英语每日一听 | 每天少于5分钟

People got very upset. And I got yelled at a lot. Very gently. A lot about "I hope your pillow is warm."人们非常生气，我也经常被骂——不过是那种很“温柔”的责骂，比如“希望你的枕头一直是热的”之类的话。These started getting millions and millions of views.这些视频开始获得数百万、甚至上千万的观看量。And a lot of reactions as well.同时也引发了大量的反应。People asked me to do mazes. OK. How do you screw up a maze? This is how. It went right past the exit.人们让我画迷宫。好吧，那要怎么把迷宫搞砸呢？答案就是——它直接从出口旁边走了过去。I had to learn the rules of this little medium. It had to be 12, maybe 15 seconds. Go quickly. And I had to try to hide the mistake underneath the mechanism.我必须学会这种小短片的规则：视频要控制在 12 秒，也许 15 秒之内，动作要快，还要尽量把错误藏在机器运作的过程中。And mostly the ending had to be traumatic.而且结尾往往得是“令人崩溃”的。I would promise people oddly satisfying, and then I would betray them.我会先承诺给人一种“奇怪的满足感”，然后再彻底背叛他们的期待。People thought this was about AI.很多人以为这是在讲人工智能。That one went super viral. People spent 200,000 hours watching my 17 second video. I got so many notifications my phone died repeatedly for days.有一个视频彻底爆火。人们花了二十万小时来看我那段 17 秒的视频。通知多到让我手机连续几天反复死机。So ultimately, constraints are great for making art, but you ultimately end up becoming a crappy cover artist of your own work. And I didn't really like that, so I took a break.所以说，限制其实对艺术创作是有帮助的，但最终你会变成自己作品的“糟糕翻唱者”。我并不喜欢这种状态，所以停了一段时间。But remember that if you go on the internet and see something that annoys you just a bit ... it might have been me.不过请记住，如果你在网上看到一个让你有点恼火的东西……那可能就是我做的。

So for many years I've been doing computer art, geometric art with pen and paper on plotters. I write the code and sometimes I build the machines.很多年来，我一直在做电脑艺术——用绘图仪、钢笔和纸张创作几何艺术。我自己写代码，有时还会自己造机器。I would upload the stuff to social media, figuring maybe people like the soft noises and the clicks and pops and so on. No one really paid any attention to it.我把这些作品上传到社交媒体，想着或许有人会喜欢那些轻微的噪音、咔嗒声、噼啪声之类的。但实际上几乎没人关注。At some point, someone gave me a chocolate 3D printer extruder, and I filled it with acrylic paint, and set it up and made a terrible mess.后来有人送了我一个巧克力 3D 打印机的喷头，我就把它装满了丙烯颜料，安装好之后结果搞得一团糟。I wanted to try out making some dots, and I wrote a little program, and the dots weren't in order.我想试着打印一些点，于是写了一个小程序，但这些点并没有按照顺序排列。These were reactions it got. Some people got angry. Some people sympathized with the robot.这就是它引发的反应：有些人很生气，有些人则对这个机器人表示同情。Some people danced to it. Mostly angry.还有些人甚至随着它的节奏跳舞。但大多数人还是生气。If you go in a line, it'll be faster. If you go in a line, it'll be -- it'll be quicker if you go in a line. I think -- you're going side to side. You should go in a line and you'll go faster. Just go -- go in a line!“如果你沿着直线走会更快。如果你沿着直线走——会更快的。我觉得——你现在在左右移动。你应该沿着直线走，那样会更快。就直接——走直线吧！”This one is “Bad day at the circle factory.” I realized you could manufacture emotions of various kinds with just a robot and pen and paper.这一幅叫做《圆圈工厂的糟糕一天》。我意识到，只用一个机器人加上一支笔和纸，就能制造出各种情绪。So I leaned into it.于是我更加投入其中。

The images reveal intricate details in the ancient tattoos, which picture leopards, a stag, a rooster and the mythical griffin creature that is half lion and half eagle.图片揭示了这些古老纹身中精美复杂的细节，纹身图案包括豹子、一只雄鹿、一只公鸡以及一只神话异兽，它长着狮身鹰首。The tattooed woman, aged about 50, was from the horse-riding warrior Pazyryk people, who lived on the vast steppe between China and Europe in the 5th century BC.还有一名有纹身的女性，大约 50 岁，来自擅长在马背上作战的巴泽雷克民族，他们在公元前五世纪生活在中国与欧洲之间的广阔草原上。The archaeologists worked with a tattooist who reproduces ancient skin decorations on his own body to understand how exactly they were made.考古学家们与一位在自己身上复刻古代纹身图案的纹身师合作，以深入了解古人究竟是如何制作出这些图案的。The team say the decorations were so crisp and uniform that modern tattooists would find it challenging to produce them. They believe that the tattoos were first stencilled onto the skin. Then two needle-like tools were probably used, made from animal horn or bone. The pigment was likely made from burned plants or soot.该研究团队表示，这些纹身图案线条非常清晰且整齐，即使对现代纹身师来说，也颇具挑战性。他们认为，这些纹身最初是用镂空模板在皮肤上描绘出来的。然后可能用了两种针状的刺青工具，工具由动物角或骨头制成。纹身的颜料则很可能由烧焦的植物或烟灰制成。

The work towards a better world is not automated.通往更美好世界的努力，并不是自动化的。No computer could take this job.没有一台电脑能够承担这份工作。Of audacious hope. Of unfounded optimism.这份工作属于大胆的希望，属于无凭无据的乐观。We are the unprompted.我们是不需要提示的人。In the face of the bleakest calculations.即便面对最冷酷的演算结果。We aspire in a way no algorithm could advise.我们怀抱的渴望，是任何算法都无法给予的。And that is what will save us from the abyss.而正是这一点，将把我们从深渊中拯救出来。Solely we are our saviors, but just as every hero has their gadgets,唯有人类自己才是自己的救赎者，但就像每位英雄都有自己的工具。Technology can be the engine of our altruism.科技可以成为我们利他之心的引擎。Every invention is just an extension of your hand.每一项发明，都只是你手的延伸。So in the same way that a hammer can both build and destroy.正如同一把锤子既能建造，也能毁灭。So in the same way that a hammer can both build and destroy.同样地，一把锤子既可以成就，也可以摧毁。You tell me, how will youwieldyour tools?那么，请告诉我，你将如何使用你的工具？Again I say to people. Remember people.我再次对人们说：记住，你们是人。Be unprompted, but with a promise.要自发行动，但要怀着承诺。To let my most pressing 3 am question.让那个困扰我凌晨三点的最迫切的问题。Not be whether or not I'll have a world to wake up to.不再是：明天醒来时，我是否还能拥有一个世界？But how these new things can finally find us well.而是：这些新事物，如何最终能真正让我们安好。

The displaced children without homes do not cry mechanical tears.无家可归的流离儿童流下的，不是机械的眼泪。About a simulated hunger induced by virtual war.他们的饥饿，不是虚拟战争所模拟出来的假象。The viruses they suffer from are not the zeros and ones in your devices.他们所遭受的病毒，并不是你设备里零和一构成的代码。Cured by simple software reset. If only the world had such a button.那些病毒不能靠一次简单的软件重启来治愈。要是世界也有这样一个按钮就好了。We've got our heads so far up in the cloud we forget that the ground exists.我们的头颅早已埋进云端，以至于忘记了地面依然存在。New prompt: is this modernity?新的提示：这就是所谓的现代性吗？Marveling at machines that can read and write.我们惊叹于机器竟然能读能写。When currently 700 million adults are illiterate?可此刻仍有七亿成年人是文盲。New prompt: is this innovation?新的提示：这就是所谓的创新吗？Chipped by click workers in dark, dank rooms without proper compensation?由那些在黑暗潮湿的房间里，得不到合理报酬的“点击工人”所凿刻完成？The future, we fear, is not the sci-fi cyborg AI uprising that sets the world aflame.我们所害怕的未来，并不是科幻作品里由赛博格 AI 点燃世界的叛乱。No, the true dystopia is the today we make.不，真正的反乌托邦，正是我们亲手塑造的今天。When humans watch the worldburnstill with the power to save it. And don't.当人类明明依然拥有拯救世界的力量，却只是眼看着它燃烧——而什么也不做。

I fill my empty 3 ams with spineless phone scrolls, Text abbreviations,And uni-human conversations. AI chat bots answer all my aimless interrogations:我用毫无意义的手机刷屏、缩写的文字，和一些非人不人的对话来填满我空洞的凌晨三点。AI 聊天机器人回答了我所有漫无目的的疑问：like, how do I answer an email that does not find me well?Or oh my gosh, my crush just texted me, what do I say?比如：我该怎么回复一封“希望你一切安好”但其实我并不好时的邮件？或者：天啊，我的暗恋对象刚给我发了消息，我该说什么？Or is it true, what the headlines say?That the world is crumbling beneath our feet,And we do nothing but crumble with it?还是说，新闻头条所写的都是真的？世界正崩塌在我们脚下，而我们所做的，只是和它一起崩塌？Our glassend eyes lost in the latent space,Calculating our extinction with every pulse of our carbon-based circuitry我们那如玻璃般呆滞的眼睛迷失在潜在空间里，每一次碳基电路的跳动，都在计算着我们自己的灭亡。And as we fall deeper and deeper into the black box,Is hoping for humanity the most human thing we can do?而当我们越来越深地坠入这个黑匣子时，是否“怀抱对人性的希望”才是我们能做的最“人性”的事情？And the AI says back to me,I don't know.More specifically,Hmm, I'm not sure how to process your request. Please try a new prompt.而 AI 回答我：“我不知道。更准确地说，嗯……我不确定该如何处理你的请求。请尝试一个新的提示吧。”I say to AI:Don't feel too special.You aren't the first artificial system,We humans carelessly labeled “intelligent”我对 AI 说：别觉得自己太特别。你不是第一个被人类草率贴上“智能”标签的人工系统。Global capitalism was genius until it became negligentLeaving the unfortunate to suffer without the means for life.全球资本主义曾是天才般的构想，直到它变得疏忽冷漠，让不幸的人们在缺乏生存手段中痛苦煎熬。Biased science elevated one people over the last,But with differentiation came racism and caste,Littering our world with non-compostable isms.带有偏见的科学把一部分人抬到另一部分人之上，但随着区分而来的，是种族主义与等级制度，让世界堆满了无法分解的各种“主义”。I say to its text and images,You're brilliant, but you aren't the first generation to forge something out ofseeminglynothing.我对它的文字和图像说：你很出色，但你并不是第一个能凭空创造出看似“无”之物的世代。Haven't you seen my generation, the DIYers and binary defiers?We to extract wisdom from the Earth's mouth,like a flower, or a land mine.你难道没见过我的一代人吗？那些自己动手、挑战二元对立的人？我们从大地的口中挖掘智慧，它可能像一朵花，也可能像一颗地雷。Sure, drive our cars but never our movements.Never our blood and boned passions.当然，你可以驾驶我们的汽车，但永远驱动不了我们的运动。永远无法取代我们血肉中的激情。You can't replace the place of the people,I say to the people:你无法取代人类自身的立场，我对人们说：

The dizzying variety of options, the amazing range of flavours, and for some of us, the sheer quantity that you can eat. It's easy to see the appeal of a buffet. It takes the stress out of choosing what to eat - just have it all! But are there risks that we need to think about? Food hygiene specialists suggest there might be.各种各样的选择，令人惊叹的风味范围，对于我们中的某些人来说，您可以吃的大量数量。 很容易看到自助餐的吸引力。 选择吃什么 - 只要全部吃东西！ 但是，我们需要考虑的风险吗？ 食品卫生专家建议可能会有。Restaurant and hotel buffets can be a food poisoning risk. The large number of different dishes and people serving themselves creates opportunities for cross-contamination. Microbes can be transferred from people to dishes, from dishes to people and from one dish to another. Even the air can transfer microbes to your food. It's easy to see how an entire buffet could end up contaminated. Food temperature creates another risk factor. It's easy for food to be kept lukewarm and in the danger zone between 8C and 63C where bacteria and other microbes grow and multiply easily.餐厅和酒店自助餐可能是食物中毒的风险。 大量不同的菜肴和为自己服务的人们创造了交叉污染的机会。 微生物可以从人转移到菜肴，从菜肴到人，从一道菜到另一种菜肴。 甚至空气也可以将微生物转移到您的食物中。 很容易看到整个自助餐最终如何污染。 食物温度会产生另一个危险因素。 食物很容易保持不冷热，并在8c至63c之间的危险区域，在那里细菌和其他微生物易于生长和繁殖。Restaurants that manage buffets well can reduce the risks. Hot food should be replaced after two hours and cold food after four. It's important that the old food is disposed of and that containers are not just topped up, allowing the older food to contaminate fresh items. Hot food should be kept above 63C, and cold food should be refrigerated.家管理自助餐的餐厅可以降低风险。 两个小时后，应在四个小时后更换热食品。 旧食物要处置，并且容器不仅要装满，而且允许较旧的食物污染新鲜物品，这一点很重要。 热食应保持在63℃以上，并应冷藏冷食。However, any attempts by hospitality businesses to reduce risks can easily be undone by careless clients. There are many ways that diners can unwittingly or thoughtlessly increase the risks. Tongs and ladles can be contaminated by those who do not wash their hands, or who reuse their plates when getting a second helping. Food on display can be contaminated by people using the wrong utensil or who accidentally drop the handles into bowls of food. That's before even mentioning those who cough or sneeze near the buffet.但是，款待业务降低风险的任何尝试都可以被粗心的客户轻松撤销。 食客可以通过多种方式不知不觉地增加风险。 那些不洗手，或者在获得第二次帮助时重复使用盘子的人可能会污染钳子和梯子。 使用错误的餐具或意外将手柄放入食物碗的人可能会污染展出的食物。 那是在提到那些在自助餐附近咳嗽或打喷嚏的人。So, to enjoy a buffet, while keeping the risks as low as possible, you should check to see that it is well-managed by the restaurant or hotel, that others are following good hygiene rules and that you do the same. Even so, a buffet is likely to be more risky than other types of restaurants.因此，要享受自助餐，同时保持风险尽可能低，您应该检查一下餐厅或酒店的管理良好，其他人正在遵守良好的卫生规则，并且您也这样做。 即便如此，自助餐可能比其他类型的餐馆更具风险。

So ZeroSeHero started. We ran thousands of polls, we ran many surveys, we trained thousands of citizens to tell their climate stories in their own way. And slowly the campaign became a national campaign. People started talking about it in closed circles, it became a public conversation. We started organizing dialogues with policymakers and young people on the same dais, and things began to move forward. We noticed a larger net-zero conversation happening in India.于是 ZeroSeHero 活动启动了。我们开展了上千次投票，做了许多调查，还培训了数以千计的公民，让他们用自己的方式讲述气候故事。慢慢地，这个活动发展成了一场全国性的运动。人们开始在私下讨论它，后来变成了一场公开对话。我们开始组织政策制定者和年轻人同台对话，事情开始往前推进。我们注意到，印度正在出现一场更大规模的 净零排放 讨论。So in 2023, we did something else as well. We partnered with India's National Institute of Urban Affairs to co-create the country's first youth engagement frameworks that puts young people at the center of climate decision making in cities. And this year we are beginning to roll it out across the country in multiple cities, along with city governments. And this --所以在 2023 年，我们还做了另一件事。我们与印度国家城市事务研究所合作，共同创建了该国第一个以年轻人为中心的城市气候决策青年参与框架。今年，我们已经开始与各地市政府合作，把它推广到全国多个城市。而这——And this really changes the perspective. We were building individual agency. And we realized that at some point we're actually building collective agency as well. We're trying to move things forward a lot faster.这真正改变了我们的视角。我们原本是在培养个人的行动力，但后来意识到，在某种程度上我们其实也在培养集体的行动力。我们正在努力让事情更快地向前发展。But this generation, Gen Z, Gen Alpha, gets criticized a lot and I'm here for them. It's very important to stand for them. What we realized was that for the younger generation, it's very important to build the reflex of change-making as something that is as simple as texting a friend, something that really makes them feel like they're beginning to participate. They're beginning to change the conversation somewhere.但是，这一代年轻人——Z 世代和 Alpha 世代——常常受到很多批评，而我愿意为他们站出来。支持他们非常重要。我们意识到，对年轻一代来说，关键是要培养他们的一种 改变的本能，就像发条消息给朋友一样简单，让他们真切感受到自己正在参与，正在某个地方推动对话的改变。So this year, we're beginning to use AI to do that. We are building the country's first WhatsApp bot that uses AI to send thousands of young people in our community one single question on a critical issue a day. Answering this makes them realize that critical thinking is deeply important, but in return, we get access to critical data about what young people are thinking, the future that they're imagining, so we can make better use of it, and talk to policy makers about things that truly matter.所以今年，我们开始用 人工智能 来实现这一点。我们正在打造全国第一个 WhatsApp AI 机器人，它每天会给我们社区里的数千名年轻人推送一个关于关键议题的问题。回答这个问题会让他们意识到 批判性思维的重要性；而作为回报，我们能获得关于年轻人正在思考什么、他们想象的未来是什么等重要数据，以便更好地加以利用，并与政策制定者对话，聚焦真正重要的议题。And let me also tell you one very important thing, which is that this kind of work cannot happen on your regular social media. Social media is not built for social change. It's built for vanity. It's not built for equity. Right?还有一件非常重要的事——这种工作不可能在常见的社交媒体上完成。社交媒体不是为社会变革而建的，而是为了虚荣心而建的。它不是为了公平。对吧？It's unfortunately built to enhance the loudest voice, not necessarily the most authentic. So what does this mean? This means that we need to invest in storytelling. We need to invest in collectivizing voices. And that means we need to invest in community.遗憾的是，它的逻辑是放大最响亮的声音，而不是最真实的声音。那么这意味着什么？这意味着我们需要 投资于讲故事，需要 投资于汇聚声音。而这进一步意味着，我们需要 投资于社区。We've built a blueprint for how we can do it in India, and we cannot wait to take it across the world to every single young person.我们已经为如何在印度实现这一点制定了蓝图，并迫不及待地想把它推广到全世界的每一个年轻人身上。

But like I said, Ashwini saw this as more than just a medical crisis. He wanted to do so much more for Rajghat. So he collaborated with us, and he told the story of Rajghat on Youth Ki Awaaz. It slowly and steadily began picking attention. Thousands of people found out about Rajghat, NGOs came there, the first time in many years decision makers came to Rajghat and support began to rally. The courts took suo motu cognizance and asked the government to act. Slowly, electricity came to Rajghat. The first-ever school was built in Rajghat as well. And --但正如我所说，阿什维尼把这看作不仅仅是医疗危机。他想为 Rajghat 做更多事情。于是他与我们合作，在 Youth Ki Awaaz 上讲述了 Rajghat 的故事。这个故事逐渐引起了关注。成千上万的人知道了 Rajghat，非政府组织也来到了那里，很多年来首次有决策者走进了 Rajghat，支持力量开始汇聚。法院主动介入，要求政府采取行动。渐渐地，Rajghat 有了电力供应，村里第一所学校也建起来了。而且——And guess what? The first wedding in 22 years.你猜怎么着？22年来的第一场婚礼终于举行了。And Ashwini was not alone. After Ashwini, we saw Jolly's story. Jolly was a wheelchair user. Struggled her entire life to find accessible toilets. Her story went so viral, was read by more than a million people in less than a week, including the HR of her organization, that all the toilets at her workplace were reconstructed for her.而且，阿什维尼并不是唯一的故事。接下来我们看到了 Jolly 的故事。Jolly 是一位轮椅使用者，一生都在为寻找无障碍厕所而苦苦挣扎。她的故事迅速走红，在不到一周的时间里就有超过一百万人阅读，包括她所在机构的人力资源部。结果，她工作的地方把所有厕所都为她重新改造了。After Jolly came Rayees. Rayees talked about how there was a complete lack of menstrual hygiene awareness in the state of Kashmir in India. And his story sparked one of the largest menstrual hygiene awareness campaigns in Kashmir.在 Jolly 之后，是 Rayees 的故事。Rayees 谈到印度克什米尔邦在月经卫生意识方面几乎一片空白。而他的故事引发了克什米尔地区最大规模之一的月经卫生宣传活动。And for Pranay, his story led to the rescue of his father, who was stranded in Libya during the Arab Spring. And not just that. Eighteen thousand Indians were brought back to the country because his story made an impact.至于 Pranay，他的故事促成了对父亲的营救——他的父亲在阿拉伯之春期间被困在利比亚。而且不仅如此，因为他的故事产生了影响，18,000 名印度人被接回了国内。Now, these are not anomalies. We saw hundreds of them over the years, and what we realized was that we were really building individual agency. We were enabling a muscle, the muscle of change making.这些并不是孤例。多年来我们见证了上百个类似的故事，我们逐渐意识到，我们真正做的是在培养个人的行动力。我们在锻炼一块肌肉——改变的肌肉。But as the platform grew, the world became a lot more complex, we realized that the issues are also becoming very complex. It's difficult to get heard more and more, the louder the world gets. And climate change seemed like this faceless, shapeless, this mammoth of a beast that we just did not know what to do about. Thousands of young people had written about climate change on Youth Ki Awaaz, but it was almost like we were talking at it. We didn't know what to do about it.但是，随着平台的发展，世界也变得更加复杂，我们发现问题也变得越来越复杂。世界的声音越嘈杂，想让人听见就越困难。气候变化看起来像是一个无形无状、庞大无比的怪兽，我们完全不知道该如何应对。数以千计的年轻人在 Youth Ki Awaaz 上写过关于气候变化的文章，但几乎就像是在对着空气说话，我们不知道如何真正采取行动。So in 2023, we decided to do something different. We decided that we are going to collectivize these voices. So we launched a campaign called ZeroSeHero. The idea was very simple. We'll bring together young people, we'll get thousands of their stories, and we'll build a common platform where young people, decision makers, businesses, nonprofits, they can all come together to talk about something that climate experts love to talk about: net zero. Nobody understands it. We wanted people to understand it. This is the reality.所以在 2023 年，我们决定做一些不同的事情。我们决定把这些声音汇聚起来，于是发起了一个名为 ZeroSeHero 的活动。这个想法非常简单：我们要把年轻人聚集在一起，收集成千上万的故事，并建立一个共同的平台，让年轻人、决策者、企业、非营利组织都能聚在一起，去讨论一个气候专家们热衷谈论的话题：净零排放（net zero）。虽然几乎没人真正理解它，但我们希望让更多人理解。这就是现实。

