英语每日一听 | 每天少于5分钟

Very few people in this room have ever worried about how they were going to obtain food or shelter or heat, or how they were going to bury a child who died of diarrhea before its first birthday. Those worries are the normal condition of humanity. We escaped them only through massive chronological luck. That is a precious and totally unearned inheritance, and I think we have an obligation to pay that forward and leave an even bigger legacy for our descendants.在座的各位，很少有人曾经担心过如何获得食物、住所或取暖，或者如何安葬一个不到一岁就死于腹泻的孩子。这些担忧是人类的常态。我们之所以能逃脱这些担忧，完全是因为巨大的时间运气。这是一笔宝贵的、完全不劳而获的遗产，我认为我们有义务将其传承下去，为我们的后代留下更丰厚的遗产。To do otherwise, it's a kind of theft. It's stealing from the future. Picture what it would have looked like if the Luddites actually had managed to halt progress in its tracks. Effectively, they'd have been reaching forward in time and taking almost everything we have in order to enrich themselves.否则，就是一种偷窃。这是从未来窃取。想象一下，如果卢德分子真的成功阻止了进步，那会是什么样子。实际上，他们已经超越了时间，掠夺了我们几乎所有的东西，以充实自己。Now, obviously, that's not how they understood what they were doing. But it would have been true just the same. So picture that, really picture it. A spinner sells a few spools of thread and suddenly you don't have a car. A weaver sells a handloom cloak and whoops, there go your refrigerator, your central heating and your college education. A whole suit of clothes and thousands of kids just died of preventable disease.显然，他们并非如此理解自己在做什么。但这本来也无可厚非。想象一下，真的想象一下。一个纺纱工卖出几卷线，突然间你就没车了。一个织布工卖出一件手工织布斗篷，哎呀，你的冰箱、中央供暖和大学教育都泡汤了。整套衣服都没了，成千上万的孩子却死于可预防的疾病。So when you're tempted to halt the innovation that might compete for your job, you have to ask yourself, How much am I willing to steal from my grandkids? I mean, from everyone's grandkids.所以，当你想要停止那些可能抢走你饭碗的创新时，你必须问问自己，我愿意从我的孙辈那里偷走多少东西？我的意思是，从每个人的孙辈那里偷走多少东西。Now, I know some people in the audience are probably thinking, but that's different. We already have it really good, we've got airplanes and mRNA vaccines and HBO. But of course, a Luddite would have thought the same thing. They couldn't have imagined a future in which the average worker is literally leading a healthier and more comfortable life than 19-century royalty.我知道在座的有些人可能在想，但情况不一样。我们已经过得很好了，有飞机、mRNA疫苗和HBO。当然，卢德分子也会这么想。他们无法想象未来普通工人的生活会比19世纪的皇室贵族更健康、更舒适。Others might be asking, quite reasonably, but what about global warming and endangered species? I mean, is progress really all that great? Well, I'd ask you to remember your last trip to the dentist and then reimagine it without the Novocaine.其他人可能会问，这很有道理，但全球变暖和濒危物种怎么办？我的意思是，进步真的那么好吗？好吧，我建议你回想一下你上次去看牙医的情景，然后再想象一下没有使用奴佛卡因时的感受。Now I know the obvious retort. "That's a libertarian canard." You can want modern medicine without wanting us to have burned all that coal.现在我知道该如何反驳了。“那是自由意志主义的谎言。”你可以想要现代医学，但不必担心我们烧掉那么多煤。But my retort is that that doesn't work. The same Industrial Revolution that led to global warming has also made us so rich that we could afford to divert millions of workers from agriculture and weaving into science and medicine. It's also, as we've been hearing all week, giving us the tools to fight ecological disaster. But we couldn't have predicted any of that from the outset. We kind of had to live the change in order to understand what it meant.但我的反驳是，这根本行不通。导致全球变暖的工业革命也让我们变得如此富有，以至于我们有能力将数百万工人从农业和纺织业转移到科学和医学领域。正如我们这周一直在听到的，它也为我们提供了对抗生态灾难的工具。但我们从一开始就无法预测这一切。我们必须亲身经历这场变革才能理解它意味着什么。Now, actually, it's worse than that, because it's often quite easy to picture the near-term downsides. I mean, just read any article about AI. But the long-term upside is much harder to grasp because progress is cumulative, and the longer it accumulates, the weirder it gets.现在，实际上情况比这更糟，因为人们通常很容易想象短期的负面影响。我的意思是，随便读读任何一篇关于人工智能的文章就知道了。但长期的正面影响却难以把握，因为进步是累积的，积累的时间越长，就越奇怪。

Well, I gather I'm not the only one who spends a lot of time thinking about AI these days. And by think I mean panic.嗯，我想，最近花大量时间思考人工智能的人不止我一个。我说的“思考”指的是恐慌。I'm not even worried about the doomsday scenarios because I have no way to assess those. I just think about what's going to happen to jobs, because even if we solve the AI safety problem, it's still going to displace a lot of workers, maybe including me.我甚至不担心末日景象，因为我无法评估。我只是在想工作岗位会发生什么变化，因为即使我们解决了人工智能的安全问题，它仍然会取代很多工人，也许包括我在内。Twenty years ago, I decided to take my very expensive MBA and use it to become a journalist. That decision did not have what we MBAs like to call a "positive expected cash flow."二十年前，我决定攻读昂贵的MBA学位，并利用它成为一名记者。这个决定并没有带来我们MBA们所说的“正预期现金流”。When I was interviewing for a job at "The Economist," one of the interviewers actually just asked me, "Why are you doing this?" I told him, "I only have so much time on this planet, and I want to spend it doing something that matters. And also, by the way, something I really, really, really love to do."我在《经济学人》面试的时候，一位面试官直接问我：“你为什么要做这份工作？” 我告诉他：“我的生命有限，我想用这段时间做一些有意义的事情。顺便说一句，也做一些我非常非常热爱的事情。”I got lucky and it worked out. Today I'm a columnist at the "Washington Post." But every day, AI seems to get better and better at writing competent prose. And I don't know what I'm supposed to do if typing words in a row stops being a semi profitable occupation.我很幸运，成功了。如今我是《华盛顿邮报》的专栏作家。但人工智能似乎每天都在写出越来越优秀的文章。如果打字不再是一项半盈利的职业，我真不知道该怎么办。Now I'm a libertarian columnist, which means I believe in progress and creative destruction. But here's something I also believe: The Luddites had a point.现在我是一位自由意志主义专栏作家，这意味着我相信进步和创造性破坏。但我也相信一点：卢德分子说得有道理。Look, you don't normally hear libertarians praising Luddites, so let me explain. Today, Luddite is a broad-spectrum term for technophobes. But the Luddites weren't your mom using a landline instead of a cell phone or sending you Hallmark cards with little words underlined. They were skilled artisans who made handcrafted textiles in an era when everyone wore lovingly handcrafted textiles.听着，你通常不会听到自由主义者赞扬卢德分子，所以让我解释一下。如今，“卢德分子”是一个泛指科技恐惧者的术语。但卢德分子可不是你妈妈用座机代替手机，也不是你妈妈给你寄带有下划线小字的贺卡。他们是技艺精湛的工匠，在那个人人都穿着精心制作的手工纺织品的时代，制作手工纺织品。Then mechanized mill owners started underpricing them using some of the most cutting-edge technology of their day, like, spinning jennies that could spin thread at record speeds. So they decided to destroy the machines.后来，机械化工厂的老板们开始压低价格，使用当时最先进的技术，比如能以创纪录的速度纺线的珍妮纺纱机。于是他们决定毁掉这些机器。Honestly, I have some sympathy. In fact, every time one of these companies issues a new model, I get more sympathetic.说实话，我有点同情他们。事实上，每当这些公司发布新车型，我的同情心就增加一分。We libertarians like to talk about the glories of freedom and progress, and they are glorious. But they are not free. Sometimes people get hurt. Often lots of people.我们自由意志主义者喜欢谈论自由和进步的荣耀，它们的确很荣耀。但它们并非自由。有时人们会受到伤害。通常情况下，很多人会受到伤害。The printing press democratized knowledge and also witch burnings and wars of religion. The Industrial Revolution raised living standards and offset them with grim factory jobs, squalid urban living conditions and choking pollution. Now modern governments can allay many of those costs, but they can't give people back the life they had. And we have an obligation to count those costs. I mean, if only because no one was ever persuaded by being told "Your fears are stupid."印刷机使知识民主化，也带来了焚烧女巫和宗教战争。工业革命提高了生活水平，但也带来了残酷的工厂工作、肮脏的城市生活条件和令人窒息的污染。如今，现代政府可以减轻许多此类成本，但却无法让人们重回他们曾经的生活。我们有义务计算这些成本。我的意思是，即使没有人会因为被告知“你的恐惧是愚蠢的”而被说服。So here's why, even after a full accounting, I think we should be willing to bear those costs and let the future unfold, because we're all the beneficiaries of previous decisions to prioritize future growth over protecting the present.因此，即使在全面核算之后，我认为我们仍然应该愿意承担这些成本，让未来自然发展，因为我们都是先前决定优先考虑未来增长而不是保护现在的受益者。

And finally, the ammonia in urine does indeed make for an excellent stain-fighting solution, which is why Roman launderers often placed buckets on street corners to collect the urine of passersby. That reminds me, next question!最后，尿液中的氨确实是一种极好的去污剂，这就是为什么罗马洗衣工经常在街角放置水桶来收集路人的尿液。这让我想起了下一个问题！A. Many Roman homes featured a vomitorium, a room where people could vomit after overindulging.A：许多罗马家庭都设有呕吐室，即人们在暴饮暴食后可以呕吐的房间。B. The Pythagoreans, who followed the teachings of the Greek mathematician Pythagoras, embraced a vegetarian diet.B. 毕达哥拉斯学派遵循希腊数学家毕达哥拉斯的教义，信奉素食。C. A favorite Roman condiment was sauce made from fermented fish guts.C. 罗马人最喜欢的调味品是用发酵的鱼内脏制成的酱汁。While vomit and vomitoria come from the same root, meaning “to spew forth,” a vomitorium is simply a passage through which spectators spewed from amphitheaters or arenas into the street. Purging was a common medical treatment, but it certainly wasn't prescribed to make room for more fish gut sauce. As for Pythagoras, there were more than three sides to the man, I'll have you know. He was a philosopher, and his followers embraced his belief that eating animal flesh increased aggressive behavior.虽然“vomit”和“vomitoria”源于同一个词根，意为“喷涌而出”，但“vomitorium”实际上只是一条通道，供观众从圆形剧场或竞技场向街上喷吐。泻药是一种常见的医疗手段，但绝对不是为了给鱼内脏酱腾出空间。至于毕达哥拉斯，我得让你知道，他可不止三面。他是一位哲学家，他的追随者们也信奉他的理念，认为食用动物肉会增加攻击性行为。We're all tied up. But this last question is sure to separate the true Romano-files from the Romano-flakes.我们都很忙。但最后一个问题肯定能区分出真正的罗马诺人与罗马诺人。A. The city of Rome was sacked twice during the 5th century CE. B. The last western Roman emperor was Romulus Augustulus. C. The Roman Empire fell in 476 CE.A. 罗马城在公元5世纪曾两次遭到洗劫。B. 最后一位西罗马皇帝是罗慕路斯·奥古斯都。C. 罗马帝国于公元476年灭亡。Just as I thought! The very idea that Rome fell is... complicated. It's true that by 476 the empire looked very different. By the 4th century, it had permanently split into eastern and western halves, each with its own emperor. The last emperor in the west, Romulus Augustulus, was overthrown in 476 CE in a military coup. But the Germanic general who replaced him didn't make sweeping changes. Roman political and cultural life endured, and military conquests continued— at least until the eastern Emperor Justinian led a devastating invasion of Italy in the 530s. In the east, the Roman Empire survived for a thousand years, becoming what you now call the Byzantine Empire.正如我所想！罗马帝国覆灭本身就……复杂。诚然，到了公元476年，帝国面貌大不相同。到了公元4世纪，它永久地分裂为东西两部分，两部分各有皇帝。西罗马的最后一位皇帝罗慕路斯·奥古斯都鲁在公元476年被军事政变推翻。但取代他的日耳曼将军并没有做出彻底的改变。罗马的政治和文化生活得以延续，军事征服也持续不断——至少在530年代东罗马皇帝查士丁尼率领军队对意大利发动毁灭性入侵之前是如此。在东罗马帝国存续了一千年，成为了如今所谓的拜占庭帝国。That makes contestant number 3 our big winner! Enjoy the spoils! As for our losers, better luck next time. Here's hoping there is one.这么说来，3号选手就是我们的大赢家了！好好享受这份战利品吧！至于输家们，祝他们下次好运。希望下次能有好运。

Are you not entertained? And this is what you think of us. O tempora! O mores!你们难道不开心吗？你们就是这么想我们的。啊，时代！啊，传统！Salvete! Minerva here— esteemed Roman goddess of reason, wisdom, handicrafts, and war. It's come to my attention that many of you have been thinking about Ancient Rome... a lot. But how much do you really know? I'll be the judge. Let's play a little game I like to call duo vera et mendacium! Or, to the rest of you: two truths and a lie. Let's meet our three brave contestants.萨尔维特！我是弥涅耳瓦——备受尊崇的罗马理性、智慧、手工艺和战争女神。我注意到你们很多人都在思考古罗马……思考了很久。但你们到底了解多少呢？我来评判。我们来玩个小游戏，我喜欢叫它“两个真相和一个谎言”！或者，对你们其他人来说：两个真相和一个谎言。让我们来认识一下我们三位勇敢的参赛者。And let's show them what they're playing for! An all-expense paid cruise aboard one of Caligula's pleasure barges! Prepare to be wined and dined on a trip you'll never forget— well, you'll probably forget. As for the losers...让我们让他们见识一下他们的本事！登上卡利古拉的豪华游船，享受全程免费游轮之旅！准备好享受这趟永生难忘的旅程吧——好吧，你很可能永远都忘不了。至于输家……The die is cast! Prepare to spot the lie! A. Gladiators had their own guilds. B. Most gladiatorial fights ended before anyone died. C. Gladiators were from an enslaved class.木已成舟！准备好揭穿谎言吧！A. 角斗士有自己的行会。B. 大多数角斗士的战斗在有人死亡之前就结束了。C. 角斗士来自奴隶阶层。And I thought this was an easy one. It's true that from their introduction around the 3rd century BCE, Roman gladiators were often enslaved or convicted criminals, but this changed by the 1st century CE. After the opening of the Colosseum in 80 CE, freemen and former soldiers began signing up for a life in the arena, lured by the potential for fame and regular employment. They even formed their own guilds, which organized funerals and provided pensions for gladiators' families if they were to die. But it took a lot of time and money to train a gladiator, so it wouldn't make any sense to have them fighting to the death— at least not all the time.我以为这个问题很容易回答。的确，自公元前3世纪左右罗马角斗士出现以来，他们通常是奴隶或罪犯，但这种情况在公元1世纪发生了变化。公元80年罗马斗兽场开放后，自由民和退伍军人开始报名参加竞技场生活，被名声和稳定工作的潜在吸引力所吸引。他们甚至成立了自己的行会，负责组织葬礼，并在角斗士身亡后为其家人提供抚恤金。但训练一名角斗士需要花费大量的时间和金钱，所以让他们战斗至死毫无意义——至少不是一直如此。Moving on to fashion: A. The toga was the cornerstone of daily Roman dress. B. Many Roman women wore dresses made with Chinese silk. C. Urine was the primary laundry detergent for Roman clothes.再来说说时尚：A. 托加长袍是罗马人日常服饰的基石。B. 许多罗马女性穿着用中国丝绸制成的连衣裙。C. 尿液是罗马人洗衣的主要清洁剂。While male Roman citizens did wear togas, they were strictly for ceremonial and official events. And they were worn over clothing, like tunics, never on their own. That would be indecent. As indecent as some writers called the flimsy Chinese silk dresses that became fashionable amongst upper class Roman women in the 1st century CE.虽然罗马男性公民也穿托加长袍，但仅限于礼仪和官方场合。托加长袍通常穿在束腰外衣之类的衣服外面，不能单独穿着。那样会显得不雅。就像一些作家认为公元1世纪在罗马上流社会女性中流行的轻薄中国丝绸连衣裙一样，托加长袍也显得不雅。

We come out of the womb sterile, but that doesn't last for long. All the nooks and crannies of the human body soon become home to microbial life. In this study, scientists took stool samples from 1,000 newborns. Those first colonised by Bifidobacterium longum were half as likely to end up in hospital with a lung infection than those with different starter bacteria.我们从子宫里出来时是无菌的，但这种状态不会持续太久。人体的每个角落和缝隙很快就会成为微生物群落的家园。在这项研究中，科学家们采集了 1000 名新生儿的粪便样本。他们发现那些体内最早被长双歧杆菌占领建立菌群的婴儿，其日后因肺部感染住院的几率仅为携带其它初始菌群婴儿的一半。It's the first time the way our microbial ecosystem forms has been shown to reduce infections. The researchers at UCL and the Sanger Institute said it was a phenomenal finding. Early life is a critical period for developing the immune system and these latest findings could lead to the development of new therapies similar to a probiotic yoghurt to give good bacteria to babies.↳这是首次有研究显示我们体内微生物生态系统的形成方式可以减少感染。来自伦敦大学学院和桑格研究所的研究人员们称这一发现意义重大。生命早期是免疫系统发育的关键时期，这些最新研究成果可能会促进新疗法的开发，类似于益生菌酸奶那样，为婴儿提供有益细菌。

Once widespread around the UK, persecution from farmers and gamekeepers meant Britain's second biggest bird of prey had disappeared from England and Wales by the mid-19th Century.金雕曾广泛分布于英国，但由于受到农民和猎场看守人的迫害，作为英国第二大猛禽的金雕在 19 世纪中期就从英格兰和威尔士消失了。The numbers recovered a little after the two world wars, but England's last resident golden eagle, who'd lived alone for ten years in the Lake District, died in 2015.两次世界大战后，金雕的数量略有恢复，但最后一只居住在英格兰的金雕在湖区独自生活了十年后于 2015 年死亡。But from 2018 the South of Scotland Golden Eagle Project began moving young eagles from the Scottish Highlands. The birds are fitted with satellite trackers, and the data shows that at least three or four of them have begun venturing into England this year, with several sightings in Northumberland.但从 2018 年开始，苏格兰南部金雕项目开始将幼鹰从苏格兰高地迁移出去。这些鸟的身上被安装了卫星追踪器，追踪数据显示至少有三到四只金雕今年开始大胆地尝试飞到英格兰，人们在诺森伯兰郡多次目击金雕。Whether they will stay and nest is unclear, but their visits are welcome news for those who regard golden eagles as one of nature's most majestic creatures.它们是否会留下来并筑巢尚不清楚，但它们的到访对那些视金雕为大自然最雄伟的生物之一的人们来说无疑是个好消息。

Do you ever wake up with a fuzzy feeling in your head, you can't concentrate on anything, or find your memory just isn't working as it should? You're not alone. 39% of British people said they suffer brain fog on a regular basis in a FutureYou Cambridge study. But why do we get brain fog, and can we do anything to prevent it?您是否曾经以模糊的感觉醒来，您无法专注于任何东西，或者发现记忆无法正常工作？ 你并不孤单。 39％的英国人说，他们在以后的剑桥研究中定期遭受脑雾。 但是，为什么我们会遇到大脑雾，我们可以做任何防止它的呢？The technical word for brain fog is cognitive impairment. When you have it, you can't think as clearly as you normally can – just as if your brain was actually full of fog. Dr Brennan, a neuroscientist and author, says "Brain fog is different to these short-term disruptions, because it is persistent, occurs regularly and can interfere with the quality of your life, your relationships, and your work". The reality is that no-one knows exactly what causes it, though theories include chemical or blood flow changes in the brain, and low-level inflammation. What we do know are factors that make it worse.大脑雾的技术词是认知障碍。 当您拥有它时，您无法像往常一样清楚地思考 - 就像您的大脑实际上充满了雾一样。 神经科学家和作者布伦南博士说：“大脑雾与这些短期干扰不同，因为它是持久的，定期发生的，并且可能干扰生活质量，人际关系和工作的质量”。 现实是，尽管理论包括大脑的化学或血液流动变化以及低水平的炎症，但没有人确切知道是什么原因引起的。 我们所知道的是使情况变得更糟的因素。Fatigue, for example, is a key contributor to brain fog, making it hard to stay focused. This is because sleep deficiency can change activity in some parts of the brain, which means processing and recalling detail becomes harder. Pain and anxiety can also contribute to it – they interfere with cognitive speed because they are distracting. There are also medical conditions that can make it worse, like long Covid or autoimmune conditions like lupus disease.例如，疲劳是大脑雾的关键因素，因此很难保持专注。 这是因为睡眠不足可以改变大脑某些部分的活动，这意味着处理和回忆细节变得更加困难。 疼痛和焦虑也会促成它 - 他们会干扰认知速度，因为它们正在分散注意力。 也有一些医疗状况会使情况变得更糟，例如长期或自身免疫性状况（例如狼疮病）。So, if you're suffering from brain fog, what can you do to fix it? One thing you can do is avoidultra-processed foods(UPFs). Dr Megan Rossi, the founder of TheGutHealth Doctor, told the BBC that "UPFs are often low in essential nutrients like magnesium,omega-3 fatty acidsandiron, all of which are crucial for brain function andmental clarity". Therefore, we should pack our diets withnutrient-richfoods likewhole grains, vegetables and healthy fats. Blueberries are particularly rich inpolyphenolsand have been shown to improve cognitive function and memory in clinical trials.Hydration is also very important.因此，如果您患有大脑雾，您该怎么办才能解决它？ 您可以做的一件事是避免使用超级加工的食物（UPFS）。 肠道健康医生的创始人梅根·罗西（Megan Rossi）博士对英国广播公司（BBC）表示：“ UPFS通常很低，例如镁，omega-3脂肪酸和铁，所有这些营养素对于大脑功能和心理清晰度至关重要''。 因此，我们应该用富含营养的食物（如全谷物，蔬菜和健康脂肪）包装饮食。 蓝莓特别富含多酚，并且已被证明可以改善临床试验中的认知功能和记忆。 水合也非常重要。So, if you feel a bit foggy, try to get more sleep and consider making some changes to your diet.因此，如果您有些雾气，请尝试获得更多的睡眠，并考虑对饮食进行一些更改。

