Podcasts about eastern desert

News from the Field (2025) Part 2. The past excavation season has been extraordinarily productive. Beyond the new royal tomb of Thutmose II we also have a SECOND royal tomb, at Abydos! The Grand Egyptian Museum is finally opening in full. And archaeological teams throughout the land have uncovered wonderful things. We also remember some prominent scholars who passed away recently. Chapter times and links to discovery reports with photos: 00:22 – New tombs at Asasif https://southasasif.wordpress.com/2024/11/01/discovery-announcement/. 02:21 – New tombs at Dra Abu Naga https://www.facebook.com/tourismandantiq/posts/pfbid02eqYh7RAiCqrxxDir9Pvbhu4YV1samnfLLtdJUfgNqvNbF6mVHWYkMGHTWixL7efjl 04:31 – Hatshepsut's Valley Temple discoveries https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/538198.aspx 09:08 – Karnak Treasure Hoard https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/541255.aspx 10:50 – New tombs at Saqqara https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/537986.aspx 12:29 – Bastet Tooth, ancient predator https://www.sci.news/paleontology/bastetodon-syrtos-13673.html and https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2024.2442472 13:52 – Gold Mines in the Eastern Desert https://www.facebook.com/luxortimesmagazine/posts/pfbid024ATNP7GsdFwC35EgngA7Ys51MrwjrzsMPvPMXkty4oMt1SLC46g1tmRBVSEfpyXEl 15:28 – The Grand Egyptian Museum OPENING https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/1238/539361/Egypt/Tourism/A-world-gem-Grand-Egyptian-Museum-set-for-grand-op.aspx 20:18 – Obituaries 2024 & 2025. 31:24 – Breaking News: New Royal Tomb at Abydos https://www.egyptindependent.com/royal-cemetery-from-second-intermediate-period-and-pottery-workshop-discovered-in-sohag/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Imported mobile phones could be subject to customs and tax fees totaling 37.5%, as part of incoming government regulations to support the country's mobile phone manufacturing localization efforts.Prime Minister is gearing up to announce “positive news” regarding the airport privatization plan developed with the International Finance Corporation (IFC).Infinity Power, UAE's Masdar, and Hassan Allam Utilities will soon launch a tender for a contractor to carry out their combined 1.2 GW solar projects planned for the Dahkla Oasis and Benban plant in Upper Egypt.The Ministry of Petroleum intends to launch an international bid for gold exploration in areas in the Eastern Desert.The CBE balances at the International Monetary Fund rose to EGP31.172 billion at the end of October, compared to EGP18.243 billion at the end of September 2024.The Egyptian government expects the World Bank to respond in 1Q25 to its request for new financing worth USD250 million in order to implement the state ownership policy.Jade Textile Company, a subsidiary of the Turkish Yeshim Group in Egypt, is implementing investment expansions in its factories in Cairo, Ismailia, and Alexandria, with a total investment of USD180 million.ORAS reported a steady set of results for 3Q24. Net income attributable to shareholders came in at USD21.6 million (+34% YoY, +12% QoQ) in 3Q24. This brought 9M24 bottom line to USD87.0 million, down 24% YoY. ORAS is currently trading at FY25e PE of 5.3x and EV/EBITDA of 1.2x.United Bank private placement on the EGX will wrap up later today. The offering is reportedly already 3x oversubscribed with still one day left of the placement to go. Retail subscription is starting on Wednesday until 3 December.The IFC inked an agreement with COMI that will see it grant the bank some USD150 million in soft financing aimed at supporting COMI's efforts to promote micro and small and medium-sized enterprises.BTFH's platform NEBIT aims to penetrate non-traditional fertilizer activities and agricultural supplements. Catalyst Partners Middle East (CPME) made its EGX debut yesterday. The SPAC listed 1 million shares with a nominal value of EGP10/share. JUFO BoD has initially approved the merge of Elmasreya for Dairy Products Company, Eldawleya Modern Food Industries Company, Egyptian Food Industries Company - EGYFOOD, and Al Marwa Food Industries Company into JUFO based on the book value of these companies according to FY23 financials.Egypt's chemicals and fertilizers exports increased by 5% YoY to USD6.5 billion in 9M24. Weekly Commodities Update |   | Last Price | WoW Change, % | Brent, USD/bbl | 75.2 | 5.80% | Diesel-HSFO Spread, USD/ton | 260 | 9.20% | Egypt Urea, USD/ton | 354 | 0.00% | Polyethylene, USD/ton | 975 | -0.50% | Polypropylene, USD/ton | 960 | -0.50% | Iron Ore 65%, USD/ton | 121 | 2.70% | Steel/Iron Ore Spreads, USD/ton | 389 | -4.00% | LME Copper Cash Price, USD/ton | 8,848 | -0.40% | LME Aluminum Cash Price, USD/ton | 2,597 | -1.20% | Egyptia Retail Cement, EGP/ton | 2,849 | 0.00% | Steam Coal FOB Newcastle Australia, USD/ton | 141 | -0.40% | SMP, USD/MT | 2,882 | 1.10% | Last price may vary week over week in some indices due to time difference

The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank is considering financing the Egyptian government with about USD300 million.The Ministry of Petroleum announced 8 new liquefied gas shipments during this November, to meet the needs of the local market for power generation and industrial activity. The Assistant Minister of Tourism revealed the issuance of financing approvals worth EGP17 billion, to establish a number of floating hotels within the Tourism Finance Initiative. Canadian gold miner Aton Resources will set up a gold extracting and processing facility to process finds from its Abu Marwat concession in the Eastern Desert, according to an Oil Ministry statement.The Ministry of International Cooperation requested an extension of World Bank's "Support to Education Reform in Egypt” program from the international lender until August 15, 2025, to compensate for the accumulated delays. State-owned Misr Petroleum inked a syndicated loan agreement with nine banks for EGP 10 bn, according to a statement (pdf) from the National Bank of Egypt that confirmed earlier unconfirmed reports.Officials of the Polish home furniture manufacturing company PADMA presented a plan to establish a furniture industrial complex in the city of New Alamein, with investments amounting to EUR70 million in the first phase.ETEL reported 3Q24 results. Net profit came in at EGP2.12 billion in 3Q24 (-13.6% YoY, -19.4% QoQ), bringing 9M24 net profit to EGP9.15 billion (-5.6% YoY). ETEL is currently trading at 2025f P/E of 5.0x.MTIE reported 3Q24 results. Net attributable profit came in at EGP289 million (+61% YoY, +17% QoQ). This brought 9M24 net attributable profit to EGP782 million (+65% YoY). MTIE is currently trading at 2025f P/E of 6.9x.PHDC signed an agreement with Saudi Arabia's Dallah Real Estate to establish a joint venture to develop multi-use projects in Saudi Arabia. HELI reported 3Q24 net profit of EGP347.3 million, compared to 3Q23 net loss of EGP16.5 million and 2Q24 net profit of EGP650.1 million, bringing 9M24 net profit up 216.1x y/y to EGP1.7 billion.EAST released 1Q24/25 financial indicators, reporting net income of EGP1,825 million (+62.4% YoY, -54.5% QoQ), implying NPM of 22.5% (-13.8pps YoY, -37.1pps QoQ). EAST is currently trading at FY24/25f P/E 5.5x.PHAR issued Positive 3Q24 results. Net profit after taxes amounted to EGP205 million, up 17% QoQ and 52% YoY. 9M24 bottom line registered EGP985 million, higher by 53% YoY. PHAR is currently trading at FY25 multiples of P/E of 6.5x.CICH 3Q24 net attributable profit recorded EGP344 million (+3% q/q, +50% y/y, and 14% higher than Al Ahly Pharos estimates of EGP301 million) bringing 9M24 bottom line to EGP1,617 (+117% y/y). CICH is currently trading at P/B25 of 0.7x and P/E25 of 3.1x.ATLC 3Q24 net income recorded EGP34 million (-60% y/y, -4% q/q), bringing 9M24 net income to EGP108 million (-25% y/y). ATLC is currently trading at P/E25 of 4.0x and P/B25 of 0.9x.LCSW reported strong 3Q24 consolidated results. Net attributable income came in at EGP227.8 million (+190% YoY, +52% QoQ), on steady revenue growth and operational margins. 9M net attributable income surged 155% YoY to EGP855.7 million. LCSW is currently trading at FY25e PE of 3.1x.EGAL reported solid KPIs for 1Q24/25. Net profit after tax came in at EGP4.2 billion in 1Q24/25 (+160% YoY, +3% QoQ), beating our estimate of EGP2.3 billion for the quarter.  EGAL is currently trading at FY24/25e P/E of 4.4x.MFPC released 3Q24 financial results posting a net profit of EGP1.35 billion increasing by 8% YoY (-47% QoQ). This brought 9M24 net profit to EGP11.56 billion, a 121% YoY growth. MFPC is currently trading at a 2025e PE of 6.2x.

CAPMAS is expected to release inflation figures for October on Sunday, 10 November. We expect urban annual inflation to hit around 27%.Net International Reserves recorded USD46.9 billion at the end of October 2024, up USD205 million from September's USD46.7 billion.Investment Minister Hassan El Khatib will unveil the revamped privatization program before the end of the month, Prime Minister said.Egyptian officials and the IMF mission are in discussions over how they can extend the timeline of implementing some of the reforms previously agreed upon with the Fund.The government spent EGP28.5 billion on fuel subsidies in 1Q of the current fiscal year, marking a 232% YoY increase.The Finance Ministry provided an additional EGP53 billion to the Oil Ministry in 1Q24/25 to help it settle payments to foreign partners and secure imports for strategic stockpiling.The CBE has instructed banks to begin processing car importers' requests for USD-denominated letters of credit, ending a six-month halt, sources said.LSE-listed Energean confirmed in a meeting with Oil Minister Karim Badawi that the USD945 million sale of its Egyptian, Croatian, and Italian assets to global investment firm Carlyle is set to go through by the end of the year.Egypt is set to launch a global tender for gold mining and exploration at approximately 200 sites in the Eastern Desert by the end of the year.The CEO of the Italian company Eni revealed that the company will return to drilling gas wells again in the Zohr field by the end of this year.China's Anton Oilfield Services Group and the UAE's Mubadala Energy are looking to explore investments and collaboration in Egypt's oil sector.The government is planning to launch 11 new tenders for investments under the public-private partnership (PPP) model, with targeted investment costs totaling EGP62 billion.The government approved the redrafted Labor Act after several rounds of discussions.Cabinet also approved granting the Tunisian automotive cable manufacturer Coficab the golden license for its up to USD88 million automotive cable and electrical factory in Tenth of Ramadan City.Cabinet approved granting MAFI Agricultural Produce Industries a golden license for its agri-food industrial project in Sadat City. CIEB released 3Q24 consolidated bottom line of EGP1,874 million (-3% q/q, +44% y/y).OFH received an offer to sell its 99%-owned subsidiary, Klivvr, for EGP657.7 million.CICH's micro-financing arm, Reefy, raised EGP884 million in the second securitization issuance.ESRS denied, in a release to EGX, receiving any official offers or ongoing negotiations for the purchase of its free-floating shares on the EGX. SWDY partnered with KSA's Abunayyan Holding to produce high and extra-high voltage power transformers in the Saudi market. The company also launched a procurement tender with Saudi Electricity Company for the domestic production of medium-voltage cable accessories.According to local media, TMGH YTD sales have reached EGP470 billion. This figure likely includes not only TMGH sales, but also sales made for third parties for which TMGH receives commissions.ETEL and Alcatel Submarine Networks (ASN) have announced the successful landing of the Africa-1 subsea cable system in Egypt at the Ras Ghareb cable landing station on the Red Sea.ALCN reported results for 1Q24/25. Bottom line came in at EGP1.8 billion compared to EGP981 billion in 1Q23/24.The Head of the Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation announced signing investment agreement with Apache to increase gas production in the Western Desert where production will start in 1Q25.Egyptian fertilizer exporters are currently negotiating with the biggest American fertilizer distributors to open new export markets in the US.