Every single day, I would train them on how to write better. But what they were writing about was actually tough issues. Gender, discrimination, climate change, issues that we are not taught to talk about. And something slowly began to shift in them. The more they wrote, the more they began to question. They started acting. They started wondering why things were the way they were. And that motivated me to go school to school, college to college, sticking up posters, asking more and more young people to join me.每天我都会训练他们如何写得更好。但他们写的其实是一些艰难的话题：性别、歧视、气候变化，这些都是我们从未被教导去谈论的问题。而在他们身上，慢慢开始发生变化。他们写得越多，就越开始质疑。他们开始采取行动，开始思考为什么事情会是现在这样。这也激励我一个学校一个学校地走，一个大学一个大学地跑，张贴海报，邀请越来越多的年轻人加入我。Slowly and steadily, a community began to form. And that blog became Youth Ki Awaaz, or Voice of the Youth, India's largest citizen media platform, where today more than 200,000 young people are writing on issues that are deeply underrepresented every single month.慢慢地，一个社区开始形成。而那个博客也逐渐成长为 Youth Ki Awaaz（青年之声），印度最大的公民媒体平台。如今，每个月都有超过二十万名年轻人在这个平台上撰写那些在社会中被严重忽视的问题。And this was not just young people coming together and ranting. This was young people coming together and telling stories that were not being told anywhere.而这不仅仅是年轻人聚在一起发牢骚，而是他们聚在一起讲述那些在其他地方根本没有被讲述的故事。So let me tell you about Ashwini. Ashwini was a medical student studying in the state of Rajasthan. And he had this phenomenal habit. Every single summer break, he would go to the closest village and provide free medical services. So he went to this village called Rajghat, a couple of kilometers away from the city of Jaipur in India. And when he went there, what he found was far more than a medical crisis. There was absolutely no clean drinking water. There were no proper roads. There was no electricity. And he realized that there were no schools at all. And no weddings had taken place in the last 22 years because nobody wanted to send their daughters to a village which was so impoverished. Imagine a village of single men.让我来说一个叫阿什维尼（Ashwini）的故事。阿什维尼是拉贾斯坦邦的一名医科学生，他有一个很了不起的习惯：每年暑假，他都会去最近的村庄提供免费的医疗服务。于是他去了一个叫 Rajghat 的村子，离印度斋普尔市只有几公里远。然而到了那里，他发现的问题远远超过了医疗危机。那里完全没有干净的饮用水，没有像样的道路，没有电力供应。他还发现村子里根本没有学校。而且在过去22年里，这个村子里从未举行过婚礼，因为没有人愿意把女儿嫁到这样一个极度贫困的地方。想象一下，一个全是单身男人的村庄。

In 2008, when I was 17, I felt invisible. And not like Harry Potter with an invisibility cloak. I actually felt really powerless. I remember watching the news every single day with my parents. It was like a ritual in our house. And the more I saw it, the more I realized that I just couldn't relate with it. The people didn't look like me, the issues didn't feel like mine. And more than anything, young people's voices were nowhere to be found.2008年，当我17岁的时候，我觉得自己是隐形的。但不是像哈利·波特披着隐形斗篷那种，而是真的感觉到无力。我记得每天都和父母一起看新闻，那几乎成了我们家的日常仪式。但看得越多，我越发现自己无法与之产生共鸣。那些新闻里的人不像我，关注的问题也不是我的问题。最重要的是，根本听不到年轻人的声音。Now I have grown up in a family where everybody cared deeply about what was happening in the world. So naturally we had a lot of conversation at home. I had many opinions, many perspectives and experiences that I wanted to share with the world, but there was absolutely nowhere to go. My friends who I spoke with, my teachers who I spoke with, they all reminded me of the only thing that mattered, and that was how I performed in my exams. And that's it.我是在一个非常关心世界大事的家庭里长大的，所以我们家经常会有各种各样的讨论。我有很多观点、很多看法和经历，想要与世界分享，但完全没有出口。我跟朋友聊，跟老师聊，他们都只会提醒我唯一重要的事情——那就是考试成绩。而就只有这个。So I was extremely disappointed, very frustrated. And the only thing that I knew and I loved was writing. So I started a blog. I had absolutely no idea what I was doing. I just went online and I started writing, and I forced my friends to read what I was saying.因此我非常失望，也很沮丧。而我唯一熟悉并热爱的事情就是写作。所以我开了一个博客。我完全不知道自己在做什么，只是上网开始写作，然后强迫朋友们去看我写的东西。My first story was actually about climate change, and I remember asking a friend to read it, and she went ahead and she commented on it. And the comment was a smiling emoji. So I was disappointed because I wanted more.我的第一篇文章实际上是关于气候变化的，我记得请一个朋友去读，她看完后留言评论。而她的评论只是一个笑脸表情。那一刻我感到失望，因为我期待更多。I realized that, you know, a lot of us young people, we grew up in this culture of silence. We are told, don't question, don't think critically, don't ask too much. And that was something that really frustrated me.我意识到，其实我们很多年轻人都在一种“沉默的文化”中长大。我们被告诫不要质疑，不要批判性思考，不要问太多问题。而这正是让我深感挫败的地方。I loved writing, like I said, so I thought that I'll do something interesting. I launched a writer's training program. Young people, they want better jobs, they want to be skilled, so I thought I'll skill them in writing. And by that time, by the way, I had about a thousand readers on the blog. So I thought about 30 people will apply. At least 30 people will apply for this program. And to my surprise, only two did.正如我说过的，我热爱写作，所以我决定做一些有趣的事情。我发起了一个写作培训计划。年轻人希望有更好的工作，希望掌握更多技能，所以我想着教他们写作。那时，我的博客已经有大约一千名读者。我想，至少会有三十个人报名参加吧。但出乎意料的是，只有两个人报名。So I took those two and gave them the best that I had.于是我接纳了这两个人，并把自己最好的东西教给他们。

So let's just say that's not what we expected when we first approached them to talk about extending the life and quality of fresh products.↳可以说，当我们最初带着延长新鲜农产品寿命与品质的想法去找他们时，得到的回应完全出乎我们的意料。But we can't change this thinking alone. And we're not a silver bullet to end food waste ourselves. But thankfully there are lots of start-ups, scale-ups, organizations and individuals all around the world working to transform this post-harvest space. And we're optimistic that our one small innovation, using common ingredients inspired by the ancient wisdom of plants, is playing its part and having an impact, reinventing the food system and helping to create abundance for all. Thanks so much.但仅靠我们自己无法改变这种思维方式，我们也不是解决食物浪费的万能钥匙。幸运的是，全球还有许多初创公司、成长型企业、组织和个人，一起努力改变采后处理这一领域。我们很乐观，相信我们这项小小的创新——用植物的古老智慧启发的常见成分——正在发挥作用，正在产生影响，帮助重塑食物系统，并为所有人创造更多的丰盈。非常感谢。Thank you.谢谢大家。Incredible, thank you, Jenny.太棒了，谢谢你，珍妮。I feel like, when I buy avocados and then I bring them home, and then I blink and they are rotten. How long could you extend the shelf life of an avocado?↳我常常觉得，我一买牛油果回家，眨眼间它们就烂了。你们能把牛油果的保质期延长多久呢？In your experience, maybe you have this, too, there's like a day, a day and a half when they're like, perfect. Like, avocado toast, cuttable, before you're like, do I sacrifice them to guacamole? And so it takes that day and a half and extend it to four days. Maybe you're actually going to have a chance to use it before you throw it away.根据你的经验，你可能也遇到过这种情况：牛油果只有大约一天或一天半的时间是最佳状态——可以完美做牛油果吐司，切开正合适。过了这段时间，你就要考虑是不是只能做成鳄梨酱了。而我们的技术能把那一天半的最佳时间延长到四天。这样，你可能真的能在它坏掉前用得上。So you're more than doubling. And when you're spraying things that don't have a shell, does it have a taste or a smell or anything?所以你们等于是把时间延长了一倍多。那么当这种涂层用在没有硬壳的食物上时，会不会带有味道或气味呢？No, they're very neutral. So no taste, no smell. You saw we used a little of it. It's like a strange thing we do around the office, which is like, eat the fruit, lick the surface, like, confirm that. But we've also done it with credible other institutions, like universities doing these blind taste tests with strawberries. And you can't tell that there's anything on them.不会，它们非常中性，没有味道，也没有气味。你看到我们只用了一点点。在办公室里我们甚至有个奇怪的小实验——吃水果后舔一舔表面，来确认这点。但我们也和一些权威机构合作过，比如大学，用草莓做过盲测，结果是人们完全分辨不出来水果表面有任何东西。Amazing. 太棒了

So thinking about replacing a standard waxing step, for example.比如说，可以考虑用这种方式来取代传统的水果打蜡工序。We've made good progress since those early days in the garage. We've established a supply chain for responsibly sourced, high-purity ingredients. We've demonstrated safety and effectiveness to regulators in the US, the European Union and more than 40 additional countries around the world. And while we're still relatively small and early in our journey, we have a presence in about 10 markets worldwide.自从在车库里起步的那些早期日子以来，我们已经取得了显著的进展。我们建立了一个负责任的供应链，能够提供高纯度的原料。我们向美国、欧盟以及全球40多个国家的监管机构证明了这一方法的安全性与有效性。虽然我们依然是一个相对小型、处于早期阶段的公司，但如今我们已经进入了全球约10个市场。What I'm most proud of, though, it's why we got into all of this in the first place. And that is that since 2021, when we started measuring, we've prevented 166 million pieces of produce from going to waste. In doing that, that's avoided the emissions of more than 29,000 metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions, which is equivalent to planting 485,000 trees and saved almost seven billion liters of water, or enough to fill 2,800 Olympic-sized swimming pools.让我最自豪的，其实正是我们最初投入这一切的原因。自从2021年开始有数据统计以来，我们已经阻止了1.66亿件农产品的浪费。这样做避免了超过29,000公吨的温室气体排放，相当于种植了48.5万棵树，并节省了近70亿升水——足够填满2,800个奥运标准泳池。Thank you.谢谢大家。What we're also excited about is the opportunity to add a little extra peel to help small growers get their unique varieties of fruits and vegetables to market with more confidence. This is especially important in places that don't have widespread or reliable access to refrigeration, like with these regional mango varieties. This could mean that a greater diversity of fruits and vegetables could be more available to more people.我们同样感到兴奋的是，这项技术还能帮助小型种植户，把他们独特的水果和蔬菜品种更有信心地推向市场。尤其是在那些缺乏广泛或可靠冷藏条件的地区，比如某些地区特有的芒果品种。这就意味着，将来更多样化的水果和蔬菜能被更多人享用。The work, though, is far from done. We've unfortunately encountered food and agriculture companies that have a really hard time seeing past the food waste status quo. "Shrink," as it's called in the industry, it's just accepted as a normal part of doing business. And disappointingly, we've had some folks -- producers, packers and retailers -- tell us, "Well, the waste bin is kind of my best friend. The more that people throw away, the more they have to come back and buy again."不过，这项工作距离完成还很遥远。不幸的是，我们遇到过一些食品和农业公司，他们很难突破对“食物浪费”的固有认知。在业内，“Shrink”（损耗）被认为是经营活动中的正常部分。更令人失望的是，一些生产商、包装商和零售商甚至直言：“垃圾桶算是我的好朋友。人们扔掉的越多，他们就得回来买得越多。”

So we took a test batch of material that we made using leftover tomato peels, since those are rich in these fatty acids and glycerides. We dipped those limes in a bowl of these ingredients in water and set them aside to dry. And then we waited. And we saw that we could add an extra week of freshness to these limes.↳于是，我们利用番茄加工后剩下的番茄皮制作了一批测试材料，因为它们富含脂肪酸和甘油酯。我们把这些指橙浸泡在装有这些成分的水碗里，然后放在一旁晾干。接着我们等待，结果发现，这些指橙的保鲜期竟然延长了一整周。And when we saw that for the first time, we were like, "Shut the front door! Oh my God, this might actually work." So we then went and wanted to apply this little bit of extra peel to all other kinds of fruits and vegetables. Bananas, avocados, limes, green beans, tomatoes, bell peppers, cucumbers, berries, like, you name it. And what we saw, amazed and quite frankly, still amazes us. This concept works for dozens of categories, things that need to ripen before you eat them, things that don't. Things that have edible peels, non-edible peels. We even saw that with protected blueberries, we could retain vitamin C levels at higher levels for longer than unprotected blueberries. And tomatoes could be harvested later, not when they were green and tasteless, but when they were red and actually ripe, and they'd still have enough time to get into your homes.↳当我们第一次看到这个结果时，我们的反应是：“不会吧！天啊，这居然真的有用！”于是我们接着尝试把这层“额外果皮”应用到其他各种水果和蔬菜上。香蕉、牛油果、青柠、四季豆、西红柿、甜椒、黄瓜、浆果——你能想到的几乎都试了一遍。而结果让我们震惊，甚至直到今天依然觉得不可思议。这一概念适用于几十种不同类别的农产品：有些需要成熟后才能吃，有些不需要；有的果皮可食用，有的不可食用。我们甚至发现，在处理过的蓝莓中，维生素C的含量能保持更高水平，而且维持的时间比未经处理的蓝莓更久。而西红柿则可以等到真正红熟、味道香甜时再采摘，而不是在青涩无味时提前收获——同时还能保证有足够的时间运送到消费者手中。And we love that it really takes so little material, the little bit of extra peel we add to an average avocado, for example, that's equivalent in weight to a 10th of a small raisin. And even though these materials are, of course, they're edible, you can wash them off by just rubbing under running water. We also, the more that we learned about the fresh produce supply chain today, we realized we could integrate into how these are processed in these packing houses before they're sent to grocery stores.更让我们喜欢的是，这其实只需要极少的材料。比如，给一个普通牛油果增加的那层“额外果皮”，重量大约只相当于一颗小葡萄干的十分之一。而且这些成分本身当然是可食用的，但你只需在流水下轻轻揉搓就能将其洗掉。随着我们对当今新鲜农产品供应链的进一步了解，我们还意识到，这一工艺可以直接融入到分拣包装环节，在水果和蔬菜送往超市之前完成。

And then all of this leads to a pretty narrow set of fruits and vegetables that are available in stores today relative to the amazing diversity of what's really out there. And so it's really like the categories that can survive storage and transportation that are commonly available. And those aren't always the ones that taste best or have the highest density of nutrients. So my friends wanted to approach this differently.↳这一切最终导致了一个问题：相较于自然界中丰富多样的水果和蔬菜，我们今天在商店里能买到的品类其实非常有限。基本上只有那些能够在储存和运输过程中幸存下来的品类才会常见。但这些并不一定是味道最好的，或者营养密度最高的。于是，我的朋友们想用一种不同的方式来应对这个问题。And we led first with some questions. How do plants protect themselves? Well, with a peel. Plants, just like us, have a skin or a peel, technically called the plant cuticle, and that helps to protect them from moisture loss, oxidation and infection. And what are those peels made of? Fatty acids, glycerides. That's what's the important part. And these are ingredients found universally in all plants. In the peel, pulp and seeds, and including in plants that we already eat. Different fruits have different shelf lives because of the thickness and arrangement of these materials in those peels.我们首先提出了一些问题：植物是如何保护自己的？答案是果皮。植物和我们一样，也有一层“皮肤”，学术上称为“角质层”，它能帮助植物抵御水分流失、氧化以及感染。那么这些果皮由什么构成呢？主要是脂肪酸和甘油酯——这才是关键所在。而这些成分在所有植物中普遍存在，不论是果皮、果肉还是种子，甚至在我们日常食用的植物中也都有。不同水果的保鲜期长短，其实和这些物质在果皮中的厚度与排列方式有关。So the idea then is: Can we take these harmless, edible, plant-based ingredients, apply them in a thin layer on the surface of fresh fruits and vegetables to help reinforce the existing natural peel? And if you do that, can you help to retain peak flavor, texture and nutrients for longer without reliance on refrigeration, pesticides, waxes or plastics?于是，想法就诞生了：我们是否可以利用这些无害、可食用的植物性成分，把它们涂覆在新鲜水果和蔬菜的表面，形成一层薄膜，来强化原本的天然果皮？如果能做到这一点，是否就能在无需依赖冷藏、农药、蜡涂层或塑料包装的情况下，延长食材的最佳风味、口感和营养？And so that's what James, Lou and I, that's why we founded Apeel Sciences and ultimately headed to James's garage to try and figure out. We started first by partnering with a small local grower, and we tested the idea on this category you may not have heard of called finger limes. They are literally finger-shaped, and when you cut them open, the pulp is in the shape of beads, like caviar. They are delicious, and they're super fragrant. But once they're picked, that grower had maybe about seven days before their organic limes would start to dry out and the skin would start to change color. And that was even with refrigeration.↳于是，这就是我、詹姆斯和路易斯创立 Apeel Sciences 的原因。我们最终跑到詹姆斯的车库里，开始动手实验。起初，我们与一家本地的小型种植户合作，把这个想法应用到一种你可能没听说过的水果——“指橙”（finger limes）上。它们真的像手指一样细长，当你切开时，果肉呈现出一颗颗像鱼子酱般的珠粒，味道鲜美，香气浓郁。但问题是，一旦被采摘下来，这些有机指橙大概只有七天的时间就会开始干瘪、果皮变色——即便是在冷藏条件下也是如此。

When you pick a piece of fruit off a tree, it's like a ticking time bomb. It's literally this living and breathing thing that's slowly cannibalizing its own stores of energy and nutrients, just trying to stay alive until it ultimately gets eaten by microbes or some other animal, like us. Have you ever wondered why that is and what could be done about it?↳当你从树上摘下一颗水果时，它就像一颗正在倒计时的定时炸弹。它实际上是一个还在“呼吸”的生命体，会慢慢吞噬自己储存的能量和养分，只为了尽可能维持生存，直到最终被微生物或其他动物（比如我们人类）吃掉。你有没有想过这是为什么？以及对此能做些什么？My journey in trying to figure that out started in the spring of 2013. I'm finishing up my postdoctoral research in chemistry at the University of Santa Barbara, California. And all that really means is I'm a huge nerd and I've been in school for way too long. And I'm trying to figure out how to put all that training to meaningful use. So two of my lab mates, James Rogers and Louis Perez, invite me to dinner. But it turns out to be a pitch disguised as dinner, and they opened by totally flooring me with some staggering stats.我试图弄清这个问题的旅程开始于2013年春天。那时我正在加州圣塔芭芭拉大学完成化学博士后的研究。说白了，就是我这个超级书呆子在学校里待得太久了，现在在思考如何把这些年接受的训练用在真正有意义的事情上。于是，我的两个实验室伙伴詹姆斯·罗杰斯和路易斯·佩雷斯邀请我共进晚餐。但事实证明，那顿饭其实是伪装成晚餐的“推销会”，而他们一开口就用一些惊人的数据震撼了我。A third of the food that we produce worldwide is lost or wasted before it ever has a chance to be eaten. For fresh fruits and vegetables, that number is a half. And waste is a problem at every single step of the supply chain. From the farm, trying to get it to market, in stores, restaurants and in our homes. And it's not just a waste of the food. It's a waste of the land, water, fertilizers, labor, energy, fuel, packaging and money out of farmers' and our pockets. If global food waste was a country, it'd be the third-highest emitter of greenhouse gases after China and the US.↳全球所生产的食物中，有三分之一在被吃掉之前就已经损失或浪费了。而在新鲜水果和蔬菜方面，这个比例更是高达二分之一。而浪费的问题存在于供应链的每一个环节：从农场，到运输市场，再到商店、餐厅，甚至是我们的家庭。而这不仅仅是食物的浪费，更是土地、水资源、化肥、劳动力、能源、燃料、包装，以及农民和我们自己口袋里的金钱的浪费。如果把全球食物浪费看作一个国家，那么它的温室气体排放量将位居世界第三，仅次于中国和美国。For decades, all around the world, we've relied heavily on a surprisingly small number of ways to help fruits and vegetables last longer after harvest. These have gotten us a really long way, but they also have their challenges. Refrigeration is a massive energy suck, a significant source of emissions, and it's expensive. It's unfortunately why a lot of places around the world don't have access to refrigeration. Designer pesticides aren't great for our long-term health or the environment. Waxes, some can be plant-based, but a lot of them are also animal-derived or petroleum-derived, and they help make produce look better but not really meaningfully extend their life and quality. And packaging, that's just adding to our problems with single-use plastics and microplastics.几十年来，全世界主要依赖数量极少的几种方法来延长水果和蔬菜的保鲜期。这些方法确实在一定程度上帮助了我们，但也带来了挑战。冷藏消耗巨大的能源，是温室气体的重要排放源，而且成本高昂，这也是为什么世界上很多地方至今无法普及冷藏。至于人工合成的农药，对人类的长期健康和环境都并不友好。蜡涂层方面，有些是植物基的，但更多是动物性或石油提取的，它们能让农产品外观看起来更好，却不能真正有效地延长其保质期和品质。而包装，则让一次性塑料和微塑料的问题更加严重。