You've probably seen the impossible happen, or at least thought you have. When a magician makes a card disappear, or throws a ball into the air, only for it to vanish, it seems that they are using amazing powers. But the magic isn't happening on stage. It's actually all inside your brain.您可能看到了不可能发生的事情，或者至少认为自己有。 当魔术师使卡片消失或将球扔到空中时，只是为了消失时，他们似乎正在使用惊人的力量。 但是魔术并没有在舞台上发生。 实际上，它全部都在您的大脑内。These illusions work because of essential processes that happen in our brains. Our senses provide an enormous amount of information about our surroundings. Our brains have evolved ways of prioritising what's important. We tend to notice the things that are most significant and remember those which have most meaning for us. What we perceive that we see or remember that we saw is actually a mental image.这些幻觉是因为我们大脑中发生的基本过程而起作用。 我们的感官提供了有关周围环境的大量信息。 我们的大脑发展了优先考虑重要的方法的方法。 我们倾向于注意到最重要的事物，并记住那些对我们最有意义的事物。 我们认为我们看到或记得我们看到的实际上是一种心理形象。These mental processes are exploited by illusionists to trick us into perceiving things in a particular way. In one famous trick, a ball is thrown into the air twice and caught and then vanishes into thin air on the third throw. This third throw is actually just a hand movement. Our brains predict that the ball will leave the magician's hand so we think we see it. The same process makes a dog run for a stick when we pretend to throw it.这些心理过程被幻觉者利用，以欺骗我们以特定方式感知事物。 在一个著名的技巧中，将一个球扔到空中两次，然后抓住，然后在第三次掷球中消失在稀薄的空气中。 第三掷实际上只是手动。 我们的大脑预测球将离开魔术师的手，所以我们认为我们看到了它。 当我们假装扔掉它时，同样的过程使狗跑步。During a magic show, we are often manipulated to think that we have a freer choice than we actually do. Magician-turned-psychologist Gustav Kuhn highlights how a performer's gaze can direct our attention towards some things and divert it away from others. Even babies naturally tend to follow where someone is looking.在魔术表演中，我们经常被操纵认为我们有比实际选择更自由的选择。 魔术师转变为心理学家古斯塔夫·库恩（Gustav Kuhn）强调了表演者的凝视如何将我们的注意力转移到某些事物上，并将其转移到其他方面。 即使是婴儿也自然而然地跟随某人正在寻找的地方。Kuhn has become a researcher using the techniques behind different magic tricks to see what we can learn about how the brain works. He's even teamed up with a toy manufacturer to produce magic sets that explain our mental processes. Understanding these could be important because while magicians use these deceptions to entertain us, others use similar approaches to mislead us or spread disinformation.库恩（Kuhn）已使用不同魔术技巧背后的技术成为研究人员，以了解我们可以了解大脑的工作方式。 他甚至与玩具制造商合作制作了魔术套装来解释我们的心理过程。 理解这些可能很重要，因为虽然魔术师使用这些欺骗来娱乐我们，但其他人则使用类似的方法来误导我们或传播虚假信息。

One answer comes from 19th-century philosopher G.W.F. Hegel. He argues that control over our intellectual creations is crucial to the quest for personal fulfillment. For example, musicians making a new song aren't just mixing their labor with the world— they're expressing themselves. And Hegel believes creators should have the right to control these creative extensions of their personalities. By using these ideas without permission or credit, we're reducing a creator's control over their life and legacy.一位答案来自19世纪的哲学家黑格尔（G.W.F. Hegel）。他认为，对我们智力创作的控制权，对实现个人价值至关重要。例如，音乐人创作一首新歌时，不只是将自己的劳动融入世界——他们是在表达自我。而黑格尔认为，创作者应该拥有控制这些创造性人格延伸的权利。如果我们在未经允许或不给予署名的情况下使用这些作品，就等于削弱了创作者对自己人生与遗产的掌控力。Alternatively, thinkers like Elizabeth Anderson and Michael Sandel have argued that commodifying certain things can debase them. For example, while you might think it's fine to treat a luxury car as something to be bought and sold, it feels strange to say the same thing about a library card. That attitude feels somehow disrespectful to the pursuit of knowledge. And taken to the extreme, one might conclude that all knowledge should be completely free. But even without compensation, how would you feel if someone copied your work and took credit for it as their own? Outside a world where everyone abandons ownership over their ideas, it's hard not to feel like some injustice would still be taking place.另一方面，像伊丽莎白·安德森（Elizabeth Anderson）和迈克尔·桑德尔（Michael Sandel）这样的思想家则认为，将某些事物商品化，可能会贬低它们的价值。比如，你可能觉得把一辆豪华汽车当作买卖商品是理所当然的，但如果用同样的态度对待一张图书馆借书证，就会显得很奇怪。这种态度似乎在某种程度上对“追求知识”是不敬的。如果将这种观点推向极端，有人可能会得出这样的结论：所有知识都应该完全免费。但即便不涉及报酬，如果有人抄袭了你的作品，并将其据为己有，你会作何感受？在一个人人都放弃对自己思想所有权的理想世界之外，我们很难不觉得这种行为仍然是一种不公正。That said, it also feels extreme to say intellectual property rights should always be respected. Scottish philosopher David Hume famously argued that, in times of famine, the government is justified in forcing wealthy citizens to open their granaries to the public. During the COVID-19 pandemic, similar reasoning led publishing companies to temporarily give free access to journal articles related to the deadly virus. In such an emergency, most agreed it was in everyone's interest to prioritize saving lives over compensation.话虽如此，但说“知识产权应始终受到尊重”似乎也有些极端。苏格兰哲学家大卫·休谟（David Hume）曾著名地指出，在饥荒时期，政府有正当理由强迫富人向公众开放粮仓。在新冠疫情期间，出于类似的理由，一些出版公司临时免费开放了与病毒相关的学术论文访问权限。在这种紧急情况下，大多数人都同意：与其优先考虑报酬，不如优先拯救生命，这才符合全体利益。But do circumstances need to be this extreme to justify ignoring intellectual property rights? Or is your pursuit of knowledge enough for you to deny these mages their hard-earned coin? Your friend's archive is waiting...但情势是否非得如此极端，才能成为无视知识产权的正当理由？又或者，仅仅因为你在追求知识，就足以让你否认那些法师辛苦所得的报酬？你朋友的档案馆已经在等待你的选择了……

The mystical city of Ockham is famous for its college of magic. Here, genius spellcasters invent incantations and publish them in enchanted scrolls that others can purchase. As an aspiring wizard, you study these scrolls to learn from the best. Specifically, you're interested in making mathematical magic— like spells that conjure complex shapes— for researchers to study. Often, you can't afford the latest scrolls in your field. But one day, a friend tells you he's been using an illegal duplication spell to copy scrolls, and, if you're interested, you're welcome to read his collection free of charge. So, do you use his counterfeit scrolls to further your own research?通过一次呼吸运动，她通过一个鼻孔呼吸，然后通过另一个鼻子呼吸。 她使用拇指或食指一次闭合一个鼻孔。神秘之城奥卡姆以其魔法学院而闻名。在这里，天才施法者发明咒语并将其发布在其他人可以购买的魔法卷轴中。作为一名有抱负的巫师，你研究这些卷轴，向最优秀的人学习。具体来说，您对创造数学魔法（例如变出复杂形状的咒语）感兴趣，以供研究人员研究。通常，您买不起您所在领域的最新卷轴。但有一天，一位朋友告诉你，他一直在使用非法复制咒语来复制卷轴，如果你有兴趣，欢迎你免费阅读他的收藏。那么，你会利用他的伪造卷轴来进一步进行你自己的研究吗？As a wizard, you know designing spells requires a lot of intellectual labor and creativity, which is why it's widely agreed that mages should be able to make a living selling their work. And since this system is also how wizards build their reputation, most believe it elevates good work and makes high quality magic reasonably accessible. But this system has its problems. In fact, researchers on our less magical world are facing similar issues with how science is published. That system's issues are far more complex than Ockham's, but both share a core philosophical concern: intellectual property rights. While many philosophers agree that some version of intellectual property rights make sense, their justifications vary widely. For example, some thinkers draw on English philosopher John Locke, who argues that if you “mix your labor” with a plot of wild land, any crops it produces, as well as the land itself, should be under your control. This makes a certain kind of sense for farmers, but are spells, songs, or stories really like farmland? For one thing, land is limited— if one person uses it for farming, someone else can't use it for building. This kind of all or nothing resource is what some philosophers call a rivalrous good. But there's no limit on how many people can be inspired by a sunset. And people can even arrive at the same idea independently, whether or not they share an inspiration. So if we can all have ideas without interfering with one another, why assign rights over them at all?作为一名巫师，你知道设计咒语需要大量的智力劳动和创造力，因此大家普遍认为法师应该能够靠出售自己的作品谋生。而且由于这个体系也是巫师建立声誉的方式，大多数人认为它能凸显优秀的作品，并让高质量的魔法变得相对易得。但这个体系也有它的问题。事实上，我们这个魔法较少的世界里的研究人员，在科学出版方面也正面临类似的问题。虽然科学出版的问题比奥卡姆体系复杂得多，但两者都涉及一个核心的哲学关切：知识产权。虽然许多哲学家都认为某种形式的知识产权是合理的，但他们的论证理由却差别很大。例如，有些思想家借鉴了英国哲学家约翰·洛克的观点，他认为如果你“将劳动融入”一块荒地，那么无论是这片土地上产出的作物，还是土地本身，都应该归你所有。这种观点对农民来说似乎有其合理性，但咒语、歌曲或故事真的像农田那样吗？首先，土地是有限的——如果一个人用它来种地，别人就不能用它来建房。这种“非此即彼”的资源，被一些哲学家称为“竞争性物品”。但像落日这样的美景可以启发无限多人。而且人们即使没有共享灵感，也可能独立地得出相同的想法。所以，如果我们都能拥有想法而不会彼此干扰，那我们为什么还要对这些想法赋予权利呢？

In 2023, a US grocer recalled over 10,000 cases of broccoli cheddar soup over concerns they contained too much of an unintended ingredient. That ingredient? Bugs. We know insects regularly come into contact with our food— but how many are you actually eating? And is it okay? Let's start with an extreme example: figs and their conspicuously close bond with certain bugs.2023 年，一家美国杂货店召回了 10,000 多箱西兰花切达干酪汤，原因是担心其中含有过多的非预期成分。那个成分？虫子。我们知道昆虫经常接触我们的食物，但您实际上吃了多少昆虫？可以吗？让我们从一个极端的例子开始：无花果及其与某些昆虫的密切联系。Around 80 million years ago, wasps started pollinating figs. And today, each of the approximately 750 fig tree species depends on at least one unique species of tiny wasps. Pollinator-plant relationships can get hyper-specific. And figs guard their flowers especially tight for fig wasps. Technically, a fig isn't a fruit, but a fleshy bundle derived from stem tissues that holds hundreds of internal flowers— like a hidden garden.大约八千万年前，黄蜂开始为无花果授粉。如今，大约 750 种无花果树中的每一种都依赖于至少一种独特的小黄蜂。传粉者与植物的关系可以变得高度特定。无花果对无花果黄蜂的保护特别严密。从技术上讲，无花果不是水果，而是由茎组织衍生的肉质束，内部有数百朵花，就像一个隐藏的花园。Humans typically harvest one species: the common fig. Its breeding system, called gynodioecy, is seen in less than 1% of flowering plants. It works with some common fig trees having seed-producing female parts, while others, called caprifigs, have both female seed-producing and male pollen-producing parts. Wasps get involved when a female fig wasp full of eggs follows odor cues to a common fig tree and thrusts herself into the minuscule hole at a developing fig's base. From there, depending on whether it's a caprifig or a female fig, things go one of two ways, the outcome being either more wasps or more figs.人类通常收获一种物种：无花果。它的繁殖系统被称为雌花异株，只见于不到 1% 的开花植物。它适用于一些具有产生种子的雌性部分的常见无花果树，而其他称为无花果的无花果树，既有雌性产生种子的部分，也有雄性产生花粉的部分。当一只充满卵的雌性无花果黄蜂跟随气味线索来到一棵普通无花果树并将自己插入正在发育的无花果基部的小洞时，黄蜂就会介入。从那里开始，根据它是无花果还是雌性无花果，事情会以两种方式之一进行，结果要么是更多的黄蜂，要么是更多的无花果。If it's a caprifig, the wasp deposits her eggs into the flowers' ovaries, then dies. Instead of developing seeds, those flower ovaries turn into galls that nurture the wasp's developing offspring. Wingless and blind, the males hatch first, open the remaining galls, and fertilize the developing females— yes, oftentimes their sisters, unless another wasp laid eggs here. Next, the males dig exit pathways they never use themselves because they die before leaving the fig. Finally, the already-fertilized females hatch, exit through the male-made holes, getting coated with pollen on the way, and fly off to other figs.如果是无花果，黄蜂会将卵产入花朵的子房中，然后死亡。这些花的卵巢不会发育出种子，而是变成虫瘿，滋养黄蜂正在发育的后代。无翅且盲目的雄性黄蜂首先孵化，打开剩余的虫瘿，使正在发育的雌性受精——是的，通常是它们的姐妹，除非有另一只黄蜂在这里产卵。接下来，雄性挖出他们自己从未使用过的出口通道，因为它们在离开无花果之前就死了。最后，已经受精的雌性孵化，从雄性制造的孔中出来，途中沾上花粉，飞向其他无花果。If a wasp winds up in a female fig, however, she can't lay her eggs because the flowers are structured differently. So, she dies without offspring— but she did pollinate the fig's flowers, so the tree can reproduce. Female wasps don't know which kind of fig they're entering— and whether it'll give her offspring or use her to make its own— because fig trees smell the same, regardless of sex. This ensures that a good portion of common figs can also reproduce and not just further wasp-kind.然而，如果黄蜂最终进入雌性无花果体内，她就无法产卵，因为花朵的结构不同。所以，她死后没有留下后代，但她确实为无花果的花朵授粉，因此这棵树可以繁殖。雌性黄蜂不知道它们正在进入哪种无花果，也不知道它是否会生下自己的后代，或者用她来创造自己的后代，因为无论性别如何，无花果树的气味都是一样的。这确保了大部分普通无花果也可以繁殖，而不仅仅是进一步的黄蜂种类。That was how things went— until humans intervened. Archaeological records suggest that people in the Jordan Valley grew figs some 11,400 years ago, possibly making them the first domesticated crop. When a genetic mutation emerged that allowed the tree's fruit to ripen without being pollinated, people began propagating it with cuttings. And suddenly the common fig wasn't beholden to wasps; it had a new partner to multiply with.事情就是这样发展的——直到人类介入。考古记录表明，约 11,400 年前，约旦河谷的人们就开始种植无花果，这可能使它们成为第一种驯化作物。当基因突变出现，使树上的果实无需授粉即可成熟时，人们开始用插条繁殖它。突然之间，普通无花果不再受到黄蜂的侵害；它有了一个可以与之繁衍的新伙伴。The crop spread far and wide, and today we harvest more than 1.3 million tons of figs annually. So how many wasps are we eating? Well, store-bought fresh figs are typically of the common fig varieties that ripen without pollinators, so they're wasp-free. Many that are sold dried, however, still require pollination. But, of these, we usually don't eat caprifig fruits, where the mother wasp and her male offspring die. Instead, we eat dried figs from female trees, which may contain a female wasp that attempted—and failed— to lay her eggs in it. However, it's also possible that the moisture and enzymes figs naturally release break her body down.无花果作物分布广泛，如今我们每年收获超过 130 万吨无花果。那么我们吃了多少黄蜂呢？好吧，商店购买的新鲜无花果通常是常见的无花果品种，无需传粉媒介即可成熟，因此它们没有黄蜂。然而，许多干燥出售的植物仍然需要授粉。但是，其中，我们通常不吃黄蜂果实，黄蜂妈妈和她的雄性后代会死在黄蜂果实中。相反，我们吃的是雌性树上的无花果干，其中可能含有一只雌性黄蜂，它试图在其中产卵，但失败了。然而，无花果自然释放的水分和酶也可能会破坏她的身体。Big picture, though, bugs are often harvested with our produce or attracted to food processing facilities. Eating them is kind of inevitable. The US Food and Drug Administration actually permits certain amounts of bug bits in different food products. For example, no more than 30 insect fragments per 100 grams of peanut butter, or over 2,500 aphids in 10 grams of hops. Some estimates hold that Americans eat around a kilogram of insects annually— without incident, and maybe even a little added nutrition. After all, insects feature in over 2 billion people's traditional diets and are relatively sustainable. So, maybe chew on that.不过，从大局来看，虫子通常是随着我们的农产品收获的，或者被食品加工设施吸引的。吃掉它们是不可避免的。美国食品和药物管理局实际上允许不同食品中含有一定量的虫子。例如，每 100 克花生酱中昆虫碎片不超过 30 个，或者 10 克啤酒花中不超过 2,500 只蚜虫。一些估计认为，美国人每年吃掉大约一公斤昆虫——没有发生任何事故，甚至可能还增加了一点营养。毕竟，昆虫是超过 20 亿人的传统饮食中的重要组成部分，而且相对可持续。所以，也许要仔细考虑一下。

Samsung, which sells Android smartphones, also indirectly described the issue in a small area at the bottom of a press release last month. Samsung said about RCS, “Encryption only available for Android-to-Android communication.”出售Android智能手机的三星也间接地描述了上个月新闻稿底部的小区域中的问题。 三星谈到RCS时说：“加密仅用于Android到Android通信。”To avoid getting caught out when exchanging texts, experts recommend using encrypted messaging apps.为了避免在交换文本时被抓住，专家建议使用加密的消息传递应用程序。Privacy supporters are big fans of Signal, which uses end-to-end encryption on all messages and voice calls. Signal is an app that is run by an independent nonprofit group based in Mountainview, California. It promises never to sell customer data. The group has also made its source code publicly available so that it can be examined by anyone “for security and correctness.”隐私支持者是信号的忠实拥护者，它在所有消息和语音呼叫上使用端到端加密。 Signal是一个由位于加利福尼亚州MountainView的独立非营利组织运行的应用程序。 它承诺永远不会出售客户数据。 该小组还公开提供了其源代码，以便任何人“为了安全性和正确性”对其进行检查。Signal's encryption method is so respected that it has been included into competitor WhatsApp.信号的加密方法非常受尊重，以至于已将其包括在竞争对手WhatsApp中。End-to-end encryption is also the normal mode for Facebook Messenger, which like WhatsApp is owned by Meta Platforms.端到端加密也是Facebook Messenger的正常模式，就像WhatsApp一样，它归META平台拥有。Telegram is an app that can be used for one-on-one discussions, group chats and broadcast “channels.” But Telegram does not use end-to-end encryption normally. Users have to turn on end-to-end encryption. And Telegram's end-to-end encryption does not work with group chats.电报是一个应用程序，可用于一对一的讨论，小组聊天和广播“频道”。 但是电报不正常使用端到端加密。 用户必须打开端到端加密。 Telegram的端到端加密与小组聊天不起作用。Cybersecurity experts have warned people against using Telegram for private communications.网络安全专家警告人们不要将电报用于私人通信。Instead of using your phone to make calls through a wireless cellular network, you can make voice calls with Signal and WhatsApp. Both apps encrypt calls with the same technology that they use to encrypt messages.您无需使用手机通过无线蜂窝网络拨打呼叫，而是用信号和WhatsApp进行语音呼叫。 这两个应用程序都使用与它们用于加密消息的技术相同的技术加密调用。There are other choices. If you have an iPhone, you can use Facetime for calls, while Android owners can use the Google Fi service. Both are end-to-end encrypted.还有其他选择。 如果您有iPhone，则可以将FaceTime用于呼叫，而Android所有者可以使用Google FI服务。 两者都是端到端加密的。However, with all these choices, the person on the other end will also have to have the app.但是，有了所有这些选择，另一端的人也必须拥有该应用程序。WhatsApp and Signal users can choose the privacy setting they want in the settings. Such choices include hiding an IP address during calls to prevent your general location from being guessed.WhatsApp和信号用户可以在设置中选择所需的隐私设置。 这样的选择包括在通话过程中隐藏一个IP地址，以防止您的一般位置被猜测。

