Morrow Marriage

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Your Attachment Style is Sabotaging You!Are your attachment patterns destroying your relationship without you realizing it? In this episode of The 'NEW' Marriage, Cass and Kathryn Morrow reveal how anxious, avoidant, and disorganized attachment styles silently sabotage intimacy and connection.Discover why you might feel clingy, constantly need reassurance, or pull away when things get too close—and how these habits affect your marriage. Cass and Kathryn share practical tools to break free from insecure attachment, heal trust wounds, and build a secure, lasting bond without losing your identity.Whether you're dating, engaged, or married, understanding attachment theory is the key to creating emotional safety and real love.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.You Can't Fix People with Love!Trying to fix someone with love? It doesn't work—and it's destroying your relationship. In this episode of The ‘NEW' Marriage, Cass and Kathryn reveal why love alone can't heal deep wounds, change toxic patterns, or make someone emotionally available. Learn the truth about codependency, emotional boundaries, and what REAL love looks like when you stop playing the rescuer.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Why Women Must Take Responsibility to Save Their Marriage?In this episode of The 'NEW' Marriage, Cass and Kathryn discuss the often-avoided truth: women play a crucial role in saving a marriage. This isn't about blame — it's about empowerment. Learn how taking personal responsibility can help you address patterns, improve communication, and create a healthier dynamic that benefits both partners. If your marriage feels disconnected, cold, or on the brink of collapse, this episode gives you practical steps to lead change from your side.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.How People Test Your Emotional Availability?Do you ever feel like your partner is testing you emotionally? In this episode of The 'NEW' Marriage, Cass and Kathryn dive into the subtle (and not-so-subtle) ways people test emotional availability in relationships. Learn how to recognize these tests, respond with empathy instead of defensiveness, and create deeper emotional intimacy without losing yourself.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Silent Treatments vs. Healthy Boundaries!Are you setting boundaries or giving the silent treatment? In this episode of The 'NEW' Marriage, Cass and Kathryn dive into the difference between healthy emotional space and damaging disconnection. Learn how to communicate your needs without emotional shutdown, recognize when silence becomes manipulation, and build deeper emotional connection in your relationship.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Can you really outgrow a soulmate?In this episode of The 'NEW' Marriage, Cass and Kathryn explore what happens when love no longer fits. We dive into emotional growth, changing dynamics in long-term relationships, and how to know when a “forever” connection has run its course—or if it can evolve with you.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Why Closure Is A Myth In Modern Relationships!Do you really need “closure” to move on from a relationship? In this episode of The 'NEW' Marriage, Cass and Kathryn break down why the idea of closure often keeps people stuck in heartbreak instead of healing. Learn why true emotional freedom comes from self-validation, not waiting for someone else's apology or explanation.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man — Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Mixed Signals and Emotional Manipulation | The 'NEW' Marriage | Ep298Are you caught in a relationship filled with mixed signals, gaslighting, or emotional manipulation? In this episode, Cass and Kathryn dive into the subtle signs of toxic relationship patterns that erode trust and connection. Learn how to identify manipulation, set emotional boundaries, and protect your mental health in love.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.How to love without losing your identity!In this episode of The 'NEW' Marriage, Cass and Kathryn explore how to maintain your sense of self in a committed relationship. Are you giving too much and losing your identity in the name of love? Learn how to build emotional connection without self-abandonment, establish healthy boundaries, and love deeply without disappearing.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Sexless Marriage vs Lack of Intimacy!In this episode, Cass and Kathryn explore the hidden differences between a sexless marriage and a marriage lacking emotional intimacy. Is the issue physical, emotional — or both? Learn how to identify what's really happening in your relationship and what to do about it. This episode is crucial for couples struggling with disconnection, resentment, and unmet needs in their marriage.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Lack of Commitment in Marriage!In this episode of The 'NEW' Marriage, Cass and Kathryn Morrow explore why some partners avoid commitment — even in long-term relationships. They break down the emotional blocks, hidden fears, and real-life signs of commitment resistance. Get practical tools to protect your peace and move forward with clarity in love.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Money Problems in Marriage!In this episode of The 'NEW' Marriage, Cass uncovers what's really behind financial conflict in relationships.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Talking Past Each Other!In this episode of The 'NEW' Marriage, Cass unpacks a subtle but common issue:You're not being ignored — you're being misunderstood.We explore how unspoken expectations, emotional filters, and past wounds cause couples to talk past each other. Learn how to finally feel heard — and hear your partner in return.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Taking your Questions!In this special Q&A episode of The 'NEW' Marriage, Cass answers real questions from real listeners.From sexless marriages and emotional disconnection to power struggles and faith, nothing is off-limits.Get the clarity and perspective you've been looking for — raw, honest, and unfiltered.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Faith and Remarriage: Adultry?In this powerful episode of The 'NEW' Marriage, we confront a sensitive and often controversial topic: Is remarriage after divorce a form of adultery?We unpack biblical teachings, faith-based guilt, and the emotional fallout couples experience when religion collides with love and second chances.If you're wrestling with spiritual shame or judgment around remarriage, this is for you.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Tests From Your Spouse!In this episode of The 'NEW' Marriage, we explore the hidden ways spouses test each other — emotionally, behaviorally, and unconsciously.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Taking Responsibility!In this episode of The 'NEW' Marriage, we dive into the underrated power of taking personal responsibility in relationships.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Your Husband Isn't The Problem!In this episode of The 'NEW' Marriage, we challenge a common narrative: blaming your partner. What if your husband isn't actually the problem — but something deeper is?