The Oil Ministry received 10 out of 21 contracted liquified natural gas (LNG) shipments as of last week, a government official said. The official also told the news outlet that the Ministry is set to receive another 3-4 LNG shipments within the coming two weeks.Saudi Arabia Drilling & Exploration Company could soon ink an agreement with an undisclosed Egyptian private sector player holding two gold exploration concessions in the Eastern Desert.The New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA) has allocated land plots spanning 31k km for investors looking to set up renewable energy projects. The Central Bank of Egypt (CBE) has instructed local banks to allow non-residing foreigners to open accounts.Turkey's Jade Textile has contracted an unnamed Gulf-based consultant to establish a solar power station for its factory in Tenth of Ramadan, with investments of around USD1.5 million.Giza Spinning & Weaving reportedly plans to list 25-40% of its shares on the EGX before the end of the year.President El Sisi issued a directive forbidding the closure of any industrial facility without the greenlight from Transport and Industry Minister.ORHD (FV: EGP26.26, OW)'s net profit in 2Q24 rose 217.8% y/y to EGP1.9 billion, compared to 1Q24 net loss of EGP1.2 billion that had been caused by an FX loss due to the EGP devaluation in March 2024. This brought 1H24 net profit to EGP667.9 million, down 23.5% y/y. We maintain our Overweight recommendation of ORHD based on our FV of EGP26.26/share in light of solid sales performance and sturdy recurring income generated by hotel and commercial operations.ADIB recorded an outstanding 2Q24 consolidated bottom line post minority of EGP2,458 million (+16% q/q, +112% y/y), bringing 1H24 bottom line post minority to EGP4,574 million (+111% y/y). The bank is currently trading at 1.1x P/B24 and 3.5x P/E24.Housing and Development Properties (HDP), the real estate development arm of HDBK, yesterday launched Club Hills Residence, a EGP10 billion residential development in Sixth of October City. JUFO (FV: EGP30.80, OW) released outstanding 2Q24 financial results.Net profit jumped 362% YoY and 109.4% QoQ to reach EGP1,002 million. This brings 1H24 bottom line to EGP1,480 million (+166% YoY). JUFO is currently trading at 2024f P/E of 10.5x and EV/EBITDA of 5.3x.EKHO targets investing USD67 million in its North Sinai concession to keep natural gas daily production rates at 55 million cubic feet until the end of 2026. SWDY (FV: EGP44.88, EW) denied, in a release sent to EGX, any plans to delist the company's shares.RACC reported 1H24 results. Net profit came in at EGP245 million (+199.9% YoY), driven by revenues growth and margin expansion.TALM intends to inaugurate next month Beni Suef University Hospital, with investments of EGP800 million.         FRA granted Social Impact Capital (SIC) a 60-day extension on its mandatory tender offer (MTO) for up to 100% of CIRA.Weekly Commodities Update |   | Last Price | WoW Change, % | Brent, USD/bbl | 79.7 | 3.70% | Diesel-HSFO Spread, USD/ton | 276 | -1.70% | Egypt Urea, USD/ton | 365 | 0.00% | Polyethylene, USD/ton | 1,050 | -0.90% | Polypropylene, USD/ton | 975 | -1.00% | Iron Ore 65%, USD/ton | 122 | -4.00% | Steel/Iron Ore Spreads, USD/ton | 389 | 0.00% | LME Copper Cash Price, USD/ton | 8,747 | -2.10% | LME Aluminum Cash Price, USD/ton | 2,250 | 2.20% | Egyptia Retail Cement, EGP/ton | 2,307 | 5.60% | Steam Coal FOB Newcastle Australia, USD/ton | 146 | 1.30% | SMP, USD/MT | 2,539 | -1.10% | Last price may vary week over week in some indices due to time difference

Our plant this week is Desert Cotton, which is also known as Kapok Bush. It turns out there is also a Kapok Tree, and that was totally not confusing at all when we were researching this episode.

The World Bank is considering providing a USD300 million loan to the Small and Medium Enterprises Agency, with the aim of enhancing the flexibility of small businesses in Egypt. Egypt's CDS rate rose during the past week, which witnessed an increase in geopolitical tensions in the Middle East, to 6.93% for 5 years at the close of trading on Friday, compared to 5.8% at the end of the previous week.The government aims to raise around USD1 billion through the privatization of state-owned companies and assets via stake sales to strategic investors or EGX listings this year, and USD1.5 billion next year.The next stage for Egypt is to “to accelerate the pace of reform” by achieving four goals, IMF Middle East and Central Asia head Jihad Azour said on the sidelines of the IMF and WB spring meetup in Washington. The goals are:  1. To reduce the risks to the Egyptian economy. “The flexibility of the exchange rate contributes to this matter”.2. Bringing down inflation. 3. Raising the level of social protection.4. Promote the private sector and job creation.The price of non-subsidized bread will start falling starting today until it reaches normal levels. Minister of Supply announced a decrease in oil prices by 14%, in addition to previous reductions, bringing the total reductions on oil to 36%.Finance Minister and Planning Minister will head to the House tomorrow to give statements on the draft state budget and socioeconomic development plan for FY2024-25. Egypt has inked 14 agreements with Chinese companies to set up projects alongside our local private sector.The government aims to extend the average maturity of its debt instruments to 4.5-5 years as it focuses on longer-term bonds.The Egyptian government received seven offers from international hotel chains to take advantage of old ministries' headquarters.Cabinet approved extending foreign operators' exemption from airport fees until November 2024 as part of the state's efforts to boost tourism.ADIB is in talks to purchase a 15% stake in Bank Syariah Indonesia, Indonesia's biggest Islamic bank, for USD1.1 billion.Mortgage finance firms could soon see their capital requirement doubled to EGP100 million local currency or its equivalent in FX, up from EGP50 million under new amendments. The FRA is working on developing a plan to implement Solvency II standards to enhance the financial and operational efficiency of insurance companies.PHDC (FV: EGP7.11, OW) confirmed that it is co-developing a 415 feddan project in Sidi Heneish on the North Coast and stated that expected revenue and revenue share are still to be determined. The project will be launched in 2Q24.According to local media, PHDC (FV: EGP7.11, OW) is preparing to take out a EGP1.7 billion loan.According to local media, natural gas production in Egypt declined to 4.286 bcf in February 2024 from 4.651 bcf in January 2024, the lowest since February 2018.Energean plc, an international hydrocarbon exploration and production company, expects to invest USD30-50 million in Egypt during 2024. SDX sold its 50% working interest in two blocks in the West Gharib concession in the Eastern Desert to Horizons LLC and NPC Petroleum Services for USD6.6 million. According to local media, in light of the decrease in price of locally produced cars, GBCO will compensate distributors for these price differences.

The government has begun paying back nearly 20% of the arrears it owes to international oil companies (IOCs) operating in the country, with a structured plan now in place to clear the remaining debt in stages over the coming period.The Emirati company, Dana Gas, revealed that it received USD58 million in dues from Egypt during 2023. The company added they still have arrears of USD75 million.Egypt targets a GDP growth rate of 4% in FY 2024/25, with a primary surplus of 3.5% and reducing the total deficit in the medium term to 6% of GDP. The Ministry of Finance targets a 25% growth in income tax in the FY2024-25, on an expected increase in the tax revenues on economic authorities and the tax on interest income from treasuries.The General Authority for Investments and Freezones (GAFI) has awarded six golden licenses for projects worth a combined EGP5.6 bn.US multinational conglomerate Honeywell in partnership with the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development will complete a feasibility study within the next few months for a proposed sustainable aviation fuel production facility in Egypt.The Mineral Resources Authority intends to launch a new global tender for gold exploration in the Eastern Desert region, early 2025, as part of a new plan of offering 7 to 9 sites for investment in exploring gold annually.The EU and the French Development Agency will provide a total of EUR61.5 mn in financing for the third phase of the Gabal El Asfar water treatment plant, the International Cooperation Ministry said.CCAP plans to list its printing subsidiary, the National Printing Company, on the EGX in the second quarter of this year. Fertilizers prices increased by EGP500/ton after the latest increase in diesel prices. New leaders could be appointed at banks including: the National Bank of Egypt, Banque Misr, Banque du Caire (BdC), AAIB, Export development Bank, and Suez Canal Bank (CANA). Valu, HRHO's arm plans a securitization issuance worth EGP800 million next month. The company had issued an issue earlier this week worth EGP888 million.COMI's OGM approved distributing dividends of EGP0.55/share from 2023 profits, implying a dividend yield of 0.65%. It also approved increasing the issued and paid-in capital by EGP236.6 mn to EGP30.6 bn.SAUD's OGM approved not distributing dividends to shareholders from 2023 profits.According to local media, the Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA) plans to launch a tracking system before the end of the year to eradicate the sale of counterfeit and imitation meds and crack down on illegal sales.

