Podcasts about confederation congress

#0175 Articles of Confederation, An End To The Ukraine War?, Vance vs The Pope on Ordo Amori, The First Female Congresswoman, TBC: The Great Divorce, and Apologetics 101 - Further. Every. Day. The Articles of Confederation – A Failed Democracy Of States Cut 1#: Introduction: The Articles of Confederation, ratified in 1781, served as the first governing document of the United States. However, it soon proved inadequate, leading to widespread calls for reform. The Founding Fathers—especially George Washington, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton—expressed serious concerns about its weaknesses. Many of these concerns were articulated in their letters, speeches, and debates, culminating in the drafting of the U.S. Constitution in 1787. Key Weaknesses and Contemporary Critiques 1. Lack of Taxation Authority One of the most significant weaknesses of the Articles was Congress's inability to levy taxes. The federal government had to rely on voluntary contributions from the states, leading to financial instability and an inability to pay off war debts. Cut 2#: James Madison, “Vices of the Political System” (April 1787):"It is no longer doubted that a unanimous and punctual obedience of 13 independent bodies, to the acts of the federal Government, ought not be calculated on. Even during the war, when external danger supplied in some degree the defect of legal & coercive sanctions, how imperfectly did the States fulfil their obligations to the Union? In time of peace, we see already what is to be expected." Cut 3&4#: Alexander Hamilton, Federalist No. 30 (December 28, 1787):"The present Confederation, feeble as it is intended to repose in the United States, an unlimited power of providing for the pecuniary wants of the Union. But proceeding upon an erroneous principle, it has been done in such a manner as entirely to have frustrated the intention. Congress, by the articles which compose that compact (as has already been stated), are authorized to ascertain and call for any sums of money necessary, in their judgment, to the service of the United States; and their requisitions, if conformable to the rule of apportionment, are in every constitutional sense obligatory upon the States. These have no right to question the propriety of the demand; no discretion beyond that of devising the ways and means of furnishing the sums demanded. But though this be strictly and truly the case; though the assumption of such a right would be an infringement of the articles of Union; though it may seldom or never have been avowedly claimed, yet in practice it has been constantly exercised, and would continue to be so, as long as the revenues of the Confederacy should remain dependent on the intermediate agency of its members." Cut 5#: George Washington's letter to John Jay (August 15, 1786):"Requisitions are actually little better than a jest and a bye word throughout the Land. If you tell the Legislatures they have violated the treaty of peace and invaded the prerogatives of the confederacy they will laugh in your face." Comparison to the Constitution: Articles of Confederation: Congress could not impose taxes and had to request funds from the states. U.S. Constitution (Article I, Section 8): Congress gains the power to “lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises.” 2. No Executive or Judicial Branches Under the Articles, there was no executive branch to enforce laws and no national judiciary to settle disputes, leading to inefficiency and legal conflicts among states. Cut 6#: James Madison at the Constitutional Convention (June 19, 1787):"The existing Confederacy does not sufficiently provide against this evil. The proposed amendment to it does not supply the omission. It leaves the will of the States as uncontrolled as ever." Cut 7#: Alexander Hamilton, Federalist NO. 22 (December 14, 1787):"Several States have endeavored, by separate prohibitions, restrictions, and exclusions, to influence the conduct of that kingdom in this particular, but the want of concert, arising from the want of a general authority and from clashing and dissimilar views in the State, has hitherto frustrated every experiment of the kind, and will continue to do so as long as the same obstacles to a uniformity of measures continue to exist." And later in Fed 22: Cut 8#: “A circumstance which crowns the defects of the Confederation remains yet to be mentioned, the want of a judiciary power. Laws are a dead letter without courts to expound and define their true meaning and operation. The treaties of the United States, to have any force at all, must be considered as part of the law of the land. Their true import, as far as respects individuals, must, like all other laws, be ascertained by judicial determinations. To produce uniformity in these determinations, they ought to be submitted, in the last resort, to one SUPREME TRIBUNAL. And this tribunal ought to be instituted under the same authority which forms the treaties themselves. These ingredients are both indispensable.” Comparison to the Constitution: Articles of Confederation: No executive or judiciary, making enforcement and dispute resolution nearly impossible. U.S. Constitution: Establishes three co-equal branches with checks and balances. 3. Inability to Regulate Commerce With no power to regulate trade, states imposed tariffs on each other, creating economic discord and weakening national unity. Cut 9#: George Washington's letter to James Madison (November 30, 1785):"I hope the resolutions which were published for the consideration of the House, respecting the reference to Congress for the regulation of a Commercial system will have passed. The proposition in my opinion is so self evident that I confess I am at a loss to discover wherein lyes the weight of the objection to the measure. We are either a United people, or we are not. If the former, let us, in all matters of general concern act as a nation, which have national objects to promote, and a National character to support—If we are not, let us no longer act a farce by pretending to it. for whilst we are playing a dble game, or playing a game between the two we never shall be consistent or respectable—but may be the dupes of some powers and, most assuredly, the contempt of all." Comparison to the Constitution: Articles of Confederation: No power to regulate interstate or international trade. U.S. Constitution (Article I, Section 8): Grants Congress the power to “regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states.” Constitutional Convention Debates on the Articles The Constitutional Convention of 1787 was largely a response to the Articles' failings. Many Founders voiced concerns about its weaknesses and emphasized the necessity of a new framework. Cut 10#: George Washington's Address at the Constitutional Convention (1787):"It is too probable that no plan we propose will be adopted. Perhaps another dreadful conflict is to be sustained. If to please the people, we offer what we ourselves disapprove, how can we afterwards defend our work? Let us raise a standard to which the wise and the honest can repair. The event is in the hand of God." Cut 11#: James Madison at the Convention (June 6, 1787):"The confederation was founded on temporary principles. It cannot last: it cannot be amended. If we do not establish a good Govt. on new principles, we must either go to ruin, or have the work to do over again. The people at large are wrongly suspected of being averse to a Genl. Govt. The aversion lies among interested men who possess their confidence." Conclusion: The Articles' Failure & The Constitution's Success The weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation were widely recognized by the Founders, who sought a stronger federal government through the U.S. Constitution. By granting the national government taxation authority, an executive branch, a judiciary, and regulatory power over commerce, the new Constitution directly addressed the Articles' failings. Cut 12#: Benjamin Franklin on the new Constitution (1787):"Thus I consent, Sir, to this Constitution because I expect no better, and because I am not sure, that it is not the best." This new government would not only survive but become one of the most enduring political systems in history. Russo-Ukraine War Ends, New Wars In Taiwan? With the war, hopefully ending in Ukraine, new peace talks can begin:Cut 13#: JD Vance and Zelensky Clip Hegseth addressed NATO in Brussels this week: Cut 14#: No, we're not leaving Ukraine behind, negotiations are just starting Cut 15#: NATO needs to step up, the German reporter asks if the US will raise spending from 3.4% to 5% as Hegseth suggests the EU does https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOzzVfhkwn4 Cut 16#: Fighting two different wars on two different fronts, Gaza and Ukraine, has weakened our strategic reserves, oil, ATACMS, small arms munitions, and in many other ways says Command Adm. Samuel Paparo in Nov of 24: https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-weapons-taiwan-missiles-stockpiles-28564bbed21f72b9a3c6b3cd9c086bc7 Cut 17#: This may be why Trump is so focused on peace with Russia and China https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=70Gr2eAYORI The Pope vs VP Vance on the Ordo Amori Much ink and discussion has been spilled on this, but let's hear a surrogate from the Pope speak to this: Now let's open God's Word in a very Augustine way, looking at the nature of affections as laid out in scripture: Cut 18#: https://x.com/TaylorRMarshall/status/1890437635883086485 1. Love for God as Supreme Cut 19# Matthew 22:37-38 – “You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind. This is the great and first commandment.” Cut 20# Deuteronomy 6:5 – “You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your might.” Cut 21# Luke 14:26 – “If anyone comes to me and does not hate his own father and mother and wife and children and brothers and sisters, yes, and even his own life, he cannot be my disciple.” (Jesus is not commanding literal hatred but is emphasizing that love for God must come first.) Cut 22# Exodus 20:3 – “You shall have no other gods before me.” 2. Love for Family Cut 23# Ephesians 5:25 – “Husbands, love your wives, as Christ loved the church and gave himself up for her.” Cut 24# Ephesians 6:1-2 – “Children, obey your parents in the Lord, for this is right. ‘Honor your father and mother' (this is the first commandment with a promise).” Cut 25# 1 Timothy 5:8 – “But if anyone does not provide for his relatives, and especially for members of his household, he has denied the faith and is worse than an unbeliever.” Cut 26# Genesis 2:24 – “Therefore a man shall leave his father and his mother and hold fast to his wife, and they shall become one flesh.” 3. Love for Community Cut 27# Leviticus 19:18 – “You shall love your neighbor as yourself: I am the Lord.” Cut 28# Luke 10:27-37 (Parable of the Good Samaritan) – Demonstrates love for one's neighbor beyond ethnic or social boundaries. 4. Love for Nation Cut 29# Jeremiah 29:7 – “But seek the welfare of the city where I have sent you into exile, and pray to the Lord on its behalf, for in its welfare you will find your welfare.” Cut 30# Romans 13:1-7 – “Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God.” Cut 31# 1 Peter 2:13-17 – “Be subject for the Lord's sake to every human institution… Honor everyone. Love the brotherhood. Fear God. Honor the emperor.” Now, how does allowing an invasion of Military Aged Men into our country fit into this rubric? How does the Vatican deal with threats against his excellency?Cut 32# Oh… Cut 33# Nicki Knows Facts: The First Congresswoman Cut 34#-37 The Book Corner: The Great Divorce Foreword-Chapter 2 Foreword C.S. Lewis explains that The Great Divorce is an allegory, not a theological treatise, and should not be taken as a literal depiction of the afterlife. He argues against the idea that good and evil can be reconciled, emphasizing that one must fully choose either Heaven or Hell—there is no blending of the two. He also mentions his inspiration from William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell but clarifies that his book is meant to show their absolute separation rather than their unity. Chapter 1 The narrator finds himself in a grim, joyless city (Hell or “the Grey Town”) on a rainy evening. He joins a line for a bus that promises to take people away from the city. As he waits, he observes the other passengers arguing, bickering, and expressing general dissatisfaction. These people, it seems, are unhappy but reluctant to leave, preferring their own grievances and pride over change. When the bus arrives, it appears unusual—bright and floating above the ground. Chapter 2 As the bus takes off, it begins to ascend, moving higher and higher into the sky. The narrator notices that the interior of the bus seems to grow larger than its exterior, a hint at the supernatural nature of the journey. The other passengers continue arguing, revealing their selfishness, resentment, and attachment to their past sins. Some complain about the rules of the Grey Town, while others insist they deserve better treatment. The chapter ends with the bus flying toward an unfamiliar, beautifully radiant land, which we later understand to be the foothills of Heaven. Apologetics 101 The 3 Rules of Apologetics 1. Define Terms 2. Answer the Questioner, not the Question 3. Remember who wins the person's soul, hint it's not you. Final Question: Favorite fictional work Sources for Further Reading: https://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/a7s3.html https://www.bartleby.com/lit-hub/respectfully-quoted/george-washington-173299-2/ https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/04-03-02-0357 https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed22.asp https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed30.asp https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/debates_619.asp