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Freedom and Settling!In this episode of The ‘NEW' Marriage, we explore the emotional tension between freedom and settling. How do couples balance personal freedom with long-term commitment?

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.You're Not Being Abused!In this controversial but powerful episode, Cass and Kathryn Morrow challenge the misuse of the word "abuse" in modern relationships. If you're feeling overwhelmed, hurt, or unloved — you may not be in an abusive relationship. Learn the difference between real abuse and emotional dysregulation, and what to do about it.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.How to Love Imperfections?In this powerful episode, Cass and Kathryn Morrow discuss how embracing imperfections—not just in your partner, but in yourself—is the key to lasting connection. Learn how to shift from judgment to compassion and transform your marriage by loving what's real.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Emotional Regulation!In this episode of The ‘NEW' Marriage, we explore why emotional regulation is a critical skill for long-term relationship success. If you or your partner often feel overwhelmed, shut down, or overreact — this conversation is for you.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.The 7 Types of Dates!Not all date nights are created equal. In this episode of The 'NEW' Marriage, we break down the 7 types of dates that deeply impact connection, communication, and emotional intimacy.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.The "Noble" Spouse!In this episode of The ‘NEW' Marriage, we dive into the psychology of the "noble" spouse — the one who tries to stay calm, fix everything, and carry the emotional load alone. Why does this role often lead to resentment, burnout, or disconnection in relationships?

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Boardgames and Triggers!In this episode of The ‘NEW' Marriage podcast, we explore how something as simple as a boardgame can bring up unexpected emotional triggers between couples. What begins as fun playtime turns into real conversation about connection, emotional safety, and the underlying dynamics of modern relationships.Are games just games? Or do they reveal more about your marriage than you think?