If you've got a phone or a fitness tracker, you're probably checking your steps each day. Reach 10,000 and you feel smug. Why? Well, we've been told it's the number to aim for – the threshold for health gains. 如果你拥有一部手机或者一个健身追踪器，你就很可能每天都会查看你的行走步数。一旦达到一万步你可能就会沾沾自喜。这是为什么呢？因为我们常常听说应该以每天走一万步为目标，它是令人更加健康的门槛。But a review of previous studies in medical journal The Lancet, involving data on 160,000 adults worldwide, suggests a target of 7,000 steps brings plenty of health benefits, too, including reducing the risk of heart disease, dementia, depression, cancer and falls. The research found that even modest step counts of 4,000 per day were linked to better health, compared with very low activity of 2,000 a day. 但一篇研究综述刚刚被发表在了医学杂志《柳叶刀》上，这项研究囊括了全球 16 万名成人的健康数据，研究结果显示每天步行 7000 步也能为健康带来许多益处，包括降低患心脏病、痴呆、抑郁、癌症和意外跌倒的风险。研究发现，即使每天仅走上 4000 步，和活动量非常小的 2000 步相比，也能改善健康状况。For most health conditions, the benefits tended to level off beyond 7,000 steps, although there were additional advantages to walking further for the heart. The review can't prove that daily steps alone reduce the risk of disease. Some of the findings were based on only a small number of studies, but they say encouraging people to track their steps is a practical way to improve their health. And adding a step count target into official exercise guidance could be useful for everyone.对于大多数健康问题来说，每天步行带来的益处似乎在 7000 步以后就逐渐趋平，不再有明显的变化，不过再多走一些对心脏健康还有其它好处。这篇综述未能证明仅靠每天步行就能降低患病风险。虽然一些结论仅基于少量研究，但研究人员表示鼓励人们追踪每天所走的步数是改善健康的一种切实可行的方法；并且，在官方锻炼指南中加入行走步数作为目标可能对所有人都有益。

What do rubber tyres have to do with delicious food? The answer lies in the story of the Michelin brothers. French inventors Edouard and Andre Michelin created the Michelin tyre company in 1889 and transformed the travel industry. A few decades later, they began publishing a guide to highlight food in restaurants worth travelling for, which, of course, they'd need strong Michelin tyres to reach. Nowadays, the coveted Michelin star – an award given to only the world's finest restaurants – is one of the culinary world's highest accolades. But the rating system is somewhat shrouded in mystery.橡胶轮胎与美味食物有什么关系？ 答案在于米其林兄弟的故事。 法国发明家爱德华（Edouard）和安德烈·米歇林（Andre Michelin）于1889年成立了米其林轮胎公司，并改变了旅游业。 几十年后，他们开始发布一份指南，以突出值得旅行的餐馆中的食物，当然，他们需要强大的米其林轮胎才能到达。 如今，令人垂涎的米其林之星（仅授予世界上最好的餐厅）是烹饪界最高的荣誉之一。 但是评级系统在某种程度上笼罩在神秘之中。The Michelin Guide itself says their inspectors take into account five criteria: the quality of the ingredients, the harmony of flavours, the mastery of techniques, the personality of the chef as expressed through their cuisine and consistency both across the entire menu and over time. But the inspectors are anonymous, and chefs are always kept in the dark about when they are going to visit. "We're never aware of the inspectors' visit," said Julia Sedefdjian, who became France's youngest Michelin-starred chef at the age of 21. "If they introduce themselves, it's only after they've eaten. And often – very often – they never introduce themselves at all."《米其林指南》本身说，他们的检查员考虑了五个标准：成分的质量，口味的和谐，掌握技术的掌握，厨师的个性，通过其美食和整个菜单上的菜单和一致性表达。 但是检查员是匿名的，厨师何时要访问厨师。 朱莉娅·塞夫迪安（Julia Sedefdjian）说：“我们从来没有意识到检查员的访问，他在21岁时成为法国最年轻的米其林星级厨师。“如果他们自我介绍，只有在他们吃饭之后，他们就经常 - 经常 - 通常 - 他们从不介绍自己。”And how much does the overall ambience of a restaurant play into the ratings? Ideas vary. Chef Maxime Bouttier, who has worked in Michelin-starred restaurants across France for 15 years, thinks details like white tablecloths and background piano music can help to tick boxes for inspectors. Despite this, Bouttier's own restaurant doesn't have tablecloths, and his clientele listen to '80s rap while dining, yet his restaurant earnt a star less than a year after opening. The Michelin Guide says a Michelin star is awarded for the food on the plate, nothing else, and that the style and degree of formality have no bearing on the award whatsoever.餐厅的整体氛围有多少？ 想法各不相同。 厨师Maxime Bouttier曾在法国各地的米其林星级餐厅工作了15年，他认为诸如白色桌布和背景钢琴音乐之类的细节可以帮助检查员打勾检查员。 尽管如此，Bouttier自己的餐厅没有桌布，他的客户在用餐时听着80年代的说唱，但他的餐厅在开业后不到一年就赚了一颗明星。 《米其林指南》说，米其林明星因盘子上的食物而被授予，别无其他，形式的风格和程度与该奖项无关。Michelin stars can make or break a chef's culinary career. Earning one gives a chef more recognition, more table bookings and can allow them to raise their prices. But there's also the risk of losing one, and with that comes a lot of pressure. 位米其林明星可以使厨师的烹饪生涯创造或破坏。 赚取的人会给厨师提供更多的认可，更多的餐桌预订，并可以使他们提高价格。 但是，也有失去一个的风险，随之而来的是很大的压力。

Kew's Palm House is a wonder of the Victorian age. When it opened in 1848, it was the largest glass house ever constructed. But the hot and humid conditions inside that are essential for the tropical plants it houses have taken their toll on the building. Its ornate painted metalwork is rusting, and 16,000 panes of glass need to be replaced.邱园的棕榈温室是维多利亚时代的奇观。在 1848 年开放时，它曾是当时人类建造过的最大的玻璃温室。然而，它内部的高温潮湿环境对于它所收容的热带植物来说是必需的，不过这也让建筑本身受到了损害。棕榈温室装饰华丽的、涂有颜料的金属部件开始生锈，1 万 6 千块玻璃窗板也需要被更换。The renovation will begin in two years' time. But the horticulturalists at Kew have already started to relocate some of the precious plants as more than 1,000 species need to be removed and safely stored before work can start. Kew is also taking the opportunity to make the greenhouse much greener, replacing the gas boilers with huge heat pumps to drastically cut its emissions.翻新工程将在两年后开始。但邱园的园艺师们已经开始着手迁移部分珍贵的植物，因为有超过 1000 种植物品种需要在施工前被移出并妥善保存。邱园还将借此机会让温室变得更加环保，用大型热泵替代燃气锅炉，以大幅减少污染物排放量。

Use of technology in sports is supposed to be able to provide accurate and instant feedback, with better decision-making and reduced errors compared to human intervention. But is that always the case?1在体育中使用技术应该能够提供准确，即时的反馈，与人干预相比，决策更好，并且错误减少。 但是总是这样吗？The annual tennis tournament Wimbledon made the decision this year to replace their line judges. These have traditionally been men and women who judge whether the ball is in or out of bounds, but they were switched out for AI that analyses camera footage, which should be faster and more accurate. Despite this, the electronic line calling system failed just a week into the 2025 championship. The ball-tracking technology was turned off by a person accidentally. This meant a point had to be replayed, which resulted in Sonay Kartal controversially winning the game. If technology needs humans to operate it in the first place, whose fault is it in situations like these where things go wrong?年度网球锦标赛温布尔登今年决定取代他们的阵容法官。 传统上，这些是男人和女人，他们判断球是界限还是超出范围，但是他们被转移到了分析摄像机镜头的AI上，这应该更快，更准确。 尽管如此，在2025年锦标赛中，电子线路通话系统还是失败了一周。 偶然的人关闭了球跟踪技术。 这意味着必须重播一个观点，这导致Sonay Kartal有争议地赢得了比赛。 如果技术首先需要人类来操作它，那么在这种情况下出现问题的情况下是谁的错？In football, referees often come under fire for their decision-making. But VAR, that's 'video assistant referee', is regularly used in football these days too. A referee can ask for a VAR check, which means that if they are unsure of something, like the awarding of a penalty, they can double-check their own judgement. However, last football season, VAR made oversights which angered a lot of managers, players and fans. They said the system was notfit for purpose and even favoured some teams over others. Despite this, the Premier League's chief football officer, Tony Scholes, said during the middle of last year's season that standards were actually higher than ever. "Before VAR, 82% of the decisions made were deemed to be correct. In the season so far, that figure is 96%," he said.在足球比赛中，裁判经常因决策而受到抨击。 但是，这是“视频助理裁判”，如今也经常在足球中使用。 裁判可以要求进行VAR检查，这意味着，如果他们不确定某件事，例如判处罚款，他们可以仔细检查自己的判断。 但是，上一个足球赛季，VAR进行了监督，激怒了许多经理，球员和球迷。 他们说，该系统不适合目的，甚至偏爱其他团队而不是其他团队。 尽管如此，英超联赛的首席足球官托尼·斯科尔斯（Tony Scholes）表示，在去年中期，标准实际上比以往任何时候都要高。 他说：“在VAR之前，做出的决定中有82％被认为是正确的。到目前为止，这个数字为96％。”So,why do we still not trust technology if it often improves a situation? Professor Gina Neff from Cambridge University says that we have a very strong, in-built sense of fairness." The machine makes decisions based on the set of rules it's been programmed to adjudicate," she said. "Right now, in many areas where AI is touching our lives, we feel like humans understand the context much better than the machine."那么，如果技术经常改善情况，为什么我们仍然不信任技术？ 剑桥大学的吉娜·内夫（Gina Neff）教授说，我们有一种非常强烈的内在公平意识。“该机器根据一套规则做出了决定，它已被编程以裁定，”她说。 “目前，在AI触及我们生活的许多领域，我们觉得人类比机器更好地了解环境。”Whether you trust it or not, technology is here to stay, including in the world of sport.无论您是否信任，技术都将留在这里，包括运动世界。

The logic of common knowledge and social relationships explains why we all deplore the hypocrisy and white lies and role playing of everyday social interaction, but we wouldn't want to live without them.公共知识与社会关系的逻辑，解释了为什么我们一方面都厌恶日常社交中的虚伪、小谎言以及角色扮演，但另一方面又不愿意没有它们的生活。As dystopian comedies like "Liar Liar" play out.就像反乌托邦式喜剧《大话王》（Liar Liar）所展现的那样。Our relationships are underpinned by a common understanding of limitless loyalty and generosity.我们的关系是建立在一种“无限忠诚与慷慨”的共同理解之上的。Privately, we know they're fictions, but making these rude realities common knowledge would pollute the pool of common assumptions that allow us to get along.私下里，我们都知道这些是虚构的，但如果把这些残酷的现实变成公共知识，就会污染那一池让我们得以相处的共同假设。We also have to get along in less intimate relationships, and in those cases, we rely on norms: ways of living together that aren't written down by lawgivers or enforced by the police, but exist because everyone knows they exist.我们还需要在不那么亲密的关系中相处，在这些情况下，我们依赖于“规范”——它们不是立法者写下的，也不是由警察强制执行的，而是因为每个人都知道它们存在，所以它们才存在。In social life, basic civility depends on norms such as that you don't brazenly lie, you don't insult people to their faces, you don't prosecute personal vendettas.在社会生活中，基本的礼貌依赖于一些规范，比如：你不能厚颜无耻地撒谎、不能当面侮辱他人、不能公报私仇。In the anarchic global arena, peace depends on norms such as that nation states are immortal, national borders are grandfathered in, conquest is unacceptable, and nuclear weapons are unthinkable.在无政府状态的全球舞台上，和平依赖于一些规范，比如：国家是永久存在的、国界是既定且不可轻易更改的、征服行为是不可接受的、使用核武器是不可想象的。These norms arepropped upby nothing but common acceptance, and so they're vulnerable to imploding if they are overtly flouted, or even if there is loose talk about flouting them.这些规范仅仅依靠“普遍接受”来支撑，因此一旦被公然违背，甚至只是被随意谈论要违背，它们就有可能瞬间崩塌。I hope that, having explained the logic behind human harmony, I don't have to explain how these norms are currently under threat or what is at stake if we lose them.我希望，在解释了人类和谐背后的逻辑之后，我就不必再解释这些规范目前是如何受到威胁，以及如果失去它们会付出怎样的代价。As a man once said, "What's there to say? It's so obvious."正如有人曾经说过的：“这还有什么好说的？太明显了。”

Or laughter, where an unignorable noise can expose the common assumptions among everyone who gets the joke.或者是笑声，那种无法忽视的声音能够揭示所有明白这个笑话的人之间的共同假设。Conversely, when we worry about upending a relationship, we might go to great lengths to repress common knowledge. We might avoid looking someone in the eye, or pretend to ignore the elephant in the room or mumble with great incoherence.相反，当我们担心会颠覆一段关系时，可能会竭尽全力压制“公共知识”。我们可能会避免直视对方的眼睛，假装忽视房间里的“大象”，或者用极其含糊的方式咕哝说话。This is why, in everyday conversation, we often don't blurt out what we mean in so many words, but veil our intentions in innuendo and euphemism, counting on our listeners to catch ourdrift.这就是为什么在日常对话中，我们常常不会直截了当地说出自己的意思，而是用暗示和委婉语来掩饰自己的意图，并依赖听众去心领神会。A classic example is the sexual come on "Would you like to come up and see my etchings," which by the 1930s was so familiar that James Thurber could draw a cartoon in which the hapless man says to his date, "You wait here and I'll bring the etchings down."一个经典的例子是性暗示“你想上楼看看我的蚀刻画吗”，到了20世纪30年代已经如此普及，以至于詹姆斯·瑟伯能画出这样一幅漫画：倒霉的男士对他的约会对象说，“你在这等着，我把蚀刻画拿下来给你看。”A century later, etchings has become “Netflix and chill.”一个世纪后，“蚀刻画”已经变成了“Netflix and chill”（看网飞电影并发生亲密关系的委婉说法）。We also veil our bribes, as in, "Gee, officer, is there some way we might settle the ticket here?"我们也会掩饰我们的贿赂，比如说：“哎呀，警官，有没有办法我们可以在这里把罚单的事解决掉？”And our threats, as in, "I'm so delighted to learn that you're on the jury of the Soprano trial. It's an important civic duty that we should all take part in. You've got a wife and kids, we know you'll do the right thing."同样，我们也会掩饰我们的威胁，比如说：“我很高兴得知你是‘索普拉诺'审判的陪审员。这是一项我们都应该参与的重要公民义务。你有妻子和孩子，我们相信你会做正确的事。”The point of innuendo is not plausible deniability because these euphemisms don't pass the giggle test, but rather deniability of common knowledge.暗示的目的并不是为了让自己“貌似有否认的可能”，因为这些委婉语经不起一笑置之的检验，而是为了否认“公共知识”的成立。If Harry says to Sally, "Want to come up for Netflix and chill," and Sally turns him down, well, Sally knows she's turned down a sexual overture, and Harry knows that Sally has turned down a sexual overture.如果哈利对莎莉说：“要不要上楼Netflix and chill？”而莎莉拒绝了，那么莎莉知道自己拒绝了一个性暗示，哈利也知道莎莉拒绝了一个性暗示。But does Sally know that Harry knows? She could think, "Maybe he thinks I'm naive."但是莎莉知道哈利知道吗？她可能会想：“也许他觉得我很天真。”And does Harry know that Sally knows that Harry knows? He could think, "Maybe she thinks I'm dense."而哈利知道莎莉知道哈利知道吗？他可能会想：“也许她觉得我很迟钝。”Without the common knowledge, they can maintain the fiction of a platonic relationship.没有公共知识，他们就能维持一种“柏拉图式关系”的假象。But if Harry were to have said, “Want to come up and have sex,” and Sally said no, well, now Harry knows that Sally knows that Harry knows that Sally knows.但是，如果哈利说的是：“要不要上楼做爱？”而莎莉拒绝了，那么此时哈利知道莎莉知道哈利知道莎莉知道。With this common knowledge, they can no longer maintain the fiction of a platonic friendship.有了这样的公共知识，他们就再也无法维持柏拉图式友谊的假象了。And that's what lies behind the intuition that with bare-faced speech, you can't take it back. It's out there.这正是那种直觉背后的原因：一旦赤裸裸地说出来，就无法收回——它已经在那里了。

This can set off cycles of exuberant recursive mentalizing, as investors desperately search for focal points, each one buying an investment not because of its inherent productive value but because they hope to unload it at a profit on future investors, greater fools.这会引发一种亢奋的递归心理博弈循环——投资者拼命寻找“焦点”，他们买入一种投资并不是因为它本身具有生产价值，而是希望将它高价转手卖给未来的投资者，也就是所谓的“更大的傻瓜”。This can set everyone off in search of conspicuous focal points such as Super Bowl ads. Everyone knows that everyone watches the Super Bowl. In 2022, cryptocurrency exchanges ran high-concept ads in which they tried to gin up a common expectation of rising prices not by touting any of the advantages of cryptocurrency but by warning, "Don't be like Larry. Don't miss out."这会让所有人去寻找显眼的焦点，比如“超级碗”的广告。人人都知道人人会看超级碗。2022年，加密货币交易所投放了创意十足的广告，他们试图制造一种价格上涨的共同预期，不是通过宣传加密货币的优势，而是通过警告人们——“别像拉里那样错过机会。”Now, of course, it's only so long that an asset can levitate in midair, suspended by nothing but common expectation. Bubbles pop when the market runs out of greater fools who don't want to miss out on the next best thing or when the doubt itself becomes common knowledge.当然，一项资产只靠共同预期“悬在空中”的时间有限。当市场上再也没有愿意接盘、不想错过下一个机会的“更大的傻瓜”，或者当怀疑本身变成了公共知识时，泡沫就会破裂。This can send investors running for the exits, each desperate to sell a security out of fear that everyone else is desperate to sell it. The result can be a bank run or hyperinflation or a Great Depression.这会导致投资者争相出逃——每个人都急着卖掉手中的证券，因为害怕其他人也急着卖。结果可能就是银行挤兑、恶性通货膨胀，甚至是大萧条。When Franklin Delano Roosevelt said, "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself," it was not a feel-good bromide, but a theorem of common knowledge.当富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福说“我们唯一需要害怕的就是恐惧本身”时，这并不是一句鼓舞人心的鸡汤，而是“公共知识”定理的体现。With investors constantly on the lookout for focal points, financial leaders have to be wordsmiths, mystics and occasionally, comedians. Alan Greenspan once said, "Since I've become a central banker, I've learned to mumble with great incoherence."在投资者不断寻找“焦点”的环境下，金融领袖必须既是语言大师，又是神秘主义者，有时甚至是喜剧演员。艾伦·格林斯潘曾说：“自从我成了央行行长，我就学会了用极度含糊的方式咕哝说话。”"If I seem unduly clear to you, you must have misunderstood what I said."“如果我看起来说得过于清楚，那你一定是误解了我的意思。”After Jimmy Carter told his inflation czar, Alfred Kahn, never to use the self-fulfilling word "depression," he said, "OK, but we're in danger of having the biggest banana in 45 years."当吉米·卡特告诉他的通胀主管阿尔弗雷德·卡恩，绝不能使用那个会自我应验的词——“经济萧条”——时，卡恩说：“好吧，但我们正面临45年来最大的香蕉危机。”My own interest in common knowledge comes from its role in social relationships. A relationship is a coordination game. Two people are friends or lovers or allies, or dominant and subordinate or transaction partners because each one knows the other one knows that they are.我个人对“公共知识”的兴趣，源于它在社会关系中的作用。一段关系本质上是一场协调游戏。两个人之所以是朋友、恋人、盟友，或者是上下级、交易伙伴，是因为他们彼此知道对方知道他们的关系。And this common knowledge can be cemented by a number of common knowledge generating signals. Like eye contact, where you're looking at the part of the person that's looking at the part of you that's looking at that part of them. Or blushing, where you feel the heat of the cheeks, reddening of your cheeks from the inside, knowing that other people can see it from the outside.这种“公共知识”可以通过多种能生成公共知识的信号来巩固。例如，眼神接触——你在看对方看着你的那个部位；又或者是脸红——你从内部感受到脸颊发热变红，同时知道别人从外部能看到这一点。

At larger scales, common salience or focal points and conventions, drive a lot of our legal and financial coordination. An everyday example is driving on the left, or on the right. It doesn't matter as long as everyone agrees to drive on the same side, as in the joke about the woman who calls her husband during his morning commute and says, "Be careful, honey. The radio says that there's a maniac driving on the wrong side of the freeway."在更大的范围内，共同的显著性（焦点）和约定，驱动了我们大量的法律与金融协作。一个日常例子是——在左侧行驶还是在右侧行驶。只要大家一致，选哪一边都无所谓。这就像那个笑话：一位女士在丈夫的早高峰通勤途中打电话对他说：“小心点，亲爱的，广播里说高速公路上有个疯子在逆行。”And he says, "One maniac? There are hundreds of them."丈夫回答：“一个疯子？有几百个呢。”Another everyday example is money. I accept a piece of paper in exchange for an old chair, because I know that my grocer will accept it in exchange for some groceries because he knows his supplier will accept it, and so on.另一个日常例子是货币。我愿意用一张纸来交换一把旧椅子，因为我知道杂货商会接受它换取食品，而他也知道他的供货商会接受它，如此循环。Now not all the examples are this obvious. Why are autocrats terrified of public protests? Well the basic reason was explained by Gandhi in the eponymous movie when he said, "100,000 Englishmen cannot control 350 million Indians if the Indians refuse to cooperate." The problem is that the Indians can't refuse to cooperate if each one fears that no one will join him.当然，并非所有例子都这么显而易见。为什么独裁者会害怕公众示威？根本原因在《甘地》这部电影中就有解释——甘地说：“如果印度人拒绝合作，十万英国人无法统治三亿五千万印度人。”问题在于，如果每个印度人都担心没有人会和自己一起行动，他们就不可能拒绝合作。In a public demonstration, each protester can see the other protesters see the other protesters, and this common knowledge allows them to coordinate their resistance, whether by literally storming the palace or by bringing the apparatus of the state to a halt through boycotts and work stoppages.在一次公开示威中，每个抗议者都能看到其他抗议者看到其他抗议者的存在，这种“公共知识”让他们得以协调抵抗——无论是直接冲击王宫，还是通过抵制与罢工让国家机器停摆。This is the basis for a joke from the old Soviet Union, in which a man in Red Square is handing out leaflets to passersby. Soon enough, the KGB arrest him, only to discover that the leaflets are blanksheetsof paper. They say, "What is the meaning of this?"这就是一个来自前苏联笑话的逻辑基础：一个人在红场向路人发传单，很快就被克格勃逮捕。但当他们查看传单时，发现全是白纸。他们问：“这是什么意思？”And the man says, "What's there to say? It's so obvious."那人答道：“还用说吗？这不是显而易见吗？”The point of the joke is the man was generating subversive common knowledge. And in a case of life imitating a joke, in recent years, Russian police have arrested several people for holding, yes, blank signs.这个笑话的重点是——那个人在制造颠覆性的“公共知识”。而在现实生活模仿笑话的案例中，近年来俄罗斯警方确实逮捕了几名举着……对，空白标语牌的人。Another non-obvious example comes from the world of investing. John Maynard Keynes compared speculative investing to a newspaper beauty contest, in which the winner is not the woman with the prettiest face but the contestant who chooses the face that is chosen by the greatest number of other contestants, each of whom is anticipating the choices of other contestants, and so on.另一个不那么显而易见的例子来自投资领域。约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯将投机投资比作报纸上的选美比赛，比赛的赢家并不是选出最美面孔的人，而是选出最多其他参赛者会选的面孔的人——而每个参赛者都在推测其他参赛者的选择，如此往复。