It's Thursday, January 18th, A.D. 2024. This is The Worldview in 5 Minutes heard at www.TheWorldview.com. I'm Adam McManus. (Adam@TheWorldview.com) By Jonathan Clark North Korea, Nigeria, and China remain on Persecutor List Open Doors released its 2024 World Watch List yesterday on the 50 worst countries for the persecution of Christians.  Over 365 million Christians faced high levels of persecution last year. That's one in seven Christians. Believers suffered over 4,000 detentions, nearly 5,000 murders, and 15,000 attacks on property or church buildings. North Korea ranked number 1 again, where becoming a Christian is effectively a death sentence. Nigeria, at number 6, saw the most violence, with 82% of killings happening there. And China, at number 19, perpetrated the largest number of church closures. 1 Corinthians 12:24-27 says, “God has so composed the body . . . that there may be no division in the body, but that the members may have the same care for one another. If one member suffers, all suffer together; if one member is honored, all rejoice together. Now you are the body of Christ and individually members of it.” The seeds of China's one-child policy Speaking of China, the country's population declined for a second year in a row. The nation had 1.4 billion people at the end of 2023, a decrease of over two million compared to 2022. Once the world's most populous country, China has record-low birth rates following its one-child policy from the 1980s. India now has the largest population globally.  Also, China's latest economic data shows the country grew at one of the slowest rates in decades last year. Javier Milei to World Economic Forum: Socialism and abortion are bad Argentina's president, Javier Milei, addressed the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland yesterday. The libertarian came into office last year, promising to reign in government bureaucracy and spending.  He called out socialism and abortion during his speech at the forum. He said, “I am here today to tell you that the West is in danger . . . because those who are supposed to defend the values of the West have been co-opted by a vision of the world that inexorably leads to socialism.” Milei also said, “Another conflict presented by socialists is that … we human beings damage the planet which should be protected at all cost, even going as far as advocating for … the bloody abortion agenda.” (You can watch Milei's 26-minute speech, translated into English, in a special link in our transcript today at www.TheWorldview.com. It begins at the 6:05-mark.) Psalm 2:1-2, 4 asks, “Why do the nations rage and the peoples plot in vain? The kings of the earth rise up and the rulers band together against the Lord and against His anointed. ... He who sits in the heavens laughs; the Lord holds them in derision." National Religious Freedom Day In the United States, Tuesday marked the 21st annual National Religious Freedom Day.  Coinciding with the event, the Becket Fund for Religious Liberty released the fifth edition of their Religious Freedom Index. The report found American's support for religious freedom reached 69 on a scale 0 to 100. It's the highest score on the index since it started in 2019. Mark Rienzi, president and CEO of Becket, said, “Despite some efforts to turn religion into a scapegoat for our nation's problems, most Americans believe that religion—and religious freedom—are key to solving them.” U.S. Supreme Court's pro-trans ruling On Tuesday, the U.S. Supreme Court allowed a lower court ruling to stand that was in favor of transgender bathrooms. Indiana's Metropolitan School District of Martinsville had barred a girl, pretending to be a boy, from using the boys' bathrooms. The 7th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled against the school district in the matter. And the U.S. Supreme Court denied the district's request to hear the case, continuing its trend of turning down transgender cases. Microsoft passes Apple Last Thursday, Microsoft overtook Apple as the most valuable company in the world for the first time since 2021. Microsoft shares reached a market cap of $2.89 trillion as Apple's value dropped to $2.88 trillion. Microsoft grew in value significantly over the last year after investing in OpenAI, the maker of ChatGPT. Microsoft has been a frontrunner in integrating aspects of artificial intelligence software into its products. Treaty of Paris ended America's War for Independence And finally, this week marks the 240th anniversary of the Treat of Paris. The Confederation Congress of the United States ratified the treaty on January 14, 1784. Representatives of the U.S. and King George III of Great Britain had signed the treaty the previous year in Paris. This officially ended America's War for Independence. The American states received recognition as “free, sovereign, and independent states.” The Christian character of the treaty was apparent, as it was drafted, “In the name of the most holy and undivided Trinity.” Close And that's The Worldview in 5 Minutes on this Thursday, January 18th in the year of our Lord 2024. Subscribe by iTunes or email to our unique Christian newscast at www.TheWorldview.com. Or get the Generations app through Google Play or The App Store. I'm Adam McManus (Adam@TheWorldview.com). Seize the day for Jesus Christ.