 The Sovereign Fund of Egypt (SFE) is gearing up for new sales of state-owned companies in 1Q24. The privatization program will expand to include companies working in the infrastructure and financial services sectors.Two of five LNG shipments destined for Europe are being prepared to leave Egypt within a week, government officials have reportedly said. The Oil Ministry plans to export all five shipments before the end of 2023.Private-sector workers on the minimum wage will get a salary bump from the beginning of 2024. From 1 January, the minimum wage will rise 17% to EGP3.5k a month (before taxes and social insurance deductions) from EGP3k currently.The government has turned to its strategic sugar reserves in a bid to put a lid on soaring prices, a government source said. The Supply Ministry will dump 240k tonnes into the market this month to fill the supply gap to reduce the volatility, which has continued despite a raft of measures put in place by the government to restore calm.Canadian gold miner Aton Resources plans to start extracting gold from its Abu Marawat concession in the Eastern Desert by 2025. The Egypt-focused firm will secure a production license this month.Brazil is showing interest in investing in logistics and green energy projects in the Suez Canal Economic Zone.The government has sought help from the World Bank to launch a mandatory market for carbon certificates, and the bank will help in establishing and transferring the necessary expertise to establish the market.ESRS reported consolidated results for 3Q23 with revenues soaring to EGP40.1 billion (+85% YoY, +19% QoQ), bringing 9M23 top-line to EGP103.2 billion (+70% YoY). Attributable net loss came in at EGP509 million in 3Q23, reversing last quarter profits of EGP1.0 billion and 3Q22 profits of EGP1.1 billion. This led to negative earnings of EGP1.2 billion in 9M23 vs. a positive figure of EGP3.7 billion in 9M22. ESRS's P&L was significantly hit by a forex loss of EGP10.8 billion during the quarter, bringing 9M23 forex loss to EGP23.9 billion. ESRS is currently trading at FY24e PE of 4.8x.LCSW's AGM agreed to distribute 3.2 million treasury shares to the company's shareholders as free shares, implying 0.04 share for each original share held.

Emirati and Qatari sovereign wealth funds and investors are eyeing stakes in state-owned pharma companies Chemical Industries Development (CID) and Misr Pharma.The Chinese consortium contracted to work on the fourth phase of Cairo's light rail transit (LRT) system will arrange a USD250 million soft loan from a syndicate of international banks to help finance the project. Saudi pharma manufacturer Avalon Pharma wants to build a factory in Egypt as part of a bigger plan to invest around EGP1 billion in the country over the coming year. Canadian miner Lotus Gold has inked a mining agreement for three blocks in Egypt's Eastern Desert, where it plans to invest USD2.5 million.The revenues of tax on income from treasuries surged during 4MFY2023/24 compared to the same period of the year before by about 67%, reaching EGP76 billion.The African Development Bank approved a new loan to Egypt worth USD131 million, with the aim of strengthening the business environment after overcoming the shocks of the COVID pandemic and the repercussions of the Russian-Ukrainian War.The second round of the expat car-for-FX initiative has so far raised USD460 million.We published our Egypt Real Estate Update 2024 Report yesterday, where we discuss macro backdrop, sector outlook, catalysts, assumptions, upside triggers, risks, top picks, FVs, recommendations, updated multiples, residual land banks, receivables, net cash, and  valuation breakdowns.CCAP's subsidiary Egyptian Refining Company (ERC) is planning to invest USD150 million to ramp up production levels by 10% over the next three years.Unofficial local cigarette prices dropped by nearly 18% after an increase in supply from EAST.EFID announced the reduction of its capital from EGP144.6 million to EGP140 million by cancelling treasury shares in total of 23 million shares with a par value of EGP0.20/share, and reducing outstanding shares from 723 million shares to 700 million shares. Damietta Port Authority plans to cooperate with the private sector to establish, manage, operate, and maintain an area of 2k sqm for the handling of general goods. 

Foreign nationals already in Egypt applying for residence permits will be required to pay their required fees in hard currency starting Saturday, 16 September.Three unnamed firms hailing from the Arab world and China are looking to invest USD600 mn to build wind farms in Egypt.The final buyer of the Beni Suef power plant will repay international creditors' loans directly linked to the plant.Fitch said that pressure on the EGP may ease if the government succeeds in selling assets to external investors, thus stimulating foreign capital flows to Egypt. The agency expected that the government would rely on the sale of assets to finance imports backlog amounting to USD 5.5 billion.Egypt is the second-most vulnerable country to a debt crisis in the world, according to Bloomberg, which ranked 60 countries based on the volume of government debt, interest costs, and the yields on USD bonds.According to a report from Fitch, Egypt's net foreign asset position will likely get worse before it gets better as a combination of foreign outflows, import backlogs and a managed exchange rate will likely intensify FX liquidity pressures in the banking sector. Sources revealed that there is interest from Gulf entities in buying EXPA's share of the government that owns more than 80% indirectly through its various arms.The chairman of ERC, CCAP's subsidiary, announced that his company is planning to increase diesel production capacity in the medium term, according to local press. The completion of Ethydco's 100% acquisition by SKPC is contingent to the finalization of ADQ's acquisition of a 27% stake in Ethydco. Where at the end, ADQ will be holding a 20% stake in SKPC, according to local press. Minister of petroleum held negotiations with the CEO of the Norway company “Scatec” to explore the latest developments of the green ammonia and methanol project that will take place in Damietta- Mopco's factory. The International Energy Agency warned yesterday that the continuation of oil supply cuts by Saudi Arabia and Russia will create a significant supply shortfall that could trigger volatility in the global energy markets.A number of private players are in talks with the government to help set up an industrial zone in the Eastern Desert's Golden Triangle. The planned industrial zone's first phase is set to cost USD2 billion in initial investment, and the zone will ultimately cater to the mining, agriculture, trade, and tourism sectors. ORAS (FV: EGP181.70, OW) subsidiary Orascom Industrial Parks, IDG, SWDY's (FV: EGP22.87, OW) Elsewedy Industrial Development, and CPC Egypt have all held meetings with the government about their potential involvement. The government expects to reach an agreement with “several” of the developers in early 2024, according to local media.Egypt plans to establish an integrated industrial complex, in cooperation with an international company, to produce flat steel with investments worth USD1 billion. We remind you that EGTS's next court date for the 20.0 million sqm third phase Sahl Hasheesh land plot lawsuit is, if not further postponed, on 17 September 2023.

Just like Philby, the Heart of Arabia Expedition used camels for some of their journey. In the eastern deserts of Saudi Arabia, Mark introduces us to their camels and explores the role the camel has played in Arab history and culture with their guide from the Camel Club of Saudi Arabia. As the expedition moves west towards their goal of Riyadh in the camel pad prints of Philby's caravan, Mark considers his life as an explorer and what drives him to be constantly curious about our world, it's people and cultures. Drawing on his own resilience and comparing himself to other great leaders he questions what makes us resilient. To answer this, leadership expert Jo Owen provides us with insight into how resilience has evolved with time and is a reflection of our society today. Philby was aiming for Riyadh. His ambition was to meet Ibn Saud and convince him he had the authority and power to bring the various warring tribes together under him and form a new nation. As Mark and the team arrive at the ancient city walls of the Masmak Palace, Philby's grandson, Mike Engelbach and the Saudi Arabian Ambassador to the UK HRH Prince Khalid Bin Bandar explain how the meeting between these two great men developed. Expedition website: The Heart of Arabia Expedition Follow the Expedition on social: Twitter Instagram Facebook The Heart of Arabia Expedition podcast is produced by Adventurous Audio

Egypt's PMI posted 46.9 in February, compared to 45.5 in January.The net foreign liability position of the Egyptian banking system widened to USD21.7 billion in January from USD20 billion in December.The President announced a EGP150 billion program that includes wage increases and a higher minimum wage for civil servants, higher pension payouts for state employees, and a higher income tax exemption threshold. Renewable energy projects in Egypt that are under development by the private sector exceed USD4 billion and have a total capacity of 3,500 MW. ESRS expects consolidated forex losses to preliminarily reach EGP5.3 billion and EGP4.8 billion for ESRS and IRAX, respectively, in the first two months of 2023. The company also expects forex losses to reach EGP3 billion and EGP2.9 billion for ESRS and IRAX, respectively, in 4Q22. It is worth highlighting that around 20% of ESRS's debt is denominated in USD in addition to other undisclosed USD-denominated liabilities. Accordingly, we expect ESRS to record a consolidated net loss of around EGP2 billion in 4Q22. Beshay Steel raised rebars price by EGP500/ton to EGP29,000/ton, while Marakby Steel raised its price by EGP1,500/ton to EGP28,500/ton. Six local entities submitted their technical and financial offers to supply 720 km long electric cables for Canal Electricity Distribution Company. The result of the bid will be announced in March. SWDY is one of the competing entities.Recent mazut price increase is expected to raise the production cost of cement by around EGP100/ton for plants depending on the fuel as a secondary source of energy. These companies include MCQE and MBSC.PHDC 4Q22 sales rose 92.1% y/y and 23.8% q/q to EGP8.5 billion, bringing FY22 sales to EGP26.0 billion, up 50.4% y/y. Net profit in 4Q22 reached EGP345.0 million, up 82.7% y/y and down 2.1% q/q, bringing FY22 net profit to EGP1.3 billion, up 52.3% y/y.MNHD launched the second phase of Clubside, a new project in Taj City, following the launch of the first phase a few months ago which recorded EGP1.0 billion in sales. Total investments of the two phases are estimated at EGP3.6 billion.MCRO 4Q22 net profit reached EGP44.4 million (+7.9% YoY, -23.6% QoQ), bringing FY22 net profit to EGP173.9 million (+17.5% YoY).  ETRS expects to conclude a majority acquisition of trucking firm National Company for Transportation and Overseas Services before the end of 1H 2023. The Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation offered an auction for the development of eight old wells in Gulf Suez and Eastern Desert.  GV Developments signed an agreement with TAQA Arabia to establish Tarboul Infra to develop, design, build, and operate the infrastructure and utilities in Tarboul City in Giza.Banque du Caire's digital payments subsidiary Taly has launched with initial capital of EGP500 million.CNFN's consumer financing arm is now providing financing for furniture and home maintenance.Sphinx International Airport received its first Nesma Airlines flight from Madrid since the airport's reopening in November 2022.Wizz Air is running three weekly flights between Abu Dhabi and Sohag starting this summer.