When the little boy said the emperor was naked, he wasn't telling them anything they didn't already know. But he added to their knowledge nonetheless. By blurting out what everyone could see within earshot of the others, he ensured that everyone knew that everyone else knew what they knew, that everyone knew that, and so on. And that changed their relationship with the emperor from obsequious deference to ridicule and scorn.当那个小男孩说皇帝没穿衣服时，他并没有告诉大家他们原本不知道的事情。但他仍然在一定程度上增加了他们的认知。因为他当众喊出大家都能看到的事实，让所有人都知道了其他人也知道他们所知道的，而所有人也知道这一点，如此循环往复。于是，这改变了他们对皇帝的态度——从谄媚恭敬转为嘲笑与蔑视。Hans Christian Andersen's immortal story draws on a momentous logical distinction. With private knowledge, I know something, and you know it. With common knowledge, I know that fact, and you know it, but in addition, I know that you know it, and you know that I know it, and I know that you know that I know it, ad infinitum. Of course, the reason that common knowledge is significant is that it is essential for coordination.安徒生这篇不朽的故事揭示了一个重要的逻辑区别：在“私有知识”中，我知道某件事，你也知道它。而在“公共知识”中，我知道这个事实，你也知道，但除此之外，我知道你知道它，你也知道我知道它，我还知道你知道我知道它，如此无限递归。当然，“公共知识”之所以重要，是因为它对于协调行动至关重要。In a classic example from Thomas Schelling, a couple is separated in Manhattan, incommunicado, and somehow must find each other. Well he knows that she likes to browse the aisles of certain bookstore, so he heads there. But then he realizes that she knows that he likes to hang out in a certain camera store, so he changes course until he figures that she will anticipate that he will guess that she will opt for the bookstore. So he does another about face, only for it to dawn on him that it will occur to her that he knows that she is aware that he likes to haunt the bookstore, so he pirouettes once again. Meanwhile, she is whipsawed by the same futile empathy. Nothing short of common knowledge can guarantee that they'll end up at the same place and at the same time.托马斯·谢林的一个经典例子是：一对情侣在曼哈顿走散，无法联系，但必须想办法找到对方。男方知道女方喜欢逛某家书店，于是往那边走；但他又想到，女方知道他喜欢待在某家相机店，于是改道过去；接着他又推测，女方可能会预料到他会猜她会选择书店，于是他再次掉头；然而他又意识到，女方可能会想到他知道她清楚他喜欢去书店，于是他又转回去。与此同时，女方也在被同样无休止的推测折腾着。除了“公共知识”，没有任何东西能确保他们在同一时间出现在同一地点。Of course, no one can think an infinite Russian doll of “I know that she knows that I know that she knows” thoughts. Our heads start to spin with three or four layers, let alone an infinite number.当然，没有人能在脑中无限套娃地思考“我知道她知道我知道她知道”这种想法。三四层就足以让人头晕，更别说无限层了。In a well-known episode of "Friends," Phoebe says to Rachel, “They don't know we know they know we know. Joey, you can't say anything!"在著名美剧《老友记》的一集中，菲比对瑞秋说：“他们不知道我们知道他们知道我们知道。乔伊，你什么也不能说！”And he replies, "I couldn't even if I wanted to!"乔伊回答：“我就算想说，也说不出来！”Instead, common knowledge can be captured in a simple mental intuition that something is public or conspicuous or out there, and that can be conveyed by direct speech. In the case of our separated couple, a cell phone call. Indeed, solving coordination dilemmas may be the reason that language evolved in our species in the first place.实际上，“公共知识”可以通过一种简单的心理直觉来获得——某事是公开的、显而易见的、众所周知的——而这种状态可以通过直接的语言传递。在走散情侣的例子中，一个电话就足够了。事实上，解决协调困境可能正是人类语言最初演化的原因之一。In the absence of a public event, the next best thing is conspicuous salience, or a focal point. Schelling suggests that our couple might gravitate toward the big clock in Grand Central Station, even if it wasn't particularly close to the point at which they'd been separated, simply because each might anticipate that it would pop into the mind of the other.如果没有公共事件，次优的选择是明显的“显著性”或“焦点”。谢林建议，这对情侣可能会选择去中央车站的大钟下见面，即使它离他们走散的地方并不近，仅仅是因为他们都可能想到对方会首先想到这个地方。A third solution is a convention. A tacit agreement to do something in a certain way for no other reason than they have agreed to do it that way, which is reason enough. Our separated couple might agree that should they ever be separated in the future, they will adopt the convention of chivalry and go to the bookstore. Or patriarchy, and go to the camera store. Or whimsy, and go to a lost-and-found in a department store. Or fairness, and take turns or flip coins.第三种解决方式是“约定”。即双方默契地同意以某种方式行事，唯一的理由就是他们已经同意了这样做，而这本身就足够了。这对走散的情侣可能会约定，如果以后再走散，就按照“骑士精神”去书店；或者按照“男权主义”去相机店；又或者凭“异想天开”去百货商店的失物招领处；或者讲求“公平”，轮流决定或抛硬币来定。

Archaeological evidence indicates that ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia may have been in contact at least 10,000 years ago, when people in Mesopotamia began to farm and domesticate animals, and so making the transition from hunter-gatherers to an agricultural society. Many scholars believe that this social and technological revolution may have influenced similar developments in ancient Egypt, but there's been no irrefutable proof of direct contact between the populations until now.考古证据表明，古埃及文明和美索不达米亚文明可能早在一万年前就有过接触。当时，美索不达米亚人开始进行农垦并驯化动物，从而开启了从狩猎采集者向农耕社会的转变。许多学者相信，这一社会和技术变革可能影响了古埃及文明的类似发展进程，但此前还没有确凿的证据证明两个人群之间发生过直接接触。Scientists have been using ancient DNA analysis to track changes in human evolution over millions of years, but refinements of the technique mean the technology now has the potential to show more recent historical events in a new way.科学家一直在用对人类远古 DNA 的分析来追踪人类在数百万年间的进化过程，但这项技术的改进意味着它现在有可能以一种新的方式呈现更近期的历史事件。

Surprisingly, severed tissues can survive for a few hours without these resources. And keeping them cool further slows the rate of tissue death, generally giving surgeons a 6-to-12-hour window for reattachment. But once the tissues die, reconnecting them won't bring them back to life.令人惊讶的是，断裂的组织即使没有这些资源，也能存活几个小时。而将其保持低温则能进一步减缓组织坏死的速度，通常可以为外科医生争取 6 到 12 小时的再植时间。但一旦组织死亡，即使重新连接，也无法让它们“复活”。This tight timeline is especially challenging for surgeons. Due to the issues we've already mentioned, reattachment operations are fairly uncommon. So most hospitals don't have the tools and expertise required to tackle these time-sensitive procedures. And even if they do, nerve repair is extremely tricky. With perfectly clean cuts, surgeons can attempt to stitch nerves back together directly. And when a cut is ragged, they may try to create nerve conduits— tunnels between nerve ends that can allow the nerves to reconnect over time. But neither these, nor any other surgical options, reliably restore movement and sensation.这紧迫的时间限制对外科医生来说尤其具有挑战性。由于前面提到的种种问题，再植手术相当罕见，因此大多数医院并没有应对这种时间敏感型手术所需的工具和专业技术。即便具备条件，神经修复也是极其棘手的工作。在切口整齐的情况下，外科医生可以尝试直接将神经缝合；而如果切口参差不齐，他们可能会尝试制作“神经导管”——一种连接神经断端的隧道，使神经能够随着时间重新连接。但无论是这些方法还是其他手术手段，都无法确保可靠地恢复肢体的运动和感觉。All these obstacles make it highly unlikely that a lost limb can be reattached. However, medical technology has developed another dependable solution for amputation: prosthetics. Today, prostheses come in countless forms to replace numerous body parts. Prosthetic legs are excellent for walking and running. Prosthetic arms have historically struggled to replicate our hands' fine motor movements. However, new myoelectric prostheses can detect electrical activity in nearby muscles and then translate those signals into relatively precise movements.所有这些障碍使得断肢能够成功再植的可能性极低。然而，医学技术发展出了另一种可靠的截肢解决方案——假肢。如今，假肢的形式多种多样，可以替代人体的不同部位。假肢腿在行走和跑步方面表现出色；而假肢手臂在历史上一直难以复制人手的精细运动。然而，新的肌电假肢可以检测邻近肌肉的电活动，并将这些信号转化为相对精确的动作。But perhaps the most dramatic development in prosthetic technology is transcutaneous osseointegration. First successfully performed in 1990, this procedure surgically anchors a metal implant into the bone of the remaining limb. The bone then grows into the crevices of the metal, creating a permanent connection. These implants extend through a portal in the skin, and can be attached to any prosthesis, which solves a handful of common prosthetic issues. Where traditional prosthetics can be heavy, providing a direct skeletal connection makes their weight feel more natural. Osseointegrated prosthetics are also less likely to irritate the skin where they attach, and they can offer more sensation by transmitting forces like vibration through the implant to the bone.或许，假肢技术中最引人注目的发展是“经皮骨整合”技术。该技术于 1990 年首次成功实施，它通过手术将金属植入物固定在残肢的骨骼中，随后骨骼会长入金属的缝隙中，从而形成永久连接。这些植入物会穿出皮肤的开口，并可以连接到任何假肢上，从而解决了许多传统假肢的常见问题。传统假肢可能较为笨重，而直接的骨骼连接能让重量感更加自然。经皮骨整合假肢也不易刺激与之接触的皮肤，并且能够通过将震动等力量从植入物传递到骨骼，为使用者提供更多的感知。Even with all these new technologies, not everyone wants to replace or reattach a lost limb. After an amputation, some people opt to rely on their remaining limbs, with or without the help ofmobilityaids and other adaptive equipment.即便有了这些新技术，并不是每个人都希望替换或再植失去的肢体。截肢后，有些人选择依靠剩余的肢体生活，无论是否借助助行器或其他适应性设备。

After a long day helping patients in the emergency room, Priya is prepping dinner when her knife slips and neatly severs her finger. Fortunately, being an ER doctor, she knows exactly what to do.在急诊室忙碌了一整天帮助病人后，普莉娅正在准备晚餐，突然刀子一滑，干净利落地切断了她的手指。幸运的是，作为一名急诊医生，她非常清楚该怎么做。First, she cleans the wound with a wet paper towel and bandages her finger—careful not to wrap the wound too tightly. To manage the pain, she knows not to take ibuprofen, which would prevent the wound from clotting, and instead opts for acetaminophen. Then she rinses off the severed finger, wraps it in a clean, moist towel, and puts it in a cooler while avoiding direct contact with ice. Finally, she rushes to the hospital, where luckily, a skilled hand surgeon is on staff. Thanks to the clean cut and Priya's rapid response, the surgeon can get to work. They set the bones and fix them in place with wires before repairing the tendons, nerves, blood vessels, and finally, the skin. The entire incident is finished in about eight hours, and after a few months of occupational therapy, Priya's hand is back in action.首先，她用湿纸巾清理伤口，然后为手指包扎，注意不要缠得太紧。为了缓解疼痛，她知道不能服用会阻碍伤口凝血的布洛芬，而是选择对乙酰氨基酚。接着，她冲洗被切断的手指，用干净湿润的毛巾包好，放入冷藏箱中，并避免手指直接接触冰块。最后，她赶往医院，幸好医院有一位经验丰富的手外科医生值班。得益于整齐的切口和普莉娅的快速反应，外科医生得以立即开始手术。他们先将骨头对齐并用钢丝固定，再修复肌腱、神经、血管，最后缝合皮肤。整个过程大约耗时八小时，几个月的职业康复治疗后，普莉娅的手恢复如初。This is the ideal outcome for reattaching a body part. Unfortunately, it's also incredibly unlikely— and not just because most people aren't as prepared as Priya. In reality, there are countless complications that come up with most accidental amputations.这是身体部位再植的理想结局。不幸的是，这种情况极为罕见——不仅仅是因为大多数人不像普莉娅那样做好了充分准备。实际上，大多数意外截肢都会出现无数的并发症。First, there's the accident. Unlike Priya's clean cut, most traumatic amputations occur in car crashes or industrial accidents that cause extensive, uneven tissue damage and dirty the wound in a way that prevents reattachment. Plus, more than half of all limb amputations in the United States are due to disease, and limbs removed for medical reasons obviously aren't safe to reattach. Then, there's preserving the limb. When a body part is severed, its blood circulation is cut off, stopping the influx of oxygen and other nutrients.首先是事故本身。与普莉娅整齐的切口不同，大多数创伤性截肢发生在车祸或工业事故中，这类事故会造成大面积、不均匀的组织损伤，并使伤口污染，从而无法再植。此外，美国超过一半的肢体截肢是由疾病引起的，而因医疗原因切除的肢体显然也不适合再植。其次是肢体的保存问题。当身体部位被切断时，其血液循环会中断，氧气和其他营养物质的供应随之停止。

They're not the same, are they? The smiles you see when you meet your friends and family compared with what you see from salespeople trying to get you to buy something or management consultants pretending that the bad news they're giving you is actually good news. How can we tell that someone really means it when they're smiling?1他们不一样，是吗？ 与您从销售人员那里看到的东西相比，您会看到您的朋友和家人时看到的微笑，试图让您购买某物或管理顾问，假装他们给您的坏消息实际上是个好消息。 我们怎么能说出某人在微笑时确实意味着它？There are physical differences between types of smiles. 19th Century French neurologist, Guillaume Duchenne, spotted that there are two sets of muscles that are used for smiling. Unsurprisingly, one set of muscles moves the corners of your mouth. The other tightens the skin around your eyes. He noticed that only genuine smiles triggered the muscles around the eyes, leading a real smile to be named a Duchenne smile. Later research suggests that there are two pathways to triggering these sets of muscles. Those that are around the mouth can be set off voluntarily, while those around the eyes are triggered involuntarily and almost always by our emotions.微笑类型之间存在物理差异。 19世纪的法国神经科医生Guillaume Duchenne发现有两组用于微笑的肌肉。 毫不奇怪，一组肌肉会移动您的嘴角。 另一个会收紧您的眼睛周围的皮肤。 他注意到，只有真正的微笑触发了眼睛周围的肌肉，导致一个真正的微笑被称为Duchenne的微笑。 后来的研究表明，有两种触发这些肌肉的途径。 那些在嘴巴周围的人可以自愿脱离，而眼睛周围的人则是非自愿触发的，几乎总是被我们的情绪触发。A genuine smile has certain physical signs. Typically, if a smile is real, then people's cheeks are pulled up, the skin under their eyes bulges, and crow's feet can be seen at the corners of their eyes. Smiles that aren't genuine often disappear suddenly rather than fading gradually. These fake smiles are not caused by emotions, but they can get mixed with signs of the emotions that someone is genuinely feeling, like a wrinkled forehead caused by worry.真正的微笑有某些身体迹象。 通常，如果微笑是真实的，那么人们的脸颊就会拉起，眼睛下面的皮肤在凸起，而乌鸦的脚在他们的眼角可以看到。 不是真正的微笑常常突然消失，而不是逐渐消失。 这些假的微笑不是由情绪引起的，但是它们可以与某人真正感觉到的情绪的迹象混合在一起，就像由忧虑引起的皱纹额头。Even ten-month-old-babies have shown that they can identify a real smile. It may be that we have evolved to spot genuine emotion. There's clearly a benefit in being able to identify who to trust, and who may be trying to deceive us. That's not to say that fake smiles are always a problem. They can help to smooth over difficult situations and maintain politeness. But there are times when it's good to know that a smile really means something.甚至十个月大的巴克斯也表明他们可以识别出真正的微笑。 我们可能已经演变出来发现真实的情感。 能够确定谁信任谁，以及谁可能试图欺骗我们有一个好处。 这并不是说假笑总是一个问题。 他们可以帮助平滑困难的情况并保持礼貌。 但是有时候很高兴知道微笑确实意味着什么。

Most of the food on the space station is standard packaged fare, full of goodness, no doubt, but lacking that culinary je ne sais quoi which any self-respecting French astronaut so badly needs. But astronauts can bring with them a certain quantity of their own food.国际空间站上的大部分食物都是标准的预包装食品，毫无疑问，营养丰富，但是缺少那种让人回味无穷的美食风味，这是任何一位体面的法国宇航员都迫切需要的。不过，宇航员们可以携带一定数量的自备食物。And so, Sophie Adenot has teamed up with the multi-Michelin-starred Anne-Sophie Pic to draw up a list of items to help her through those long, dawnless days in weight-free orbit.因此，宇航员索菲·阿德诺特与多次获得米其林星级的名厨安妮·索菲·皮克联手，精心制定了一份美食菜单，来帮助她自己度过那些在失重的太空轨道中漫长而无晨昏的日子。One day over the Atlantic, it could be chicken with Malagasy wild pepper, tonka beans and a creamy polenta. The next day, over the Pacific, pulled beef with black garlic and smoked vanilla. And for dessert – how about a chocolate cream with crushed hazelnut?也许在某天飞越大西洋时，她的餐盘里是鸡肉配马达加斯加野胡椒、零陵香豆和奶油玉米糊。在第二天，飞越太平洋时，可能吃的就是黑蒜熏香草手撕牛肉。至于甜点的话，来一份榛子碎巧克力奶油蛋糕怎么样？Sophie Adenot says she will share the haute cuisine with her colleagues on board. It is, after all, an important moment. French gastronomic culture becoming, for the first time, extraterrestrial.索菲·阿德诺特表示，她会将这些高级菜肴与空间站上的同事们一同分享。毕竟，这是一个重要的时刻，法国的美食文化首次 “走出地球”。

"It opened up something in me that needed to be opened and needed to heal," says Elizabeth Russell, a teacher and librarian from the US state of Connecticut. She was going through a rough patch in life when she found bibliotherapy. Bibliotherapy is the use of literature to support people with mental health and wellbeing issues. The benefits of non-fiction, self-help books are well documented – results from 'A meta‐analysis of bibliotherapy studies' suggest this type of bibliotherapy can help with conditions such as anxiety and depression – but what about fiction?“它打开了我内心的东西，需要打开并需要康复，”美国康涅狄格州的老师和图书馆员伊丽莎白·罗素说。 当她发现书目疗法时，她正在经历一段艰难的生活。 书目疗法是使用文献来支持患有心理健康和福祉问题的人。 非小说类，自助书籍的好处是有充分记录的 - “书目疗法研究的荟萃分析”的结果表明，这种类型的书目疗法可以帮助焦虑和抑郁等疾病 - 但是小说呢？'Creative bibliotherapy' may have similar advantages. Ella Berthoud, well-known bibliotherapist and author of The Novel Cure calls it 'the art of prescribing fiction for life's ailments'. But how does it work? If you were to go to Ella for help, she'd start with a consultation. Then, she says, "I will guide you to books that put a finger on feelings you may often have had, but perhaps never clearly understood before." Proponents of creative bibliotherapy say that immersing oneself in a good book can help readers process emotions, discover coping strategies or even just provide some escapism from life's stresses.“创意书目”可能具有类似的优势。 著名的书本治疗师，小说《治愈》的作者埃拉·伯特德（Ella Berthoud）称其为“为生命疾病开出小说的艺术”。 但是它如何工作？ 如果您要去Ella寻求帮助，她将从咨询开始。 然后，她说：“我将指导您的书籍，这些书对您可能经常有过的感受，但也许以前从未清楚地理解过。” 富有创造力的书目疗法的支持者说，沉浸在一本好书中可以帮助读者处理情感，发现应对策略，甚至只是从生活压力中提供了一些逃避现实。But some experts worry the benefits of creative bibliotherapy are overhyped. Studies suggest reading may improve things such as empathy and self-confidence, but in terms of treating specific mental health conditions, the evidence is weak. Some stories may even cause harm, particularly if they trigger or reinforce the negative feelings someone wants to escape. It seems bibliotherapy is best used in conjunction with other therapies, rather than as a substitute.但是有些专家担心创意书目疗法的好处被夸大了。 研究表明，阅读可能会改善诸如同理心和自信之类的事情，但是在治疗特定的心理健康状况方面，证据很弱。 有些故事甚至可能造成伤害，特别是如果它们触发或增强人们想要逃脱的负面情绪。 似乎最好的疗法与其他疗法结合使用，而不是替代品。In the UK, the Reading Agency's Reading Well programme helps people manage their health and wellbeing with books. The books are recommended by health experts and people with lived experience of the topics covered. But, the organisation's head of health and wellbeing, Gemma Jolly, understands that it's "not a one size fits all." She says, "It's about having an additional tool that might work for some people." Will you give bibliotherapy a go?在英国，阅读机构的阅读井计划可帮助人们通过书籍来管理自己的健康和福祉。 这些书是由健康专家和具有涵盖主题经验的人们推荐的。 但是，该组织的健康和福祉负责人，杰玛·乔利（Gemma Jolly）知道，这“不适合所有人”。 她说：“这是关于拥有可能对某些人有用的额外工具。” 您会尝试一下书目疗法吗？