Tenure of Office: February 5, 1813 - September 27, 1814 Revolutionary War veteran, member of the Confederation Congress, US Senator, US Minister to France - certainly sounds like an illustrious career leading up to service in the President's Cabinet, but as I explore with my special guests, Eric and Matt of the Ranking '76 Podcast, there's more to this career than meets the eye. If you're into political intrigue, diplomatic drama, and a possibly proposed coup d'état, then this is the episode for you. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

On this day in history, in 1787, the Congress of the Confederation, the body operating under the Articles of Confederation and precursor to the United States Congress, passed the Northwest Ordinance. The Northwest Ordinance, officially titled "An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States, North-West of the River Ohio," was an act passed by the Confederation Congress of the United States on July 13, 1787. This legislative act created a structured process for territories to evolve into states, outlining the path from political wilderness to full statehood. The ordinance addressed the territories that had been obtained from Great Britain after the Revolutionary War through the 1783 Treaty of Paris, namely the region north of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River, and south of the Great Lakes.On July 13, 1787, the Confederation Congress established this ordinance which served as a prototype for the incorporation of future U.S. territories. The Northwest Ordinance is considered one of the most impactful elements of the Articles of Confederation era because it set forth a policy for the orderly expansion of the United States across North America.The ordinance provided for the political and civil rights of the inhabitants and banned slavery in the territories. Additionally, it declared that the new states would enter the Union "on an equal footing with the original States," which was a profound statement of democratic principle – if you view the democratic distribution of someone else's land as true democracy. The ordinance led to the creation of five states: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Thus, the Northwest Ordinance was a foundational policy that shaped the way the U.S. grew and expanded in its early years.Northwest Ordinance (1787) | National ArchivesDaugherty Lordan, a law firm established after a mass departure from Lewis Brisbois, has been facing a series of exits after its leaders were removed due to past racist, sexist, and antisemitic emails. Over 30 people, including a name partner Joseph Lordan, have left the firm. Lordan has joined O'Hagan Meyer as co-managing partner of the San Francisco office, and five other former partners and twenty employees from Daugherty Lordan have also shifted to O'Hagan Meyer.The situation at Daugherty Lordan echoes the turbulence that occurred at Lewis Brisbois when nearly 140 attorneys left to form the new firm. These changes have led to questions about Daugherty Lordan's future and the need for possible rebranding. The firm had already undergone a name change in June after co-founders John Barber and Jeff Ranen were ousted when their inappropriate emails were released.Lewis Brisbois disclosed the offending emails, some dating back more than a decade, sent from Barber and Ranen's work accounts. Additional exits include attorneys shifting to Freeman Mathis & Gary, Gordon Rees Scully Mansukhani, and Ogletree Deakins. Lewis Brisbois has noted some attorneys have returned to the firm but declined to provide specific numbers.Lewis Brisbois Defector Firm Sees Exits After Racist Emails (1)Elon Musk's recent lawsuit against law firm Wachtell Lipton Rosen & Katz over the Twitter Inc. acquisition brings to light the increasing use of success fees by law firms for handling critical deals. Wachtell, known for its handling of transactions and litigation like an investment bank, is being sued by Twitter's parent company, X Corp, for an alleged "unjust enrichment" through a $90 million payment. Musk's lawsuit, filed on July 5 in the San Francisco Superior Court, seeks restitution of these funds.Success fees, which are increasingly favored by clients wary of law firms overcharging or unnecessarily expanding work, are growing in popularity in the legal industry. Such a fee model has been especially adopted by large corporations and major companies disillusioned with hourly billings. Wachtell is renowned for its pioneering use of success fees, having one of the highest profits per equity partner in the industry and often linking its fees to the success of the deals it handles.The suit highlights Wachtell's billing practices, with the firm often receiving fees comparable to 60-80% of those paid to investment advisors. Despite the $90 million fee being a minute fraction of the $44 billion Musk paid for Twitter, Bruce MacEwen, a law firm consultant, argues that the value provided was reasonable. Wachtell has faced similar litigation in the past, but has maintained its stance that in certain cases, charging by the hour makes little sense and that their fees are not necessarily based on the amount involved in a matter.Musk Suit Against Wachtell Hits Pioneering Use of Success FeesThe U.S. Senate has confirmed Tiffany Cartwright, a civil rights lawyer, as one of the country's youngest federal judges. Born in 1985, Cartwright will join the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington, a position left vacant by Judge Benjamin Hale who semi-retired in 2020. This confirmation, along with that of Kymberly Evanson, means President Joe Biden has now appointed all active judges in the Western District. Including Cartwright, Biden has appointed several judges under 40 years old. Some critics, largely Republicans, have expressed concerns over the age and limited legal experience of Biden's appointees.Cartwright, a civil rights lawyer and former public defender, has had a different career path to the judiciary than many others. Several groups have endorsed her nomination, emphasizing her diverse experiences and commendable litigation and trial skills. Also, Myong Joun, a Boston municipal court Judge, was up for a vote of confirmation. If confirmed, he would be the first Asian-American man to serve as a federal judge in Massachusetts. The Congressional Black Caucus expressed concerns over the nomination of two other candidates, Brandon Long and Jerry Edwards, criticizing a lack of meaningful participation in the selection process.Senate Confirms One of Judiciary's Youngest Trial Court JudgesU.S. prosecutors and IRS agents are pursuing investigations into wealthy individuals suspected of illicitly exploiting Puerto Rico's tax breaks. The island has used significant incentives to attract wealthy Americans over the past decade, but authorities are now scrutinizing whether individuals have falsified their residency duration and income sources. Professionals who promoted the tax program are also under investigation. Prosecutors are considering charges of conspiracy and wire fraud, and two criminal investigations could result in charges soon.Since 2012, over 5,000 Americans have qualified for incentives that exempt them from federal income tax and taxes on dividends, interest, and capital gains. Yet, lawyers indicate that the residency requirements are stringent, leading some to cheat. To qualify, individuals must stay on the island at least 183 days a year and demonstrate a closer connection to Puerto Rico than the U.S.The tax incentives have attracted many investors, including those from the crypto sector. However, local residents argue that these wealthy Americans are escalating real estate prices and paying fewer taxes than native Puerto Ricans. As a result, local legislation is underway that could revamp the incentives.IRS Preparing Criminal Cases Against Tax Cheats in Puerto Rico Get full access to Minimum Competence - Daily Legal News Podcast at www.minimumcomp.com/subscribe