U.S. cybersecurity officials are advising people to use encryption in their communications after a major hacking campaign.在重大黑客运动之后，美国网络安全官员建议人们在通信中使用加密。Federal officials released a list of security suggestions for U.S. telecommunications companies that were targeted.联邦官员发布了针对目标的美国电信公司的安全建议清单。The advice includes one suggestion that everyone can use: “Ensure that traffic is end-to-end encrypted to the maximum extent possible.”该建议包括每个人都可以使用的建议：“确保端到端的流量在最大程度上加密。”End-to-end encryption, also known as E2EE, means that messages are protected so that only the sender and receiver can see them. If anyone else gets the message, all they will see is disordered information that cannot be understood without the key.端到端加密（也称为E2EE）表示消息受到保护，因此只有发件人和接收器才能看到它们。 如果其他人收到信息，他们所看到的只是没有钥匙的无序信息。Law enforcement officials had until now resisted encryption. This resistance is because the encryption means the technology companies themselves will not be able to look at the messages. In addition, the companies will not be able to respond to law enforcement requests to turn the data over.执法人员到目前为止一直拒绝加密。 这种阻力是因为加密意味着技术公司本身将无法查看这些消息。 此外，两家公司将无法回应执法要求以将数据转换。The Associated Press (AP) recently offered some ways that normal people can use for end-to-end encryption :美联社（AP）最近提供了一些普通人可以用于端到端加密的方法：Officials said the hackers targeted the metadata of a large number of people. That included information on the dates, times and recipients of calls and texts. The hackers also got to see the information from texts from a much smaller number of people.官员们说，黑客针对了许多人的元数据。 其中包括有关呼叫和文本的日期，时间和接收者的信息。 黑客还必须从少数人数的文本中查看信息。If you are an iPhone user, information in text messages that you send to someone else who also has an iPhone will be encrypted end-to-end. Look for the blue text bubbles which mean that the messages are encrypted iMessages.如果您是iPhone用户，则在短信中发送给其他iPhone的人的信息将被端到端加密。 查找蓝色文本气泡，这意味着消息是加密的iMessages。The same goes for Android users sending texts through Google Messages. There will be a lock next to the timestamp on each message to show that the encryption is on.Android用户通过Google消息发送文本也是如此。 每条消息的时间戳旁边将有一个锁，以表明加密已打开。But there is a weakness. When iPhone and Android users text each other, the messages are encrypted only using Rich Communication Services (RCS). That is a common method for messaging that has replaced the older SMS and MMS methods.但是有一个弱点。 当iPhone和Android用户互相发短信时，仅使用丰富的通信服务（RCS）对消息进行加密。 这是通信的常见方法，它取代了较旧的SMS和MMS方法。Apple notes that RCS messages “aren't end-to-end encrypted, which means they're not protected from a third party reading them while they're sent between devices.”Apple指出，RCS消息“不是端到端加密的，这意味着它们不受第三方的保护，而在设备之间发送它们。”

About one year ago, an American jury found that Google's app store operates as an illegal monopoly. Then in August 2024, a federal judge ruled that Google had violated trade laws by operating its search engine as a monopoly. The ruling accused Google of paying smartphone makers to ensure that its search engine was set as the default system on new devices.大约一年前，美国陪审团发现Google的App Store是非法垄断的。 然后在2024年8月，一名联邦法官裁定Google通过将搜索引擎作为垄断而违反了贸易法。 该裁决指控Google向智能手机制造商支付了款项，以确保其搜索引擎被设置为新设备上的默认系统。As part of the case, the U.S. government proposed in November a series of measures to limit Google from anti-competition business activities. Google criticized the court's ruling as an example of government overreach. U.S. officials have long warned that TikTok presents national security concerns.作为案件的一部分，美国政府在11月提出了一系列措施，以将Google限制在反竞争业务活动中。 Google批评法院的裁决，是政府过度审理的一个例子。 美国官员长期以来一直警告说，蒂克托克提出了国家安全问题。Earlier this month, video sharing service TikTok asked a U.S. appeals court to block a law requiring its Chinese parent, ByteDance, to divest itself of TikTok or face a U.S. ban. The request came after the same court had upheld a law forcing ByteDance to sell TikTok by January 19 or face the ban. Lawyers for ByteDance and TikTok are seeking to have the U.S. Supreme Court rule on the case.本月初，视频共享服务Tiktok要求美国上诉法院阻止一项法律，要求其中国父母，绑定自己，以剥离Tiktok或面临美国禁令。 该请求是在同一法院维持一项法律迫使野兽派出售Tiktok或面对禁令后的法律之后提出的。 BODEDANCE和TIKTOK的律师正在寻求就此案制定美国最高法院的统治。In May, U.S.-based Aurora Innovation said it was preparing to launch a series of driverless trucks to transport goods on a major public highway. Company officials said it planned to begin the service in Texas, with 20 tractor-trailers transporting goods between Dallas and Houston. The company hopes to expand the service to thousands of tractor-trailers within three to four years.5月，总部位于美国的Aurora Innovation表示，正准备推出一系列无人驾驶卡车，以在主要的公共高速公路上运输货物。 公司官员表示，计划在德克萨斯州开始这项服务，有20位拖车拖车在达拉斯和休斯顿之间运输货物。 该公司希望在三到四年内将服务扩展到成千上万的拖拉机拖车。In October, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) announced it had issued final rules for operating air taxis. It also set training and approval requirements for pilots. The FAA said air taxis belong to a kind of aircraft known as Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) flyers. They generally operate on their own on electrical power, with vertical take-off and landing abilities.10月，美国联邦航空管理局（FAA）宣布已发布了运营出租车的最终规则。 它还为飞行员设定了培训和批准要求。 美国联邦航空局（FAA）说，航空出租车属于一种称为高级空中移动（AAM）传单的飞机。 他们通常具有垂直起飞和着陆能力的电力自行运营。FAA Administrator Mike Whitaker said such aircraft represent “the first new category of aircraft in nearly 80 years.” He added that the new rules are meant to mark the beginning of possible widespread AAM operations across the U.S. in the future.FAA管理员迈克·惠特克（Mike Whitaker）表示，这种飞机代表了“近80年来的第一类新类别”。 他补充说，新规定旨在标志未来在美国可能广泛的AAM运营的开始。

Ever since Albert Einstein published his Special Theory of Relativity in 1905, one equation has been the bane of humans hoping to explore the stars: E=mc². In addition to informing our understanding of gravity, space, and time, this formula implies that traveling at or beyond light speed is impossible. And given how expansive the universe is, this speed limit severely restricts our ability to zip around the cosmos. But while most physics textbooks describe this speed limit, their explanations don't always tell the whole story.自从 1905 年阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦发表狭义相对论以来，一个方程一直是人类探索恒星的祸根：E=mc²。除了加深我们对重力、空间和时间的理解之外，这个公式还意味着以光速或超光速旅行是不可能的。考虑到宇宙有多么广阔，这个速度限制严重限制了我们绕宇宙飞行的能力。但是，虽然大多数物理教科书都描述了这个速度限制，但他们的解释并不总是能说明全部情况。In Einstein's equation, E stands for energy, m for mass, and c for a constant— specifically, the speed of light in a vacuum. C squared is a huge number, which means it requires enormous amounts of energy to move even small amounts of mass close to the speed of light. This relationship is why the only particles that can travel at light speed are those with no mass at all, such as photons.在爱因斯坦方程中，E 代表能量，m 代表质量，c 代表常数，特别是真空中的光速。 C平方是一个巨大的数字，这意味着即使是很小的质量也需要大量的能量才能接近光速。这种关系就是为什么唯一能够以光速传播的粒子是那些完全没有质量的粒子，例如光子。That's the short answer for why objects with mass can't reach or exceed light speed. But to make full use of Einstein's equation, physicists often include one more variable. This gamma represents the Lorentz Factor, which models how an object's velocity changes the way that object experiences time, length, and other physical properties. Now, when an object's velocity is a very small percentage of the speed of light, this variable resolves to 1, so it doesn't impact the equation. However, when an object is moving fast enough, this denominator drops to 0. Since dividing by 0 is impossible, this breaks the equation and makes the variables therein mathematically impossible— hence the unbreakable speed limit.这就是为什么有质量的物体无法达到或超过光速的简短答案。但为了充分利用爱因斯坦方程，物理学家通常会多加入一个变量。该伽马代表洛伦兹因子，它模拟物体的速度如何改变物体经历时间、长度和其他物理属性的方式。现在，当物体的速度只占光速的很小一部分时，该变量解析为 1，因此不会影响方程。然而，当物体移动得足够快时，该分母就会降至 0。由于除以 0 是不可能的，这会破坏方程并使得其中的变量在数学上不可能 - 因此是牢不可破的速度限制。But what does it actually mean for this math to break down? To answer that, we need to understand the physical system its modeling: spacetime. After Einstein published his theory of special relativity, his mentor Hermann Minkowski realized that— if his student was right— it would mean space and time were not two separate entities, but one connected system. And everything in the universe travels through space and time simultaneously. However, traveling through one of these vectors limits the speed at which we can travel through the other. To picture this, imagine moving north at a fixed speed. You could turn to travel east at the same speed, but moving northeast would mean you move in both directions more slowly. The tradeoffs are the same when we move through spacetime. Since our typical movement through space is so much slower than the speed of light, we mostly perceive moving through time at a relatively steady speed. But if an object managed to move through space at the speed of light, it would no longer move through time. This is the kind of time dilation charted by the Lorentz Factor, which models how time slows down for objects moving at incredibly high velocities.但这个数学模型崩溃到底意味着什么呢？为了回答这个问题，我们需要了解其建模的物理系统：时空。爱因斯坦发表狭义相对论后，他的导师赫尔曼·明可夫斯基意识到——如果他的学生是对的——那就意味着空间和时间不是两个独立的实体，而是一个相互联系的系统。宇宙中的一切事物都是同时穿越空间和时间的。然而，穿过这些矢量之一会限制我们穿过另一个矢量的速度。为了描绘这一点，想象一下以固定速度向北移动。您可以以相同的速度转向向东行驶，但向东北移动意味着您在两个方向上移动的速度都会更慢。当我们穿越时空时，权衡是相同的。由于我们在空间中的典型运动比光速慢得多，因此我们大多认为以相对稳定的速度在时间中运动。但如果一个物体能够以光速在空间中移动，它就不再能在时间中移动。这是洛伦兹因子绘制的时间膨胀类型，它模拟了以极高速度移动的物体的时间如何减慢。This nuance is just one of several hiding in E=mc². For example, the c in Einstein's equation refers specifically to the speed of light in a “vacuum,” which outer space approximates. But light's speed is actually defined by what it's traveling through. For example, when light travels through water, its speed is reduced by about 25%. And scientists can propel low mass particles like charged electrons through water at speeds faster than these photons. This means that underwater, some particles can travel faster than light; and doing so emits a ghostly blue glow known as Cherenkov radiation.这种细微差别只是 E=mc² 中隐藏的几个细微差别之一。例如，爱因斯坦方程中的 c 特指“真空”中的光速，即外层空间的近似值。但光速实际上是由它所穿过的物体决定的。例如，当光在水中传播时，其速度会降低约25%。科学家可以以比光子更快的速度推动带电电子等低质量粒子穿过水。这意味着在水下，一些粒子的运动速度可以超过光速；这样做会发出一种幽灵般的蓝色光芒，称为切伦科夫辐射。Despite these loopholes, the major takeaway of E=mc² remains true. As far as we know, we still can't travel faster than light in a vacuum. But this hasn't stopped scientists from theorizing what might happen if we did. If you were on a spacecraft approaching light speed, your vision would likely become kaleidoscopic. The direction your ship moved would appear blue-shifted, while the things next to and behind you would be red-shifted. And if you were somehow able to reach or exceed light speed, it might even manifest as some kind of time travel— potentially letting you chat with Einstein himself to rewrite our fundamental understanding of physics.尽管存在这些漏洞，E=mc² 的主要结论仍然正确。据我们所知，我们在真空中的行进速度仍然无法超过光速。但这并没有阻止科学家们对如果我们这样做会发生什么进行理论分析。如果你乘坐接近光速的宇宙飞船，你的视野可能会变得千变万化。你的船移动的方向会出现蓝移，而你旁边和后面的东西会红移。如果你能够以某种方式达到或超过光速，它甚至可能表现为某种时间旅行——有可能让你与爱因斯坦本人聊天，重写我们对物理学的基本理解。

Throughout 2024, we saw further development of artificial intelligence (AI) systems and new legal action brought against technology companies. Here is a look back at some of the biggest tech stories we covered in 2024.在整个2024年，我们看到了人工智能（AI）系统的进一步发展以及针对技术公司带来的新法律行为。 这是回顾我们2024年涵盖的一些最大的技术故事。During the year, companies continued developing and deploying new AI tools.在这一年中，公司继续开发和部署新的AI工具。Among these were a new set of AI offerings announced by American software company Microsoft. Officials explained the new tools included “personal agents” designed to help users complete business activities with little or no human involvement.其中包括美国软件公司Microsoft宣布的一套新的AI产品。 官员们解释了新工具包括旨在帮助用户几乎没有人参与的业务活动的“个人代理”。Microsoft says it designed the agents to expand on so-called chatbots – AI tools that work by themselves to produce human-level writing or discussions. The company said it expects a full release of the agents sometime in 2025.微软表示，它设计了代理商来扩展所谓的聊天机器人 - 自身使用人为写作或讨论的AI工具。 该公司表示，预计该代理商将在2025年的某个时候全面发布。In September, technology company Apple announced it was launching several new iPhones equipped with special chips to support AI operations. Apple chief Tim Cook said the new models had been “designed for Apple Intelligence from the ground up.”9月，技术公司苹果公司宣布将推出几个配备特殊芯片的新iPhone，以支持AI操作。 苹果酋长蒂姆·库克（Tim Cook）表示，新车型是“从头开始为苹果情报设计的”。We reported in October about an effort by researchers to use AI to improve existing weather prediction models. One system works by combining past weather predictions with modern methods to provide the most complete picture of weather and climate data.我们在10月份报道了研究人员的努力，以利用AI来改善现有的天气预测模型。 一个系统通过将过去的天气预测与现代方法相结合，以提供天气和气候数据的最完整图景。In California, three legislative measures were enacted to ban the use of AI tools to create false images and videos during election campaigns. One main goal was to fight deepfakes. These are pieces of video or audio created to make it appear that people in it are saying or doing things they never said or did. Deepfakes were used in several world election campaigns in 2024.在加利福尼亚州，制定了三项立法措施，以禁止使用AI工具在竞选期间创建虚假的图像和视频。 一个主要目标是打击深击。 这些是创建的视频或音频片段，以使其中的人们在说或做他们从未说过或做过的事情。 2024年的几项世界大选运动中使用了深击。In May, an international gathering of major AI developers and top government officials in Seoul agreed on measures that aim to ensure that AI systems are safely built and deployed. Attendees from 16 different technology companies signed a promise to develop AI technology in ways that limit possible public harms.5月，首尔大型AI开发商和高级政府官员的国际聚会达成了措施，旨在确保AI系统安全地构建和部署。 来自16个不同技术公司的参与者签署了一种承诺，可以以限制可能的公共危害的方式开发AI技术。

Google, the most popular internet search engine, releases its “Year in Search 2023” this week.Google是最受欢迎的Internet搜索引擎，本周发布了其“搜索2023年”。Around the world, Google says the “war in Israel and Gaza” was the top search for news. The ongoing war topped searches for “Titanic submarine,” which imploded in June, and February's “Turkey earthquake,” which killed at least 50,000 in Turkey and Syria.Google在世界各地说，“以色列和加沙的战争”是新闻的最佳搜索。 这场持续的战争最受了搜寻，以搜寻“泰坦尼克号潜艇”，该潜艇于6月爆炸，并在2月的“土耳其地震”中搜寻，该地震在土耳其和叙利亚造成了至少50,000人。Damar Hamlin was Google's top trending person on search this year. He is an American football player who collapsed as his heart stopped suddenly during a game in January. People also searched for Travis Kelce. In case you have not heard, Kelce is another American football player who is dating singer Taylor Swift.达马尔·哈姆林（Damar Hamlin）是Google今年搜索的最热门人士。 他是一名美式足球运动员，他的心脏在一月份的一场比赛中突然停了下来。 人们还搜索了特拉维斯·凯尔斯（Travis Kelce）。 如果您没有听说过，凯尔斯是另一位与歌手泰勒·斯威夫特（Taylor Swift）约会的美式足球运动员。Among those who passed away, people want to know about Matthew Perry, a well-known actor in the American television show Friends. Singers Tina Turner of the United States and Sinéad O'Connor from Ireland rounded out the top three.在那些去世的人中，人们想知道美国电视节目《朋友》中著名演员马修·佩里（Matthew Perry）。 美国的歌手蒂娜·特纳（Tina Turner）和来自爱尔兰的辛纳·奥康纳（SinéadO'Connor）排名前三。In the world of movies, Barbie and Oppenheimer were not only the top Hollywood money-makers but also the top searches for the year. The two films topped Jawan, an Indian movie seen by millions on the streaming service Netflix.在电影的世界中，芭比娃娃和奥本海默不仅是好莱坞赚钱者的顶级赚钱者，而且还是当年的最高搜索。 这两部电影是贾万（Jawan），这是一部印度电影，由数百万在流媒体服务Netflix上观看。Yoasobi's "アイドル (Idol)” was the most searched song on Google this year. The Japanese musical group is made up of producer Ayase and singer Ikura. Inter Miami CF, the new home of Argentine soccer player Lionel Messi, led Google's sports teams search. And Bibimbap, a Korean meal of rice, vegetables, egg and protein, was the top search for a recipe.Yoasobi的“アイドル（偶像）”是今年Google上搜索最多的歌曲。 日本音乐团体由制片人Ayase和歌手Ikura组成。 阿根廷足球运动员莱昂内尔·梅西（Lionel Messi）的新家Inter Miami CF领导了Google的运动队搜索。 Bibimbap是韩国饭，蔬菜，鸡蛋和蛋白质的韩国餐，是对食谱的最佳搜索。Google says information on the top search results came from January 1 through November 27 of this year. Search results are presented worldwide as well as individually for nearly 50 countries.Google说，有关最高搜索结果的信息来自今年1月1日至11月27日。 搜索结果将在全球范围内以及近50个国家 /地区单独介绍。In India, the top news search was for Chandrayaan-3, the spacecraft that touched down on the moon in August. The successful landing made India only the fourth country to land on the moon.在印度，最新的新闻搜索是Chandrayaan-3，这是8月在月球上降落的航天器。 成功的登陆使印度仅是第四个登陆月球的国家。Typhoon Kanun and Jeon Cheongjo were the top news searches in South Korea. And Ashura and Güllaç, national dishes often made during religious celebrations, were the top recipes in Turkey.台风Kanun和Jeon Cheongjo是韩国的首要新闻搜索。 在宗教庆祝活动中经常制作的国家菜肴Ashura和Güllaç是土耳其的最佳食谱。To mark the search engine's 25th birthday, Google also released top search data “of all time” across several areas. Since 2004 (when the company's search data first became available worldwide), the most-Googled Grammy winner of all time has been Beyoncé. Portuguese soccer great Cristiano Ronaldo is the highest-searched athlete, and the most-searched movie or television program is Harry Potter.为了标记搜索引擎的25岁生日，Google还在几个领域发布了“有史以来”的顶级搜索数据。 自2004年（该公司的搜索数据首次在全球范围内获得）以来，有史以来最受欢迎的格莱美奖得主是碧昂斯。 葡萄牙足球伟大的克里斯蒂亚诺·罗纳尔多（Cristiano Ronaldo）是最受欢迎的运动员，最受欢迎的电影或电视节目是哈利·波特（Harry Potter）。

The auction house described the item on sale as a 'standard Spanish waxy napkin'. Though it's safe to say the buyer is unlikely to use it to wipe their mouth.尽管拍卖行把拍卖物描述为 “普通的西班牙涂蜡餐巾纸”，不过可以肯定地说，买家不太可能用它来擦嘴。It carries a written commitment from Barcelona Football Club's then sporting director that he'll sign the 13-year-old player Lionel Messi.该纸上写有巴塞罗那足球俱乐部时任体育总监的书面承诺，他承诺要签下 13 岁的球员利昂内尔·梅西。The commitment was then witnessed by the club's transfer adviser and an Argentinian football agent. And it's seen as marking the start of what would become a phenomenally successful career.这纸承诺随后被巴塞罗那俱乐部的转会顾问以及一位阿根廷足球经纪人见证签字。这标志着梅西未来超凡成功球员生涯的开始。It's still not known who paid £762,000 for the napkin. For some, it will be seen as evidence of the devotion Lionel Messi still inspires. For others, proof that when it comes to top-level football, crazy amounts of money will follow not just the stars themselves, but even any artefacts associated with their playing.↳目前尚不清楚是谁买走了这张价值 762,000 英镑的餐巾纸。对一些人来说，这张价格不菲的餐巾纸是人们对梅西的热爱不减的证据。对另外一些人来说，这证明了在顶级足球方面，不仅巨星本身会带来巨额的金钱，甚至与他们赛事相关的任何物件也是如此

