Podcasts about appraising

Last fall, we put out a call for nominations for our first inaugural Buzzy Awards. We wanted to recognize outstanding appraisers, firms, and others in the industry from around the country. In this special episode, we're celebrating the winner of this year's Buzzy Award for Mentor of the Year! He joins Hal and Jim to reflect on his journey in the appraisal industry, share the qualities that define great leadership, and highlight success stories he's seen along the way. Plus, we dive into UAD 3.6 and the end of traditional appraisal forms. What does this seismic shift mean for appraisal software?At The Appraisal Buzzcast, we host weekly episodes with leaders and experts in the appraisal industry about current events and relevant topics in our field. Subscribe and turn on notifications to catch our episode premieres every Wednesday!

India began its Crocodile Conservation programme in 1975, and this year marks 50 years of this initiative, one that has been more successful than most. India is home to three main kinds of crocodile species – the gharial, the salt water crocodile or salties, and the muggers. These species face increasing threats from habitat loss, poachers, pollution, riparian agriculture, artificial embankments, construction of barrages and dams, and illegal sand-mining. On the eve of World Crocodile Day, which falls on June 17, we look back at 50 years of crocodile conservation, the status of these endangered species as of today, and what is in store with the recent launch of the New Gharial Project by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Guest: Professor B.C. Choudhury, eminent wildlife scientist who has worked on crocodile conservation since 1975. Host: G Sampath Edited by Jude Francis Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this episode, Hal welcomes Joni Pilgrim, Co-founder of Nationwide Appraisal Network. Joni shares her unique journey into the appraisal industry and offers insights for newcomers looking to break in. We also chat about the importance of supporting future appraisers, Joni's advocacy for women in the industry, and what NAN is doing to foster growth during a challenging market.At The Appraisal Buzzcast, we host weekly episodes with leaders and experts in the appraisal industry about current events and relevant topics in our field. Subscribe and turn on notifications to catch our episode premieres every Wednesday!

In this episode, Hal welcomes a long-time friend and first-time guest, Andy Arledge—founder of Freedom Appraise. Andy's a familiar face in the conference world, and with speaking gigs lined up at ATA and the Appraisal Summit, we knew it was time to get him on the mic. We dive into his journey into the appraisal world, the challenges of adapting to UAD 3.6, and how tech is reshaping the future for appraisers. Will innovation bring opportunity—or early retirement—for some in the field? Tune in for a look ahead.At The Appraisal Buzzcast, we host weekly episodes with leaders and experts in the appraisal industry about current events and relevant topics in our field. Subscribe and turn on notifications to catch our episode premieres every Wednesday!

PodChatLive 182: Are strength exercises actually doing anything, and tips for appraising research papersContact us: getinvolved@podchatlive.comLinks from todays episode:Biomechanical Assessment of Yoga-Based Warm-Up Routines in Reducing Injury Risk among RunnersDo strengthening exercises help in the treatment of people with patellar tendinopathy (jumper's knee)?Strength and Flexibility Self-Assessment and Subsequent Training Injuries Among Runners of the New York City MarathonThe Impact of Foot Arch Morphology on Risk of Overuse Injuries in Amateur Runners: A Prospective Biomechanical Study

Send us a textWhen disaster strikes, the appraisal process becomes anything but routine. In this episode of Beyond the Numbers, we're joined by Brian Melsheimer, Owner / Certified Residential Appraiser at Sierra Nevada Appraisal Group, to explore what happens in the chaotic aftermath of natural disasters—from hurricanes to wildfires—and how appraisers can effectively respond. Brian shares real-world insights on the immediate challenges property owners face, the role of insurers, and the critical ways appraisers can support recovery efforts while navigating complex conditions. Whether you're working in a disaster-prone area or want to be better prepared for the unexpected, this episode delivers key takeaways you won't want to miss. 

Last fall, we put out a call for nominations for our first inaugural Buzzy Awards. We wanted to recognize outstanding appraisers and firms and others in the industry from around the country. In this episode, we're rolling out the red carpet for our Buzzy Awards winner for Rising Star of the Year. Hal sits down with him to talk about what sparked his journey into the industry, the early lessons that shaped him, and a peek into his vision for his future and the future of the industry.At The Appraisal Buzzcast, we host weekly episodes with leaders and experts in the appraisal industry about current events and relevant topics in our field. Subscribe and turn on notifications to catch our episode premieres every Wednesday!

Jim Morrison and Hal Humphreys are back with fan-favorite Joel Baker from Totality (formerly CoreLogic) to dive into the upcoming UAD 3.6 changes and what they mean for appraisers. Listen in to hear what's changing, how it'll impact your workflow, and why now is the time to get ahead of the curve.If you missed Joel's standout demo at ACTS this past April, don't worry—we've got you covered. Join us in LA July 25–26 for a special, live course in partnership with a la mode and Appraiser eLearning. 

In this episode, Jim, Hal, and special guest Jared Preisler dive into the brand-new URAR and what it means for appraisers. From market analysis to the sales comparison approach, we're breaking down how appraisals are evolving (and why it's not as scary as it sounds). Plus, hear all about the exciting post-event CE opportunities at Valuation Expo, in partnership with the Appraisal Institute. If you've ever thought, “Maybe it's time to retire,” hold that thought and listen to this first!Learn more about these two new courses and register here: https://www.valuationexpo.com/#registerAt The Appraisal Buzzcast, we host weekly episodes with leaders and experts in the appraisal industry about current events and relevant topics in our field. Subscribe and turn on notifications to catch our episode premieres every Wednesday!

Last fall, we put out a call for nominations for our first inaugural Buzzy Awards. We wanted to recognize outstanding appraisers and firms and others in the industry from around the country.In this episode, host Hal Humphreys chats with the winner of the Instructor of the Year. We'll talk about his experience, unique course topics, and what he has coming down the pike. You won't want to miss this one.Meet the Instructor of the Year, gain CE, and network like never before at Valuation Expo on August 11-13: https://www.valuationexpo.com/At The Appraisal Buzzcast, we host weekly episodes with leaders and experts in the appraisal industry about current events and relevant topics in our field. Subscribe and turn on notifications to catch our episode premieres every Wednesday!

In this episode, we're talking trainees — when to bring one on and why a slower market might actually be the perfect time to do it. Jim and Hal are joined by first-time guest Becky Johnson, founder of the popular Facebook group Appraiser Trainees Learning Together. Becky shares insights from her recent NAA Appraiser Focus article, her journey into the appraisal world, and what she's learned after recently stepping into the role of supervisor herself. Don't miss this inspiring conversation for both seasoned appraisers and aspiring trainees!At The Appraisal Buzzcast, we host weekly episodes with leaders and experts in the appraisal industry about current events and relevant topics in our field. Subscribe and turn on notifications to catch our episode premieres every Wednesday!

Data nerds get ready! Today, Hal and Jim are joined by Chase Pursley, founder of Appraisal Inbox and JobsinAppraisal.com, who recently took a deep dive into Appraisal Subcommittee (ASC) data. We're talking demographics, licensing trends, and the fascinating rabbit holes that only a true appraisal enthusiast could uncover. Is the “appraiser shortage” fact or fiction? Are multi-state licenses actually sustainable? And what does all this data tell us about the future of the profession?Listen in—and don't forget to check out the full article here.

Last fall, we put out a call for nominations for our first inaugural Buzzy Awards. We wanted to recognize outstanding appraisers and firms and others in the industry from around the country.In this episode, host Hal Humphreys chats with the winner of the Content Creator of the Year. They'll share the origin story behind one of the first-ever appraisal industry podcasts, reflect on thousands of episodes' worth of wisdom, and give us a look at what the future holds for appraisers in a rapidly changing industry. If you're in real estate, appraisal, or just love a good origin story, this one's for you.At The Appraisal Buzzcast, we host weekly episodes with leaders and experts in the appraisal industry about current events and relevant topics in our field. Subscribe and turn on notifications to catch our episode premieres every Wednesday!

In this episode, we sit down with Paul Chandler, a leading voice in the appraisal industry. As President of the Northern California Chapter of the Appraisal Institute and Chair of the Industry Advisory Council for the Appraisal Foundation, Paul is at the forefront of key industry discussions. We dive into the future of appraisal modernization, the evolving role of AVMs, and the growing influence of artificial intelligence in valuations. Paul also shares insights from his work on the Appraisal Foundation's AVM Task Force and breaks down what's behind the "AI Hype" and the industry's "Need for Speed."Tune in to hear why keeping human expertise in the process is more important than ever.At The Appraisal Buzzcast, we host weekly episodes with leaders and experts in the appraisal industry about current events and relevant topics in our field. Subscribe and turn on notifications to catch our episode premieres every Wednesday!

Big changes are on the horizon! In this episode, we're diving into the upcoming UAD updates and what they mean for the industry. And who better to break it all down than the newest Valuation Visionary, Liz Green? We'll discuss the road ahead, the challenges of industry-wide adoption, and how to get everyone on the same page. Plus, Liz shares what this prestigious recognition means to her and the impact she's had on the field. Tune in for an insightful conversation on the future of valuation.At The Appraisal Buzzcast, we host weekly episodes with leaders and experts in the appraisal industry about current events and relevant topics in our field. Subscribe and turn on notifications to catch our episode premieres every Wednesday!

Last fall, we put out a call for nominations for our first inaugural Buzzy Awards. We wanted to recognize outstanding appraisers and firms and others in the industry from around the country. In this episode, we sit down with our Buzzy Award winner for Lender of the Year!

It's March, and while everyone's gearing up for March Madness, we're switching things up! No guest today—just Jim and Hal breaking down everything you need to know about ACTS 2025 in San Antonio, TX (April 4th-9th for the full event, April 6th-8th for the conference). You can register now at appraisersconference.netWhat's on deck? ✅ UAD Updates – We know you've got questions, and we've got answers! ✅ Software Demos – Get hands-on with the latest tools and technology. ✅ Off-Site Experiences – Wine Tour, Taste of Texas Night, Charity Golf Tournament, and more! ✅ Interactive Networking Opportunities – Level up your connections this year.Plus, we're giving you an exclusive walkthrough of the new ACTS app to help you navigate this event and your connections like a pro.