Learn whom went on to serve as Directors for the Ohio Company of Associates. Discover what the Confederation Congress came up with in July 1787 during same time delegates attended Constitutional Convention. Learn about Manasseh Cutler & William Duer including why each man was so unique. Understand why the timeframe between July 20-27, 1787 was so important including how it involved Manasseh Cutler & William Duer. Learn what guidelines were incorporated into the 1787 Northwest Ordinance including what it prohibited. Get to know Arthur Saint Clair, new Northwest Territory Governor, including his duties. Understand what's unique about April 17, 1788 & how it involved an Ohio Company Director. Learn about the comings and going's between Late 1789 into January 1790 involving Southern Ohio. Determine if land speculation was a risky endeavor. Discover what New England Speculators & Settlers saw themselves representing within Northwest Territory including the Indians Counter Response. Go behind the scenes and learn what First American Regiment encountered come June 1789 which caught the government's attention. --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/kirk-monroe/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/kirk-monroe/support

Learn how the U.S. Government wanted to go about moving forward in opening up new territory. Figure out how much debt U.S. Government had in 1783 including what the government itself lacked power wise, but also had from an asset standpoint. Determine if George Washington himself was a veteran land speculator. Learn what the Confederation Congress established in 1784 regarding territory west of the Ohio River. Go behind the scenes and learn just what exactly made the 1785 Land Ordinance unique. Discover whether or not Continental Congress had offered sums to soldiers as a means of reenlisting in return for receiving land during Revolutionary Wars duration. Find out exactly how many sets of people stood in the way regarding containment of lands throughout Northwest Territory. Get to know Kekewepelethy, a Shawnee Chief, and what he represented. Determine if many Indians attended Treaty Meetings between 1785-1786 including what transpired come December 1786. Learn what happened in Boston, Massachusetts on March 1, 1786. --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/kirk-monroe/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/kirk-monroe/support

Today is Foundations of Freedom Thursday, so lets dive into some listener questions! Who were the presidents of the Confederation Congress who proceeded George Washington? How did early presidents do in keeping campaign promises? Did they keep them? How did the founding fathers define “arms” in the 2nd amendment? Was there a limit to what people could own? All of this and more on Foundations of Freedom Thursday!

Hour 1 * Guest: Dr. Scott Bradley, * To Preserve the Nation: In the Tradition of the Founding Fathers – FreedomsRisingSun.com * The Doctrine of the Lesser Magistrates: A Proper Resistance to Tyranny and a Repudiation of Unlimited Obedience to Civil Government – Matthew J. Trewhella. * The ‘Doctrine of the Lesser Magistrates'! – To Defy Tyrants! * The Lesser Magistrate Doctrine teaches that when the superior or higher ranking civil authority makes unjust/immoral law, policy, or court opinion – the lower or lesser ranking civil authority has both the God-given right and duty to refuse obedience to that superior authority; and if necessary, actively resist the superior authority. * In the book's Introduction, Trewhella describes the three “boxes” that the Founding Fathers established in order to preserve liberty and resist tyranny: the ballot box (to remove unjust rulers through the vote), the jury box (not only judge to the facts of a case, but also to judge the law itself and determine whether it is being misapplied or is unjust or immoral), and the cartridge box (to allow an armed citizenry not only to repel a foreign invader, but also to act against tyranny from our own government). However, those are not the only tools that the Founding Fathers gave us. * remember, “God Is The Supreme Magistrate”! Hour 2 * Guest: Lowell Nelson – CampaignForLiberty.org – RonPaulInstitute.org * A Tale of Two Midterms – Ron Paul. “The liberty movement's focus was, and is, on restoring constitutional government in all areas, ending our interventionist foreign policy, and changing our monetary policy by auditing and ending the Federal Reserve and legalizing alternative currencies.” * Saving Arizona and Other States: 10 Proven Reforms for Fairer Elections – Mahatma Orwell. * CSPOA Solutions for Rebuilding Trust In United States Elections – The Value of Political Stability! * 22 States Urge Biden Administration to Repeal COVID-19 Vaccine Mandate for Health Care Workers – TheEpochTimes.com * The Tenth Amendment – TenthAmendmentCenter.com One, The federal government is only authorized to exercise those powers delegated to it. Two, The people of the several states retain the authority to exercise any power that is not delegated to the federal government as long as the Constitution doesn't expressly prohibit it. * Constitutional Powers the States have, and the Feds do not. Who was Tench Coxe? He was a Philadelphia businessman who had served in the Confederation Congress and, in subsequent years, was to become the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury. “They cannot interfere with, alter or amend the constitution of any state.” Of course, this is precisely what federal judge Robert Shelby did in December 2013 when he issued his opinion that the definition of marriage that Utahns placed in their constitution was unconstitutional. Those who wrote and ratified the Constitution rolled over in their graves that month! * The “muscles” of state sovereignty are weak, because states have not exercised their authority. So their power is weak. IOW, do they have the authority? Yes. Do they have the power? No, because they haven't exercised their muscles (their authority). Well, we need to generate power by exercising our authority. --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/loving-liberty/support

* Guest: Lowell Nelson - CampaignForLiberty.org - RonPaulInstitute.org * A Tale of Two Midterms - Ron Paul. "The liberty movement's focus was, and is, on restoring constitutional government in all areas, ending our interventionist foreign policy, and changing our monetary policy by auditing and ending the Federal Reserve and legalizing alternative currencies." * Saving Arizona and Other States: 10 Proven Reforms for Fairer Elections - Mahatma Orwell. * CSPOA Solutions for Rebuilding Trust In United States Elections - The Value of Political Stability! * 22 States Urge Biden Administration to Repeal COVID-19 Vaccine Mandate for Health Care Workers - TheEpochTimes.com * The Tenth Amendment - TenthAmendmentCenter.com One, The federal government is only authorized to exercise those powers delegated to it. Two, The people of the several states retain the authority to exercise any power that is not delegated to the federal government as long as the Constitution doesn't expressly prohibit it. * Constitutional Powers the States have, and the Feds do not. Who was Tench Coxe? He was a Philadelphia businessman who had served in the Confederation Congress and, in subsequent years, was to become the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury. "They cannot interfere with, alter or amend the constitution of any state." Of course, this is precisely what federal judge Robert Shelby did in December 2013 when he issued his opinion that the definition of marriage that Utahns placed in their constitution was unconstitutional. Those who wrote and ratified the Constitution rolled over in their graves that month! * The "muscles" of state sovereignty are weak, because states have not exercised their authority. So their power is weak. IOW, do they have the authority? Yes. Do they have the power? No, because they haven't exercised their muscles (their authority). Well, we need to generate power by exercising our authority.

