Podcasts about femto

This week on the Milk Minute, we're diving into the latest research on breastmilk at the cellular level! We're breaking down the study Profiling of Mature-Stage Human Breast Milk Cells Identifies Six Unique Lactocyte Subpopulations from Science Advances. It's full of science jargon, but don't worry—we're making it easy to understand. If you're a science lover like us, you'll be fascinated by the new insights into breastmilk's complexity. Tune in for a nerdy and accessible look at the latest lactation research!Work With Us!Book a Lactation Consult with Heather! Click HERE for the deets.Book a Lactation Consult with Maureen! Click HERE to get started.THANKS TO OUR NEW PATRONS, Femto, Diana Vargas, and Sonya S!Mentioned in this Episode:Check out the full study HERE.TED Talk “The Surprisingly Charming Science of Your Gut” by Julie EndersPrefer to read the transcript? Click Here Support the showCheck out Milk Minute Podcast's website here!Become a VIP Click here to get exclusive access and more!Send us an e-mail! MilkMinutePodcast@gmail.comFacebook | Instagram | TikTok

Season 3, Episode 10 This weeks, Spooky Season episode host Zack speculates on a battle between Femto from Berserk and Muzan From Demon Slayer! This podcast is a member of the Dynamic Podcast Network. Explore other shows in the network: The Dynamic Duel: Marvel vs. DC, Max Destruction, and Konsole Kombat! Visit us at senjohworld.com and dynamicduel.com TRP Out Now!

Dr. Marc Odrich is Chief Medical Officer at LENZ therapeutics and has decades of experience in private practice, teaching, and medical research that contributes to LENZ Therapeutics success by driving the clinical trial and approval of our novel products. His expertise in authoring and directing over 25 clinical trials throughout his career makes him uniquely qualified to execute the approval process. In addition to his duties as Chief Medical Officer, Dr. Odrich is an Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at the University of Virginia, where he practices and teaches Clinical Ophthalmology specializing in Refractive Surgery and Ocular Surface Disease. He is also the Chief Medical Officer for TearSolutions, Inc., a startup in clinical trials for a new drug developed for dry eye disease. In addition, he is a consultant and member of the Board of Directors for CXLO, Inc., a developer of an innovative treatment for keratoconus and other corneal ectasias, as well as a consultant and medical monitor for Johnson & Johnson's refractive products. Previously, he played pivotal roles in the development and commercialization of the Excimer and Femto lasers as Medical Director at Visx. Dr. Odrich is a graduate of Columbia College and received his medical degree from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. He completed an internship in internal medicine at Yale's Danbury Hospital before moving to pursue his residency at Columbia's Harkness Eye Institute. Odrich then completed a two-year fellowship focused on cornea and external disease at Harvard's Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary.

We're in the thick of it now ladies and gents: these chapters ultimately form the first half of the events of The Eclipse in all it's betrayal and blood filled glory. This chunk of chapters focuses on the reveal of the Godhand, the lore of The Eclipse and the Crimson Behelit, and ultimately Griffith's inner struggle to keep alive the parts of him that love Guts and the people that got him the successes he's won, or letting his love, loyalty, and empathy burn to become the Femto he is destined to be. Enjoy! Follow No Guts, No Glory on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/nogutsnoglorypc/ Check out Steve and Joey's other podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/probing-ancient-aliens/id1321801647 https://open.spotify.com/show/3aREEXpe4DE37LsNkUxntW Check out Steve and Joey's Patreon for that other podcast: https://www.patreon.com/probingancientaliens