Natural disasters are reshaping the housing market—so what does that mean for appraisers, lenders, and homeowners? In this episode, we dive into the growing risks posed by wildfires, hurricanes, and floods, and how these extreme events are impacting property values and insurability.Our guest, Toni Moss, is an expert in housing risk and has been tracking these market shifts closely. She'll break down which regions are most at risk, how insurers and lenders are responding, and what the future holds for disaster-prone areas. Will we see mass migration away from high-risk zones? How should appraisers account for climate risk in valuations? Tune in as we explore these urgent questions and more!At The Appraisal Buzzcast, we host weekly episodes with leaders and experts in the appraisal industry about current events and relevant topics in our field. Subscribe and turn on notifications to catch our episode premieres every Wednesday!

Welcome back to the show! In this episode, Steve is joined by special guest David Fisher, who discusses his journey from Jet Appraiser to Real Estate Investor. At this moment, you might be trying to envision a different version of the word "jet" because the podcast description writer made a mistake, right? Wrong. David Fisher is appraising actual jets for his 9-5 job, but you will learn that when you hit that play button, jets are just a paycheck to him. Real estate has turned into his vehicle for passion and a more complete life!  Please remember that Steve is always available to talk to his listeners! Just send your questions, comments, and concerns to AskSteve@TotalWealthAcademy.com today. 

Last fall, we put out a call for nominations for our first inaugural Buzzy Awards. We wanted to recognize outstanding appraisers and firms and others in the industry from around the country. In this episode, we sit down with our Buzzy Award winner for Lender of the Year!

The Appraisal Subcommittee (ASC) plays a crucial role in overseeing the real estate appraisal profession, but how has it evolved over the years, and where is it headed next? In this episode, we sit down with Jim Park, former Executive Director of the ASC, to discuss his decades-long tenure, the challenges and successes of regulating the industry, and what the future holds for appraisers.Topics We Cover:✅ Jim Park's journey into the world of appraisals✅ The ASC's evolution and key initiatives over the years✅ Regulatory challenges facing the appraisal profession today✅ The future of traditional appraisals amidst modern valuation changes✅ Upcoming shifts in 2025If you're an appraiser, industry professional, or just curious about the behind-the-scenes of real estate valuation, this is a conversation you won't want to miss.

If you've completed an appraisal in the past week, you'll want to hear this. The GSEs' new time adjustment requirements went into effect on February 4th, and they come with some major changes for appraisers. To break it all down, we've brought in Matthew Hyatt from True Footage to explain what appraisers need to do to stay compliant.In this episode, we cover:✅ What the new policy means for appraisers✅ How to properly document time adjustments in your reports✅ What resources are available to help you navigate these changesDon't submit your next appraisal without understanding these updates! Tune in now to stay ahead of the curve.

A new administration is in charge—what does that mean for appraisers? In this episode, we sit down with Mark Calabria, former Director of the FHFA and author of Shelter from the Storm, to break it all down.We'll dive into the feasibility of government spending cuts, the impact of employees returning to the office, and the future of the GSEs. Will we finally see the end of conservatorship? Mark shares his expert insights on what's next for real estate, housing policy, and finance.At The Appraisal Buzzcast, we host weekly episodes with leaders and experts in the appraisal industry about current events and relevant topics in our field. Subscribe and turn on notifications to catch our episode premieres every Wednesday!

Joined by industry experts Susan Lomeli, Sales Director at Intercorp, Inc., and Anthony Carolei, Director of Risk Management for Professional Liability at Hanover, host Hal Humphreys explores the critical intersection of real estate appraisal and E&O insurance. The conversation dives into the risks appraisers and AMCs face—and how the right insurance coverage can safeguard their professional reputation and financial stability.From real-world claim scenarios to practical tips on choosing the right policy, Susan and Anthony share invaluable guidance on navigating the complexities of the real estate industry. Plus, we'll give you actionable insights to help protect your business and mitigate risk in today's environment.Want to connect with Susan or Anthony? Catch them at industry events like ACTS, Valuation Expo, or the Appraisal Summit this year. You can also email Susan anytime at susanlomeli@norman-spencer.comAt The Appraisal Buzzcast, we host weekly episodes with leaders and experts in the appraisal industry about current events and relevant topics in our field. Subscribe and turn on notifications to catch our episode premieres every Wednesday!

Podcast Show Notes Makeba Boateng is a cultural strategist and the founder of Fashion Forum Africa, dedicated to preserving and promoting Ghana's rich textile heritage and fostering sustainable fashion practices. With over three decades of experience in public relations, appraisal, and curation, she has worked on globally recognized projects, including the Victoria & Albert Museum's Africa Fashion exhibition, now touring internationally. Makeba is reshaping the narrative around African heritage and creativity for a global audience.  Makeba is an Accredited Public Relations Practitioner, a USPAP-Compliant Personal Property Appraiser leading her company Boaten Appraisal Service, and a passionate advocate for indigenous African design. Her work bridges Ghana's textile traditions with global innovation, inspiring a sustainable future for African fashion and design.  Her work celebrates the intersection of history and modernity, blending storytelling with advocacy to elevate indigenous African textiles and design. A champion for sustainability and cultural preservation, she collaborates with artisans, designers, and institutions to create meaningful projects that honor tradition while inspiring innovation. By promoting indigenous techniques and fostering cross-cultural dialogue, she aims to inspire the next generation of creators to embrace their roots while shaping a global impact.  Makeba's work is a testament to the power of tradition in driving contemporary relevance, making her a trailblazer in the world of fashion and cultural advocacy.  Links: Fashion Forum Africa: https://fashionforumafrica.com/  Makeba on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/makeba-boateng/  Boaten Appraisal Services on LinkedIn Makeba's ISA Profile Fashion Forum Africa Instagram  Fashion Forum Africa Facebook Makeba's main garment worn during the interview: Hand-Batiked Silk Long Kimono by: Studio 189 Join the Conversation: We'd love to hear your thoughts on this episode! Don't forget to subscribe to The Art Elevator on YouTube for more behind-the-scenes stories from the art world. Sponsor Shoutout: This episode of The Art Elevator is brought to you by Appraisal Scribe, where you can optimize your appraisal process with their all-in-one platform. Learn more here! To stay inspired and informed, join our email list today! You'll receive updates about our latest creations, valuable tips, and a deeper look into the art world. CLICK HERE TO JOIN THE FUN!

What did you want to be when you were a kid? A firefighter? A cowboy? A lot of kids don't even know what an appraiser is. Join Bryan and his guest Brad Bassi, a real cowboy-turned-appraiser in Temecula, CA. Brad shares his journey from focusing on mortgage-related appraisal work to specializing in private-party assignments like proposed construction, ranches, and litigation support.Curious about switching things up in your career? Tune in to hear Brad's story—and his thoughts on how to carve out a great niche in your appraisal practice. You can even meet up with Bryan and Brad at ACTS and learn how to really rope in new opportunities.Check out Brad's website here: https://www.strawhatent.com/