The Mystery of the Pinckney Draught by Charles C. Nott audiobook. Charles Pinckney, member of the South Carolina legislature, Confederation Congress, U.S. Congress, and notably the Constitutional Convention of 1787, may have been regarded by some as perhaps the true author of the U.S. Constitution, although most likely James Madison would vehemently argue the point. This book investigates what may, or may not have happened to the draft of the Constitution which was drawn up by Charles Pinckney and submitted to the Constitutional Convention in May of 1787, and how (or if) it differed from the Constitution which was adopted. The questions which are delved into most deeply revolve around the following mystery: why, if, and by whom Pinckney's version of this important document was overlooked, or was it possibly destroyed intentionally (or for other reasons). Author Charles C. Nott was formerly Chief Justice of the United States Court of Claims, appointed by president Lincoln.

On September 28, 1787, the Confederation Congress sends the Constitution to the states for ratification. To learn more about listener data and our privacy practices visit: https://www.audacyinc.com/privacy-policy Learn more about your ad choices. Visit https://podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Episode 45: Dissolving the Confederation Congress

This lecture was recorded as part of Fraunces Tavern Museum's Evening Lecture Series on Thursday, April 28, 2022. In this lecture, Thomas Balcerski* will discuss New York City as the capital of the nation, beginning in 1785 under the Articles of Confederation Congress. Despite debates over whether the capital should be relocated, the first Congress determined to meet there in March 1789, and the first inauguration of an American President happened there in April of the same year. Balcerski reviews the many sites associated with the early capital, between 1785 and 1790, and considers their significance to later developments in the new government, as well as how the legacy of this important history has been largely forgotten today. *The views of the speakers are their own and do not necessarily represent the views Sons of the Revolution℠ in the State of New York, Inc. or its of Fraunces Tavern® Museum.

Discover just how far back Mankind's use for boats dates back to including which civilization being first in laying foundation to early waterway transportation. Find out exactly what ships from 15th-17th Century, Age of Exploration, relied upon. Understand why issue involving Western Territories remained vital after 1781 Siege of Yorktown to 1783 Treaty of Paris. Learn what Confederation Congress enacted on July 13, 1787 being a first with regards to Western Territory. Discover something else of significant importance taking place in Summer 1787 which drew attention to Constitutional Convention Delegates. Learn what happens boat wise along New York's Hudson River during Summer of 1807 that becomes a revolutionary technological breakthrough. Understand why Robert Fulton's Technological Advancement became something so grand, but yet would one day produce harmful consequences. Understand just how set Robert Fulton became internally from within the fire of his own personal mind. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/kirk-monroe/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/kirk-monroe/support

Article Seven of the United States Constitution sets the number of state ratifications necessary for the Constitution to take effect and prescribes the method through which the states may ratify it. Under the terms of Article VII, constitutional ratification conventions were held in each of the thirteen states, with the ratification of nine states required for the Constitution to take effect. Delaware was the first state to ratify the Constitution, doing so on December 7, 1787. On June 21, 1788, New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the Constitution, ensuring that the Constitution would take effect. Rhode Island was the last state to ratify the Constitution under Article VII, doing so on May 29, 1790. Text. The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same. Background. On September 20, 1787, three days after its adoption by the Constitutional Convention, the drafted Constitution was submitted to the Congress of the Confederation for its endorsement. After eight days of debate, the opposing sides came to the first of many compromises that would define the ratification process. The Confederation Congress voted to release the proposed Constitution to the states for their consideration, but neither endorsed nor opposed its ratification. Ratification. The Constitution was ratified by the 13 states between December 7, 1787, and May 29, 1790, as follows: Implementation. In 1787 and 1788, following the Constitutional Convention, a great debate took place throughout the United States over the Constitution that had been proposed. The supporters of the Constitution began the ratification campaign in those states where there was little or no controversy, postponing until later the more difficult ones. On June 21, 1788, New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the Constitution, thus establishing it as the new framework of governance for the United States. Though officially enacted, four states, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island remained outside the new government. The Congress of the Confederation chose March 4, 1789, as the day "for commencing proceedings under the Constitution." Virginia and New York ratified the Constitution before the members of the new Congress assembled on the appointed day to bring the new government into operation. After twelve amendments, including the ten in the Bill of Rights, were sent to the states in June 1789, North Carolina ratified the Constitution. Finally, Rhode Island, after having rejected the Constitution in a March 1788 referendum, called a ratifying convention in 1790. Faced with the threat of being treated as a foreign government, it ratified the Constitution by just two votes. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

This is the first of several episodes on the Constitution of the United States. We will examine the many factors that immerged in the 1780s that led to the calling of the Constitutional Convention. We will also look at the incredible story of the Convention itself, the fascinating personalities and behind the scenes deals that made the document possible. In the episode we will examine the Articles of Confederation, the Confederation Congress, and America in 1787.