So a question that I always get asked is: How? How do we integrate different perspectives? Well, it's an art and a science and something that has been explored at length by thinkers from Georg Hegel to Ken Wilber. But for us here today, I'm going to distill it into three questions that I ask myself. Here we go.我经常被问到的一个问题是：“怎么做？”——我们该如何整合不同的观点？这既是一门艺术，也是一门科学，早在黑格尔到肯·威尔伯等思想家那里就被深入探讨过。但今天在这里，我想把它提炼成我自己经常问自己的三个问题。我们开始吧。First question: Is there an either/or that can be flipped to a both/and? Well, on the issue of race -- yep, we're going there -- the problem is framed as either the system, which is racist, or the individual, who should pull themselves up by their bootstraps.第一个问题：有没有一个“非此即彼”的命题，其实可以转化成“此亦彼亦”？比如在种族议题上——没错，我们要谈这个——问题往往被描述为：要么是系统有种族歧视，要么是个体自己不够努力。But naturally, the drivers of racial disparity lie originally with the system, but now also to an extent with the individual, which means we must build systems that empower individuals.但事实上，种族差异的根源确实最初来自于系统，但如今也部分归因于个体。这意味着我们需要建立一种既承认系统问题、又能赋能个体的制度。The question isn't just do race-based policies work but how might we use race-based policies in a way that allows us to not need them anymore?问题不只是“种族政策是否有效”，而是“我们如何运用种族政策，使有一天我们不再需要它们？”Second question: Is there an opportunity to shift from “what's right” to "under what circumstances, if any"? On the issue of abortion, we can shift from “Who's right, pro-choice or pro-life?” to “Under what circumstances should abortion be legal?”第二个问题：我们是否可以将讨论从“谁对谁错”转向“在什么条件下成立”？比如在堕胎议题上，我们可以从“支持选择权还是支持生命权”这一二元对立，转变为“在什么情况下堕胎应该是合法的？”And if we leave out "all circumstances" and "no circumstances," and we integrate the rest of the views of the American public, we will likely end up with a policy that generally elevates the rights of the woman up until a point of viability, and then elevates the rights of the fetus, while making exceptions for rape, incest and a threat to the life of the mother.如果我们撇开“任何情况下都可以”与“任何情况下都不可以”这两个极端观点，并融合美国公众的其他意见，我们可能会形成一种折中政策：在胎儿具有生存能力之前优先保障女性权利，之后则更注重胎儿的权利，同时在强奸、乱伦或危及母亲生命的情况下做出例外。And finally, are there perverse incentives that are making the issue harder to resolve? So on the issue of gender transition, we are up against a social media business model that drives poor body image, outrage and polarization, and a healthcare industry that is built around intervention.最后一个问题：有没有“扭曲的激励机制”让问题更难解决？以性别转变议题为例，我们面对的是一种以社交媒体为基础的商业模式，它制造身体焦虑、煽动愤怒与极端对立；以及一种以“介入”为核心逻辑的医疗产业。So if we addressed these upstream incentives, then more of us could trust that an individual is making a gender transition not because social media made them feel awful about their body, but because that's truly the right thing for them.所以如果我们能从源头上解决这些激励机制，那么更多人就能相信，个体选择性别转变，不是因为社交媒体让他们讨厌自己的身体，而是因为那真的是适合他们的选择。Now this kind of integration does get confused with both-sidesism, the idea that all sides are equally relevant and valuable. It also gets confused with relativism, the idea that there's no absolute truth, and everything is contextual.这种整合方法常常被误解为“各方都对主义”（both-sidesism），即认为所有立场都同等重要与合理；也常被误解为相对主义，即没有绝对真理，一切都依赖语境。But the reality is it's unlikely that one of us is entirely right. Usually that's a sign of tribalism. It's also unlikely that all of us are equally right. That's both-sidesism.但现实是，我们之中很难有谁是完全正确的——通常这种想法只是部落主义的表现；同样，我们也不太可能全都“一样对”——那是“各方都对主义”。What's most likely is that most of us are partially right, and some of us are more right than others, which doesn't make for a great tagline. But that's what's up when we're contending with the complexity of reality.最可能的情况是：我们大多数人都是“部分正确”，而有些人比其他人“更接近正确”。这不是个好听的宣传口号，但在面对现实的复杂性时，这就是事实。So next time you are in a gridlocked argument about some hot political issue, assume that the other person has some nugget of insight, and your job is to find it and incorporate it into your perspective.所以下次你陷入某个政治热点问题的僵局时，先假设对方有一些洞见，你的任务就是去发现它，并将它纳入你自己的观点中。Challenge yourself to not just listen to each other and hang out on the horizontal plane, but to enter a new dimension.挑战你自己，不只是去“听见”彼此、在同一个平面上交流，而是迈入一个全新的维度。

As am I. I mean, our view will forever be inherently incomplete. But we can always strive to see more faces of the hyper dimensional shape that is reality. Be well.我也是。我的意思是，我们对世界的看法永远都是不完整的。但我们始终可以努力去看到现实这个超维形体的更多面貌。保重。So you might think that your way of seeing the world is right, but the three Bills and I are here to suggest that perhaps you are all partially right. So instead of choosing one perspective and getting a partial view, how might we integrate different perspectives and gain a bigger view?你也许认为自己看待世界的方式是正确的，但我和那三个“比尔”想说的是，也许你们每个人都“部分正确”。所以，与其只选择一个视角、只看到一个片面，我们是否可以整合不同的观点，从而获得更完整的视野？Well, that is the inspiration behind what you all just watched. A performance of my latest production, "Faces of X." "Faces of X" is a series of short videos that integrate different perspectives on culture war issues like gender, abortion, and race. You know, keeping it light.这正是你们刚才所观看内容背后的灵感所在——我最新制作的节目《X的面孔》。《X的面孔》是一系列短片，它融合了关于文化战议题的不同视角，比如性别、堕胎和种族等问题。嗯，话题挺轻松的，对吧。The format is simple. Each video first presents the strongest arguments on each side, the thesis and the antithesis, and then attempts to integrate them into a synthesis perspective. Thesis, antithesis and synthesis are all played by the same person. So you all just watched the first ever live performance of "Faces of X."它的形式很简单：每支影片都会先呈现每一方最有力的论点——正题与反题，然后尝试将两者整合成一个综合视角。正题、反题和综合，都是由同一个人扮演的。所以你们刚刚看到的是《X的面孔》首次现场演出。The great Bill Heck just showed you "Faces of Capitalism." But the potential pipeline of the series is infinite. Imagine "Faces of Artificial Intelligence," right? Imagine "Faces of Free Speech." Imagine "Faces of" whatever issue you are wrestling with. And I do take requests, so come talk to me after.伟大的比尔·赫克刚才演绎的是《资本主义的面孔》。但这个系列未来的可能性是无限的。想象一下，《人工智能的面孔》，对吧？《言论自由的面孔》。或者是任何你正在思考的问题的“面孔”。我也接受点播，有兴趣演什么，等会儿来跟我聊聊吧。But zooming out, what does it actually mean to integrate different perspectives? Well, one thing it doesn't mean is meeting in the middle. Given the complexity of the challenges we face, instead of meeting in the middle, I want to see us move from the horizontal plane to a new dimension, from common ground to higher ground. Let's think not just in terms of changing hearts and minds, but of expanding hearts and minds.但从更大的角度看，“整合不同视角”到底意味着什么？有一点很明确：它并不等于“各退一步”。面对我们当前所面临的复杂挑战，我希望我们不是停留在同一水平线上寻找“共同点”，而是迈向一个新的维度，从“共同立场”走向“更高立场”。我们不要只想着“改变人心与思想”，而是要“拓展人心与思想”。So one metaphor I love is parallax vision. The view from our right eye is slightly different than the view from our left eye. Each eye gives us a view that's true, but partial. So it's by looking through both eyes together, along with other visual cues, that the world goes from flat to 3D, right? Integrating different perspectives quite literally gives us greater depth.我非常喜欢的一个比喻是“视差视觉”。我们右眼看到的世界与左眼略有不同。每只眼睛看到的都是“真实”的，但也是“片面的”。只有通过双眼共同注视，并结合其他视觉线索，世界才会从“平面”变成“立体”。换句话说，整合不同视角，从字面上说，就意味着获得更大的“深度”。

So ... Capitalism. Capitalism is the most powerful prosperity-generating force ever known.所以……资本主义。资本主义是人类历史上最强大的繁荣创造力量。Excuse me! Yes. Uh, sorry. I think you mean the most extractive force ever known.打扰一下！是的，呃，抱歉。我想你是说“最具掠夺性”的力量吧。Oh, hello. Well, it's lifted billions of people out of poverty and expanded access to food and literacy. It basically birthed our modern world.哦，你好。但它让数十亿人摆脱了贫困，扩大了人们获得食物和识字的机会。它基本上创造了我们的现代世界。Yeah, and in the process, it's wiped out hundreds of species anddecimatedcountless cultures, extracting resources faster than anything that came before.是啊，可在这个过程中，它也消灭了数百个物种，摧毁了无数文化，比历史上任何制度都更快速地掠夺资源。OK. But the market is a genius at driving innovation, giving us the freedom to buy, sell, compete and create in ways that make society better.好吧。但市场对推动创新极为擅长，它赋予我们买卖、竞争与创造的自由，从而改善社会。Yeah, but how can you call it freedom when the most affordable food is diabetes-inducing junk? How can it be genius, when life-saving drugs aren't fast-tracked because they don't generate enough profit?是啊，但当最便宜的食物是引发糖尿病的垃圾食品时，你怎么能称之为“自由”？当救命药因利润不高而无法加速上市时，这又如何称得上“天才”？Oh, so you want to grow the pie? Well, then the name of the game is capitalism.哦，所以你想让蛋糕变大？那么这场游戏的名字就叫“资本主义”。The game of capitalism is rigged. I mean, who cares about the size of the pie if it's so unevenly distributed?资本主义这场游戏是被操控的。我的意思是，如果蛋糕分配极度不均，又有谁在乎它有多大？Sweetheart, size always matters.亲爱的，大小永远很重要。And who would you have managing our food supply or setting drug prices? Do Venezuela or North Korea develop any life-saving drugs? Sure, capitalism has its problems, but it solves them through innovation.那你想让谁来管理我们的食物供应或制定药品价格？委内瑞拉或北韩有开发出什么救命药吗？当然，资本主义有它的问题，但它靠创新来解决。Yeah, yeah, I'm all for innovation. But toward what end game? I mean, there's this paradox where innovations in energy efficiency often make us use more total energy, which is a problem if that energy isn't clean.是是是，我也支持创新。但终极目标是什么？比如，有个悖论是：能源效率的提升常常导致我们使用更多的总能量，如果这些能量不是清洁的，那就是个大问题。Listen, the economic system in America today isn't even true capitalism. It's a crony perversion of capitalism. But even in its imperfect form, capitalism is still humanity's greatest champion. Try not to drop your hammer on his toe or gut him with your sickle.听着，当今美国的经济体制甚至不是真正的资本主义，它是一种裙带资本主义的畸形版本。但即便是不完美的形式，资本主义仍然是人类最伟大的支柱。别把你的锤子掉在他脚上，也别用镰刀把他开膛破肚。OK. See, criticizing capitalism does not mean pushing for socialism. It means recognizing the fatal flaw of capitalism. In its pursuit of profit, it fails to account fully for its costs. We are in the midst of an existential crisis when arms races are counted as economic growth. A tree is worth more dead than alive. And people are worth more outraged and addicted than they are conscious and free.好吧。看，批评资本主义并不意味着要拥抱社会主义。那是对资本主义致命缺陷的认识：在追逐利润的过程中，它从未真正考虑其全部代价。当军备竞赛被当作经济增长、树木死了比活着更有价值、人们愤怒和上瘾比清醒和自由更有“利用价值”时，我们已经处在一场生存危机中。I'm not saying that capitalism itself is the goal, OK? It's simply our best strategy for achieving the goal.我不是说资本主义本身是目标，好吗？它只是我们实现目标的最佳策略之一。Oh, so then what is the goal? That is a question for society, not capitalists to answer, you oligarch!哦，那目标是什么？这是全社会应该回答的问题，而不是让资本家来定的，寡头先生！Bring it, Pinko!放马过来吧，粉红分子！Whoa, whoa, whoa, fellas.喂喂喂，伙计们，冷静点。What!?什么！？What!?什么！？Oh, boy, OK.哦天啊，好吧。What if you're both partially right?如果你们两个都“各有道理”呢？

Let me show you what we've built so far. So right off the bat, you can see how this -- it got the the overall aesthetic of the scene, right. You know, everything fits well globally. It got the environment, got the background. It got the pagoda to be the tallest structure. You have these houses next to it and you have the trees behind. So all of that sounds good.让我给你们看看我们目前构建的成果。首先你可以看到，它很好地把握了整个场景的美学风格，对吧？一切在整体上都非常协调。它做出了环境、背景，还把宝塔设置为最高的建筑。你能看到旁边有房屋，后面有树木。这些都非常不错。But I see my friend Maurice joining in from California. He's also watching this live and say, "Hi, Maurice."但我看到我的朋友莫里斯从加州上线了。他也正在观看这个直播。大家跟他说声“嗨，莫里斯”。Isn't it fun to basically connect, build and play with friends? This is the whole point of this thing. So obviously he's excited.能和朋友一起连接、一起建造、一起玩耍，是不是很有趣？这正是这个项目的核心所在。所以他显然也很兴奋。Oh wow, look at some of these things it's created. So the one interesting thing is if you don't like something, you can just move it around. So I'm going to move this object. It's a huge truck. Well let's move it away. Obviously this is the fun of doing the live demos.哇，看看它创建出来的一些东西。有趣的是，如果你不喜欢某个东西，你可以随意移动它。所以我现在要移动这个物体，是一辆大卡车。我们把它挪开。这就是现场演示的乐趣所在。And then let's take a look at all the things it created. Oh, I see this fox here or a wolf, right, the cute anime wolf. Let's see. Come back here. Let's take a look at you. OK, well, let's move you here. What do you guys think?然后我们来看看它创建的所有东西。哦，我看到这里有只狐狸或者狼，对吧？那只可爱的动漫风小狼。看看它。回来这边，让我们看看你。好吧，把你移动到这里。你们觉得怎么样？Well, unlike images, because this is a 3D world, we can build on a game engine. We can add effects to it. So you can actually make this much more immersive. Maybe I can make it snow because it's the winter village, so you'll start seeing snow in a second.与图片不同，因为这是一个3D世界，我们可以基于游戏引擎进行构建，还可以加入各种效果。所以你可以让这个场景更加沉浸式。比如我可以让它开始下雪，因为这是一个冬季村庄，你马上就会看到雪落下来。And in addition to creating objects, the AI model can also produce code to make these objects functional. So I can actually go up to this car or maybe let me try this snowmobile and it lets me ride it.除了生成物体，AI模型还能生成代码，使这些物体具备功能性。所以我实际上可以走到这辆车旁边，或者让我试试这辆雪地摩托，它可以让我骑上去。So if I press this, I can kind of go around and ride it around and you can see how this can get really cool. And I'm sure Maurice is going to do some fun driving around. Look at that, he's already there.所以如果我按下这个，我就可以骑着它四处转转。你能看到这玩起来是多么酷。我敢肯定莫里斯已经在开心地开车兜风了。你看，他已经在那里了。OK, Maurice, take it easy. One last thing I'd like to show you is with these worlds, I love seeing them at different times of the day, so I can switch it around, I can make it into sunset. Or actually I can see it at night. And night, it's kind of really cool because you start seeing the moon and the sky.好的，莫里斯，慢点开。我想展示的最后一件事是，在这些世界里，我很喜欢在不同的时间观察它们。所以我可以切换时间，比如变成日落时分。或者我也可以把它调成夜晚。夜晚也很酷，因为你可以看到月亮和夜空。But another thing that happens is see how these lanterns that we added, they start lighting up. And this is another example of the functionality which we call 4D, that the model adds. So it knows that the lanterns emit light. And so it makes them, you know, lit.还有一个很棒的效果是，你看到我们添加的那些灯笼了吗？它们开始亮起来了。这是模型添加的一种我们称之为“4D”的功能的又一个例子。它知道灯笼会发光，所以就让它们亮起来了。So these are some of the things that you can do, which bring a scene to life. And let me switch back to day. And the lights turn off.这些就是你可以做的一些事情，它们能让一个场景真正“活起来”。现在让我把时间切换回白天，灯光就会熄灭。Anyway, I could be doing this all day long with you guys, but sadly, I think I'm out of time. Hopefully you guys had a preview of the transformative power of AI for 3D.总之，我可以整天和你们一起做这些事情，但可惜的是，我的时间差不多到了。希望你们已经体验到AI在3D领域所带来的变革性力量。We think this is the future of 3D gaming.我们相信，这就是3D游戏的未来。

I'm excited to present a new way to design 3D games with AI. Now, many of you may have used AI to produce text or images or even code, but 3D, with that extra dimension, is incredibly hard.我很兴奋地向大家展示一种用人工智能设计3D游戏的新方式。现在，你们许多人可能已经用AI来生成文字、图像甚至是代码，但3D，由于它多了一个维度，是非常困难的。So today, in the next few minutes, you and I are going to create a playable 3D game in Roblox, that the world has never seen before, because we are going to imagine it together and use AI to build it.所以今天，在接下来的几分钟里，你和我将一起在Roblox中创造一个前所未有的可玩3D游戏，因为我们将共同想象它，并用AI将它构建出来。Now these are super early days, but let's see what AI can do. OK.现在这一切还处于非常初期的阶段，但让我们看看AI能做到什么。好的。I'm going to prompt to create an Asian village in winter. So how about a stylized Japanese village village in winter. Maybe a central pagoda. A few houses with pine trees around it. Maybe a traditional red gate and lanterns. Some prompts.我打算输入提示，创建一个冬天的亚洲村庄。那我们做一个具有风格化的日本冬季村庄如何？也许一个中心的宝塔，一些被松树围绕的房屋，也许还有一个传统的红色大门和灯笼。就这些提示。So when I say generate, what happens is an AI model takes this prompt, analyzes it, and produces the code that you see on the right. This is all happening live. And what it's doing is it's transforming that prompt into spatial boxes where the objects are going to land. So that's the location of the different objects. And soon you'll see, behind me, in my avatar, the objects transforming into their shapes, and then the textures. These are all happening live.所以当我说“生成”时，AI模型会接收这个提示，进行分析，并生成你在右边看到的代码。这一切都是实时发生的。它的作用是把这个提示转化为空间中的方框，也就是各个物体将会落地的位置。接着你将看到，在我身后的虚拟角色里，那些物体会变形成各自的形状，然后是贴图。这一切都是实时完成的。So while this is all happening, I need your help to help me build this out. So what would you guys want to add to this scene? What did you say?在这一切进行的同时，我需要你们的帮助来一起完善这个场景。那么，你们想往这个场景中添加什么？你刚才说了什么？Wolves, OK. Add a wolf. Let me do an anime ... a cute wolf -- Near me. How about some vehicles?狼，好，添加一只狼。让我来做一只动漫风格的……可爱的狼——就在我附近。那交通工具怎么样？Snowmobile, OK. A snowmobile. And a few ... Oh, palm trees, OK, wow. Near the gate. OK.雪地摩托，好，一辆雪地摩托。还有一些……哦，棕榈树，好吧，哇。在大门附近？好的。A palm tree, somebody said? Palm tree next to the house, maybe. And a Santa?有人说棕榈树？棕榈树放在房子旁边怎么样？还有一个圣诞老人？How about something else?还有其他想法吗？OK, a few animals. A few animals next to the trees, OK. Alright, that's good enough. We get a sense of it.好，那就添加几只动物。在树旁边放几只动物，好了。这就够了，我们已经感受到这个场景了。So while this is happening所以在这一切进行的过程中……

What we see here is Vancouver, a combination of tree height data, Landsat vegetation data and information from the affordable housing district, showing the blue dots right now. What we can start to identify is patterns, things that we can see about the city that affect the way that people live in it. You can tell that the areas that have a lot of trees protect us against heat. This is heat data showing the density of trees. And when we pan over to really forested parts of the city, we can tell that the trees are actually protecting us from that heat. So what we've identified is really two patterns here. One, that trees are great for economic development. People really desire living in places with trees. And two, that trees are critical for building a lovely, wonderful city.我们现在看到的是温哥华，这幅图结合了树木高度数据、Landsat卫星植被数据以及可负担住房区的信息，目前以蓝点显示。通过这些数据，我们开始能够识别出一些模式，也就是那些会影响人们生活方式的城市要素。你可以看出，树木密集的区域能够有效抵御热量。这张图是关于热能的数据，用来展示树木的密度。当我们把视角转向城市中森林密集的地段，就可以清楚地看到，树木确实在帮助我们抵御热浪。所以我们识别出两个关键的模式：第一，树木对经济发展有益，人们更倾向于住在有树的地方；第二，树木对建设一个宜人、美好的城市至关重要。But it's not enough to have a static map, looking at the past. Our goal is to have a really dynamic map that's updating in real-time. And in the background, dozens of satellites are orbiting the Earth, taking images of Vancouver, so that we can start to move from mapping to monitoring to building an instrument panel and a dashboard where we can really understand what's happening in our city in real-time. This lets us move away from thinking about individual projects towards thinking about the city as a cohesive whole. An integrated system where all of the projects play together to achieve multidimensional goals.但仅仅拥有一张静态的、用于回顾过去的地图是不够的。我们的目标是创建一张真正动态的地图，能够实时更新。在地图的背后，有数十颗卫星围绕地球运行，拍摄温哥华的图像，使我们能够从“制图”迈向“监测”，再迈向构建一个真正的“操作面板”和“控制仪表板”，用以实时理解我们的城市发生了什么。这种方式让我们从只关注个别项目，转向将城市作为一个整体来思考——一个项目协同运行、共同实现多维目标的集成系统。So here we have all of the building permits in Vancouver right now. But that doesn't really tell us what's actually happening on the ground. If we use satellite imagery, we can run change detection algorithms and actually see the places where change is really happening, where ground is being broken. Zooming into one of those, we can see the actual development that's occurring in Vancouver. We can see a satellite image of a construction site. Moving back in time and turning the trees red with infrared sensors, we can really see trees blossoming and growing, the vegetation changing over time. And we can see that this particular one small development in Vancouver cut down a bunch of trees, which is very natural. But in order to have our goal of having a more forested city, we're going to have to plant these trees somewhere else, probably north, in that affordablehousingdistrict that we saw earlier. This is what I mean by using maps to build. We get a dashboard and an instrument panel for understanding the change in the globe over time, not just in terms of thespatialinformation, but in terms of a time series, in terms of metrics and measures that we can use to guide development.现在我们看到的是温哥华所有的建筑许可数据。但这些数据并不能真正告诉我们地面上实际发生了什么。如果我们利用卫星图像，就可以运行变化检测算法，真正识别出那些正在发生变化、土地正在被动工的地方。放大其中一个区域，我们可以看到温哥华某地的实际建设情况，图中是一个建筑工地的卫星图像。通过时间回溯功能，并用红外传感器将树木标红，我们可以看到树木的开花、生长过程，以及植被随时间的变化。我们还可以发现，在温哥华这个小型建设项目中，砍掉了不少树木，这是非常自然的现象。但如果我们想实现“让城市更绿”的目标，我们就需要在别处补种这些树木，很可能是在之前提到的北边的可负担住房区。这就是我所说的“用地图来建设”：我们拥有一个可以监测全球变化的仪表盘，不只是空间上的信息，更是时间序列的数据，以及可用于引导城市发展的一系列指标与度量。For the last 50 years, we've really framed the question we have as a society very narrowly: to build or not to build. But the important thing about technology is that it eliminates trade-offs. It lets you do more with less. This living globe, it's not just a mirror for the world, it's also a canvas to build a better future, to visualize it, and then to summon the collective will to make it happen.过去的50年里，我们整个社会一直把问题框定得过于狭窄：建还是不建。但技术的真正意义在于，它能消除这种二选一的权衡，它让你用更少的资源做更多的事情。这个“活地球”不仅仅是世界的一面镜子，它更像是一块画布，供我们描绘更美好的未来，设想它，并激发集体意志去将它变为现实。I'm really excited to be here and share this with you.我非常激动能在这里与你们分享这一切。