What you'll learn in this episode: Why ancient Nubian jewelry is still significant today How the Kingdom of Kush rose and fell How ancient jewelry motifs, techniques and materials were shared and adapted between cultures Why the Museum of Fine Arts Boston has a significant collection of ancient Nubian art, and why it's being exhibited at the Getty Villa Why jewelry is often one of the only pathways to understand ancient cultures About Dr. Sara E. Cole Sara E. Cole is Assistant Curator of Antiquities at the J. Paul Getty Museum (Villa). She holds a PhD in Ancient History from Yale University. At the Getty, she is part of the Classical World in Context initiative, which seeks to highlight cross-cultural interactions in antiquity and explore the diversity and interconnectedness of the ancient Mediterranean and Near East through a series of special exhibitions and related publications and public programs. She has curated or assisted with exhibitions of Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Neo-Assyrian, Persian, and Nubian art. About “Nubia: Jewels of Ancient Sudan” from the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston October 12, 2022 - April 3, 2023 Getty Villa Museum For nearly 3,000 years a series of kingdoms - collectively known as the Kingdom of Kush - flourished in ancient Nubia (present-day southern Egypt and northern Sudan). The region was rich in sought-after resources such as gold and ivory and its trade networks reached Egypt, Greece, Rome, and central Africa. This exhibition presents highlights from the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston's extensive collection of Nubian objects and features superbly crafted jewelry, metalwork, and sculpture exhibiting the wealth and splendor of Nubian society. Learn more about the exhibit at https://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/nubian_jewelry/ Photos available on TheJewelryJourney.com Transcript: Nubian jewelry is often overshadowed by Egyptian and Greco-Roman jewelry, but the ancient Nubians were the world's first jewelry pioneers. Their influential work is currently on display at “Nubia: Jewels of Ancient Sudan,” an exhibit at the Getty Villa featuring pieces from the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. Dr. Sara E. Cole, assistant curator of the exhibit, joined the Jewelry Journey Podcast to talk about how Nubians developed their own enameling techniques; why jewelry is the key to understanding ancient cultures; and how iconography was shared and adapted throughout the ancient world. Read the episode transcript here. Sharon: Hello, everyone. Welcome to the Jewelry Journey Podcast. This is the first part of a two-part episode. Please make sure you subscribe so you can hear part two as soon as it's released later this week. Today, my guest is Sara Cole, who's the Assistant Curator of Antiquities at the Getty Villa in Malibu, California. She's the curator of “Nubia: Jewels of Ancient Sudan,” an exhibit at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston which showcases Nubian material. These finds were jointly executed early in the last century by Harvard and the Museum of Fine Arts. The exhibit is now open until April 3. Sara received her Ph.D. from Yale, which is amazing. She's an expert in ancient history and a specialist in material culture of Greco-Roman Egypt. She has studied the cross-pollination of cultures, and we'll hear a lot more about it today. Sara, welcome to the program. Sara: Thank you for having me. Sharon: So glad to have you. Tell us about your own journey. Did you come to jewelry through antiquities or archaeology, or the other way around? Sara: Yes, through my study of archaeology and Egyptology as a graduate student. That was primarily my introduction to this material. I became familiar with Nubia primarily through the MFA Boston's tremendous archaeological collection of Nubian material. When I was a graduate student at Yale back in, I think, 2011, I took a graduate seminar on Nubian archaeology with a Nubian specialist named Maria Gatto. In one of our classes, we took the train to Boston and got to spend a day going through the storerooms of the MFA looking at Nubian material. We were primarily looking at pottery that day, but we did get to see some other objects as well. In 2014, MFA put on its own small exhibition featuring their Nubian jewelry collection, so that brought that material a little bit more into public view. Then in 2019, the MFA did a big exhibition bringing out highlights of their full Nubian collection that was called “Ancient Nubia Now.” Since 2019, they very generously sent parts of this collection to different museums for exhibitions around the world. We're very fortunate at the Getty Villa that we were able to borrow some of these stunning pieces of jewelry and personal adornment from that collection for this current exhibition. Sharon: I have to ask you. When you were younger, you say you were interested in Egypt and ancient periods, but very few people go into archaeology. How is it that you stuck with it? Sara: Museums were really my entry point to the ancient world as a child, which I think is true for a lot of us. I grew up in a small town in Virginia and wasn't exposed to major museum collections as kid, but we had a small, local museum. It featured mostly local contemporary artists, but one summer they put on view a small touring exhibition of Egyptian material from the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts in Richmond. I was probably 11 or 12 years old. That was my first exposure to ancient Egyptian material, and I just found it incredibly captivating and compelling, and I stuck with that interest. I ended up doing a bachelor's degree in classics and then my Ph.D. in ancient history, where I studied a combination of Egyptology, classics and art history. But I've always had a great passion for museums in particular because it was my personal entry point to the ancient world. We do have the opportunity, through putting on exhibitions like this, to reach such wide audiences and to bring this material to their attention, things they've maybe never seen or considered before. It's a really wonderful opportunity. Sharon: It really is. When you say Nubia, a lot of us haven't really thought about Nubia or Nubian jewels. That's the entry point or the foundation. What is Nubia? What do you mean by Nubian? Sara: That's a great question, because I think a lot of people have heard of Nubia but they're not quite sure what it is. Traditionally it has received a lot less attention than ancient Egypt, which is this huge, looming civilization. When we talk about ancient Nubia, we're really talking about a geographical region that was located immediately south of ancient Egypt. They were neighbors. In terms of modern-day geography, it reached essentially from Aswan in what is now southern Egypt down to about Khartoum in present-day Sudan. The contemporary political border between Egypt and Sudan cuts across part of what was ancient Nubia, when the border was located further north between Nubia and Egypt. So, it's essentially this geographical region going across part of what is today southern Egypt and northern Sudan. For parts of its ancient history, Nubia as a region was actually home to several different cultural groups. It wasn't always a single, unified culture. So, when we talk about Nubia, we're talking about the geographical area, and then there were different cultures that lived within Nubia. Around the third millennium B.C., a political institute called the Kingdom of Kush—because the region was known as Kush in antiquity—arose at the city of Karma in what is today Sudan. It eventually came to conquer essentially all of the region of Nubia. The Kingdom of Kush lasted on and off for a period of almost 3,000 years, and it moved to different capital cities in different phases. It first arose at Kerma in the third millennium B.C., then moved further south to a capital called Napata, which was also along the Nile River, around 750 B.C. Then in its final phase, starting around 350 B.C., it was centered at a city even further south on the Nile River called Meroë. So, when we talk about ancient Nubia, we're talking about that region, but for this exhibition, we're really focusing on items of jewelry that were worn by royalty and the elite of the Kingdom of Kush that were found at these three successive capital cities. Sharon: I was going to ask you if Napata and—is it Morocco? Sara: Meroë. Sharon: Meroë. I've heard so much about it, but did they all have jewelry? Did the royalty all have jewelry at all three of these sites? Sara: Yes, absolutely. Throughout human history, I think in all cultures we see personal adornment as a universal means of self-expression. It's a means of expressing status and power. But also in antiquity, much of this jewelry, either the materials themselves or the iconography incorporated into it, had symbolic religious significance. Items of jewelry were often amuletic and protective, or they could signify one's status in society, one's role. They reflect a lot about an ancient culture's social organization, religious beliefs, communities, etc. These items of jewelry speak to so much more than being aesthetically beautiful status items. So, yes, even very early in Kerma and even in pre-Kerma archaeology, we find items of jewelry in the archaeological record. Jewelry was very essential, especially for rulers and for individuals of high status, to express themselves in ancient Nubia. Sharon: Did both men and women have jewelry? Sara: Yes, they did. Men, women, children, and sometimes even very prized royal animals were adorned with jewelry. Sharon: Were these from tombs or graves? Sara: Yes, essentially all of the items in this exhibition were excavated from royal and wealthy burials. This was material that people valued in life but also chose to take with them to the grave. As a I mentioned, a lot of these pieces have iconography that is protective or amuletic, which would have particular significance in the context of the tomb. These are images that are going to protect you as you are making your transition to the afterlife. So, all of the material was excavated from burials. That is primarily where we find these high-status jewelry items still surviving. They survive because they were buried, and people didn't have the opportunity to reuse them or repurpose the materials. Sharon: First of all, I think I forgot to say that this exhibit is only on until April 3, which comes up quickly. I can't remember if I said that or not. Sara: Yes, two more months to go see it at the Villa. Sharon: When you say it's like a dynasty or the Kingdom of Kush lasted 3,000 years, I have this idea that it rose high and then it was—I don't want to say nothing, but they weren't reading. It was like the Dark Ages in a sense, really dark, and then it rose again in a different place. How did that work? Sara: The Kingdom of Kush went through fluctuations over that 3,000-year period. I wouldn't necessarily call it dark ages. The Nubians simply never developed the same tradition of extensive written records like we get from Egypt, so much of our knowledge of Nubia comes from the archaeological material. We just don't have extensive written historical documentation from this region. It wasn't part of the culture. They had a very complicated relationship with their neighbor to the north, Egypt, which is largely the reason for these periods of rise and fall. The Kingdom of Kush arose, like I mentioned, at Kerma in Sudan, during which time in northern Nubia, there were other cultural groups inhabiting that region who were in conflict with Egypt. The Kingdom of Kush eventually was able to take that region and unify Nubia under its rule. Kerma flourished for almost 1,000 years, from about 2,400 B.C. until roughly 1,550 B.C. But what happened around 1,550 was that Egypt entered into a very powerful period in its history, the New Kingdom, the rise of the Eighteenth Dynasty, and those kings invaded Nubia and took over. They occupied Nubia for about 500 years, during which time we don't have a tremendous amount of archaeological evidence for what was going on. But it seems like Nubians and Egyptians were essentially coexisting in Nubia during this period. As you can imagine, over 500 years, there's a huge amount of cross-cultural exchange as a result of the Egyptian presence in Nubia. Some Egyptian religious ideas get incorporated into local Nubian tradition, as does a lot of iconography. There are a lot of ways in which the Nubians start adapting some Egyptian concepts to their own local practices. Then the Egyptians get pushed out of Nubia around 1,000 B.C. approximately. The Kingdom of Kush starts to regroup and rebuild itself, and it reappears fully around 750 B.C., now at the capital city of Napata. What's interesting at the beginning of the Napatan phase is that the Nubians turn the tables on Egypt and invade them. They take over Egypt and rule for about 80 years. For that 80-year period, staring around 725 B.C., the Kingdom of Kush is at its greatest extent, going all the way from what is today Sudan up to the Mediterranean coast, ruling over both Nubia and Egypt. After that 80-year period, they get pushed out of Egypt but are still ruling the Kingdom of Kush from Napata. We see some really interesting ways in which the rulers of that 80-year period adapted an Egyptian mode of self-presentation. They're trying to present themselves as legitimate pharaohs in Egypt. They start presenting themselves in a way that is adapted from earlier pharaonic styles of self-presentation. Even though the Nubian kings are spending some time in Egypt, they choose to be sent back to Napata for their royal burials, and they start using pyramid tombs during this period. They start practicing mummification and incorporating some Egyptian-style object assemblages into their burials. We see some of those practices get adapted during this 80-year period, including the incorporation of a lot of Egyptian religious iconography into their jewelry. We see those trends continue later, even when they're no longer ruling in Egypt. Then during this Napatan phase, which lasts roughly 400 years, they start to gradually shift the capital further south to this third city of Meroë. By around 350 B.C., both the administrative capital and the royal cemetery have moved to Meroë, and this is the final phase of the Kingdom of Kush. This is a phase that lasts from roughly 350 B.C. to 350 A.D., when the Kingdom of Kush falls. It corresponds with the conquests of Alexander the Great throughout the eastern Mediterranean and ancient Near East, the rise of his successor kingdoms and then the rise of the Roman Empire. But throughout all of this, the Kingdom of Kush maintained its political independence. It never became part of Alexander's territories; it never became part of the Roman Empire, unlike Egypt, which did. They had a complex relationship with Rome, who at times tried to take Nubia unsuccessfully, but they were also connected to these vast trade networks that connected the Mediterranean and the Near East throughout the Roman Empire. It was a very cosmopolitan place, ancient Meroë. They were very closely connected through trade networks to the rest of the world. They were also producing some incredibly high-status pieces of jewelry with really exquisite craftsmanship. Then the Kingdom of Kush falls around 350 A.D. That's the big picture of what we're looking at here, with the history of the Kingdom of Kush and its different phases. Sharon: When you say Nubia, is that the same as the Kingdom of Kush? Do you mean the Kingdom of Kush or Nubia are one in the same, I guess? Sara: Nubia in antiquity was known as Kush, and then the Kingdom of Kush is the political entity ruling over that region. Sharon: Did the jewelry change over the years? Sara: It did, yes. We do see that even across these different phases, each one has a distinctive aesthetic. There is no single, unified Nubian look to the jewelry. Different fashions change over time. Different popular materials come in and out of fashion. In Kerma, in the earliest phases, we see jewelers making items out of locally available and imported organic materials. They're making use of things like hippo and elephant ivory to create cuff bracelets. They're making use of shells they imported from the Red Sea coast and fashioned into different items. They were also importing faience from Egypt. Ancient faience was a man-made, blue-green, glazed, quartz-based ceramic material that was very popular in Egypt. The Kermans were importing it initially, but then they developed their own faience-making technology and were able to produce their own. So, we start to see the use of this man-made material. They're using gold. Nubia in antiquity is known primarily as a land of gold because of their rich gold resources in the Eastern Desert. That was their main coveted natural resource. They had incredibly skillful techniques in working with gold. We see them using locally available semiprecious stones, things like carnelian and amethyst. They work with quartz in some really interesting ways. Quartz is found alongside gold, so it was probably symbolically associated with gold. Gold was valued not only because it was this very prized economic resource, but it was also an imperishable material. It was associated with immortality and the sun, and it was very highly symbolically valued. They would take quartz and do an interesting treatment that, as far as I am aware, is distinctive to ancient Kerma. They would take the quartz, either shaping it into spherical beads or taking chunks of it in its raw form to use as pendants, and they would put a blue-green glaze over it and fire it in a kiln to create a hard, shiny, translucent blue surface that creates this stunning, glass-like appearance when it's done successfully. It was a delicate technique. You had to be very careful, because if you raised the temperature in the kiln too quickly, the quartz would fracture and burst, and you would lose your item of jewelry you were making. They had to be very careful in this process, but again, as far as I know, this is a distinctive Kerman technique, a distinctive way of working with quartz. Those were the types of materials they were utilizing to make items of jewelry. There's also a particular ornament we start to see in Kerma that is really interesting and later gets adopted by the Egyptians, which is the fly pendant. They are these large pendants that were often worn in pairs strung around the neck, and they represent flies. We have an example in the exhibition where the head is made of gilded bronze and the wings are carved out of ivory. These are found in soldiers' tombs. They appear to have been given as a medal of honor to high-status members of the Nubian military. We can ask why they would choose a fly of all things to honor a member of the military, and we believe it's because if you go to Egypt, if you go to the Nile Valley, you will experience that the flies are very big and mean and aggressive. So, we think these fly pendants are a way of associating the aggression and the tenacity of the Nilotic flies with the aggression and the tenacity of Nubian warriors. Later these fly pendants actually get adopted in Egypt as well as a military medal of honor. So, those were the kinds of things we find at Kerma. As I mentioned, that period comes to an end with this big invasion of the Egyptians around 1,500 B.C. Then when the Kingdom of Kush rearises at Napata around 750 B.C., they invade Egypt. They take over, and we start to see how this 500-year period of intense cross-cultural interaction has resulted in the introduction of a lot of Egyptian iconography into the royal jewelry. We start to see a lot of images of goddesses like Hathor and Isis, who became very important in the Nubian pantheon. There is an Egyptian god called Amun who becomes introduced as the supreme god of ancient Nubia, but in his Nubian form specifically, he takes the form of a ram or a man with a ram's head. We believe that before this period, there was probably an indigenous ram god who Amun became assimilated with. So, we see a lot of ram iconography in the jewelry. There's a lot of iconography associated with the goddess Hathor, who was this Egyptian goddess of love, fertility, beauty and motherhood with whom Nubian queens and royal women became particularly associated. We see a lot of that kind of iconography. We see protective icons that have been introduced from Egypt, things like the Eye of Floridus, the scarab beetle, that kind of thing. They're working a lot in faience still. There are some queens' tombs from this period where these large faience plaques are very popular, again in the shapes of religious protective imagery, amuletic icons, gods and goddesses. They were big plaques that were strung on strings of beads and worn around the neck, essentially meant to sit over the chest to protect the pectorals. We see a lot of that kind of thing, this incorporation of new iconography, new religious ideas, sometimes a very Egyptian mode of self-presentation that they've adopted from the Egyptians. They're working in faience; they're working in gold. We do see some silver during this period. Silver was not locally available; it was an imported material, but we do see a lot of skilled gold work during this phase. They are developing some very sophisticated techniques for how to fashion items of jewelry, but also things like golden vessels. This is a phase where we start to see that Egyptian influence and some increasing sophistication in the techniques with which they're working, with both these man-made and locally available resources. In the Meroitic Period, we see those gold working techniques really hit their stride. There is some tremendously sophisticated gold work made during the Meroitic Period, where they're using techniques like granulation and filigree and very delicate wirework. At Meroë, they also start producing glass. Glass beads start to appear in the jewelry. Something that Meroë distinctively is also known for is the use of a wide range of enameling techniques. They would take powdered glass and apply it to the surface of items of jewelry, and then heat it to fuse it and create it a hard, shiny, colorful surface. There were multiple enameling techniques they developed at Meroë, some of which, prior to their discovery at Meroë, were thought to have not been invented until the modern era. There were techniques they developed at Meroë, and the knowledge of that technology was lost and rediscovered in modern times. This is also a phase during which we see, as I mentioned, a kind of cosmopolitan international style developing. We do see some Greco-Roman influences coming into play in the form of large, dangly pendant earrings and the development of new color schemes, for instance. There was a color scheme at Meroë that was especially popular, which was red, white and black. They would use cornelian, which was a popular material, to achieve the red and then import obsidian for black and travertine for white. Each phase has its own distinctive repertoire of objects and iconography and manufacturing techniques that were being used. Sharon: We will have photos posted on the website. Please head to TheJewelryJourney.com to check them out. END OF PART ONE