Hello Interactors,This week we continue to explore how maps played a major role in the shaping of America. Thomas Jefferson had a vision of a neatly portioned empire, just as the globe was neatly partitioned into a grid of latitude and longitude lines. Sure he wanted land for farmers, but he also needed to extract property tax revenue to fill the newly formed government’s coffers that had been emptied by the Revolutionary war.The task of surveying and mapping fell on the shoulders of America’s first and only chief Geographer, Thomas Hutchins. Like most things in colonial America, it wasn’t easy.As interactors, you’re special individuals self-selected to be a part of an evolutionary journey. You’re also members of an attentive community so I welcome your participation.Please leave your comments below or feel free to email me directly.Now let’s go…A BUNCH OF GRAPESWhile Thomas Jefferson had grown accustom to the precision of his celestial and nautical instruments, surveying in the rugged American terrain was far from precise. The United States’ first official Geographer, Thomas Hutchins, was venturing into thick woods, mud bogs, and colonies of angry, disenfranchised inhabitants. And his motley crew of eight, out of the planned 13, may not have helped. It was an inauspicious start to Jefferson’s cartographic carving up of a countryside into covenants made of cunningly crafted cartesian corners. Meanwhile, George Washington’s war buddies wanted in on the land Hutchins was about to map out.Hutchins and his men gathered in Pittsburgh in September of 1785 to head west for the Ohio River. As the first government organized and funded survey of public land, they were to map a grid of townships along the Ohio River known as the Seven Ranges. Of the eight men who showed up most were sent by wealthy prospectors, including founders of what was to become a few months later, the Ohio Company. This organization was loosely formed in Boston at the Bunch-of-Grapes tavern by a group of high ranking Revolutionary war veterans. This was more than a tavern. Bunch-of-Grapes was where power-broker backroom deals were made, slaves were traded, and land grabs were orchestrated. These men devised a scheme that would award them land in Ohio. They wrote it up and sent it off to the Confederation Congress who then granted them five percent of the southeastern corner of what was to become the state of Ohio. Many of the men assigned to Hutchins were scouts for these land speculators. They weren’t interested in Jefferson’s plan to modernize and subdivide the country for the purpose of taxation, farming, and community building. Only one of the eight was truly qualified to survey alongside the experienced and capable Hutchins. The following list are the eight of 13 delegates originally intended to represent all of the colonies:Edward Dowse: New Hampshire. He actually wasn’t from New Hampshire, but Massachusetts. After the Revolutionary war he was involved in the East India Company and Chinese trade. He later served as a U.S. Representative. Benjamin Tupper: Massachusetts. This state first appointed Rufus Putnam. Putnam is one of the founders of the Ohio Company. He declined because he had recently accepted the position of Surveyor General for lands in what was to become the state of Maine. Putnam requested that Tupper go in his place. It’s believed Tupper was mostly a scout for the Ohio Company. Isaac Sherman: Connecticut. This post was initially offered to Samuel Parsons, another co-founder of the Ohio Company. So Parsons suggested Sherman. Isaac was the son of a founding father you’ve never heard of, Roger Sherman. He was an attorney about the same age as Benjamin Franklin and the only one to have signed Continental Association, the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution. Roger had just become the first mayor of New Haven, Connecticut, supported Jefferson’s idea of government acquired land as a revenue source, and was keen to settle the Connecticut Western Reserve – a block of land in what is now eastern Ohio. Absalom Martin: New Jersey. Martin indeed was a surveyor and you can find his work archived at the Bureau of Land Management website. He most likely was there working on behalf of John Cleves Symmes. Symmes was a Revolutionary War Colonel and congressional delegate who had sent scouts to the Ohio territory in search of profitable land. He organized a group called the Miami Company. The U.S. Government handed over 200 thousand acres plus a 23 thousand acre township Martin was likely surveying. The Symmes Purchase included a village called Losantiville – later named Cincinnati. This area is also home to a curiously named university that many mistake for being in Florida – Miami University, also known as Miami of Ohio. It was one of the original eight Ivy League schools and is named, like the company, after the Miami Rivers in Ohio.William Morris: New York. Morris was perhaps the one a true surveyor and mathematician at the level of Hutchins. Alexander Parker: Virginia. Parker was a surveyor and woodsman who was comfortable navigating the frontier. James Simpson: Maryland. Simpson was actually from New York and his affiliation or qualifications are not clear. Robert Johnston: Georgia. Hutchins called him “Dr. Johnston”. He was a wealthy man from Maryland, but represented Georgia. MATHEMATICIANS GONE WILDA month prior to this crew assembling, in August 1785, the head of the Survey commission, Andrew Ellicott, hammered a wooded stake on the northwest bank of the Ohio River. It’s roughly where the Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Virginia borders come together at 40° 38’ 27” latitude and 80° 31’ 0” longitude west. This stick in the mud, a point on the globe, was the start of a line from which Hutchins would probe. All for a square, that a surveyor would sign, so a White man could claim, “This land is mine.”  It makes it sound easy, but it was anything but. Hutchins and his crew showed up with little more than compasses, a sextant, and a circumferentor. Also known as a surveyor’s compass, a circumferentor includes sights on the north and south sides of the compass. Looking through the sights, the surveyor lines up a point on the horizon in one direction and then another. They then measure the interior angle between the two. This was commonly put on a tripod with a lead-weighted plumb-line pointing at a reference point of origin marked on the ground in the center of the tripod. This would have been the modern-day version of the ancient Roman groma mentioned in an earlier post. And like the Romans, they also needed a way to measure distance between points. For that they used a Gunter’s chain with poles attached at each end.While the Gunter’s chain was invented in England in 1620 by mathematician Edmund Gunter, who also invented what became the slide-rule – a Gunter’s scale, English surveying commonly used different instruments than these. Because much surveying was done unobstructed in fields, heavier and more precise instruments could be wheeled in place for surveying. Often with the assistance of the military. Surveyors in colonial America, however, often found themselves in mosquito infested, dense dark forests that merged with smelly swamps spilling into swift cold waters running through steep, rough, and rugged terrain. It called for improvisation.In Silvio Bedini's book, Thinkers and Tinkers – Early American Men of Science, talks of the ingenuity forged by necessity among the self-taught thinkers and tinkerers of the European colonizers. He mentions in his book the contrast between the surveying context of these two competing and conquering countries:"Land had to be cleared for settlements and roadways and rivers opened up for navigation, and surveying required techniques and instruments quite different from those traditionally used in England where the majority of areas were open."John Love, a British surveyor who surveyed and mapped the Carolina’s in the 1600s, was instrumental in getting would-be colonial surveyors up to speed. In 1687, one hundred years before Hutchins’ and his crew set out for Ohio, Love published a book called, Geodaesia: or, The Art of Surveying and Measuring Land Made Easier. This was a popular field guide for surveyors throughout the colonial times. In the preface he hints at the challenges a naïve surveyor in America may run into: "I have seen Young men, in America, often nonplus'd so, that their Books would not help them forward, particularly in Carolina, about Laying out Lands, when a certain quantity of Acres has been given to be laid out five or six times as broad as long."Even in the seventeenth century, Love would have measured plats of land with a Gunter’s chain. Stretching 66 feet long, it’s made up of 100 wire links 7.92 inches long. Edmund Gunter’s clever math allows for easy multiplication and division by 10. One Gunter’s chain is equal to 22 yards which equates to 1/10th of an acre. Ten chains square is equal to one acre, and a single link is 1/100th of a Gunter’s chain.  John Love’s book even provided a handy conversion table – but it also included a few lessons on rhomboids, chords, and trapezoids. It turned out trigonometry was sometimes needed to exact the measurements precise surveys required.HUTCHINS LAST STANDSurveying under these conditions was not a simple task and Hutchins had but one or two men capable of doing the math necessary to measure, calculate, and draw accurately.  But precision is what the surveyor’s son, Thomas Jefferson, had in mind when he drafted the Land Ordinance’s of 1784 and 1785 – including the establishment and designation of the Geographer’s Line. This was an imaginary line from the point of origin, marked by that piece of wood lodged above the waterline in the bank of the Ohio River to another point forty-two miles due west along the meridian that encircles the globe. Hutchins did his best to place himself and his crew at the exact place on earth where his measurements were to begin. He likely used his sextant to measure his location relative to the sun thus determining his latitude. But he documented the starting point as 40° 38’ 02” which is 22” off of the meridian – an error of nearly 1.5 half miles. The crew, in a hurry to make progress, then headed due west documenting one mile after another to establish the Geographer’s Line. Mapping historian and surveyor, C. Albert White, describes it in his book, A History of the Rectangular Survey System:“Between September 30 and October 8, 1785, Hutchins, the other 8 surveyors, and a crew of about 30 chainmen and axemen ran 4 miles of line west from the beginning point. The line was run with a compass or circumferentor, with orientation at each point by using the compass needle, and measured with a two-pole Gunter's chain held horizontally. A post was set at the end of each mile. Bearing trees were taken and scribed using either a carpenter's race knife or cooper's (barrel maker's) knife. At the rate of $2 per mile, the crew only earned $8 for nine day's work. On October 8, 1785, Hutchins stopped work because he had word of Indian trouble at Tuscarawas, 50 miles to the west. Though Hutchins made an elaborate report of these four miles of line to the Congress, it was nevertheless a very poor showing for the year.”Fifty miles may seem a fair distance away to be of concern, but this Ohio region had become the new frontline of resistance to settler expansion westward. There was also lingering British competition for land. Just three years prior, in 1782, George Washington dispatched Philadelphia minutemen to the Ohio frontier to exact revenge on raids from angered Indigenous tribes in Pennsylvania. Not far from the soon to be west end of the Geographer’s Line, the militia happened across a group of nearly one-hundred Lenape people tending to their corn. The troops surrounded them and took aim with their muskets. The Lenape froze and pleaded their innocence with the men. The soldiers held a vote as to whether they should killed these peaceful, defenseless people or not. Seconds later 96 Lenape people lay dead. Massacred. These Lenape were known as Christian Lenape and had just returned to their homeland after having been driven north by competing British-allied tribes a year earlier. The Christian Lenape dated back to the early 1700s. A group of Christian Moravian missionaries, originating from the present day Czech Republic, found a small group of Lenape people following them after their tribe had nearly been exterminated by small pox. The missionaries took them in and converted them to Christianity. Colonial Moravians settled far from others to protect their followers from the tension that emerged from competing religions, native conflict, and colonial settlement. By the late 1700’s they had moved to the Ohio frontier to escape the very violence that ended up taking their lives. Despite Hutchins’ disappointing start to the mapping of the Seven Ranges, he returned on August 9th,  1786 with six of the original delegates and six more were added. Hutchins picked up where he left off and began running due west to create the Geographer’s Line. After measuring six miles from that stick in the mud on the northwest bank of the Ohio River, he sent Absalom Martin due south toward to a bend in the Ohio River. This was to be range number one of seven. At the next six mile juncture, he sent Adam Hoops of Philadelphia south, then came Isaac Sherman, then Ebenezer Sproat of Rhode Island, then Winthrop Sargent who had replace Edward Dowse, then James Simpson, and finally the two most capable surveyors and mathematicians took ranges six and seven: William Morris and Thomas Hutchins.Hutchins, again, was forced to retreat due to Indigenous resistance. By the middle of October, Winthrop Sargent had finished most of the fifth range, but was also forced to retreat. Hutchins was now short on time. He directed six of the men to complete east-west lines in order to complete at least some townships. By the middle of November 1786, four ranges of townships had been completed. They spent the next two months drawing and detailing their maps. Hutchins then left a frigid Ohio back east to New York for his presentation to the Board of Treasury of their progress. In April of 1787 Ludlow and Martin returned to Ohio and then Simpson soon after. Ludlow hastily finished the seventh range in two weeks. Harassed but not deterred by native resistance, Simpson and Martin were able to complete ranges five and six soon after Ludlow. While their work was wrapped up by June 1787, the Board of Treasury in New York did not receive final maps and plats until July of 1788. By then Congress had grown impatient and between September and October of 1787 had already sold land on those first four ranges Hutchins and his crew completed in the final months of 1786. Hutchins returned again to Ohio in the fall of 1788, then traveled home to detail his work, and on April 28th, 1789 he died. Subscribe at interplace.io

