has tremendous staying power. Bedbugs can go weeks or months without a meal.一旦建立了虫群，它们就会拥有强大的生存能力。臭虫可以几周甚至几个月不进食。

So a final thought experiment. Imagine trying to explain your life right now to a Luddite. Better yet, just imagine trying to explain the life of some ordinary British working-class stiff whose great, great, great, something, great grandfather was out there smashing machines. And I'm not just talking about the ordinary stuff about daily living standards like indoor plumbing. I mean, indoor plumbing is extremely awesome. But imagine trying to explain mass post-secondary education or the BBC. Nursing homes or bachelorette weekends. I mean, for that matter, weekends and standardized time. How about suburbs and pizza delivery? And a nation so rich that when a pandemic strikes, people can afford to wait that out at home while scientists, like -- "What is a scientist," asks the Luddite -- while scientists rush out a magic shot that helps keep people from dying.那么，让我们做最后一个思想实验。想象一下，你要向一个卢德主义者解释你当下的生活。更进一步，想象你要向某个普通的英国工人阶级顽固分子解释生活——他高祖父的某位先祖曾参与过捣毁机器的运动。我指的不仅仅是像室内管道这样的日常生活标准（虽然抽水马桶确实了不起），而是试着解释这些：全民高等教育或英国广播公司，养老院或单身女郎周末派对。对了，还有周末这个概念和标准时间制。郊区生活和披萨外卖呢？再比如，这个国家如此富裕，当疫情来袭时——"科学家是什么？"卢德主义者问道——民众能安然宅家等待，而科学家们能火速研制出神奇疫苗挽救生命。To a Luddite, that would have sounded like a fairy tale, and he'd be right. We are living in fairyland, and indeed, we all have magic wands in our pockets. I believe I see a few of you waving them around right now. And I'm sure he'd have asked, "But how could a spinning jenny lead to all that?" And it wasn't just a spinning jenny. It was an unprecedented wave of innovation after innovation.对卢德分子来说，这听起来就像童话故事，他说得没错。我们生活在仙境，的确，我们每个人口袋里都揣着魔杖。我相信现在我看到你们当中有些人正在挥舞着魔杖。我肯定他会问：“但是一台珍妮纺纱机怎么能带来这一切呢？” 而且这不仅仅是一台珍妮纺纱机。这是一波又一波前所未有的创新浪潮。Many of those innovations put people out of good jobs, but collectively, they also made it possible for us to be in this room together or listening on the internet, rather than huddled by a smoky fire knitting stockings to sell. The mill owners couldn't have imagined what was coming, any more than Henry Ford understood that he was helping to speed along the sexual revolution by creating mobile love buggies for teenagers.许多创新让人们失去了好工作，但总的来说，它们也让我们能够聚在一起，或者上网收听，而不是挤在烟雾缭绕的炉火旁织袜子兜售。工厂主们无法想象接下来会发生什么，就像亨利·福特无法想象他为青少年设计移动爱情车会加速性革命一样。They were just trying to make a profit. But we're the ones who profited the most. So to return to where we started. Yes, I am scared of AI.他们只是想赚钱。但我们才是最大的赢家。所以，回到最初的话题。是的，我害怕人工智能。I assume that the government is going to try to do something for displaced workers, maybe provide them job retraining. But like the Luddites, I'm a human being working in a proud tradition. I don't want a government handout. I want the career that I have spent more than 20 years building.我猜政府会尝试为失业工人做些什么，或许会为他们提供再就业培训。但就像卢德分子一样，我是一个秉承着自豪传统的人。我不想要政府的救济。我想要的是我花了20多年时间打造的事业。And still, when I'm lying awake at night and wishing and maybe trying to figure out some way that I could stop this thing, or at least slow it down a little, I remind myself, I try to remind myself of all the reasons I shouldn't want that, even if I could.然而，当我晚上躺在床上无法入睡，希望并试图找到某种方法来阻止这件事，或者至少让它慢下来一点时，我提醒自己，我试图提醒自己所有我不应该想要它的理由，即使我可以。I don't have any right to steal the future from our descendants, because I'm already living in someone else's future. And it is literally better than they could have imagined.我没有任何权利窃取我们后代的未来，因为我已经生活在别人的未来里了。而且它比他们想象的还要美好。

Very few people in this room have ever worried about how they were going to obtain food or shelter or heat, or how they were going to bury a child who died of diarrhea before its first birthday. Those worries are the normal condition of humanity. We escaped them only through massive chronological luck. That is a precious and totally unearned inheritance, and I think we have an obligation to pay that forward and leave an even bigger legacy for our descendants.在座的各位，很少有人曾经担心过如何获得食物、住所或取暖，或者如何安葬一个不到一岁就死于腹泻的孩子。这些担忧是人类的常态。我们之所以能逃脱这些担忧，完全是因为巨大的时间运气。这是一笔宝贵的、完全不劳而获的遗产，我认为我们有义务将其传承下去，为我们的后代留下更丰厚的遗产。To do otherwise, it's a kind of theft. It's stealing from the future. Picture what it would have looked like if the Luddites actually had managed to halt progress in its tracks. Effectively, they'd have been reaching forward in time and taking almost everything we have in order to enrich themselves.否则，就是一种偷窃。这是从未来窃取。想象一下，如果卢德分子真的成功阻止了进步，那会是什么样子。实际上，他们已经超越了时间，掠夺了我们几乎所有的东西，以充实自己。Now, obviously, that's not how they understood what they were doing. But it would have been true just the same. So picture that, really picture it. A spinner sells a few spools of thread and suddenly you don't have a car. A weaver sells a handloom cloak and whoops, there go your refrigerator, your central heating and your college education. A whole suit of clothes and thousands of kids just died of preventable disease.显然，他们并非如此理解自己在做什么。但这本来也无可厚非。想象一下，真的想象一下。一个纺纱工卖出几卷线，突然间你就没车了。一个织布工卖出一件手工织布斗篷，哎呀，你的冰箱、中央供暖和大学教育都泡汤了。整套衣服都没了，成千上万的孩子却死于可预防的疾病。So when you're tempted to halt the innovation that might compete for your job, you have to ask yourself, How much am I willing to steal from my grandkids? I mean, from everyone's grandkids.所以，当你想要停止那些可能抢走你饭碗的创新时，你必须问问自己，我愿意从我的孙辈那里偷走多少东西？我的意思是，从每个人的孙辈那里偷走多少东西。Now, I know some people in the audience are probably thinking, but that's different. We already have it really good, we've got airplanes and mRNA vaccines and HBO. But of course, a Luddite would have thought the same thing. They couldn't have imagined a future in which the average worker is literally leading a healthier and more comfortable life than 19-century royalty.我知道在座的有些人可能在想，但情况不一样。我们已经过得很好了，有飞机、mRNA疫苗和HBO。当然，卢德分子也会这么想。他们无法想象未来普通工人的生活会比19世纪的皇室贵族更健康、更舒适。Others might be asking, quite reasonably, but what about global warming and endangered species? I mean, is progress really all that great? Well, I'd ask you to remember your last trip to the dentist and then reimagine it without the Novocaine.其他人可能会问，这很有道理，但全球变暖和濒危物种怎么办？我的意思是，进步真的那么好吗？好吧，我建议你回想一下你上次去看牙医的情景，然后再想象一下没有使用奴佛卡因时的感受。Now I know the obvious retort. "That's a libertarian canard." You can want modern medicine without wanting us to have burned all that coal.现在我知道该如何反驳了。“那是自由意志主义的谎言。”你可以想要现代医学，但不必担心我们烧掉那么多煤。But my retort is that that doesn't work. The same Industrial Revolution that led to global warming has also made us so rich that we could afford to divert millions of workers from agriculture and weaving into science and medicine. It's also, as we've been hearing all week, giving us the tools to fight ecological disaster. But we couldn't have predicted any of that from the outset. We kind of had to live the change in order to understand what it meant.但我的反驳是，这根本行不通。导致全球变暖的工业革命也让我们变得如此富有，以至于我们有能力将数百万工人从农业和纺织业转移到科学和医学领域。正如我们这周一直在听到的，它也为我们提供了对抗生态灾难的工具。但我们从一开始就无法预测这一切。我们必须亲身经历这场变革才能理解它意味着什么。Now, actually, it's worse than that, because it's often quite easy to picture the near-term downsides. I mean, just read any article about AI. But the long-term upside is much harder to grasp because progress is cumulative, and the longer it accumulates, the weirder it gets.现在，实际上情况比这更糟，因为人们通常很容易想象短期的负面影响。我的意思是，随便读读任何一篇关于人工智能的文章就知道了。但长期的正面影响却难以把握，因为进步是累积的，积累的时间越长，就越奇怪。

Well, I gather I'm not the only one who spends a lot of time thinking about AI these days. And by think I mean panic.嗯，我想，最近花大量时间思考人工智能的人不止我一个。我说的“思考”指的是恐慌。I'm not even worried about the doomsday scenarios because I have no way to assess those. I just think about what's going to happen to jobs, because even if we solve the AI safety problem, it's still going to displace a lot of workers, maybe including me.我甚至不担心末日景象，因为我无法评估。我只是在想工作岗位会发生什么变化，因为即使我们解决了人工智能的安全问题，它仍然会取代很多工人，也许包括我在内。Twenty years ago, I decided to take my very expensive MBA and use it to become a journalist. That decision did not have what we MBAs like to call a "positive expected cash flow."二十年前，我决定攻读昂贵的MBA学位，并利用它成为一名记者。这个决定并没有带来我们MBA们所说的“正预期现金流”。When I was interviewing for a job at "The Economist," one of the interviewers actually just asked me, "Why are you doing this?" I told him, "I only have so much time on this planet, and I want to spend it doing something that matters. And also, by the way, something I really, really, really love to do."我在《经济学人》面试的时候，一位面试官直接问我：“你为什么要做这份工作？” 我告诉他：“我的生命有限，我想用这段时间做一些有意义的事情。顺便说一句，也做一些我非常非常热爱的事情。”I got lucky and it worked out. Today I'm a columnist at the "Washington Post." But every day, AI seems to get better and better at writing competent prose. And I don't know what I'm supposed to do if typing words in a row stops being a semi profitable occupation.我很幸运，成功了。如今我是《华盛顿邮报》的专栏作家。但人工智能似乎每天都在写出越来越优秀的文章。如果打字不再是一项半盈利的职业，我真不知道该怎么办。Now I'm a libertarian columnist, which means I believe in progress and creative destruction. But here's something I also believe: The Luddites had a point.现在我是一位自由意志主义专栏作家，这意味着我相信进步和创造性破坏。但我也相信一点：卢德分子说得有道理。Look, you don't normally hear libertarians praising Luddites, so let me explain. Today, Luddite is a broad-spectrum term for technophobes. But the Luddites weren't your mom using a landline instead of a cell phone or sending you Hallmark cards with little words underlined. They were skilled artisans who made handcrafted textiles in an era when everyone wore lovingly handcrafted textiles.听着，你通常不会听到自由主义者赞扬卢德分子，所以让我解释一下。如今，“卢德分子”是一个泛指科技恐惧者的术语。但卢德分子可不是你妈妈用座机代替手机，也不是你妈妈给你寄带有下划线小字的贺卡。他们是技艺精湛的工匠，在那个人人都穿着精心制作的手工纺织品的时代，制作手工纺织品。Then mechanized mill owners started underpricing them using some of the most cutting-edge technology of their day, like, spinning jennies that could spin thread at record speeds. So they decided to destroy the machines.后来，机械化工厂的老板们开始压低价格，使用当时最先进的技术，比如能以创纪录的速度纺线的珍妮纺纱机。于是他们决定毁掉这些机器。Honestly, I have some sympathy. In fact, every time one of these companies issues a new model, I get more sympathetic.说实话，我有点同情他们。事实上，每当这些公司发布新车型，我的同情心就增加一分。We libertarians like to talk about the glories of freedom and progress, and they are glorious. But they are not free. Sometimes people get hurt. Often lots of people.我们自由意志主义者喜欢谈论自由和进步的荣耀，它们的确很荣耀。但它们并非自由。有时人们会受到伤害。通常情况下，很多人会受到伤害。The printing press democratized knowledge and also witch burnings and wars of religion. The Industrial Revolution raised living standards and offset them with grim factory jobs, squalid urban living conditions and choking pollution. Now modern governments can allay many of those costs, but they can't give people back the life they had. And we have an obligation to count those costs. I mean, if only because no one was ever persuaded by being told "Your fears are stupid."印刷机使知识民主化，也带来了焚烧女巫和宗教战争。工业革命提高了生活水平，但也带来了残酷的工厂工作、肮脏的城市生活条件和令人窒息的污染。如今，现代政府可以减轻许多此类成本，但却无法让人们重回他们曾经的生活。我们有义务计算这些成本。我的意思是，即使没有人会因为被告知“你的恐惧是愚蠢的”而被说服。So here's why, even after a full accounting, I think we should be willing to bear those costs and let the future unfold, because we're all the beneficiaries of previous decisions to prioritize future growth over protecting the present.因此，即使在全面核算之后，我认为我们仍然应该愿意承担这些成本，让未来自然发展，因为我们都是先前决定优先考虑未来增长而不是保护现在的受益者。