Looking at Min it is very easy to see why he is the supreme symbol and deity of sexual procreativity. Not only was he the god of sexual procreativity he also the protector-deity of the mining regions in the desert east of the Nile. Those travelling through harsh landscape in search of wealth, perfumes, and incense in the lands leading to Arabia sought his protection, and he was particularly cherished by miners working in the Eastern Desert mines. This episode is also available as a blog post: https://ancientegyptianhistory.wordpress.com/2021/07/28/ancient-egyptian-gods-min-supreme-symbol-of-sexual-pro-creativity-and-fertility/

Two celebrated Egyptologists bring to vivid life the intriguing and controversial reign of King Tut's parents. Akhenaten has been the subject of radically different, even contradictory, biographies. The king has achieved fame as the world's first individual and the first monotheist, but others have seen him as an incestuous tyrant who nearly ruined the kingdom he ruled. The gold funerary mask of his son Tutankhamun and the painted bust of his wife Nefertiti are the most recognizable artifacts from all of ancient Egypt. But who are Akhenaten and Nefertiti? And what can we actually say about rulers who lived more than three thousand years ago? November 2022 marks the centennial of the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun and although "King Tut" is a household name, his nine-year rule pales in comparison to the revolutionary reign of his parents. Akhenaten and Nefertiti became gods on earth by transforming Egyptian solar worship, innovating in art and urban design, and merging religion and politics in ways never attempted before. Combining fascinating scholarship, detective suspense, and adventurous thrills, Egypt's Golden Couple: When Akhenaten and Nefertiti Were Gods on Earth (St. Martin's Press, 2022) is a journey through excavations, museums, hieroglyphic texts, and stunning artifacts. From clue to clue, renowned Egyptologists John and Colleen Darnell reconstruct an otherwise untold story of the magnificent reign of Akhenaten and Nefertiti. John and Colleen Darnell are a husband-and-wife Egyptologist team. They have presented on the Discovery Channel, History Channel, National Geographic, the Science Channel, and Smithsonian, as well as appeared in National Geographic's "Lost Treasures of Egypt." John is Professor of Egyptology in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at Yale University. His archaeological expeditions in Egypt have been covered by the New York Times. In 2017, his Eastern Desert expedition discovered the earliest monumental hieroglyphic inscription and was named one of the top ten discoveries of the year by Archaeology. Colleen teaches art history at the University of Hartford and Naugatuck Valley Community College; she has curated a major museum exhibit on Egyptian revival art and design at the Yale Peabody Museum. Caleb Zakarin is the Assistant Editor of the New Books Network (Twitter: @caleb_zakarin). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

Two celebrated Egyptologists bring to vivid life the intriguing and controversial reign of King Tut's parents. Akhenaten has been the subject of radically different, even contradictory, biographies. The king has achieved fame as the world's first individual and the first monotheist, but others have seen him as an incestuous tyrant who nearly ruined the kingdom he ruled. The gold funerary mask of his son Tutankhamun and the painted bust of his wife Nefertiti are the most recognizable artifacts from all of ancient Egypt. But who are Akhenaten and Nefertiti? And what can we actually say about rulers who lived more than three thousand years ago? November 2022 marks the centennial of the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun and although "King Tut" is a household name, his nine-year rule pales in comparison to the revolutionary reign of his parents. Akhenaten and Nefertiti became gods on earth by transforming Egyptian solar worship, innovating in art and urban design, and merging religion and politics in ways never attempted before. Combining fascinating scholarship, detective suspense, and adventurous thrills, Egypt's Golden Couple: When Akhenaten and Nefertiti Were Gods on Earth (St. Martin's Press, 2022) is a journey through excavations, museums, hieroglyphic texts, and stunning artifacts. From clue to clue, renowned Egyptologists John and Colleen Darnell reconstruct an otherwise untold story of the magnificent reign of Akhenaten and Nefertiti. John and Colleen Darnell are a husband-and-wife Egyptologist team. They have presented on the Discovery Channel, History Channel, National Geographic, the Science Channel, and Smithsonian, as well as appeared in National Geographic's "Lost Treasures of Egypt." John is Professor of Egyptology in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at Yale University. His archaeological expeditions in Egypt have been covered by the New York Times. In 2017, his Eastern Desert expedition discovered the earliest monumental hieroglyphic inscription and was named one of the top ten discoveries of the year by Archaeology. Colleen teaches art history at the University of Hartford and Naugatuck Valley Community College; she has curated a major museum exhibit on Egyptian revival art and design at the Yale Peabody Museum. Caleb Zakarin is the Assistant Editor of the New Books Network (Twitter: @caleb_zakarin). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history