‘Tis the season for giving. By TheSleepingKing. Listen to the Podcast at Steamy Stories. 7:16 am The door from the bathroom swung open, spilling steam into the dim blue rays of light sneaking in through the blinds. Wrapped in a towel, Shauna strode into her dorm room, feet sinking into the carpet as she padded across the floor. Pausing at the window she pulled the cord to raise the blinds, bathing the room in the soft glow of an overcast Michigan dawn. A dusting of snow covered the glazing. About an inch drifted on the ledge outside. Beyond and several stories down a lone figure rounded onto the back straight of the athletic track. Shauna leaned in, her breath fogging the glass. She poked two dots and underlined them with a curve. Smiled at the new face smiling back at her. It was a beautiful Christmas Eve morning.She unhooked the towel and tossed it over the back of the chair parked under the desk. The cool air plucked at her nipples and sapped the heat from her skin. She skimmed her hands around the bulge of her breasts, across her taut tummy and the arc of her ass. Appraising her profile in the mirror she nodded. Spin class and yoga really paid off this year. From the top drawer of the dresser, she picked out white lace panties and drew them up over toned, creamy thighs. She paired them with red and white argyle knee socks and a soft strapless bra. Sifting through the hangers in the closet she settled on a flirty red A-line dress with wide shoulder straps and a length about mid-thigh. Not practical for the weather. But perfect for the mission. 7:32 am She capped the outfit with a fuzzy Santa hat and white-soled black Keds before returning to the mirror. She turned side to side and took a twirl, the dress flaring out before settling over her legs. Certainly the sexiest elf she'd ever seen. She glanced over at the clock on the nightstand. She would need to get going soon to make her deliveries. The schedule was tight. On any other Christmas Eve she'd still be asleep; tucked in tight and dead to the world in a quiet corner of her parents' six-bedroom McMansion in Traverse City. She'd get up around 10:00, meet her brother for lunch, then spend the afternoon serving food at a shelter across town before heading home for the traditional Christmas Eve dinner with her family. This year, dinner had been moved up to lunch – something about grandma and grandpa's flights. So volunteering was out. She was fine with it at first. But as the season ramped up and the holiday spirit infected her, she felt the need to replace it with something. Some way to give back. To spread a little cheer to those less fortunate this time of year. As 3rd floor RA for the co-ed dorm, she was privy to certain information. The administration realized not every student could make it home for the holidays. So the school remained open in a limited capacity, depending on the holiday and how many students remained behind. This year on her floor there were three. And since they were stuck there maybe she could celebrate with them before she left. She snatched a small white drawstring bag off her bed and slung it over her shoulder, the contents momentarily rustling about inside. Taking her key card from the dresser she slipped it into her bra and reached for the door. She paused, re-thinking, the lever rocking under her palm. Quickly, she picked it out and tucked it neatly into the back of a sock instead, before ducking out into the hall. 7:40 am Shauna stopped at Room 303. She gave her usual rata-tat-tat RA knock and shrugged the bag off her shoulder, holding the strap in the crook of her elbow. The corridor was weirdly quiet. No music or raucous conversation bleeding through the walls. She couldn't imagine having to spend the next week here under these conditions. A latch clicked in front of her, and the door creaked open. “Hey Ty,” she chirped, “Merry Christmas!” Ty seemed surprised by the greeting, then confused by her presence. He smiled. “Um…thanks. Merry Christmas to you too.” His eyes dipped – first to her cleavage, then to her legs – before rebounding to hers. He now seemed nervous too. “Can I come in for a minute?” “Uh…yeah, sure.” Shoving his hands into the pockets of his sweats he stepped aside. She glided past, her blonde curls swishing about her shoulders. Ty gently shut the door behind her. Shauna glanced around the suite. Open textbooks were strewn across the couch. Graph paper filled with notes littered the desk. The three computer monitors that typically flickered video games, now hosted row upon row of complex equations she didn't understand. Ambient techno pulsed softly through a pair of small speakers, and the room smelled faintly of Axe body spray. “I'm sorry,” he offered, “I wasn't expecting anyone today.” He was a freshman, so she'd only known him one semester. But he seemed like a good kid. Sure, he was disheveled, nerdy, and a little immature. But he was charming and considerate, and very bright – dedicated to keeping his name on the Dean's List. Didn't hurt that he was cute either. “That's okay,” she replied. “Santa knows it sucks having to be here over the holidays, so he got you a present.” She lowered the bag and reached inside, pulling out a deep green envelope with a silver star sticker sealing it shut. “Nothing big, just something to give you a break from…” she waved her arm toward the paper and monitors, “…this.” Cautiously he took the envelope, turning it over to find his name written neatly on the front. “Oh,” he said, “…thanks. That's…really nice.” A moment of awkward silence followed. “Go ahead,” Shauna prompted, “open it.” Ty shrugged. He peeled up the star and lifted the flap, extricating a Christmas card with a red-nosed Rudolph gracing the cover. He smiled as he opened it, eyes tracking back and forth across the page. Wedged in the crease was a white 3 by 5 note card. Flipping it right-side-up he discovered a sketch in black marker in the center. He froze, the smile fading, jaw dropped. He looked up at Shauna. Then back at the card. “Wait…,” he stammered, “is this…. Are you…. Is this for real?” Shauna raised her eyebrows and shrugged. “Santa likes to make sure no one on the nice list gets left out.” Her gaze fell to his groin, dialing in on the growing bulge. There was the response she was hoping for. She hung the bag over the doorknob. Closing the distance between them she reached out and pinched the card in her fingers. “Why don't you get comfortable.” She set it on a textbook and slouched against the desk, waiting. Ty looked left, then right, unsure of what to do. Finally, he stepped back and eased himself down to the edge of his bed. Shauna placed her hands on his thighs, pushing them apart before kneeling between them. The tented fleece covering his crotch pointed directly at her. She smiled. Looked up. “You've done this before, right?” He paused a moment, then nodded vigorously. She wasn't convinced. But it didn't really matter. It might even help keep her on schedule. She gave him a shove, forcing him to recline and brace with his arms. Grabbing his sweats by the pockets she jerked at them until they pooled around his ankles. His cock sprang out, slapping his abdomen before swaying back to vertical. She wrapped it in her fingers, the whole head protruding from her fist. He puffed and shivered under her touch. Leaning forward she lowered her head. His body tensed. She raised her eyes to find his narrowed, his mouth rounded and dry. “Relax,” she cooed, “just enjoy it,” and slipped his dick between her lips. A breath rattled his chest. She felt the blanket cinch beneath them as his fingers gripped and pulled. First she teased the glans, undulating her tongue beneath, then around and over the top. His hips shot up to meet her mouth. She lightened her hold, welcoming him in deeper. She bobbed her head to the rhythm of the music – down on one and three, up on two and four. His cock was rock hard, curving into the roof of her mouth with each descent. He sighed, and groaned, and grunted; the tone and timbre of each growing more urgent with each passing minute. Shauna's free hand dove under her dress and between her legs, fingers plucking aside the damp lace and strumming the slick, smooth lips of her pussy. Her partners were usually more experienced. More restrained. It had been some time since one had responded with such virginal enthusiasm. And she found it to be quite the turn-on. She held her neck as steady as she could, relinquishing control of tempo and depth. Ty trembled, huffing air through gritted teeth. Shauna peeked to find his eyes closed, neck strained, deep blue veins pulsing through. Sensing the moment, her fingers left the base of his dick and curled around his balls. She tightened her lips to a gentle squeeze. Ty stalled. A guttural growl forced its way into the air. His eyes popped open wide and fixed on Shauna's. With a batting of lashes, she pushed down on his throbbing cock until the tip of her nose bumped his abdomen. A heartbeat later, torrents of warm, viscid cum spewed into her mouth. The jets struck the back of her palate, sloshing over her tonsils and sliding down her throat. She swallowed hard but couldn't keep up. Each burst seemed richer than the last, filling her cheeks and leaking from the corners of her mouth. Her own juices deluged her fingers in response; the squelching filling the gaps between Ty's staggered gasps. A dozen spurts later his orgasm subsided. Shauna held his cock a little longer, savoring its texture on her lips and the mild, distinct flavor of his seed. She moved with him as his hips sagged back to the mattress, sinking him deeper to the root of his erection. After one final gulp she sucked in her cheeks and lifted her head, teasing the remaining fluids from the head of his dick. He gawked at her, speechless. She pulled her fingers from her pussy and held them up in front of her. They gleamed in the light, strands of grool clinging to her knuckles as she separated them. Fixing on him she sucked each finger into her mouth, swabbing them clean before licking her lips. Ty's eyes rolled back in his head and he collapsed flat on the bed. Shauna giggled. Pushing off she rocked to her feet. She looked at him spread over the rumpled blanket, his penis twitching on his tummy. She nodded, pleased with herself. Sweeping her hair out of her face she took the gift sack from the doorknob and the note card from the desk, slipping the latter into the former. “Did you enjoy your present?” she asked, slinging the bag over her shoulder. Ty groaned a sigh, his satisfaction evident. A smile lit Shauna's lips. “Good,” she said, “that's great.” She made her way back to the door. “You know, Santa can't offer gifts like this to everyone, so…let's keep this between us, okay?” An arm raised and a hand approximated a wave before tumbling limp to the mattress. She took it as a yes. Catching her reflection in the window she adjusted her hat. “Merry Christmas Ty,” she said softly, before disappearing into the corridor. 8:05 am Snowflakes drifted past the tall narrow windows of the student lounge separating the north and south wings of the third floor. Curled up at the far end of the couch opposite the ping pong table, Shauna twisted the cap off a bottle of diet soda and took a sip. Pulling her phone from the bag she checked the time. Javon would arrive in fifteen minutes. Plenty of time to finish her drink. She stretched out across the cushions and downed another swig. This one excited her more than the others. She and Javon were casually acquainted. Though both juniors they rarely shared classes. But they saw each other often around campus; playing pool in the lounge, grabbing coffee at Starks, or stocking up on dollar tacos Tuesday nights at Frankie's. And always, always flirting. Nothing ever came of it, unfortunately. He was putting himself through school and the scholarships just weren't enough. So he needed to work a lot. Every chance he got he'd bank some overtime or pick up an extra shift. That didn't leave much time for anything else. But today was Christmas Eve. The print shop would be closed tomorrow, so he couldn't go in tonight. Which she hoped would free up just enough time for what she had in store. A door closed in the distance, followed by footsteps in the hallway behind her. She checked her phone. He was early. She chugged another mouthful of soda, then quietly stuffed everything into the bag. The footsteps halted. A latch turned and a door opened, then closed. She counted to thirty, then slid off the couch and left the lounge, rounding the corner toward 317. 8:08 am Shauna waited, impatiently, shifting her weight from foot to foot. Still no response. She knocked again, harder this time. Shuffling noises, then heavy footfalls. The door swung open on a scowling Javon, his uniform shirt crumpled in his fist, muscles chiseled and taut. She smiled up at him, head cocked to the side. He looked her over, his mood softening as he recognized who she was. “Hey,” he said, eyebrows furrowed. “What are you still doing here?” She shrugged, ignoring the twinge in her pussy. “Waiting to see you. Can I come in?” Javon retreated inside, tossing his shirt on the bed and perching on the edge of his dresser. Shauna followed, taking quick stock of the room. Clean and sparse. Suitable for someone who spent very little time there. She turned her attention to him. Tall and dark, with bold, crisp features. His hands splotched with cyan and yellow ink from the press. “Is um…is this a bad time?” “Nah,” he said, shaking his head. “I was just going to take a shower, then go down for a nap.” He waved a hand in her direction. “Soooo, who are you supposed to be?” “I'm a Christmas elf,” she replied. “Santa's Helper.” Javon's eyes widened. “Oh. You're a lot taller than I would have expected of an elf.” “Well, we're not all size challenged artisans baking cookies in the off-season you know. Some of us are taller, and educated, and…really cute.” He laughed, his pecs jumping. “That's fair. Please forgive my ignorance of the elf community. I don't know any – aside from you.” She shrugged the bag off her shoulder and reached inside, crossing the carpet between them. “Listen, she began, “Santa knows how hard you work to be here, and how much that keeps you from having a life. So, he got you a little gift. It won't make up for having to be here over the holidays, but it might help take the edge off?” She pulled out a red envelope and handed it to him. He stared at it, his face cycling through several emotions, settling on confused. “Thanks,” he said, “that's…really sweet. I'm sorry I didn't get you anything.” Shauna smiled to herself, setting the bag on the floor. “Open it.” She wandered past him to the window. Raising the blinds she took a quick peek outside before turning and sliding up onto his desk, swinging her feet freely beneath. Javon zipped a finger under the flap and extracted the card; a red-nosed Rudolph printed on the cover. As he shook it open a white note card fluttered out. He snatched it out of the air and held it up. A sketch in black marker graced the white space. Shauna watched over his shoulder as he stared at the figures suggested by the swooping lines. He fanned the card, then turned and eased off his seat. He walked over to her, holding it up, the image upside down. His mouth curled in one corner. “This is uhhh…you and me?” She squinted at the picture. “Well…right-side up and all, but…sure.” She took it from him and snapped it on the desk. Her arms extended, fingers wedging themselves between the waist of his jeans and the warm, smooth skin of his abdomen. She reeled him in between her legs, squeezing them in hers. “Come on,” she said, thumbs separating the button and peeling the zipper. “Take a break.” Javon reached out, tracing the curl of her ear with his finger. Tilting his head, he leaned in for a kiss. Shauna planted a hand in the center of his chest, stopping his lips a hair's breadth from hers. His heartbeat pulsed through her arm and gut, thumping through her clit like a kick drum. She tapped a finger on the card beside her. He glanced down. Then back at her. She smiled. Pushed him away. She hopped off the desk, lowering her eyes to the height of his fly. Waiting. Javon nodded. In a single swoop he shoved his jeans to the floor and stepped out. The outline of his cock bulged the breathable fabric of his boxer briefs, curving down his right leg. A squeak left Shauna's throat. She reached inside and fished it out, needing both hands to hoist the shaft. It hardened in her grip, rising, reaching for its target. She pulled a few long strokes, its heat warming her hands. She had imagined what he might be hiding. But none of those dreams fell short of reality. Reluctantly she let go. Eyes fixed on her prize she slowly turned round, bending over the desk. She shuffled her feet a shoulder's width apart and casually wiggled her ass. Javon stepped up, his demeanor all business. Stroking his meat with one hand he grabbed the hem of her dress in the other and flipped it up over her butt. Her firm white cheeks glowed in the morning light. He took the waistband of her panties and rolled them down her hips and thighs, abandoning them around her calves and exposing her labia to the chill of the room. She was sopping wet. He swiped his penis along her slit, greasing it with her cream. Current bolted up her spine, raising the hairs on the back of her neck. She threw her ass toward him, anxious to be filled. But he took his time, lubing every inch to a slippery shine. Finally satisfied, he set a palm in the small of her back and wedged the tip of his cock between her folds. Slow and steady, he sank into her vagina. Shauna gasped, eyes round. Her knees buckled, fingertips clawing at the laminate as her canal expanded to accommodate the intruder. It was thicker than any dick or dildo she remembered. And she was suddenly grateful he'd been so careful to slicken up. He took shallow, steady thrusts, loosening her vice a touch each time. Short, silent breaths gave way to grunts and groans. She tried to restrain herself in case anyone still left was walking the halls. But it was a losing battle. The pressure coiling inside would soon be too much to contain. Javon curled over her. Reaching into her dress he freed her breasts from their padded sling and cupped one in each hand. He pinched her nipples between strong fingers, yoking her tits to her clit with little bolts of lightning. The heat of the moment telegraphed through her skin, flushing her ears, cheeks, and chest a robust, rosy pink. He pushed on, diving deeper into her velvet pouch. Her arms burning, Shauna lowered her elbows and forehead to the desk. Her hair shrouded her periphery, leaving the only clear view that of her lover's balls swaying back and forth between her thighs. A delightful fog rolled over her brain, occluding everything outside the aura of their bodies. “Do you want it all,” Javon whispered, his voice piercing the veil. Shauna turned her head, mouth agape. “That's not all of it?” A baritone chuckle rumbled from his chest. He straightened up, releasing her boobs for a firm hold of her waist. He eased down the throttle, slowing his rhythm. Measuring the distance. She caught his eyes for a moment, glimpsing the same lechery she felt coursing through her veins. He smiled at her. Then hilted his cock in her pussy. “Uhhh gawd.” A wave of pleasure rippled out from her core, breaking over her entire body. She couldn't gauge how big he was, but he was now twice as deep as he had been seconds ago. He gave her a moment and a few shallow dips before ramping up the pace; drawing his dick out to the barb each time before plunging back in. Shauna's ass rippled, limbs shuddering under each impact. She stretched her arms to brace herself. But her hands squeaked against the desk each time he crashed into her, jolting her forward. She began to lose control. Her pelvic muscles clenched; labia stretching around his shaft. He growled his approval. A stern smack stung her left buttock, forcing a squeal from her larynx and a shock to her sex. Another followed, echoing off the walls into her ears. Her strength failed, drooping her back and turning her legs to jelly. Javon grabbed hold of one and lifted it, bending the knee and setting it securely on the desktop. He continued to hammer away. The cords binding her orgasm began to fray. She imagined his view from behind; her sodden pink snatch vulgarly splayed for the massive dark rod plowing her gut. Words escaped her, leaving only screams and moans to communicate her desire. 