Episode 47 -  Title: “The Adventure Begins (again)” CW:  Current events discussion ends at 19: 53 Intense violence, rape, dismemberment, PTSD, miscarriage Desc: Welcome to the 47th episode of Let's Unpack That! We're two friends, Cal and Chevall, who decided to start a podcast where we analyze media under a critical, appreciative lens. To start, we're reading the legendary manga Berserk together for the first time and recording our reactions, analysis and BSing about the manga from the late Kentaro Miura, who died May 6, 2021 at the age of 54. This week, Cal and Chevall return to discuss Palworld, AI and more on the newest episode of the pod. Then, the two see Guts off on his adventure to … meet Femto, or something … after his month with Godo and the gang. Is Guts really about to just “thug it out”? What is the origin of the Dragon Slayer? Why are Casca's boobs out again? Find out this episode! Follow us on social media and shoot us an email if you have any questions for us or ideas! TikTok: @Anotherberserkpod Twitter: @lets_unpack_it Insta: @unpackthatpod Tumblr: https://wereunpackingit.tumblr.com/  Email: wereunpackingit@gmail.com Support us through Spotify:https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/lets-unpack-that  --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/lets-unpack-that/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/lets-unpack-that/support

Today, we're going to talk about cell boosters, sometimes called cell extenders or repeaters. And this is going to help you get through when your normal signal is weak so you don't lose business and not be able to talk to people. Screw The Commute Podcast Show Notes Episode 762 How To Automate Your Business - https://screwthecommute.com/automatefree/ Internet Marketing Training Center - https://imtcva.org/ Higher Education Webinar – https://screwthecommute.com/webinars See Tom's Stuff – https://linktr.ee/antionandassociates 00:23 Tom's introduction to Cell Boosters 01:06 Amplify the signal from your phone 03:54 You must have a signal to boost 05:27 "Femto" cells 06:53 Home grade models may be what you need Entrepreneurial Resources Mentioned in This Podcast Higher Education Webinar - https://screwthecommute.com/webinars Screw The Commute - https://screwthecommute.com/ Screw The Commute Podcast App - https://screwthecommute.com/app/ College Ripoff Quiz - https://imtcva.org/quiz Know a young person for our Youth Episode Series? Send an email to Tom! - orders@antion.com Have a Roku box? Find Tom's Public Speaking Channel there! - https://channelstore.roku.com/details/267358/the-public-speaking-channel How To Automate Your Business - https://screwthecommute.com/automatefree/ Internet Marketing Retreat and Joint Venture Program - https://greatinternetmarketingtraining.com/ KickStartCart - http://www.kickstartcart.com/ Copywriting901 - https://copywriting901.com/ Become a Great Podcast Guest - https://screwthecommute.com/greatpodcastguest Training - https://screwthecommute.com/training Disabilities Page - https://imtcva.org/disabilities/ Tom's Patreon Page - https://screwthecommute.com/patreon/ Tom on TikTok - https://tiktok.com/@digitalmultimillionaire/ Cell Boosters - https://www.etrailer.com/faq-rv-cell-booster.aspx Email Tom: Tom@ScrewTheCommute.com Internet Marketing Training Center - https://imtcva.org/ Related Episodes Quora - https://screwthecommute.com/761/ More Entrepreneurial Resources for Home Based Business, Lifestyle Business, Passive Income, Professional Speaking and Online Business I discovered a great new headline / subject line / subheading generator that will actually analyze which headlines and subject lines are best for your market. I negotiated a deal with the developer of this revolutionary and inexpensive software. Oh, and it's good on Mac and PC. Go here: http://jvz1.com/c/41743/183906 The Wordpress Ecourse. Learn how to Make World Class Websites for $20 or less. https://screwthecommute.com/wordpressecourse/ Join our Private Facebook Group! One week trial for only a buck and then $37 a month, or save a ton with one payment of $297 for a year. Click the image to see all the details and sign up or go to https://www.greatinternetmarketing.com/screwthecommute/ After you sign up, check your email for instructions on getting in the group.

Mercredi 14 septembre, François Sorel a reçu Frédéric Simottel, éditorialiste tech de BFM Business, Marie-Christine Bock, responsable commerciale Secteur Public chez Hitachi Solutions, Lucas Chevalier, cofondateur d'Eovolt, Rémi Kupisz, président de NRGYBox, Redwan Dahmouche, maître de conférences à l'Université de Franche-Comté et chercheur à l'institut FEMTO,Sabrina Quagliozzi, correspondante de BFM Business à New York, Jean De Chambure, consultant en stratégies numériques au cabinet JDC Advisory, Franck Desvignes, partenaire investisseur chez True Global Venture, Emmanuel Pugliesi, directeur exécutif de SFR Business, ainsi que Gilles Castéran, consultant en cybersécurité, dans l'émission Tech & Co sur BFM Business. Retrouvez l'émission du lundi au jeudi et réécoutez la en podcast.

You're cordially invited to the feast of a century! Just give up your life and soul for our new lord Femto. Afterall, there are certain things worse than death... Chapters discussed: 080. "Storm of Death (1)" 081. "Storm of Death (2)" 082. "God of the Abyss" 084. "Lifeblood" 085. "Quickening" 086. "Birth" 087. "Afterglow of the Right Eye" 088. "Escape" 089. "Awakening to a Nightmare" 090. "The Sprint" 091. "Vow of Retaliation" 092. "Demon Infant" 093. "Armament" 094. "He Who Hunts Dragons"

Aadil is solo-hosting but is joined by the return of Chad and Curtis from Bit Rot Games. We talk the development, features, and balance of designing a narrative puzzle game that is Recursive Ruin. With only Aadil at the helm we touch on Micro-brewing vs. Craft brewing (vs. Femto-brewing), the parallels of working on a PhD and developing a game, as well as the Beethoven vs. Mozart approach to art and comedy(?). Chad had the Light-hearted Ale from Bell's Brewery, Curtis had the always excellent Trappistes Rochefort 8, and Aadil had the Wiper & True x Verdant Farmhouse Spelt Pils. Tweet and follow us: http://twitter.com/outoflivesnet Join The OOL Community Discord: https://discord.gg/JwY25Kv Visit Us On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/outoflivesnetwork

Valentin aka Femto had vragen over ‘mannelijkheid'. Wie bepaalt dat? Dit leidde tot veel vragen bij Femto, zoals wat voor man hij wilde zijn. Door de druk die hij ervaarde vanuit onze maatschappij, besloot Femto om een YouTube video hierover te maken. We vonden zijn video moedig en nodigde deze jonge man uit om meer te weten over zijn parcours. Disclaimer: In deze episode bespreken we gevoelige triggers omtrent mentale gezondheid. We highlighten de onderstaande profielen https://www.instagram.com/blackmensharing/ https://www.instagram.com/black.mentalhealthcare.pro/ https://www.instagram.com/cier_community/ https://www.instagram.com/men_talk_too/

Dr. Keith Walter and Dr. Gary Wortz discuss why Femto is beneficial in 2020, how they have been very successful in integrating Femto into their busy practices, and their most common use for the Femtosecond laser.

Aus der Preshow: 100% Schokolade von Hussel Danke für Spenden Heute mit: sehr kurzen Zeiträumen, Aluhüten, einem Kameraprojekt und einigem mehr Chris hat G-A-S entwickelt Meistens Dienstags, oft um 18:00 Uhr Happy Shooting Live, aber täglich im Slack mitmachen Messung in Lichtgeschwindigkeit. Femto- und Attosekunden und ein Slackbeitrag zur Klärung #Nachtrag zu #644 zur Gesichtserkennung … „#645 – Klingt falsch, ist aber richtig“ weiterlesen Der Beitrag #645 – Klingt falsch, ist aber richtig ist ursprünglich hier erschienen: Happy Shooting - Der Foto-Podcast.

Aus der Preshow: 100% Schokolade von Hussel Danke für Spenden Heute mit: sehr kurzen Zeiträumen, Aluhüten, einem Kameraprojekt und einigem mehr Chris hat G-A-S entwickelt Meistens Dienstags, oft um 18:00 Uhr Happy Shooting Live, aber täglich im Slack mitmachen Messung in Lichtgeschwindigkeit. Femto- und Attosekunden und ein Slackbeitrag zur Klärung #Nachtrag zu #644 zur Gesichtserkennung … „#645 – Klingt falsch, ist aber richtig“ weiterlesen Der Beitrag #645 – Klingt falsch, ist aber richtig ist ursprünglich hier erschienen: Happy Shooting - Der Foto-Podcast.

Aus der Preshow: 100% Schokolade von Hussel Danke für Spenden Heute mit: sehr kurzen Zeiträumen, Aluhüten, einem Kameraprojekt und einigem mehr Chris hat G-A-S entwickelt Meistens Dienstags, oft um 18:00 Uhr Happy Shooting Live, aber täglich im Slack mitmachen Messung in Lichtgeschwindigkeit. Femto- und Attosekunden und ein Slackbeitrag zur Klärung #Nachtrag zu #644 zur Gesichtserkennung … „#645 – Klingt falsch, ist aber richtig“ weiterlesen Der Beitrag #645 – Klingt falsch, ist aber richtig ist ursprünglich hier erschienen: Happy Shooting - Der Foto-Podcast.

Aus der Preshow: 100% Schokolade von Hussel Danke für Spenden Heute mit: sehr kurzen Zeiträumen, Aluhüten, einem Kameraprojekt und einigem mehr Chris hat G-A-S entwickelt Meistens Dienstags, oft um 18:00 Uhr Happy Shooting Live, aber täglich im Slack mitmachen Messung in Lichtgeschwindigkeit. Femto- und Attosekunden und ein Slackbeitrag zur Klärung #Nachtrag zu #644 zur Gesichtserkennung … „#645 – Klingt falsch, ist aber richtig“ weiterlesen Der Beitrag #645 – Klingt falsch, ist aber richtig ist ursprünglich hier erschienen: Happy Shooting - Der Foto-Podcast.

I detta avsnitt pratar vi om elektrisk styrning av magnetiska molekyler vilket Henning har forskat på under sin doktorandtid och publicerade i sin avhandling tidigare i år. Vi diskuterar magnetism, magnetiska molekyler, deras dynamik och exempel på framtida tekniska tillämpningar. Länk till sidan om Hennings avhandlingLänk till avhandlingen [PDF] Dagens spaning: Quanta Magazine Artikeln som nämns: Machine Learning Confronts the Elephant in the Room, 20180920 Några andra intressanta artiklar: Finally, a Problem That Only Quantum Computers Will Ever Be Able to Solve, 20180621A Short Guide to Hard Problems, 20180716Biology Confronts Data Complexity, 20131007Mystery Math Whiz and Novelist Advance Permutation Problem, 20181105 Omnämnt i podden: - Angry birds AR - Glue, onlinemöten i VR - CAD - Disputation - Random walk - Exempel på slumpmässig sekvens av singlade slantar - Fluiddynamic [engelska] - Supraledare - Kvantdatorer - Bränsleceller - Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) - Magnetisk moment [engelska] - Dekoherens [engelska] - Piko-, Femto- och Attosekunder (10^-12, -15 och -18) - Kvantkoraller [engelska] - Sveptunnelmikroskop (STM) - Spinn - Klassisk fysik - Ftalocyanin - Rörelsemängdsmoment(angular momentum) - Vågfunktion [engelska] - Växelverkan - Ferromagnetism [engelska] - Antiferromagnetism [engelska] - Magnetisk anisotropi [engelska] - Fermion - Boson - Foton - Fonon - Kvanttermodynamik [engelska] Medverkande i avsnittet: - Henning Hammar, doktor i fysik, driver tjänsten Börslabbet, @investerarfys - Daniel Constanda, IT-konsult i finansbranchen på Clara Financial Consulting, @DanielConstanda - Martin Nordgren, jobbar på Tobii, tidigare på Dirac, @martinjnordgren Kontakta oss:dataspaning.se @dataspaning @ Twitterdataspaning@gmail.com

Track List: (0:00): overslept - chop it up X (0:16): Bill Hicks - Revelations: Live in London (4:32): Bearfoot - pass out (6:47): [otto22.] - CHINATOWN w/ STEVVIE (8:48): ISVVC - WHIPPIN UP THE WHOLE GRAND CANYON w/ LIA (9:46): worri – DOPE (11:14): Boca Raton - DJ Mozes X Towfu Edit (13:14): DRAE DA SKIMASK - Ｙｏｕｎｇ Ｓａｖａｇｅ (14:57): SKANK MANE - I DONT LIKE (17:00): SOUDIERE - I CANT WAIT (18:52): MOSHÉ - COCKING UP MY 9 w/ OTTO22 (20:11): Dazz ✨ - Meetin In The Akina (21:28): Jase Money - Technology Tree (22:36): PSK - i cant roll in peace w- FEMTO (24:54): grax - bust down w/ anxty (27:20): grax – ysl X (28:49): tangent - V I P (29:47): Yung Vapors. - HGH AF X (30:49): DJ YUNG VAMP - ICED UP w/SHELTR (32:17): ✨YUNG KYUUBII✨ - SMOKIN N SIPPIN w/ N1NJA (34:15): Loud Lord - Smoke A Whole Pound (35:20): Loud Lord - Terp Sauce (35:53): kid Cloud - Fancy (w/ king flash) (37:25): $weaterGod - September 3 ･ﾟ✧ ヅ (39:02): jfour - sunday drive (40:01): V H $ - My Chain (VH remix) (41:22): Ticklish & Qnoe - International Players Anthem VIP (42:58): superior - TALENT SHOW (44:19): Monty G – Icon (45:39): Fungi – Amerikkka (46:55): Stinhow - Lil Pump - BOSS (48:58: duncan gerow 6 - 50 Cent + Skepta Wanksta (51:11): Koolade - NASA (flip) (53:12): F R A N C H I S E - Grande Pai (54:55): Austin Lebrón - Are You Gonna... (56:20): Arif Omari & Frankliin - Turn It Up (58:47): DON MAYOR - hangover(ft. stinhow) (59:46): Qnoe – Khusara (1:01:57): MAGNUS ROCKWELL - JUMPIN LIKE JORDAN (1:03:21): Qnoe & Ticklish - Move on up (1:04:30): VLVT JONES - Panda Fania (1:06:05): Omar Duro & Bonxo - Ela é Louca X (1:06:44): Sunson – Caideira X (1:08:00): ichimonji - you. X (1:09:04): jlz - mercenária do baile (1:10:32): Rylle. - Sarrada Apaixonada(ChillBaile) (1:11:47): TUBVV - Pretty Baile (1:13:31): KMB – legend (1:15:00): Datsun - Where You Belong (1:16:55): cardosu II - Eu Quero Estar X (1:17:39): glitch - Gola w/ ZALVF (1:19:25): k v lt - pele na pele (1:20:21): ES.P - Move Ya Body (1:22:47): CHAMOS

Guests: Soon Phaik Chee, MD Associate Professor Singapore National Eye Centre Singapore Mingguang He, MD, PhD Professor of Ophthalmic Epidemiology University of Melbourne and Centre for Eye Research Australia Director of WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention of Blindness (Australia) Melbourne, Australia

Mitch Jackson, MD; Russell Fumuso, MD; and Quentin Allen, MD; join Marguerite McDonald, MD, in a discussion of how to explain the value of laser cataract surgery to patients. Dr. Jackson shares how he breaks down the procedure for patients-from describing what a cataract is to how the femtosecond laser works. Dr. Fumuso gives insight into how he educates patients on the overall safety and precision of this surgery. Finally, Dr. Allen explains how he discusses premium lenses in the context of laser cataract surgery.

Mitch Jackson, MD; Russell Fumuso, MD; and Quentin Allen, MD; join Marguerite McDonald, MD, in a discussion of how to explain the value of laser cataract surgery to patients. Dr. Jackson shares how he breaks down the procedure for patients-from describing what a cataract is to how the femtosecond laser works. Dr. Fumuso gives insight into how he educates patients on the overall safety and precision of this surgery. Finally, Dr. Allen explains how he discusses premium lenses in the context of laser cataract surgery.

How does photography work? Johnny's Leica MP that we used as a prop (Steve Huff Photo) How does a camera work? (Tech, How Stuff Works) When were cameras invented? It depends...400BC if you count the ancient Chinese 'camera obscura' (Wikipedia) The camera obscura...who needs TV? (Wikipedia) The first proper photograph apparently took 8 hours to expose, credited to Joseph Nicephore Niépce, 1820s (University of California, Santa Barbara) 130-year-old plate camera captures pictures of modern Britain (but you must stand still for 15 minutes) (Daily Mail Australia) How the human eye works: It's a 'camera-type eye' (livescience) Why do your pupils get bigger in the dark? (Wonderopolis) What is a lens? (Explain That Stuff!) Cameras, lenses & how photography works (How-To Geek) Understanding camera lenses (Cambridge in Colour) What is exposure? (Cambridge in Colour) Squinting helps you focus - it narrows the 'aperture' of your eye (Wired) What is an aperture? (Wikipedia) A dicussion about wide aperture & unfocused light rays (Photography StackExchange) Principal focal length (HyperPhysics, Georgia State University) Understanding focal length (Nikon) Depth of field: How 'deep' is the amount of stuff that's in focus (Cambridge in Colour) As this photo of Elon Musk shows, a professional portrait usually focuses on the face & blurs the background (Feedoxy) "A lens typically has a set of marked 'f-stops' that the f-number can be set to" (Wikipedia) Pic: As your f-number increases, your aperture gets smaller & less light gets in (Wikipedia) Free f-stop chart (Tech Radar) Pic: Example of a Leica camera showing the f-stops on the lens, 2.4, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11 (Leicaphilia) Super groovy pinhole glasses that claim to strengthen your eyes (HealthTap) Diagram of light rays going through a wide & narrow aperture (Photography Life) Understanding shutter speed: A beginner's guide (Photography Life) Pic: Example of a shutter speed dial on a film camera (Roger & Frances) Pic: This is what Johnny's 'curtain shutter' looks like - the bit that reveals the 35 mm film segment (photo.net) What is a camera shutter? (Wikipedia) A history of shutter types (Early Photography) What is 35 mm film? (Wikipedia) F1.0 lenses are super expensive & rare - this is what the photos look like...kinda nice hey? (Fstoppers) What is a prime lens? i.e. they don't zoom (B&H) Why are some lenses so expensive? (Photography Life) What is infinity focus? (School of Digital Photography) Who killed infinity focus? (B&H) The Man Who Knew Infinity (IMDb) The amazing mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan (Wikipedia) Sally Gunnell (Wikipedia) Uluru (Wikipedia) Photographs of ocean waves captured with a long lens & slow shutter (PetaPixel) The secret to photographing hummingbirds (B&H) Slow motion footage of bullets going through stuff (DrDaveBilliards, YouTube) Femto-photography: Visualising photons in motion at a trillion frames per second (MIT) Film speed is a measure of its sensitivity to light (Wikipedia) ISO has been the standard for speed/sensitivity since 1974 (Wikipedia) How to make & use a pinhole camera (Kodak) Some thoughts on why people never smiled in old photos (Vox) How film works: Black & white vs colour (Kodak) What is slide film? (I Still Shoot Film) Some lovely slide films shot on Fuji Velvia (I Still Shoot Film) Some lovely slide films shot on Fuji Provia (I Still Shoot Film) Some lovely slide films shot on Kodak Ektachrome (I Still Shoot Film) A handy PDF guide on how to develop black & white film yourself (Ilford) How does photographic paper work? (Wikipedia) How do digital cameras work? (Tech, How Stuff Works) Digital camera sensors: Backs up Johnny's 'buckets of photons' analogy (Cambridge in Colour) Why more megapixels isn't always better (Gizmodo) Baaaaaall pit! (Kids'nShape) The 72 ppi web resolution myth (Photoshop Essentials) The iPhone 6S has a 12 megapixel camera (Apple) Introduction to medium format photography (I Still Shoot Film) Why medium format is so gorgeous (Reframe, Gizmodo) Phase One medium format digital cameras: May set you back up to $55K (CNET) Polaroid cameras (Polaroid Australia) How does a Polaroid camera work? (Tech in our everyday life) The Impossible Project: "Reinventing instant film from scratch" (IMPOSSIBLE) Guy Ritchie (bio.) Pic: Thingy that magnifies negatives so you can see what will be in your photo if you develop it (eBay) Pic: Nessie (CNN) Marked up photos show how iconic prints were edited in the darkroom (PetaPixel) Old timey flash bulbs (Camerapedia) ISO: How high can you go? Apparently up to 409,600 these days! (DIGITALPhotoPro) Common slide film seems to be around 50 or 100 ISO, but there's mention of higher numbers (120 Studio) Old timey photographic plates had very low ISO numbers: This example is 5 (Fstoppers) Daguerreotype: "The first publicly announced photographic process" (Wikipedia) Old timey photographic plates (Wikipedia) Places that still offer film processing in Melbourne (urbanlight) Cheeky review? (If we may be so bold) It'd be amazing if you gave us a short review...it'll make us easier to find in iTunes: Click here for instructions. You're the best! We owe you a free hug and/or a glass of wine from our cellar

Guest: David F. Chang, MD Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA

Guests: Farhad Hafezi, MD, PhDProfessor and Chair of OphthalmologyUniversity of GenevaSwitzerland   Richard Davidson, MDAssociate ProfessorDepartment of OphthalmologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAurora, CO

The development of renewable energy sources depicts a constantly growing interdisciplinary research field. Beyond photovoltaics chemical photocatalysis plays a small role, but is gaining more and more importance. In photocatalysis, light serves as an energy source for the chemical conversion of certain molecules. However, not only the application of photocatalysis as energy source but also the utilization of photocatalysis in chemical synthesis has attracted a deep scien- tific interest. For the optimization of photocatalytic systems a fundamental understanding oft the underlying processes is more than essential. Thereby, transient absorption spectroscopy has proved to be a very useful tool. On the one hand, the operation of a setup for transient absorption spectroscopy and on the other hand the systematic data evaluation requires physical and mathe- matical skills whereas the results cannot be interpreted without deep chemical knowledge. With- in the framework of the present thesis the cooperation between the fields of organic chemistry and physics has turned out as a very productive cooperation. Sensitizing mechanisms, reaction mechanisms and reactive intermediate states in photocatalytic reactions on time scales from femto- to microseconds are the object of the present work. The present thesis will prove that the analysis of measurement data on the basis of established standard methods, such as the fitting of a sum of exponential functions to the temporal evolution of the measured signal, often is not sufficient for a complete interpretation of the data. Only a data analysis precisely adapted to the problem can lead to a fundamental understanding of the underlying processes. In the first part of the present thesis, the focus lies on light-induced intramolecular charge transfer processes. Marcus Theory, which depicts the theoretical background, will be briefly in- troduced. On the basis of a molecular donor-bridge-acceptor system it will be shown that the damping coefficient β is not sufficient to differ unambiguously between coherent tunneling and incoherent hopping mechanism. Flavin-capped DNA hairpins serve as a model for the investigation of intramolecular charge transfer processes. After photo-excitation, flavin induces a hole which migrates through the DNA strand. It will be shown that an adapted base sequence allows for quantum yields of ΦCS = 14% for long-lived charge separated states. In the next section it will be discussed if the building blocks of the DNA are adapted to serve as chiral backbone for enantioselective photocatalysis. The conformation-dependent charge- transfer dynamics in benzophenone-DNA dinucleotides will be put on solid ground with the help of Marcus Theory. It will be shown that these dinucleotides are generally not suited to serve as an inert backbone for every kind of photochemical reaction. In the following section a true bimolecular photocatalytic reaction will be discussed. Flavin serves as photocatalyst for the conversion of an alcohol to the corresponding aldehyde. A pre- cisely adapted data analysis allows and exact quantification of the diffusion controlled reaction dynamics on the ps time scale. The understanding of the process allows optimizing the reaction conditions. The targeted utilization of triplet chemistry within this reaction can help to increase the quantum yield for product formation. As photo-induced charge transfer processes have been intensively discussed, the focus in the second part of the thesis lies on the [2+2] photocycloaddition. As basis for the interpretation of subsequent measurements, the [2+2] photocycloaddition of substituted quinolones will be inves- tigated. The formation of the cyclobutane ring in which the quinolone triplet state plays the cen- tral role will be characterized and quantified on the time scale from ps to ns. Afterwards the [2+2] photocycloaddition of substituted quinolones will be initiated by a chiral xanthone-based photocatalyst. It will be shown that within this catalyst-substrate complex in which both constit- uents have a distance of only few Ångströms, new electronic properties appear. The photo- excitation of a new electronic state not only initiates the [2+2] photocycloaddition of the quino- lone but also depicts a new sensitizing mechanism, which has to the author’s best knowledge not been observed in photocatalysis of organic molecules. The quinolone triplet state does not appear in this mechanism. The question, if this mechanism can be transferred to other photocatalytic systems has to be answered within the framework of further studies.

2010 marks half a century of lasers, Dr Bill O'Neill charts the rise of this fantastic technology and how it is being used across a range of industries and sectors. He also looks at the next steps in laser research and the potential applications.

Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit bestand in der Manipulation der Primärreaktion von Bakteriorhodopsin (BR). Dazu wurde die Primärreaktion mittels Ultrakurzzeitspektroskopie im Femto- und Pikosekundenbereich eingehend untersucht und erste kohärente Kontrollexperimente an einem Modellsystem durchgeführt. Zuerst wurde der Einfluss der Proteinumgebung, den das Gegenion zur Schiffschen Base des Retinals (Aspartat (D) Position 85) auf die Primärreaktion von BR ausübt, untersucht. Dabei wurde BR mit Halorhodopsin (HR) (fehlendes Gegenion, Threonin (T)) und der BR-Mutante D85T verglichen. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse zeigen, dass nur in dem Fall, wenn ein Anion exakt in einem eingeschränkten Bereich um die Position 85 lokalisiert ist, eine BR-ähnliche stationäre Absorption und eine schnelle Primärreaktion mit der BR-typischen Zeitkonstante von 0.5 ps hervorgerufen wird. Fehlt dagegen das Anion oder befindet es sich außerhalb dieses eingeschränkten Bereichs, tritt eine Primärreaktion analog zur Primärreaktion von HR mit einer biexponentiellen Kinetik von 1 bis 10 ps auf. Da in der Literatur widersprüchliche Ergebnisse bezüglich der initialen Bewegungen im angeregten Zustand von BR vorliegen, wurde die Auswirkung der Anregungsdichten auf die Fluoreszenzdynamik analysiert: Bei hohen Anregungsdichten treten spektrale und dynamische Änderungen in der Fluoreszenz auf, die Mehrphotonenprozessen zugeordnet werden können. Diese Mehrphotoneneffekte erklären bestehende Diskrepanzen in der Literatur. Nur für niedrige Anregungsdichten sind lineare und native Anregungsbedingungen gewährleistet, unter denen sich ein biexponentielles Verhalten ergibt. Dabei wurde zum ersten Mal ein dynamischer Stokesshift beobachtet, der auf einen schnellen Umordnungsprozess auf der reaktiven Potentialfläche hindeutet. Ferner wurde der erste schnelle Prozess (