Two celebrated Egyptologists bring to vivid life the intriguing and controversial reign of King Tut's parents. Akhenaten has been the subject of radically different, even contradictory, biographies. The king has achieved fame as the world's first individual and the first monotheist, but others have seen him as an incestuous tyrant who nearly ruined the kingdom he ruled. The gold funerary mask of his son Tutankhamun and the painted bust of his wife Nefertiti are the most recognizable artifacts from all of ancient Egypt. But who are Akhenaten and Nefertiti? And what can we actually say about rulers who lived more than three thousand years ago? November 2022 marks the centennial of the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun and although "King Tut" is a household name, his nine-year rule pales in comparison to the revolutionary reign of his parents. Akhenaten and Nefertiti became gods on earth by transforming Egyptian solar worship, innovating in art and urban design, and merging religion and politics in ways never attempted before. Combining fascinating scholarship, detective suspense, and adventurous thrills, Egypt's Golden Couple: When Akhenaten and Nefertiti Were Gods on Earth (St. Martin's Press, 2022) is a journey through excavations, museums, hieroglyphic texts, and stunning artifacts. From clue to clue, renowned Egyptologists John and Colleen Darnell reconstruct an otherwise untold story of the magnificent reign of Akhenaten and Nefertiti. John and Colleen Darnell are a husband-and-wife Egyptologist team. They have presented on the Discovery Channel, History Channel, National Geographic, the Science Channel, and Smithsonian, as well as appeared in National Geographic's "Lost Treasures of Egypt." John is Professor of Egyptology in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at Yale University. His archaeological expeditions in Egypt have been covered by the New York Times. In 2017, his Eastern Desert expedition discovered the earliest monumental hieroglyphic inscription and was named one of the top ten discoveries of the year by Archaeology. Colleen teaches art history at the University of Hartford and Naugatuck Valley Community College; she has curated a major museum exhibit on Egyptian revival art and design at the Yale Peabody Museum. Caleb Zakarin is the Assistant Editor of the New Books Network (Twitter: @caleb_zakarin). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/middle-eastern-studies

Two celebrated Egyptologists bring to vivid life the intriguing and controversial reign of King Tut's parents. Akhenaten has been the subject of radically different, even contradictory, biographies. The king has achieved fame as the world's first individual and the first monotheist, but others have seen him as an incestuous tyrant who nearly ruined the kingdom he ruled. The gold funerary mask of his son Tutankhamun and the painted bust of his wife Nefertiti are the most recognizable artifacts from all of ancient Egypt. But who are Akhenaten and Nefertiti? And what can we actually say about rulers who lived more than three thousand years ago? November 2022 marks the centennial of the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun and although "King Tut" is a household name, his nine-year rule pales in comparison to the revolutionary reign of his parents. Akhenaten and Nefertiti became gods on earth by transforming Egyptian solar worship, innovating in art and urban design, and merging religion and politics in ways never attempted before. Combining fascinating scholarship, detective suspense, and adventurous thrills, Egypt's Golden Couple: When Akhenaten and Nefertiti Were Gods on Earth (St. Martin's Press, 2022) is a journey through excavations, museums, hieroglyphic texts, and stunning artifacts. From clue to clue, renowned Egyptologists John and Colleen Darnell reconstruct an otherwise untold story of the magnificent reign of Akhenaten and Nefertiti. John and Colleen Darnell are a husband-and-wife Egyptologist team. They have presented on the Discovery Channel, History Channel, National Geographic, the Science Channel, and Smithsonian, as well as appeared in National Geographic's "Lost Treasures of Egypt." John is Professor of Egyptology in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at Yale University. His archaeological expeditions in Egypt have been covered by the New York Times. In 2017, his Eastern Desert expedition discovered the earliest monumental hieroglyphic inscription and was named one of the top ten discoveries of the year by Archaeology. Colleen teaches art history at the University of Hartford and Naugatuck Valley Community College; she has curated a major museum exhibit on Egyptian revival art and design at the Yale Peabody Museum. Caleb Zakarin is the Assistant Editor of the New Books Network (Twitter: @caleb_zakarin). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/biography

Two celebrated Egyptologists bring to vivid life the intriguing and controversial reign of King Tut's parents. Akhenaten has been the subject of radically different, even contradictory, biographies. The king has achieved fame as the world's first individual and the first monotheist, but others have seen him as an incestuous tyrant who nearly ruined the kingdom he ruled. The gold funerary mask of his son Tutankhamun and the painted bust of his wife Nefertiti are the most recognizable artifacts from all of ancient Egypt. But who are Akhenaten and Nefertiti? And what can we actually say about rulers who lived more than three thousand years ago? November 2022 marks the centennial of the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun and although "King Tut" is a household name, his nine-year rule pales in comparison to the revolutionary reign of his parents. Akhenaten and Nefertiti became gods on earth by transforming Egyptian solar worship, innovating in art and urban design, and merging religion and politics in ways never attempted before. Combining fascinating scholarship, detective suspense, and adventurous thrills, Egypt's Golden Couple: When Akhenaten and Nefertiti Were Gods on Earth (St. Martin's Press, 2022) is a journey through excavations, museums, hieroglyphic texts, and stunning artifacts. From clue to clue, renowned Egyptologists John and Colleen Darnell reconstruct an otherwise untold story of the magnificent reign of Akhenaten and Nefertiti. John and Colleen Darnell are a husband-and-wife Egyptologist team. They have presented on the Discovery Channel, History Channel, National Geographic, the Science Channel, and Smithsonian, as well as appeared in National Geographic's "Lost Treasures of Egypt." John is Professor of Egyptology in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at Yale University. His archaeological expeditions in Egypt have been covered by the New York Times. In 2017, his Eastern Desert expedition discovered the earliest monumental hieroglyphic inscription and was named one of the top ten discoveries of the year by Archaeology. Colleen teaches art history at the University of Hartford and Naugatuck Valley Community College; she has curated a major museum exhibit on Egyptian revival art and design at the Yale Peabody Museum. Caleb Zakarin is the Assistant Editor of the New Books Network (Twitter: @caleb_zakarin). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/archaeology

Two celebrated Egyptologists bring to vivid life the intriguing and controversial reign of King Tut's parents. Akhenaten has been the subject of radically different, even contradictory, biographies. The king has achieved fame as the world's first individual and the first monotheist, but others have seen him as an incestuous tyrant who nearly ruined the kingdom he ruled. The gold funerary mask of his son Tutankhamun and the painted bust of his wife Nefertiti are the most recognizable artifacts from all of ancient Egypt. But who are Akhenaten and Nefertiti? And what can we actually say about rulers who lived more than three thousand years ago? November 2022 marks the centennial of the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun and although "King Tut" is a household name, his nine-year rule pales in comparison to the revolutionary reign of his parents. Akhenaten and Nefertiti became gods on earth by transforming Egyptian solar worship, innovating in art and urban design, and merging religion and politics in ways never attempted before. Combining fascinating scholarship, detective suspense, and adventurous thrills, Egypt's Golden Couple: When Akhenaten and Nefertiti Were Gods on Earth (St. Martin's Press, 2022) is a journey through excavations, museums, hieroglyphic texts, and stunning artifacts. From clue to clue, renowned Egyptologists John and Colleen Darnell reconstruct an otherwise untold story of the magnificent reign of Akhenaten and Nefertiti. John and Colleen Darnell are a husband-and-wife Egyptologist team. They have presented on the Discovery Channel, History Channel, National Geographic, the Science Channel, and Smithsonian, as well as appeared in National Geographic's "Lost Treasures of Egypt." John is Professor of Egyptology in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at Yale University. His archaeological expeditions in Egypt have been covered by the New York Times. In 2017, his Eastern Desert expedition discovered the earliest monumental hieroglyphic inscription and was named one of the top ten discoveries of the year by Archaeology. Colleen teaches art history at the University of Hartford and Naugatuck Valley Community College; she has curated a major museum exhibit on Egyptian revival art and design at the Yale Peabody Museum. Caleb Zakarin is the Assistant Editor of the New Books Network (Twitter: @caleb_zakarin). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Two celebrated Egyptologists bring to vivid life the intriguing and controversial reign of King Tut's parents. Akhenaten has been the subject of radically different, even contradictory, biographies. The king has achieved fame as the world's first individual and the first monotheist, but others have seen him as an incestuous tyrant who nearly ruined the kingdom he ruled. The gold funerary mask of his son Tutankhamun and the painted bust of his wife Nefertiti are the most recognizable artifacts from all of ancient Egypt. But who are Akhenaten and Nefertiti? And what can we actually say about rulers who lived more than three thousand years ago? November 2022 marks the centennial of the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun and although "King Tut" is a household name, his nine-year rule pales in comparison to the revolutionary reign of his parents. Akhenaten and Nefertiti became gods on earth by transforming Egyptian solar worship, innovating in art and urban design, and merging religion and politics in ways never attempted before. Combining fascinating scholarship, detective suspense, and adventurous thrills, Egypt's Golden Couple: When Akhenaten and Nefertiti Were Gods on Earth (St. Martin's Press, 2022) is a journey through excavations, museums, hieroglyphic texts, and stunning artifacts. From clue to clue, renowned Egyptologists John and Colleen Darnell reconstruct an otherwise untold story of the magnificent reign of Akhenaten and Nefertiti. John and Colleen Darnell are a husband-and-wife Egyptologist team. They have presented on the Discovery Channel, History Channel, National Geographic, the Science Channel, and Smithsonian, as well as appeared in National Geographic's "Lost Treasures of Egypt." John is Professor of Egyptology in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at Yale University. His archaeological expeditions in Egypt have been covered by the New York Times. In 2017, his Eastern Desert expedition discovered the earliest monumental hieroglyphic inscription and was named one of the top ten discoveries of the year by Archaeology. Colleen teaches art history at the University of Hartford and Naugatuck Valley Community College; she has curated a major museum exhibit on Egyptian revival art and design at the Yale Peabody Museum. Caleb Zakarin is the Assistant Editor of the New Books Network (Twitter: @caleb_zakarin). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Hosted by Andrew Keen, Keen On features conversations with some of the world's leading thinkers and writers about the economic, political, and technological issues being discussed in the news, right now. In this episode, Andrew is joined by Colleen and John Darnell, author of Egypt's Golden Couple: When Akhenaten and Nefertiti Were Gods on Earth. John and Colleen Darnell are a husband-and-wife Egyptologist team. They have presented on the Discovery Channel, History Channel, National Geographic, the Science Channel, and Smithsonian, as well as appeared in National Geographic's Lost Treasures of Egypt. John Darnell is Professor of Egyptology in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at Yale University. His archaeological expeditions in Egypt have been covered by the New York Times. In 2017, his Eastern Desert expedition discovered the earliest monumental hieroglyphic inscription and was named one of the top ten discoveries of the year by Archaeology. Colleen Darnell teaches art history at the University of Hartford and Naugatuck Valley Community College; she has curated a major museum exhibit on Egyptian revival art and design at the Yale Peabody Museum. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Выпуск программы SUN Day by De Key #1 на megapolisnight.ru Каждое воскресенье в 20:00 1.Tighter HOSH & Whitesquare Feat. Jalja 2.Davi lie machine 3.It's Not Right от Gianni Romano & Emanuele Esposito 4. Im a Stone Cold Killer от Nobe 5. The Bedouin (Original Mix) Raul Robado 6. Follow Me от Goom Gum & Kinky Sound 7. Bocat от Guy Gerber & Albertina 8. Hael от Volen Sentir 9. Sirens (Extended Version) Monolink