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Marriages Being Ruined By Children!In Episode 280 of The 'NEW' Marriage, we ask a tough question: Are children ruining marriages? From lack of intimacy to constant stress, we explore how parenting can strain a relationship—and what couples can do to reconnect and rebuild.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Letting Go Of Their Affair!In Episode 279 of The 'NEW' Marriage, we talk about the painful process of letting go of your partner's affair. Whether you choose to stay or leave, this episode helps you navigate betrayal, understand your emotions, and take steps toward healing and clarity.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Staying During Abuse!In Episode 278 of The 'NEW' Marriage, we confront the painful truth about staying during abuse. Why do people stay? What role does trauma, fear, or love play? This episode offers real talk, compassionate insight, and a path toward safety and healing.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Get Her 1/2 Naked Again!In Episode 277 of The 'NEW' Marriage, we unpack the deeper meaning behind the phrase "Get Her 1/2 Naked Again." It's not just about physical attraction—it's about emotional safety, connection, and reigniting the spark that often fades in long-term relationships.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Non Physical Betrayal!In Episode 276 of The 'NEW' Marriage, we explore non-physical betrayal—from emotional affairs to digital secrets. What happens when trust is broken without touching? Learn how these betrayals start, why they hurt, and how couples can begin to heal.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.She Wants Sex; He Doesn't!In Episode 275 of The 'NEW' Marriage, we unpack a topic rarely discussed: when she wants sex—but he doesn't. What causes this shift in desire? Is it emotional, physical, or relational? We explore how to navigate mismatched libidos with compassion and clarity.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Dealing With Death In The Family!In Episode 274 of The 'NEW' Marriage, we address the heavy but necessary topic of coping with death in the family. Learn how grief affects your relationship, how to support your partner, and how to navigate mourning while staying emotionally connected.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Communication Is Not Key!In this Throwback Episode of The 'NEW' Marriage, we challenge the popular belief that communication is the key to a successful relationship. Discover what's actually missing in most partnerships and why communication alone won't save your marriage.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.How Insecurity Grips You!In this Throwback Episode of The 'NEW' Marriage, we explore how insecurity takes hold—impacting your self-worth, your relationships, and your peace of mind. Learn how to identify it, understand it, and start the path to emotional freedom and confidence.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Why Your Partner Disrespects You!This Throwback Episode of The 'NEW' Marriage tackles a hard truth: why your partner may be disrespecting you. We break down the signs, root causes, and how to reclaim your self-worth while building a healthier relationship dynamic.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.In-Laws. Rules to Follow!In Episode 270 of The 'NEW' Marriage, we lay out the essential rules for navigating in-law relationships. From setting boundaries to keeping peace in your marriage, this episode is packed with insights for couples dealing with family dynamics and interference.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Naked Fits!In Episode 269 of The 'NEW' Marriage, we unpack the concept of “naked fits” — raw emotional reactions, vulnerability, and the deeper truths that surface in intimate relationships. Discover how these moments can either break or strengthen your connection.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Erectile Disfunction!In Episode 268 of The 'NEW' Marriage, we dive into the sensitive yet important topic of erectile dysfunction — its causes, emotional impact, and how couples can communicate and heal together. This is a must-watch for anyone seeking honest, supportive insight into intimacy and connection in modern relationships.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Narcissistic Behavior Is Normalized In The Offenders Family!In this episode of The 'NEW' Marriage (Ep267), we explore how narcissistic behavior becomes normalized in families, the effects on relationships, and strategies for healing. If you're dealing with toxic family dynamics or narcissistic abuse, this episode offers valuable insights and tips for breaking free and creating healthier relationships.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.90% of Marriages Fail!In this episode of The 'NEW' Marriage (Ep266), we discuss the shocking statistic that 90% of marriages fail and explore the key factors contributing to relationship breakdowns. Learn how to avoid common pitfalls, strengthen your marriage, and build a lasting, healthy partnership.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.The Emergency Poop Story!In Episode 265 of The 'NEW' Marriage, we lighten things up with a hilarious and unexpected moment — The Emergency Poop Story. But beyond the laughter, there's a deeper truth about vulnerability, real-life messes, and how humor and honesty can strengthen the bond between partners. Sometimes the best growth comes from the most human experiences.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.The Impact That Impacts Trust!In Episode 264 of The 'NEW' Marriage, we explore how seemingly small actions can deeply impact trust within a relationship. Trust is built — or broken — through everyday moments, not just major events. Learn how to recognize the behaviors that erode trust over time and how to rebuild it through honesty, consistency, and emotional responsibility. Protecting trust is protecting the foundation of your relationship.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Labeling Your Partner - Narcissist!In Episode 263 of The 'NEW' Marriage, we dive into the danger of labeling your partner a narcissist. While real narcissistic behavior exists, mislabeling out of anger, hurt, or misunderstanding can destroy trust and intimacy. We explore when labeling becomes toxic, how to recognize true patterns, and how to focus on healing and honest communication instead of blame.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Answer The Question!In Episode 262 of The 'NEW' Marriage, we tackle one of the simplest yet most avoided relationship principles: answering the question. Why do people dodge direct communication? What does it mean when your partner won't give a straight answer? Discover how honesty, clarity, and directness can radically improve intimacy and trust in your relationship.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Manipulation, Boundaries & Covert Contracts!In Episode 261 of The 'NEW' Marriage, we dive deep into the subtle yet destructive dynamics of manipulation, lack of boundaries, and covert contracts in relationships. Are unspoken expectations silently sabotaging your connection? Learn how to identify hidden agreements, set clear boundaries, and build a relationship based on honesty and mutual respect.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Number One Relationship Hack!In Episode 260 of The 'NEW' Marriage, we reveal the #1 relationship hack that changes everything. This isn't about tricks or manipulation—it's a mindset shift that leads to better communication, deeper intimacy, and lasting connection. If you're tired of trying everything and still feeling stuck, this episode is for you.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Triggers vs Cognitive Distortions!In Episode 259 of The 'NEW' Marriage, we unpack the difference between triggers and cognitive distortions—two things that can silently sabotage your relationship. Are you reacting to past pain or distorted thinking? This conversation helps you understand your emotional responses, recognize when your mind is playing tricks on you, and break the cycle for healthier communication and connection.

Text us your questions or topics for the show! We got you!Cass Morrow, Author of Disrupting Divorce: The NEW Man. Saving Struggling, Sexless, and Toxic Marriages.Kathryn Morrow, Author of Behind The White Picket Fence.Getting Your Partner “On Board”In Episode 258 of The 'NEW' Marriage, we're diving into what it really takes to get your partner “on board.” Whether it's therapy, communication shifts, parenting styles, or even career moves—many people feel stuck when their partner won't engage. This episode gives you practical insights to lead with clarity, compassion, and confidence—without controlling or manipulating.