Do you need an energising blast of water in the morning to wake you up for the day? Or do you prefer a relaxing, warm shower in the evening to help you wind down as part of your nighttime routine? Maybe you just shower whenever you feel like it. For something so many of us do, this topic is bound to divide opinion and stir up passion from both sides. But is one really better than the other?您早上需要充满活力的水才能唤醒您一天吗？ 还是您喜欢晚上放松，温暖的淋浴，以帮助您作为夜间例行的一部分放松身心？ 也许只要您觉得，就可以洗澡。 对于我们许多人所做的事情，这个话题必定会分裂意见并激发双方的激情。 但是一个真的比另一个更好吗？After a long day in the outside world, picking up pollutants and allergens on your skin and in your hair such as dust and pollen, a reasonable instinct would be to wash it all off before getting into bed. That's what the evening shower enthusiasts would say. But, says microbiologist Primrose Freestone, no matter the air temperature, you will continue to sweat during the night. Bacteria on your skin then eat the nutrients in your sweat which is what causes BO. Showering at night also doesn't stop you shedding dead skin cells. All this means you may not wake up feeling as fresh as you had hoped. Showering in the morning, on the other hand, can help to remove dead skin cells, sweat or any bacteria you've picked up from your bed sheets. "As a microbiologist, I am a day shower advocate," she says.在外界漫长的一天之后，在您的皮肤和头发上捡起污染物和过敏原（例如灰尘和花粉），合理的本能是在上床睡觉之前将其全部洗净。 这就是晚间淋浴爱好者会说的。 但是，微生物学家培养馆说，无论空气温度如何，您都会在夜间继续出汗。 皮肤上的细菌然后吃汗水中的养分，这是导致BO的原因。 晚上淋浴也不会阻止您脱落死皮细胞。 这意味着您可能不会像您希望的那样醒来。 另一方面，早晨淋浴可以帮助清除死皮细胞，汗水或您从床单上捡起的任何细菌。 她说：“作为一名微生物学家，我是一日淋浴的拥护者。”But it's not all about cleanliness. Nancy Rothstein, who calls herself The Sleep Ambassador, is concerned with sleep quality. In her view, showering in the evening is an essential part of the 'preparing for bed' routine. "Call it an opportunity to shower yourself with mindfulness," she says. And research backs this up. A systematic review of research published in Sleep Medicine Reviews in 2019 found nightly warm showering or bathing one to two hours before bedtime can improve sleep.但这并不是全部关于清洁度。 南希·罗斯斯坦（Nancy Rothstein）称自己为睡眠大使，他关心睡眠质量。 在她看来，晚上洗澡是“准备床”例行的重要组成部分。 她说：“称其为正念洗澡的机会。” 并研究了这一点。 对2019年睡眠医学评论发表在《睡眠医学评论》上的研究的系统评价发现，每晚暖淋浴或在睡前沐浴一到两个小时可以改善睡眠。What it all boils down to is when you would like to feel freshest. If you're someone who can't fully relax in bed until you've showered, you're likely an evening shower person. Whereas, if you can't stand the idea of putting on fresh, clean clothes in the morning when you haven't showered, then a morning rinse is probably more your style. Whenever you choose to shower, Primrose Freestone says it's important to clean your bed sheets regularly to remove all the sweat, bacteria and dead skin cells that build up and can negatively affect the effectiveness of your showers.这一切都归结为当您想感到最新鲜时。 如果您是一个不能在洗澡之前完全放松的人，那么您可能是一个晚间淋浴的人。 鉴于，如果您不能忍受在没有洗澡时早上穿新鲜，干净的衣服的想法，那么早晨的冲洗可能是您的风格。 每当您选择淋浴时，Primrose Freestone都说，定期清洁床单以清除堆积的所有汗水，细菌和死皮细胞，并可能对淋浴的有效性产生负面影响。

Turner sold more than 150 million records worldwide and won 12 Grammys. The performer was voted along with Ike Turner into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1991, and individually in 2021. Turner's life story was made into a movie and Broadway musical.特纳在全球售出了超过1.5亿张唱片，并赢得了12个格莱美奖。 这位表演者与艾克·特纳（Ike Turner）一起在1991年被投票成摇滚名人堂，并在2021年个人。Mick Jagger of the music group The Rolling Stones called Turner “inspiring, warm, funny and generous” in an Instagram post. And he wrote that Turner “helped me so much when I was young, and I will never forget her.”音乐集团的米克·贾格尔（Mick Jagger）在Instagram的帖子中被称为特纳（Turner）“鼓舞人心，温暖，有趣和慷慨”。 他写道，特纳“我年轻的时候对我有很大帮助，我永远不会忘记她。”Several Nobel Prize winners died this year, including Japanese writer Kenzaburo Oe. The Nobel literature laureate wrote darkly poetic novels based on his childhood memories from Japan's postwar occupation. He also wrote from his experiences as the parent of a disabled son. Oe died on March 3 at the age of 88.今年包括日本作家Kenzaburo OE在内的几位诺贝尔奖获奖者。 诺贝尔文学获奖者基于他的童年时代的记忆，创作了黑暗的诗意小说。 他还从作为残疾儿子的父母的经历中写道。 OE于3月3日去世，享年88岁。And the world lost its oldest resident in 2023. French religious worker, or nun, died at home in southern France a few weeks before her 119th birthday.全世界在2023年失去了最古老的居民。法国宗教工作者或修女在她119岁生日前几周在法国南部的家中去世。Sister André, as she was known, was born in the town of Alès, southern France, in 1904. The Gerontology Research Group, which confirms details about people thought to be 110 or older, listed her as the oldest known person in the world after the death of Japan's Kane Tanaka, aged 119, in 2022.众所周知，安德烈姐妹（SisterAndré）于1904年出生于法国南部艾莱斯（Alès）。老年学研究小组，证实了有关被认为是110岁或110岁以上的人的细节，将她列为日本田纳克（Kane Tanaka）去世后，列为世界上最古老的人，他于2022年119岁。Sister André was also one of the world's oldest survivors of COVID-19.安德烈姐妹（André）还是世界上世界上最古老的幸存者之一。She tested positive for the coronavirus in January 2021, shortly before her 117th birthday. She showed so few signs of the virus that she did not even realize she was infected. News media around the world reported her survival.她于2021年1月（117岁生日前不久）对冠状病毒的测试呈阳性。 她表现出很少的病毒迹象，以至于她甚至没有意识到自己被感染了。 世界各地的新闻媒体报道了她的生存。In April last year, she was asked about her exceptional longevity through two world wars. Sister André told French media, “Working…makes you live. I worked until I was 108.”去年4月，她通过两次世界大战询问了她的寿命。 安德烈姐妹告诉法国媒体：“工作……让你活着。我一直在工作直到108岁。”She was also known to enjoy a daily glass of wine and chocolate.众所周知，她每天都可以享用一杯葡萄酒和巧克力。

Kissinger helped restore ties between the United States and China. He also negotiated the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam.基辛格帮助恢复了美国和中国之间的联系。 他还谈判了美国从越南撤离。American former first lady Rosalynn Carter died on November 19. She was the closest adviser to her husband, former President Jimmy Carter.美国前第一夫人罗莎琳·卡特（Rosalynn Carter）于11月19日去世。她是丈夫前总统吉米·卡特（Jimmy Carter）的最亲密的顾问。She served as first lady from 1977 to 1981. She advocated for better mental health care and help for caregivers in millions of American families. Overseas, she fought disease, mass hunger and the abuse of women and girls. She continued humanitarian work with her husband for 40 years following their time in the White House.她从1977年至1981年担任第一夫人。她主张为数百万美国家庭的护理人员提供更好的心理保健和帮助。 在海外，她与疾病，大规模饥饿和虐待妇女和女孩作斗争。 在白宫工作后，她继续与丈夫进行人道主义工作40年。The couple had been married for 77 years when Rosalynn Carter died at the age of 96.罗莎琳·卡特（Rosalynn Carter）死于96岁时，这对夫妇已经结婚了77年。Others from the world of politics who died this year include: former Italian Premier Silvio Berlusconi, former Pakistani leader Pervez Musharraf, and former Chinese Premier Li Keqiang.来自今年去世的政治世界的其他人包括：前意大利总理席尔维奥·贝卢斯科尼（Silvio Berlusconi），前巴基斯坦领导人佩尔维斯·穆沙拉夫（Pervez Musharraf）。The world also lost cultural leaders in 2023, including the so-called “Queen of Rock ‘n' Roll.”全世界在2023年也失去了文化领袖，其中包括所谓的“摇滚女王”。American Singer Tina Turner died in May at the age of 83.美国歌手蒂娜·特纳（Tina Turner）于5月去世，享年83岁。The entertainer teamed up with husband Ike Turner for a series of hit records and live shows in the 1960s and '70s. Ike was abusive and beat Tina. She left the marriage and returned as a solo artist with a best-selling album, Private Dancer, in 1984.这位艺人与丈夫艾克·特纳（Ike Turner）合作，在1960年代和70年代进行了一系列热门唱片和现场表演。 艾克是虐待的，击败了蒂娜。 她离开了婚姻，并于1984年以最畅销的专辑《私人舞者》（Private Dancer）回到了独奏艺术家。“How do we say farewell to a woman who owned her pain and trauma and used it as a means to help change the world?” actor Angela Bassett said in a statement. Bassett played Turner in the 1993 movie What's Love Got to Do With It.“我们如何与拥有她痛苦和创伤的女人告别，并以此作为帮助改变世界的手段？” 演员安吉拉·巴塞特（Angela Bassett）在一份声明中说。 巴塞特（Bassett）在1993年的电影中饰演特纳（Turner），这与它有什么关系。

2024 is just hours away. Before the world welcomes a new year, we remember some of the influential people who died in 2023.2024年只有几个小时的路程。 在世界欢迎新的一年之前，我们记得一些有影响力的人在2023年去世。We start with U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor.我们从美国最高法院大法官桑德拉·戴·奥康纳（Sandra Day O'Connor）开始。O'Connor died on December 1. She made history in 1981 when she became the first woman appointed to the United States' highest court. She served in the position for 25 years.奥康纳（O'Connor）于12月1日去世。 她任职25年。The judge was considered a centrist, or a moderate, in her court opinions. She was often considered the “swing vote” on major issues such as abortion, affirmative action and voting rights.在法院的意见中，法官被认为是中间派或温和的。 她经常被认为是关于堕胎，平权行动和投票权等重大问题的“摇摆投票”。Sandra Day O'Connor was born in El Paso, Texas in 1930. She grew up on a large cow farm there.桑德拉·戴·奥康纳（Sandra Day O'Connor）于1930年出生于德克萨斯州的埃尔帕索（El Paso）。The young Sandra was an excellent student and entered Stanford University in California when she was 16, earning a degree in economics. She went on to study law at Stanford. She graduated in the top 10 percent of her class in 1952.年轻的桑德拉（Sandra）是一名出色的学生，并在16岁时进入加利福尼亚的斯坦福大学（Stanford University），获得了经济学学位。 她继续在斯坦福大学学习法律。 她在1952年毕业于班级的前10％。President Ronald Reagan nominated her to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1981. In announcing his choice, he described the judge as “a person for all seasons.”罗纳德·里根（Ronald Reagan）总统于1981年提名她进入美国最高法院。在宣布自己的选择时，他将法官描述为“所有季节的人”。American President Joe Biden spoke at her funeral. He called her “a daughter of the West” and “a pioneer in her own right.” He praised her for seeking, in his words, “equal justice under law her whole life.”美国总统乔·拜登（Joe Biden）在葬礼上讲话。 他称她为“西方的女儿”和“自身的先驱”。 用他的话，他称赞她“一生都在法律下平等正义”。O'Connor died from problems linked to the disease dementia and a lung infection. She was 93 years old.奥康纳（O'Connor）死于与疾病痴呆和肺部感染有关的问题。 她93岁。The world also said goodbye to former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, who died November 29.全世界还与前美国国务卿亨利·基辛格（Henry Kissinger）告别，后者于11月29日去世。He was 100 years old.他今年100岁。The German-born Jewish refugee served as the U.S. top diplomat under two presidents, Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. He won praise and severe criticism in the U.S. and around the world.德国出生的犹太难民在两位总统理查德·尼克松（Richard Nixon）和杰拉尔德·福特（Gerald Ford）的领导下曾担任美国顶级外交官。 他在美国和世界各地赢得了赞美和严厉的批评。

A French religious worker who survived COVID-19 celebrated her 117th birthday on Thursday.一名在Covid-19中幸存下来的法国宗教工作者在周四庆祝了她的117岁生日。Sister Andre is a nun who lives in a retirement home in the southern city of Toulon. She also is believed to be the world's second-oldest person.安德烈姐妹是一个修女，住在南部城市土伦的退休住宅中。 她也被认为是世界上第二大的人。A spokesman for the retirement home, David Tavella, said Sister Andre tested positive for COVID-19 in the middle of January. She was separated from others at the home, but experienced few signs of the disease. Her survival story made news across the world.退休之家的发言人戴维·塔维拉（David Tavella）说，安德烈（Andre）姐姐在1月中旬对Covid-19的阳性测试。 她在家里与其他人分开，但很少有这种疾病的迹象。 她的生存故事在世界范围内成为新闻。Sister Andre, whose birth name is Lucile Randon, was to take part in a celebration with a small number of people at the home. Tavella said plans called for a big meal and a special religious observance in her honor.安德烈（Andre）姐姐的名字叫卢西尔·兰登（Lucile Randon），他将与少数人在家里参加庆祝活动。 塔维拉（Tavella）说，计划要求大餐和以她的荣誉进行特殊的宗教观察。Some of Sister Andre's family members were also expected to join a video call with her. “It's a big day,” Tavella said. “She is in great shape. I went to see her this morning. She is really happy. She wanted me to tell her the (plan) for the day again,” he added.预计安德烈（Andre）姐姐的一些家庭成员也将与她一起参加视频电话。 塔维拉说：“这是重要的一天。” 他补充说：“她的状态很好。我今天早上去见她。她真的很高兴。她想让我告诉她（计划）这一天。”The meal was to include some of Sister Andre's food favorites, including a special chicken dish and Baked Alaska for dessert. “All of it washed down with red wine, because she drinks red wine,” Tavella said. “It's one of her secrets of longevity.”这顿饭是包括安德烈姐妹的一些最喜欢的食物，包括一种特殊的鸡肉和阿拉斯加烤的甜点。 塔维拉说：“所有这些都用红酒冲了下来，因为她喝了红酒。” “这是她长寿的秘密之一。”As for loading up the cake with candles, Tavella said they had stopped trying that a long time ago. “Because even if we made big cakes, I'm not sure that she would have enough breath to blow them out. You would need a fire extinguisher.”至于用蜡烛装上蛋糕，塔维拉说，他们很久以前就停止了尝试。 “因为即使我们制作了大蛋糕，我也不确定她是否有足够的呼吸将它们吹出。您是否需要灭火器。”Tavella added that when people around the world started talking about Sister Andre's story, he realized it was “because we all need a bit of hope at the moment.”塔维拉（Tavella）补充说，当世界各地的人们开始谈论安德烈（Andre）的故事时，他意识到这是“因为目前我们都需要一点希望。”Sister Andre was born on February 11, 1904. She survived two World Wars. The Gerontology Research Group confirms details about people thought to be 110 or older. The organization lists her as the world's second-oldest living person. The oldest person on the list is Japan's Kane Tanaka, who turned 118 on January 2.安德烈姐妹（Andre Sister Andre）于1904年2月11日出生。她在两次世界大战中幸存下来。 老年学研究小组确认有关被认为年龄在110岁以上的人的详细信息。 该组织将她列为世界上第二大的人。 名单上最古老的人是日本的田中凯恩（Kane Tanaka），他于1月2日满118岁。When recently asked if she had been scared to have COVID-19, Sister Andre told France's BFM television, “No I wasn't scared, because I wasn't scared to die.” She added: “I'm happy to be with you, but I would wish to be somewhere else -- join my big brother and my grandfather and my grandmother.”当最近被问及她是否害怕参加Covid-19，安德烈姐妹告诉法国的BFM电视：“不，我不害怕，因为我不害怕死。” 她补充说：“我很高兴和你在一起，但我想去其他地方 - 加入我的哥哥，祖父和祖母。”

She started religious work when she was a teenager. She spent two years in Montevideo, Uruguay, before moving to Rio de Janeiro. She later settled in her home state of Rio Grande do Sul. Canabarro taught school for most of her life. One of her students was General João Figueiredo, a military leader and politician who served as the 30th president of Brazil from 1979 to 1985.她十几岁的时候就开始宗教工作。 在搬到里约热内卢之前，她在乌拉圭的蒙得维的亚呆了两年。 后来，她定居在自己家乡里奥格兰德·杜尔（Rio Grande Do Sul）。 Canabarro一生都在教学。 她的一位学生是乔·菲格雷多（JoãoFigueiredo）将军，他是一名军事领袖和政治家，他从1979年至1985年担任巴西的第30任总统。Sister Inah also started two marching bands at schools in two cities sharing the border between Uruguay and Brazil.伊纳（Inah）姐妹还在两个城市的学校开设了两个游行乐队，分享了乌拉圭和巴西之间的边界。Pope Francis honored Canabarro for her 110th birthday. She is the second-oldest nun ever known, after Lucile Randon of France, who was the world's oldest person until her death in 2023 at the age of 118.教皇弗朗西斯（Francis）以110岁生日的身份向卡纳巴罗（Canabarro）致敬。 她是有史以来第二大的修女，仅次于法国的露西尔·兰登（Lucile Randon），她是世界上最古老的人，直到2023年去世，享年118岁。The local soccer club where Canabarro lives is named Inter. The club celebrates the birthday of its oldest fan every year. Her room is decorated with gifts in the team's red and white colors, her nephew said.Canabarro Lives的当地足球俱乐部被命名为国际贸易委员会。 俱乐部每年都会庆祝其最古老的粉丝的生日。 她的侄子说，她的房间装饰着团队的红色和白色礼物。“White or black, rich or poor, whoever you are, Inter is the team of the people,” Canabarro said in one video posted on social media. The video shows her celebrating her 116th birthday with the club's president.卡巴罗在社交媒体上发布的一段视频中说：“白人或黑人，富人或穷人，无论你是谁，国际群都是人民的团队。” 视频显示她与俱乐部主席一起庆祝她的116岁生日。LongeviQuest said Canabarro became the oldest living person following the death of Japan's Tomiko Itooka in December. She now ranks as the 20th oldest documented person to have ever lived. The organization says Frenchwoman Jeanne Calment, who died in 1997 at the age of 122, was the oldest documented person ever.Longeviquest说，Canabarro在12月的日本Tomiko Itooka去世后成为了最古老的人。 她现在是有史以来第20大的有记录的人。 该组织说，法国女性珍妮·卡尔门特（Jeanne Calment）于1997年去世，享年122岁，是有史以来最古老的人。

Sister Inah Canabarro was born in 1908. She was six years old when The First World War began in 1914.艾纳·卡纳巴罗（Inah Canabarro）姐妹出生于1908年。1914年第一次世界大战开始时，她才六岁。The soccer-loving nun from Brazil is believed to be the world's oldest living person at 116 years old.据信，来自巴西足球的修女是116岁那年的世界上最古老的人。LongeviQuest is an organization that keeps records of people over 110 years old around the world. It released a statement on Saturday saying that Canabarro is the world's oldest person having proof of early life records.longeviquest是一个使全球110岁以上人士记录的组织。 它在周六发表了一份声明，称Canabarro是世界上最古老的人，有早期的记录证明。LongeviQuest filmed a video of Canabarro last February. Canabarro can be seen smiling, making jokes and sharing small paintings she used to make of wildflowers. The video also shows her saying a Catholic prayer called the Hail Mary.Longeviquest去年2月拍摄了Canabarro的视频。 可以看到Canabarro微笑着，开玩笑并分享她用来制作野花的小画。 该视频还显示她说的是天主教祈祷，称为冰雹玛丽。“I'm young, pretty and friendly — all very good, positive qualities that you have too,” the nun told visitors to her retirement home in the southern Brazilian city of Porto Alegre.“我年轻，漂亮又友好 - 您也拥有非常好的，积极的品质，”修女告诉游客，她在巴西南部城市阿雷格雷（Porto Alegre）的退休之家。Canabarro says the secret to her long life is her Catholic religious belief.卡纳巴罗说，她长寿的秘密是她的天主教宗教信仰。Cleber Canabarro is her 84-year-old nephew. He told The Associated Press that Sister Inah was so thin during childhood that many people worried that she would not live to be an adult.克莱伯·卡纳巴罗（Cleber Canabarro）是她84岁的侄子。 他告诉美联社，伊纳（Inah）姐妹在童年时期很瘦，许多人担心她不会成年。Her nephew spends time with her every Saturday. He has been sending her voice messages between visits to help her feel better following two visits to the hospital that left her weak, with difficulty talking.她的侄子每个星期六都花时间与她在一起。 在两次访问后，他一直在访问两次访问后，他一直在访问之间发出声音信息，以帮助她感觉更好，这使她虚弱，这很难说话。“The other sisters say she gets a jolt when she hears my voice,” he said. “She gets excited.”他说：“其他姐妹们说，当她听到我的声音时，她会震动。” “她很兴奋。”LongeviQuest researchers say Canabarro was born on June 8, 1908, to a large family in southern Brazil. But her nephew said her birth was registered two weeks late and she was actually born on May 27.长寿研究人员说，卡纳巴罗（Canabarro）于1908年6月8日出生于巴西南部的一个大家庭。 但是她的侄子说，她的出生时间晚了两个星期，实际上是在5月27日出生的。

In some of the footage researchers have captured, an adult male dabs a wound with a leaf from a plant that's also gathered by local people for medicinal use. Another rather shaky but extraordinary video shows a young female dabbing chewed up plant material onto an injury on her mother's body. This is rare evidence of wild chimps using plants to tend to each other's injuries.在研究人员捕捉到的一些影像中，一只成年雄性黑猩猩用一种植物的一片叶子轻轻擦拭一个伤口。这种植物也是当地人采集的药用植物。在另一段画面十分晃动但非同寻常的视频中，一只年轻的雌性黑猩猩将嚼碎了的植物树叶涂抹在她母亲身上的伤口上。这是野生黑猩猩用植物为彼此疗伤的罕见证据。These animals are some of our closest living relatives. Studying them in the wild gives scientists insight into the origins of our own social behaviour, our communication, and now, how we care for one another.黑猩猩是现存与人类最为接近的亲缘物种之一。在野外研究它们能让科学家深入了解我们人类自身的社会行为和交流方式的起源，以及现在我们关爱他人的方式源自何处。