Key Components of a Perfect Land Listing (LA 1013) Transcript: Steven Butala:                   Steve and Jill here. Jill DeWit:                            Happy Friday. Steven Butala:                   Welcome to The Land Academy Show, entertaining land investment talk. I'm Steven Jack Butala- Jill DeWit:                            And I Jill DeWit, broadcasting from sunny Southern California. Steven Butala:                   Today, Jill and I talk about the key components of a perfect land listing online. Jill DeWit:                            That's a mouthful. Steven Butala:                   Here's the good news. Jill DeWit:                            It's good. Steven Butala:                   Of all the stuff that you think you need to learn, this is maybe one of the easiest things. Why? You just go copy it. Go copy it from us. We have 25 years of experience. That land posting that we have is not by accident. It contains all the stuff that a seller needs to know to either buy it or [crosstalk 00:00:42]- Jill DeWit:                            Make a decision [crosstalk 00:00:42]- Steven Butala:                   Make an offer. Yeah, make a decision. Jill DeWit:                            Exactly. This whole week, by the way, I hope you've been taking a lot of notes. I was just thinking about it. Really tried to sit down and come up with some topics about sales because we don't talk about sales because it's just natural for us, but this whole week has been why it comes natural for us. I hope you are taking notes and you got it. Today is one more day that you might want to jot a few things down, I hope. Steven Butala:                   Before we get into it, let's take a question posted by one of our members on the landinvestors.com online community. It's free. Jill DeWit:                            Aiden asked, "Hello, Land Academy members. I'm glad to say my first mailer is out and I already got seller responses." Steven Butala:                   Excellent. Jill DeWit:                            "Can anyone recommend a good title person in the Eastern Desert area of San Diego County? I'm trying to see if it would be a good idea to flip or wholesale a couple of deals that have already come back after a lot of hate. Wanting to move forward. Thanks." Steven Butala:                   This is a great... one of the many, many questions we get and comments every day that we get on the forum, and I included it here because I know that it has been answered on the forum- Jill DeWit:                            Oh, good. Steven Butala:                   And I'm not going to announce the best title agent, but if you want to find out who's buying and selling property let's say in the San Diego area, go check it out. Go check it out on landinvestors.com and they'll figure it out. There's a guy there named Luke Smith, you may have heard of him, with ruralvacantland.com. I'm not plugging anything, he's just a really [crosstalk 00:02:14]- Jill DeWit:                            One of our members. Steven Butala:                   Active, good members. He's got San Diego all locked down, so- Jill DeWit:                            He's got- Steven Butala:                   Reach out to him on ruralvacantland.com. Today's topic, the key components of a perfect land listing. This is the meat of the show. Steven Butala:                   You can go first if you want. I can reel off mine. Jill DeWit:                            A perfect land listing, this is something that you're putting on your website and then you're pretty much copying it everywhere else that you're promoting your property. Before you go and copy and paste and share and link everything to the planet to your posting, you want to make sure you have every little detail in there so people can when they find your property easily see everything they need to know about the property so they can make a decision and ideally without needing to call you or ema...

Key Components of a Perfect Land Listing (LA 1013) Transcript: Steven Butala:                   Steve and Jill here. Jill DeWit:                            Happy Friday. Steven Butala:                   Welcome to The Land Academy Show, entertaining land investment talk. I'm Steven Jack Butala- Jill DeWit:                            And I Jill DeWit, broadcasting from sunny Southern California. Steven Butala:                   Today, Jill and I talk about the key components of a perfect land listing online. Jill DeWit:                            That's a mouthful. Steven Butala:                   Here's the good news. Jill DeWit:                            It's good. Steven Butala:                   Of all the stuff that you think you need to learn, this is maybe one of the easiest things. Why? You just go copy it. Go copy it from us. We have 25 years of experience. That land posting that we have is not by accident. It contains all the stuff that a seller needs to know to either buy it or [crosstalk 00:00:42]- Jill DeWit:                            Make a decision [crosstalk 00:00:42]- Steven Butala:                   Make an offer. Yeah, make a decision. Jill DeWit:                            Exactly. This whole week, by the way, I hope you've been taking a lot of notes. I was just thinking about it. Really tried to sit down and come up with some topics about sales because we don't talk about sales because it's just natural for us, but this whole week has been why it comes natural for us. I hope you are taking notes and you got it. Today is one more day that you might want to jot a few things down, I hope. Steven Butala:                   Before we get into it, let's take a question posted by one of our members on the landinvestors.com online community. It's free. Jill DeWit:                            Aiden asked, "Hello, Land Academy members. I'm glad to say my first mailer is out and I already got seller responses." Steven Butala:                   Excellent. Jill DeWit:                            "Can anyone recommend a good title person in the Eastern Desert area of San Diego County? I'm trying to see if it would be a good idea to flip or wholesale a couple of deals that have already come back after a lot of hate. Wanting to move forward. Thanks." Steven Butala:                   This is a great... one of the many, many questions we get and comments every day that we get on the forum, and I included it here because I know that it has been answered on the forum- Jill DeWit:                            Oh, good. Steven Butala:                   And I'm not going to announce the best title agent, but if you want to find out who's buying and selling property let's say in the San Diego area, go check it out. Go check it out on landinvestors.com and they'll figure it out. There's a guy there named Luke Smith, you may have heard of him, with ruralvacantland.com. I'm not plugging anything, he's just a really [crosstalk 00:02:14]- Jill DeWit:                            One of our members. Steven Butala:                   Active, good members. He's got San Diego all locked down, so- Jill DeWit:                            He's got- Steven Butala:                   Reach out to him on ruralvacantland.com. Today's topic, the key components of a perfect land listing. This is the meat of the show. Steven Butala:                   You can go first if you want. I can reel off mine. Jill DeWit:                            A perfect land listing, this is something that you're putting on your website and then you're pretty much copying it everywhere else that you're promoting your property. Before you go and copy and paste and share and link everything to the planet to your posting, you want to make sure you have every little detail in there so people can when they find your property easily see everything they need to know about the property so they can make a decision and ideally without needing to call you or ema...

While on the verge of death, my younger son was visited and saved by Saint Anthony.   Saint Anthony was a Christian monk from Egypt, revered since his death as a saint. He is distinguished from other saints named Anthony such as Anthony of Padua, by various epithets of his own: Anthony the Great, Anthony of Egypt, Antony the Abbot, Anthony of the Desert, Anthony the Anchorite, and Anthony of Thebes. For his importance among the Desert Fathers and to all later Christian monasticism, he is also known as the Father of All Monks. He is often erroneously considered the first Christian monk, but as his biography and other sources make clear, there were many ascetics before him. Anthony was, however, the first to go into the wilderness (about ad 270), which seems to have contributed to his renown.   Accounts of Anthony enduring supernatural temptation during his sojourn in the Eastern Desert of Egypt inspired the often-repeated subject of the temptation of St. Anthony in Western art and literature.  Anthony is appealed to against infectious diseases, particularly skin diseases. In the past, many such afflictions, including ergotism, erysipelas, and shingles, were referred to as St. Anthony's fire. Enjoy! --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/simone-salmon/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/simone-salmon/support

"The Immeasurable World: Journeys in Desert Places," features William Atkins' travels across five continents over three years, visiting deserts both iconic and little-known to discover a realm as much internal as physical. His journey takes him to the Arabian Peninsula's Empty Quarter and Australia's nuclear-test grounds; the dry Aral Sea of Kazakhstan and ‘sand seas' of China's volatile north-west; the contested borderlands of Arizona and the riotous Burning Man festival in Nevada's Black Rock Desert; and the ancient monasteries of Egypt's Eastern Desert. Along the way, Atkins illuminates the people, history, topography, and symbolism of these remarkable but often troubled places.

Senuseret I (Part 4): Money Money Honey.Gold drives empires today, and the ancient Egyptians were no different. Senuseret I sends warriors into Nubia, the Sinai Peninsula and the Eastern Desert. They go in search of precious metals, resources needed for the King's monuments...https://egyptianhistorypodcast.com/2014/10/20/episode-37-imperial-projects/ See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Remote sensing has become an essential tool to improve data collection and spatial analysis in the geosciences. Identification of passive margin structures that are exposed along the Egyptian coast of the Red Sea, and their control on landforms has been hampered by limited data resolution and restricted access to this arid and inaccessible region. A major challenge lies in distinguishing features in the landscape that formed due to long-term tectonic activity and erosion from those features that modified the landscape recently. The goals of this thesis were to determine to what degree the study area is currently tectonically active, and what major hazards might affect the touristically developing coastal region. This study deals with the structural and geomorphological evolution of the rift-related structures and their impact on the sediment distribution and landforms variation in the northern Quseir area. In such a remote desert area, field and remote morphostructural analysis are needed to understand the structural and geomorphological evolution. The current study is mainly based on high-resolution QuickBird image analysis and field investigation. Field mapping was limited to one season, owing to acute safety concerns in the Eastern Desert. In the study area, the pre-rift stratigraphy includes Pan-African basement rocks overlain by pre-rift clastic and carbonate successions that range in age from Cambrian to Eocene. Syn-rift clastic and carbonate rocks range in age from Late Oligocene to recent and show depositional patterns controlled by fault systems. The field area exposes a section of a tectonically uplifted, amagmatic sedimentary sequence, which formed due to passive-margin-related rifting of the Red Sea: the Mesozoic and Tertiary sedimentary units that fill the 7-km wide coastal strip are perfectly exposed as tilted fault blocks. The results of my field mapping and structural analysis show that the fault architecture of the area is dominated by a large NW-SE-striking fault system. A series of SE-dipping normal faults are consistent in cross-section with listric fault geometry, rooting into an E-dipping detachment at depth. Our mapping also revealed that left-steps in at least one of the major NS- striking faults are accommodated by a flower structure, but not by SW-NE-oriented cross faults as previously proposed in a neighboring area. Thus seismic activity is more likely to occur on the large NW-striking normal faults, leading to potentially larger Magnitude earthquakes than previously recognized in the area. The left-step may act as a barrier to rupture propagation and should be examined in more detail. The northwestern Red Sea coast is part of the straight coastal segment that is generally characterized as seismically inactive. However, during the geological field mapping, I found evidence for Plio-/Pleistocene vertical coastal uplift, likely due to earthquake-related coastal and offshore faulting. Pliocene marine deposits emerged recently due to sea level-drop and earthquake-related uplift. Even the presence of up to five distinct Pleistocene coral terraces implies that at least some of the coastal uplift was seismogenic, because terraces of the same age can be found at different elevations along strike. Presumably, some of the seawarddipping, N-S-striking normal faults are active today, despite the lack of recent instrumental seismicity. These findings imply long recurrence intervals for active faults in the northern Quseir area. These results differ from previously published results for the adjacent Quseir-Um Gheig sub-basin area, were E-W-striking strike-slip faults were mapped to offset the N-Sstriking faults, and had been inferred as earthquake-generating faults by Abd El-Wahed et al. (2010). Based on our mapping, we postulate that the large rift-parallel normal faults are seismogenic. Drainage network evolution within the study area is often structurally controlled and the nature of these controls was examined in this study. The Wadi Siatin stream channel network is classified in a relatively simple way, based on the high-resolution satellite data, with dendritic, and rectangular considered the most fundamental channel geometries. It was possible to distinguish the different morphological elements of the network, as well as the anomalies that affect the patterns. This analysis revealed, in the northern Red Sea area basins, the existence of old structures whose successive reactivations have left their mark on the drainage network. Comparison of joint systems direction with the directions of the main trunk stream channel of Wadi Siatin shows that the channel is highly affected by tectonic jointing. First-order channels follow easily erodable faults. Investigations concerning the relationship of stream-flow orientation with geological structure in the Wadi Siatin Basin shows that, generally, the least influenced flows are those of first-order which are governed simply by the valley side slopes on which they developed. However, in certain geological and geomorphological situations, there are clear exceptions to this generalization. Certainly, locally, geological control of these small streams may be even higher than in many streams of higher order. In the peripheral parts of the Basin, expansion of drainage into the available space has obviously been easiest along lines of weakness and, as a consequence of this, streams of the first order come to exhibit a high degree of adjustment to the underlying structure. The maximum structural control is reached by the streams of the third order. Towards the higher orders, the influence of local structure becomes weaker.

Montuhotep II (Part 3): The Nubian War.Around 2020 BCE, Montuhotep II was secure in his power. He now led military campaigns into Nubia, Canaan and the Eastern Desert, in order to push his agenda further abroad...https://egyptianhistorypodcast.com/2014/05/22/episode-29-the-war-god/ See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

This thesis reports petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical data that constrain the hydrothermal alteration and gold mineralization in the Um El Tuyor area, SE Egypt. In order to distinguish the characteristics and envisage the genesis of gold mineralization in the study area, insights into the geologic context, structural evolution and geochemistry of the country rocks are provided. The geochemical investigations have been integrated with field and petrographic relationships, along with Landsat (TM) imagery interpretations to better constraints on the tectonic setting of the basement complex in the study area. The particular geographic location near the intersection of two major high strain zones, namely the Allaqi-Heiani suture and Hamisana Shear Zone, played a crucial role in the deformation history of the Um Tuyor area. The basement complex cropping out in the Um El Tuyor area is part of the Neoproterozoic Allaqi-Heiani ophiolitic belt, comprising allochtonous ophiolitic thrust slices and detached sheets, island arc volcano-sedimentary-plutonic assemblages, and syn-orogenic and post-orogenic intrusions. The ophiolitic rocks exhibit field and geochemical characteristics that make them akin to the supra-subduction zone ophiolites, formed most likely in a back-arc basin. The island arc assemblage comprises mainly calc-alkaline metavolcanic-plutonic rocks and back-arc pelitic metasediments. Early calc-alkaline granite intrusions tapered along the foliation and thrust planes during the orogenic episodes, whereas less fractionated tholeiitic olivine gabbro and peraluminous monzogranite encompass a course of post-orogenic plutonism evolved in a within plate setting. An early period of crustal shortening (Dm) involved transportation and overriding of huge ophiolitic sheets from the north to south is manifested by major thrust faults and imbricate ophiolitic thrust slices. Regional folds and pervasive foliation cleavage signify a NE-SW compressional regime (D2) superimposed on the thrust fabrics. A third deformation increment is indicated by the presence of abundant NNW-trending major folds and left-lateral faults superimposed on the older structural fabrics (D3). D4 records an episode of transcurrent deformation yielded slip reactivation of the pre-existing NW-trending faults and formation of discrete shear zones, one of which accommodates gold mineralization in the study area. Finally, a weak shear strain (D5) is indicated by the intersecting fault and joint trends traversing the post-orogenic rocks. Regional metamorphism was coeval with deformation, and peaked under conditions of amphibolite facies during D2. Geothermobarometry calculations point to temperatures of 534-561oC and pressure of 5.26-6.20 kbar for the peak of the metamorphic path of Um El Tuyor basement. Gold is mainly confined to the quartz veins and less commonly to narrow domains of the next quartz-sericite alteration zones. Field, microscopic and microprobe observations suggest that hydrothermal alteration in the Um El Tuyor mine area was post-peak metamorphism, and syn-kinematic with local shearing. The main auriferous veins in the Um El Tuyor mine area consist of massive, partially recrystallized, or laminated quartz ±carbonate. The quartz-carbonate veins are essentially fault-fill bodies, which have been fractured and re-filled with milky to grey laminated quartz in later stages of the geothermal system. The laminated quartz veins contain narrow elongate slivers of the host pelitic rocks (composed essentially of chrorite-sericite-sulphides±graphite), assumed to have been peeled off and incorporated during incremental (crack-seal) vein growth. vii Gold occurs as inclusions or within the lattice in arsenopyrite and arsenian pyrite, commonly in association with subordinate sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and pyrrhotite in the auriferous quartz veins. Another, high fineness type of gold fills microfractures in sulphides and quartz, and/or occurs as dispersed blebs and globules in domains of pervasive alteration, particularly where sericite and carbonate are intergrown. In the mine area, a metal zonation extends from an inner Fe-As-Zn-Au ±Pb±Ag±Te bearing veins through an intermediate Fe-As-Cu rich wallrocks to a distal halo enriched in Fe-Cu-Co, and Ni. A three stage hydrothermal alteration model (initial, transitional and advanced) is proposed for the Um El Tuyor ore-forming hydrothermal system, on basis of the field and microscopic observations and the electron microprobe data. The initial stage involved hydrolysis of the wallrocks in presence of a near acid fluid, whose pH was buffered by the wallrock mineralogy. The transitional stage involved also hydrolysis reactions, but was dominated by carbonatization, sulphidation and redox reactions. The latter reduced the interacting fluids, particularly where the fluid : rock ratio was low and provided favourable conditions for gold deposition. It is interpreted that sulphidation has affected the gold solubility via changes in oxygen fugacity through redox reactions. The advanced stage was most likely a phase of intense sericitization (after chlorite), which consumed K+, liberated H+, and buffered the solution pH. Cation-exchange reactions were limited to the time when favoured Na+ activity and temperature conditions promoted deposition of albite. Sulphidation remained operating through this stage, and the un-buffered conditions were locally attained under high fluid/rock ratios. Compositional zoning of the auriferous pyrite and arsenopyrite crystals, along with the presence of patchy pyrrhotite and sphalerite inclusions in these crystals, and the absence of these features in pyrite and arsenopyrite of the late sulphide assemblage may imply incipient low oxygen fugacity conditions during gold deposition. Further, compositional zoning of the large arsenian pyrite crystals, from barren cores to auriferous margins, is considered as a function of redox reactions involving oxidation of Au and reduction of As. Fluid inclusion studies revealed heterogeneous entrapping of immiscible aqueous and carbonic fluids in the Um El Tuyor auriferous quartz veins. Criteria including the primary and secondary modes of occurrence of the carbonic inclusions, coexistence of inclusions with carbonic and aqueous fluids of variable relative proportions, densities, filling degrees, partial homogenization temperatures, and bulk compositions are considered evocative for phase separation as gold deposition mechanism in the Um El Tuyor auriferous quartz veins. The initially homogenous ore fluid was likely a low salinity aqueous-carbonic solution (±1-2 mol% CH4 or N2), which started to separate into two phases and precipitate gold when conditions attained ~340°C at ~1.5 kbar (at depth of ~6 km under lithostatic condition). Destabilization of gold-sulphur complexes through interplay of cooling, redox state variation, pH changes, and decrease in sulphur fugacity should have contributed in gold deposition in the auriferous veins. The entire gold-base metal mineralization and quartz veining event extended over conditions of 170-429oC at 0.9-2.1 kbar respectively, equivalent to depths of 3-8 km and compatible with crustal conditions of greenschist metamorphism and brittle–ductile transition. This wide range of pressure probably represents the total fluid pressure regime within the shear zone from the formation of the auriferous quartz veins to periods of continuous pressure decrease during uplift, including a sudden pressure decrease occurred as a consequence of incremental opening of the fissure, followed by filling by newly deposited quartz.

Since they have been known in public, the Middle Kingdom rock tombs of Beni Hassan have always attracted visitors and admirers alike. This might come about due to their exposed position in the eastern cliffs of Middle Egypt high upon the river Nile. Among them some of the finest private tomb chapels of the Middle Kingdom are contained. This relates to the splendour of their architecture as well as to some of the finest mural paintings and inscrip-tions which ever became known out of Ancient Egypt. BH 3, which is very elegant in style and impressive in its lavishness of colours, being the tomb of the overseer of the Eastern Desert, Khnumhotep II. and the latest decorated tomb chapel in the row, dating from the time of Senwosret II. (about 1880 B.C.) has in many cases been considered the most fascinating of the all of them. The thesis presented focuses mainly on BH 2, tomb of the nomarch of the Oryx-nome, Amenemhet, called Jmnjj from the time of Senwosret I. (1956-1910 B.C.). BH 2 is the second youngest of the decorated tombs in the row and is equally well performed in its decoration as in its architecture. The main purpose of this study was to make obvious the "bridge function" of BH 2 as a link and – at the same time – as a separator between the earlier – decorated – tombs of Beni Hassan and BH 3, originating in the preservation and transfer of motives as well from the mural paintings as from the inscriptions of the earlier tombs into the composi-tion of Jmnjj('s) own tomb chapel, thus shaping a symbiotic relationship of old an new. The methods chosen to achieve this goal: First there had to be held a well-grounded analysis of all the earlier tombs concerning the composing elements of their tomb chapel decoration in comparison to the tomb chapel decoration of BH 2. Then an interpretation was attempted, concerning which composing elements were again used or not used in BH 2, drawing the conclusion, that the owner of the tomb chose certain motives for the mere purpose of legiti-mating. BH 2 represents the search for credentials, a man appointed to his position by the King has to make obvious, if he simultaneously wishes to trace his roots and to show his loyalty to the King.