8:42 am Shauna's head was swimming, her brain just mush. But she held on, wanting this ecstasy to last forever. Her hat flew off her head, landing silently on the windowsill. Long fingers raked through her hair. They gathered her curls into his fist and pulled. Her head snapped back, jaw dropped, eyelids fluttering. The cords snapped and the coil exploded. She bore down on his dick, silent and stiff, her body racked with orgasm. Her toes dug into the carpet, her raised foot flopping about over the edge of the desk. She slapped the top with her hands, translating her contractions into a frantic rhythm beat out for Javon to hear. Her juices flowed freely, seeping out past his cock and dribbling down her thighs. And through all this, he continued to fuck her. Shauna's orgasm continued in suspended animation, tweaking her muscles and prickling her skin. As snug as he fit there was now no friction. He glided in and out like a piston in a well-oiled machine. He pumped harder, faster, working to create resistance. But her pussy was a flooded mess and that wasn't going to change. He whispered something toward her ear. A question? She couldn't decipher the words. But it didn't matter. As long as he kept filling her, perpetuating this feeling, he could do whatever he wanted. She nodded as best she could. The pounding slowed and the hand holding her waist released. The slapping of skin ceased, and his penis slipped out of her vagina. The emptiness was deflating, like the air had been sucked from her lungs. She turned to look but he stopped her, pushing her head back down to the desk. She opened her mouth to demand he continue and that's when she felt it. The pressure on the dip of her anus. Her insides knotted up. Everything clenched, then released. Her rosebud relaxed, and Javon's cock surged up her ass. She held her breath, expecting pain. But there was none. Only an indescribable fullness she had never experienced before. Each time he retracted her stomach dropped. Each plunge threatened to split her at the seams. Orgasm ripped through her again, rattling her bones and sweating from every pore. The room closed in, swaddling her in a thick black heat. She screamed but heard nothing. Felt only his cock. His fingers curled over her shoulders and around her neck. He pushed and pulled her with new urgency, opposing the swing of his hips. He'd found the resistance he was seeking, and it drove him on toward ferocious climax. In her stupor, Shauna somehow regained control of her limbs. She twisted an arm behind her back and flailed at his. When he looked down, wanton lust blazing in his eyes, she willed words from her lips. “Cum in me,” she cried, breathless, desperate for his load. “Cum in my ass.” He glared at her, neck craned, jaw set. He shifted his weight, pinning her tits to the desk and raising her butt. He tried to hold out a bit longer. But she was too tight and he was too far gone. Nodding his head Javon closed his eyes and buried his throbbing cock balls deep, erupting hot semen deep in her bowels. He roared in release, his balls smashed against her pussy, rocking into the curve of her ass. The pressure lifted her foot from the floor, grinding her hip into the edge of the desktop. But she didn't care. His cum splattered inside her, capping her climax with a warm, gooey buzz. Her buttocks quaked with each spasm. She had his cock. All of it. In the moment, that was everything. 9:04 am Gradually the pumping slowed. The pressure on her back eased and the room drifted back into focus. She glimpsed herself in a mirror near the window; hair disheveled, bare breasts smushed beneath the cockled red fabric; a trembling leg coiled on the desk, panties dangling casually from her ankle. “You are so fuckin' hot,” said the voice in her ear. She cooed, not yet able to formulate words. He rested in her a moment longer, sharing her warmth. When they'd finally caught their breath Javon stood tall. Kneading his hands into the meat of her cheeks he pushed himself back, emerging from her ass with an obscene wet slurp. Empty, Shauna sighed, the void disappointing. Her rosebud gaped, then winked several times before shrinking back into place. Javon slumped against the wall near the window. Fumbling with the latch he cracked it open. December rushed in, swirling round their bodies and raising goosebumps on their skin. Shauna shivered, invigorated, the cold soothing her scalded sex. Watching her lover she smeared her cream over her pussy and along the crack of her ass. His organ flexed toward her, but Javon shook his head. Smiling, she wriggled off the desk. On wobbly legs she gathered the note card and the bag and set them on the edge of the bed. Rummaging around in the neck of her dress she tucked her tits back into her bra and plumped them into position. Javon sauntered over, her hat in one hand, soggy panties in the other. She took the cap and fit it over her head. “Can't put those back on,” she said of her underwear. “You keep them.” He nodded, draping them over the corner of the television. She shouldered the bag and looked up at him. “Did Santa get you what you wanted?” He laughed. She followed his eyes down to his semi-hard, polished rod. “I think he fucking crushed it,” he replied. Closing the gap between them he lowered his voice. “Tell me something though. Is this strictly a Christmas situation, or…are…special occasions not required.” Shauna shrugged, the corners of her mouth curling up. “Why don't you come by sometime and find out,” she offered. “You know where I live.” She gave his penis a playful nip and tug and backed out into the hallway. 9:13 am Shauna stood quietly outside Room 334, gently swaying to a tune in her head. Her fingertips tingled and her pussy hummed along to the beat, still riding the high of the last half-hour. A trickle of semen stained her inner thigh, the remainder of Javon's deposit still trapped inside. She smoothed the front of her dress and flipped the pom of the hat to the side. She was a few minutes behind schedule. But that shouldn't be critical here. Ready for more, she knocked on the door. There was a rustling inside. A few moments later the door opened on a beautiful raven-haired Japanese girl in a tight anime tee shirt and bright blue boyshorts. Seemingly surprised, the girl dropped the pencil she held in her left hand. “Hey Sachiko,” Shauna chirped. Sachiko ripped off her headphones and flashed a nervous smile. Shauna nodded inside. “Can I come in for a minute?” Sachiko glanced over at something Shauna couldn't see, then backed her slender frame away from the door. Shauna strode inside, the latch clicking shut behind her. Unlike her first two stops, this was a bit of a gamble. Their contact had been minimal, generally restricted to her RA duties. And her scouting report was incomplete. She knew Sachiko was a sophomore, and a graphic design major. She spent summers at home in Osaka. But she couldn't afford to fly back and forth for breaks, so she usually spent them on campus. Rumor was she was into women. Of this Shauna had no confirmation. But from their interactions in the dorm and Sachiko's shyness and fluster around particular friends she did have a feeling. It was risky. But that heightened the thrill. The room was warm and cozy, lit by a floor lamp and a cube on the nightstand. Fuzzy orange pillows adorned the loveseat below the window. Incense burned in a jade tray on the corner of the dresser and a thick down comforter covered the bed. Several sketchpads scattered across the desk, a collection of porcelain cats lining the shelf above. It was clearly the space of someone needing a touch of home. “Am I like…in trouble…or something?” Sachiko wondered. “No,” Shauna laughed, amused as much by her apparent discomfort as the absurdity of the question. “I mean, have you ever been in trouble? I just wanted to wish you Happy Holidays.” Sachiko blushed. Her face made several contortions before settling on a half nod and awkward smile. “Th…thank you,” she stammered. Shauna pinched her lips between her teeth. So far so good. “I like your kitties,” Shauna continued, drifting toward the shelf. She scanned for messages, photos, anything that might give her a clue. “My sister sends me a new one for my birthday every year,” Sachiko offered. “They're beautiful.” She spotted a sheet of paper with dark smudges sticking out of the pad on top of the pile. “What's this?” she asked, reaching for it. “What? Oh!” Sachiko leapt toward her, mortified. “It's nothing, I just – ” Before she could swipe the pad Shauna had the page, staring at a gorgeous unfinished graphite sketch of a sleeping woman. She lay on her side, head on a pillow, hands underneath. Bikini panties cloaked her nethers, an arm crossed her bare breasts. And her face. Well…. Her face was very familiar. Shauna smiled to herself. This might work after all. Sachiko slunk back as Shauna turned around. She studied the drawing a moment longer, impressed by the resemblance. Finally, she looked up at Sachiko. The rosy hue of her cheeks crept into her face and neck. Shauna noticed for the first time she wasn't wearing a bra. “Did you draw this?” Sachiko sighed, looking everywhere forward. “I um…. It…it's for a class.” “You did it from memory.” She rubbed her arms with her hands. “Yeah. It just…works that way.” “It's amazing.” Shauna returned the drawing to the desk. Sluffing off the bag she retrieved the final card. “I know you don't really celebrate Christmas,” she said, “but it can't be easy being here by yourself while everyone else is. So, I got you a gift.” The silver envelope rested in her palm while Sachiko hesitated, her name glittering in gold marker. She looked up, embarrassment clouding her eyes. Shauna smiled, extending her hand. Finally, Sachiko accepted. She zipped open the flap and removed the card. A red-nosed Rudolph blinked at her from the cover. Shauna dropped the bag on the loveseat. She clasped her hands behind her back and crossed her legs at the ankles, a flirty little swivel seizing her hips. Sachiko picked the note card from the fold and looked closely. Her fingers began to tremble. Shauna sidled up closer, tucking a lock of Sachiko's hair behind her ear. Sachiko jumped at the light touch. But her gaze remained fixed on the card. Her lips parted. No sound escaped. “If you want me to stop,” Shauna murmured, “just let me know.” She kissed Sachiko's ear lobe, rolling it between her lips before drifting to her cheek and the nape of her neck. Sachiko's tremor spread to her chest. The cards fell from her grasp. Shauna continued down, over her shoulders to the swell of her breasts. She caressed one in each palm, grazing the nipples with the soft cotton of the shirt. Sachiko tangled her fingers in Shauna's hair. They curled and flexed as Shauna descended, raising her shirt and kissing her navel. She lingered there, circling, lips skimming Sachiko's butter-smooth, unblemished skin. She smelled of cherry blossom and jasmine. Shauna filled her head with the scent, priming her for the peach she was about to unwrap. Sachiko's hushed whisper floated down from above. “Oh my god. Oh my god. Oh my god.” Sinking to her haunches Shauna eyed Sachiko's sex. A small wet spot darkened the fabric between her legs. Shauna peeled the underwear down over Sachiko's ass and thighs, pooling them around her feet. Exposed to the low light was a plump, tidy pussy, closely cropped dark pubic hair gracing her mound. Shauna's lips quivered. She bowed, pressing her face between Sachiko's thighs, sopping up the heat. Sachiko moaned, easing her legs apart, welcoming Shauna's tongue between her folds. Her entire body shook, chopping her breaths between chattering teeth. Shauna probed a little deeper. Sachiko doubled over, humping Shauna's mouth. Shauna yipped with delight. She shook her head side to side, slathering Sachiko's light sweet syrup over her cheeks and chin. She dug her nails into the brunette's ass, spreading her cheeks and kneading the meat. Sachiko mauled her own breasts, stretching and twisting the characters on her shirt into impossible shapes. Buffeted by Sachiko's gyrations Shauna wobbled on the balls of her feet. It was all she could do to hold on for the ride and she found herself failing at that. Toppling to her butt she roped an arm around Sachiko's neck and pulled her ear to her dripping lips. “Sit on my face,” she hissed. Sachiko fell to her knees, straddling Shauna's chest and pinning her to the floor. On all fours she scooched forward over the blonde's shoulders until her succulent snatch hovered over her RA's gaping mouth. Shauna's tongue darted out, flicking Sachiko's swollen clit. Stifling a scream Sachiko collapsed on Shauna's kisser, squeezing her ears between her thighs and swirling her pussy over her lips. Shauna lost herself in Sachiko. Inhaling her essence. Drinking her qi. She thrilled at her lover's responses – involuntary, honest and pure. There was no pretention. Only the passion of an inexperienced girl wholly submitting to her desires. She reveled in it, lapping at Sachiko's sex from the hood of her clit to the crease of her ass. Sachiko's back arched, thrusting out her chest. Her head lolled back, eyes strafing the ceiling. She squirmed on Shauna's face, blissfully ignorant of her weight, Shauna's nose, or her need to breathe. She reached back between the Shauna's splayed legs, probing under her dress until her fingers found the blonde's honeypot and slithered inside. Strangling Sachiko's wrist in her thighs Shauna groaned into her pussy. The vibrations spurred Sachiko's building orgasm, winding her body tighter and tighter, pushing her fingers faster, deeper. The circuit closed, the feedback loop complete. Every flip of the tongue, every curl of a digit, amplified the next. Sachiko bucked and thrashed. Shauna swirled and writhed. Again and again they traded blows until suddenly Sachiko fell silent, her body rigid, muscles strained. Clutching fistfuls of Shauna's hair Sachiko spread her knees and bore down, smashing her quaking pussy into Shauna's lips and gushing slippery, viscous cum all over her face. Racked with spasms she hunched over Shauna's head, wave after crashing wave of orgasm pummeling her sex. 9:38 am When the contractions finally slowed, Shauna worked her hands up to Sachiko's buttocks and nudged her. Spent, Sachiko rolled away, settling on her back against the foot of the bed. Shauna's chest heaved, gulping the cool dry air. Her eyes re-adjusted to the light. Reaching up she brushed the hat off her head and raked her fingers through moist matted hair. Arms flopping to the floor she sighed. That went well. She rolled her head and looked at Sachiko. The junior lay knees up, feet flat on the floor, her arms draped between her legs – the odd twitch in her muscles interrupting her stillness. Shauna willed herself up and crawled over. Finding her eyes shut she pressed in close and planted a tender kiss on her forehead. Sachiko smiled. “Merry Christmas,” Shauna whispered. Sachiko nodded, radiant from her orgasm. Shauna stroked her ear. “If you want me to model for you sometime,” she added, “give me a call.” She gathered her things and prepared to leave. As she passed the mirror on the closet door she stopped to look. Her face and neck glistened, glazed with Sachiko's juices. She tossed the hat in her hand, raising it to wipe herself clean. But she didn't. She decided instead she liked the way it looked. And she'd wear it a little longer. Pursing her lips, she slipped out of Sachiko's room. Light as a feather she skipped down the hall toward her room. She slowed passing Javon's door, wondering if he was already asleep. Her phone chimed in the bag, interrupting her curiosity. Retrieving it she scanned the screen and frowned. Two texts and a missed call. All from her brother. “Hey Josh,” she answered. “Yo, where the hell have you been?” There was an urgency in his tone. “I've been calling you. I'm out front, let's go!” She frowned. “Wait, what time is it?” “Quarter to ten. I told you I'd be here at 9:30, remember?” She thought for a minute, then rolled her eyes, realizing what went wrong. “Fuck,” she spat. “I thought you meant 9:30 your time.” “So you're not ready?” “No, I packed last night. I'll be right down.” Hanging up she shook her head. How did she make that mistake? She thought she'd have an hour to shower and clean up, but now they were running late. No time for any of that. Swiping the key card from her sock she popped into her room and tossed the gift bag on the bed. Snagging her backpack and navy peacoat from the closet she dashed back out headed for the lobby. 9:52 am Shauna flung open the passenger door of the coupe and tumbled inside, stuffing the backpack between her feet as she settled in the seat. Her teeth chattered from their brief exposure to the cold. Rubbing her hands together near the warm air vent she looked over at her brother behind the wheel. He stared at her, forehead crinkled, a mix of confusion and amusement scrawled across his lips. “What,” she said, staring back. He glanced down at her bare thighs – the coat just covering her lap – then back at her scowl. “Nice touch,” he replied, pointing to the bright red pileus cap. “Thanks,” she quipped, flashing a smile. “But you know it's snowing, right?” She flipped him the bird. He shrugged. “You're going to get Uncle Leo in trouble today.” Shauna tried to stifle her laugh. “Just drive Josh.” He put the car in gear and pulled away from the curb. “Unlike you,” he said, “I got an early start. So I'm going to get some coffee. Did you eat already?” “Yup,” she nodded. “Several times.” Josh's eyes narrowed, but he said nothing. At the next light he made a left and turned into the coffee shop drive-thru. Waiting in line behind a pick-up he turned to his sister. “Are you okay?” he asked. “You look a little…weird.” Shauna checked herself in the side mirror. She could taste Ty's spunk on her tongue; feel Javon's cum in her ass and Sachiko's pussy all over her face. A shiver buzzed her clit. She reclined the seat several notches and sighed, beaming at the ceiling. “Yeah,” she said softly. “I'm just…filled with Christmas spirit.” Quietly she shoved her hands beneath her legs to keep from touching herself for the remainder of the trip. By TheSleepingKing for Literotica

In this episode, Hal sits down with Chad Barker, CEO of Velox Valuations, to explore his journey into the valuation industry and the innovative franchise model that sets his company apart. Chad shares his unique perspective on national coverage, the benefits of a franchise approach, and how this model has been received across the industry. We also dive into Chad's experience mentoring trainees, discussing the challenges, guidelines, and rewards of shaping the next generation of appraisers.Ready to learn more about this franchise offering with Velox Valuations?Start here:https://veloxval.comhttps://veloxval.com/franchisehttps://veloxval.com/service-areas/At The Appraisal Buzzcast, we host weekly episodes with leaders and experts in the appraisal industry about current events and relevant topics in our field. Subscribe and turn on notifications to catch our episode premieres every Wednesday!

In this episode, Hal sits down with Tony Washington, aka The Giant Appraiser, to explore his unique journey into the appraisal industry. Tony shares how his unconventional start shaped his approach and why he's a fierce advocate for appraisers embracing social media to grow their businesses.Listen in as Tony discusses:The lessons he's learned firsthand from marketing online.Actionable tips for anyone hesitant to dive into social media marketing.His passion for training and empowering the next generation of appraisers.How emerging technologies and changes like UAD updates are setting up new appraisers for success.At The Appraisal Buzzcast, we host weekly episodes with leaders and experts in the appraisal industry about current events and relevant topics in our field. Subscribe and turn on notifications to catch our episode premieres every Wednesday!

In this episode, Hal welcomes back Kenon Chen, EVP of Strategy and Growth at Clear Capital, to dive into the latest changes from the FHFA that are set to shake up the appraisal industry. (Missed Kenon's previous episode? Don't worry—you can watch it here: https://www.buzzsprout.com/2138179/episodes/14128337)Kenon breaks down the new policies and explains what these changes mean for appraisers, many of whom are feeling uncertain about the future. From appraisers to lenders and even homebuyers, we explore how this modernization will impact all key players in the housing market. Plus, we'll touch on actionable insights and a forward-looking perspective on the evolution of appraisals.At The Appraisal Buzzcast, we host weekly episodes with leaders and experts in the appraisal industry about current events and relevant topics in our field. Subscribe and turn on notifications to catch our episode premieres every Wednesday!

In this episode, we're thrilled to welcome Mark Johnson, President of Ascribe and a familiar face to the valuation industry. Mark shares his journey from rocking the stage with his band at the Valuation Expo's “Appraisers Got Talent” contest to leading transformative efforts in the industry.We dive into his work with LRES, Stoic Lane, and Ascribe, and explore how automation is redefining the valuation landscape. Mark also discusses the impact of increasing natural disasters on appraisers and inspectors, offering practical insights on adapting to change with confidence and care.At The Appraisal Buzzcast, we host weekly episodes with leaders and experts in the appraisal industry about current events and relevant topics in our field. Subscribe and turn on notifications to catch our episode premieres every Wednesday!

In this episode, we sit down with Brijaye Brackett from Accurate Group to dive into her launch into the appraisal industry. From her first introduction to the world of appraising to becoming one of the early success stories of the Appraisal Diversity Initiative (ADI) scholarship program, Brijaye shares her unique perspective and experiences. We explore the skills and insights she gained, the challenges and triumphs she's faced, and what excites her most about her work. Find out how the ADI program and a new generation of appraisers are breaking new ground in the industry.Don't forget to vote for the winners of this year's Buzzy awards by November 30th: https://bit.ly/2025BuzzyFinalists

This week we welcome guest Acsha and talk about: • Appraising diamond rings • Why some diamonds are more than others • Does it make a difference how a engagement rings costs • Buying nice gifts that the receiver doesn't like • Not putting bags on the floor • Which room in the house outside dirt is not allowed • Vybz Kartel's 'Interracial' song • Dancehall • Work v Family time • Failed potential • No Excuses • Stripping a man of his joy • Mental Health In Male • Liverpool FC's league chances • Male hair transplant • African Americans helping each other • Liverpudlian accent • Denzel Washington male kiss • Tyson v Jake Paul fight disappointment • AITA for firing staff for throwing a leaving party • #StavrosSays : Elmiene: Tiny Desk Concert [https://youtu.be/mV5U5gWJSU4?si=pGX4NIls38S4KxIA] The Godfathers of Deep House : [https://on.soundcloud.com/mqrcCJs759f4RFAAA] Culoe De Song : The Konspiracy Theory [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hWKsANBjXeM&list=OLAK5uy_nRC6I8wGZUFKdEKHcZgOzHhF2qVRp_NXA&index=2] Connect with our guest Acsha: Instagram : www.instagram.com/acsha_karmen Connect with us at & send your questions & comments to: #ESNpod so we can find your comments www.esnpodcast.com www.facebook.com/ESNpodcasts www.twitter.com/ESNpodcast www.instagram.com/ESNpodcast @esnpodcast on all other social media esnpodcast@gmail.com It's important to subscribe, rate and review us on your apple products. You can do that here... www.bit.ly/esnitunes

Lisa and Amy are joined by special guest Bradley Carter to talk about appraising religious facilities.

On this week's episode, we sit down with Jake Williamson, Fannie Mae's Senior Vice President of Single-Family Collateral & Quality Risk Management, to explore the exciting advancements reshaping the appraisal industry. From the new UAD to recent tech advances, Jake shares insights on how technology and data are transforming the way appraisals are done. Discover what appraisers and lenders can expect in the months ahead and how these changes aim to streamline processes, improve efficiency, and create a more robust foundation for property valuation.At The Appraisal Buzzcast, we host weekly episodes with leaders and experts in the appraisal industry about current events and relevant topics in our field. Subscribe and turn on notifications to catch our episode premieres every Wednesday!

In today's episode, host Hal Humphreys welcomes Jeff Morley of Accurity Consolidated. Jeff and Hal dive into exciting news about the upcoming ACTS conference, and Jeff teases a fresh, unique opportunity aimed at helping new appraisers connect and grow within the industry. Tune in to hear about the inspiration behind this initiative, who's collaborating on it, and how you can get involved.Jeff also introduces his latest project with Mark Verrett, the Market Moves podcast, and gives us a sneak peek into what makes Market Moves a must-listen for those interested in the appraisal market.Register for the ACTS conference (happening April 5-8) here: https://www.appraisersconference.net/At The Appraisal Buzzcast, we host weekly episodes with leaders and experts in the appraisal industry about current events and relevant topics in our field. Subscribe and turn on notifications to catch our episode premieres every Wednesday!

In the 200th episode of the Appraisal Buzzcast, we're thrilled to finally welcome Tim Andersen of The Appraiser's Advocate to the show! Why is critical thinking such a game-changer in the world of appraisal? How can we expand on the data and tools from technology and make it even better?  Tim shares his insights, experience, and tips for taking your skills to the next level.Tim's brand-new course on this topic, Objectivity: Market Change and GLA, is happening next Wednesday! Learn more or register here: https://appraiserelearning.com/product/objectivity-market-change-and-gla-live-zoom-class-wednesday-november-6th-2024/At The Appraisal Buzzcast, we host weekly episodes with leaders and experts in the appraisal industry about current events and relevant topics in our field. Subscribe and turn on notifications to catch our episode premieres every Wednesday!

In this episode, Hal and Jim sit down with Joanna Conde, President of the Arizona Association of Real Estate Appraisers (AAREA). Joanna dives into the impact of Artificial Intelligence on real estate appraisals. Many appraisers are wary of AI, but Joanna has embraced it to transform her business. She shares how listeners can use ChatGPT to create, manage, and market their own niche businesses, offering valuable takeaways for those looking to stand out in their areas.Plus, Joanna highlights an upcoming educational offering that you won't want to miss! Learn more or register here: AzAppraisalClasses.comAt The Appraisal Buzzcast, we host weekly episodes with leaders and experts in the appraisal industry about current events and relevant topics in our field. Subscribe and turn on notifications to catch our episode premieres every Wednesday!

Get ready for the most exciting Buzzcast yet! Join hosts Hal and Jim as they share the finalists of this year's Buzzy Awards. Plus, Jim draws three random winners from the nominees to receive a FREE pass to the Valuation Expo conference in August 2025.Cast YOUR votes for the 2024 Buzzy Awards winners here: https://bit.ly/2025BuzzyFinalistsAt The Appraisal Buzzcast, we host weekly episodes with leaders and experts in the appraisal industry about current events and relevant topics in our field. Subscribe and turn on notifications to catch our episode premieres every Wednesday!

In this episode of the Appraisal Buzzcast, we're joined by David Sober, SVP of Enterprise Business Development at Voxtur. David shares his journey in the real estate industry, offers a preview of the upcoming MBA Annual Conference in Denver, and highlights the importance of mentorship through his work with MPact. Tune in for insights on the future of the industry and the mission to bring in fresh talent and ideas.At The Appraisal Buzzcast, we host weekly episodes with leaders and experts in the appraisal industry about current events and relevant topics in our field. Subscribe and turn on notifications to catch our episode premieres every Wednesday!

In this episode, Hal sits down with JoAnn Apostol of Deer Creek Appraisals, fresh from their meet-up at the Appraisal Summit in Las Vegas! JoAnn shares valuable insights into Colorado's new approach to handling disciplinary actions. With the Colorado Appraisal Board leading the charge, JoAnn explains how this fresh perspective on accountability is reshaping the field, potentially influencing other states as well. As an instructor and mentor in the process, JoAnn also opens up about the rewarding experience of guiding the next generation of appraisers.Time's almost up! Fill out the Buzzy Awards nomination form here: https://bit.ly/Buzzy2025At The Appraisal Buzzcast, we host weekly episodes with leaders and experts in the appraisal industry about current events and relevant topics in our field. Subscribe and turn on notifications to catch our episode premieres every Wednesday!

The Appraisal Institute releases the second episode of season three of its “Face Value” podcast, hosted by Tonia Vailas, MAI, AI-GRS, and Warren Boizot, SRA, AI-RRS. The episode focuses on Yellowbook Appraising, with insights from guests Tim Hansen, Director at the US Department of the Interior's Appraisal and Valuation Services Office, and Michael Brady, MAI, SRA, AI-GRS. They discuss the nuances of Yellowbook guidelines, debunking myths, and exploring the differences between Yellowbook and USPAP. Member suggestions for future episodes are welcome at facevalue@appraisalinstitute.org.

Join Us This Week for a New Episode! This week, host Matt LaMarsh sits down with special guest Sandra Adomatis, the queen of green home appraisals. Sandra's passion for the industry shines as she delves into the challenges appraisers face in today's market. She provides invaluable insights on how builders, real estate agents, and property owners can navigate the appraisal and lending process successfully. Don't miss this extremely valuable episode. Subscribe today and tune in for expert advice that can help you excel in your real estate endeavors!

The tectonic shakeup in American politics continues, as Joe Biden bows out and Kamala Harris appears positioned as Democratic heir apparent. Henry digs into the challenges she faces as a well-known figure with high unfavorability, and considers how she might attempt to expand her appeal. Next, Daniel Scarpinato joins to assess the key primaries in […]

In this episode, Blaine shares some insights into developing the mindset that nobody is coming to save you from an industry in the midst of massive change. If your life and business is to be successful and fulfilling, it will always be up to you to make it happen. Since you cannot control the interest rates, the FED policy, the elections, the politicians, the AMCs, the lenders and agents, or any of the external factors that affect the appraisal industry, it is up to each individual to manage their mental and emotional state, as well as their business.  Ready to take your appraisal business to the next level? Click here...

This podcast is directed to the home owner & home buyer.This episode is about appraising! We talk values, homes, what the appraiser looks for & why they don't want to talk to you! At Patty's Playhouse, we talk about real estate and life in the small southern town.The conversations are consumer driven inviting entrepreneurs, real estate professionals and interesting people who make up our world of real estate. We talk real estate with some interesting and fun facts. We talk lifestyle, staging tips, home buying selling and investing... all with a happy ending... Get bonus content on Patreon Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/pattysplayhouse https://plus.acast.com/s/pattysplayhouse. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Through its 85 years of business, Management Planning Incorporated has witnessed many changes in the estate planning world, but they've also seen how core values of client service have remained consistent. Catch up with all that's new in valuation, delivering service, and staying ahead of the curve with Tadd Lindsay, Managing Director of MPI's client relationships and business development in the Midwest.MPI is a Gold Sponsor for the Estate Planning Short Course 2024 -- May 16 and 17 in Chicago and June 6 and 7 in Champaign. Music: Fearless First Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/.

Lisa and Amy dive into a current hot topic in the appraisal profession, personal inspection, and offer some important insight into this USPAP concept.

Links: COURSE: Applied Nutrition Literacy Episode page About This Episode: Navigating the vast landscape of research literature, particularly in the realm of nutrition science, presents numerous challenges for readers seeking to extract meaningful insights. Before diving into research papers, individuals should have a precise understanding of the specific questions they seek to address. Without this clarity, there is a risk of wasting time on irrelevant studies or misinterpreting findings. Furthermore, the selective approach to sourcing research is crucial. With countless studies available, employing heuristic strategies to filter out irrelevant ones and prioritize those aligned with research goals is essential. Effectively reading nutrition studies requires a nuanced understanding of statistical concepts and methodologies used in various studies. Developing this understanding can be challenging, especially for individuals without a background in statistics or research methodology. How can individuals effectively navigate the vast volume of research literature to find studies relevant to their interests or research objectives? What are some common pitfalls to avoid when reading and interpreting nutrition science research? What role do external influences, such as media coverage or recommendations from experts, play in shaping perceptions of research findings? Are there specific strategies or tools that people can use to streamline their research process and optimize their time spent reading research papers? In this episode, we discuss all these issues. Course syllabus: Applied Nutrition Literacy

OutlineChapter 14- Hypovolemic States- Etiology - True volume depletion occurs when fluid is lost from from the extracellular fluid at a rate exceeding intake - Can come the GI tract - Lungs - Urine - Sequestration in the body in a “third space” that is not in equilibrium with the extracellular fluid. - When losses occur two responses ameliorate them - Our intake of Na and fluid is way above basal needs - This is not the case with anorexia or vomiting - The kidney responds by minimizing further urinary losses - This adaptive response is why diuretics do not cause progressive volume depletion - Initial volume loss stimulates RAAS, and possibly other compensatory mechanisms, resulting increased proximal and collecting tubule Na reabsorption. - This balances the diuretic effect resulting in a new steady state in 1-2weeks - New steady state means Na in = Na out - GI Losses - Stomach, pancreas, GB, and intestines secretes 3-6 liters a day. - Almost all is reabsorbed with only loss of 100-200 ml in stool a day - Volume depletion can result from surgical drainage or failure of reabsorption - Acid base disturbances with GI losses - Stomach losses cause metabolic alkalosis - Intestinal, pancreatic and biliary secretions are alkalotic so losing them causes metabolic acidosis - Fistulas, laxative abuse, diarrhea, ostomies, tube drainage - High content of potassium so associated with hypokalemia - [This is a mistake for stomach losses] - Bleeding from the GI tract can also cause volume depletion - No electrolyte disorders from this unless lactic acidosis - Renal losses - 130-180 liters filtered every day - 98-99% reabsorbed - Urine output of 1-2 liters - A small 1-2% decrease in reabsorption can lead to 2-4 liter increase in Na and Water excretion - 4 liters of urine output is the goal of therapeutic diuresis which means a reduction of fluid reabsorption of only 2% - Diuretics - Osmotic diuretics - Severe hyperglycemia can contribute to a fluid deficit of 8-10 Iiters - CKD with GFR < 25 are poor Na conservers - Obligate sodium losses of 10 to 40 mEq/day - Normal people can reduce obligate Na losses down to 5 mEq/day - Usually not a problem because most people eat way more than 10-40 mEq of Na a day. - Salt wasting nephropathies - Water losses of 2 liters a day - 100 mEq of Na a day - Tubular and interstitial diseases - Medullary cystic kidney - Mechanism - Increased urea can be an osmotic diuretic - Damage to tubular epithelium can make it aldo resistant - Inability to shut off natriuretic hormone (ANP?) - The decreased nephro number means they need to be able to decrease sodium reabsorption per nephron. This may not be able to be shut down acutely. - Experiment, salt wasters can stay in balance if sodium intake is slowly decreased. (Think weeks) - Talks about post obstruction diuresis - Says it is usually appropriate rather than inappropriate physiology. - Usually catch up solute and water clearance after releasing obstruction - Recommends 50-75/hr of half normal saline - Talks briefly about DI - Skin and respiratory losses - 700-1000 ml of water lost daily by evaporation, insensible losses (not sweat) - Can rise to 1-2 liters per hour in dry hot climate - 30-50 mEq/L Na - Thirst is primary compensation for this - Sweat sodium losses can result in hypovolemia - Burns and exudative skin losses changes the nature of fluid losses resulting in fluid losses more similar to plasma with a variable amount of protein - Bronchorrhea - Sequestration into a third space - Volume Deficiency produced by the loss of interstitial and intravascular fluid into a third space that is not in equilibrium with the extracellular fluid. - Hip fracture 1500-2000 into tissues adjacent to fxr - Intestinal obstruction, severe pancreatitis, crush injury, bleeding, peritonitis, obstruction of a major venous system - Difference between 3rd space and cirrhosis ascities - Rate of accumulation, if the rate is slow enough there is time for renal sodium and water compensation to maintain balance. - So cirrhotics get edema from salt retension and do not act as hypovolemia - Hemodynamic response to volume depletion - Initial volume deficit reduced venous return to heart - Detected by cardiopulmonary receptors in atria and pulmonary veins leading to sympathetic vasoconstriction in skin and skeletal muscle. - More marked depletion will result in decreased cardiac output and decrease in BP - This drop in BP is now detected by carotid and aortic arch baroreceptors resulting in splanchnic and renal circulation vasoconstriction - This maintains cardiac and cerebral circulation - Returns BP toward normal - Increase in BP due to increased venous return - Increased cardiac contractility and heart rate - Increased vascular resistance - Sympathetic tone - Renin leading to Ang2 - These can compensate for 500 ml of blood loss (10%) - Unless there is autonomic dysfunction - With 16-25% loss this will not compensate for BP when patient upright - Postural dizziness - Symptoms - Three sets of symptoms can occur in hypovolemic patients - Those related to the manner in which the fluid loss occurs - Vomiting - Diarrhea - Polyuria - Those due to volume depletion - Those due to the electrode and acid base disorders that can accompany volume depletion - The symptoms of volume depletion are primarily related to the decrease in tissue perfusion - Early symptoms - Lassitude - Fatiguability - Thirst - Muscle cramps - Postural dizziness - As it gets more severe - Abdominal pain - Chest pain - Lethargy - Confusion - Symptomatic hypovolemia is most common with isosmotic Na and water depletion - In contrast pure water loss, causes hypernatremia, which results in movement of water from the intracellular compartment to the extracellular compartment, so that 2/3s of volume loss comes from the intracellular compartment, which minimizes the decrease in perfusion - Electrolyte disorders and symptoms - Muscle weakness from hypokalemia - Polyuria/poly dips is from hyperglycemia and hypokalemia - Lethargy, confusion, Seizures, coma from hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hyperglycemia - Extreme salt craving is unique to adrenal insufficiency - Eating salt off hands ref 18 - Evaluation of the hypovolemic patient - Know that if the losses are insensible then the sodium should rise - Volume depletion refers to extracellular volume depletion of any cause, while dehydration refers to the presence of hypernatremia due to pure water loss. Such patients are also hypovolemic. - Physical exam is insensitive and nonspecific - Finding most sensitive and specific finding for bleeding is postural changes in blood pressure - I don't find this very specific at all! - Recommends laboratory confirmation regardless of physical exam - Skin and mucous membranes - Should return too shape quickly - Elastic property is called Turgur - Not reliable is patients older than 55 to 60 - Dry axilla - Dry mucus membranes - Dark skin in Addison's disease Frim increased ACTH - Arterial BP - As volume goes down so does arterial BP - Marked fluid loss leads to quiet korotkoff signs - Interpret BP in terms of the patients “normal BP” - Venous pressure - Best done by looking at the JVP - Right atrial and left atrial pressure - LV EDP is RAP + 5 mmHg - Be careful if valvular disease, right heart failure, cor pulmonare, - Figure 14-2 - Shock - 30% blood loss - Lab Data - Urine Na concentration - Should be less than 25 mmol/L, can go as low as 1 mmol/L - Metabolic alkalosis can throw this off - Look to the urine chloride - Figure 14-3 - Renal artery stenosis can throw this off - FENa - Mentions that it doesn't work so well at high GFR - Urine osmolality - Indicates ADH - Volume depletion often associated with urine osm > 450 - Impaired by - Renal disease - Osmotic diuretic - Diuretics - DI - Mentions that severe volume depletion and hypokalemia impairs urea retension in renal medulla - Points out that isotonic urine does not rule out hypovolemia - Mentions specific gravity - BUN and Cr concentration - Normal ratio is 10:1 - Volume depletion this goes to 20:1 - Serum Na - Talks about diarrhea - Difference between secretory diarrhea which is isotonic and just causes hypovolemia - And osmotic which results in a lower electrolyte content and development of hypernatremia - Talks about hyperglycemia - Also can cause the sodium to rise from the low electrolyte content of the urine - But the pseudohyponatraemia can protect against this - Plasma potassium - Treatment - Both oral and IV treatment can be used for volume replacement - The goal of therapy are to restore normovolemia - And to correct associated acid-base and electrolyte disorders - Oral Therapy - Usually can be accomplished with increased water and dietary sodium - May use salt tablets - Glucose often added to resuscitation fluids - Provides calories - Promotes intestinal Na reabsorption since there is coupled Na and Glucose similar to that seen in the proximal tubule - Rice based solutions provide more calories and amino acids which also promote sodium reabsorption - 80g/L of glucose with rice vs 20 g/L with glucose alone - IV therapy - Dextrose solutions - Physiologically equivalent to water - For correcting hypernatremia - For covering insensible losses - Watch for hyperglycemia - Footnote warns against giving sterile water - Saline solutions - Most hypovolemic patients have a water and a sodium deficit - Isotonic saline has a Na concentration of 154, similar to that of plasma see page 000 - Half-isotonic saline is equivalent to 550 ml of isotonic saline and 500 of free water. Is that a typo? - 3% is a liter of hypertonic saline and 359 extra mEq of Na - Dextrose in saline solutions - Give a small amount of calories, otherwise useless - Alkalinizing solutions - 7.5% NaHCO3 in 50 ml ampules 44 mEq of Na and 44 mEq of HCO3 - Treat metabolic acidosis or hyperkalemia - Why 44 mEq and not 50? - Do not give with calcium will form insoluble CaCO3 - Polyionic solutions - Ringers contains physiologic K and Ca - Lactated Ringers adds 28 mEq of lactate - Spreads myth of LR in lactic acidosis - Potassium chloride - Available as 2 mEq/mL - Do not give as a bolus as it can cause fatal hyperkalemia - Plasma volume expanders - Albumin, polygelastins, hetastarch are restricted to vascular space - 25% albumin can pull fluid into the vascular space - 25% albumin is an albumin concentration of 25 g/dL compare to physiologic 4 g/dL - Says it pulls in several times its own volume - 5% albumin is like giving plasma - Blood - Which fluid? - Look at osmolality, give hypotonic fluids to people with high osmolality - Must include all electrolytes - Example of adding 77 mEw of K to 0.45 NS and making it isotonic - DI can be replaced with dextrose solutions, pure water deficit - Case 14-3 - Diarrhea with metabolic acidosis - He chooses 0.25 NS with 44 mEq of NaCl and 44 NaHCO3 - Talks about blood and trauma - Some studies advocate delaying saline until penetrating trauma is corrected APR about to. Keep BP low to prevent bleeding. Worry about diluting coagulation factors - Only do this if the OR is quickly available - Volume deficit - Provides formula for water deficit and sodium deficit - Do not work for isotonic losses - Provides a table to adjust fluid loss based on changes in Hgb or HCTZ - Says difficult to estimate it from lab findings and calculations - Follow serial exams - Serial urine Na - Rate of replacement - Goal is not to give fluid but to induce a positive balance - Suggests 50-100 ml/hr over what is coming out of the body - Urine - Insensibles 30-50 - Diarrhea - Tubes - Hypovolemic shock - Due to bleeding - Sequesting in third space - Why shock? - Progressive volume depletion leads to - Increased sympathetic NS - Increased Ang 2 - Initially this maintains BP, cerebral and coronary circulation - But this can decrease splanchnic, renal and mucocutaneous perfusion - This leads to lactic acicosis - This can result in intracellular contents moving into circulation or translocation of gut bacteria - Early therapy to prevent irreversible shock - In dogs need to treat with in 2 hours - In humans may need more than 4 hours - Irreversible shock associated with pooling of blood in capillaries - Vasomotor paralysis - Hyperpolarization of vascular smooth muscle as depletion of ATP allows K to flowing out from K channels opening. Ca flows out too leading to vasodilation - Glyburide is an K-ATP channel inhibitor (?) caused increased vasoconstriction and BP - Pluggin of capillaries by neutrophils - Cerebral ischemia - Increased NO generation - Which Fluids? - Think of what is lost and replace that. - Bleeding think blood - Raise the hct but not above 35 - Acellular blood substitutes, looked bad at the time of this writing - Di aspirin cross linked hemoglobin had increased 2 and 28 day mortality vs saline - Colloids sound great but they fail in RCTs - SAFE - FEAST - Points out that saline replaces the interstitial losses why do we think those losses are unimportant - Pulmonary circulation issue - Pulmonary circulation is more leaky so oncotic pressure less effective there - Talks about the lungs be naturally protected from pulmonary edema - Rate of fluid - 1-2 liters in first hour - Suggests CVP or capillary wedge pressure during resuscitation - No refs in the rate of fluid administration section - Lactic acidosis - Points out that HCO can impair lactate utilization - Also states that arterial pH does not point out what is happening at the tissue level. Suggests mixed-venous sample.ReferencesJCI - Phenotypic and pharmacogenetic evaluation of patients with thiazide-induced hyponatremia and a nice review of this topic: Altered Prostaglandin Signaling as a Cause of Thiazide-Induced HyponatremiaThe electrolyte concentration of human gastric secretion. https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/expphysiol.1960.sp001428A classic by Danovitch and Bricker: Reversibility of the “Salt-Losing” Tendency of Chronic Renal Failure | NEJMOsmotic Diuresis Due to Retained Urea after Release of Obstructive Uropathy | NEJMIs This Patient Hypovolemic? | Cardiology | JAMAAnd by the same author, a textbook: Steven McGee. 5th edition. Evidence-Based Physical Diagnosis Elsevier Philadelphia 2022. ISBN-13: 978-0323754835The clinical course and pathophysiological investigation of adolescent gestational diabetes insipidus: a case report | BMC Endocrine DisordersSensitivity and specificity of clinical signs for assessment of dehydration in endurance athletes | British Journal of Sports MedicineDiagnostic performance of serum blood urea nitrogen to creatinine ratio for distinguishing prerenal from intrinsic acute kidney injury in the emergency department | BMC NephrologyThe meaning of the blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio in acute kidney injury - PMCLanguage guiding therapy: the case for dehydration vs volume depletion https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/0003-4819-127-9-199711010-00020?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmedValidation of a noninvasive monitor to continuously trend individual responses to hypovolemiaReferences for Anna's voice of God on Third Spacing : Shires Paper from 1964 (The ‘third space' – fact or fiction? )References for melanie's VOG:1. Appraising the Preclinical Evidence of the Role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Antenatal Programming of Maternal and Offspring Cardiovascular Health Across the Life Course: Moving the Field Forward: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association2. excellent review of RAAS in pregnancy: The enigma of continual plasma volume expansion in pregnancy: critical role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systemhttps://journals-physiology-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/doi/full/10.1152/ajprenal.00129.20163. 10.1172/JCI107462- classic study in JCI of AngII responsiveness during pregnancy4. William's Obstetrics 26th edition!5. Feto-maternal osmotic balance at term. A prospective observational study