A new kind of exercise idea is becoming popular in the United States. Social media is bringing attention to “cozy cardio.” It means doing light cardiovascular exercise at home.一种新的运动想法在美国变得越来越流行。 社交媒体正在引起“舒适的有氧运动”的关注。 这意味着在家进行轻型心血管运动。Physical inactivity is a problem in the United States. The most recent data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says 25 percent of Americans reported they had not done any physical activity in the past month.在美国，身体不活动是一个问题。 疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）的最新数据说，有25％的美国人报告说，他们在过去一个月没有进行任何体育锻炼。The CDC says that one in two American adults do not get enough cardiovascular exercise. Inactivity can have serious health effects. So, many Americans are looking to develop a new exercise habit.疾病预防控制中心（CDC）说，两分之二的美国成年人没有得到足够的心血管运动。 不活动会产生严重的健康影响。 因此，许多美国人正在寻求培养一种新的运动习惯。“Cozy cardio” has gained popularity as an easy and painless way to increase physical activity levels. This method of calorie burning has gained popularity on TikTok and Instagram ever since a woman named Hope Zuckerbrow began posting videos in late 2022.“舒适的有氧运动”已成为提高体育锻炼水平的一种简单且无痛的方式。 自从一位名叫Hope Zuckerbrow的女性开始在2022年末发布视频以来，这种卡路里燃烧方法就在Tiktok和Instagram上广受欢迎。Cozy cardio involves walking in place by using a small treadmill or “walking pad.”舒适的有氧运动涉及使用小跑步机或“步行垫”来到位。No gym payments are involved.不涉及健身房付款。“I get so many messages from men and women – so many people – saying something along the lines of ‘thank you so much for…flipping my mindset on what I thought exercise is supposed to be,'” Zuckerbrow said. “This feels so doable.”Zuckerbrow说：“我从男人和女人那里收到了很多信息 - 很多人 - 在‘非常感谢您的心中说话……在我认为锻炼应该是的事情上倾听我的心态。'” “这真是太可行了。”Supporters say what is important about “cozy cardio” is the setup.支持者说，“舒适的有氧运动”的重要性是设置。You wear comfortable clothes and organize your environment to your liking. You can light candles, have a healthy drink, or even put on a favorite TV show or movie.您穿舒适的衣服，并组织环境。 您可以点燃蜡烛，喝健康的饮料，甚至可以放上喜欢的电视节目或电影。Alex Montoye of Alma College said, for some people, easy exercise such as “cozy cardio” could help them develop an exercise habit.阿尔玛学院（Alma College）的亚历克斯·蒙托伊（Alex Montoye）说，对于某些人来说，诸如“舒适的有氧运动”之类的简单运动可以帮助他们养成运动习惯。Montoye said for people who would otherwise watch TV while sitting, walking can help them make progress. That is especially true if exercise becomes a habit.蒙托耶说，对于那些坐在坐着电视的人来说，步行可以帮助他们取得进步。 如果运动成为习惯，尤其如此。People struggle to make healthy habits last over time. That is why cozy exercise is such a good idea, said Catherine Sanderson of Amherst College in Massachusetts. She wrote the health book, The Positive Shift: Mastering Mindset to Improve Happiness, Health, and Longevity.人们努力使健康的习惯持续使用。 马萨诸塞州阿默斯特学院的凯瑟琳·桑德森（Catherine Sanderson）说，这就是为什么舒适的运动是一个好主意的原因。 她写了健康书《积极的转变：掌握思维方式》，以改善幸福，健康和寿命。“It fits in with a lot of what we know about how to get people to actually maintain behavior change,” Sanderson said.桑德森说：“这符合我们对如何使人们真正维持行为改变的许多知识。”Along with removing the barriers to exercise, she said, “It very much relies on what psychologists would call positive reinforcement — the idea of, 'It's not just that I'm exercising…I'm tapping into something I want to be doing already.”她说，除了消除运动障碍之外，“这在很大程度上取决于心理学家所说的积极强化 - '的想法，'不仅是我在锻炼……我正在利用我想做的事情。”As cozy cardio becomes more popular, Zuckerbrow said she hears from people who did not realize they could enjoy easy exercise.随着舒适的有氧运动变得越来越受欢迎，扎克罗说，她听到了那些没有意识到自己可以轻松锻炼的人的消息。Alyssa Royse, owner of Rocket Community Fitness in Seattle, has been mixing workouts at her gym and cozy exercise at home. Some days she turns off the sound on her Peloton exercise bicycle and watches TV because it takes her “brain somewhere else.”西雅图Rocket Community Fitness的所有者Alyssa Royse一直在她的健身房和家里舒适的锻炼中混合锻炼。 有时候，她关闭了Peloton锻炼自行车上的声音，并看电视，因为它使她的“大脑在其他地方”。“Too many people look at exercise as an all-or-nothing thing,” Royse said. “It doesn't give people room to just be where they are today. And I think that's incredibly important.”罗伊斯说：“太多的人将运动视为全有或全无的事情。” “这并不能使人们成为今天的位置。我认为这非常重要。”

Health officials in the American state of Alaska have known for nine years about a virus causing rare, mild illness. But a recent case that resulted in a man's death has brought new attention to what is being called the Alaskapox virus.美国阿拉斯加州的卫生官员已经知道了一种病毒，导致罕见，轻度疾病。 但是，最近导致男人死亡的案件引起了人们对所谓的阿拉斯好病毒的新关注。Here's some background on the virus:这是有关该病毒的一些背景：Alaskapox belongs to the family of orthopoxviruses that can infect animals and humans. These viruses usually cause lesions, or pox, on the skin. Some are more dangerous than others.阿拉斯泊斯属属于可以感染动物和人类的正质病毒家族。 这些病毒通常会在皮肤上引起病变或痘痘。 有些比其他更危险。Smallpox is the best-known member of the orthopoxvirus family. Others include camelpox, cowpox, horsepox and mpox (formerly known as monkeypox).天花是正托病毒家族中最著名的成员。 其他包括Camelpox，Cowpox，Horsepox和MPOX（以前称为Monkeypox）。Alaskapox was discovered in 2015 in a woman who lived near Fairbanks, Alaska. It mainly has been found in small mammals, including red-backed voles and shrews. But house animals, such as dogs and cats, can carry the virus, health officials say.Alaskapox于2015年在阿拉斯加费尔班克斯附近的一名妇女中发现。 它主要是在小型哺乳动物中发现的，包括红色的田鼠和sh。 卫生官员说，但是狗和猫等房屋动物可以携带病毒。Seven people in Alaska have become infected with it in the last nine years.在过去的九年中，阿拉斯加的七人感染了它。People with Alaskapox have developed one or more bumps on the skin. They also experience joint, or muscle pain and swollen parts of the body called lymph nodes.Alaskapox患者在皮肤上发生了一个或多个肿块。 他们还会经历关节或肌肉疼痛和人体肿胀，称为淋巴结。Nearly all patients had mild sickness that went away after a few weeks. But people with weak immune systems can be at risk of more severe sickness.几乎所有患者的疾病几乎都会在几周后消失。 但是，免疫系统弱的人可能会面临更严重的疾病。Officials believe Alaskapox spreads through contact with infected animals.官员们认为，阿拉斯张通过与感染动物的接触而扩散。There has been no documented case of it spreading from one person to another. But other viruses in the same family can spread when one person comes in contact with another person's lesions.没有证件从一个人传播到另一个人的情况。 但是，当一个人与另一个人的病变接触时，同一家庭中的其他病毒可能会传播。So, Alaskan health officials are advising anyone with an Alaskapox lesion to cover it with a bandage.因此，阿拉斯加卫生官员正在建议任何患有阿拉斯好病变的人用绷带覆盖它。Alaska health officials say there have been seven people infected with Alaskapox since the virus was discovered. But the latest case represents the first time someone is known to have died from it.阿拉斯加卫生官员说，自从发现该病毒以来，已经有七人感染了阿拉斯加省。 但是最新的案件代表了某人首次死于它。The older man lived on the Kenai Peninsula. He was being treated for cancer and had a suppressed immune system because of the drugs. In September, he found a red sore under his right armpit and saw doctors over the next two months because of tiredness and burning pain. Alaska public health officials said he was hospitalized in November and died last month.年长的男人住在基奈半岛。 他正在接受癌症治疗，并因药物而受到抑制的免疫系统。 9月，他在右腋下发现了红色的痛，由于疲倦和灼痛，在接下来的两个月中看到了医生。 阿拉斯加公共卫生官员说，他于11月住院，上个月去世。The man lived in a forested area away from any town and did not travel. They said he had been repeatedly scratched by a cat that hunted small animals, and one of the scratches was in the area of the man's armpit, officials said.该男子住在远离任何城镇的森林地区，没有旅行。 他们说，他曾多次被一只猎杀小动物的猫抓挠，其中一只划痕在该人的腋窝区域。Health officials believe that Alaskapox is rare.卫生官员认为，阿拉斯匹诺克斯很少见。That said, wildlife can carry infection risks and should not be kept at home. The best way to keep pets and family members safe is to keep a safe distance and wash your hands after being outdoors.也就是说，野生动植物可以承担感染风险，不应将其保存在家中。 保持宠物和家庭成员安全的最佳方法是保持安全距离并在户外后洗手。

A brain wasting disease called frontotemporal dementia has gained attention after television and film personalities said they suffered from it.电视和电影人物说，一种称为额颞痴呆症的脑部浪费疾病引起了人们的关注。In a statement, caregivers said doctors told talk show host Wendy Williams that she had the unusual form of dementia. It said Williams had undergone many medical tests to identify the condition. Actor Bruce Willis is also reportedly affected by the condition.看护人在一份声明中说，医生告诉脱口秀主持人温迪·威廉姆斯（Wendy Williams），她的痴呆症形式不寻常。 它说，威廉姆斯已经进行了许多医疗测试以识别这种情况。 据报道，演员布鲁斯·威利斯（Bruce Willis）也受到这种情况的影响。Frontotemporal dementia, or FTD, is a rare disease that affects parts of the brain controlling behavior and language. These parts of the brain shrink as the disease gets worse.额颞痴呆或FTD是一种影响大脑控制行为和语言的一部分的罕见疾病。 随着疾病恶化，大脑的这些部分收缩。FTD usually can affect people in their 40s through their early 60s. It can change a person's personality, causing a loss of control or wild behavior. It is sometimes mistaken for mental health disorders like depression or bipolar disorder. It can take years for doctors to diagnose the condition.FTD通常会影响40多岁的人到60年代初。 它可以改变一个人的个性，导致失去控制或狂野的行为。 有时会误以为是抑郁症或躁郁症等精神健康障碍。 医生可能需要数年的时间才能诊断病情。Brenda Rapp is a scientist at Johns Hopkins University. Rapp described signs of the disease this way: “Maybe you're doing things that are bothering people and you don't really understand why they're bothering people.”布伦达·拉普（Brenda Rapp）是约翰·霍普金斯大学（Johns Hopkins University）的科学家。 拉普以这种方式描述了这种疾病的迹象：“也许您正在做困扰人们的事情，而您并不真正了解他们为什么要困扰人们。”The disease is linked to primary progressive aphasia, which is a condition affecting a person's ability to communicate. A person with this sort of FTD may have trouble finding words or understanding speech.该疾病与主要的进行性失语症有关，这是影响一个人沟通能力的疾病。 具有这种FTD的人可能难以找到单词或理解语音。Damage to neurons, the brain's information carriers, is believed to be part of the problem but the root reasons for a case are often unclear. People with a family history of the condition are more likely to develop it. But most people with FTD have no family history of dementia.据信神经元的损害是大脑的信息载体，是问题的一部分，但案例的根本原因通常不清楚。 具有这种状况的家族史的人更有可能发展。 但是大多数有FTD的人都没有痴呆症的家族史。There is no cure for FTD, but there are different ways to try to deal with it. People might get speech therapy if they have the kind that affects language. They might get physical therapy to improve movement.FTD无法治愈，但是有不同的方法可以尝试处理它。 如果人们拥有影响语言的那种言语疗法。 他们可能会得到物理疗法以改善运动。Some patients receive antidepressants or drugs for Parkinson's, a nervous system disease, which has some of the same symptoms as FTD.一些患者接受抗抑郁药或药物的帕金森氏症，这是一种神经系统疾病，其症状与FTD相同。FTD can be a long illness, lasting two to 10 years. People with FTD will need caregiving or nursing support as their symptoms get worse.FTD可能是长期疾病，持续了两到十年。 FTD患者将需要照顾或护理支持，因为症状恶化。“The disease will spread throughout the brain,” Rapp said. “The rate at which it does that is extremely unpredictable. So, it's very hard to know...how quickly someone will deteriorate.”拉普说：“这种疾病将遍及整个大脑。” “这样做的速度是极其不可预测的。因此，很难知道……有人会多快恶化。”The financial costs for a family can be high. The Alzheimer's Association estimates that it costs $10,000 a year, on average, in the United States for health and long-term care for a person with dementia.家庭的财务成本可能很高。 阿尔茨海默氏症协会估计，在美国，平均每年的摄入症患者的健康和长期护理费用为每年10,000美元。

The number of marriages in South Korea rose in 2023 for the first time in more than ten years.十多年来，韩国的婚姻数量在2023年首次增加。The increase came after the pandemic which forced some couples to delay marriage plans. But the data did not point to a continued increase in the aging country.大流行迫使一些夫妇推迟婚姻计划之后，这一增加发生了。 但是数据并没有指出衰老国家的持续增加。The small rise in marriages last year comes as its fertility rate continued to decrease. South Korea's fertility rate, or the average number of children born per woman, is already the world's lowest. It is falling because women are concerned about their careers, the cost of raising children, or are deciding not to have babies.去年婚姻的较小升高是随着其生育率继续下降。 韩国的生育率或每个女性出生的孩子的平均人数已经是世界上最低的。 之所以下降，是因为妇女担心自己的职业，抚养孩子的成本或决定不生孩子。Government data showed a total of 193,657 couples got married last year. That is up 1.0 percent from 191,690 a year earlier. It is the first increase since 2011.政府数据显示，去年共有193,657对夫妇结婚。 这比去年同期的191,690％增长了1.0％。 这是自2011年以来的首次增长。That compares with a 0.4 percent drop in 2022. That was when South Korea started to ease restrictions on social gatherings put in place during the COVID-19 pandemic. The restrictions saw the number of marriages decrease 9.8 percent in 2021 and 10.7 percent in 2020.相比之下，2022年下降了0.4％。那时，韩国开始在19日大流行期间开始放松对社交聚会的限制。 限制的婚姻数量在2021年下降了9.8％，在2020年下降了10.7％。The 2023 number of marriages, however, remains well below the 239,159 marriages seen in 2019. And that compares to a yearly number of more than 320,000 recorded 10 years earlier.然而，2023年的婚姻数量远低于2019年的239,159次婚姻。这与10年前记录的年度超过320,000次相比。A government official said that couples delaying marriage was a reason for more marriages in the second half of 2022 and the first half of 2023.一位政府官员说，延迟婚姻的夫妻是2022年下半年和2023年上半年婚姻更多的原因。"In the second half of 2023, however, marriages fell year-on-year, indicating that people who had been delaying marriage due to COVID-19 have now mostly got married," the official told reporters.这位官员告诉记者：“然而，在2023年的下半年，婚姻同比下降，这表明人们延迟了由于19号而延迟婚姻的人现在已经结婚了。”The 2023 increase was also well below the increases seen in nearby China. Marriages in China rose 12.4 percent last year. That happened as more couples got married after delays caused by the pandemic.2023年的增长也远低于附近中国的增长。 去年中国的婚姻增长了12.4％。 发生了大流行造成的延误后，夫妻夫妇结婚了。Most South Koreans say high housing costs are the biggest reason for getting married. Many also see marriage as the first step before having a baby in the Asian country.大多数韩国人说，高住房成本是结婚的最大原因。 许多人还将婚姻视为在亚洲国家生孩子之前的第一步。The Yonhap news agency reported a recent study of 500 South Koreans aged between 19 and 23. It showed that 50.4 percent of those asked did not plan on getting married or having children.Yonhap新闻社报道，最近对500名19至23岁之间的韩国人进行了一项研究。这表明50.4％的人没有打算结婚或生孩子。The government says it will take “extraordinary measure” to deal the low birth rate. Political parties are promising public housing and easier loans for young South Koreans ahead of the April legislative election.政府表示，应采取“非凡措施”来处理低出生率。 政党在4月份的立法选举之前有望为年轻的韩国人提供公共住房和更容易的贷款。Marriages with a foreign national greatly increased for a second year, increasing 18.3 percent to 19,717.与外国国民的婚姻第二年大大增加了，增长了18.3％，达到19,717。

Apologising is one of the first relationship skills we're taught as children. "Say sorry to your friend for stealing his toy", "Apologise to your mother for being so rude!" Children often apologise because they are told to by adults, regardless of whether they mean it, and the recipient is often told to forgive, regardless of whether they feel it. But the skill of making a heartfelt, genuine apology must grow as we become adults if we want to nurture healthy relationships.道歉是我们小时候教授的第一个关系技能之一。 “对您的朋友偷了他的玩具，对不起”，“对您的母亲如此粗鲁道歉！” 孩子们经常道歉，因为成年人告诉他们，无论他们是什么意思，而且接受者经常被告知要原谅，无论他们是否感觉到。 但是，如果我们想培养健康的人际关系，那么随着我们成为成年人，做出衷心，真诚的道歉的技巧必须增长。Dr. Aaron Lazare, psychiatrist and apology expert, says a good apology should have four elements. The first is to acknowledge the offence and admit that you have wronged someone. Next, there's an opportunity to explain what happened, without excusing yourself – in fact, it's sometimes best to simply say, "There's no excuse for my behaviour." The third step is to express remorse and show that you understand how the behaviour has impacted the other person. Lastly, offer to make amends. If the mistake involved physical damage, have it repaired. If it involved emotional pain, promise to be more sensitive in the future.精神科医生兼道歉专家Aaron Lazare博士说，良好的道歉应该有四个要素。 首先是要承认犯罪，并承认您委屈了某人。 接下来，有机会解释发生了什么，而没有为自己辩解 - 实际上，有时最好简单地说：“我的行为没有借口。” 第三步是表达re悔并表明您了解行为如何影响对方。 最后，提出修改。 如果错误涉及身体损害，请修复。 如果涉及情绪痛苦，则承诺将来会更加敏感。Research shows that an apology is more effective when it is more costly to the apologiser, whether that's in terms of money, effort or time. For example, a study called 'Do sincere apologies need to be costly?' found people were more convinced by an apology if the apologiser had to inconvenience themself in order to deliver the apology. For example, if that person made a journey to say sorry, rather than just waiting for the next meetup. A 2025 study called 'Sorries seem to have the harder words', found that people use longer words when apologising than when they're not apologising. It also found that people perceived apologies with longer words as more apologetic than apologies with shorter words.研究表明，道歉对道歉者的成本更高时，无论是在金钱，努力还是时间方面都更加有效。 例如，一项名为“真诚道歉需要昂贵的研究？” 发现，如果道歉者不得不给自己带来不便以进行道歉，人们就会对人们的道歉更有说服力。 例如，如果那个人走了一个抱歉的旅程，而不仅仅是等待下一次聚会。 2025年的一项名为“摩尔利人似乎有更难单词”的研究发现，人们在道歉时使用的单词比没有道歉时使用的单词更长。 它还发现，人们对道歉的态度更长，比用更短的话道歉更为道歉。So, be sincere and own your mistakes, remembering that forgiveness can't be forced – the other person has the freedom to forgive or not to forgive. But what's better: harbouring guilt for the rest of your life, or taking that weight off your shoulders?因此，要真诚并拥有自己的错误，记住不能强迫宽恕 - 另一个人有宽恕或不宽恕的自由。 但是，还有什么更好的是：在您的余生中感到内gui，还是从肩膀上减轻体重？

In 2024, the number of babies born in South Korea increased for the first time in nine years. The change is welcome news for a country that is dealing with serious population problems.2024年，韩国出生的婴儿人数九年来首次增加。 对于一个正在处理严重人口问题的国家来说，这一变化是可喜的消息。South Korea's statistics agency said recently that 238,300 babies were born last year, an increase of 8,300 from a year earlier.韩国统计局最近表示，去年有238,300名婴儿出生，比去年同期增加了8300名。The agency said the country's fertility rate — the average number of babies born to each woman in her reproductive years — was 0.75 in 2024, up from 0.72 in 2023.该机构表示，该国的生育率 - 在生殖年中每个妇女出生的婴儿的平均数量 - 2024年为0.75，高于2023年的0.72。The data represents the first time that the yearly number of births has increased since 2015.数据代表自2015年以来每年的出生人数首次增加。Choi Yoon Kyung is an expert with the Korea Institute of Child Care and Education. Choi told the Associated Press that researchers must wait for more data over the next few years to see if increased births were driven by “structural changes.”Choi Yoon Kyung是韩国儿童保育和教育研究所的专家。 崔告诉美联社，研究人员必须在接下来的几年中等待更多数据，以查看增加的出生是否是由“结构性变化”驱动的。Park Hyun Jung is with the government agency Statistics Korea. Park said the agency believes the rise is partly due to an increase in marriages following postponements of such plans during the COVID-19 pandemic.公园贤荣（Park Hyun Jung）与韩国政府机构统计局一起。 帕克说，该机构认为，这一崛起的部分原因是婚姻推迟在19009年大流行期间婚姻的增加。Park said another reason for the increase is that a growing number of people entered their early 30s. She also noted a government study that shows a small increase in the number of young people hoping to have children after marriage.帕克说，增加的另一个原因是越来越多的人进入了30多岁。 她还指出，一项政府研究表明，希望结婚后生孩子的年轻人数量少了。Official data show South Korea's fertility rate has been the lowest in the developed world in recent years. In 2022, South Korea was the only country with a fertility rate below one, among members of the Paris-based Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.官方数据显示，韩国的生育率近年来一直是发达国家的最低水平。 2022年，韩国是总部位于巴黎的经济合作与发展组织成员中唯一一个低于生育率的国家。The low fertility rate could threaten South Korea's economic health. The country, Asia's fourth largest economy, could face labor shortages and greater spending on public assistance programs. South Korea's central and local governments have been increasingly offering several support programs to those who give birth to children.低生育率可能威胁到韩国的经济健康。 该国是亚洲第四大经济体，可能面临劳动力短缺和在公共援助计划上的支出。 韩国的中央和地方政府越来越多地向那些生下儿童的人提供几个支持计划。But experts say that it will be difficult to solve the country's population problems. Many young people say they do not want to have babies. Their reasons include costly housing, low levels of upward social movement, the high costs of raising and educating children, and a culture that requires women to do more of the childcare.但是专家说，解决该国的人口问题将很难。 许多年轻人说他们不想生婴儿。 他们的原因包括昂贵的住房，较低的向上社会运动，养育和教育儿童的高昂成本以及一种要求妇女做更多育儿的文化。Park said that the fertility rate will likely stay on an upward movement at least for another year. But observers say it remains to be seen whether the rate will go back down as post-pandemic marriages even out. The country's population structure will also change, with a drop in the number of people in their early 30s.帕克说，生育率至少可能会持续一年。 但是观察者说，随着大流行后的婚姻甚至均匀的婚姻，这一比率是否会降低。 该国的人口结构也将发生变化，30多岁的人数减少。Some experts argue that the government should pay more attention to supporting young couples who want to have babies.一些专家认为，政府应该更加关注支持婴儿的年轻夫妇。“There are still people with solid wills to have a family and babies. When we help them realize their hopes, our fertility rate won't suffer a steep, 45-degree drop,” Choi said.崔说：“仍然有稳固的遗嘱拥有一个家庭和婴儿。当我们帮助他们意识到自己的希望时，我们的生育率不会遭受陡峭的45度下降。”

Prehistoric people may have hunted and killed other members of their own species and eaten them, but probably not for food.史前的人可能已经狩猎并杀死了自己物种的其他成员并食用它们，但可能不是为了食物。That is what a new study written by James Cole of the University of Brighton in England says. Cole says compared to large animals, humans do not provide much food. His study was published in the journal Scientific Reports.这就是英格兰布莱顿大学的詹姆斯·科尔（James Cole）撰写的一项新研究。 科尔说，与大型动物相比，人类没有提供太多食物。 他的研究发表在《科学报告》杂志上。Cole studied nine places where fossils have been found and where researchers have found evidence of cannibalism. Such signs include cutting marks on the bones.科尔研究了发现化石的九个地方，研究人员发现了食人的证据。 这样的迹象包括在骨骼上切割痕迹。Scientists dated the sites to between 14,000 and more than 900,000 years ago. That is the so-called Paleolithic period, also known as the Stone Age.科学家将这些地点的日期约为14,000至90万年前。 那是所谓的旧石器时代，也称为石器时代。Five of the sites had Neanderthal fossils, the remains of earlier human ancestors. Two sites had fossils of prehistoric members of our own species and the others had fossils from much earlier human ancestors.其中五个地点有尼安德特人的化石，这是较早的人类祖先的遗迹。 两个地点有我们自己物种的史前成员的化石，而其他物种的化石是从较早的人类祖先的化石。Cole estimated how many calories each of the bodies at each site had. He used earlier studies that found eating an average-sized modern-day human could provide up to 144,000 calories. He then made his estimates, based on the ages of the bodies at the sites.科尔估计每个地点的每个尸体都有多少卡路里。 他使用了早期的研究，发现一个普通大小的现代人类可以提供多达144,000卡路里的热量。 然后，他根据现场的尸体年龄进行了估计。The researcher found that the hunters would not get as much energy from the humans as they would from one large animal -- like a mammoth, a woolly rhino or a bear. So, Cole asked, why would the early humans hunt and kill their own species?研究人员发现，猎人不会从人类那里得到像从一只大动物那样的能量 - 例如猛mm，羊毛犀牛或熊。 因此，科尔问，为什么早期的人类会狩猎和杀死自己的物种？“You're dealing with an animal that is as smart as you are, as resourceful as you are, and can fight back in the way you fight them,” Cole noted.科尔指出：“您正在与像自己一样聪明的动物打交道，像您一样足智多谋，可以反击他们的方式。”He says our ancestors may have eaten members of their species who had died because they did not have to be hunted. But he says cannibalism probably took place for reasons other than the need for food. He said it could have happened after times of violence or to defend territory.他说，我们的祖先可能已经吃掉了死亡的物种成员，因为他们不必被猎杀。 但是他说，出于食物的需要，可能是出于其他原因而发生的。 他说，这可能是在暴力或捍卫领土后发生的。Tim White of the University of California, Berkeley and Paola Villa of the University of Colorado Museum in Boulder said they do not know any scientists who believe our ancestors hunted each other for food. In an email, Villa said the new study “does not change our general understanding of human cannibalism.”加州大学，伯克利分校的蒂姆·怀特（Tim White）和博尔德分校博物馆的波拉维拉（Paola Villa）说，他们不认识任何科学家相信我们的祖先互相追捕食物。 维拉在一封电子邮件中说，这项新研究“不会改变我们对人类食人的一般理解”。But Palmira Saladie, of the Catalan Institute for Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution near Barcelona, Spain, said Cole's study “will undoubtedly be key in the interpretation of new sites (and) the reevaluation of old interpretations.”但是西班牙巴塞罗那附近的加泰罗尼亚人类古生态学与社会进化研究所的帕尔米拉·沙拉（Palmira Saladie）表示，科尔的研究“无疑将是对新地点的解释（和）重新评估旧解释的关键。”In an email, she wrote that, to understand why our ancestors sometimes ate each other, “we still have a long way to go.”她在一封电子邮件中写道，要理解为什么我们的祖先有时会互相吃，“我们还有很长的路要走。”

Evidence of one of the last dinosaurs to live in Africa has been discovered in Morocco.在摩洛哥发现了最后一个居住在非洲的恐龙之一的证据。A fossilized dinosaur jawbone was recovered at a mine, which is about 100 kilometers west of the city of Marrakesh.在马拉喀什市以西约100公里处回收了一个化石的恐龙颚骨。Researchers say the bone belonged to a creature they are calling Chenanisaurus Barbaricus.研究人员说，骨头属于他们称为Chenanisaurus barbaricus的生物。Dinosaurs lived between about 230 and 65 million years ago. Then they died out. Scientists think an asteroid -- a huge rock from space – struck the Earth's surface 66 million years ago.恐龙的生活在大约230至6500万年前。 然后他们消失了。 科学家认为，一只小行星 - 一块来自太空的巨大岩石 - 在6600万年前袭击了地球的表面。They believe this event led to the disappearance of dinosaurs on our planet. This marked the end of the time period known as the Cretaceous Period.他们认为，这一事件导致恐龙在我们地球上消失。 这标志着被称为白垩纪时期的时间段的终结。Nick Longrich identified the new dinosaur species. Longrich is a paleontologist at the University of Bath. He says what is important about the discovery is that it shows how Africa had its own dinosaurs.尼克·朗里希（Nick Longrich）确定了新的恐龙物种。 朗里希（Longrich）是巴斯大学（University of Bath）的古生物学家。 他说，这一发现重要的是它表明了非洲如何拥有自己的恐龙。"We have a pretty good picture of the dinosaurs from North America for this time period. For example, Triceratops and T. Rex are part of this fauna, this sort of twilight fauna of the last dinosaurs on Earth. But we don't have a good picture of what's going on in the rest of the world and we know almost nothing about the African dinosaurs from this time period."“我们对这一时期的北美恐龙有很好的了解。例如，三角龙和霸王龙是这个动物群的一部分，属于地球上最后的恐龙的暮色动物群。但我们对世界其他地方正在发生的事情没有很好的了解，而且我们对这一时期的非洲恐龙几乎一无所知。”“在这个时期，我们对来自北美的恐龙有很好的了解。Nick Longrich thinks the Chenanisaurus was similar in appearance to the larger Tyrannosaurus Rex, also called T. Rex. But there were differences.尼克·朗里希（Nick Longrich）认为，chenanisaurus的外观与较大的霸王龙相似，也称为T. Rex。 但是有差异。The Chenanisaurus had a shorter snout than the T. Rex. The area around its nose and mouth were not as big.Chenanisaurus的鼻子比T. Rex短。 鼻子和嘴巴周围的区域不那么大。Longrich suspects that the T. Rex probably had feathers like a bird, but the Chenanisaurus did not. He also thinks the Chenanisaurus was less intelligent than the T. Rex because it had a smaller brain.朗里希（Longrich）怀疑雷克斯（T. 他还认为Chenanisaurus比T. Rex聪明，因为它的大脑较小。Longrich said researchers know the fossil comes from a dinosaur bone because of the teeth. Dinosaur teeth are usually serrated, pressured from side to side.朗里希（Longrich）说，研究人员知道，由于牙齿，化石来自恐龙骨。 恐龙的牙齿通常是锯齿状的，一侧到另一侧是压力。In addition, the edges of the teeth were rounded, as if they bit into bone. This suggests that the Chenanisaurus, like the T. Rex, hunted for its food.另外，牙齿的边缘被圆形，好像它们咬在骨头上一样。 这表明，像T. Rex一样，Chenanisaurus狩猎了食物。For Longrich, the fossil discovery in Morocco is evidence for the theory of mass extinction of the dinosaurs.对于朗里希来说，摩洛哥的化石发现是恐龙大规模灭绝理论的证据。"It's interesting to see evidence confirming that dinosaurs remained successful and the fauna stayed pretty stable up until the end of the Cretaceous period in Africa. So I think there is no evidence as far as I'm concerned of a decline in dinosaur diversity approaching the extinction, and if it hadn't been for this asteroid, we'd probably still have dinosaurs here today."“很有趣的是，证据证明恐龙仍然取得成功，而动物群一直保持稳定，直到非洲的白垩纪结束时。因此，我认为没有证据表明，就我关注恐龙多样性的下降而接近灭绝的证据，如果没有这种小争吵，我们可能仍然在这里。”

The method used, known as oral immunotherapy, has already been successful in children and babies with peanut allergies. But it wasn't clear if adult allergies, which are more embedded, could be treated the same way.这个试验所使用的方法被称为口服免疫疗法，这种治疗方法已经在对花生过敏的儿童和婴幼儿中取得了成功。但研究者们尚不清楚的是，对于成年人更加根深蒂固的过敏症来说同样的疗法是否有效。At the start of the small trial, participants were given tiny doses of peanut powder mixed with food. And over many months, the quantities were gradually increased to whole nuts. All this happened under strict medical supervision.在这个小规模试验开始时，受试者被要求服下混在食物中的微量花生粉末。在接下来的数月中，花生粉末的量逐步增加到相当于整颗花生的含量。试验过程始终在严格的医学监督下进行。By the end of the trial, the average dose tolerated had increased by one hundred-fold with patients able to eat out, socialise and travel without worry. This is early research, and larger trials are now needed to find out more about who could benefit from this approach in the long run.到试验结束时，受试者对花生的平均耐受剂量提升了 100 倍，并且可以在外出就餐、社交和旅行时不必再担心出现过敏反应。这是早期的研究结果，而现在研究人员需要进行更大规模的研究来判断哪些人能长期受益于这项治疗方法。

Pretty, sparkly, and really hard to get rid of. Forms of glitter have been used for decoration since at least Aztec times and can be found on ornaments, clothes, greeting cards and cosmetics. However, today's glitter is often made of plastic, and this makes it more dangerous than it appears.漂亮，闪闪发光，真的很难摆脱。 从至少AZTEC时代开始，闪光的形式已被用于装饰，可以在装饰品，衣服，贺卡和化妆品上找到。 但是，今天的闪光通常是由塑料制成的，这使其比看起来更危险。Pieces of glitter are often washed into the water system, and from there into seas and rivers. Here, they become microplastic pollution. Fish often mistake small plastic particles for food and eat them. When something low in the food chain is eaten by predators, they also consume the microplastics left in their prey. If we eat seafood, that includes us. While there are still questions about the impact of this, microplastics have been linked with issues including DNA damage, organ dysfunction and cardiovascular problems. It's been estimated that humans may ingest between 74,000 and 121,000 microplastic particles each year.经常将片闪光从水系统冲入水系统，然后从那里进入海洋和河流。 在这里，它们成为微塑料污染。 鱼经常将小塑料颗粒误认为食物并食用。 当食物链中的食物链中的某些东西被掠食者食用时，他们还消耗了猎物中留下的微塑料。 如果我们吃海鲜，那包括我们。 尽管仍然存在有关此影响的问题，但微塑料与包括DNA损伤，器官功能障碍和心血管问题在内的问题有关。 据估计，人类每年可能摄入74,000至121,000个微塑料颗粒。Glitter only makes up a tiny part of the microplastics found in the ocean, but it can be particularly harmful. Firstly, while most microplastics in marine environments are formed by large pieces of plastic breaking down, glitter is manufactured as a microplastic. It is also made up of several different compounds which can leach toxins into the surrounding environment.闪光只构成了海洋中发现的微塑料的很小一部分，但它可能特别有害。 首先，尽管海洋环境中的大多数微型塑料都是由大量塑料分解而成的，但闪光是作为微型塑料制造的。 它也由几种不同的化合物组成，可以将毒素浸入周围环境中。Additionally, a recent study has suggested that glitter particles can encourage the formation of certain mineral crystals, changing the chemistry of the environment around them. Not only could this affect how sea life produces shells and skeletons, but the crystals can break up the particles further, forming nanoplastics. These are even more likely to be absorbed by marine organisms.此外，最近的一项研究表明，闪光颗粒可以鼓励形成某些矿物晶体，改变周围环境的化学性质。 这不仅会影响海洋生物产生壳和骨骼的方式，而且晶体可以进一步分解颗粒，形成纳米塑料。 这些甚至更有可能被海洋生物吸收。Biodegradable alternatives have been developed, although some studies suggest that these could be just as harmful. Maybe we should just find a different way to make decorations.已经开发了可生物降解的替代方法，尽管一些研究表明这些替代方法可能同样有害。 也许我们应该找到一种制作装饰的不同方法。

Scientists recently announced the discovery of a small, bird-like dinosaur from China which had unusual, colorful feathers.科学家最近宣布发现了一种来自中国的小鸟般的恐龙，这些恐龙具有不寻常的羽毛。The scientists named the dinosaur Caihong, the Mandarin word for rainbow. They discovered the nearly complete and almost entirely undamaged fossil in Hebei Province.科学家将恐龙Caihong命名为彩虹的普通话。 他们发现了河北省几乎完整而几乎完全未受损的化石。Microscopic structures in the fossil suggest that the creature had wide, shiny feathers. The feathers mostly covered the dinosaur's head and upper body. The colors of those feather would have appeared to change depending on how the light hit them.化石中的微观结构表明该生物具有宽阔的羽毛。 羽毛大多覆盖了恐龙的头和上身。 这些羽毛的颜色似乎会根据光的击中方式而改变。The colorful dinosaur lived 161 million years ago during the Jurassic Period of earth's history.五颜六色的恐龙生活在地球历史的侏罗纪时期的16100万年前。Chad Eliason is an evolutionary biologist with the Field Museum in Chicago, Illinois. He helped write the study announcing the discovery in the scientific publication Nature Communications. Eliason told the Reuters news service that the discovery “suggests a more colorful Jurassic World than we previously imagined.”乍得·埃里亚森（Chad Eliason）是伊利诺伊州芝加哥田间博物馆的进化生物学家。 他帮助撰写了这项研究，宣布了科学出版物自然传播中的发现。 埃里亚森（Eliason）告诉路透社新闻服务（Reuters News Service），这一发现“暗示了比我们以前想象的要多彩的侏罗纪世界。”The scientists used powerful microscopes to identify the remains of the cell structures responsible for the apparent color of the feathers. The shape of those structures appears to have influenced what color the feathers would have. Round-shaped structures in the Caihong fossil show that it had feathers similar to that of a modern day hummingbird.科学家使用强大的显微镜来识别负责羽毛表观颜色的细胞结构的残留物。 这些结构的形状似乎影响了羽毛的颜色。 Caihong化石中的圆形结构表明，它的羽毛类似于现代蜂鸟。Much of Caihong's body had dark feathers. The shiny, color-changing feathers covered its head and neck. The dinosaur had many bird-like qualities. But researchers doubt that it could actually fly.Caihong的大部分身体都有深色的羽毛。 闪亮的，变色的羽毛覆盖了头和脖子。 恐龙具有许多类似鸟类的品质。 但是研究人员怀疑它实际上可以飞行。Its feathers could have served the purpose of gaining the attention of sexual partners while also providing protection from heat and cold.它的羽毛本来可以实现的目的是吸引性伴侣的注意力，同时还可以保护热和寒冷。Caihong was two-legged and had a long, narrow head with sharp teeth. It had boney crests above its eyes, and it hunted other, smaller animals for food.凯恩（Caihong）是两腿，头部狭窄，牙齿锋利。 它的眼睛上方有骨冠，并猎杀了其他较小的动物作为食物。Scientists say many dinosaurs had feathers. Birds evolved from small feathered dinosaurs near the end of the Jurassic Period.科学家说，许多恐龙有羽毛。 鸟类从侏罗纪时期结束后附近的小羽毛恐龙演变而来。Caihong had two kinds of feathers. It also is the earliest-known creature with feathers that did not have the same shape on both sides. This is a physical quality that modern birds have and use to direct themselves while flying.Caihong有两种羽毛。 它也是最早的生物，羽毛在两侧的形状都不相同。 这是现代鸟类在飞行时指导自己的身体品质。The unevenly shaped feathers on Caihong were on its tail. This suggests that tail feathers, not arm feathers, were first used to improve movement through the air in flying dinosaurs, scientists said.Caihong上不均匀的羽毛在其尾部。 科学家说，这表明尾羽羽毛而不是手臂羽毛首先是用于改善飞行恐龙的空气运动。Xing Xu is a paleontologist with the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Xing Xu said, “It is extremely similar to some early birds such as Archaeopteryx.” Archaeopteryx is the earliest known bird. It is believed to have lived 150 million years ago.Xing Xu是中国科学院的古生物学家。 Xing Xu说：“这与一些早期鸟类（例如Archeopteryx）非常相似。” Archeopteryx是最早已知的鸟。 据信它已经居住了1.5亿年前。“To be honest, I am not sure what function the feathers have,” Xing Xu added. “And I don't think that you can completely exclude the possibility that the feathers helped the animal to get in the air.”Xu Xu补充说：“老实说，我不确定羽毛的功能。” “而且我认为您不能完全排除羽毛帮助动物启动的可能性。”The dinosaur's full scientific name is Caihong juji, which means “rainbow with a big crest.”恐龙的完整科学名称是Caihong Juji，意思是“带有大冠的彩虹”。

There are hundreds of thousands of Mexican axolotls in laboratories and home aquariums around the world, studied for their remarkable ability to regrow any lost limb. But in their native wetlands in Xochimilco in Mexico City, the population has been decimated by pollution and invasive species.数十万只美西螈被饲养在全球各地的实验室和家庭鱼缸中，人们借此研究它们非凡的肢体再生能力。然而，在它们的原生栖息地，墨西哥城的索奇米尔科湿地，野生美西螈的数量因污染和外来物种的入侵而大幅减少。Now, though, researchers who've bred axolotls in captivity have taken a major step towards bringing them back. The team released a small group at two sites in the city's wetland. They fitted the amphibians with radio trackers so they could follow their progress.不过现在，圈养和繁育美西螈的研究人员向将它们放归自然的方向迈出了重要的一步。研究团队将一小群美西螈放归至墨西哥城湿地的两处地区。研究人员为它们装上了无线电追踪器，以便追踪它们的生长情况。All 18 animals have survived, and a few that were recaptured had gained weight, showing that despite being raised in tanks, they were now hunting. It's early days, but if the wild axolotl can be saved in a city of more than 20 million people, scientists say that will be a symbolic success story.↳被放归的 18 只美西螈全部存活了下来，其中一些被重新捕获的个体的体重也增加了，这表明尽管这些美西螈之前被圈养在水缸中，但它们现在已开始进行捕猎。虽然实验尚处在早期阶段，但科学家表示，如果野生美西螈可以在一个人口超过 2000 万的城市中生存下来，那这将是一个标志性的成功案例。

From painted foam pieces resembling delicious feasts to engineered weather, the magic of film relies on hidden details unknown and usually invisible to the unsuspecting viewer. So, let's explore some of the most fascinating behind-the-scenes tricks of the big screen.从类似美味的盛宴到工程天气的彩绘泡沫碎片，电影的魔力取决于隐藏的细节未知，通常是毫无戒心的观众。 因此，让我们探索大屏幕上一些最迷人的幕后花样。Screen trickery and cinematic illusions are a huge part of what brings stories to life, and set is key to this. Consider period dramas like Sherlock and Peaky Blinders – both TV programmes changed modern street furniture like lampposts and signs by covering them up with facades or temporary structures. Cobbled streets, a staple of many historical dramas, can be created using plastic or rubber floor tiles, which are lightweight and therefore quick to lay down and remove.屏幕骗局和电影幻觉是将故事带入生活的重要组成部分，而设定是这样的关键。 考虑一下夏洛克和Peaky Blinders等时期戏剧 - 两个电视节目都通过用立面或临时结构遮盖了现代街头家具，例如灯柱和标志。 可以使用塑料或橡胶地板瓷砖制作的许多历史戏剧的鹅卵石街道，这是许多历史戏剧，它们是轻巧的，因此很快放下和移除。But sometimes it's not just part of a set that's made, but the entire thing. A team of 86 artists and model makers built an incredibly detailed miniature model of Hogwarts, the wizarding school in the Harry Potter series. It was easier to create this than to build a real castle, and was especially used for sweeping shots of the castle's exterior.但是有时候，这不仅是制造的集合的一部分，而且是整个事情。 由86家艺术家和模特制造商组成的团队建立了一个令人难以置信的详细霍格沃茨（Hogwarts）的微型模型，这是哈利·波特（Harry Potter）系列的巫师学校。 创建它比建造真正的城堡要容易，而且特别用于扫地城堡外部的镜头。It's even possible to control the weather. Filmmakers creating a rain scene generally don't use real rain, partly because you can't control it, but also because natural rain doesn't show up on camera very well. This is because the water droplets are too small, so rain machines that create bigger droplets are often used. Combine that with a dramatic backlight and the rain will glisten on screen. This was likely a technique used in The Matrix, possibly alongside CGI, in the final fight scene between Agent Smith and Neo, which takes place in a torrential downpour.甚至有可能控制天气。 电影制片人创造一个雨场通常不会使用真正的雨，部分原因是您无法控制它，而且因为自然雨在相机上的出现并不能很好地显示在相机上。 这是因为水滴太小了，因此经常使用产生更大液滴的雨机。 将其与戏剧性的背光结合在一起，雨将闪烁在屏幕上。 这可能是在矩阵中使用的一种技术，可能与CGI一起使用，在经纪人史密斯和Neo之间的最后战斗场景中，这是在倾盆大雨中发生的。So next time you're watching a movie, remember the movie magic – you can't believe everything you see!因此，下次您看电影时，请记住电影魔术 - 您无法相信您所看到的一切！

Genetic material from a 10,000-year-old skeleton suggests the oldest-known Briton had dark skin and blue eyes.来自10，000年历史的骨骼的遗传物质表明，最古老的英国人的皮肤和蓝色的眼睛是蓝色的。Scientists from Britain's Natural History Museum and University College London reported the finding Wednesday after studying the remains of an individual known as “Cheddar Man.”来自英国自然历史博物馆和伦敦大学学院的科学家在研究了一个被称为“切达男子”的人的遗体后，周三报告了这一发现。The skeleton was discovered over a century ago. It was found inside a large hole in the Cheddar Gorge area of southwest England.骨骼是一个多世纪前发现的。 它被发现在英格兰西南切达峡谷地区的一个大洞中。The researchers cut a hole into the skull of the human remains and removed DNA from bone powder.研究人员将一个孔切入了人类遗体的头骨，并从骨粉中除去了DNA。The letters DNA are short for the term deoxyribonucleic acid. Scientists call it the chemical of life.字母DNA对于脱氧核糖核酸术语而言是短的。 科学家称其为生命的化学物质。DNA is made up of genes. Genes, like letters in words, carry a huge amount of information. They tell cells how to make all the materials for life.DNA由基因组成。 基因，就像单词中的字母一样，都带有大量信息。 他们告诉细胞如何制造生命的所有材料。The British scientists say their tests showed Cheddar Man had dark, wavy hair, blue eyes and "dark to black" skin color.英国科学家说，他们的测试表明，切达干酪的男人有黑暗的波浪，蓝眼睛和“深色至黑色”的肤色。The researchers say the evidence suggests that Europeans' light skin coloring developed much later than experts had thought.研究人员说，证据表明，欧洲人的浅色肤色比专家想象的要晚得多。Cheddar Man overturns people's expectations of what kinds of genetic qualities go together, said Tom Booth, who worked on the project.从事该项目的汤姆·布斯（Tom Booth）说，切达（Cheddar）的人推翻了人们对遗传品质的期望。"It seems that pale eyes entered Europe long before pale skin or blond hair, which didn't come along until after the arrival of farming," he added.他补充说：“看来苍白的眼睛在淡淡的皮肤或金色的头发之前很久就进入了欧洲，直到耕种到来后才出现。”Some experts believe that ancient humans who lived in extreme northern areas may have developed light colored skin. They note light skin is able to take in more sunlight than darker skin. Sunlight is required for the body to produce vitamin D.一些专家认为，住在极端北部地区的古代人可能会形成浅色的皮肤。 他们指出，皮肤比较暗的皮肤更能吸收阳光。 人体产生维生素D需要阳光D。Cheddar Man shares genetic similarities with other human remains found in Spain, Hungary and Luxembourg. All those individuals lived in the Mesolithic Period, also known as the Middle Stone Age Period. The group, known as Western Hunter-Gatherers, moved to Europe from the Middle East after the last Ice Age, about 12,000 years ago.切达曼（Cheddar Man）与西班牙，匈牙利和卢森堡发现的其他人类遗体有遗传相似之处。 所有这些人都生活在中石器时代，也称为中石时代。 该组织被称为西方狩猎者，在最后一个冰河时代（大约12，000年前）从中东移居欧洲。The Associated Press says Cheddar Man is the oldest complete skeleton found in Britain. Human beings had lived on the island off and on for thousands of years before his time, but they disappeared during periodic ice ages.美联社说，切达干酪是在英国发现的最古老的完整骨骼。 人类在他的时间之前已经在岛上生活了数千年，但他们在定期冰上消失了。Cheddar Man would have been one of a very small population of hunter-gatherers in Britain at the time. Scientists, who have been studying his skeleton, say he appears to have had a healthy diet but died in his 20s, possibly through violence.当时，切达干酪人本来就是英国很少的狩猎采集者之一。 一直在研究骨骼的科学家说，他似乎饮食健康，但在20多岁时死亡，可能是由于暴力行为。

Scientists have discovered evidence that some of the earliest members of the human race, Homo sapiens, were surprisingly advanced.科学家发现了证据表明，人类最早的人智人（Homo Sapiens）令人惊讶地先进。Scientists say these early humans knew how to use color pigments found in nature, create advanced tools and trade for supplies with other groups of people.科学家说，这些早期的人知道如何使用自然界中发现的颜色色素，创建高级工具和与其他人群的供应。A report on the discovery was published recently in the journal Science.该发现的报告最近发表在《科学》杂志上。The scientists said they examined artifacts recovered from southern Kenya. Some of the objects are said to date back to 320,000 years ago. They are about the same age as the earliest-known Homo sapiens fossils found in other parts of Africa.科学家说，他们检查了从肯尼亚南部回收的文物。 据说其中一些物体可以追溯到320，000年前。 它们与在非洲其他地区发现的最早著名的智人化石大约相同。In the report, the researchers described an ochre pigment that produced a bright-red color. They say this pigment could have been used for body painting. They also found tools made from obsidian, a volcanic rock that can have an extremely sharp edge.在报告中，研究人员描述了一种产生鲜红色颜色的Ocher色素。 他们说这种颜料本可以用于人体彩绘。 他们还发现了用黑曜石制成的工具，这是一种火山岩，可以具有极为锋利的边缘。The researchers found evidence of obsidian being transported to the Olorgesailie Basin, up to 88 kilometers away from where the rock was found. This discovery led the scientists to believe it had come from another group through trade. But they did not know what was provided in exchange for the obsidian.研究人员发现，黑曜石被运送到距离发现岩石的88公里的Olorgesailie盆地的证据。 这一发现使科学家认为它是通过贸易来自另一个群体的。 但是他们不知道为黑曜石换取了什么。The researchers said the findings show developments in technology and social structures unexpected so early in human history.研究人员说，调查结果表明，在人类历史的早期，技术和社会结构方面的发展。Rick Potts is a paleoanthropologist and director of the Human Origins Program at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History in Washington D.C. He believes that these newly identified mental and social abilities — including recognition of “distant groups, use of pigments and technologies including projectile points — were at the foundation of our species' origin.”里克·波茨（Rick Potts）是史密森学会（Smithsonian Institution）在华盛顿特区国家自然历史博物馆的人类人类原产计划的主任，也是人类起源计划。他认为，这些新近确定的心理和社会能力，包括“远处的群体，使用颜料和技术的使用，包括投射点 - 是我们物种起源的基础”。Alison Brooks, another paleoanthropologist, is with the George Washington University in Washington, D.C. Speaking of the pigment, she said, “The choice of importing the ochre from a distance rather than using a more common local material…argues that having a red face or hair or clothing or weapons also carried a symbolic message of some sort.”另一位古人类学家艾莉森·布鲁克斯（Alison Brooks）在华盛顿特区的乔治华盛顿大学（George Washington University）谈到颜料，她说：“选择从远处进口ocher而不是使用更常见的本地材料……认为拥有红色的脸，头发或衣服或武器或武器也带有某种象征性的信息。”The researchers described the obsidian tools they found as smaller, of better quality, and more specialized than larger stone tools used by earlier human species.研究人员描述了他们发现的黑曜石工具较小，质量更高，并且比早期人类使用的更大的石材工具更专业。The obsidian was used in a number of tools with sharp or pointy edges. The rock was also found in small, sharp points that could be placed at the end of a piece of wood or bone for use as a weapon.黑曜石被用于许多具有锋利或尖端边缘的工具。 还发现了岩石的小点，可以放在木头或骨头的末端，以用作武器。

Scientists recently announced the discovery of a small, bird-like dinosaur from China which had unusual, colorful feathers.科学家最近宣布发现了一种来自中国的小鸟般的恐龙，这些恐龙具有不寻常的羽毛。The scientists named the dinosaur Caihong, the Mandarin word for rainbow. They discovered the nearly complete and almost entirely undamaged fossil in Hebei Province.科学家将恐龙Caihong命名为彩虹的普通话。 他们发现了河北省几乎完整而几乎完全未受损的化石。Microscopic structures in the fossil suggest that the creature had wide, shiny feathers. The feathers mostly covered the dinosaur's head and upper body. The colors of those feather would have appeared to change depending on how the light hit them.化石中的微观结构表明该生物具有宽阔的羽毛。 羽毛大多覆盖了恐龙的头和上身。 这些羽毛的颜色似乎会根据光的击中方式而改变。The colorful dinosaur lived 161 million years ago during the Jurassic Period of earth's history.五颜六色的恐龙生活在地球历史的侏罗纪时期的16100万年前。Chad Eliason is an evolutionary biologist with the Field Museum in Chicago, Illinois. He helped write the study announcing the discovery in the scientific publication Nature Communications. Eliason told the Reuters news service that the discovery “suggests a more colorful Jurassic World than we previously imagined.”乍得·埃里亚森（Chad Eliason）是伊利诺伊州芝加哥田间博物馆的进化生物学家。 他帮助撰写了这项研究，宣布了科学出版物自然传播中的发现。 埃里亚森（Eliason）告诉路透社新闻服务（Reuters News Service），这一发现“暗示了比我们以前想象的要多彩的侏罗纪世界。”The scientists used powerful microscopes to identify the remains of the cell structures responsible for the apparent color of the feathers. The shape of those structures appears to have influenced what color the feathers would have. Round-shaped structures in the Caihong fossil show that it had feathers similar to that of a modern day hummingbird.科学家使用强大的显微镜来识别负责羽毛表观颜色的细胞结构的残留物。 这些结构的形状似乎影响了羽毛的颜色。 Caihong化石中的圆形结构表明，它的羽毛类似于现代蜂鸟。Much of Caihong's body had dark feathers. The shiny, color-changing feathers covered its head and neck. The dinosaur had many bird-like qualities. But researchers doubt that it could actually fly.Caihong的大部分身体都有深色的羽毛。 闪亮的，变色的羽毛覆盖了头和脖子。 恐龙具有许多类似鸟类的品质。 但是研究人员怀疑它实际上可以飞行。Its feathers could have served the purpose of gaining the attention of sexual partners while also providing protection from heat and cold.它的羽毛本来可以实现的目的是吸引性伴侣的注意力，同时还可以保护热和寒冷。Caihong was two-legged and had a long, narrow head with sharp teeth. It had boney crests above its eyes, and it hunted other, smaller animals for food.凯恩（Caihong）是两腿，头部狭窄，牙齿锋利。 它的眼睛上方有骨冠，并猎杀了其他较小的动物作为食物。Scientists say many dinosaurs had feathers. Birds evolved from small feathered dinosaurs near the end of the Jurassic Period.科学家说，许多恐龙有羽毛。 鸟类从侏罗纪时期结束后附近的小羽毛恐龙演变而来。Caihong had two kinds of feathers. It also is the earliest-known creature with feathers that did not have the same shape on both sides. This is a physical quality that modern birds have and use to direct themselves while flying.Caihong有两种羽毛。 它也是最早的生物，羽毛在两侧的形状都不相同。 这是现代鸟类在飞行时指导自己的身体品质。The unevenly shaped feathers on Caihong were on its tail. This suggests that tail feathers, not arm feathers, were first used to improve movement through the air in flying dinosaurs, scientists said.Caihong上不均匀的羽毛在其尾部。 科学家说，这表明尾羽羽毛而不是手臂羽毛首先是用于改善飞行恐龙的空气运动。Xing Xu is a paleontologist with the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Xing Xu said, “It is extremely similar to some early birds such as Archaeopteryx.” Archaeopteryx is the earliest known bird. It is believed to have lived 150 million years ago.Xing Xu是中国科学院的古生物学家。 Xing Xu说：“这与一些早期鸟类（例如Archeopteryx）非常相似。” Archeopteryx是最早已知的鸟。 据信它已经居住了1.5亿年前。“To be honest, I am not sure what function the feathers have,” Xing Xu added. “And I don't think that you can completely exclude the possibility that the feathers helped the animal to get in the air.”Xu Xu补充说：“老实说，我不确定羽毛的功能。” “而且我认为您不能完全排除羽毛帮助动物启动的可能性。”The dinosaur's full scientific name is Caihong juji, which means “rainbow with a big crest.”这种恐龙的全名是“彩虹巨兽”，意思是“有大冠的彩虹”。

A finger bone is pointing to what scientists are calling a new understanding of how ancient human beings came out of Africa and began settling the rest of the world.手指骨头指出了科学家对古代人如何从非洲出来并开始定居世界其他地区的新理解。The middle bone of an adult's middle finger was unearthed in the Nefud Desert of Saudi Arabia. It was found in an area called Al Wusta. Testing has dated the fossilized remains to about 90,000 years ago.在沙特阿拉伯的尼古德沙漠中发现了成人中指的中间骨头。 它是在一个名为Al Wusta的地区发现的。 测试已将化石遗物的历史记录到大约900，000年前。Researchers reported that it is the oldest Homo sapiens fossil ever found outside of Africa and the eastern Mediterranean Levant area. They also said it is the first human fossil from the Arabian peninsula.研究人员报告说，这是在非洲和地中海东部黎凡特地区发现的最古老的智人化石。 他们还说，这是阿拉伯半岛的第一个人类化石。While the Nefud Desert is now a sea of sand, it was green when this Homo sapiens lived. The researchers say the area was once a grasslands, filled with wildlife, near a freshwater lake.虽然Nefud沙漠现在是沙滩，但当这种同性恋狂人居住时，它是绿色的。 研究人员说，该地区曾经是一个淡水湖附近的草原，里面充满了野生动植物。Our human ancestors first appeared in Africa about 300,000 years ago. Scientists once thought Homo sapiens left Africa in a single, fast migration some 60,000 years ago. It was thought they moved along coastal areas, eating fish and other sea creatures, said Michael Petraglia. He is an anthropologist with the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Germany.我们的人类祖先大约30万年前首次出现在非洲。 科学家曾经以为同性恋者在大约60，000年前的一次快速移民中离开了非洲。 迈克尔·佩特拉格利亚（Michael Petraglia）说，人们认为他们沿着沿海地区搬进了沿海地区，吃鱼和其他海洋生物。 他是德国马克斯·普朗克人类历史科学学院的人类学家。This fossil bone, measuring 3.2 centimeters from end to end, suggests our species left Africa much earlier.这种化石骨的末端为3.2厘米，这表明我们的物种更早地离开了非洲。Petraglia explained that the fossil supports the idea that Homo sapiens did not move all at one time, but slowly and over many years. The discovery also shows these people were moving across the interior of the land, not just along the coastline, he added.Petraglia解释说，化石支持了Homo Sapiens一次没有移动的观念，而是在慢慢地和多年的时间里移动。 他补充说，这一发现还表明，这些人正在遍布土地内部，而不仅仅是海岸线。Near the fossil finger, scientists also discovered many animal fossils, University of Oxford archeologist Huw Groucutt said. Bite marks on fossilized bones showed that meat-eaters lived in the area.牛津大学考古学家Huw Groucutt说，在化石手指附近，科学家还发现了许多动物化石。 化石骨骼上的咬痕表明，肉食者生活在该地区。Stone tools that hunter-gatherers used also were found.还发现了猎人采集者使用的石材工具。“The big question now is what became of the ancestors of the population to which the Al Wusta human belonged,” Groucutt said.格鲁库特说：“现在最大的问题是，艾尔·沃斯塔（Al Wusta）人类所属的人口的祖先成了什么。”“We know that shortly after they lived, the rains failed and the area dried up. Did this population die out? Did it survive further south in Arabia?” Groucutt asked. He noted that the drying environment many have pushed them into Eurasia.“我们知道，在他们居住后不久，降雨失败了，该地区枯竭了。这个人口死亡了吗？它在阿拉伯南部进一步生存吗？” 格鲁卡特问。 他指出，许多人将它们推向欧亚大陆的干燥环境。A report on the findings was published in the magazine Nature Ecology and Evolution.有关发现的报告发表在《自然生态与进化》杂志上。

Scientists have identified three genes that may have played an important part in a major development in human evolution.科学家已经确定了三个可能在人类进化的重大发展中起重要作用的基因。The genes are being linked to the increase in brain size that took place in ancestors of human beings. This increase led to the development of mental abilities that define what it means to be human.这些基因与人类祖先发生的大脑大小的增加有关。 这种增长导致了定义人类含义的心理能力的发展。Researchers published two reports on their observations of the genes in the publication Cell in late May.研究人员发表了两份有关他们对5月下旬出版物细胞基因的观察的报告。The researchers believe the genes first appeared between three and four million years ago. This was just before a period in the fossil record that shows a major brain enlargement in the species from which humans evolved.研究人员认为，这些基因首次出现在三到四百万年前。 这是在化石记录中的一段时间之前，显示了人类进化的物种中的大脑肿大。The three genes share almost the exact same qualities. Along with a fourth one that seems to serve no purpose, they are called NOTCH2NL genes. They came from a gene family believed to have developed hundreds of millions of years ago. They are also important in the development of embryos.这三个基因几乎具有完全相同的品质。 除了似乎没有目的的第四个外，它们被称为Notch2nl基因。 他们来自一个据信基因家族，该家族已经发展了数亿年。 它们在胚胎的发展中也很重要。The NOTCH2NL genes are especially active in the collection of nerve stem cells in the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is the outer part of the brain responsible for the highest mental processes. These include language, memory and reasoning.Notch2nl基因在大脑皮层中神经干细胞的收集中特别活跃。 大脑皮层是负责最高心理过程的大脑外部部分。 这些包括语言，记忆和推理。The genes were found to slow the development of stem cells in the cerebral cortex into neurons in the embryo. The researchers say this delay leads to the production of a higher number of more developed nerve cells in this area of the brain.发现这些基因会减慢脑皮质中干细胞在胚胎中神经元中的发育。 研究人员说，这种延迟会导致在大脑该区域中产生更高数量的发达神经细胞。Pierre Vanderhaeghen is a developmental neurobiologist at the Université Libre de Bruxelles in Belgium. He told the Reuters news service that, in large part, the cerebral cortex is responsible for what defines humans as a species and as individuals.Pierre Vanderhaeghen是比利时的Libre de Bruxelles大学的发展神经生物学家。 他告诉路透社新闻服务，在很大程度上，大脑皮层造成了将人类定义为一种物种和个人的原因。“Understanding how it emerged in evolution is a fascinating question, touching at the basic origins of mankind,” said Vanderhaeghen.范德海格说：“了解它在进化中的出现是一个令人着迷的问题，它触及了人类的基本起源。”David Haussler is a biomolecular engineer and the scientific director of the University of California, Santa Cruz Genomics Institute. He added that it is “the ultimate evolutionary question” and a very interesting area of research in which to work.戴维·豪斯勒（David Haussler）是一位生物分子工程师，也是加利福尼亚大学圣克鲁斯基因组学院的科学主任。 他补充说，这是“最终的进化问题”，也是一个非常有趣的研究领域。The species Australopithecus afarensis is an ancestor of humans that combined both ape-like and human-like qualities. The well-known fossil named “Lucy,” discovered in Ethiopia in 1974, was a member of that species. Lucy lived in Africa at about the time these genes are believed to have appeared.Australopithecus Afarensis是人类的祖先，它们既结合了猿类样和类人的品质。 著名的化石名为“露西”，于1974年在埃塞俄比亚发现，是该物种的成员。 露西大约在这些基因出现的时候就住在非洲。Sofie Salama is a UC-Santa Cruz biomolecular engineering research scientist. She said it would be great if it were possible to record the complete order of all of Lucy's genetic material, her DNA. But she noted that it would be nearly impossible.Sofie Salama是UC-Santa Cruz生物分子工程研究科学家。 她说，如果有可能记录露西所有遗传材料，她的DNA的完整顺序，那就太好了。 但是她指出，这几乎是不可能的。FILE PHOTO: Students attend a lecture in the auditorium of a university in Munich, Germany, May 25, 2016. REUTERS/Michaela RehleThe NOTCH2NL genes are not present in the closest genetic relatives to human beings. None were found in monkeys or orangutans.Notch2nl基因不存在于最接近人类的遗传亲属中。 在猴子或猩猩中没有发现。However, Reuters reports that the researchers did find the genes in the remains of two human ancestor species: Neanderthals and Denisovans.但是，路透社报道说，研究人员确实在两个人类祖先物种的遗迹中找到了基因：尼安德特人和丹尼索凡夫人。NOTCH2NL gene abnormalities were found to be connected problems that affect the brain. These include autism, schizophrenia and both unusually large and unusually small head size.发现Notch2nl基因异常是影响大脑的问题。 这些包括自闭症，精神分裂症以及头部大小异常大且异常小。

Scientists say they have confirmed that strange-looking fossils from more than 500 million years ago are remains of an animal.科学家说，他们已经确认，超过5亿年前的奇怪化石是动物的遗体。That would make it one of the earliest known creatures.那将使它成为最早的已知生物之一。The fossils are found within rocks. They are round with many lines, and look similar to the markings of a leaf.化石在岩石中发现。 它们的圆形有许多线条，看起来与叶子的标记相似。The fossils were first described in 1947. They have been found in Australia and Russia. Some are very small; others are over a meter long.这些化石于1947年首次描述。它们在澳大利亚和俄罗斯发现。 有些很小； 其他人则超过一米。Scientists have named the mysterious ancient organism that left these fossils behind “Dickinsonia.”科学家将神秘的古代有机体命名为，将这些化石留在了“狄金森尼亚”之后。But what exactly was it?但是到底是什么？In the past, some scientists suggested it was an animal. Others believed it was a single-celled organism called a protist.过去，一些科学家认为这是动物。 其他人则认为这是一种称为put虫的单细胞生物。Researchers presented evidence that Dickinsonia was an animal in a recent paper. The paper appeared in the publication Science.研究人员提供了证据，表明狄金森尼亚是最近的一篇论文中的动物。 该论文出现在出版科学中。The most important evidence was that Dickinsonia fossils found in Russia contained carbon-bearing substances produced by animals.最重要的证据是，在俄罗斯发现的狄金尼亚化石中含有动物产生的碳含量。Experts not connected to the study called that evidence strong. They also said most scientists who had studied the fossils already believed that Dickinsonia was probably an animal.与研究没有联系的专家称这证据很强烈。 他们还说，大多数研究化石的科学家已经相信狄金森尼亚可能是动物。Douglas Erwin is with the Smithsonian Institution. He said he is sure the fossils are from an animal.道格拉斯·埃文（Douglas Erwin）与史密森尼机构在一起。 他说，他确定化石来自动物。It is not clear when Dickinsonia lived. Some fossils are about 558 million years old, said Jochen Brocks of the Australian National University in Canberra. He was one of the researchers involved in the study.目前尚不清楚迪金森尼何时居住。 堪培拉澳大利亚国立大学的Jochen Brocks说，一些化石的历史了约5.58亿年。 他是参与研究的研究人员之一。Brocks considers Dickinsonia to be “the very oldest animal that we can be sure about. He added that it is about 2 million years older than another widely accepted animal fossil.布罗克（Brocks）认为狄金森尼亚（Dickinsonia）是“我们可以确定的最古老的动物。他补充说，它比另一种被广泛接受的动物化石大约200万年。Brocks said scientists do not know much about what Dickinsonia looked like. But he said they do know it was “soft and flexible.”布罗克斯说，科学家对狄金森尼的样子不太了解。 但是他说他们确实知道这是“柔软而灵活的”。Dickinsonia was not the first animal on Earth. Analysis of the genetic materials of living animals suggests that animals first appeared more than 720 million years ago. But scientists have never found fossils that old.狄金森尼亚不是地球上的第一只动物。 对活动物的遗传材料的分析表明，动物首先出现在7.2亿年前。 但是科学家从未发现化石那么古老。

Millions of years ago, many large, strange-looking sea creatures lived in what is now the South Atlantic Ocean. A museum in Washington, D.C., is giving visitors a chance to learn about these ancient animals.数百万年前，许多大型，奇怪的海洋生物都生活在现在的南大西洋。 华盛顿特区的一家博物馆为游客提供了了解这些古老动物的机会。Scientists say the continents of South America and Africa separated millions of years ago. As this happened, they say, many kinds of dangerous animals and other lifeforms settled in the newly formed body of water off the coast of Angola.科学家说，南美和非洲的大洲分开了数百万年前。 他们说，当发生这种情况时，许多危险的动物和其他生命形式定居在安哥拉沿海的新形成的水体中。Today, scientists are studying ancient animal remains discovered on the Angolan coast. It is part of a project created by an international team of researchers called Projecto PaleoAngola. The researchers come from Angola, Portugal, The Netherlands and the United States.如今，科学家正在研究在安哥拉海岸发现的古代动物遗体。 它是由一个名为Projecto Paleoangola的国际研究人员创建的项目的一部分。 研究人员来自安哥拉，葡萄牙，荷兰和美国。One U.S. researcher involved with the project is Louis Jacobs of Southern Methodist University, or SMU, in Dallas, Texas. He told VOA that scientists knew there would be remains in the area, but “didn't know how good they would be.”一位参与该项目的美国研究人员是德克萨斯州达拉斯的南方卫理公会大学的路易斯·雅各布斯（Louis Jacobs）。 他告诉VOA，科学家知道该地区会有遗骸，但“不知道它们会有多好。”Jacobs and a team of scientists and students at SMU helped prepare the remains to be shown at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.雅各布斯（Jacobs）和SMU的一组科学家和学生团队帮助准备了遗体，将在华盛顿特区的国家自然历史博物馆展出。He said visitors to the museum can see the similarity between the ancient and modern ocean environment and animals.他说，博物馆的游客可以看到古代和现代海洋环境与动物之间的相似性。Michael Polcyn is another researcher at SMU. He says one ancient fish-eating animal had a long nose and teeth similar to that of a dolphin. He notes that visitors can see the remains of large, fierce animals like the mosasaur, as well as gentler creatures like an ancient giant sea turtle.Michael Polcyn是SMU的另一位研究员。 他说，一只食用鱼类的动物的鼻子和牙齿与海豚类似。 他指出，游客可以看到像莫萨尔这样的大而凶猛的动物的遗体，以及像古老的巨型海龟这样的柔和生物。"We have a snapshot of this moment in time 72 million years ago that has preserved all of these animals that were living together in one place."“我们有7200万年前的这一刻的快照，保存了所有这些动物，它们一起生活在一个地方。”Scientists say a large rock from space hit the earth millions of years ago and killed most of the animals.科学家说，太空中的一块大石头袭击了数百万年前的地球，并杀死了大多数动物。

A kind of tortoise not seen in more than 110 years has been found in the Galapagos Islands.在加拉帕戈斯群岛已经发现了一种超过110年的乌龟。A female from a species known as the Fernandina giant tortoise was discovered last weekend on the island of Fernandina.上周末在费尔南迪纳岛上发现了一个名为Fernandina巨型龟的物种的雌性。The Galapagos is a group of 20 islands in the eastern Pacific Ocean, about 1,000 kilometers off the coast of Ecuador.加拉帕戈斯（Galapagos）是东太平洋的20个岛屿，距离厄瓜多尔海岸约1000公里。The islands belong to Ecuador and the tortoise discovery was announced by the country's ministry of environment. It said that the creature was identified by researchers from the Galapagos National Park and the Galapagos Conservancy, a group based in the United States.这些岛屿属于厄瓜多尔，该国环境部宣布了乌龟发现。 它说，该生物是由加拉帕戈斯国家公园（Galapagos National Park）和总部位于美国的组织加拉帕戈斯保护协会（Galapagos Consercan）的研究人员确定的。Wildlife experts had thought the Fernandina giant tortoise no longer existed.野生动植物专家认为不再存在Fernandina巨人乌龟。The researchers said they believe the adult female tortoise is more than 100 years old. The animal was taken to a breeding center for giant tortoises on the Galapagos island of Santa Cruz.研究人员说，他们认为成年女性乌龟已有100多年的历史。 该动物被带到加拉帕戈斯岛圣克鲁斯岛上的巨型乌龟的繁殖中心。The International Union for Conservation of Nature says the only other living member of the species was found in 1906. Since then, researchers have found some evidence of Fernandina giant tortoise activity. There was an unconfirmed sighting in 2009. But the latest find was the first new confirmed sighting of the species.国际自然保护联盟说，该物种中唯一的其他活着的成员是1906年发现的。从那时起，研究人员发现了一些Fernandina巨人乌龟活动的证据。 2009年有一个未经证实的目击。但最新发现是对该物种的首个新的确认目击。Investigators believe there may be more members of the species on Fernandina Island because of animal droppings and tracks they found.调查人员认为，由于他们发现的动物粪便和曲目，在费尔南迪纳岛上可能会有更多的物种成员。Danny Rueda is the director of Galapagos National Park. He says the discovery provides new hope for possible successful breeding. "This encourages us to strengthen our search plans to find other turtles, which will allow us to start a breeding program in captivity to recover this species," he said in a statement.丹尼·鲁达（Danny Rueda）是加拉帕戈斯国家公园（Galapagos National Park）的主任。 他说，这一发现为可能的成功繁殖提供了新的希望。 他在一份声明中说：“这鼓励我们加强我们的搜索计划，以找到其他海龟，这将使我们能够在被囚禁中开始一个繁殖计划，以恢复该物种。”Fernandina is the third-largest island in the Galapagos. A volcano there is one of the most active in the world. The International Union for Conservation of Nature said it feared the species was likely lost to repeated volcanic lava flows “that nearly cover the island.”费尔南迪娜（Fernandina）是加拉帕戈斯（Galapagos）的第三大岛。 火山是世界上最活跃的火山之一。 国际自然保护联盟表示，人们担心这种物种可能会因为“几乎覆盖该岛”的重复火山熔岩流失。Ecuador's Environment Minister, Marcelo Mata Guerrero, said the government fully supports additional research and development efforts aimed at saving the species.厄瓜多尔环境部长马塞洛·马塔·格雷罗（Marcelo Mata Guerrero）表示，政府完全支持旨在拯救该物种的其他研发工作。

At an animal hospital in the Northeast United States, a biologist takes blood from a sick loggerhead sea turtle named Honey Bun. 在美国东北部的一家动物医院，一名生物学家从一只病态的Loggerhead海龟中取血，名为Honey Bun。 This is one of the first steps scientists must take before treating and rehabilitating the turtle so that it can be returned into the wild. 这是科学家在治疗和修复乌龟之前必须采取的第一步，以便它可以归还野外。 Cape Cod, in the state of Massachusetts, may have some of the largest numbers of turtle strandings in the world. 在马萨诸塞州，科德角（Cape Cod）可能拥有世界上最多的乌龟束缚。 The number of turtles that became trapped on Cape Cod beaches has risen over the past 10 years. That information comes from the Mass Audubon's Wellfleet Bay Wildlife Sanctuary. 在过去的10年中，被困在鳕鱼角海滩上的海龟数量增加了。 这些信息来自大众奥杜邦的Wellfleet Bay野生动物保护区。 This year, volunteers found 829 turtles washed up on the sand. About half of them were dead, including some that were frozen solid. That number is nearly twice what workers found in 2016 and nearly 10 times more than 2008. 今年，志愿者发现829只乌龟在沙滩上冲洗掉。 其中大约一半死了，其中包括一些冷冻固体。 这个数字几乎是工人在2016年发现的两倍，是2008年的几乎10倍。 Some experts think the number of washed up turtles is related to climate change. 一些专家认为被冲洗的海龟的数量与气候变化有关。 A paper published in PLOS ONE notes that there were more strandings of Kemp's ridley sea turtles in years with warmer sea-surface temperatures. It added that of the threats to turtle populations, “climate change may present the broadest threat for sea turtle conservation.” PLOS在PLOS上发表的一篇论文指出，多年来，肯普的Ridley海龟的搁浅，海面温度更高。 它补充说，在对乌龟人群的威胁中，“气候变化可能对海龟保护构成最广泛的威胁”。 Over the past 10 years, many turtles have been moving north from the Gulf of Mexico into the warming waters of the Gulf of Maine. There, they feed on mussels, crabs and other sea creatures. 在过去的10年中，许多海龟从墨西哥湾向北移动到缅因州湾的温暖水域。 在那里，它们以贻贝，螃蟹和其他海洋生物为食。 Cape Cod extends into the Atlantic Ocean, serving as a kind of trap for turtles. When the waters cool there, the animals start to have health problems, like developing pneumonia. They have problems moving and eating. 科德角延伸到大西洋，是乌龟的陷阱。 当那里的水冷却时，动物开始存在健康问题，例如患肺炎。 他们在移动和饮食方面存在问题。 Bob Prescott is the director of Wellfleet Bay Wildlife Sanctuary and helped to prepare the PLOS ONE paper. He notes that the sea turtles “know how to leave, but the Cape is like a trap – a hook within a hook.” 鲍勃·普雷斯科特（Bob Prescott）是Wellfleet Bay野生动物保护区的董事，并帮助准备了PLOS One论文。 他指出，海龟“知道如何离开，但斗篷就像一个陷阱 - 钩子里的钩子。” If the turtles survive, it can take months before they are fully recovered. Adam Kennedy is a biologist at New England Aquarium's sea turtle hospital in Quincy, Massachusetts. He says that when the turtles arrive at the hospital “they look like they are dead, especially in December.” 如果海龟生存，可能需要几个月的时间才能完全恢复。 亚当·肯尼迪（Adam Kennedy）是马萨诸塞州昆西的新英格兰水族馆海龟医院的生物学家。 他说，当海龟到达医院时，“它们看起来好像已经死了，尤其是在十二月。” Other experts argue that climate change alone cannot explain the increased number of turtle strandings. 其他专家认为，仅气候变化无法解释乌龟束缚的数量增加。Jeffrey Seminoff heads the Marine Turtle Ecology and Assessment Program at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Marine Fisheries Service. He believes that the high number of strandings “probably results from the simple fact that there's more turtles.” 杰弗里·塞诺夫（Jeffrey Seminoff）领导着国家海洋和大气管理局国家海洋渔业局的海龟生态和评估计划。 他认为，大量搁浅“可能是由于有更多海龟的简单事实而导致的。”Seminoff said that the recovery of the turtle population and “success of conservation efforts at the nesting beaches” could explain the higher number of turtle strandings. Seminoff说，乌龟种群的恢复和“筑巢海滩的保护工作的成功”可以解释乌龟的数量更高。 Kennedy, the biologist, said that he has mixed feelings when the turtles are released back into the wild. “It's bittersweet, because you spend so much time with them but ultimately every one of these guys getting back to the ocean helps the population.” 生物学家肯尼迪（Kennedy）说，当海龟被释放回野外时，他的感受也不同。 “这很苦乐参半，因为您花了很多时间与他们在一起，但最终，这些家伙回到海洋中的每个人都会帮助人口。” Recently, Honey Bun – the turtle we met at the beginning of our report – and other turtles were taken to Florida. They were released into the water. 最近，蜂蜜面包 - 我们在报告开头遇到的乌龟 - 其他海龟被带到佛罗里达。 他们被释放到水中。 Kelly Shaffer is with National Aquarium Baltimore, which worked with four other groups to organize the turtles' release. She noted that she feels a sense of “joy and accomplishment” at “being able to put them back out there.” 凯利·谢弗（Kelly Shaffer）与国家水族馆巴尔的摩（National Aquarium Baltimore）一起，该水族馆与其他四个团体合作组织了乌龟的释放。 她指出，她对“能够将它们放回那里”感到“喜悦和成就”感到“喜悦和成就”。

Now, just as scientists are beginning to fully understand these unusual creatures, the turtles are quickly disappearing. Similar population decreases have also been documented at beaches where leatherbacks nest on the western Pacific. 现在，就像科学家开始完全理解这些异常生物一样，乌龟也很快消失了。 在西太平洋筑巢的海滩上，还记录了类似的人口减少。Scientists say that if nothing changes, the leatherbacks could completely disappear from the U.S. West Coast within 30 years. The population drops are mainly blamed on international fishing activities, the destruction of nesting grounds and climate change. 科学家说，如果什么都没有改变，棱角状可能会在30年内从美国西海岸完全消失。 人口下降主要归咎于国际捕鱼活动，筑巢场的破坏和气候变化。 “The turtles were there and we finally started paying attention,” said Jim Harvey, director of San Jose State University's Moss Landing Marine Laboratories. He was a co-writer of the new study. “We got into looking at the story just as the story was ending,” Harvey told the AP. 圣何塞州立大学苔藓陆战海洋实验室主任吉姆·哈维（Jim Harvey）说：“乌龟在那里，我们终于开始关注。” 他是新研究的合着者。 哈维对美联社说：“随着故事的结尾，我们开始研究这个故事。” The study provides important information, but also shows the threats the leatherbacks face, said Daniel Pauly, a fisheries professor at the University of British Columbia in Canada. Pauly, who was not involved in the study, is an international expert on the effects of fishing on ocean ecosystems. 加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚大学的渔业教授丹尼尔·保利（Daniel Pauly）说，这项研究提供了重要的信息，但也显示了棱角状面部的威胁。 没有参与该研究的Pauly是捕鱼对海洋生态系统影响的国际专家。 The animals can be killed when they get trapped in fishing equipment. Scientists say the population is also harmed because a lot of turtle eggs are removed from beaches. 当动物被困在钓鱼设备中时，它们可能会被杀死。 科学家说，人口也受到伤害，因为从海滩上移走了许多乌龟蛋。Researchers say that while all the world's leatherbacks are under pressure, the group that migrates for months across the Pacific faces the greatest threats. 研究人员说，虽然世界上所有的棱角扣都承受着压力，但在太平洋迁移数月的小组面临着最大的威胁。 “If you find the decline in one place, that might have a number of causes, but if you find the same estimate of decline in two places that is something much more serious,” Pauly said. He added that the sea turtles “are really in big trouble.” Pauly说：“如果您发现一个地方的下降，可能会有很多原因，但是如果您发现两个地方下降的估计值相同，那么这是更严重的事情。” 他补充说，海龟“确实遇到了很大的麻烦”。 NOAA launched an aggressive plan to save leatherbacks in 2015 and is set to release a new action plan this month. The plan is meant to persuade governments and international organizations to join efforts to save the turtles. NOAA启动了一项激进的计划，以节省2015年的棱皮术，并将在本月发布新的动作计划。 该计划旨在说服政府和国际组织加入拯救海龟的努力。 Benson, the NOAA ecologist, said there is still time to stop the decrease, but that it will require an immediate, international effort. “If nothing is done to reverse this course, this population will become … extinct in the Pacific Ocean." NOAA生态学家本森（Benson）说，还有时间停止下降，但这将需要立即，国际上的努力。 “如果没有采取任何措施来扭转这一课程，那么在太平洋灭绝的人群将成为……”。”

Scientists say there has been a major drop in the population of leatherback sea turtles off the U.S. West Coast. 科学家说，美国西海岸的棱皮海龟人口大幅下降。 Researchers say there was an 80 percent drop in one group of leatherbacks found off the California coast over the past 30 years. One recent study found a 5.6 percent yearly decrease in the population. 研究人员说，在过去30年中，加利福尼亚海岸在加利福尼亚海岸发现的一组棱皮术下降了80％。 最近的一项研究发现，人口年度下降了5.6％。 Leatherbacks are massive sea turtles dating back to the time of the dinosaurs. The animals can grow up to 1.5 meters in length and weigh as much as 680 kilograms. 棱皮是可以追溯到恐龙时代的巨大海龟。 这些动物的长度长达1.5米，重达680公斤。 The leatherback sea turtles found along the U.S. Pacific coast are actually born thousands of kilometers away, on beaches in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands. The animals migrate 11,000 kilometers across the Pacific Ocean to feed on jellyfish in waters off the U.S. West Coast. Then, they swim back. 沿着美国太平洋海岸发现的棱皮海龟实际上诞生于印度尼西亚，巴布亚新几内亚，瓦努阿图和所罗门群岛的海滩上数千公里。 这些动物在整个太平洋上迁移了11,000公里，以美国西海岸海水中的水母为食。 然后，他们向后游回。As many as 60 percent of the leatherback turtles born in the western Pacific Ocean are believed to make the trip to California. Scientists are not sure why some do and others do not. Some go farther north, to waters off Oregon or Washington state. 据信，在西太平洋出生的棱皮龟中，多达60％是前往加利福尼亚的旅行。 科学家不确定为什么有些人这样做，而另一些人则不知道。 有些人向北走得更远，到达俄勒冈州或华盛顿州附近的水域。 Scott Benson is an ecologist with the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) fisheries service in Monterey, California. He has studied the turtles for many years and recently co-wrote a study on leatherback populations. Benson told The Associated Press that the long trip across the Pacific demonstrates the strength of the sea turtles. 斯科特·本森（Scott Benson）是加利福尼亚州蒙特雷的美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）渔业服务的生态学家。 他研究了乌龟多年，最近共同撰写了一项有关棱皮师人群的研究。 本森告诉美联社，穿越太平洋的漫长旅程展示了海龟的力量。“There are birds that go farther, but they fly. There's a whale shark that might swim a little further, but it doesn't have to come up for air,” he said. The leatherbacks, he noted, are “actually pushing water all the way across the Pacific Ocean.” 他说：“有些鸟会走得更远，但是它们会飞。有一条鲸鲨可能会走得更远，但不必升起空气。” 他指出，棱皮的背包“实际上是在太平洋上一直推着水。”

Scientists found the deep tracks left by these icebergs by looking at energy companies' seismic surveys of the North Sea. It showed icebergs the size of Norwich were once found off the eastern coast of Scotland. This is the first hard evidence that the ice sheet that covered Britain and Ireland 18,000 years ago produced such large icebergs. 科学家们通过分析能源公司对北海的地震勘测资料发现了冰山留下的深深的轨迹。资料表明与诺里奇市大小相当的冰山曾出现在苏格兰的东海岸。这是首个确凿证据证明 1.8 万年前覆盖着不列颠和爱尔兰的冰盖曾行成过如此巨大的冰山。 The findings may help scientists answer fundamental questions about how the Antarctic ice sheet may be affected as the ice shelves around its edge become unstable in a warming world. 这些发现或许能帮助科学家们解答关于南极冰盖的一些关键问题：随着全球变暖，南极冰盖边缘的冰架变得愈发不稳定，南极冰盖将受到怎样的影响。