Learn all that went on behind getting Treaty Of Paris signed including American Delegates whom signed Peace Accord Agreement. Finding out whether James Madison or James Monroe would partake in voting to ratify Paris Treaty. Discover how another Prominent Virginian had great influence over Madison & Monroe before he became Ambassador to France. Learn about James Madison's return to Virginia General Assembly and legislative challenges he faced. Discover how Confederation Congress had recess periods, but realize that Recesses themselves posed as a danger given current state of government's affairs. Find out how James Monroe used his time during Congressional Recess. Learn about a Legislative First that James Madison himself achieved. Discovering Madison & Monroe's Political Views being same when it came to Congress's Ineffectiveness. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/kirk-monroe/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/kirk-monroe/support

On Oct. 6, 1787, just over a week after the Confederation Congress voted to send the proposed Constitution to the 13 states for consideration, future Supreme Court justice James Wilson gave one the most prominent and important speeches in support of ratification. Yet, you’d be hard-pressed to find any government schools teaching about it at […] The post History Ignored: James Wilson's Speech on the Constitution first appeared on Tenth Amendment Center Blog.

In March 1783, George Washington confronted a meeting of disgruntled Continental Army officers at their encampment at Newburgh, New York. In his book A Crisis of Peace: George Washington, the Newburgh Conspiracy, and the Fate of the American Revolution (Pegasus Books, 2019), David Head explains the background to this meeting and its significance to the larger events of that time. As Head notes, the meeting at Newburgh took place amidst an atmosphere of anticipation of peace with Great Britain. With their service coming to an end, the officers – many of whom were men who anticipated an elevated social status as a result of their service in the Continental Army – feared that the financially strapped Confederation Congress would fail to deliver on their promises of overdue pay and lifetime pensions. With their petitions unheeded, several of them contemplated some sort of action before the army was disbanded. As Head shows, it was Washington’s dramatic appeal to his officers which forestalled such an event, thus ensuring a peaceful resolution to a situation that threatened a very different outcome of the struggle for independence. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In March 1783, George Washington confronted a meeting of disgruntled Continental Army officers at their encampment at Newburgh, New York. In his book A Crisis of Peace: George Washington, the Newburgh Conspiracy, and the Fate of the American Revolution (Pegasus Books, 2019), David Head explains the background to this meeting and its significance to the larger events of that time. As Head notes, the meeting at Newburgh took place amidst an atmosphere of anticipation of peace with Great Britain. With their service coming to an end, the officers – many of whom were men who anticipated an elevated social status as a result of their service in the Continental Army – feared that the financially strapped Confederation Congress would fail to deliver on their promises of overdue pay and lifetime pensions. With their petitions unheeded, several of them contemplated some sort of action before the army was disbanded. As Head shows, it was Washington’s dramatic appeal to his officers which forestalled such an event, thus ensuring a peaceful resolution to a situation that threatened a very different outcome of the struggle for independence. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In March 1783, George Washington confronted a meeting of disgruntled Continental Army officers at their encampment at Newburgh, New York. In his book A Crisis of Peace: George Washington, the Newburgh Conspiracy, and the Fate of the American Revolution (Pegasus Books, 2019), David Head explains the background to this meeting and its significance to the larger events of that time. As Head notes, the meeting at Newburgh took place amidst an atmosphere of anticipation of peace with Great Britain. With their service coming to an end, the officers – many of whom were men who anticipated an elevated social status as a result of their service in the Continental Army – feared that the financially strapped Confederation Congress would fail to deliver on their promises of overdue pay and lifetime pensions. With their petitions unheeded, several of them contemplated some sort of action before the army was disbanded. As Head shows, it was Washington’s dramatic appeal to his officers which forestalled such an event, thus ensuring a peaceful resolution to a situation that threatened a very different outcome of the struggle for independence. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In March 1783, George Washington confronted a meeting of disgruntled Continental Army officers at their encampment at Newburgh, New York. In his book A Crisis of Peace: George Washington, the Newburgh Conspiracy, and the Fate of the American Revolution (Pegasus Books, 2019), David Head explains the background to this meeting and its significance to the larger events of that time. As Head notes, the meeting at Newburgh took place amidst an atmosphere of anticipation of peace with Great Britain. With their service coming to an end, the officers – many of whom were men who anticipated an elevated social status as a result of their service in the Continental Army – feared that the financially strapped Confederation Congress would fail to deliver on their promises of overdue pay and lifetime pensions. With their petitions unheeded, several of them contemplated some sort of action before the army was disbanded. As Head shows, it was Washington’s dramatic appeal to his officers which forestalled such an event, thus ensuring a peaceful resolution to a situation that threatened a very different outcome of the struggle for independence. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In March 1783, George Washington confronted a meeting of disgruntled Continental Army officers at their encampment at Newburgh, New York. In his book A Crisis of Peace: George Washington, the Newburgh Conspiracy, and the Fate of the American Revolution (Pegasus Books, 2019), David Head explains the background to this meeting and its significance to the larger events of that time. As Head notes, the meeting at Newburgh took place amidst an atmosphere of anticipation of peace with Great Britain. With their service coming to an end, the officers – many of whom were men who anticipated an elevated social status as a result of their service in the Continental Army – feared that the financially strapped Confederation Congress would fail to deliver on their promises of overdue pay and lifetime pensions. With their petitions unheeded, several of them contemplated some sort of action before the army was disbanded. As Head shows, it was Washington’s dramatic appeal to his officers which forestalled such an event, thus ensuring a peaceful resolution to a situation that threatened a very different outcome of the struggle for independence. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