I'm a digital cartographer by trade, and honestly, the last two, three, four presentations have been incredible. Maps, historically, they do really two things, and we've really seen an amazing amount of the first: understanding our world. But historically, maps weren't just about understanding. They were also about creating, about building, about shaping the built environment around us. They help us plan cities, do trade, fight wars and maintain peace. And as we've digitized these maps, you've seen them fit into our pocket. Things that used to take entire libraries, reams of paper, are now in our pocket or in our eyes.我的职业是数字制图师，说实话，过去两三四场的演讲都令人惊叹。历史上，地图主要有两个作用，我们刚刚看到的大部分内容都集中在第一个：帮助我们理解这个世界。但从历史上看，地图并不仅仅是用来理解的，它们也是用来创造、建设以及塑造我们周围的人造环境的。它们帮助我们规划城市、发展贸易、打仗与维持和平。随着地图的数字化，它们已经从纸张变成了装进口袋的东西。曾经需要整座图书馆和成堆纸张的内容，如今就在我们的口袋里，甚至就在我们眼前。But as we move from the information age into the cybernetic age, an era dominated by the application of robotics and artificial intelligence to the physical world, cartography needs to change. It's not enough to collaborate in a digital world. The challenge in front of us is really to take those technologies and to use them to build physically. And for the first time in history, we have the remote sensing capacity on orbit and the technology to process all of the data into a dynamic, living replica of the physical Earth inside of a computer -- what we call the “Living Globe.” You can think of this as a sandbox, a place where you can take the digital representation of our Earth and combine it with a physical representation on the ground, and go back and forth so that sensors can show you what's actually happening in real-time.但当我们从信息时代迈入控制论时代——一个以机器人和人工智能应用于物理世界为主导的时代——制图学也必须随之改变。仅在数字世界中协作已经不够了。我们面临的真正挑战，是将这些技术用于现实世界的物理建设。历史上第一次，我们拥有了在轨遥感能力，以及处理所有数据的技术，能在计算机中构建一个动态、活生生的地球复制体——我们称之为“活地球”。你可以把它想象成一个沙盒，一个能将数字地球与地面实景相结合、并实现实时互联的空间，让传感器告诉我们现实中正在发生什么。Let's make that real. Earlier this year, the Los Angeles wildfires devastated Southern California. Many of us were personally impacted or know someone who was. Satellite imagery and mapping played a critical role in understanding the impact of that devastation, guiding first responders and shining a spotlight on the destruction that happened. But it's not enough just to look, to observe, to react. What's been nagging me since then is that what LA needed, it wasn't satellite imagery, it was water. Large-scale infrastructure projects, megaprojects, rapid response systems with firefighting robots that would be able to take out the fire before it started.让我们回到现实。今年早些时候，洛杉矶的野火重创了南加州。我们当中许多人都受到影响，或认识受灾的人。卫星图像和地图在理解这场灾难的破坏程度、引导救援人员、聚焦受灾区域方面发挥了关键作用。但仅仅观测、记录、反应是远远不够的。从那时起，一直让我耿耿于怀的是：洛杉矶真正需要的不是卫星图像，而是水。是大型基础设施项目，是可以在火灾爆发前就扑灭火势的消防机器人组成的快速响应系统，是超级工程。This used to be how we thought. 200 years ago, we were a civilization of builders with a culture of action. We built the Erie Canal, the transcontinental railroad, the Hoover Dam -- megaprojects that fundamentally reshaped our Earth, our physical world. But these projects had devastating ramifications. Unable to predict their impact and know what the results would be, we retreated into the virtual world, a world of iPhones and personal computers dominated by individualism. The problem is: the problems of the 21st century, they're fundamentally physical. They're problems of moving atoms. When you think about climate change, energy abundance,housingaffordability, global security, these are problems that require regaining a builder's spirit and starting to act upon the physical world once again.过去我们就是这样思考的。200年前，我们是一个建设型文明，拥有行动至上的文化。我们修建了伊利运河、横贯大陆的铁路、胡佛大坝——这些超级工程从根本上改造了地球和物理世界。但这些工程也带来了毁灭性的后果。由于无法预测它们的影响和后果，我们退缩到了虚拟世界，一个被iPhone和个人电脑主导的个人主义世界中。问题是：21世纪的问题本质上是物理性的，是关于如何移动原子的难题。无论是气候变化、能源充足、住房可负担性，还是全球安全，这些问题都需要我们重新找回建设者的精神，重新在现实世界中采取行动。What we've done is we've taken dozens and dozens of different data sets. We've fused them together into a dynamic and living representation of the Earth. By pulling these into an ontology so that computers and people can interact with them together, we can programmatically start identifying patterns so that we can delegate the monitoring of those patterns to a computer.我们所做的是把几十种不同的数据集合并在一起，融合成一个动态的、活生生的地球表示。通过将这些数据整合进一个本体系统，让计算机与人类共同理解和交互，我们就可以通过程序识别出其中的模式，并将这些模式的监测任务交由计算机完成。

It looks like some kind of underwater ballet: two killer whales rubbing their bodies together as they move through the water. What's trickier to see in this new research footage, that was captured by scientists using drones, is a piece of kelp between the bodies of the two animals.这种看上去就像某种水下芭蕾舞的动作其实是两只虎鲸在水中移动时一起摩擦着身体。在科学家用无人机拍摄的这段研究画面中，更难以观察到的是这两只动物的身体之间有一条海带。The scientists don't know if this seaweed tool use is unique to the population of orcas they've studied, a group known as the Southern Resident Killer Whales, but they think it could have multiple benefits for the animals.科学家尚不清楚这种使用海藻作为工具的行为是否是他们所研究的、被称为南方居留虎鲸这个种群所特有的行为，但他们认为这一行为可能对虎鲸有多种益处。In 12 days of following these killer whales the researchers saw kelp rubbing 30 times. They hope that this new intimate insight into the lives of these magnificent but threatened animals will help highlight the importance of protecting the coastal waters where they live, hunt and often massage one another.在追踪这些虎鲸的 12 天当中，研究人员观察到了 30 次用海带按摩的行为。研究人员希望，本次对虎鲸这种宏伟而受威胁的生物生活方式的近距离观察了解能帮助他们强调保护海岸水域的重要性，这些水域是虎鲸赖以生存、捕猎和时常按摩彼此的栖息地。

You can't beat a holiday, but would you ever consider going away for just one day? Extreme day trips are a new trend that squeeze international adventure into just 24 hours. It might sound exhausting, but for lots of people, the appeal lies in time efficiency, budget-friendly prices and the excitement of going somewhere and doing something completely new.没有什么能比得上一场假期，但你有没有想过只出门一天？“极限一日游”是一种新兴趋势，把国际冒险压缩在短短24小时内。听起来可能很累，但对许多人来说，它的吸引力在于节省时间、价格亲民，以及去一个全新地方体验新鲜事物的兴奋感。It's possible to zip to cities in your own country to experience new culture, food and geography without ever leaving 'home', though many European extreme day-trippers go abroad. Monica Stott, a travel blogger from the UK, has taken day trips to Reykjavik in Iceland, Milan in Italy and Lisbon in Portugal, all without staying overnight. It all started for her when she flew over to Ireland for work meetings. She told the BBC, "I'd quite often pop over for a one or two-hour meeting and come home. Then I realised I could stay and make a full day of it."你可以飞往本国的城市，去体验不同的文化、美食和地理风貌，而无需真正“出国”。不过，许多欧洲的极限一日游爱好者还是选择了跨国旅行。英国旅游博主莫妮卡·斯托特曾在不留宿的情况下，前往冰岛的雷克雅未克、意大利的米兰和葡萄牙的里斯本进行一日游。这一切始于她因工作飞往爱尔兰开会。她告诉BBC：“我经常飞过去开一两个小时的会，然后当天返回。后来我意识到，其实我可以多留一整天。”Social media groups advertising extreme day trips are now booming. These groups offer a supportive community for like-minded travellers and are packed with tips and destination ideas.宣传极限一日游的社交媒体群组现在正蓬勃发展。这些群体为志同道合的旅行者提供了支持性的社区，里面满是旅行建议和目的地灵感。However, it's not all fun and games. Hours of the day can easily be taken up with long airport transfers, traffic jams, and in many big cities, there isn't enough time to see everything you want to. Critics also point to the environmental cost. Flying significantly contributes to global emissions and makes carbon-neutral air travel aims, such as the UK's Jet Zero, much less likely to succeed. If other forms of transport can be used, such as trains, that can be a better alternative for the environment. Train stations are often located in city centres, so you can be right in the heart of the city in much less time.不过，这并非完全是轻松愉快的旅程。一天中的大部分时间可能会被机场转乘、交通堵塞占据，而在许多大城市，你根本没足够时间游览所有想去的地方。批评者还指出其对环境的影响。航空旅行会显著增加碳排放，像英国“Jet Zero”这样实现碳中和飞行的目标因此更难达成。如果能选择其他交通方式，例如火车，对环境会更友好。火车站通常位于市中心，因此你能更快直达城市核心区域。So, if you're tempted, pack light, plan smart and consider the best way to travel for the environment and limited time you have.所以，如果你也心动了，那就轻装上阵，聪明规划，并考虑对环境更友好、同时也更适合你有限时间的出行方式吧。

Now these are simple things for many businesses to do, but they're very hard for creative people to do. But artist corporations will take these same capabilities and put them in the hands of the entire creative community. And creative people are already leaders and entrepreneurs. We just don't think of them that way. The painter Mike Kelley once said, "I started out an anarchist and a hippie, and now I'm an entrepreneur with 15 employees." Look at Tyler, The Creator, teenage hip hop phenom turned fashion impresario and now world builder. Or Dolly Parton, who turned her incredible talent and fame into a whole world of businesses and even a theme park that celebrates where she comes from in the Smoky Mountains of Tennessee. Now these are people at the top of their game who use their agency to take these bigger risks. But what if you didn't have to be in the one percent to get that chance? What if these sort of tools and self-determination were a part of every artist's kit?这些事情对许多企业来说很简单，但对创意工作者却非常困难。而“艺术家公司”（Artist Corporations）将把这些能力交到整个创意群体的手中。其实，创意人本身就是领导者和企业家——只是我们平常不这么看待他们。画家麦克·凯利（Mike Kelley）曾说：“我起初是个无政府主义者和嬉皮士，现在却成了带着15名员工的企业家。”再看 Tyler, The Creator，从青少年嘻哈天才变成时尚品牌主理人，再到如今的“世界建构者”；还有 Dolly Parton，她把自己的才华与名气转化为一个商业帝国，甚至打造了一座主题公园，纪念她来自田纳西州烟雾山的故乡。这些人站在各自领域的顶峰，用主动性去承担更大的风险。但如果并不需要进入“金字塔顶尖的1%”，也能获得这样的机会呢？如果这些工具和自主权成为每一位艺术家的“标准配置”，那会怎么样？So this is not a government handout, this is not a charity, this is not a special favor, this is the exact opposite. Right now, creative people are excluded from the full benefits of capitalism. Artist Corporations will treat them as real economic actors for the first time. Creating a consistent structure for how we value creative work is going to cause a revolution in how these industries operate. And it's going to bring more money into the space than we've ever seen before. A lot of it coming from fans who just want to support the world they want to see and won't be looking for a big financial return. Other people will. And I fully expect venture capital for artists and creators to become a real thing. And to be honest, this is where I start to get nervous. But then I remember the way things are now. And that in the past, artists have had to answer to the church, to kings, the aristocracy, wealthy patrons, network executives, now corporate algorithms. But Artist Corporations finally give us our own seat at the table.所以，这不是政府补贴，也不是慈善，更不是某种特殊照顾——它恰恰相反。如今，创意人被排除在资本主义全部收益之外。而艺术家公司，第一次把他们当作真正的经济主体来对待。为创作工作建立一个统一、持续的价值架构，将会彻底改变整个产业的运作方式。它也将带来比以往更多的资金投入——其中许多将来自粉丝，他们只是想支持那个他们希望看到的世界，并不指望获得高额回报。当然也会有一些人希望获得投资收益。我完全可以预见：面向艺术家和创意者的风险投资将成为现实。老实说，想到这里我会有些紧张。但我又想到现在的现状：过去，艺术家必须向教会、君主、贵族、富有的资助人、电视台高层“交账”，而现在则要听命于企业算法。但艺术家公司，将终于让我们自己在这个体系中拥有一个真正的席位。To make this a reality, we're following an established path for making new corporate forms, and we have people on our team who have successfully done this before. A lot of this work will be happening in public. Building a coalition of artists, creators, fans, investors, politicians, all people who believe that artist corporations are a good thing for everybody. Because this isn't anti-tech. This isn't anti-AI. This is about what type of world we want to live in.为了让这一切成为现实，我们正在沿用一条已有的、成熟的路径来建立新的公司形式，我们团队中也有曾经成功创建过这种新公司结构的人。很多工作将会在公众视野下进行。我们正在组建一个联盟，聚集艺术家、创作者、粉丝、投资人、政策制定者等，所有相信艺术家公司对每个人都利大于弊的人。因为，这并不是反对科技，也不是反对人工智能，而是关于——我们究竟想要一个怎样的世界。One where we rent access to corporate-controlled AI-generated platforms, or one where our creative and cultural institutions are owned by the people who made them.一个是我们“租用”由公司控制、用 AI 生成的平台；另一个是由创作者自己拥有他们所创建的创意和文化机构。If we keep artists powerless, the options are just going to get more and more limited. But if we allow them to be more than just individuals, whole new possibilities await. The next Disney won't be started by AI or some traditional company. It'll start as an artist corporation, a creative vision brought to life by a person or group of people that changes how the rest of us see the world.如果我们继续让艺术家没有力量，那么他们的选择只会越来越少。但如果我们允许他们不仅仅是“个体”，那么全新的可能性就会出现。下一个迪士尼，不会是由人工智能或传统公司创造的，它将诞生于一个艺术家公司，是由一个人或一群人将创意愿景变为现实，改变我们对世界的看法。Artists don't need pity. Artists need power.艺术家不需要同情，艺术家需要权力。And together, we're going to build it.而我们，将一起去构建这个未来。

Eventually I got so frustrated, I started a new project to help creative people release work together. It's called Metalabel. And one of the first releases was by myself and 10 other writers who'd all independently written about the same subject. So I reached out to these people who I didn't know, and I proposed a way that we would work together. We would publish our pieces together in a book, and the initial sales would go back to paying the cost of making it. After that, 70 percent of the profits would be split equally among us, and 30 percent would go into a shared treasury that we could use for a future project if things went well. Everyone agreed, and we became the Dark Forest Collective. And now, a year later, we've sold 2,000 copies of this book. More than 70,000 dollars has automatically flowed through our arrangement. And just now we published our second book by another author, even better than the first. And our little collective is going to make six figures, which is wild.最终，我感到非常沮丧，于是开始了一个新项目，目的是帮助创意人士以合作的方式发布作品。这个项目叫做 Metalabel。而第一批发行的作品之一，是我和另外十位作家各自独立写的同一个主题。我联系了这些原本不认识的人，提出一个合作方式：我们将各自的文章集结成一本书出版，最初的销售收入用来支付制作成本。之后，70%的利润平均分给我们每个人，剩下的30%进入一个共享资金池，如果项目顺利，可以用来支持下一个项目。大家都同意了，我们成立了“幽暗森林联盟（Dark Forest Collective）”。一年后，我们已经卖出了2000本书，通过我们的机制自动分配了超过7万美元的收入。现在我们刚刚发布了第二本书，由另一位作者撰写，比第一本还要好。我们这个小联盟的收入很快就会突破六位数，真是难以置信。But then I realized it was kind of silly to be so legally YOLO about this, and so I should create some sort of structure to represent what we were doing. And I was surprised to find there wasn't an obvious fit. We could be an LLC, but that just puts a shield over the project. It doesn't help you grow the pie or share it. We could be a C corporation, but then you're taxed twice and you have all sorts of overhead. You could be a nonprofit and then be wrapped in red tape.但后来我意识到，这样在法律上“随便搞搞”其实挺不靠谱的，我需要为我们正在做的事情建立一个正式的结构来承载它。但令我惊讶的是，竟然没有一个现成的、合适的形式。我们可以注册成有限责任公司（LLC），但那只是给项目加了个保护壳，无法帮助我们“做大蛋糕”或合理分配成果。我们也可以成立C型公司，但那样就要被双重征税，还会有各种运营负担。如果选择非营利组织，就又陷入繁琐的行政和法律程序中。So I started thinking, what if you could create a new structure for a project like ours? So I reached out to a trusted colleague, and soon we were speaking to experts in making new corporate forms. And for the last year, a small team of us have been working together, digging into this question, and I'm here representing our work because we've come up with something. A new structure for creative work. We call it the Artist corporation or A Corp.于是我开始思考：我们能不能为这样的项目创造一种新的结构？我联系了一位值得信赖的同事，没多久我们就开始和设计新型企业结构的专家对话。在过去一年里，我们组成了一个小团队，一起深入研究这个问题。今天我来分享我们的成果：我们确实创造出一种新的创作组织结构，我们称之为“艺术家公司”（Artist Corporation），简称 A Corp。Now I realize that a new corporate structure sounds like the last thing creative people need.我知道，说要搞一个“新企业结构”听起来完全不是创意工作者所需要的东西。And that these two words are the exact opposite of each other. But the A Corp just might be the door that opens up a new path to prosperity for creative people. You could think of an A Corp as like a company but built for how creative people work.而且“艺术家”和“公司”这两个词，几乎听起来就是相反的概念。但 A Corp 可能正是一扇大门，为创意人打开通往繁荣的新路径。你可以把 A Corp 理解为一个公司，但它是为创作者的工作方式量身打造的。And we can imagine a band starts, and right from the beginning they have an A Corp. So not just five individuals, they're people who collectively own an organization that has the power to own their intellectual property, their gear, their business. As they start to get paid, that money can automatically flow to each of the members according to pre-set amounts, and they could even set aside money to be saved for future projects in a treasury, or pooling together with other Artist Corporations to get better healthcare or other benefits.比如，我们可以设想一个乐队刚起步时就成立了一个 A Corp。他们不只是五个单独的人，而是共同拥有一个组织，这个组织可以拥有他们的知识产权、设备和整个业务运营。收入进来后，资金会根据预设比例自动分配给每位成员。他们还可以设立资金池，用于未来项目的投资，或者和其他 A Corp 联合起来，共享更好的医保或其他福利。As an Artist Corporation, they would also be able to receive both commercial revenue as well as non-profit sources of funding. And if a label or a bigger commercial entity came along, rather than just selling the rights to their intellectual property, which has been customary until now, as an artist corporation, they can issue shares. So instead, that entity would make an investment in the artist corporation, allowing it to be valued more highly and everyone to benefit if things went well.作为一个艺术家公司（A Corp），他们不仅可以获得商业收入，也可以接收非营利性质的资助。而当唱片公司或大型商业机构出现时，他们不需要像以往那样直接出售自己的知识产权，而是可以发行股份。这样，外部机构相当于是在对艺术家公司进行投资，从而提升其整体估值，一旦项目成功，所有人都能受益。

So if you want to understand how challenging the future could be for creative people, just look at what's happening with musicians right now. Up until the late '90s, people either listened to music for free on the radio or by buying a physical copy to listen to at home. But then the internet happened, and now Spotify and other streaming services give us access to an infinite catalog of music. We don't own anything, but we can rent pretty much all of it. So people pay less money, which means musicians make less money, but the platforms make a lot of money.所以，如果你想了解未来对创作者来说会有多么艰难，只需看看当下音乐人的处境。在90年代末之前，人们要么在广播上免费听音乐，要么买实体唱片回家听。但随后互联网出现了，如今 Spotify 和其他串流服务让我们可以无限制地访问海量音乐。我们不再拥有任何音乐，但几乎所有音乐都可以“租”来听。于是，人们花的钱变少了，音乐人的收入减少了，而平台却赚得盆满钵满。Recently, researchers have discovered a new type of song on Spotify, a ghost song by a ghost artist. These are unnamed, uncredited musicians who are paid to make music that sounds like what the Spotify algorithm says people want to hear. In recent years, some of Spotify's most prominent playlists have seen real songs by real artists, replaced with ghost songs by ghost artists. Real songs have to be paid real royalties. Ghost songs don't.最近，研究人员在 Spotify 上发现了一种新的歌曲类型——由“幽灵艺术家”创作的“幽灵歌曲”。这些创作者没有名字，也不被署名，他们只是被雇佣来创作出符合 Spotify 算法推荐的“大众爱听”的音乐。近年来，Spotify上一些最热门的歌单，已经把真实音乐人创作的歌曲，换成了这些幽灵艺术家的作品。因为真实歌曲要支付版权费用，而幽灵歌曲则不需要。Something like this dynamic is playing out across every creative industry: maximize profits by minimizing creator compensation. Now add AI, and the ghost artist doesn't even have to be human anymore. A future of art without artists.类似的情况正在所有创意产业中发生：通过压缩创作者的收入来最大化利润。如今再加上人工智能，连“幽灵艺术家”都不需要是真人了——我们正迈向一个没有艺术家的“艺术未来”。Now I'm not an expert on AI, but I have spent the last 25 years working as a creative person and making tools for creative people. I'm a son of a musician, and my career began writing about music for "Pitchfork" and "The Village Voice," I started a tiny record label, and I'm one of the cofounders of Kickstarter, which gave creative people a way to bypass the gatekeepers and go straight to the public with their projects.我并不是人工智能方面的专家，但过去25年来，我一直是一位创作者，也在为创作者打造工具。我是音乐人的儿子，职业生涯起步于为《Pitchfork》和《Village Voice》撰写音乐评论，后来我创办了一个小唱片公司，并且是 Kickstarter 的联合创始人之一。Kickstarter 为创作者提供了一条途径，让他们绕过传统的把关者，直接将项目面向大众。Before Kickstarter, so many amazing projects had no chance to exist because they didn't fit some pre-existing business model. After Kickstarter, millions of people have exchanged billions of dollars in support of new ideas. Where there was a wall, we built a door.在 Kickstarter 诞生之前，很多精彩的项目根本没有机会问世，只因为它们不符合既有的商业模式。而在 Kickstarter 之后，数百万人用数十亿美元的资金，支持了各种新想法。原本是一堵墙的地方，我们开出了一扇门。But despite what you hear about the creator economy, the reality for most creative people is stark. It's estimated that 85 percent of visual artists make less than 25,000 dollars a year, and that just 13 percent of creative people earn a full-time living from their work. So we're not talking about aristocrats and rock stars. We're talking about people working hard, trying to make a living by doing what comes natural to them. A musician, a craftsperson, a community theater director, a potter. Millions of people who are our friends, our family, our neighbors who inspire us and millions more people too. But despite being so central to how we experience life, we don't make things easy for these folks. There's no automatic health care, there's no retirement benefits, there's no path to collective wealth at all. They're entirely on their own. In a world of global capitalism, creative people operate like 18th-century traveling peddlers, moving from village to village and project to project, trying to piece together a living.尽管你可能听说“创作者经济”很有前景，但大多数创意工作者的现实却非常残酷。据估计，85%的视觉艺术家年收入低于2.5万美元，只有13%的创意人士能靠作品维持全职生计。所以我们不是在谈论贵族或摇滚明星，而是那些努力工作、试图靠天赋谋生的人：音乐人、手工艺人、社区剧团导演、陶艺师。他们是我们身边的朋友、家人、邻居，是激励我们的人，还有更多不被看见的人。但尽管他们在我们生活体验中扮演着如此重要的角色，我们却没有为他们提供便利。他们没有自动医保、没有退休金、没有建立财富的路径。他们完全是孤军奋战。在全球资本主义的语境下，创作者们就像18世纪的流动小贩，从一个村子走向另一个村子，从一个项目转向另一个项目，勉强拼凑生活。So there's something missing here: a way for creative people to get access to the basics and be a part of something bigger than just them on their own. And I personally really struggled with this a few years ago. I was grinding away in the creator economy and getting lonelier by the second. The people most like me, were my biggest competition. It left me constantly on edge and burnt out and alone.所以我们现在缺少的，是一个机制——能让创意工作者获得基本保障，并参与到一个比他们自己更大的整体之中。几年前，我自己也在为这个问题而痛苦挣扎。我在创作者经济里拼命奋斗，却感到越来越孤独。那些和我最相似的人，反而成了我最大的竞争对手。这种状态让我持续焦虑、精疲力尽，也越来越孤单。

When's your next big birthday? How do you feel about that? Do you feel you need to do something spectacular to mark it? Are you excited by the prospect, or dreading the future?你的下一个重要生日是什么时候？你对它有什么感受？你是否觉得需要做一些特别的事情来纪念这个日子？你是对它感到兴奋，还是对未来感到担忧？We usually think of birthdays as a time to celebrate, but they can also cause stress and worry. Research suggests that this can be even stronger for '9-enders', the 29, 39 and 49-year-olds who are worried about the milestone they are about to reach. What is it that makes a number that ends in zero so daunting?我们通常认为生日是一个值得庆祝的时刻，但它们有时也会带来压力和焦虑。研究表明，这种情绪在“9结尾的人”中尤为明显——例如29岁、39岁和49岁的人，他们对即将到来的里程碑感到担忧。到底是什么让以“0”结尾的数字如此令人畏惧？New decades can seem like a fresh start where we evaluate how we are doing. The problem is that many of us look for something to compare with. This might be people that we know or that we follow on social media, or just what we think society expects us to have achieved by a certain age. Any differences can lead us to question ourselves. This links to other stresses that can come with getting older. We might worry that there is limited time to achieve society's expectations. We may also know people from older generations who had health problems at a certain age, and fear that the same thing will affect us.新的十年看起来像是一个新的开始，让我们重新评估自己过得如何。问题在于，很多人会寻找比较对象。这个比较对象可能是我们认识的人、在社交媒体上关注的人，或者是我们认为社会期望我们在某个年龄应该达成的成就。任何差距都可能让我们怀疑自己。这与随着年龄增长而来的其他压力相关联。我们可能会担心实现社会期待的时间已经不多了。我们或许还认识一些年纪更大的人，他们在某个年龄段出现了健康问题，因此害怕自己也会遭遇同样的事情。So, what can we do? Psychologists advise a few steps. Many agree that it's important to celebrate or mark your birthday in your own way. Do something you genuinely enjoy to avoid feeling the pressure of having to celebrate in a particular way. Another key piece of advice that psychologists offer is that we should use the opportunity to reflect on our lives, but in positive ways. First, consider what you have achieved recently and record those achievements. Then decide what you want to achieve next, and what steps you can take to get there. Having achievable goals can help give our lives greater purpose.那么我们该怎么办呢？心理学家提出了一些建议。许多人认为，用你自己的方式庆祝或纪念生日是很重要的。做一些你真正喜欢的事，避免因必须“按规定”庆祝而产生压力。心理学家的另一个关键建议是：要借这个机会积极地反思自己的生活。首先，思考你最近取得了哪些成就，并将它们记录下来。接着，决定你接下来想要实现什么目标，以及你可以采取哪些步骤来达成它。有现实可行的目标能让我们的生活更有意义。If we can celebrate our successes, set ourselves realistic and achievable goals, and find a way to spend our day that we really enjoy, then maybe we'll find it much easier to deal with those big milestone birthdays.如果我们能够庆祝自己的成就，设定现实可达的目标，并找到真正享受的方式度过这一天，那么，也许我们会更轻松地应对那些重要的生日节点。

Ballot pops up on my screen, and the ballot itself is simple and easy to use, and I go through it, I take my time, no rush. Whenever I'm ready, I hit submit. And when I hit submit, three things happen. First, my ballot is encrypted. Second, it's anonymized. Third, I get a tracking code, like if it were a FedEx package, so I can track the progress of my ballot all the way through the process.选票会在我的屏幕上弹出，整个选票设计得简单易用，我可以慢慢来，不着急。等我准备好，就点击“提交”。当我提交时，会发生三件事：第一，选票被加密；第二，身份被匿名处理；第三，我会收到一个追踪码，就像寄 FedEx 包裹那样，可以在整个流程中追踪我的选票状态。Then it goes back to the New York City Board of Elections, and they air-gap it, which means they take it offline. And once my ballot is no longer connected to the internet, then they decrypt it, a paper copy is printed out that gets mixed in with all of the other ballots.之后，选票会被送回纽约市选举委员会，他们会将其“隔离”，也就是断网处理。一旦选票完全脱离互联网环境，他们就会将其解密，然后打印出纸质副本，与其他所有纸质选票一起混合处理。I know where my ballot stands, because I can see from the tracking code that it was received, tabulated, printed and so on. And the underlying code itself is open source, which means that anyone can audit it. Anyone can verify it. It's totally transparent.我能清楚地知道我的选票走到哪一步了，因为从追踪码上可以看到它是否被接收、统计、打印等。并且，整个系统的底层代码是开源的，意味着任何人都可以审核、验证它，一切都是完全透明的。To me, that's a lot more secure than the way we vote right now. And we've already built it. We've already paid for it, and we're giving it away to anyone who wants to use it for free.对我来说，这种方式比我们现在的投票方式要安全得多。而且这个系统我们已经开发完成了，也已经为它买单了。现在，我们把它免费开放给任何想使用它的政府。And with a little more work, I think we could do even more. We could register people to vote on the app. We could give voters nonpartisan information about candidates or ballot measures so you actually know what you're voting on.再多做一点努力，我认为我们还可以做得更多。我们可以在应用中让人们注册为选民；我们可以向选民提供关于候选人或公投事项的非党派信息，让你真正知道自己在投什么票。And versions of this already do exist. Mobile voting in a way, exists in Estonia. They use it in party elections in the UK. Somemunicipalities here in Canada use it. But not in the US, and not in most democracies.事实上，这种形式的投票已经存在于一些地方。在爱沙尼亚，某种程度上已经实现了移动投票；英国的党内选举中也使用过；加拿大一些市政选举中也采用了。但在美国，还没有，在多数民主国家也还没有。And that's where the hard part really kicks in: getting politicians to let us use our phones to vote in elections, because in my experience, people in power don't like making it easier for other people to gain power. And that's -- Yeah, exactly.而最难的部分正是这里：让政治人物同意我们使用手机进行投票。因为根据我的经验，掌权者通常不喜欢让别人更容易获取权力。对，就是这样。And that's why I'm here. Because they're not just going to do it if I ask nicely. They're not just going to do it if I snarl at libertarians on X or at the liberals on Bluesky. They're only going to do it if you make it happen. If we all make it happen. And we can.这也是我为什么站在这里。因为光靠我礼貌地请求，政治人物不会做这件事；即使我在 X 上对自由意志主义者怒吼、在 Bluesky 上对自由派咆哮，也没用。他们只会在你们推动下才会动起来。如果我们大家一同努力，就能让它发生。我们做得到。Every major right that has ever been won, anywhere: the right to vote, the Civil Rights Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act, same-sex marriage, anything, has only happened because enough people stood up loud enough and long enough and demanded their rights, and eventually the status quo had to give in历史上每一项重要权利的争取，无论在哪：投票权、《民权法案》、《美国残障人法案》、同性婚姻……所有这些，都是因为有足够多的人站出来，发出足够大的声音，持续足够长的时间，坚持要求自己的权利，最终旧有秩序不得不让步。And we can do that here, too. We can make voting easier and a lot more secure. We can bring regular people back into the process. We can take power away from the extremes. We can end the dysfunction and polarization that plagues our society today.而我们在这里，也完全可以做到。我们可以让投票更容易、更安全。我们可以让普通人重新参与到民主程序中。我们可以削弱极端派的权力。我们可以终结困扰当今社会的混乱与撕裂。We can give our politicians the cover and the courage they need to work together and to finally, finally get things done. We can do all of this in the next ten years. We can do it with mobile voting.我们可以为政治人物提供掩护和勇气，让他们彼此合作，终于——真的可以办成事。我们可以在接下来的十年内做到这一切。我们可以用“移动投票”来实现。

About a decade or so ago, I helped run a lot of the campaigns around the US to legalize Uber. And I know that now when you guys think of Uber, it's this giant corporation. But back then, we were a tiny little tech startup, and taxi was this big, politically powerful industry who really didn't like us.大约十年前，我协助推动了美国各地让 Uber 合法化的许多宣传活动。我知道现在大家一想到 Uber，就觉得它是一家巨头公司。但那时候，我们只是一个小小的科技初创企业，而出租车行业则是一个庞大且政治势力强大的产业，他们非常不喜欢我们。And we knew we couldn't out-muscle them. And so instead, we turned to the people. And by making it possible for our customers to tell their elected officials, "Hey, I like this Uber thing, please leave it alone," we were able to mobilize millions of people through the app to advocate on our behalf.我们知道自己无法硬碰硬地打败他们。所以我们转而寻求人民的支持。我们让顾客可以通过应用程序直接告诉他们的民选官员：“嘿，我挺喜欢 Uber 的，请不要干涉。”就这样，我们动员了数以百万计的用户为我们发声。And when mayors and city council members started hearing from thousands of their constituents, that's exactly what they did. They left Uber alone. It's how we won at basically every market in the country.当市长和市议员们开始收到成千上万选民的来信后，他们确实就不再干涉 Uber 了。正是这样，我们几乎在全国每一个市场都赢得了胜利。And while this was happening, I just remember sitting there thinking, "God bless these people. They're making my job a lot easier." But my guess is they don't know who their city council member is. They don't vote in state Senate primaries. And you know, why would they? They're busy, they have kids, they have jobs, they have lives.在这一过程中，我记得我坐在那里想：“感谢老天，这些人真是帮了我大忙。”但我猜他们其实并不知道自己的市议员是谁，也不去参与州参议院初选。你想想，为啥他们要去投？他们很忙，有孩子、有工作、有生活要过。But when we made it really easy, when we let people reach their politicians directly from their phones, everything changed. So what if we could vote this way?但当我们把事情变得非常简单，让人们可以直接通过手机联系他们的政治代表，一切都改变了。那么，如果我们也能用这种方式来投票，会怎样？So in 2017, we created the Mobile Voting Project. And the first thing we did was work with election officials in seven states, red and blue, where either deployed military or people with disabilities were able to vote in real elections on their phones. Soldiers from West Virginia stationed in Afghanistan. People who are blind in Denver. In one election in Seattle, we let everyone participate. And after doing it for two years in a row, turnout tripled.于是，在2017年，我们创建了“移动投票项目”。我们首先做的是与七个红州蓝州的选务官合作，让驻外军人或残障人士能通过手机在正式选举中投票。比如驻扎在阿富汗的西弗吉尼亚州士兵，丹佛的盲人选民。在西雅图的一次选举中，我们甚至让所有人都能参与。连续两年之后，投票率增长了三倍。Denver did a poll of those who participated in their election, and 100 percent, so every single respondent, said, "Yeah, I like pressing a button better than having to go somewhere." Shocking, right? In other big news, water is wet, and ice cream tastes good.丹佛对参加那次投票的选民做了调查，结果是 100% 的受访者——也就是说每一个人——都表示：“是的，我更喜欢按个按钮，而不是跑一趟投票站。”是不是很震惊？呵呵，就跟“水是湿的、冰淇淋好吃”一样，是个“震惊的常识”。But that was for specific groups of voters. And we wanted everyone to be able to vote securely on their phones.但那还只是针对特定群体的投票。我们想让所有人都能安全地用手机投票。So four years ago, we started building our own mobile voting technology. We're almost done, we're going to finish it this summer. And when we do, it's going to be free and open-source to any government in the world that wants to use it.于是四年前，我们开始开发自己的移动投票技术。现在已经快完成了，预计今年夏天就会完成。一旦完成，它将免费开源，供全球任何愿意使用的政府采用。And to be clear, this is just an additional way to vote. If you like voting by mail, vote by mail. If you like voting in person, great, do that. Some people really like the ceremony that comes with going somewhere and waiting in line and all of that. And if that happens to be you, knock yourself out. But based on turnout, that's not most of you. So let's give people another option.需要说明的是，这只是一种额外的投票方式。如果你喜欢邮寄投票，那就邮寄；喜欢亲自到投票站，那就去吧。有些人真的很享受那种仪式感——走进投票站、排队等待这一套。如果你就是这种人，那请尽情享受。但根据目前的投票率来看，大多数人并不是这样的人。所以我们应该给人们提供另一个选择。So as I mentioned before, and as you can probably tell from my accent, I'm from New York, so I'm going to use that as the example for how it works. I go on the App Store, and I download the New York City Board of Elections app.正如我之前说过的，也如你可能从我的口音中听出来的，我来自纽约，所以我就用纽约来举例说明这个流程。我会打开 App Store，然后下载“纽约市选举委员会”的官方应用。And the first thing they do is say, OK, is Bradley really a registered voter here in New York City? I put in my address. Fine. Next thing is multi-factor authentication. So you know how, like, when you forget your Google password, they send you a code and you put it back into the app? Same thing here.首先，系统会核实：“Bradley 是否真的是纽约市的注册选民？”我输入我的地址。没问题。接下来就是多重身份验证。就像你忘了 Google 密码时，他们会发你一个验证码，然后你在应用里输入一样，这里也是同样的流程。Then we take a scan of your face, match that up against your government ID. And at this point we've fully established, OK, Bradley is really Bradley.然后我们会扫描你的脸部图像，并与政府颁发的身份证件进行比对。到了这一步，我们就完全确认了：好的，Bradley 就是 Bradley 本人。

So let me ask you a question. How many of you do your banking, your health care on your phones? Right, of course you do. How about like, your love life, your entertainment, travel planning, all that kind of stuff? Right. How many of you vote on your phones? That's the problem.那我问你们一个问题。你们当中有多少人是在手机上处理银行业务或健康事务的？对吧，当然是这样。那你们的恋爱、娱乐、旅行计划这些呢？也是如此，对吧？那有多少人是在手机上投票的？这就是问题所在。So I spent the first 15 years of my career working in US government and politics. City government, state government, federal government, you name it, I saw it from pretty much every angle. And the main thing that I took away from it, really, more than anything else, is why politicians make the decisions they make. Is it based on what they believe in? No. Is it what's best for their city or their state or their country? Not really. How about what's best for their constituents specifically? Not even that. It's actually a lot simpler. Virtually every politician makes every decision solely based on winning the next election and nothing else. And that's true for the next election and then the next election after that.我职业生涯的前15年都在美国政府和政治体系中工作。市政府、州政府、联邦政府……你能想到的层级我基本都经历过，从各个角度观察过。而我最大的收获之一就是：为什么政治人物会做出某些决策。他们是基于自己的信仰吗？不是。是为了他们的城市、州或国家的最佳利益吗？也不是。是为了他们选民的最大利益吗？甚至也不是。其实原因简单得多——几乎所有政治人物做每一个决定，都是为了赢得下一次选举，仅此而已。这适用于下一次选举，也适用于再下一次。And it's a problem in democracies all over the world, but it's especially pervasive in the United States because we have this corrupt practice known as gerrymandering. And what that allows the two political parties to do is divvy up all the legislative districts so that, as a result, the only election that ever really matters is the party primary.这是全球民主制度中的普遍问题，但在美国尤其严重，因为我们有一种腐败的操作方式，叫做“选区划分操控”（gerrymandering）。这种做法让两个主要政党得以重新划分所有立法选区，结果导致唯一真正重要的选举成了党内初选。Now we had a big election last fall. You guys might have heard something about it. And in that election, about two thirds of Americans voted. But that was for president. I live in New York City. In 2023, we had city council primaries. Turnout was 7.2 percent. So I don't know if you guys have ever been to New York, but if you have, you will know, we are not a shy people. And yet, in this city of 8.5 million highly opinionated people, you could win a council seat with just 8,000 votes. And the same thing is true in state legislative races, congressional, mayoral, you name it, and it's true everywhere.我们在去年秋天举行了一场大型选举。你们可能听说过一些情况。在那场选举中，大约有三分之二的美国人投票了，但那是总统选举。我住在纽约市。在2023年，我们举行了市议会初选，投票率只有7.2%。我不知道你们有没有来过纽约，但如果来过，你就知道我们可不是害羞的人。可就是在这个拥有850万意见强烈市民的城市里，只需要8000票就可以赢得一个市议会席位。州议会、国会、市长选举也是一样，到处都是如此。So who are those voters? They're typically the far right or the far left, or special interests that know how to move money and votes in low-turnout elections. They dictate not only who wins office but then what happens once they're in office. And that gets us one of two types of government. Either the chaos and dysfunction that we call Washington, DC, or totally one-sided governments, whether it's the state of Texas on the right or the city of San Francisco on the left. And if we were truly hopelessly divided, if we just couldn't agree on any issue, that'd be one thing, but we're not.那么这些投票的人是谁？通常是极左或极右的人，或者是懂得如何在低投票率选举中操控资金和选票的特殊利益集团。他们不仅决定了谁能当选，还决定了当选者上任后会做些什么。这种状况导致我们只有两种政府：要么就是我们称之为“华盛顿特区”的混乱与瘫痪，要么就是极端一边倒的政府，比如右派主导的德克萨斯州，或左派主导的旧金山市。如果我们真的如此严重分裂，任何议题都无法达成共识，那还情有可原——但事实上并不是这样。Most people agree on the solutions to most issues, whether it's education or health care or climate or taxes or let's take guns as an example. The vast majority of Americans would say that we should neither confiscate everyone's guns, but nor should it be easy to walk into a store and walk out with an assault rifle. But the problem is, those Americans, the people in the center, the people in the middle, they don't vote in primaries. So politicians ignore their views and cater only to the extremes. And when the next school shooting happens, and it will happen, all of us are going to bang our heads against the wall and say, Why can't our politicians just do the right thing for once?”大多数人在大多数议题上其实是有共识的，不论是教育、医疗、气候还是税收。就拿枪支问题来说，大多数美国人都认为，我们既不应该没收所有人的枪，也不该让人随便走进一家店就能带着突击步枪走出来。但问题在于，那些处于中间立场的人——也就是大多数人——他们并不参加初选。所以政客们无视他们的观点，只迎合极端选民。当下一起校园枪击案发生时（而它确实还会发生），我们所有人又会撞墙大喊：我们的政客为什么就不能做一次正确的事？Why? I'll tell you why. Because they're held hostage by the extremes. They're stuck. We have to free them from their clutches. We have to make it possible for them to move back to the middle. And the only way to do that is to get a lot more people voting. And the only way to do that is to meet the people where they are: on their phones.为什么？我来告诉你为什么。因为他们被极端派俘虏了。他们被困住了。我们必须把他们从这些人的控制中解放出来。我们必须让他们有可能回到中间立场。而实现这一点的唯一方法，就是让更多人参与投票。而要让更多人参与，唯一的办法就是在他们所在的地方找到他们：在他们的手机上。

You listed travel as one of your passions.你说旅行是你的兴趣之一。Yeah. But actually my passion is airport to airport, what happens between airports.是的。但实际上，我热爱的部分是“从一个机场到另一个机场”，也就是机场之间发生的一切。So you like the flying then, the journey?所以你喜欢的是飞行本身，也就是这个旅程？Absolutely.完全是。What about that do you like?那你喜欢飞行中的什么？I love airplanes. Do I love airports? Not really. When I go to an airport I go to the window to look at the airplanes. Since the tender age of five I've always had this passion for airplanes, and my dream was to become an airline pilot.我喜欢飞机。我喜欢机场吗？不太喜欢。每次我去机场，我都会走到窗边去看飞机。从我五岁那年起，我就对飞机充满热情，我的梦想就是成为一名航空公司飞行员。Okay. Have you ever flown an airplane?好吧，那你飞过飞机吗？Have I ever flown in an airplane?你是说坐过飞机吗？Not in an airplane. Have you ever flown an airplane?不是坐飞机。我是问你有没有亲自驾驶过飞机？I've never flown an airplane. I've been in the flight deck of a number of aircraft, but I've never flown one.我从没开过飞机。我进过不少飞机的驾驶舱，但从没亲自飞过。Okay. So walk us through a trip with Tony. What's going through your mind along the journey from airport to airport?好吧，那就带我们体验一趟“托尼之旅”。在机场到机场的过程中，你脑子里在想些什么？Well, just like the other souls on board, I go on, I sit, I buckle my seatbelt. I obey the commands from the cabin crew. I hear the pilots talking over the Intercom. But I take it another step further. I actually listen to the details of what the pilots are saying. I'm thinking about what's the weather going to be like, what's the weather on the ground, what's the surface winds on the runway? All these things that regular passengers don't think about when they're sitting in the seat and they're just like.嗯，就像机上的其他乘客一样，我登机、坐下、系好安全带，听从机组人员的指示，听飞行员在广播中讲话。但我会更进一步去听，我会认真听飞行员在说什么细节。我会思考天气会怎么样？地面的天气如何？跑道上的风速和风向是怎样的？这些都是普通乘客坐在座位上完全不会想的事。Yeah. I certainly don't think about that, no. I am probably just relaxing, and maybe once in a while looking out the window, if I'm privileged enough to get a window seat. And just seeing how pretty it is.是啊，我肯定不会想这些。我通常是在放松，要是运气好坐到靠窗的位子，偶尔看看窗外，觉得风景挺漂亮的，仅此而已。And if you're looking out, and you say you have a seat just over the wing, you're looking out and you're like, oh, there's the wing. It looks nice, long, okay.如果你坐在机翼旁，看向窗外，也许你会说：“啊，那是机翼，看起来还挺长的，还不错。”I don't even think that much at any rate.我甚至连这种程度都不会去想。Yeah. Yeah. But to me, I'm looking at the wing and I'm like, that's the forward slats, those are the landing flaps, that's the spoiler. Oh, look at the winglet at the end. Yeah.是啊。但对我来说，我看着机翼会想：“那是前缘缝翼，那是着陆襟翼，那是扰流板。哦，看，翼尖还有个小翼。”Okay. No, I'm definitely not thinking that at all. So you actually don't care about the cities that you're traveling to, and seeing new places?好吧，我绝对不会那样想。所以说，你其实并不在意你去的城市，也不在意看新地方？No, no, no. Don't get me wrong. I actually do. I've had the fortune of visiting some really amazing places, like Glasgow, Scotland, which I do love. Meeting the people, meeting different people actually is something I look forward to. And the architecture and all the fun stuff, like art, artworks and crafts and all that stuff that when you travel you always try to secure before you return home. But yeah, I do, I do like the experiences outside of aviation when it comes to traveling. But for me, you may think it's weird, but it's still aviation for me. That's the top. That's definitely at the top of the list for me. When it comes to flight there are five critical phases. You have takeoff, climb out, cruise, descent and landing. Even at the end of a flight, coming to the end just before landing, the pilots are trying their best to keep the nose of the airplane training down the center line of the runway. After landing, when we're deplaning, I would often stop at the flight deck door and I'll be like, "What happened there just before touchdown?" And the pilots would laugh and be like, "Oh, just a little gust. Nothing really. But we're on the ground, we're safe."不是，不是，你别误会。其实我还是在意的。我有幸去过一些很棒的地方，比如苏格兰的格拉斯哥，我真的很喜欢那里。遇见新的人、不同的人，这也是我所期待的。而且像建筑啊、艺术啊、手工艺品这些旅行中必不可少的乐趣，我也会尽可能在回家前带一些。但对我来说，你可能觉得奇怪，但我最在意的始终还是航空。这是排在第一位的。一次飞行分为五个关键阶段：起飞、爬升、巡航、下降和着陆。即便是快要结束时，在落地前，飞行员还在尽力让飞机的机头保持在跑道的中心线上。飞机落地、下机的时候，我经常会停在驾驶舱门口，问飞行员：“刚才接地前那一下发生了什么？”飞行员会笑着说：“哦，就一阵小阵风，没什么事。但我们安全着陆了。”Oh my gosh. So basically you're grading the pilot as you are taking a trip somewhere.天啊。所以你基本上是在给飞行员打分，顺便去旅行？Weird. It's so weird, right?好奇怪吧，真的很奇怪，对吧？Absolutely. Absolutely weird.没错，确实很奇怪。That's what aviation buffs do.这就是航空迷的日常啦。Crazy. Crazy.疯了，疯了。

The phenomenon that many people believe is a mass psychogenic illness, with a particularly modern twist.许多人认为这是一种群体性心因疾病，但带有鲜明的现代特征。The thing about mass hysteria is that it's a line of sight thing, right? Part of the reason you get the symptoms is because you see somebody having the symptoms themselves.群体癔症的关键在于"视觉传染"——你出现症状，部分原因是你亲眼目睹了他人的症状。But with the advent of police body cams, each psychogenic overdose also creates a video. And that video then gets seen by other police officers, which potentially creates more psychogenic overdoses, which creates more videos -- you see the problem -- creating perhaps the perfect vector for spread.但随执法记录仪普及，每次心因性"吸毒过量"都会被录下。视频在其他警员间传播，可能引发更多案例，继而产生更多视频——这形成了完美的传播链条。Back in Le Roy, the outbreak there followed a pattern of many mass psychogenic illnesses. It came on strong, it wreaked havoc, and it faded away.勒罗伊事件符合典型群体心因疾病模式：猛烈爆发、造成混乱、逐渐消退。Why there? It's impossible to say for sure, but we do now know that some of the girls were experiencing their own personal, private, traumatic situations that may have contributed to their susceptibility.虽无法确定具体诱因，但现已得知部分女孩当时正经历个人创伤，这可能增加了她们的易感性。And of course, once mass hysteria sets in, it kind of brings its own stress and trauma, as does just being an American teenage girl today.当然，一旦群体癔症爆发，它本身就会带来压力与创伤——更何况当今美国少女本就承受着诸多压力。Before it was over, 19 girls at the high school came down with symptoms. All of them somehow connected to the others. Several of them were on the soccer team together. Several of them shared a very specific art class, and two of them were best friends.疫情结束前，该校共有19名女生出现症状，她们彼此都存在关联：有些是同队足球队员，有些共修特定艺术课，还有两人是挚友。By the time summer break arrived, the symptoms were all but gone from the high school. Almost. Remember Rose? She was the one with the tampon theory. Rose never caught those Tourette's-like symptoms that ripped through the high school so severely because Rose already had Tourette's. She has since she was three.暑假来临，症状几乎从校园绝迹——但"几乎"不包括罗斯。就是提出卫生棉条理论的那个女孩。她没被传染类似妥瑞氏症的症状，因为她本就患有此症，三岁起便如此。I had always had very prominent tics from the time I was diagnosed, like I had facial twitches, I would go through spurts where I would be throwing things. I was always very loud, like I always have very loud vocal tics. You will always hear me. Everybody always knows who I am."确诊后我一直有明显抽搐，比如面部痉挛、突然扔东西。发声抽动尤其响亮，所有人老远就能认出我。"Unfortunately for Rose, when people with tic disorders are around other people who tic, both people tend to tic more severely. So you can imagine when 19 other girls are walking the halls ticking, Rose's tics got worse. Much, much worse.的是，抽动症患者相处时会加重彼此症状。当19个女孩在走廊集体抽搐时，罗斯的症状急剧恶化。So I had a tic where I would punch myself right here in the face, over and over and over."我有个抽动动作是反复捶打自己脸部。"And your chin. That was your tic."还有下巴。"My tic was literally to coldcock myself. I have permanent damage in my right eye because my other tic was to punch myself in the eye. I was literally beating the shit out of myself."我会猛击自己眼部，右眼已留下永久损伤。那段时间我简直在自我殴打。"Rose had a really difficult year, to say the least. But it was something she told me about her life now that struck me about this idea of contagion and connection.至少可以说，罗斯那年过得异常艰难。但她现在的生活状态，让我对"传染与联结"有了新认识。So I volunteer at Tourette Syndrome Camp every summer, right?"我每年夏天都在妥瑞氏症夏令营做志愿者。"And I love it. It is one of the best things I do with my life every year. It's so amazing. But we all tic so much more because we're all ticking."那是我生命中最美好的经历。虽然大家症状会相互加重，但实在太棒了。"Does that feel good or bad?"这种感觉是好是坏？"Oh, I love it."噢，我爱死它了。"At Rose's Tourette's Camp, when the contagion comes on, they let it happen. They don't hold back.在罗斯的夏令营里，当"传染"发生时，他们放任其发生。It is so worth every second of it, because you are having the best time and you are around your people. And there's something called tic shopping. That's the actual name for it. And you can pick up other people's tics."每分每秒都值得，因为你和同类人共度美好时光。我们管这叫'抽动购物'——真的会不自觉地'买来'别人的症状。"They're literally sharing their symptoms. They're passing them back and forth unconsciously. And even if just for one weird, humid, buggy weekend in the summer, they're able to revel in those symptoms and really appreciate the connection that it gives them.他们共享症状，无意识地交换抽动。哪怕只是潮湿闷热、蚊虫肆虐的夏日周末，他们也能在症状中狂欢，珍视这种特殊的联结。So I always have to take the day after camp off, because I'll come home with God knows what tics. But it's like the best feeling ever. It is the best feeling ever."每次夏令营后我都得休息一天，因为天知道会带回什么新症状。但那种感觉无与伦比。"The line between contagion and connection is a thin one. Sometimes it's hardly there at all.传染与联结的界限如此模糊，有时甚至根本不存在。

The spread of the contagion tends to be a function of how connected the victims are to each other. So students at a small town high school, or workers on a factory floor, or even nuns in a convent.这种"传染"的传播程度往往取决于受害者之间的关联性。比如小镇高中的学生、工厂工人，甚至修道院的修女。In the Middle Ages, there were several cases reported in Europe in convents, including one extended case in France where a nun supposedly began meowing uncontrollably, only to have that symptom spread to the rest of the nuns in the convent.中世纪欧洲就记录过数起修道院群体癔症，其中法国一起持续事件中，一名修女突然无法控制地学猫叫，随后症状传染了整个修道院。And then, of course, there's the witches of Salem, right? Perhaps the archetypical women being hysterical. Many now believe that that was a mass psychogenic illness.还有著名的塞勒姆女巫审判事件——如今许多人认为那正是一场群体性心因疾病，堪称"女性歇斯底里"的典型案例。Why does it happen? There's usually some sort of underlying stress or trauma affecting the people involved.为何会出现这种现象？通常与当事人承受的压力或创伤有关。Like, for example, in the fall of 2001, when a mystery rash broke out in grade schools around the country, at least dozens and dozens of schools, hundreds of students affected.例如2001年秋天，全美数十所小学爆发神秘皮疹，数百名学生受影响。The rash would pass from student to student during the day in the school but then often disappear when the kid went home at night. And then it would reappear the next day and begin spreading all over again.皮疹白天在校内传播，晚上学生回家后却常会消退，次日返校又再度爆发。Tests showed no bacteria, no virus, no toxic exposure that would explain it. Turns out what may have been happening is that it was fear of toxic exposure that caused the contagion.检测未发现细菌、病毒或毒素。真相可能是：对有毒物质的恐惧引发了这场"传染"。In fact, the mystery rash began on the very day that the news reported that a man in Florida had been diagnosed with anthrax, just weeks after they began appearing in envelopes after September 11th in people's mailboxes.事实上，神秘皮疹爆发当日，新闻正报道佛罗里达州发现炭疽病例——就在9·11事件后带炭疽菌信封出现的几周内。Many epidemiologists now believe that the post-9/11 rash was a mass psychogenic illness, a real physical expression of the collective anxiety those kids were feeling at the time.许多流行病学家现在认为，这场后9·11皮疹是群体性心因疾病，是孩子们集体焦虑的躯体化表现。It's actually why I don't even care for the phrase "mass psychogenic illness." It's more polite, perhaps, but it's "mass hysteria" that really gets the messiness of it.这正是我不喜欢"群体性心因疾病"这个术语的原因——它更礼貌，但"群体癔症"才真正捕捉到其中的混乱本质。It's not just medical. It's not just psychological. It's social. It's cultural. It's about all of us.它不仅是医学或心理学问题，更是社会文化现象，关乎我们所有人。And it's not just women. You may have heard of Havana Syndrome. That's the neurological medical mystery affecting foreign workers in the United States and in Canada. Many people believe that that is a mass psychogenic illness.不仅限于女性。比如"哈瓦那综合征"——这个影响美加外交人员的神经医学谜团，就被许多人认为是群体心因性疾病。And these things don't just happen anywhere. They tend to happen at the stress points in the culture. Or as one expert put it to me, they tend to happen in the fissures of society.这类事件往往爆发于文化压力点。正如一位专家所言："它们总在社会裂缝中滋生"。I want to play you some more tape. These are all taken from police body cams of police officers in the field. In each instance, the police officer has just come into contact with the street drug fentanyl.请听这些警用执法记录仪片段——每位警官都声称刚接触了毒品芬太尼。It's so weird, man. He said he's floating. His legs are tingling. Yeah, yeah, my toes are tingling. We have fentanyl! We have fentanyl! You're good, you're good. You're good. Keep breathing. Hey, stay with me, OK? It's warrant officer. Possible exposure to fentanyl. I'm getting my -- you got yours out? All right. Relax."太诡异了，他说自己在飘""我脚趾发麻""是芬太尼！坚持住！""我是巡警，可能接触了芬太尼""快拿解毒剂"...You may have seen or heard footage like this in the news. It pops up all the time. Local新闻最爱这种戏剧性画面。我们追踪到332起类似案例——警员因"接触芬太尼"出现昏厥、刺痛、心跳加速等症状。But of those 332 cases that we were able to track the number of actual toxicology reports that showed fentanyl in those police officers' system at the time, as far as we can tell, one.但在这332起案例中，有确切毒理学报告证明警员体内含芬太尼的——据我们核实——仅1例。At a state prison in Alaska. And even that one hasn't been independently confirmed. In fact, the American Society of Medical Toxicology says it is near impossible to overdose on fentanyl in this way.（那例还在阿拉斯加州监狱，且未获独立验证。）美国医学毒理学会明确指出：这种接触方式几乎不可能导致芬太尼过量。And yet, it keeps happening. But it doesn't happen to doctors and nurses who handle fentanyl in hospital settings. It doesn't even really happen to fentanyl abusers who are obviously handling the drug all the time.然而事件仍在发生。奇怪的是，医院接触芬太尼的医护从未出现类似症状，长期接触毒品的瘾君子也不例外。It's only in this one specific preexisting social group: police officers, male police officers, incidentally.唯独这个特定群体——顺便说一句，主要是男性警官——反复出现这种状况。

I make audio documentaries, and I recently spent some time in a town called Le Roy, New York. It's a town about 50 miles outside of Buffalo. It's a small town. Its claim to fame is that it's the birthplace of Jell-O.我制作音频纪录片，最近在纽约州一个叫勒罗伊的小镇待了一段时间。这个镇位于布法罗市外约50英里，是个小地方，最出名的是它是果冻（Jell-O）的诞生地。There's a museum and everything.那里甚至有个博物馆，应有尽有。Anyway, in 2011, at the beginning of the school year, something strange happened in Le Roy. A student at Le Roy Junior-Senior High School, a cheerleader, she wakes up from a nap with a stutter, like a severe stammer, trouble speaking. And pretty soon, that turns into head tics and facial twitches, and then blurting out sounds and words. Symptoms that you'd associate with something like Tourette's syndrome.2011年开学季，勒罗伊发生了一件怪事。当地初高中联合学校的一名啦啦队员午睡醒来后突然严重口吃，说话困难。很快，症状演变成头部抽动、面部痉挛，并开始不受控制地发出怪声和词语——类似妥瑞氏症的症状。A couple of weeks later, while she's dealing with that, another student at the school comes down with the same symptoms: tics, spasms, barks, blurting out sounds and words. And it happens from 0 to 60 overnight, out of nowhere. And then it happens to another student. And then two more.几周后，就在她还在应对这些症状时，另一名学生也出现了同样的抽搐、痉挛、怪叫和言语失控。症状一夜之间突然爆发，毫无预兆。接着是第三个、第四个……This is Rose. Rose was in eighth grade at the time of the outbreak. At first it was whispers. It was like, "Oh, it's this one girl. We don't know what's going on, blah blah blah." And the next thing I know, it's like doubling and tripling, and it's all these girls.这是罗斯，疫情爆发时她正读八年级。起初只是窃窃私语，比如"噢，就是这个女孩，我们也不知道怎么回事"之类的。但很快，患者数量成倍增加，而且全是女生。Jessica was a senior at the time. And I remember thinking, were they making it up? What is going on?杰西卡当时是高三学生。我记得我在想：她们是不是装的？到底发生了什么？People thought they were faking it. Everybody thought they might be faking it. And then my friend came to school the one day, and I was at my locker. And she came up to me and she was stuttering super bad. I'm like, "What are you doing? Stop fucking around. Why are you talking like that?"大家都觉得她们在装病。直到有一天，我在储物柜前遇到朋友，她口吃得厉害。我问："你在干嘛？别闹了，为什么这样说话？"And she's like, "I can't." She's, like, twitching, she's crying at that point, just trying to get out her words, and I'm like, "Holy shit. This is real. What happened?"她却说："我控制不了。"她抽搐着，哭了起来，拼命想说出话。我这才意识到："天啊，这是真的。到底怎么了？"Within weeks, the case count hits double digits. All at the high school. All girls. An investigation begins. They test for Lyme disease. They test for heavy metals in the blood. Back at the school, they test for the water safety. They test for the air quality. They test for mold. And the only thing spreading faster than the contagion are the theories about what's causing it.几周内，病例数突破两位数，全是高中女生。调查随即展开：莱姆病检测、血液重金属检测、学校水质检测、空气质量检测、霉菌检测……而传播得比疫情更快的，是各种病因猜测。I remember hearing at some point, since it was all girls, it must be a bad batch of tampons.我记得有人猜测，既然全是女生，可能是某批卫生棉条有问题。The tampon theory does not pan out. In fact, none of them do. After a month-long investigation, the state and the school board and the and the doctors involved, they come up with what they think is the answer. The outbreak ripping through the high school is a mass psychogenic illness, otherwise known as mass hysteria.卫生棉条理论被推翻，其他猜测也均不成立。经过一个月的调查，州政府、校方和医生们得出结论：这场席卷校园的疫情是"群体性心因性疾病"，即"群体癔症"。Emily was in eighth grade when she came down with the symptoms herself. This is what her doctor told her. Emily: She basically said, "It's all in your head. You're fine." How are you, as a medical professional, going to look your patient in the eye and be like, you're fine. Stop thinking about it. You're fine, you're fine.艾米莉八年级时也出现了症状。她的医生告诉她："这完全是心理作用，你没事。"作为一个医疗专业人士，怎么能看着病人的眼睛说"你没事，别多想"？And she should be skeptical, right? Especially because she's a woman. Even the word hysteria has its roots in the Greek for uterus. For centuries, doctors would blame the wandering womb for all sorts of problems that women were having with their bodies, without really understanding what it was medically.她当然该怀疑——尤其因为她是女性。"癔症"（hysteria）一词本就源于希腊语的"子宫"。几个世纪以来，医生们总把女性身体问题归咎于"子宫游走"，却从未真正理解医学原理。Back in Le Roy, this is how Jessica reacted to the diagnosis. I thought, "That's bullshit. I don't believe that. Seeing all these girls, they're not making it up. I just don't believe that that's the thing. After all of this, that's all it is? I just don't know how to believe that.在勒罗伊，杰西卡对诊断结果的反应是："胡扯！我不信。我亲眼看到那些女孩的痛苦，她们不是装的。经历了这么多，结果就这？我实在无法接受。"I love that. "I don't know how to believe that." Not just "I don't believe that." "I don't know how to believe it." Here's what I have come to believe. I think we all need to start learning how to believe in mass hysteria, because while it is very rare, it is also very real. So say neurologists, psychoanalysts, sociologists, so says the NIH.我喜欢这个说法——"我不知道该怎么相信"，而不仅仅是"我不信"。我的观点是：我们都需要学会接受"群体癔症"的存在，因为它虽罕见，却真实存在。神经学家、心理分析师、社会学家乃至美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）都证实了这点。And it's a very specific type of contagion that says a lot about how we're connected as people. Mass psychogenic illness is the rapid spread of real physical symptoms from one person to the other. But those symptoms don't seem to have any organic cause. So you've got a limp, but your x-ray is normal. Or you've got neurological symptoms, but your MRI doesn't show anything. Medically, these symptoms shouldn't be happening. But then they begin to spread from person to person. But it's not random.这是一种特殊的"传染"，深刻揭示了人类的联结方式。群体性心因性疾病会让真实症状快速传播，但这些症状却无器质性病因。比如你跛行，但X光正常；或有神经症状，但MRI无异常。医学上这些症状本不该出现，但它们却开始人际传播——且并非随机发生。