And finally, the ammonia in urine does indeed make for an excellent stain-fighting solution, which is why Roman launderers often placed buckets on street corners to collect the urine of passersby. That reminds me, next question!最后，尿液中的氨确实是一种极好的去污剂，这就是为什么罗马洗衣工经常在街角放置水桶来收集路人的尿液。这让我想起了下一个问题！A. Many Roman homes featured a vomitorium, a room where people could vomit after overindulging.A：许多罗马家庭都设有呕吐室，即人们在暴饮暴食后可以呕吐的房间。B. The Pythagoreans, who followed the teachings of the Greek mathematician Pythagoras, embraced a vegetarian diet.B. 毕达哥拉斯学派遵循希腊数学家毕达哥拉斯的教义，信奉素食。C. A favorite Roman condiment was sauce made from fermented fish guts.C. 罗马人最喜欢的调味品是用发酵的鱼内脏制成的酱汁。While vomit and vomitoria come from the same root, meaning “to spew forth,” a vomitorium is simply a passage through which spectators spewed from amphitheaters or arenas into the street. Purging was a common medical treatment, but it certainly wasn't prescribed to make room for more fish gut sauce. As for Pythagoras, there were more than three sides to the man, I'll have you know. He was a philosopher, and his followers embraced his belief that eating animal flesh increased aggressive behavior.虽然“vomit”和“vomitoria”源于同一个词根，意为“喷涌而出”，但“vomitorium”实际上只是一条通道，供观众从圆形剧场或竞技场向街上喷吐。泻药是一种常见的医疗手段，但绝对不是为了给鱼内脏酱腾出空间。至于毕达哥拉斯，我得让你知道，他可不止三面。他是一位哲学家，他的追随者们也信奉他的理念，认为食用动物肉会增加攻击性行为。We're all tied up. But this last question is sure to separate the true Romano-files from the Romano-flakes.我们都很忙。但最后一个问题肯定能区分出真正的罗马诺人与罗马诺人。A. The city of Rome was sacked twice during the 5th century CE. B. The last western Roman emperor was Romulus Augustulus. C. The Roman Empire fell in 476 CE.A. 罗马城在公元5世纪曾两次遭到洗劫。B. 最后一位西罗马皇帝是罗慕路斯·奥古斯都。C. 罗马帝国于公元476年灭亡。Just as I thought! The very idea that Rome fell is... complicated. It's true that by 476 the empire looked very different. By the 4th century, it had permanently split into eastern and western halves, each with its own emperor. The last emperor in the west, Romulus Augustulus, was overthrown in 476 CE in a military coup. But the Germanic general who replaced him didn't make sweeping changes. Roman political and cultural life endured, and military conquests continued— at least until the eastern Emperor Justinian led a devastating invasion of Italy in the 530s. In the east, the Roman Empire survived for a thousand years, becoming what you now call the Byzantine Empire.正如我所想！罗马帝国覆灭本身就……复杂。诚然，到了公元476年，帝国面貌大不相同。到了公元4世纪，它永久地分裂为东西两部分，两部分各有皇帝。西罗马的最后一位皇帝罗慕路斯·奥古斯都鲁在公元476年被军事政变推翻。但取代他的日耳曼将军并没有做出彻底的改变。罗马的政治和文化生活得以延续，军事征服也持续不断——至少在530年代东罗马皇帝查士丁尼率领军队对意大利发动毁灭性入侵之前是如此。在东罗马帝国存续了一千年，成为了如今所谓的拜占庭帝国。That makes contestant number 3 our big winner! Enjoy the spoils! As for our losers, better luck next time. Here's hoping there is one.这么说来，3号选手就是我们的大赢家了！好好享受这份战利品吧！至于输家们，祝他们下次好运。希望下次能有好运。

Are you not entertained? And this is what you think of us. O tempora! O mores!你们难道不开心吗？你们就是这么想我们的。啊，时代！啊，传统！Salvete! Minerva here— esteemed Roman goddess of reason, wisdom, handicrafts, and war. It's come to my attention that many of you have been thinking about Ancient Rome... a lot. But how much do you really know? I'll be the judge. Let's play a little game I like to call duo vera et mendacium! Or, to the rest of you: two truths and a lie. Let's meet our three brave contestants.萨尔维特！我是弥涅耳瓦——备受尊崇的罗马理性、智慧、手工艺和战争女神。我注意到你们很多人都在思考古罗马……思考了很久。但你们到底了解多少呢？我来评判。我们来玩个小游戏，我喜欢叫它“两个真相和一个谎言”！或者，对你们其他人来说：两个真相和一个谎言。让我们来认识一下我们三位勇敢的参赛者。And let's show them what they're playing for! An all-expense paid cruise aboard one of Caligula's pleasure barges! Prepare to be wined and dined on a trip you'll never forget— well, you'll probably forget. As for the losers...让我们让他们见识一下他们的本事！登上卡利古拉的豪华游船，享受全程免费游轮之旅！准备好享受这趟永生难忘的旅程吧——好吧，你很可能永远都忘不了。至于输家……The die is cast! Prepare to spot the lie! A. Gladiators had their own guilds. B. Most gladiatorial fights ended before anyone died. C. Gladiators were from an enslaved class.木已成舟！准备好揭穿谎言吧！A. 角斗士有自己的行会。B. 大多数角斗士的战斗在有人死亡之前就结束了。C. 角斗士来自奴隶阶层。And I thought this was an easy one. It's true that from their introduction around the 3rd century BCE, Roman gladiators were often enslaved or convicted criminals, but this changed by the 1st century CE. After the opening of the Colosseum in 80 CE, freemen and former soldiers began signing up for a life in the arena, lured by the potential for fame and regular employment. They even formed their own guilds, which organized funerals and provided pensions for gladiators' families if they were to die. But it took a lot of time and money to train a gladiator, so it wouldn't make any sense to have them fighting to the death— at least not all the time.我以为这个问题很容易回答。的确，自公元前3世纪左右罗马角斗士出现以来，他们通常是奴隶或罪犯，但这种情况在公元1世纪发生了变化。公元80年罗马斗兽场开放后，自由民和退伍军人开始报名参加竞技场生活，被名声和稳定工作的潜在吸引力所吸引。他们甚至成立了自己的行会，负责组织葬礼，并在角斗士身亡后为其家人提供抚恤金。但训练一名角斗士需要花费大量的时间和金钱，所以让他们战斗至死毫无意义——至少不是一直如此。Moving on to fashion: A. The toga was the cornerstone of daily Roman dress. B. Many Roman women wore dresses made with Chinese silk. C. Urine was the primary laundry detergent for Roman clothes.再来说说时尚：A. 托加长袍是罗马人日常服饰的基石。B. 许多罗马女性穿着用中国丝绸制成的连衣裙。C. 尿液是罗马人洗衣的主要清洁剂。While male Roman citizens did wear togas, they were strictly for ceremonial and official events. And they were worn over clothing, like tunics, never on their own. That would be indecent. As indecent as some writers called the flimsy Chinese silk dresses that became fashionable amongst upper class Roman women in the 1st century CE.虽然罗马男性公民也穿托加长袍，但仅限于礼仪和官方场合。托加长袍通常穿在束腰外衣之类的衣服外面，不能单独穿着。那样会显得不雅。就像一些作家认为公元1世纪在罗马上流社会女性中流行的轻薄中国丝绸连衣裙一样，托加长袍也显得不雅。

We come out of the womb sterile, but that doesn't last for long. All the nooks and crannies of the human body soon become home to microbial life. In this study, scientists took stool samples from 1,000 newborns. Those first colonised by Bifidobacterium longum were half as likely to end up in hospital with a lung infection than those with different starter bacteria.我们从子宫里出来时是无菌的，但这种状态不会持续太久。人体的每个角落和缝隙很快就会成为微生物群落的家园。在这项研究中，科学家们采集了 1000 名新生儿的粪便样本。他们发现那些体内最早被长双歧杆菌占领建立菌群的婴儿，其日后因肺部感染住院的几率仅为携带其它初始菌群婴儿的一半。It's the first time the way our microbial ecosystem forms has been shown to reduce infections. The researchers at UCL and the Sanger Institute said it was a phenomenal finding. Early life is a critical period for developing the immune system and these latest findings could lead to the development of new therapies similar to a probiotic yoghurt to give good bacteria to babies.↳这是首次有研究显示我们体内微生物生态系统的形成方式可以减少感染。来自伦敦大学学院和桑格研究所的研究人员们称这一发现意义重大。生命早期是免疫系统发育的关键时期，这些最新研究成果可能会促进新疗法的开发，类似于益生菌酸奶那样，为婴儿提供有益细菌。

Once widespread around the UK, persecution from farmers and gamekeepers meant Britain's second biggest bird of prey had disappeared from England and Wales by the mid-19th Century.金雕曾广泛分布于英国，但由于受到农民和猎场看守人的迫害，作为英国第二大猛禽的金雕在 19 世纪中期就从英格兰和威尔士消失了。The numbers recovered a little after the two world wars, but England's last resident golden eagle, who'd lived alone for ten years in the Lake District, died in 2015.两次世界大战后，金雕的数量略有恢复，但最后一只居住在英格兰的金雕在湖区独自生活了十年后于 2015 年死亡。But from 2018 the South of Scotland Golden Eagle Project began moving young eagles from the Scottish Highlands. The birds are fitted with satellite trackers, and the data shows that at least three or four of them have begun venturing into England this year, with several sightings in Northumberland.但从 2018 年开始，苏格兰南部金雕项目开始将幼鹰从苏格兰高地迁移出去。这些鸟的身上被安装了卫星追踪器，追踪数据显示至少有三到四只金雕今年开始大胆地尝试飞到英格兰，人们在诺森伯兰郡多次目击金雕。Whether they will stay and nest is unclear, but their visits are welcome news for those who regard golden eagles as one of nature's most majestic creatures.它们是否会留下来并筑巢尚不清楚，但它们的到访对那些视金雕为大自然最雄伟的生物之一的人们来说无疑是个好消息。

Do you ever wake up with a fuzzy feeling in your head, you can't concentrate on anything, or find your memory just isn't working as it should? You're not alone. 39% of British people said they suffer brain fog on a regular basis in a FutureYou Cambridge study. But why do we get brain fog, and can we do anything to prevent it?您是否曾经以模糊的感觉醒来，您无法专注于任何东西，或者发现记忆无法正常工作？ 你并不孤单。 39％的英国人说，他们在以后的剑桥研究中定期遭受脑雾。 但是，为什么我们会遇到大脑雾，我们可以做任何防止它的呢？The technical word for brain fog is cognitive impairment. When you have it, you can't think as clearly as you normally can – just as if your brain was actually full of fog. Dr Brennan, a neuroscientist and author, says "Brain fog is different to these short-term disruptions, because it is persistent, occurs regularly and can interfere with the quality of your life, your relationships, and your work". The reality is that no-one knows exactly what causes it, though theories include chemical or blood flow changes in the brain, and low-level inflammation. What we do know are factors that make it worse.大脑雾的技术词是认知障碍。 当您拥有它时，您无法像往常一样清楚地思考 - 就像您的大脑实际上充满了雾一样。 神经科学家和作者布伦南博士说：“大脑雾与这些短期干扰不同，因为它是持久的，定期发生的，并且可能干扰生活质量，人际关系和工作的质量”。 现实是，尽管理论包括大脑的化学或血液流动变化以及低水平的炎症，但没有人确切知道是什么原因引起的。 我们所知道的是使情况变得更糟的因素。Fatigue, for example, is a key contributor to brain fog, making it hard to stay focused. This is because sleep deficiency can change activity in some parts of the brain, which means processing and recalling detail becomes harder. Pain and anxiety can also contribute to it – they interfere with cognitive speed because they are distracting. There are also medical conditions that can make it worse, like long Covid or autoimmune conditions like lupus disease.例如，疲劳是大脑雾的关键因素，因此很难保持专注。 这是因为睡眠不足可以改变大脑某些部分的活动，这意味着处理和回忆细节变得更加困难。 疼痛和焦虑也会促成它 - 他们会干扰认知速度，因为它们正在分散注意力。 也有一些医疗状况会使情况变得更糟，例如长期或自身免疫性状况（例如狼疮病）。So, if you're suffering from brain fog, what can you do to fix it? One thing you can do is avoidultra-processed foods(UPFs). Dr Megan Rossi, the founder of TheGutHealth Doctor, told the BBC that "UPFs are often low in essential nutrients like magnesium,omega-3 fatty acidsandiron, all of which are crucial for brain function andmental clarity". Therefore, we should pack our diets withnutrient-richfoods likewhole grains, vegetables and healthy fats. Blueberries are particularly rich inpolyphenolsand have been shown to improve cognitive function and memory in clinical trials.Hydration is also very important.因此，如果您患有大脑雾，您该怎么办才能解决它？ 您可以做的一件事是避免使用超级加工的食物（UPFS）。 肠道健康医生的创始人梅根·罗西（Megan Rossi）博士对英国广播公司（BBC）表示：“ UPFS通常很低，例如镁，omega-3脂肪酸和铁，所有这些营养素对于大脑功能和心理清晰度至关重要''。 因此，我们应该用富含营养的食物（如全谷物，蔬菜和健康脂肪）包装饮食。 蓝莓特别富含多酚，并且已被证明可以改善临床试验中的认知功能和记忆。 水合也非常重要。So, if you feel a bit foggy, try to get more sleep and consider making some changes to your diet.因此，如果您有些雾气，请尝试获得更多的睡眠，并考虑对饮食进行一些更改。

You've probably seen the impossible happen, or at least thought you have. When a magician makes a card disappear, or throws a ball into the air, only for it to vanish, it seems that they are using amazing powers. But the magic isn't happening on stage. It's actually all inside your brain.您可能看到了不可能发生的事情，或者至少认为自己有。 当魔术师使卡片消失或将球扔到空中时，只是为了消失时，他们似乎正在使用惊人的力量。 但是魔术并没有在舞台上发生。 实际上，它全部都在您的大脑内。These illusions work because of essential processes that happen in our brains. Our senses provide an enormous amount of information about our surroundings. Our brains have evolved ways of prioritising what's important. We tend to notice the things that are most significant and remember those which have most meaning for us. What we perceive that we see or remember that we saw is actually a mental image.这些幻觉是因为我们大脑中发生的基本过程而起作用。 我们的感官提供了有关周围环境的大量信息。 我们的大脑发展了优先考虑重要的方法的方法。 我们倾向于注意到最重要的事物，并记住那些对我们最有意义的事物。 我们认为我们看到或记得我们看到的实际上是一种心理形象。These mental processes are exploited by illusionists to trick us into perceiving things in a particular way. In one famous trick, a ball is thrown into the air twice and caught and then vanishes into thin air on the third throw. This third throw is actually just a hand movement. Our brains predict that the ball will leave the magician's hand so we think we see it. The same process makes a dog run for a stick when we pretend to throw it.这些心理过程被幻觉者利用，以欺骗我们以特定方式感知事物。 在一个著名的技巧中，将一个球扔到空中两次，然后抓住，然后在第三次掷球中消失在稀薄的空气中。 第三掷实际上只是手动。 我们的大脑预测球将离开魔术师的手，所以我们认为我们看到了它。 当我们假装扔掉它时，同样的过程使狗跑步。During a magic show, we are often manipulated to think that we have a freer choice than we actually do. Magician-turned-psychologist Gustav Kuhn highlights how a performer's gaze can direct our attention towards some things and divert it away from others. Even babies naturally tend to follow where someone is looking.在魔术表演中，我们经常被操纵认为我们有比实际选择更自由的选择。 魔术师转变为心理学家古斯塔夫·库恩（Gustav Kuhn）强调了表演者的凝视如何将我们的注意力转移到某些事物上，并将其转移到其他方面。 即使是婴儿也自然而然地跟随某人正在寻找的地方。Kuhn has become a researcher using the techniques behind different magic tricks to see what we can learn about how the brain works. He's even teamed up with a toy manufacturer to produce magic sets that explain our mental processes. Understanding these could be important because while magicians use these deceptions to entertain us, others use similar approaches to mislead us or spread disinformation.库恩（Kuhn）已使用不同魔术技巧背后的技术成为研究人员，以了解我们可以了解大脑的工作方式。 他甚至与玩具制造商合作制作了魔术套装来解释我们的心理过程。 理解这些可能很重要，因为虽然魔术师使用这些欺骗来娱乐我们，但其他人则使用类似的方法来误导我们或传播虚假信息。

One answer comes from 19th-century philosopher G.W.F. Hegel. He argues that control over our intellectual creations is crucial to the quest for personal fulfillment. For example, musicians making a new song aren't just mixing their labor with the world— they're expressing themselves. And Hegel believes creators should have the right to control these creative extensions of their personalities. By using these ideas without permission or credit, we're reducing a creator's control over their life and legacy.一位答案来自19世纪的哲学家黑格尔（G.W.F. Hegel）。他认为，对我们智力创作的控制权，对实现个人价值至关重要。例如，音乐人创作一首新歌时，不只是将自己的劳动融入世界——他们是在表达自我。而黑格尔认为，创作者应该拥有控制这些创造性人格延伸的权利。如果我们在未经允许或不给予署名的情况下使用这些作品，就等于削弱了创作者对自己人生与遗产的掌控力。Alternatively, thinkers like Elizabeth Anderson and Michael Sandel have argued that commodifying certain things can debase them. For example, while you might think it's fine to treat a luxury car as something to be bought and sold, it feels strange to say the same thing about a library card. That attitude feels somehow disrespectful to the pursuit of knowledge. And taken to the extreme, one might conclude that all knowledge should be completely free. But even without compensation, how would you feel if someone copied your work and took credit for it as their own? Outside a world where everyone abandons ownership over their ideas, it's hard not to feel like some injustice would still be taking place.另一方面，像伊丽莎白·安德森（Elizabeth Anderson）和迈克尔·桑德尔（Michael Sandel）这样的思想家则认为，将某些事物商品化，可能会贬低它们的价值。比如，你可能觉得把一辆豪华汽车当作买卖商品是理所当然的，但如果用同样的态度对待一张图书馆借书证，就会显得很奇怪。这种态度似乎在某种程度上对“追求知识”是不敬的。如果将这种观点推向极端，有人可能会得出这样的结论：所有知识都应该完全免费。但即便不涉及报酬，如果有人抄袭了你的作品，并将其据为己有，你会作何感受？在一个人人都放弃对自己思想所有权的理想世界之外，我们很难不觉得这种行为仍然是一种不公正。That said, it also feels extreme to say intellectual property rights should always be respected. Scottish philosopher David Hume famously argued that, in times of famine, the government is justified in forcing wealthy citizens to open their granaries to the public. During the COVID-19 pandemic, similar reasoning led publishing companies to temporarily give free access to journal articles related to the deadly virus. In such an emergency, most agreed it was in everyone's interest to prioritize saving lives over compensation.话虽如此，但说“知识产权应始终受到尊重”似乎也有些极端。苏格兰哲学家大卫·休谟（David Hume）曾著名地指出，在饥荒时期，政府有正当理由强迫富人向公众开放粮仓。在新冠疫情期间，出于类似的理由，一些出版公司临时免费开放了与病毒相关的学术论文访问权限。在这种紧急情况下，大多数人都同意：与其优先考虑报酬，不如优先拯救生命，这才符合全体利益。But do circumstances need to be this extreme to justify ignoring intellectual property rights? Or is your pursuit of knowledge enough for you to deny these mages their hard-earned coin? Your friend's archive is waiting...但情势是否非得如此极端，才能成为无视知识产权的正当理由？又或者，仅仅因为你在追求知识，就足以让你否认那些法师辛苦所得的报酬？你朋友的档案馆已经在等待你的选择了……

The mystical city of Ockham is famous for its college of magic. Here, genius spellcasters invent incantations and publish them in enchanted scrolls that others can purchase. As an aspiring wizard, you study these scrolls to learn from the best. Specifically, you're interested in making mathematical magic— like spells that conjure complex shapes— for researchers to study. Often, you can't afford the latest scrolls in your field. But one day, a friend tells you he's been using an illegal duplication spell to copy scrolls, and, if you're interested, you're welcome to read his collection free of charge. So, do you use his counterfeit scrolls to further your own research?通过一次呼吸运动，她通过一个鼻孔呼吸，然后通过另一个鼻子呼吸。 她使用拇指或食指一次闭合一个鼻孔。神秘之城奥卡姆以其魔法学院而闻名。在这里，天才施法者发明咒语并将其发布在其他人可以购买的魔法卷轴中。作为一名有抱负的巫师，你研究这些卷轴，向最优秀的人学习。具体来说，您对创造数学魔法（例如变出复杂形状的咒语）感兴趣，以供研究人员研究。通常，您买不起您所在领域的最新卷轴。但有一天，一位朋友告诉你，他一直在使用非法复制咒语来复制卷轴，如果你有兴趣，欢迎你免费阅读他的收藏。那么，你会利用他的伪造卷轴来进一步进行你自己的研究吗？As a wizard, you know designing spells requires a lot of intellectual labor and creativity, which is why it's widely agreed that mages should be able to make a living selling their work. And since this system is also how wizards build their reputation, most believe it elevates good work and makes high quality magic reasonably accessible. But this system has its problems. In fact, researchers on our less magical world are facing similar issues with how science is published. That system's issues are far more complex than Ockham's, but both share a core philosophical concern: intellectual property rights. While many philosophers agree that some version of intellectual property rights make sense, their justifications vary widely. For example, some thinkers draw on English philosopher John Locke, who argues that if you “mix your labor” with a plot of wild land, any crops it produces, as well as the land itself, should be under your control. This makes a certain kind of sense for farmers, but are spells, songs, or stories really like farmland? For one thing, land is limited— if one person uses it for farming, someone else can't use it for building. This kind of all or nothing resource is what some philosophers call a rivalrous good. But there's no limit on how many people can be inspired by a sunset. And people can even arrive at the same idea independently, whether or not they share an inspiration. So if we can all have ideas without interfering with one another, why assign rights over them at all?作为一名巫师，你知道设计咒语需要大量的智力劳动和创造力，因此大家普遍认为法师应该能够靠出售自己的作品谋生。而且由于这个体系也是巫师建立声誉的方式，大多数人认为它能凸显优秀的作品，并让高质量的魔法变得相对易得。但这个体系也有它的问题。事实上，我们这个魔法较少的世界里的研究人员，在科学出版方面也正面临类似的问题。虽然科学出版的问题比奥卡姆体系复杂得多，但两者都涉及一个核心的哲学关切：知识产权。虽然许多哲学家都认为某种形式的知识产权是合理的，但他们的论证理由却差别很大。例如，有些思想家借鉴了英国哲学家约翰·洛克的观点，他认为如果你“将劳动融入”一块荒地，那么无论是这片土地上产出的作物，还是土地本身，都应该归你所有。这种观点对农民来说似乎有其合理性，但咒语、歌曲或故事真的像农田那样吗？首先，土地是有限的——如果一个人用它来种地，别人就不能用它来建房。这种“非此即彼”的资源，被一些哲学家称为“竞争性物品”。但像落日这样的美景可以启发无限多人。而且人们即使没有共享灵感，也可能独立地得出相同的想法。所以，如果我们都能拥有想法而不会彼此干扰，那我们为什么还要对这些想法赋予权利呢？

In 2023, a US grocer recalled over 10,000 cases of broccoli cheddar soup over concerns they contained too much of an unintended ingredient. That ingredient? Bugs. We know insects regularly come into contact with our food— but how many are you actually eating? And is it okay? Let's start with an extreme example: figs and their conspicuously close bond with certain bugs.2023 年，一家美国杂货店召回了 10,000 多箱西兰花切达干酪汤，原因是担心其中含有过多的非预期成分。那个成分？虫子。我们知道昆虫经常接触我们的食物，但您实际上吃了多少昆虫？可以吗？让我们从一个极端的例子开始：无花果及其与某些昆虫的密切联系。Around 80 million years ago, wasps started pollinating figs. And today, each of the approximately 750 fig tree species depends on at least one unique species of tiny wasps. Pollinator-plant relationships can get hyper-specific. And figs guard their flowers especially tight for fig wasps. Technically, a fig isn't a fruit, but a fleshy bundle derived from stem tissues that holds hundreds of internal flowers— like a hidden garden.大约八千万年前，黄蜂开始为无花果授粉。如今，大约 750 种无花果树中的每一种都依赖于至少一种独特的小黄蜂。传粉者与植物的关系可以变得高度特定。无花果对无花果黄蜂的保护特别严密。从技术上讲，无花果不是水果，而是由茎组织衍生的肉质束，内部有数百朵花，就像一个隐藏的花园。Humans typically harvest one species: the common fig. Its breeding system, called gynodioecy, is seen in less than 1% of flowering plants. It works with some common fig trees having seed-producing female parts, while others, called caprifigs, have both female seed-producing and male pollen-producing parts. Wasps get involved when a female fig wasp full of eggs follows odor cues to a common fig tree and thrusts herself into the minuscule hole at a developing fig's base. From there, depending on whether it's a caprifig or a female fig, things go one of two ways, the outcome being either more wasps or more figs.人类通常收获一种物种：无花果。它的繁殖系统被称为雌花异株，只见于不到 1% 的开花植物。它适用于一些具有产生种子的雌性部分的常见无花果树，而其他称为无花果的无花果树，既有雌性产生种子的部分，也有雄性产生花粉的部分。当一只充满卵的雌性无花果黄蜂跟随气味线索来到一棵普通无花果树并将自己插入正在发育的无花果基部的小洞时，黄蜂就会介入。从那里开始，根据它是无花果还是雌性无花果，事情会以两种方式之一进行，结果要么是更多的黄蜂，要么是更多的无花果。If it's a caprifig, the wasp deposits her eggs into the flowers' ovaries, then dies. Instead of developing seeds, those flower ovaries turn into galls that nurture the wasp's developing offspring. Wingless and blind, the males hatch first, open the remaining galls, and fertilize the developing females— yes, oftentimes their sisters, unless another wasp laid eggs here. Next, the males dig exit pathways they never use themselves because they die before leaving the fig. Finally, the already-fertilized females hatch, exit through the male-made holes, getting coated with pollen on the way, and fly off to other figs.如果是无花果，黄蜂会将卵产入花朵的子房中，然后死亡。这些花的卵巢不会发育出种子，而是变成虫瘿，滋养黄蜂正在发育的后代。无翅且盲目的雄性黄蜂首先孵化，打开剩余的虫瘿，使正在发育的雌性受精——是的，通常是它们的姐妹，除非有另一只黄蜂在这里产卵。接下来，雄性挖出他们自己从未使用过的出口通道，因为它们在离开无花果之前就死了。最后，已经受精的雌性孵化，从雄性制造的孔中出来，途中沾上花粉，飞向其他无花果。If a wasp winds up in a female fig, however, she can't lay her eggs because the flowers are structured differently. So, she dies without offspring— but she did pollinate the fig's flowers, so the tree can reproduce. Female wasps don't know which kind of fig they're entering— and whether it'll give her offspring or use her to make its own— because fig trees smell the same, regardless of sex. This ensures that a good portion of common figs can also reproduce and not just further wasp-kind.然而，如果黄蜂最终进入雌性无花果体内，她就无法产卵，因为花朵的结构不同。所以，她死后没有留下后代，但她确实为无花果的花朵授粉，因此这棵树可以繁殖。雌性黄蜂不知道它们正在进入哪种无花果，也不知道它是否会生下自己的后代，或者用她来创造自己的后代，因为无论性别如何，无花果树的气味都是一样的。这确保了大部分普通无花果也可以繁殖，而不仅仅是进一步的黄蜂种类。That was how things went— until humans intervened. Archaeological records suggest that people in the Jordan Valley grew figs some 11,400 years ago, possibly making them the first domesticated crop. When a genetic mutation emerged that allowed the tree's fruit to ripen without being pollinated, people began propagating it with cuttings. And suddenly the common fig wasn't beholden to wasps; it had a new partner to multiply with.事情就是这样发展的——直到人类介入。考古记录表明，约 11,400 年前，约旦河谷的人们就开始种植无花果，这可能使它们成为第一种驯化作物。当基因突变出现，使树上的果实无需授粉即可成熟时，人们开始用插条繁殖它。突然之间，普通无花果不再受到黄蜂的侵害；它有了一个可以与之繁衍的新伙伴。The crop spread far and wide, and today we harvest more than 1.3 million tons of figs annually. So how many wasps are we eating? Well, store-bought fresh figs are typically of the common fig varieties that ripen without pollinators, so they're wasp-free. Many that are sold dried, however, still require pollination. But, of these, we usually don't eat caprifig fruits, where the mother wasp and her male offspring die. Instead, we eat dried figs from female trees, which may contain a female wasp that attempted—and failed— to lay her eggs in it. However, it's also possible that the moisture and enzymes figs naturally release break her body down.无花果作物分布广泛，如今我们每年收获超过 130 万吨无花果。那么我们吃了多少黄蜂呢？好吧，商店购买的新鲜无花果通常是常见的无花果品种，无需传粉媒介即可成熟，因此它们没有黄蜂。然而，许多干燥出售的植物仍然需要授粉。但是，其中，我们通常不吃黄蜂果实，黄蜂妈妈和她的雄性后代会死在黄蜂果实中。相反，我们吃的是雌性树上的无花果干，其中可能含有一只雌性黄蜂，它试图在其中产卵，但失败了。然而，无花果自然释放的水分和酶也可能会破坏她的身体。Big picture, though, bugs are often harvested with our produce or attracted to food processing facilities. Eating them is kind of inevitable. The US Food and Drug Administration actually permits certain amounts of bug bits in different food products. For example, no more than 30 insect fragments per 100 grams of peanut butter, or over 2,500 aphids in 10 grams of hops. Some estimates hold that Americans eat around a kilogram of insects annually— without incident, and maybe even a little added nutrition. After all, insects feature in over 2 billion people's traditional diets and are relatively sustainable. So, maybe chew on that.不过，从大局来看，虫子通常是随着我们的农产品收获的，或者被食品加工设施吸引的。吃掉它们是不可避免的。美国食品和药物管理局实际上允许不同食品中含有一定量的虫子。例如，每 100 克花生酱中昆虫碎片不超过 30 个，或者 10 克啤酒花中不超过 2,500 只蚜虫。一些估计认为，美国人每年吃掉大约一公斤昆虫——没有发生任何事故，甚至可能还增加了一点营养。毕竟，昆虫是超过 20 亿人的传统饮食中的重要组成部分，而且相对可持续。所以，也许要仔细考虑一下。

Samsung, which sells Android smartphones, also indirectly described the issue in a small area at the bottom of a press release last month. Samsung said about RCS, “Encryption only available for Android-to-Android communication.”出售Android智能手机的三星也间接地描述了上个月新闻稿底部的小区域中的问题。 三星谈到RCS时说：“加密仅用于Android到Android通信。”To avoid getting caught out when exchanging texts, experts recommend using encrypted messaging apps.为了避免在交换文本时被抓住，专家建议使用加密的消息传递应用程序。Privacy supporters are big fans of Signal, which uses end-to-end encryption on all messages and voice calls. Signal is an app that is run by an independent nonprofit group based in Mountainview, California. It promises never to sell customer data. The group has also made its source code publicly available so that it can be examined by anyone “for security and correctness.”隐私支持者是信号的忠实拥护者，它在所有消息和语音呼叫上使用端到端加密。 Signal是一个由位于加利福尼亚州MountainView的独立非营利组织运行的应用程序。 它承诺永远不会出售客户数据。 该小组还公开提供了其源代码，以便任何人“为了安全性和正确性”对其进行检查。Signal's encryption method is so respected that it has been included into competitor WhatsApp.信号的加密方法非常受尊重，以至于已将其包括在竞争对手WhatsApp中。End-to-end encryption is also the normal mode for Facebook Messenger, which like WhatsApp is owned by Meta Platforms.端到端加密也是Facebook Messenger的正常模式，就像WhatsApp一样，它归META平台拥有。Telegram is an app that can be used for one-on-one discussions, group chats and broadcast “channels.” But Telegram does not use end-to-end encryption normally. Users have to turn on end-to-end encryption. And Telegram's end-to-end encryption does not work with group chats.电报是一个应用程序，可用于一对一的讨论，小组聊天和广播“频道”。 但是电报不正常使用端到端加密。 用户必须打开端到端加密。 Telegram的端到端加密与小组聊天不起作用。Cybersecurity experts have warned people against using Telegram for private communications.网络安全专家警告人们不要将电报用于私人通信。Instead of using your phone to make calls through a wireless cellular network, you can make voice calls with Signal and WhatsApp. Both apps encrypt calls with the same technology that they use to encrypt messages.您无需使用手机通过无线蜂窝网络拨打呼叫，而是用信号和WhatsApp进行语音呼叫。 这两个应用程序都使用与它们用于加密消息的技术相同的技术加密调用。There are other choices. If you have an iPhone, you can use Facetime for calls, while Android owners can use the Google Fi service. Both are end-to-end encrypted.还有其他选择。 如果您有iPhone，则可以将FaceTime用于呼叫，而Android所有者可以使用Google FI服务。 两者都是端到端加密的。However, with all these choices, the person on the other end will also have to have the app.但是，有了所有这些选择，另一端的人也必须拥有该应用程序。WhatsApp and Signal users can choose the privacy setting they want in the settings. Such choices include hiding an IP address during calls to prevent your general location from being guessed.WhatsApp和信号用户可以在设置中选择所需的隐私设置。 这样的选择包括在通话过程中隐藏一个IP地址，以防止您的一般位置被猜测。

U.S. cybersecurity officials are advising people to use encryption in their communications after a major hacking campaign.在重大黑客运动之后，美国网络安全官员建议人们在通信中使用加密。Federal officials released a list of security suggestions for U.S. telecommunications companies that were targeted.联邦官员发布了针对目标的美国电信公司的安全建议清单。The advice includes one suggestion that everyone can use: “Ensure that traffic is end-to-end encrypted to the maximum extent possible.”该建议包括每个人都可以使用的建议：“确保端到端的流量在最大程度上加密。”End-to-end encryption, also known as E2EE, means that messages are protected so that only the sender and receiver can see them. If anyone else gets the message, all they will see is disordered information that cannot be understood without the key.端到端加密（也称为E2EE）表示消息受到保护，因此只有发件人和接收器才能看到它们。 如果其他人收到信息，他们所看到的只是没有钥匙的无序信息。Law enforcement officials had until now resisted encryption. This resistance is because the encryption means the technology companies themselves will not be able to look at the messages. In addition, the companies will not be able to respond to law enforcement requests to turn the data over.执法人员到目前为止一直拒绝加密。 这种阻力是因为加密意味着技术公司本身将无法查看这些消息。 此外，两家公司将无法回应执法要求以将数据转换。The Associated Press (AP) recently offered some ways that normal people can use for end-to-end encryption :美联社（AP）最近提供了一些普通人可以用于端到端加密的方法：Officials said the hackers targeted the metadata of a large number of people. That included information on the dates, times and recipients of calls and texts. The hackers also got to see the information from texts from a much smaller number of people.官员们说，黑客针对了许多人的元数据。 其中包括有关呼叫和文本的日期，时间和接收者的信息。 黑客还必须从少数人数的文本中查看信息。If you are an iPhone user, information in text messages that you send to someone else who also has an iPhone will be encrypted end-to-end. Look for the blue text bubbles which mean that the messages are encrypted iMessages.如果您是iPhone用户，则在短信中发送给其他iPhone的人的信息将被端到端加密。 查找蓝色文本气泡，这意味着消息是加密的iMessages。The same goes for Android users sending texts through Google Messages. There will be a lock next to the timestamp on each message to show that the encryption is on.Android用户通过Google消息发送文本也是如此。 每条消息的时间戳旁边将有一个锁，以表明加密已打开。But there is a weakness. When iPhone and Android users text each other, the messages are encrypted only using Rich Communication Services (RCS). That is a common method for messaging that has replaced the older SMS and MMS methods.但是有一个弱点。 当iPhone和Android用户互相发短信时，仅使用丰富的通信服务（RCS）对消息进行加密。 这是通信的常见方法，它取代了较旧的SMS和MMS方法。Apple notes that RCS messages “aren't end-to-end encrypted, which means they're not protected from a third party reading them while they're sent between devices.”Apple指出，RCS消息“不是端到端加密的，这意味着它们不受第三方的保护，而在设备之间发送它们。”

About one year ago, an American jury found that Google's app store operates as an illegal monopoly. Then in August 2024, a federal judge ruled that Google had violated trade laws by operating its search engine as a monopoly. The ruling accused Google of paying smartphone makers to ensure that its search engine was set as the default system on new devices.大约一年前，美国陪审团发现Google的App Store是非法垄断的。 然后在2024年8月，一名联邦法官裁定Google通过将搜索引擎作为垄断而违反了贸易法。 该裁决指控Google向智能手机制造商支付了款项，以确保其搜索引擎被设置为新设备上的默认系统。As part of the case, the U.S. government proposed in November a series of measures to limit Google from anti-competition business activities. Google criticized the court's ruling as an example of government overreach. U.S. officials have long warned that TikTok presents national security concerns.作为案件的一部分，美国政府在11月提出了一系列措施，以将Google限制在反竞争业务活动中。 Google批评法院的裁决，是政府过度审理的一个例子。 美国官员长期以来一直警告说，蒂克托克提出了国家安全问题。Earlier this month, video sharing service TikTok asked a U.S. appeals court to block a law requiring its Chinese parent, ByteDance, to divest itself of TikTok or face a U.S. ban. The request came after the same court had upheld a law forcing ByteDance to sell TikTok by January 19 or face the ban. Lawyers for ByteDance and TikTok are seeking to have the U.S. Supreme Court rule on the case.本月初，视频共享服务Tiktok要求美国上诉法院阻止一项法律，要求其中国父母，绑定自己，以剥离Tiktok或面临美国禁令。 该请求是在同一法院维持一项法律迫使野兽派出售Tiktok或面对禁令后的法律之后提出的。 BODEDANCE和TIKTOK的律师正在寻求就此案制定美国最高法院的统治。In May, U.S.-based Aurora Innovation said it was preparing to launch a series of driverless trucks to transport goods on a major public highway. Company officials said it planned to begin the service in Texas, with 20 tractor-trailers transporting goods between Dallas and Houston. The company hopes to expand the service to thousands of tractor-trailers within three to four years.5月，总部位于美国的Aurora Innovation表示，正准备推出一系列无人驾驶卡车，以在主要的公共高速公路上运输货物。 公司官员表示，计划在德克萨斯州开始这项服务，有20位拖车拖车在达拉斯和休斯顿之间运输货物。 该公司希望在三到四年内将服务扩展到成千上万的拖拉机拖车。In October, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) announced it had issued final rules for operating air taxis. It also set training and approval requirements for pilots. The FAA said air taxis belong to a kind of aircraft known as Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) flyers. They generally operate on their own on electrical power, with vertical take-off and landing abilities.10月，美国联邦航空管理局（FAA）宣布已发布了运营出租车的最终规则。 它还为飞行员设定了培训和批准要求。 美国联邦航空局（FAA）说，航空出租车属于一种称为高级空中移动（AAM）传单的飞机。 他们通常具有垂直起飞和着陆能力的电力自行运营。FAA Administrator Mike Whitaker said such aircraft represent “the first new category of aircraft in nearly 80 years.” He added that the new rules are meant to mark the beginning of possible widespread AAM operations across the U.S. in the future.FAA管理员迈克·惠特克（Mike Whitaker）表示，这种飞机代表了“近80年来的第一类新类别”。 他补充说，新规定旨在标志未来在美国可能广泛的AAM运营的开始。

Ever since Albert Einstein published his Special Theory of Relativity in 1905, one equation has been the bane of humans hoping to explore the stars: E=mc². In addition to informing our understanding of gravity, space, and time, this formula implies that traveling at or beyond light speed is impossible. And given how expansive the universe is, this speed limit severely restricts our ability to zip around the cosmos. But while most physics textbooks describe this speed limit, their explanations don't always tell the whole story.自从 1905 年阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦发表狭义相对论以来，一个方程一直是人类探索恒星的祸根：E=mc²。除了加深我们对重力、空间和时间的理解之外，这个公式还意味着以光速或超光速旅行是不可能的。考虑到宇宙有多么广阔，这个速度限制严重限制了我们绕宇宙飞行的能力。但是，虽然大多数物理教科书都描述了这个速度限制，但他们的解释并不总是能说明全部情况。In Einstein's equation, E stands for energy, m for mass, and c for a constant— specifically, the speed of light in a vacuum. C squared is a huge number, which means it requires enormous amounts of energy to move even small amounts of mass close to the speed of light. This relationship is why the only particles that can travel at light speed are those with no mass at all, such as photons.在爱因斯坦方程中，E 代表能量，m 代表质量，c 代表常数，特别是真空中的光速。 C平方是一个巨大的数字，这意味着即使是很小的质量也需要大量的能量才能接近光速。这种关系就是为什么唯一能够以光速传播的粒子是那些完全没有质量的粒子，例如光子。That's the short answer for why objects with mass can't reach or exceed light speed. But to make full use of Einstein's equation, physicists often include one more variable. This gamma represents the Lorentz Factor, which models how an object's velocity changes the way that object experiences time, length, and other physical properties. Now, when an object's velocity is a very small percentage of the speed of light, this variable resolves to 1, so it doesn't impact the equation. However, when an object is moving fast enough, this denominator drops to 0. Since dividing by 0 is impossible, this breaks the equation and makes the variables therein mathematically impossible— hence the unbreakable speed limit.这就是为什么有质量的物体无法达到或超过光速的简短答案。但为了充分利用爱因斯坦方程，物理学家通常会多加入一个变量。该伽马代表洛伦兹因子，它模拟物体的速度如何改变物体经历时间、长度和其他物理属性的方式。现在，当物体的速度只占光速的很小一部分时，该变量解析为 1，因此不会影响方程。然而，当物体移动得足够快时，该分母就会降至 0。由于除以 0 是不可能的，这会破坏方程并使得其中的变量在数学上不可能 - 因此是牢不可破的速度限制。But what does it actually mean for this math to break down? To answer that, we need to understand the physical system its modeling: spacetime. After Einstein published his theory of special relativity, his mentor Hermann Minkowski realized that— if his student was right— it would mean space and time were not two separate entities, but one connected system. And everything in the universe travels through space and time simultaneously. However, traveling through one of these vectors limits the speed at which we can travel through the other. To picture this, imagine moving north at a fixed speed. You could turn to travel east at the same speed, but moving northeast would mean you move in both directions more slowly. The tradeoffs are the same when we move through spacetime. Since our typical movement through space is so much slower than the speed of light, we mostly perceive moving through time at a relatively steady speed. But if an object managed to move through space at the speed of light, it would no longer move through time. This is the kind of time dilation charted by the Lorentz Factor, which models how time slows down for objects moving at incredibly high velocities.但这个数学模型崩溃到底意味着什么呢？为了回答这个问题，我们需要了解其建模的物理系统：时空。爱因斯坦发表狭义相对论后，他的导师赫尔曼·明可夫斯基意识到——如果他的学生是对的——那就意味着空间和时间不是两个独立的实体，而是一个相互联系的系统。宇宙中的一切事物都是同时穿越空间和时间的。然而，穿过这些矢量之一会限制我们穿过另一个矢量的速度。为了描绘这一点，想象一下以固定速度向北移动。您可以以相同的速度转向向东行驶，但向东北移动意味着您在两个方向上移动的速度都会更慢。当我们穿越时空时，权衡是相同的。由于我们在空间中的典型运动比光速慢得多，因此我们大多认为以相对稳定的速度在时间中运动。但如果一个物体能够以光速在空间中移动，它就不再能在时间中移动。这是洛伦兹因子绘制的时间膨胀类型，它模拟了以极高速度移动的物体的时间如何减慢。This nuance is just one of several hiding in E=mc². For example, the c in Einstein's equation refers specifically to the speed of light in a “vacuum,” which outer space approximates. But light's speed is actually defined by what it's traveling through. For example, when light travels through water, its speed is reduced by about 25%. And scientists can propel low mass particles like charged electrons through water at speeds faster than these photons. This means that underwater, some particles can travel faster than light; and doing so emits a ghostly blue glow known as Cherenkov radiation.这种细微差别只是 E=mc² 中隐藏的几个细微差别之一。例如，爱因斯坦方程中的 c 特指“真空”中的光速，即外层空间的近似值。但光速实际上是由它所穿过的物体决定的。例如，当光在水中传播时，其速度会降低约25%。科学家可以以比光子更快的速度推动带电电子等低质量粒子穿过水。这意味着在水下，一些粒子的运动速度可以超过光速；这样做会发出一种幽灵般的蓝色光芒，称为切伦科夫辐射。Despite these loopholes, the major takeaway of E=mc² remains true. As far as we know, we still can't travel faster than light in a vacuum. But this hasn't stopped scientists from theorizing what might happen if we did. If you were on a spacecraft approaching light speed, your vision would likely become kaleidoscopic. The direction your ship moved would appear blue-shifted, while the things next to and behind you would be red-shifted. And if you were somehow able to reach or exceed light speed, it might even manifest as some kind of time travel— potentially letting you chat with Einstein himself to rewrite our fundamental understanding of physics.尽管存在这些漏洞，E=mc² 的主要结论仍然正确。据我们所知，我们在真空中的行进速度仍然无法超过光速。但这并没有阻止科学家们对如果我们这样做会发生什么进行理论分析。如果你乘坐接近光速的宇宙飞船，你的视野可能会变得千变万化。你的船移动的方向会出现蓝移，而你旁边和后面的东西会红移。如果你能够以某种方式达到或超过光速，它甚至可能表现为某种时间旅行——有可能让你与爱因斯坦本人聊天，重写我们对物理学的基本理解。

Throughout 2024, we saw further development of artificial intelligence (AI) systems and new legal action brought against technology companies. Here is a look back at some of the biggest tech stories we covered in 2024.在整个2024年，我们看到了人工智能（AI）系统的进一步发展以及针对技术公司带来的新法律行为。 这是回顾我们2024年涵盖的一些最大的技术故事。During the year, companies continued developing and deploying new AI tools.在这一年中，公司继续开发和部署新的AI工具。Among these were a new set of AI offerings announced by American software company Microsoft. Officials explained the new tools included “personal agents” designed to help users complete business activities with little or no human involvement.其中包括美国软件公司Microsoft宣布的一套新的AI产品。 官员们解释了新工具包括旨在帮助用户几乎没有人参与的业务活动的“个人代理”。Microsoft says it designed the agents to expand on so-called chatbots – AI tools that work by themselves to produce human-level writing or discussions. The company said it expects a full release of the agents sometime in 2025.微软表示，它设计了代理商来扩展所谓的聊天机器人 - 自身使用人为写作或讨论的AI工具。 该公司表示，预计该代理商将在2025年的某个时候全面发布。In September, technology company Apple announced it was launching several new iPhones equipped with special chips to support AI operations. Apple chief Tim Cook said the new models had been “designed for Apple Intelligence from the ground up.”9月，技术公司苹果公司宣布将推出几个配备特殊芯片的新iPhone，以支持AI操作。 苹果酋长蒂姆·库克（Tim Cook）表示，新车型是“从头开始为苹果情报设计的”。We reported in October about an effort by researchers to use AI to improve existing weather prediction models. One system works by combining past weather predictions with modern methods to provide the most complete picture of weather and climate data.我们在10月份报道了研究人员的努力，以利用AI来改善现有的天气预测模型。 一个系统通过将过去的天气预测与现代方法相结合，以提供天气和气候数据的最完整图景。In California, three legislative measures were enacted to ban the use of AI tools to create false images and videos during election campaigns. One main goal was to fight deepfakes. These are pieces of video or audio created to make it appear that people in it are saying or doing things they never said or did. Deepfakes were used in several world election campaigns in 2024.在加利福尼亚州，制定了三项立法措施，以禁止使用AI工具在竞选期间创建虚假的图像和视频。 一个主要目标是打击深击。 这些是创建的视频或音频片段，以使其中的人们在说或做他们从未说过或做过的事情。 2024年的几项世界大选运动中使用了深击。In May, an international gathering of major AI developers and top government officials in Seoul agreed on measures that aim to ensure that AI systems are safely built and deployed. Attendees from 16 different technology companies signed a promise to develop AI technology in ways that limit possible public harms.5月，首尔大型AI开发商和高级政府官员的国际聚会达成了措施，旨在确保AI系统安全地构建和部署。 来自16个不同技术公司的参与者签署了一种承诺，可以以限制可能的公共危害的方式开发AI技术。

Google, the most popular internet search engine, releases its “Year in Search 2023” this week.Google是最受欢迎的Internet搜索引擎，本周发布了其“搜索2023年”。Around the world, Google says the “war in Israel and Gaza” was the top search for news. The ongoing war topped searches for “Titanic submarine,” which imploded in June, and February's “Turkey earthquake,” which killed at least 50,000 in Turkey and Syria.Google在世界各地说，“以色列和加沙的战争”是新闻的最佳搜索。 这场持续的战争最受了搜寻，以搜寻“泰坦尼克号潜艇”，该潜艇于6月爆炸，并在2月的“土耳其地震”中搜寻，该地震在土耳其和叙利亚造成了至少50,000人。Damar Hamlin was Google's top trending person on search this year. He is an American football player who collapsed as his heart stopped suddenly during a game in January. People also searched for Travis Kelce. In case you have not heard, Kelce is another American football player who is dating singer Taylor Swift.达马尔·哈姆林（Damar Hamlin）是Google今年搜索的最热门人士。 他是一名美式足球运动员，他的心脏在一月份的一场比赛中突然停了下来。 人们还搜索了特拉维斯·凯尔斯（Travis Kelce）。 如果您没有听说过，凯尔斯是另一位与歌手泰勒·斯威夫特（Taylor Swift）约会的美式足球运动员。Among those who passed away, people want to know about Matthew Perry, a well-known actor in the American television show Friends. Singers Tina Turner of the United States and Sinéad O'Connor from Ireland rounded out the top three.在那些去世的人中，人们想知道美国电视节目《朋友》中著名演员马修·佩里（Matthew Perry）。 美国的歌手蒂娜·特纳（Tina Turner）和来自爱尔兰的辛纳·奥康纳（SinéadO'Connor）排名前三。In the world of movies, Barbie and Oppenheimer were not only the top Hollywood money-makers but also the top searches for the year. The two films topped Jawan, an Indian movie seen by millions on the streaming service Netflix.在电影的世界中，芭比娃娃和奥本海默不仅是好莱坞赚钱者的顶级赚钱者，而且还是当年的最高搜索。 这两部电影是贾万（Jawan），这是一部印度电影，由数百万在流媒体服务Netflix上观看。Yoasobi's "アイドル (Idol)” was the most searched song on Google this year. The Japanese musical group is made up of producer Ayase and singer Ikura. Inter Miami CF, the new home of Argentine soccer player Lionel Messi, led Google's sports teams search. And Bibimbap, a Korean meal of rice, vegetables, egg and protein, was the top search for a recipe.Yoasobi的“アイドル（偶像）”是今年Google上搜索最多的歌曲。 日本音乐团体由制片人Ayase和歌手Ikura组成。 阿根廷足球运动员莱昂内尔·梅西（Lionel Messi）的新家Inter Miami CF领导了Google的运动队搜索。 Bibimbap是韩国饭，蔬菜，鸡蛋和蛋白质的韩国餐，是对食谱的最佳搜索。Google says information on the top search results came from January 1 through November 27 of this year. Search results are presented worldwide as well as individually for nearly 50 countries.Google说，有关最高搜索结果的信息来自今年1月1日至11月27日。 搜索结果将在全球范围内以及近50个国家 /地区单独介绍。In India, the top news search was for Chandrayaan-3, the spacecraft that touched down on the moon in August. The successful landing made India only the fourth country to land on the moon.在印度，最新的新闻搜索是Chandrayaan-3，这是8月在月球上降落的航天器。 成功的登陆使印度仅是第四个登陆月球的国家。Typhoon Kanun and Jeon Cheongjo were the top news searches in South Korea. And Ashura and Güllaç, national dishes often made during religious celebrations, were the top recipes in Turkey.台风Kanun和Jeon Cheongjo是韩国的首要新闻搜索。 在宗教庆祝活动中经常制作的国家菜肴Ashura和Güllaç是土耳其的最佳食谱。To mark the search engine's 25th birthday, Google also released top search data “of all time” across several areas. Since 2004 (when the company's search data first became available worldwide), the most-Googled Grammy winner of all time has been Beyoncé. Portuguese soccer great Cristiano Ronaldo is the highest-searched athlete, and the most-searched movie or television program is Harry Potter.为了标记搜索引擎的25岁生日，Google还在几个领域发布了“有史以来”的顶级搜索数据。 自2004年（该公司的搜索数据首次在全球范围内获得）以来，有史以来最受欢迎的格莱美奖得主是碧昂斯。 葡萄牙足球伟大的克里斯蒂亚诺·罗纳尔多（Cristiano Ronaldo）是最受欢迎的运动员，最受欢迎的电影或电视节目是哈利·波特（Harry Potter）。

The auction house described the item on sale as a 'standard Spanish waxy napkin'. Though it's safe to say the buyer is unlikely to use it to wipe their mouth.尽管拍卖行把拍卖物描述为 “普通的西班牙涂蜡餐巾纸”，不过可以肯定地说，买家不太可能用它来擦嘴。It carries a written commitment from Barcelona Football Club's then sporting director that he'll sign the 13-year-old player Lionel Messi.该纸上写有巴塞罗那足球俱乐部时任体育总监的书面承诺，他承诺要签下 13 岁的球员利昂内尔·梅西。The commitment was then witnessed by the club's transfer adviser and an Argentinian football agent. And it's seen as marking the start of what would become a phenomenally successful career.这纸承诺随后被巴塞罗那俱乐部的转会顾问以及一位阿根廷足球经纪人见证签字。这标志着梅西未来超凡成功球员生涯的开始。It's still not known who paid £762,000 for the napkin. For some, it will be seen as evidence of the devotion Lionel Messi still inspires. For others, proof that when it comes to top-level football, crazy amounts of money will follow not just the stars themselves, but even any artefacts associated with their playing.↳目前尚不清楚是谁买走了这张价值 762,000 英镑的餐巾纸。对一些人来说，这张价格不菲的餐巾纸是人们对梅西的热爱不减的证据。对另外一些人来说，这证明了在顶级足球方面，不仅巨星本身会带来巨额的金钱，甚至与他们赛事相关的任何物件也是如此

Do you need an energising blast of water in the morning to wake you up for the day? Or do you prefer a relaxing, warm shower in the evening to help you wind down as part of your nighttime routine? Maybe you just shower whenever you feel like it. For something so many of us do, this topic is bound to divide opinion and stir up passion from both sides. But is one really better than the other?您早上需要充满活力的水才能唤醒您一天吗？ 还是您喜欢晚上放松，温暖的淋浴，以帮助您作为夜间例行的一部分放松身心？ 也许只要您觉得，就可以洗澡。 对于我们许多人所做的事情，这个话题必定会分裂意见并激发双方的激情。 但是一个真的比另一个更好吗？After a long day in the outside world, picking up pollutants and allergens on your skin and in your hair such as dust and pollen, a reasonable instinct would be to wash it all off before getting into bed. That's what the evening shower enthusiasts would say. But, says microbiologist Primrose Freestone, no matter the air temperature, you will continue to sweat during the night. Bacteria on your skin then eat the nutrients in your sweat which is what causes BO. Showering at night also doesn't stop you shedding dead skin cells. All this means you may not wake up feeling as fresh as you had hoped. Showering in the morning, on the other hand, can help to remove dead skin cells, sweat or any bacteria you've picked up from your bed sheets. "As a microbiologist, I am a day shower advocate," she says.在外界漫长的一天之后，在您的皮肤和头发上捡起污染物和过敏原（例如灰尘和花粉），合理的本能是在上床睡觉之前将其全部洗净。 这就是晚间淋浴爱好者会说的。 但是，微生物学家培养馆说，无论空气温度如何，您都会在夜间继续出汗。 皮肤上的细菌然后吃汗水中的养分，这是导致BO的原因。 晚上淋浴也不会阻止您脱落死皮细胞。 这意味着您可能不会像您希望的那样醒来。 另一方面，早晨淋浴可以帮助清除死皮细胞，汗水或您从床单上捡起的任何细菌。 她说：“作为一名微生物学家，我是一日淋浴的拥护者。”But it's not all about cleanliness. Nancy Rothstein, who calls herself The Sleep Ambassador, is concerned with sleep quality. In her view, showering in the evening is an essential part of the 'preparing for bed' routine. "Call it an opportunity to shower yourself with mindfulness," she says. And research backs this up. A systematic review of research published in Sleep Medicine Reviews in 2019 found nightly warm showering or bathing one to two hours before bedtime can improve sleep.但这并不是全部关于清洁度。 南希·罗斯斯坦（Nancy Rothstein）称自己为睡眠大使，他关心睡眠质量。 在她看来，晚上洗澡是“准备床”例行的重要组成部分。 她说：“称其为正念洗澡的机会。” 并研究了这一点。 对2019年睡眠医学评论发表在《睡眠医学评论》上的研究的系统评价发现，每晚暖淋浴或在睡前沐浴一到两个小时可以改善睡眠。What it all boils down to is when you would like to feel freshest. If you're someone who can't fully relax in bed until you've showered, you're likely an evening shower person. Whereas, if you can't stand the idea of putting on fresh, clean clothes in the morning when you haven't showered, then a morning rinse is probably more your style. Whenever you choose to shower, Primrose Freestone says it's important to clean your bed sheets regularly to remove all the sweat, bacteria and dead skin cells that build up and can negatively affect the effectiveness of your showers.这一切都归结为当您想感到最新鲜时。 如果您是一个不能在洗澡之前完全放松的人，那么您可能是一个晚间淋浴的人。 鉴于，如果您不能忍受在没有洗澡时早上穿新鲜，干净的衣服的想法，那么早晨的冲洗可能是您的风格。 每当您选择淋浴时，Primrose Freestone都说，定期清洁床单以清除堆积的所有汗水，细菌和死皮细胞，并可能对淋浴的有效性产生负面影响。

Turner sold more than 150 million records worldwide and won 12 Grammys. The performer was voted along with Ike Turner into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1991, and individually in 2021. Turner's life story was made into a movie and Broadway musical.特纳在全球售出了超过1.5亿张唱片，并赢得了12个格莱美奖。 这位表演者与艾克·特纳（Ike Turner）一起在1991年被投票成摇滚名人堂，并在2021年个人。Mick Jagger of the music group The Rolling Stones called Turner “inspiring, warm, funny and generous” in an Instagram post. And he wrote that Turner “helped me so much when I was young, and I will never forget her.”音乐集团的米克·贾格尔（Mick Jagger）在Instagram的帖子中被称为特纳（Turner）“鼓舞人心，温暖，有趣和慷慨”。 他写道，特纳“我年轻的时候对我有很大帮助，我永远不会忘记她。”Several Nobel Prize winners died this year, including Japanese writer Kenzaburo Oe. The Nobel literature laureate wrote darkly poetic novels based on his childhood memories from Japan's postwar occupation. He also wrote from his experiences as the parent of a disabled son. Oe died on March 3 at the age of 88.今年包括日本作家Kenzaburo OE在内的几位诺贝尔奖获奖者。 诺贝尔文学获奖者基于他的童年时代的记忆，创作了黑暗的诗意小说。 他还从作为残疾儿子的父母的经历中写道。 OE于3月3日去世，享年88岁。And the world lost its oldest resident in 2023. French religious worker, or nun, died at home in southern France a few weeks before her 119th birthday.全世界在2023年失去了最古老的居民。法国宗教工作者或修女在她119岁生日前几周在法国南部的家中去世。Sister André, as she was known, was born in the town of Alès, southern France, in 1904. The Gerontology Research Group, which confirms details about people thought to be 110 or older, listed her as the oldest known person in the world after the death of Japan's Kane Tanaka, aged 119, in 2022.众所周知，安德烈姐妹（SisterAndré）于1904年出生于法国南部艾莱斯（Alès）。老年学研究小组，证实了有关被认为是110岁或110岁以上的人的细节，将她列为日本田纳克（Kane Tanaka）去世后，列为世界上最古老的人，他于2022年119岁。Sister André was also one of the world's oldest survivors of COVID-19.安德烈姐妹（André）还是世界上世界上最古老的幸存者之一。She tested positive for the coronavirus in January 2021, shortly before her 117th birthday. She showed so few signs of the virus that she did not even realize she was infected. News media around the world reported her survival.她于2021年1月（117岁生日前不久）对冠状病毒的测试呈阳性。 她表现出很少的病毒迹象，以至于她甚至没有意识到自己被感染了。 世界各地的新闻媒体报道了她的生存。In April last year, she was asked about her exceptional longevity through two world wars. Sister André told French media, “Working…makes you live. I worked until I was 108.”去年4月，她通过两次世界大战询问了她的寿命。 安德烈姐妹告诉法国媒体：“工作……让你活着。我一直在工作直到108岁。”She was also known to enjoy a daily glass of wine and chocolate.众所周知，她每天都可以享用一杯葡萄酒和巧克力。

Kissinger helped restore ties between the United States and China. He also negotiated the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam.基辛格帮助恢复了美国和中国之间的联系。 他还谈判了美国从越南撤离。American former first lady Rosalynn Carter died on November 19. She was the closest adviser to her husband, former President Jimmy Carter.美国前第一夫人罗莎琳·卡特（Rosalynn Carter）于11月19日去世。她是丈夫前总统吉米·卡特（Jimmy Carter）的最亲密的顾问。She served as first lady from 1977 to 1981. She advocated for better mental health care and help for caregivers in millions of American families. Overseas, she fought disease, mass hunger and the abuse of women and girls. She continued humanitarian work with her husband for 40 years following their time in the White House.她从1977年至1981年担任第一夫人。她主张为数百万美国家庭的护理人员提供更好的心理保健和帮助。 在海外，她与疾病，大规模饥饿和虐待妇女和女孩作斗争。 在白宫工作后，她继续与丈夫进行人道主义工作40年。The couple had been married for 77 years when Rosalynn Carter died at the age of 96.罗莎琳·卡特（Rosalynn Carter）死于96岁时，这对夫妇已经结婚了77年。Others from the world of politics who died this year include: former Italian Premier Silvio Berlusconi, former Pakistani leader Pervez Musharraf, and former Chinese Premier Li Keqiang.来自今年去世的政治世界的其他人包括：前意大利总理席尔维奥·贝卢斯科尼（Silvio Berlusconi），前巴基斯坦领导人佩尔维斯·穆沙拉夫（Pervez Musharraf）。The world also lost cultural leaders in 2023, including the so-called “Queen of Rock ‘n' Roll.”全世界在2023年也失去了文化领袖，其中包括所谓的“摇滚女王”。American Singer Tina Turner died in May at the age of 83.美国歌手蒂娜·特纳（Tina Turner）于5月去世，享年83岁。The entertainer teamed up with husband Ike Turner for a series of hit records and live shows in the 1960s and '70s. Ike was abusive and beat Tina. She left the marriage and returned as a solo artist with a best-selling album, Private Dancer, in 1984.这位艺人与丈夫艾克·特纳（Ike Turner）合作，在1960年代和70年代进行了一系列热门唱片和现场表演。 艾克是虐待的，击败了蒂娜。 她离开了婚姻，并于1984年以最畅销的专辑《私人舞者》（Private Dancer）回到了独奏艺术家。“How do we say farewell to a woman who owned her pain and trauma and used it as a means to help change the world?” actor Angela Bassett said in a statement. Bassett played Turner in the 1993 movie What's Love Got to Do With It.“我们如何与拥有她痛苦和创伤的女人告别，并以此作为帮助改变世界的手段？” 演员安吉拉·巴塞特（Angela Bassett）在一份声明中说。 巴塞特（Bassett）在1993年的电影中饰演特纳（Turner），这与它有什么关系。

2024 is just hours away. Before the world welcomes a new year, we remember some of the influential people who died in 2023.2024年只有几个小时的路程。 在世界欢迎新的一年之前，我们记得一些有影响力的人在2023年去世。We start with U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor.我们从美国最高法院大法官桑德拉·戴·奥康纳（Sandra Day O'Connor）开始。O'Connor died on December 1. She made history in 1981 when she became the first woman appointed to the United States' highest court. She served in the position for 25 years.奥康纳（O'Connor）于12月1日去世。 她任职25年。The judge was considered a centrist, or a moderate, in her court opinions. She was often considered the “swing vote” on major issues such as abortion, affirmative action and voting rights.在法院的意见中，法官被认为是中间派或温和的。 她经常被认为是关于堕胎，平权行动和投票权等重大问题的“摇摆投票”。Sandra Day O'Connor was born in El Paso, Texas in 1930. She grew up on a large cow farm there.桑德拉·戴·奥康纳（Sandra Day O'Connor）于1930年出生于德克萨斯州的埃尔帕索（El Paso）。The young Sandra was an excellent student and entered Stanford University in California when she was 16, earning a degree in economics. She went on to study law at Stanford. She graduated in the top 10 percent of her class in 1952.年轻的桑德拉（Sandra）是一名出色的学生，并在16岁时进入加利福尼亚的斯坦福大学（Stanford University），获得了经济学学位。 她继续在斯坦福大学学习法律。 她在1952年毕业于班级的前10％。President Ronald Reagan nominated her to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1981. In announcing his choice, he described the judge as “a person for all seasons.”罗纳德·里根（Ronald Reagan）总统于1981年提名她进入美国最高法院。在宣布自己的选择时，他将法官描述为“所有季节的人”。American President Joe Biden spoke at her funeral. He called her “a daughter of the West” and “a pioneer in her own right.” He praised her for seeking, in his words, “equal justice under law her whole life.”美国总统乔·拜登（Joe Biden）在葬礼上讲话。 他称她为“西方的女儿”和“自身的先驱”。 用他的话，他称赞她“一生都在法律下平等正义”。O'Connor died from problems linked to the disease dementia and a lung infection. She was 93 years old.奥康纳（O'Connor）死于与疾病痴呆和肺部感染有关的问题。 她93岁。The world also said goodbye to former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, who died November 29.全世界还与前美国国务卿亨利·基辛格（Henry Kissinger）告别，后者于11月29日去世。He was 100 years old.他今年100岁。The German-born Jewish refugee served as the U.S. top diplomat under two presidents, Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. He won praise and severe criticism in the U.S. and around the world.德国出生的犹太难民在两位总统理查德·尼克松（Richard Nixon）和杰拉尔德·福特（Gerald Ford）的领导下曾担任美国顶级外交官。 他在美国和世界各地赢得了赞美和严厉的批评。

A French religious worker who survived COVID-19 celebrated her 117th birthday on Thursday.一名在Covid-19中幸存下来的法国宗教工作者在周四庆祝了她的117岁生日。Sister Andre is a nun who lives in a retirement home in the southern city of Toulon. She also is believed to be the world's second-oldest person.安德烈姐妹是一个修女，住在南部城市土伦的退休住宅中。 她也被认为是世界上第二大的人。A spokesman for the retirement home, David Tavella, said Sister Andre tested positive for COVID-19 in the middle of January. She was separated from others at the home, but experienced few signs of the disease. Her survival story made news across the world.退休之家的发言人戴维·塔维拉（David Tavella）说，安德烈（Andre）姐姐在1月中旬对Covid-19的阳性测试。 她在家里与其他人分开，但很少有这种疾病的迹象。 她的生存故事在世界范围内成为新闻。Sister Andre, whose birth name is Lucile Randon, was to take part in a celebration with a small number of people at the home. Tavella said plans called for a big meal and a special religious observance in her honor.安德烈（Andre）姐姐的名字叫卢西尔·兰登（Lucile Randon），他将与少数人在家里参加庆祝活动。 塔维拉（Tavella）说，计划要求大餐和以她的荣誉进行特殊的宗教观察。Some of Sister Andre's family members were also expected to join a video call with her. “It's a big day,” Tavella said. “She is in great shape. I went to see her this morning. She is really happy. She wanted me to tell her the (plan) for the day again,” he added.预计安德烈（Andre）姐姐的一些家庭成员也将与她一起参加视频电话。 塔维拉说：“这是重要的一天。” 他补充说：“她的状态很好。我今天早上去见她。她真的很高兴。她想让我告诉她（计划）这一天。”The meal was to include some of Sister Andre's food favorites, including a special chicken dish and Baked Alaska for dessert. “All of it washed down with red wine, because she drinks red wine,” Tavella said. “It's one of her secrets of longevity.”这顿饭是包括安德烈姐妹的一些最喜欢的食物，包括一种特殊的鸡肉和阿拉斯加烤的甜点。 塔维拉说：“所有这些都用红酒冲了下来，因为她喝了红酒。” “这是她长寿的秘密之一。”As for loading up the cake with candles, Tavella said they had stopped trying that a long time ago. “Because even if we made big cakes, I'm not sure that she would have enough breath to blow them out. You would need a fire extinguisher.”至于用蜡烛装上蛋糕，塔维拉说，他们很久以前就停止了尝试。 “因为即使我们制作了大蛋糕，我也不确定她是否有足够的呼吸将它们吹出。您是否需要灭火器。”Tavella added that when people around the world started talking about Sister Andre's story, he realized it was “because we all need a bit of hope at the moment.”塔维拉（Tavella）补充说，当世界各地的人们开始谈论安德烈（Andre）的故事时，他意识到这是“因为目前我们都需要一点希望。”Sister Andre was born on February 11, 1904. She survived two World Wars. The Gerontology Research Group confirms details about people thought to be 110 or older. The organization lists her as the world's second-oldest living person. The oldest person on the list is Japan's Kane Tanaka, who turned 118 on January 2.安德烈姐妹（Andre Sister Andre）于1904年2月11日出生。她在两次世界大战中幸存下来。 老年学研究小组确认有关被认为年龄在110岁以上的人的详细信息。 该组织将她列为世界上第二大的人。 名单上最古老的人是日本的田中凯恩（Kane Tanaka），他于1月2日满118岁。When recently asked if she had been scared to have COVID-19, Sister Andre told France's BFM television, “No I wasn't scared, because I wasn't scared to die.” She added: “I'm happy to be with you, but I would wish to be somewhere else -- join my big brother and my grandfather and my grandmother.”当最近被问及她是否害怕参加Covid-19，安德烈姐妹告诉法国的BFM电视：“不，我不害怕，因为我不害怕死。” 她补充说：“我很高兴和你在一起，但我想去其他地方 - 加入我的哥哥，祖父和祖母。”

She started religious work when she was a teenager. She spent two years in Montevideo, Uruguay, before moving to Rio de Janeiro. She later settled in her home state of Rio Grande do Sul. Canabarro taught school for most of her life. One of her students was General João Figueiredo, a military leader and politician who served as the 30th president of Brazil from 1979 to 1985.她十几岁的时候就开始宗教工作。 在搬到里约热内卢之前，她在乌拉圭的蒙得维的亚呆了两年。 后来，她定居在自己家乡里奥格兰德·杜尔（Rio Grande Do Sul）。 Canabarro一生都在教学。 她的一位学生是乔·菲格雷多（JoãoFigueiredo）将军，他是一名军事领袖和政治家，他从1979年至1985年担任巴西的第30任总统。Sister Inah also started two marching bands at schools in two cities sharing the border between Uruguay and Brazil.伊纳（Inah）姐妹还在两个城市的学校开设了两个游行乐队，分享了乌拉圭和巴西之间的边界。Pope Francis honored Canabarro for her 110th birthday. She is the second-oldest nun ever known, after Lucile Randon of France, who was the world's oldest person until her death in 2023 at the age of 118.教皇弗朗西斯（Francis）以110岁生日的身份向卡纳巴罗（Canabarro）致敬。 她是有史以来第二大的修女，仅次于法国的露西尔·兰登（Lucile Randon），她是世界上最古老的人，直到2023年去世，享年118岁。The local soccer club where Canabarro lives is named Inter. The club celebrates the birthday of its oldest fan every year. Her room is decorated with gifts in the team's red and white colors, her nephew said.Canabarro Lives的当地足球俱乐部被命名为国际贸易委员会。 俱乐部每年都会庆祝其最古老的粉丝的生日。 她的侄子说，她的房间装饰着团队的红色和白色礼物。“White or black, rich or poor, whoever you are, Inter is the team of the people,” Canabarro said in one video posted on social media. The video shows her celebrating her 116th birthday with the club's president.卡巴罗在社交媒体上发布的一段视频中说：“白人或黑人，富人或穷人，无论你是谁，国际群都是人民的团队。” 视频显示她与俱乐部主席一起庆祝她的116岁生日。LongeviQuest said Canabarro became the oldest living person following the death of Japan's Tomiko Itooka in December. She now ranks as the 20th oldest documented person to have ever lived. The organization says Frenchwoman Jeanne Calment, who died in 1997 at the age of 122, was the oldest documented person ever.Longeviquest说，Canabarro在12月的日本Tomiko Itooka去世后成为了最古老的人。 她现在是有史以来第20大的有记录的人。 该组织说，法国女性珍妮·卡尔门特（Jeanne Calment）于1997年去世，享年122岁，是有史以来最古老的人。

Sister Inah Canabarro was born in 1908. She was six years old when The First World War began in 1914.艾纳·卡纳巴罗（Inah Canabarro）姐妹出生于1908年。1914年第一次世界大战开始时，她才六岁。The soccer-loving nun from Brazil is believed to be the world's oldest living person at 116 years old.据信，来自巴西足球的修女是116岁那年的世界上最古老的人。LongeviQuest is an organization that keeps records of people over 110 years old around the world. It released a statement on Saturday saying that Canabarro is the world's oldest person having proof of early life records.longeviquest是一个使全球110岁以上人士记录的组织。 它在周六发表了一份声明，称Canabarro是世界上最古老的人，有早期的记录证明。LongeviQuest filmed a video of Canabarro last February. Canabarro can be seen smiling, making jokes and sharing small paintings she used to make of wildflowers. The video also shows her saying a Catholic prayer called the Hail Mary.Longeviquest去年2月拍摄了Canabarro的视频。 可以看到Canabarro微笑着，开玩笑并分享她用来制作野花的小画。 该视频还显示她说的是天主教祈祷，称为冰雹玛丽。“I'm young, pretty and friendly — all very good, positive qualities that you have too,” the nun told visitors to her retirement home in the southern Brazilian city of Porto Alegre.“我年轻，漂亮又友好 - 您也拥有非常好的，积极的品质，”修女告诉游客，她在巴西南部城市阿雷格雷（Porto Alegre）的退休之家。Canabarro says the secret to her long life is her Catholic religious belief.卡纳巴罗说，她长寿的秘密是她的天主教宗教信仰。Cleber Canabarro is her 84-year-old nephew. He told The Associated Press that Sister Inah was so thin during childhood that many people worried that she would not live to be an adult.克莱伯·卡纳巴罗（Cleber Canabarro）是她84岁的侄子。 他告诉美联社，伊纳（Inah）姐妹在童年时期很瘦，许多人担心她不会成年。Her nephew spends time with her every Saturday. He has been sending her voice messages between visits to help her feel better following two visits to the hospital that left her weak, with difficulty talking.她的侄子每个星期六都花时间与她在一起。 在两次访问后，他一直在访问两次访问后，他一直在访问之间发出声音信息，以帮助她感觉更好，这使她虚弱，这很难说话。“The other sisters say she gets a jolt when she hears my voice,” he said. “She gets excited.”他说：“其他姐妹们说，当她听到我的声音时，她会震动。” “她很兴奋。”LongeviQuest researchers say Canabarro was born on June 8, 1908, to a large family in southern Brazil. But her nephew said her birth was registered two weeks late and she was actually born on May 27.长寿研究人员说，卡纳巴罗（Canabarro）于1908年6月8日出生于巴西南部的一个大家庭。 但是她的侄子说，她的出生时间晚了两个星期，实际上是在5月27日出生的。

In some of the footage researchers have captured, an adult male dabs a wound with a leaf from a plant that's also gathered by local people for medicinal use. Another rather shaky but extraordinary video shows a young female dabbing chewed up plant material onto an injury on her mother's body. This is rare evidence of wild chimps using plants to tend to each other's injuries.在研究人员捕捉到的一些影像中，一只成年雄性黑猩猩用一种植物的一片叶子轻轻擦拭一个伤口。这种植物也是当地人采集的药用植物。在另一段画面十分晃动但非同寻常的视频中，一只年轻的雌性黑猩猩将嚼碎了的植物树叶涂抹在她母亲身上的伤口上。这是野生黑猩猩用植物为彼此疗伤的罕见证据。These animals are some of our closest living relatives. Studying them in the wild gives scientists insight into the origins of our own social behaviour, our communication, and now, how we care for one another.黑猩猩是现存与人类最为接近的亲缘物种之一。在野外研究它们能让科学家深入了解我们人类自身的社会行为和交流方式的起源，以及现在我们关爱他人的方式源自何处。

A new kind of exercise idea is becoming popular in the United States. Social media is bringing attention to “cozy cardio.” It means doing light cardiovascular exercise at home.一种新的运动想法在美国变得越来越流行。 社交媒体正在引起“舒适的有氧运动”的关注。 这意味着在家进行轻型心血管运动。Physical inactivity is a problem in the United States. The most recent data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says 25 percent of Americans reported they had not done any physical activity in the past month.在美国，身体不活动是一个问题。 疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）的最新数据说，有25％的美国人报告说，他们在过去一个月没有进行任何体育锻炼。The CDC says that one in two American adults do not get enough cardiovascular exercise. Inactivity can have serious health effects. So, many Americans are looking to develop a new exercise habit.疾病预防控制中心（CDC）说，两分之二的美国成年人没有得到足够的心血管运动。 不活动会产生严重的健康影响。 因此，许多美国人正在寻求培养一种新的运动习惯。“Cozy cardio” has gained popularity as an easy and painless way to increase physical activity levels. This method of calorie burning has gained popularity on TikTok and Instagram ever since a woman named Hope Zuckerbrow began posting videos in late 2022.“舒适的有氧运动”已成为提高体育锻炼水平的一种简单且无痛的方式。 自从一位名叫Hope Zuckerbrow的女性开始在2022年末发布视频以来，这种卡路里燃烧方法就在Tiktok和Instagram上广受欢迎。Cozy cardio involves walking in place by using a small treadmill or “walking pad.”舒适的有氧运动涉及使用小跑步机或“步行垫”来到位。No gym payments are involved.不涉及健身房付款。“I get so many messages from men and women – so many people – saying something along the lines of ‘thank you so much for…flipping my mindset on what I thought exercise is supposed to be,'” Zuckerbrow said. “This feels so doable.”Zuckerbrow说：“我从男人和女人那里收到了很多信息 - 很多人 - 在‘非常感谢您的心中说话……在我认为锻炼应该是的事情上倾听我的心态。'” “这真是太可行了。”Supporters say what is important about “cozy cardio” is the setup.支持者说，“舒适的有氧运动”的重要性是设置。You wear comfortable clothes and organize your environment to your liking. You can light candles, have a healthy drink, or even put on a favorite TV show or movie.您穿舒适的衣服，并组织环境。 您可以点燃蜡烛，喝健康的饮料，甚至可以放上喜欢的电视节目或电影。Alex Montoye of Alma College said, for some people, easy exercise such as “cozy cardio” could help them develop an exercise habit.阿尔玛学院（Alma College）的亚历克斯·蒙托伊（Alex Montoye）说，对于某些人来说，诸如“舒适的有氧运动”之类的简单运动可以帮助他们养成运动习惯。Montoye said for people who would otherwise watch TV while sitting, walking can help them make progress. That is especially true if exercise becomes a habit.蒙托耶说，对于那些坐在坐着电视的人来说，步行可以帮助他们取得进步。 如果运动成为习惯，尤其如此。People struggle to make healthy habits last over time. That is why cozy exercise is such a good idea, said Catherine Sanderson of Amherst College in Massachusetts. She wrote the health book, The Positive Shift: Mastering Mindset to Improve Happiness, Health, and Longevity.人们努力使健康的习惯持续使用。 马萨诸塞州阿默斯特学院的凯瑟琳·桑德森（Catherine Sanderson）说，这就是为什么舒适的运动是一个好主意的原因。 她写了健康书《积极的转变：掌握思维方式》，以改善幸福，健康和寿命。“It fits in with a lot of what we know about how to get people to actually maintain behavior change,” Sanderson said.桑德森说：“这符合我们对如何使人们真正维持行为改变的许多知识。”Along with removing the barriers to exercise, she said, “It very much relies on what psychologists would call positive reinforcement — the idea of, 'It's not just that I'm exercising…I'm tapping into something I want to be doing already.”她说，除了消除运动障碍之外，“这在很大程度上取决于心理学家所说的积极强化 - '的想法，'不仅是我在锻炼……我正在利用我想做的事情。”As cozy cardio becomes more popular, Zuckerbrow said she hears from people who did not realize they could enjoy easy exercise.随着舒适的有氧运动变得越来越受欢迎，扎克罗说，她听到了那些没有意识到自己可以轻松锻炼的人的消息。Alyssa Royse, owner of Rocket Community Fitness in Seattle, has been mixing workouts at her gym and cozy exercise at home. Some days she turns off the sound on her Peloton exercise bicycle and watches TV because it takes her “brain somewhere else.”西雅图Rocket Community Fitness的所有者Alyssa Royse一直在她的健身房和家里舒适的锻炼中混合锻炼。 有时候，她关闭了Peloton锻炼自行车上的声音，并看电视，因为它使她的“大脑在其他地方”。“Too many people look at exercise as an all-or-nothing thing,” Royse said. “It doesn't give people room to just be where they are today. And I think that's incredibly important.”罗伊斯说：“太多的人将运动视为全有或全无的事情。” “这并不能使人们成为今天的位置。我认为这非常重要。”