This episode of Whistlestop travels to December 23, 1783 when the commander in chief of the Continental Army sat before the president of the Confederation Congress and prepared to step away from the job.  Whistlestop is Slate’s podcast about presidential history. Hosted by Political Gabfest host John Dickerson, each installment will revisit memorable moments from America's presidential carnival. Love Slate podcasts? Listen longer with Slate Plus! Members get bonus segments, ad-free versions, exclusive podcasts and more. Start your two-week free trial at slate.com/podcastplus. Email: whistlestop@slate.com.  Podcast production by Jocelyn Frank. Research by Brian Rosenwald and Elizabeth Hinson.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

This episode of Whistlestop travels to December 23, 1783 when the commander in chief of the Continental Army sat before the president of the Confederation Congress and prepared to step away from the job.  Whistlestop is Slate’s podcast about presidential history. Hosted by Political Gabfest host John Dickerson, each installment will revisit memorable moments from America's presidential carnival. Love Slate podcasts? Listen longer with Slate Plus! Members get bonus segments, ad-free versions, exclusive podcasts and more. Start your two-week free trial at slate.com/podcastplus. Email: whistlestop@slate.com.  Podcast production by Jocelyn Frank. Research by Brian Rosenwald and Elizabeth Hinson.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Following the creation of a federal constitution in 1787, the work was not even halfway completed. The Confederation Congress, the government of the United States, sent the new constitution to the states to be ratified. While Delaware passed it swiftly and unanimously–which is why it calls itself "the First State"–nearly everyone else engaged in vociferous debate. These ratification conventions are some of the most fascinating political events in American history. Perhaps none excels Virginia's ratification convention for sheer drama. As Lorri Glover discusses today, all of Virginia's greatest figures then resident in the commonwealth–the notable exception being George Washington–were present. Leading those opposed to ratification were two of the finest orators in Virginia or in the rest of America, Patrick Henry and Richard Henry Lee. Advocating the new constitution was the weak-voiced, 5'4" James Madison, who compared to the two titanic figures opposing him was relatively unknown. What followed then is the subject of our conversation, and of Lorri Glover's book The Fate of the Revolution: Virginia Debates the Constitution (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016).

Introducing a new podcast from Patterson Belknap Webb & Tyler LLP. Who we are and what we do. The constant presence of the constitution in our daily civic life, and the benefits of discussing and learning from it. General approach for the podcast. The limitations of the Articles of Confederation, Shay’s rebellion, and the fear of anarchy among the political elite. The Annapolis Convention, and the Confederation Congress’s blessing of the Constitutional Convention (within limits). The selection of delegates for the Convention, and who was (and wasn’t) represented. Washington meets with Franklin, and the large states plot their first move.

The Confederation period is one of the most neglected aspects of United States History. And yet, it’s a very important period. Between 1781 and 1789, the Confederation Congress established by the Articles of Confederation had to deal with war, economic depression, infighting between the states, trouble in the west, foreign meddling, and domestic insurrection. It’s a critical period where no one knew whether the United States would survive as an independent nation. George William Van Cleve, a researcher in law and history at the University of Seattle Law School and author of We Have Not A Government: The Articles of Confederation and the Road to the Constitution, takes us into the Confederation period so we can discover more about the Articles of Confederation, the government it established, and the problems that government confronted. Show Notes: https://www.benfranklinsworld.com/179 *Correction: After production we noticed that in her second question to George, Liz noted the Articles of Confederation has a history that begins in 1787. Liz misspoke. The Second Continental Congress drafted the Articles of Confederation in 1777, ratified them in 1781, and they remained the active constitution of the United States until 1789, when the Constitution of 1787 went into effect on March 4, 1789.   Sponsor Links Omohundro Institute Georgian Papers Programme Citizen Transcriber Sign Up   Complementary Episodes Episode 018: Danielle Allen, Our Declaration Episode 062: Carol Berkin, The Bill of Rights Episode 107: Mary Sarah Bilder, Madison’s Hand: Revising the Constitutional Convention Episode 119: Steven Pincus: The Heart of the Declaration Episode 141: Drafting the Declaration of Independence Episode 143: Michael Klarman, The Making of the United States Constitution Episode 155: Pauline Maier’s American Revolution     Helpful Show Links Ben Franklin's World Facebook Page Join the Ben Franklin's World Community Sign-up for the Franklin Gazette Newsletter Ben Franklin's World iOS App Ben Franklin's World Android App   *Books purchased through this link will help support the production of Ben Franklin's World.

You may not have heard of David Ramsay, but if you lived in Charleston, South Carolina in the second decade, you would probably know him—if you were part of the city’s rich white elite, that is. Ramsay, born in Pennsylvania, Princeton-educated, served in the South Carolina State Legislature and the Confederation Congress, was a protegé of revolutionary doctor Benjamin Rush—a signer of the Declaration of Independence—and tried to rid Charleston’s steamy streets of yellow fever by predicting the weather. His life was tragically ended by a deranged assassin, convinced Ramsay (and everybody else) was out to get him, who blew away the good doctor with a “horseman’s pistol” in broad daylight on one of Charleston’s busiest streets in full view of hordes of witnesses. This odd story from the 1810s shines a fascinating light on Ramsay’s life and personality, and also on the precarious world of Charleston in which he lived, which was built on the backs and the labor of the city’s enslaved African-American population. Dr. Sean Munger presents the fascinating life of Dr. Ramsay, and his unusual death, in a colorful manner that illuminates various broader themes of the Second Decade era. In this episode you’ll rub shoulders with Charleston’s elite, and perhaps share their thinly-veiled discomfort at the monstrous injustice upon which it depended. This is a picture of a city—and a country—split down the middle, foreshadowing the terrible divisions that gave rise to the Civil War. This is the last episode in Season 1 of Second Decade. The show will return in fall 2017 with brand-new episodes. Additional materials on this episode available at the website! Dr. Munger is offering online classes to the general public. The next one (July 23) is "A Brief History of Climate Change." You can sign up here! (Some background music for this episode licensed CC3.0 by Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices