An unscripted conversation between Johnny Noble and Lucy Butcher about sciencey stuff over a wine/s/s/s. And the occasional wasabi pea. At least one of us stumbles home having learned something new and interesting. After listening to this podcast, we hope you stumble off with something new too.
What are orbits and eclipses? What is an orbit? (NASA) (https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-is-orbit-58.html) What causes an orbit to happen? (Qualitative Reasoning Group) (http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/space-environment/1-what-causes-an-orbit.html) What is orbital mechanics? (Rocket & Space Technology) (http://www.braeunig.us/space/orbmech.htm) Orbital mechanics I (The Physics Hypertextbook) (https://physics.info/orbital-mechanics-1/) Heliocentrism from the Greeks to Copernicus & after (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus#Copernican_system) Copernicus (Biography) (https://www.biography.com/people/nicolaus-copernicus-9256984) Galileo & the controversy that moons orbited Jupiter (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei#Jupiter.27s_moons) Modern flat Earth societies (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_flat_Earth_societies) The middle ages (History) (http://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages) What is the heliocentric model of the universe? (Universe Today) (https://www.universetoday.com/33113/heliocentric-model/) From geocentrism to heliocentrism (Futurism) (https://futurism.com/from-geocentrism-to-heliocentrism/) Live tracking: Where is Halley's comet now? (The Sky Live) (http://theskylive.com/3dsolarsystem?obj=halley) Comet trajectories: Where is Halley's comet (The Planets Today) (http://www.theplanetstoday.com/comet_trajectories.html#) Halley's comet completes an elliptical orbit around the sun every ~76 years (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet#Orbit_and_origin) Planets & stars orbit around their common centre of mass, the 'barycentre' (NASA) (https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/barycenter/en/) Lagrange points: Parking places in space (Space) (https://www.space.com/30302-lagrange-points.html) Kepler's laws (One-Minute Astronomer) (http://oneminuteastronomer.com/8626/keplers-laws/) Planetary motion: The history of an idea that launched the scientific revolution (NASA) (https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/OrbitsHistory/) Does our galaxy orbit anything? (Astroquizzical) (https://astroquizzical.com/astroquizzical/the-moon-orbits-the-earth-the-earth-orbits-the) How do gravitational slingshots work? (Universe Today) (https://www.universetoday.com/113488/how-do-gravitational-slingshots-work/) Gravitational slingshot (Math Pages) (http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath114/kmath114.htm) Voyager 1 & 2 spacecraft flight paths (Vimeo) (https://vimeo.com/69465942) Voyager 1 slingshot & other probes (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_assist#Voyager_1_.E2.80.93_farthest_human-made_object) Do unmanned spacecraft like Voyager travel in straight lines? (Ask An Astronomer) (http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/156-people-in-astronomy/space-exploration-and-astronauts/satellites-robotic-space-craft/968-do-unmanned-spacecraft-like-voyager-travel-in-straight-lines-intermediate) What is a gravity well? (Qualitative Reasoning Group) (http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/space-environment/3-whats-a-gravity-well.html) Gravity wells scaled to Earth surface gravity (xkcd) (https://xkcd.com/681_large/) Voyagers 1 & 2 do have thrusters (NASA) (https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/voyager/voyager20111114.html) The Farthest: The documentary about the Voyagers we mentioned (IMDb) (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt6223974/) Energy relationships for satellites (The Physics Classroom) (http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/circles/Lesson-4/Energy-Relationships-for-Satellites) Why doesn't the Moon fall upon Earth? (Physics Stack Exchange) (https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/9049/why-doesnt-the-moon-fall-upon-earth) Why the Moon is getting further away from Earth (BBC) (http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-12311119) Is the Moon moving away from Earth? (Ask An Astronomer) (http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/37-our-solar-system/the-moon/the-moon-and-the-earth/111-is-the-moon-moving-away-from-the-earth-when-was-this-discovered-intermediate) Outer space is not a perfect vaccuum (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum#Outer_space) How are satellites launched into orbit? (Astronomy WA) (http://www.astronomywa.net.au/how-are-satellites-launched-into-orbit.html) The different types of orbits of satellites (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite#Orbit_types) One of many satellite finder apps (iTunes) (https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/satfinder-3d-augmented-reality/id1054455714?mt=8) Does zero gravity exist in space? (Yale Scientific) (http://www.yalescientific.org/2010/10/mythbusters-does-zero-gravity-exist-in-space/) NASA's vomit comet trains astronauts in the ways of weightlessness (Gizmodo) (https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2014/04/nasas-vomit-comet-trains-astronauts-in-the-ways-of-weightlessness/) Feeling weightless in an elevator if the cable breaks (Hyperphysics) (http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/elev.html) What is the difference between weight & mass? (Thought Co.) (https://www.thoughtco.com/mass-and-weight-differences-606116) What is an eclipse? (NASA) (https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-is-an-eclipse-58) Eclipse (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse) Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017 (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_August_21,_2017) What science can learn from a total solar eclipse (Cosmos) (https://cosmosmagazine.com/space/what-science-can-learn-from-a-total-solar-eclipse) Here's what scientists have learned from total solar eclipses (Space) (https://www.space.com/36785-solar-eclipse-science-throughout-history.html) How are total solar eclipses used by scientists? (NASA) (https://eclipse2017.nasa.gov/how-are-total-solar-eclipses-used-scientists) Why a total solar eclipse is such a big deal (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oNH3akWXaV8&feature=share) Two minutes of darkness with 20,000 strangers (FiveThirtyEight) (https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/eclipse-towns-planning/) 2 July, 2019 is the next total solar eclipse (Time And Date) (https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/solar/2019-july-2) The Moon's orbit & rotation (Windows 2 Universe) (https://www.windows2universe.org/the_universe/uts/moon1.html) Diagram showing the Earth-Moon system (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_of_the_Moon#/media/File:Earth-Moon.PNG) Why future Earthlings won't see total eclipses (NPR) (http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/08/14/542700588/why-future-earthlings-wont-see-total-solar-eclipses) Perihelion & aphelion (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelion_and_aphelion) Types of solar eclipse: Partial, annular, total & hybrid (National University of Singapore) (http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/gem-projects/hm/0304-1-08-eclipse/Types%20of%20Solar%20Eclipse.htm) The diamond ring effect during a toal solar eclipse (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baily%27s_beads) Solar eclipse of January 24, 1925 in New York City (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_January_24,_1925) What is the umbra? (Time And Date) (https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/umbra-shadow.html) Scientists to take flight for longer views of the eclipse (The New York Times) (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/14/science/eclipse-planes-flights-ionosphere.html?mcubz=1) Chasing the total solar eclipse from NASA's WB-57F jets (NASA) (https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/chasing-the-total-solar-eclipse-from-nasa-s-wb-57f-jets) When astronomers chased a total eclipse in a Concorde (Motherboard) (https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/8q8qwk/the-concorde-and-the-longest-solar-eclipse) NASA's best photos of the total solar eclipse of 2017 (Space) (https://www.space.com/37874-best-solar-eclipse-2017-photos-by-nasa.html) The Sun's diameter is ~1.392 million km (Space) (https://www.space.com/17001-how-big-is-the-sun-size-of-the-sun.html) The Sun's corona extends millions of kilometres into space (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona) How do computers predict eclipses? (NASA) (https://eclipse2017.nasa.gov/how-do-computers-predict-eclipses) What do Flat-Earthers think is going on during a solar eclipse? (IFL Science) (http://www.iflscience.com/space/what-do-flat-earthers-think-is-going-on-during-a-solar-eclipse/) Where are you from? Send us a postcard! Strange Attractor, c/ PO Box 9, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia Corrections Gravity assist owes both Kepler & Newton (The Science Classroom) (https://thescienceclassroom.wikispaces.com/Gravitational+Assist) Check out our new Fireside home Find aaaaall the great episodes, show notes, Patreon link & handy instructions should you feel like leaving us a cheeky iTunes review
What happens inside computers? The cream yellow Volvo 850 T5-R wagon (Pinterest) (https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/1b/a3/e4/1ba3e49abd91ca711ee341c8190ca2c3.jpg) What is a computer? (Computer Hope) (https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/computer.htm) When women stopped coding (Planet Money, NPR) (http://www.npr.org/sections/money/2014/10/21/357629765/when-women-stopped-coding) Women computers in World War II (Engineering & Technology History) (http://ethw.org/Women_Computers_in_World_War_II) Human computers: The women of NASA (History) (http://www.history.com/news/human-computers-women-at-nasa) How do computers work? (Explain That Stuff!) (http://www.explainthatstuff.com/howcomputerswork.html) How does a computer work? (Computer Hope) (https://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch001263.htm) What does the inside of a computer look like? (Computer Hope) (https://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000997.htm) What is computer hardware? (How Stuff Works, Tech) (http://computer.howstuffworks.com/what-is-computer-hardware.htm/printable) Turing machine (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine) Turing machines explained (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dNRDvLACg5Q) Central processing unit (Computer Hope) (https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/cpu.htm) Transistors (Explain That Stuff!) (http://www.explainthatstuff.com/howtransistorswork.html) How transistors work (How Stuff Works, Electronics) (http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/transistor.htm/printable) CSIRAC: The only intact first-generation computer surviving anywhere in the world (Museums Victoria) (https://museumvictoria.com.au/csirac/) Transistors used to be vacuum tubes: The transistor in a century of electronics (The Nobel Prize) (https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/physics/transistor/history/) Logic gate (Computer Hope) (https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/l/logicgat.htm) Binary (Computer Hope) (https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/b/binary.htm) What is silicon & why are computer chips made from it? (Extreme Tech) (https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/208501-what-is-silicon-and-why-are-computer-chips-made-from-it) Facts about silicon (livescience) (https://www.livescience.com/28893-silicon.html) Why silicon computers rule (Cosmos) (https://cosmosmagazine.com/technology/why-silicon-computers-rule) Moore's law: The number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles approximately every 2 years (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law) The 'doubling of grains of rice on a chess board' fable (The Math Forum) (http://mathforum.org/sanders/geometry/GP11Fable.html) The tunnelling transistor (IEEE) (http://spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductors/devices/the-tunneling-transistor) Deterministic algorithm (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterministic_algorithm) Motherboard (Computer Hope) (https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/m/mothboar.htm) Universal serial bus, or USB (Computer Hope) (https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/u/usb.htm) How USB ports work (How Stuff Works, Tech) (http://computer.howstuffworks.com/usb.htm/printable) Human ingenuity has created a world that the mind cannot master: Have we finally reached our limits?(aeon) (https://aeon.co/essays/is-technology-making-the-world-indecipherable) Raspberry Pi (https://www.raspberrypi.org) Arduino (https://www.arduino.cc) Random access memory, or RAM (Computer Hope) (https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/r/ram.htm) Read only memory, or ROM (Computer Hope) (https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/r/rom.htm) Pull yourself up by your bootstraps (The Phrase Finder) (http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/pull-yourself-up-by-your-bootstraps.html) Boot (Computer Hope) (https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/b/boot.htm) What happens when you switch a computer on? (The Linux Documentation Project) (http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Unix-and-Internet-Fundamentals-HOWTO/bootup.html) How PCs work (How Stuff Works, Tech) (http://computer.howstuffworks.com/pc.htm/printable) Power-on self-test, or POST (Computer Hope) (https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/post.htm) Boot sector (Computer Hope) (https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/b/bootsect.htm) Kernel (Computer Hope) (https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/k/kernel.htm) Kernel (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)) What is shut down? (Computer Hope) (https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/shutdown.htm) What is actually happening when a Windows computer is shutting down? (How-To Geek) (https://www.howtogeek.com/235771/what-is-actually-happening-when-a-windows-computer-is-shutting-down/) How to shut down a computer (Computer Hope) (https://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch001672.htm) Energy efficiency guide for iOS apps & 'batching transactions' (Apple) (https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/Performance/Conceptual/EnergyGuide-iOS/DeferNetworking.html) CPU power dissipation (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_power_dissipation) Power efficiency in OS X (Apple) (https://www.apple.com/media/us/osx/2013/docs/OSX_Power_Efficiency_Technology_Overview.pdf) Public service announcement: You should not force quit apps on iOS (Daring Fireball, John Gruber) (https://daringfireball.net/2017/07/you_should_not_force_quit_apps) Where are you from? Send us a postcard! Strange Attractor, c/ PO Box 9, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia Check out our new Fireside home Find aaaaall the great episodes, show notes, Patreon link & handy instructions should you feel like leaving us a cheeky iTunes review
What is the Sun? Powers of Ten™: The famous video from 1977 that explains the scale of the universe (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fKBhvDjuy0) The Sun (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun) Formation of the Sun (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#Formation) The Sun is about 4.6 billion years old: Facts about the Sun's age, size & history (Space.com) (https://www.space.com/58-the-sun-formation-facts-and-characteristics.html) How is a star born? (Scientific American) (https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-is-a-star-born/) How does a star ignite? (Physics Stack Exchange) (https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/61108/how-does-a-star-ignite) Cosmic dust (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_dust) All you need is cold gas: The legacy of K. E. Edgeworth (NED) (https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Sept14/Elmegreen/Elmegreen6.html) Stars form out in the cold & fuel the growth of supermassive black holes (SMH) (http://www.smh.com.au/technology/sci-tech/stars-form-out-in-the-cold-and-fuel-the-growth-of-supermassive-black-holes-20170213-guc8b6.html) Newton's laws (Hyperphysics) (http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Newt.html) Animation of Jupiter seen in the infrared (NASA/JPL Caltech) (https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/archive/PIA19640.gif) What is fusion (livescience) (https://www.livescience.com/23394-fusion.html) Nuclear fusion (Hyperphysics) (http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/NucEne/fusion.html) Nuclear fusion in stars (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion#Nuclear_fusion_in_stars) After 60 years, is nuclear fusion finally poised to deliver? (The Guardian) (https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/dec/02/after-60-years-is-nuclear-fusion-finally-poised-to-deliver) Chain reaction (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_reaction) Diana Ross: Chain Reaction (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UaYHRx9-v2M) The Sun's structure & energy production (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#Structure_and_energy_production) National Ignition Facility recreates the interior of heavy stars (ars Technica) (https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/08/researchers-use-giant-laser-to-study-interiors-of-stars/) Naming conventions for our Sun or 'Sol' (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#Name_and_etymology) Parker Solar Probe: Humanity's first visit to a star (NASA) (https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/parker-solar-probe-humanity-s-first-visit-to-a-star) Sunshine (IMDb) (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0448134/) It sounds like stars do all seem to start with hydrogen: Star formation (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star#Formation_and_evolution) Stars (NASA) (https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/how-do-stars-form-and-evolve) Main sequence stars (CSIRO) (http://www.atnf.csiro.au/outreach/education/senior/astrophysics/stellarevolution_mainsequence.html) Post-main sequence stars (CSIRO) (http://www.atnf.csiro.au/outreach/education/senior/astrophysics/stellarevolution_postmain.html) There is a minimum mass for stars: ~8% of the mass of the Sun, lower than that & the internal pressure from gravity is too low to trigger the necessary nuclear reactions (NASA) (https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/review/podcasts/transcripts/070205_star_sizes.html) The Sun consumes about 600 million tonnes of hydrogen per second (NASA) (https://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/qa_sun.html#consume) The future of the Sun: After core hydrogen exhaustion (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#After_core_hydrogen_exhaustion) Helium 'burning' & the helium flash: In post-main sequence stars, helium nuclei fuse to eventually form carbon-12 (CSIRO) (http://www.atnf.csiro.au/outreach/education/senior/astrophysics/stellarevolution_postmain.html#postmainheflash) Modelling a star on a computer (Western Michigan University) (http://homepages.wmich.edu/~korista/starmodls.html) The CNO cycle (Cosmos) (http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/C/CNO+cycle) Will the sun go supernova in six years & destroy Earth? (Ask an Astronomer) (http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/physics/39-our-solar-system/the-earth/other-catastrophes/59-will-the-sun-go-supernova-in-six-years-and-destroy-earth-as-seen-on-yahoo-intermediate) Iron & nickel are the heaviest elements that can be made in stars like our Sun that don't undergo supernova explosions (NASA) (https://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/nucleo.html) Red giant stars (Cosmos) (http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/R/Red+giant+stars) Cold dead star may be a giant diamond (Space.com) (https://www.space.com/26335-coldest-white-dwarf-star-diamond.html) Measuring a white dwarf star (NASA) (https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_468.html) The electromagnetic spectrum (NASA) (https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/toolbox/emspectrum1.html) What is Earth's magnetic field? (Universe Today) (https://www.universetoday.com/27005/earths-magnetic-field/) The 11-year cycle of solar minimums & maximums (NASA) (https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/solarmin-max.html) The sun is so hot it's mostly made of plasma (NASA) (https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/auroras/sun_earth_connect.html) Convection zone (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection_zone) Structure of stars showing convection zones (ESO) (http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0729a/) Understanding the magnetic sun (NASA) (https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/understanding-the-magnetic-sun) The singing sun: Listen to the sound the sun makes! (Stanford Solar Center) (http://solar-center.stanford.edu/singing/singing.html) The corona of the Sun, it's outer atmosphere (NASA) (https://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/corona.shtml) Why is the Sun's corona the hottest layer when it's farther from the core than other layers? (Scientific American) (https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-is-the-suns-corona-th/) What are sun spots? (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunspot) Coronal mass ejection (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection) What is solar wind? (QRG, Northwestern University) (http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/space-environment/3-what-is-solar-wind.html) No more solar wind for Voyager 1 spacecraft (Phys.org) (https://phys.org/news/2010-12-solar-voyager-spacecraft.html) The Voyagers have reached an anniversary worth celebrating (ars Technica) (https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/08/the-voyagers-have-reached-an-anniversary-worth-celebrating/) What is an aurora? (NASA) (https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/aurora/en/) Solar storm & space weather FAQ (NASA) (https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/spaceweather/index.html) Can solar flares hurt astronauts? (Universe Today) (https://www.universetoday.com/92897/can-solar-flares-hurt-astronauts/) Fast & slow solar wind (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind#Fast_and_slow_solar_wind) The Carrington Event of 1859 (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection#History) How are the astronauts in the ISS protected from solar flares? (Space Exploration, Stack Exchange) (https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/1034/how-are-the-astronauts-in-the-iss-protected-from-solar-flares) Who's afraid of a solar flare? (NASA) (https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/07oct_afraid) What if the biggest solar storm on record happened today? (National Geographic) (http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/03/110302-solar-flares-sun-storms-earth-danger-carrington-event-science/) Did a massive solar proton event fry the Earth? (Space Daily) (http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Did_A_Massive_Solar_Proton_Event_Fry_The_Earth_999.html) 1 in 8 chance of catastrophic solar megastorm by 2020 (Wired) (https://www.wired.com/2012/02/massive-solar-flare/) Corrections The sun will eventually become a red giant (not a red dwarf) & then a white dwarf (Space.com) (https://www.space.com/58-the-sun-formation-facts-and-characteristics.html) It sounds like Saturn, not Jupiter, emits infrared radiation from frictional heating - Jupiter's 'glow' is thought to be from cooling left over from its formation (LibreTexts Physics) (https://phys.libretexts.org/TextMaps/Astronomy_and_Cosmology_Textmaps/Map%3A_Astronomy_(Impey)/7%3A_The_Giant_Planets_and_their_Moons/7.5__Thermal_Radiation_from_Gas_Giant_Planets) Apparently the sun is only half way through its main sequence lifecycle (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#Main_sequence) The sun won't die for 5 billion years (The Conversation) (http://theconversation.com/the-sun-wont-die-for-5-billion-years-so-why-do-humans-have-only-1-billion-years-left-on-earth-37379) Estimates vary, but it's agreed it takes a LONG time for a photon to escape the sun (Futurism) (https://futurism.com/how-the-sun-works/) Why does it take thousands of years for light to escape the Sun? (Ask a Mathematician/Physicist) (http://www.askamathematician.com/2013/08/q-why-does-it-take-thousands-of-years-for-light-to-escape-the-sun/) Check out our new Fireside home Find aaaaall the great episodes, show notes, Patreon link & handy instructions should you feel like leaving us a cheeky iTunes review
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What is science fiction? Science fiction (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction) Hard versus soft science fiction (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction#Hard_science_fiction) Why is science fiction so hard to define? (BBC) (http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20140729-what-is-and-isnt-sci-fi) How America's leading science fiction authors are shaping your future (Smithsonian) (http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/how-americas-leading-science-fiction-authors-are-shaping-your-future-180951169/) What is science fiction good for? (Huffington Post) (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ed-finn/what-is-science-fiction-good-for_b_1569279.html) The underrated universal appeal of science fiction (The Atlantic) (https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/04/the-underrated-universal-appeal-of-science-fiction/360627/) Philip K. Dick (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_K._Dick) An article that notes how Philip K. Dick almost starved to death as a premature infant (The Independent) (http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/on-another-planet-a7095781.html) Black Mirror (IMDb) (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2085059/) Johnny's recommended episodes of Black Mirror to start with: The Entire History of You, S01E03; White Bear, S02E02; San Junipero, S03E04 (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Black_Mirror_episodes) Star Trek (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek) James T. Kirk (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_T._Kirk) Jean-Luc Picard (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Picard) The economic lessons of Star Trek's money-free society (Wired) (https://www.wired.com/2016/05/geeks-guide-star-trek-economics/) List of science fiction universes (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_universes) Dr Futurity by Philip K. Dick: The story Lucy was talking about where civilisation isn't fussed about death anymore (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Futurity) The Star Trek Prime Directive (Memory Alpha) (http://memory-alpha.wikia.com/wiki/Prime_Directive) 6 ways reading & watching science fiction makes you a more ethical person (Bustle) (https://www.bustle.com/articles/70708-6-ways-reading-and-watching-science-fiction-makes-you-a-more-ethical-person) Driverless trucks: Economic tsunami may swallow one of most common US jobs (The Guardian) (https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/feb/16/self-driving-trucks-automation-jobs-trucking-industry) A plan in case robots take the jobs: Give everyone a pay check (The New York Times) (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/03/technology/plan-to-fight-robot-invasion-at-work-give-everyone-a-paycheck.html) Ten inventions inspired by science fiction (Smithsonian) (http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/ten-inventions-inspired-by-science-fiction-128080674/) Sci-Fi inspires engineers to build our future (NPR) (http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129333703) Why today's inventors need to read more science fiction (The Atlantic) (https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/09/why-todays-inventors-need-to-read-more-science-fiction/279793/) Isaac Asimov (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimov) The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy) 5 books that predicted the internet (Barnes & Noble) (https://www.barnesandnoble.com/blog/5-books-that-predicted-the-internet/) The telescreen from 1984 by George Orwell (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CCfW6HFP5cI) Brave New World by Aldous Huxley (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_New_World) Flawed forecasting – when science fiction gets it wrong (The Guardian) (https://www.theguardian.com/science/occams-corner/2013/jan/24/science-fiction-sciencefictionandfantasy) Robert A. Heinlein (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein) Hyperion by Dan Simmons (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperion_Cantos) VALIS by Philip K. Dick (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VALIS) The Turning Wheel by Philip K. Dick: The story Lucy mentioned where he takes a jab at L. Ron Hubbard's dianetics book, the foundation of Scientology (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Turning_Wheel) L. Ron Hubbard (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard) When L. Ron Hubbard briefly let down his guard & admitted Scientology was all a con (The Underground Bunker) (http://tonyortega.org/2016/09/30/when-l-ron-hubbard-briefly-let-down-his-guard-and-admitted-scientology-was-all-a-con/) "You don't get rich writing science fiction. If you want to get rich, you start a religion", L. Ron Hubbard (WikiQuote) (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard) The Star Trek 'PADD': Personal Access Display Device (Memory Alpha) (http://memory-alpha.wikia.com/wiki/PADD) Amazon unveils the $230 Echo Show, with a screen for calls, shipping June 28 (TechCrunch) (https://techcrunch.com/2017/05/09/amazon-unveils-the-230-echo-show-with-a-screen-for-calls-shipping-june-28/) Tiger Tiger Chardonnay (Collector Wines) (https://www.collectorwines.com.au/products/tiger-tiger-chardonnay-2015) Our DNA is 99.9% the same as the person sitting next to us & we're surprisingly similar to a bunch of other living things (Business Insider) (http://www.businessinsider.com/comparing-genetic-similarity-between-humans-and-other-things-2016-5/#and-while-the-egg-laying-and-feathered-body-are-pretty-different-from-a-humans-about-60-of-chicken-genes-have-a-human-gene-counterpart-7) Plasma aliens could live inside “Black Clouds”: Extraterrestrial life can be stranger than we even dare to imagine (Message To Eagle) (http://www.messagetoeagle.com/plasma-aliens-could-live-inside-black-clouds-extraterrestrial-life-can-be-stranger-than-we-even-dare-to-imagine/) Iain M. Banks (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Banks) The Culture series by Iain M. Banks (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_series) Elon Musk names SpaceX drone ships in honour of Sci-Fi legend (Space.com) (https://www.space.com/28445-spacex-elon-musk-drone-ships-names.html) Data, the android from Star Trek (Memory Alpha) (http://memory-alpha.wikia.com/wiki/Data) Snowcrash by Neil Stevenson (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_Crash) Second Life (http://secondlife.com) The Matrix (IMDb) (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0133093/) The Holodeck in Star Trek (Memory Alpha) (http://memory-alpha.wikia.com/wiki/Holodeck) Euro Truck Simulator 2 (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6fkK0XS52I) Road Work podcast: Dan Benjamin & John Roderick (5by5) (http://5by5.tv/roadwork) Roderick on the Line podcast: Merlin Mann & John Roderick (MerlinMann.com) (http://www.merlinmann.com/roderick/) Where are you from? Send us a postcard! Strange Attractor, c/ PO Box 9, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia Corrections Isaac Asimov coined the term 'robotics' & wrote the Laws of Robotics, but apparently the term 'robot' was first used by Czech playwright Karel Capek in the 1920s (Carnegie Mellon University) (https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~chuck/robotpg/robofaq/1.html) Check out our new Fireside home Find aaaaall the great episodes, show notes, Patreon link & handy instructions should you feel like leaving us a cheeky iTunes review
What is hacking? Before listening to this podcast We recommend changing your email, banking & Apple ID passwords if you use them for anything else. Use a password generator to make unique, random new ones for each login. These accounts are central to unlocking your online life. Ideally never use duplicate passwords. Nothing is perfect, but let's make it as hard as possible for hackers & bots
Why doesn't my computer work? What is a server in computer networking? (lifewire) (https://www.lifewire.com/servers-in-computer-networking-817380) What does a server technician do? (wiseGEEK) (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-does-a-server-technician-do.htm) Server (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)) A rack of servers (wiseGEEK) (http://images.wisegeek.com/racks-of-servers.jpg) A movie starring Johnny and a rack of servers (Vimeo) (https://vimeo.com/29903703) Inside the internet: Google allows first ever look at the eight vast data centres that power the online world (Daily Mail) (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2219188/Inside-Google-pictures-gives-look-8-vast-data-centres.html) What is server redundancy? (Techopedia) (https://www.techopedia.com/definition/14718/server-redundancy) What is a hot swap? (TechTarget) (http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/hot-swap) Hot swapping (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_swapping) What is a firewall? (CISCO) (http://www.cisco.com/c/en_au/products/security/firewalls/what-is-a-firewall.html) Firewall (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(computing)) Bladerunner: I've seen things you people wouldn't believe (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARPCjp0ppEE) Super-secret Google builds servers in the dark (Wired) (https://www.wired.com/2012/03/google-miner-helmet/) Google uncloaks once-secret server (C|NET) (https://www.cnet.com/news/google-uncloaks-once-secret-server-10209580/) Following Google's lead, Facebook starts building its own networking gear (Wired) (https://www.wired.com/2014/06/facebook-networking/) Like Google & Facebook, Twitter designs its own servers (Wired) (https://www.wired.com/2015/07/like-google-facebook-twitter-designs-computer-servers/) What is a service-level agreement? (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-level_agreement) Server room (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_room) Why keeping the data centre cool is important (BizTech) (https://biztechmagazine.com/article/2012/07/why-keeping-data-center-cool-important) Microsoft puts cloud in the ocean to help with cooling (Microsoft) (https://news.microsoft.com/features/microsoft-research-project-puts-cloud-in-ocean-for-the-first-time/#gclDF3jvw3ZdmryV.97) Some people listen to server room noise to relax (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2iriX0YJek) What is change control? (TechTarget) (http://searchdisasterrecovery.techtarget.com/definition/change-control) War Games: Turn your key, sir! (You Tube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLMCjuge6oE) Incident priority (IT Process Maps) (https://wiki.en.it-processmaps.com/index.php/Checklist_Incident_Priority) Incidents versus problems (Concept Solutions Corporation) (http://www.conceptsolutionsbc.com/it-service-management-mainmenu-60/30-it-service-management/182-incident-and-problems-what-is-the-difference) Microsoft Minesweeper (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Minesweeper) Australian census meltdown to cost $30 million (The Australian) (http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/ibm-shifts-blame-to-contractors-for-the-census-night-crash/news-story/c606dfb9f08432020b05ec741dadb426) Revealed: IBM error caused NAB outage (IT News) (https://www.itnews.com.au/news/revealed-ibm-error-caused-nab-outage-438970) The Borg Hive Mind (Borg Collective) (http://borgcollective.wikia.com/wiki/Hive_Mind) The basics of server monitoring (spiceworks) (https://community.spiceworks.com/how_to/2875-the-basics-of-server-monitoring) Where are you from? Send us a postcard! Strange Attractor, c/ PO Box 9, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia Check out our new Fireside home Find aaaaall the great episodes & show notes & handy instructions should you feel like leaving us a cheeky iTunes review
What is critical thinking? *NB: There's a few cuss words in this episode. We made a movie! You should really watch this. Because we made it.
What is nanotechnology? An invitation to enter a new field of physics: A lecture on nanotechnology that Richard Feynman gave in 1959 (Zyvex) (http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html) Definition of 'nano' (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano-) Nanotechnology (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology) The National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) (http://www.nano.gov) @NNInanonews: Twitter feed of NNI (https://twitter.com/NNInanonews) Center for Responsible Nanotechnology (CRN) (http://crnano.org/whatis.htm) The billion year technology gap (The Daily Galaxy) (http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2009/11/the-billionyear-technology-gap-could-one-exist-the-weekend-feature.html) The Fermi death sentence (Nanotechnology Now) (http://www.nanotech-now.com/columns/?article=149) Explaining nanotechnology to a 5th grader (YouTube) (https://youtu.be/DAOFpgocfrg) Your fingernail grows a nanometre every second (NNCI) (http://www.nnci.net/what-nano) Bottom-up versus top-down approaches (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology#Bottom-up_approaches) Meet the nanomachines that could drive a medical revolution (Phys.org) (https://phys.org/news/2016-04-nanomachines-medical-revolution.html) Nanoparticles (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoparticle) Scanning electron microscope (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope) How to move an atom (IBM Research) (https://www.ibm.com/blogs/research/2013/05/how-to-move-an-atom/) 20 years of moving atoms one by one: Including how they made the IBM logo out of 35 xenon atoms (Wired) (https://www.wired.com/2009/09/gallery-atomic-science/) Scientists measure how light affects individual atoms for the first time (nanowerk) (http://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology-news/newsid=33617.php) Current applications of nanotechnology (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology#Applications) How nanotechnology is changing the future of medicine (MUO) (http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/nanotechnology-changing-future-medicine/) Applications of nanotechnology in medicine (Australian Science) (http://www.australianscience.com.au/biology/applications-of-nanotechnology-in-medicine/) Convergence Science Network (http://www.convergencesciencenetwork.org.au) Stentrode (ABC, Catalyst) (http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/4519966.htm) The world's first international race for molecular cars, the Nanocar Race (Phys.org) (https://phys.org/news/2017-03-world-international-molecular-cars-nanocar.html) Nanoparticles & sunscreen (Cancer Council Australia) (http://www.cancer.org.au/preventing-cancer/sun-protection/nanoparticles-and-sunscreen.html) Titanium dioxide (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_dioxide) Nanoparticles are all around us: Naturally-occurring vs man-made (sustainable nano) (http://sustainable-nano.com/2013/03/25/nanoparticles-are-all-around-us/) Nanoparticles in nature: Toxic or harmless? (EarthSky) (http://earthsky.org/human-world/nanoparticles-in-nature-toxic-or-harmless) Gold nanoparticles can be red or blue/purple (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloidal_gold) "Properties such as melting point, fluorescence, electrical conductivity, magnetic permeability, & chemical reactivity change as a function of the size of the particle" (NNI) (https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/special) Buckminsterfullerene, or buckyballs (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene) Have buckminsterfullerenes (buckyballs) been put to any practical uses? (Scientific American) (https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/have-buckminsterfullerene/) It doesn't seem that any real use has been found for buckyballs yet (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene#Applications) Carbon fibre (Wikpedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fibers) Carbon nanofibre (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanofiber) Did Bucky Fuller really design a soccer ball? (treehugger) (https://www.treehugger.com/sustainable-product-design/did-bucky-fuller-really-design-soccer-ball.html) How can graphite & diamond be so different if they are both composed of pure carbon? (Scientific American) (https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-can-graphite-and-diam/) Spiders sprayed with carbon nanotubes spin superstrong webs (Phys.org) (https://phys.org/news/2015-05-spiders-carbon-nanotubes-superstrong-webs.html) Spiders ingest nanotubes, then weave silk reinforced with carbon (MIT Technology Review) (https://www.technologyreview.com/s/537301/spiders-ingest-nanotubes-then-weave-silk-reinforced-with-carbon/) Space elevator (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_elevator) Sorry Johnny, carbon nanotubes may be too weak to get a space elevator off the ground
What is the atmosphere? Atmosphere of Earth (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth) Evolution of Earth's atmosphere (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth#Evolution_of_Earth.27s_atmosphere) Earth's early atmosphere (Universe Today) (https://www.universetoday.com/26659/earths-early-atmosphere/) A lecture on Earth's atmosphere (The Ohio State University) (http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/Ast141/Unit3/Lect10_Atmos.pdf) Gaseous composition of dry air (Columbia University) (http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/slides/climate/table_1.html) Not definitive, but a discussion around 'How is the equilibrium of 21% oxygen in Earth's atmosphere established?' (Earth Science Stack Exchange) (https://earthscience.stackexchange.com/questions/4574/how-is-the-equilibrium-of-21-oxygen-in-earths-atmosphere-established) The first cells were anaerobic, i.e. they didn't use oxygen (Windows 2 Universe) (http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Life/first_life.html) The great oxygenation event: The event that transformed Earth (BBC) (http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150701-the-origin-of-the-air-we-breathe) Geological history of oxygen (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_history_of_oxygen) Greenhouse gases kept early Earth warm (ABC, Australia) (http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2013/07/22/3805154.htm?site=starhunt&topic=space) Stromatolites (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromatolite) Stromatolites: The oldest fossils (Fossil Museum) (http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Tree_of_Life/Stromatolites.htm) Photosynthesis (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis) What is the atmosphere like on other planets? (Universe Today) (https://www.universetoday.com/35796/atmosphere-of-the-planets/) Planetary atmospheres (Penn State University) (http://www2.astro.psu.edu/users/rbc/a1/lec29n.html) Did Mars' magnetic field die with a whimper or a bang? (Science, AAAS) (http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2009/04/did-marss-magnetic-field-die-whimper-or-bang) Mars' magnetic field (Technical University of Denmark) (http://www.space.dtu.dk/english/Research/Universe_and_Solar_System/magnetic_field) What keeps Earth's atmosphere bound to Earth? (EarthSky) (http://earthsky.org/earth/what-keeps-earths-atmosphere-on-earth) Earth's magnetic field provides vital protection (ESA) (http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Cluster/Earth_s_magnetic_field_provides_vital_protection) A magnetic surprise from Venus (Astrobiology Magazine) (http://www.astrobio.net/also-in-news/a-magnetic-surprise-from-venus/) Core of Venus (Universe Today) (https://www.universetoday.com/36161/core-of-venus/) Venera 13: First colour pictures from Venus (Space.com) (http://www.space.com/18551-venera-13.html) Olympus Mons: The largest volcano in the solar system (BBC) (http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/solarsystem/solar_system_highlights/olympus_mons) Atmosphere of Jupiter (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter) Atmosphere of Saturn (Universe Today) (https://www.universetoday.com/24029/atmosphere-of-saturn/) Atmospheric pressure: Definition & facts (LiveScience) (http://www.livescience.com/39315-atmospheric-pressure.html) Mean sea level pressure (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure#Mean_sea_level_pressure) How does pressure change with ocean depth? (National Ocean Service) (http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/pressure.html) Total Recall: The scene where he imagines his eyes pop out when his space helmet breaks (not from The Running Man) (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fpUVPvsIF5w) How long can a human survive in outer space? (How Stuff Works, Science) (http://science.howstuffworks.com/question540.htm) Why your blood would boil in space (BBC) (http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20160617-why-your-blood-would-boil-in-space) What is boiling? (Libretext Chemistry) (https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions/Boiling) Steam (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam) It's hard to get a good cup of tea on Mount Everest as water boils at a lower temperature (Dynamic Science) (http://www.dynamicscience.com.au/tester/solutions1/space%20science/Demonstration%20of%20boiling%20point.htm) How your lungs work (How Stuff Works, Health) (http://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/respiratory/lung.htm/printable) Positive airway pressure (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_airway_pressure) Melting & boiling points of water (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius#Melting_and_boiling_points_of_water) Earth's atmospheric layers (NASA) (https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/science/atmosphere-layers2.html) Kármán line: 100 km above sea level & commonly represents the boundary between our atmosphere & outer space, also where aeronautics becomes astronautics (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kármán_line) The Right Stuff (IMDb) (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086197/) The troposphere & tropopause (Encyclopedia.com) (http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/troposphere-and-tropopause) The heliosphere & heliopause (Encyclopaedia Britannica) (https://www.britannica.com/topic/heliopause) What is an aurora? (NASA) (https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/aurora/en/) The Earth's ionosphere (Stanford University) (http://solar-center.stanford.edu/SID/activities/ionosphere.html) Why do radio signals travel farther at night than in the day? (Gizmodo) (https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2015/01/why-do-radio-signals-travel-farther-at-night-than-in-the-day/) Ozone basics (NOAA) (http://www.ozonelayer.noaa.gov/science/basics.htm) Ozone depletion (Ozone Hole) (http://www.ozone-hole.org.uk/05.php) Formation of the ozone layer: "Ozone played a significant role in the evolution of life on Earth, & allows life as we presently know it to exist" (NASA, GES DISC) (https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ozone/additional/science-focus/about-ozone/ozone_formation.shtml) "One chlorine atom can destroy over 100,000 ozone molecules before it is removed from the stratosphere" (EPA) (https://www.epa.gov/ozone-layer-protection/basic-ozone-layer-science) How to protect astronauts from space radiation on Mars (NASA) (https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/real-martians-how-to-protect-astronauts-from-space-radiation-on-mars) How do we protect the astronauts from space radiation? (NASA) (https://srag.jsc.nasa.gov/spaceradiation/how/how.cfm) 'Seeing' cosmic rays in space (Universe Today) (https://www.universetoday.com/94714/seeing-cosmic-rays-in-space/) Where are you from? Send us a postcard! Strange Attractor, c/ PO Box 9, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia Corrections "The solar storm of August 1972 is legendary at NASA because it occurred in between two Apollo missions: the crew of Apollo 16 had returned to Earth in April & the crew of Apollo 17 was preparing for a moon landing in December" (NASA) (https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/stereo/news/stereo_astronauts.html) This is what Johnny figured out in a Spanish toilet How to measure the circumference of the Earth (Khan Academy) (https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/nasa/measuringuniverse/measure-the-solarsystem/v/eratosthenes_measures_earth) Check out our new Fireside home Find aaaaall the great episodes & show notes & handy instructions should you feel like leaving us a cheeky iTunes review...go on...we know you want to! (http://strangeattractor.random.productions) Image credit: Garðar Ólafsson photography
What is the Moon? The Moon installation touring the UK that inspired this episode (Museum of the Moon) (https://my-moon.org) Awesome simulated view of the Moon over 1 month (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libration#/media/File:Lunar_libration_with_phase_Oct_2007_450px.gif) Why do people say the Moon is made of cheese? (Mental Floss) (http://mentalfloss.com/article/53107/why-do-people-say-moon-made-cheese) Five myths about the Moon (EarthSky) (http://earthsky.org/space/five-myths-about-the-moon) Man in the Moon (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_in_the_Moon) Ancient Greek astronomy (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy) Eratosthenes measurement of the Earth's circumference (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes#Measurement_of_the_Earth.27s_circumference) Aristarchus's 3rd-century BCE calculations on the relative sizes of the Sun, Earth & Moon (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy#/media/File:Aristarchus_working.jpg) The lunar calendar (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_calendar) The Celtic year (Living Myths) (http://www.livingmyths.com/Celticyear.htm) The death & life of the 13-month calendar (City Lab) (http://www.citylab.com/work/2014/12/the-world-almost-had-a-13-month-calendar/383610/) What causes the seasons? The Earth's tilt, which is theorised to be caused by a cosmic crash that created the Moon (NASA) (https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/seasons/en/) La Luna, Belinda Carlisle (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RergWOAFoc) "A moon is an object that orbits a planet or something else that is not a star. Besides planets, moons can circle dwarf planets, large asteroids, & other bodies" (National Geographic) (http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/moon/) The Moon (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon) Earth's moon (NASA) (https://moon.nasa.gov/about.cfm) Origins of 'luna' (Online Etymology Dictionary) (http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=luna) List of natural satellites, i.e. all the moons in our solar system (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites) Our solar system: Moons (NASA) (https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/solarsystem/moons) Origin of the Moon (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_the_Moon) Lunar rocks & soils from Apollo missions (NASA) (https://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/) What the Moon tells us about Earth (EarthSky) (http://earthsky.org/space/what-the-moon-can-tell-us-about-earth) The Moon does have some tectonic activity & 'moonquakes', but it's much less than on Earth (NASA) (https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/180577main_ETM.Moon.Anomalies.pdf) Moonquakes (NASA) (https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2006/15mar_moonquakes) "The tides in the oceans occur primarily because of the gravitational force of the Moon & secondarily the Sun's tidal force. Tidal forces stretch the Earth in the direction of the tide-producing body" (HyperPhysics) (http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Astro/tidfrict.html) Io & tidal heating: This young lady just won a science scholarship from Cards Against Humanity for this great video (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OG1WRh-LvvE) They've found ice in permanently shadowed polar craters on the Moon, but not liquid water (SETI) (https://www.seti.org/faq#csc22) Why is the Moon so scarred with craters? (NASA) (https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/craters/en/) "The South Pole-Aitken basin is a huge impact crater on the far side of the Moon. Roughly 2,500 km in diameter & 13 km deep" (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pole–Aitken_basin) Thank you Moon: GIF of the path of an asteroid's orbit that came in close contact with Earth in 2003 & will return in 2032 (9gag) (https://9gag.com/gag/a1AK5E6/gif-of-the-path-of-orbit-of-an-asteroid-that-came-in-close-contact-with-earth-in-2003-and-will-return-in-2032) The Manicouagan crater: One of the oldest known impact craters & the largest 'visible' impact crater on Earth (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manicouagan_crater) A view of the Manicouagan crater from the space station (Twitter, Chris Hadfield) (https://twitter.com/Cmdr_Hadfield/status/844596180302643200) Is there an atmosphere on the Moon? (NASA) (https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LADEE/news/lunar-atmosphere.html) Regolith (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regolith) Lunar soil (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_soil) Gravitation of the Moon (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation_of_the_Moon) "The gravitational field of the Moon has been measured through tracking the Doppler shift of radio signals emitted by orbiting spacecraft" (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#Gravitational_field) Does the Moon orbit the Sun or the Earth? (Wired) (https://www.wired.com/2012/12/does-the-moon-orbit-the-sun-or-the-earth/) Barycentre: "The center of mass of two or more bodies that are orbiting each other, or the point around which they both orbit" (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barycenter) Lagrange points: Parking places in space (Space.com) (http://www.space.com/30302-lagrange-points.html) Sizing up the moons of the solar system (University of Michigan, Jason Maguran) (https://www.umich.edu/~lowbrows/reflections/2008/jmaguran.1.html) Team solves the origin of the Moon's 'mascons' mystery (Phys.org) (https://phys.org/news/2013-05-team-moon-mascons-mystery.html) What colour is the Moon? (Universe Today) (https://www.universetoday.com/19626/color-of-the-moon/) Astronomical albedo (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo#Astronomical_albedo) Lunar & solar eclipses (NASA) (https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/eclipses/en/) Why is the Moon exactly the same apparent size from Earth as the Sun? (Astronomy Magazine) (http://www.astronomy.com/magazine/ask-astro/2000/10/why-is-the-moon-exactly-the-same-apparent-size-from-earth-as-the-sun-surely-this-cannot-be-just-coincidence-the-odds-against-such-a-perfect-match-are-enormous) Footage of the diamond ring effect from a total solar eclipse (Business Insider, Australia) (https://www.businessinsider.com.au/video-of-fridays-solar-eclipse-2015-2015-3) The Sun's corona is its outer atmosphere (NASA) (https://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/corona.shtml) The next solar & lunar eclipses (TimeAndDate) (https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/list.html) Manned missions to the Moon: Will NASA or others return to the surface? (ABC, Australia) (http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-05/manned-moon-mission-nasa-esa-china-looking-to-return/8397068) Does a full moon really trigger strange behaviour? (Scientific American) (https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/lunacy-and-the-full-moon/) It's just a phase: The supermoon won't drive you mad (LiveScience) (http://www.livescience.com/7899-moon-myths-truth-lunar-effects.html) Extraterrestrial real estate (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_real_estate) "Earth's oldest, most recognised celestial real estate agency" (Lunar Land) (https://www.lunarland.com) Origins of 'lunatic' (Online Etymology Dictionary) (http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=lunatic) The United Nations Outer Space Treaty (UN Office for Outer Space Affairs) (http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introouterspacetreaty.html) Notable claims by people who think they own the Moon & other exraterrestrial real estate (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_real_estate#Notable_claims) Geosynchronous orbits & the Bogotá Declaration of 1976 (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_real_estate#Geosynchronous_orbits) Strange Attractor went to the Moon in 2016 for a backyard film festival
Are we alone in the universe? "Two possibilities exist: Either we are alone in the universe or we are not. Both are equally terrifying" (Arthur C. Clarke, Wikiquote) (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alien_life) "Our sun is one of 100 billion stars in our galaxy. Our galaxy is one of billions of galaxies populating the universe. It would be the height of presumption to think that we are the only living things in that enormous immensity" (Wernher von Braun, Wikiquote) (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alien_life) The Fermi Paradox: Where are all the aliens? (Kurzgesagt, YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sNhhvQGsMEc) The Fermi Paradox II: Solutions & ideas - Where are all the aliens? (Kurzgesagt, YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fQkVqno-uI) The Fermi Paradox (Wait But Why) (http://waitbutwhy.com/2014/05/fermi-paradox.html) The difference between UK & US billions & trillions (Oxford Living Dictionaries) (https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/explore/how-many-is-a-billion) What does 'life as we know it' mean? (SETI) (https://www.seti.org/faq#csc24) World's oldest fossils found in Canada, say scientists (The Guardian) (https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/mar/01/worlds-oldest-fossils-found-canada-say-scientists-quebec-haematite-377bn-428bn-years) We've been wrong about the origins of life for 90 years (The Conversation) (http://theconversation.com/weve-been-wrong-about-the-origins-of-life-for-90-years-63744) Life's working definition: Does it work? (NASA) (https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/starsgalaxies/life%27s_working_definition.html) Life (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life) Extraterrestrial life (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life#Extraterrestrial) NASA finds evidence of a vast ancient ocean on Mars (The Guardian) (https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/mar/05/nasa-finds-evidence-of-a-vast-ancient-ocean-on-mars) What did Mars looks like when it had water? (IFL Science) (http://www.iflscience.com/space/what-did-mars-look-when-it-had-water/) The secret of how life on Earth began (BBC) (http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20161026-the-secret-of-how-life-on-earth-began) How did life arise on Earth? (LiveScience) (http://www.livescience.com/1804-greatest-mysteries-life-arise-earth.html) Where did life originate? There's new thinking that hydrothermal vents were important (University of California) (http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/origsoflife_03) Has life only started once on Earth? (The Naked Scientists) (https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/questions/has-life-only-started-once-earth) "The Moon is thought to have formed about 4.51 billion years ago, not long after Earth" (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon) Where did the moon come from? (NASA) (https://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/questions/question38.html) Origin of the moon (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_the_Moon) Religion for the non-religious: An article about consciousness, among other things; kinda related to thinking about aliens operating on a much higher level than us (Wait But Why) (http://waitbutwhy.com/2014/10/religion-for-the-nonreligious.html) Plasma aliens could live inside “Black Clouds”: Extraterrestrial life can be stranger than we even dare to imagine (Message To Eagle) (http://www.messagetoeagle.com/plasma-aliens-could-live-inside-black-clouds-extraterrestrial-life-can-be-stranger-than-we-even-dare-to-imagine/) Your lifetime by the numbers (Big Think) (http://bigthink.com/paul-ratner/how-many-days-of-your-life-do-you-have-sex-your-lifetime-by-the-numbers) 100 blocks a day: An article that gets you thinking about how many times you have left to do certain things (Wait But Why) (http://waitbutwhy.com/2016/10/100-blocks-day.html) Q (Star Trek) (http://www.startrek.com/database_article/q) NASA confirms evidence that liquid water flows on today's Mars (NASA) (https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-confirms-evidence-that-liquid-water-flows-on-today-s-mars) What kind of life would we find on Titan? (Phys.org) (https://phys.org/news/2015-10-kind-life-titan.html) Stephen Hawking on non-carbon-based alien life (The Daily Galaxy) (http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2011/05/stephen-hawking-on-non-carbon-based-alien-life.html) Neil deGrasse Tyson discusses how the laws of physics hold across the universe (Neil deGrasse Tyson) (http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/read/2000/11/01/on-earth-as-in-the-heavens) Is Stephen Hawking right about aliens? (The Guardian) (https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/apr/30/stephen-hawking-right-aliens) Humanity only has around 1,000 years left on Earth, Stephen Hawking predicts (Science Alert) (http://www.sciencealert.com/humanity-only-has-around-1-000-years-left-on-earth-stephen-hawking-predicts) Prof. Stephen Hawking says alien life is real, warns humans not to make contact (Anonymous) (http://anonhq.com/professor-stephen-hawking-says-alien-life-real-warns-humans-not-make-contact/) Elon Musk announces his plan to colonise Mars & save humanity (Wired) (https://www.wired.com/2016/09/elon-musk-colonize-mars/) The billion-year technology gap: Could one exist? (The Daily Galaxy) (http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2009/11/the-billionyear-technology-gap-could-one-exist-the-weekend-feature.html) Dark energy, dark matter (NASA) (https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy) Dark matter & dark energy (National Geographic) (http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/dark-matter/) Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI Institute) (http://www.seti.org) SETI@home: The project where SETI uses your computer when you're not (SETI) (https://setiathome.berkeley.edu) Folding@home: The project where the protein folding people use your computer when you're not (Stanford University) (https://folding.stanford.edu) SKA telescope to generate more data than entire internet in 2020 (Computer World) (http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/392735/ska_telescope_generate_more_data_than_entire_internet_2020/) Broadcasting messages into space (SETI) (https://www.seti.org/seti-institute/project/details/broadcasting-message) Why do you think an extraterrestrial civilisation will broadcast in the microwave part of the radio spectrum? (SETI) (https://www.seti.org/faq#obs8) SETI has tried to see if any radio signals are coming from TRAPPIST-1 (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAPPIST-1#Radio_signal_search) Where is the search for extraterrestrial life up to? (ABC, Australia) (http://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2016-10-10/extraterrestrial-life-where-is-the-search-up-to/7885364) Advanced alien civilisations rare or absent in the local universe (Phys.org) (https://phys.org/news/2015-09-advanced-alien-civilizations-rare-absent.html) How far has the first radio signal/data transmission to space travelled? (Quora) (https://www.quora.com/How-far-has-the-first-radio-signal-data-transmission-to-space-traveled-to-date) This date in science: First intentional radio message to space (EarthSky) (http://earthsky.org/space/this-date-in-science-first-radio-signal-beamed-to-space) What are gravitational waves? (LIGO) (https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/what-are-gw) What is a Dyson sphere? (EarthSky) (http://earthsky.org/space/what-is-a-dyson-sphere) 7 types of advanced cosmic civilisations (Big Think) (http://bigthink.com/paul-ratner/this-mind-bending-scale-predicts-the-power-of-advanced-civilizations) Arrival: The Movie (IMDb) (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2543164/) If we ever came across aliens, would we be able to understand them? (Phys.org) (https://phys.org/news/2016-07-aliens.html) If aliens contact us, we won't understand (Astronomy) (http://www.astronomy.com/bonus/alien-contact) V: The TV show (IMDb) (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086822/) Philosophical concepts in Star Trek: Using Star Trek as a curriculum guide introducing fans to the subject of philosophy (James Gunn's Ad Astra) (http://www.adastrasf.com/philosophical-concepts-in-star-trek/) The economic lessons of Star Trek's money-free society (Wired) (https://www.wired.com/2016/05/geeks-guide-star-trek-economics/) The 'no dickheads' policy (Golden Plains) (http://aunty.goldenplains.com.au/what-goes-on/dickhead-policy/) Where are Voyagers 1 & 2 right now? (NASA, JPL) (http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/where/) Enceladus, moon of Saturn (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus) Tidal friction: How the moon stretches Earth & causes tides (HyperPhysics) (http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Astro/tidfrict.html) Where are you from? Send us a postcard! Strange Attractor, c/ PO Box 9, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia Corrections We were kind of vague about how cells might have evolved...here's a little more detail (University of California) (http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/_0/endosymbiosis_03) How life made the leap from single cells to multicellular animals (Wired) (https://www.wired.com/2014/08/where-animals-come-from/) Endosymbiotic theory of evolution of eukaryotic cells (University of Sydney) (http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/learning/resources/CAL/Microconcepts/Evolution/theory.html) Check out our new Fireside home Find aaaaall the great episodes & show notes & handy instructions should you feel like leaving us a cheeky iTunes review...go on...we know you want to! (http://strangeattractor.random.productions) Image credit: NASA
How do we see things in space? TRAPPIST-1: "Presenting humanity with many opportunities to study terrestrial worlds beyond our solar system" (TRAPPIST-1) (http://www.trappist.one) TRAPPIST-1 (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAPPIST-1) What is astronomy? (Space.com) (http://www.space.com/16014-astronomy.html) How do (visual) telescopes work? (How Stuff Works, Science) (http://science.howstuffworks.com/telescope.htm/printable) Galileo Galilei (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei) Four of Jupiter's 67 moons, Io, Europa, Ganymede & Callisto, are known as the 'Galilean' moons (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei#Jupiter.27s_moons) Galilieo got in big trouble from the church for saying that the Earth was not the centre of everything (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei#Controversy_over_heliocentrism) Galileo gives an eternal bird to the church: His middle finger is displayed in a jar in Florence (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei#/media/File:Dito_della_mano_destra_di_galileo,_in_teca_del_1737.JPG) The Galilean moons have regular orbits, but most of Jupiter's moons have orbits that are a bit random (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter#Regular_satellites) The electromagnetic spectrum (Cosmos) (http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/E/Electromagnetic+Spectrum) The electromagnetic spectrum & telescopes (NASA) (https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/toolbox/emspectrum1.html) It takes more than one kind of telescope to see the light (NASA) (https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/1999/features/ast20apr99_1) Observatories across the electromagnetic spectrum (NASA) (https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/toolbox/emspectrum_observatories1.html) A list of all the space telescopes (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes) A list of the oldest observatories on Earth (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatory#Oldest_astronomical_observatories) How do telescopes let us see so far into space? (BBC, Science) (http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/0/20937803) How scientists get data from the universe, process it, archive it & analyse it (NASA) (https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/data/data.html) Hubble Space Telescope: Detects near infrared, visible & ultraviolet light (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope) Hubble Site (NASA) (http://hubblesite.org) A fresh take on the Horsehead Nebula (Hubble Space Telescope, ESA) (https://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1307/) Making images out of different kinds of raw data from space (NASA) (https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/toolbox/images1.html) The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (CSIRO, Australia Telescope National Facility) (http://www.atnf.csiro.au/outreach/education/senior/astrophysics/stellarevolution_hrintro.html) The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (Cosmos) (http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/H/Hertzsprung-Russell+Diagram) Main sequence stars (CSIRO, Australia Telescope National Facility) (http://www.atnf.csiro.au/outreach/education/senior/astrophysics/stellarevolution_mainsequence.html) Main sequence lifetime (Cosmos) (http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/M/Main+Sequence+Lifetime) Detecting other worlds: The wobble method (SETI) (http://archive.seti.org/seti/seti-science/detecting_new/wobble_method.php) How can you tell between different types of stellar wobble? (The Naked Scientists) (https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/questions/how-can-you-tell-between-different-types-stellar-wobble) "The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star (G2V) based on its spectral class, & is informally referred to as a yellow dwarf" (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun) Spectra & what they can tell us (NASA) (https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/toolbox/spectra1.html) Astronomical spectroscopy (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_spectroscopy) What is a stellar nursery? (wiseGEEK) (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-stellar-nursery.htm) An image of a stellar nursery (NASA) (https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_643.html) ‘Space beacons' reveal the Milky Way's very old core (Space Answers) (https://www.spaceanswers.com/news/space-beacons-reveal-the-milky-ways-ancient-core1/) A timeline of the TRAPPIST-1 discoveries & the telescopes involved (TRAPPIST-1) (http://www.trappist.one/#timeline) The James Webb telescope (NASA) (https://jwst.nasa.gov) Kepler Space Telescope: Exoplanet hunter (Space.com) (http://www.space.com/24903-kepler-space-telescope.html) Belgian astronomers celebrated the discovery of the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanet system with Trappist beer (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAPPIST-1#Discovery_and_nomenclature) 5 ways to find a planet (NASA) (https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/interactable/11/) The planets orbiting TRAPPIST-1 were discovered using the 'transit method' of detection (TRAPPIST-1) (http://www.trappist.one/#timeline) The planets orbiting TRAPPIST-1 are quite close to the star & three are in the habitable zone (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAPPIST-1#Planetary_system) What is the Goldilocks Zone & why does it matter in the search for ET? (ABC, Australia) (http://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2016-02-22/goldilocks-zones-habitable-zone-astrobiology-exoplanets/6907836) Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI Institute) (http://www.seti.org) SETI has tried to see if any radio signals are coming from TRAPPIST-1 (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAPPIST-1#Radio_signal_search) Where is the search for extraterrestrial life up to? (ABC, Australia) (http://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2016-10-10/extraterrestrial-life-where-is-the-search-up-to/7885364) The billion-year technology gap: Could one exist? (The Daily Galaxy) (http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2009/11/the-billionyear-technology-gap-could-one-exist-the-weekend-feature.html) Advanced alien civilizations rare or absent in the local universe (Phys.org) (https://phys.org/news/2015-09-advanced-alien-civilizations-rare-absent.html) The hydrogen 21 cm line (HyperPhysics) (http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quantum/h21.html) A proper paper about 21cm intensity mapping: "Using the 21 cm line, observed all‐sky & across the redshift range from 0 to 5, the large scale structure of the universe can be mapped in three dimensions" (Cornell University Library, Peterson JB et al.) (https://arxiv.org/pdf/0902.3091.pdf) The Very Large Telescope (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope) The Extremely Large Telescope (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremely_large_telescope) The Overwhelmingly Large Telescope (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overwhelmingly_Large_Telescope) The Deep Space Network (NASA, JPL) (https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/deepspace/) Canberra has several telescopes that are part of the Deep Space Network (NASA) (http://www.cdscc.nasa.gov) The Square Kilometre Array Telescope (SKA, Australia) (http://www.ska.gov.au/Pages/default.aspx) SKA telescope to generate more data than entire internet in 2020 (Computer World) (http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/392735/ska_telescope_generate_more_data_than_entire_internet_2020/) SKA amazing facts (SKA) (https://skatelescope.org/amazingfacts/) "Astrology is the mass cultural delusion that the apparent position of the sun & planets relative to arbitrarily defined "star signs" at the time of your birth somehow affects your personality & future" (Rational Wiki) (http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Astrology) Astrology is still bullshit & the universe doesn't care about you (Gizmodo) (http://gizmodo.com/5733709/astrology-is-still-bullshit-and-the-universe-doesnt-care-about-you) Flecks of extraterrestrial dust, all over the roof: An amazing article about a Norwegian Jazz musician who collects space dust (The New York Times) (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/10/science/space-dust-on-earth.html?em_pos=large&emc=edit_sc_20170314&nl=science-times&nlid=74390037&ref=headline&te=1&mtrref=undefined) Where are you from? Send us a postcard! Strange Attractor, c/ PO Box 9, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia Corrections TRAPPIST-1 is thought to be an ultra-cool dwarf, not a brown dwarf (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAPPIST-1#Stellar_characteristics) The James Webb telescope will detect infrared energy, not radio (NASA) (https://jwst.nasa.gov/about.html) Johnny meant 'wavelength' when talking about the hydrogen 21 cm line, not 'frequency' (HyperPhysics) (http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quantum/h21.html) Check out our new Fireside home Find aaaaall the great episodes & show notes & handy instructions should you feel like leaving us a cheeky iTunes review...go on...we know you want to! (http://strangeattractor.random.productions) Image credit: Iván Éder
How does computer storage work? Timeline of computer memory & storage with cool pictures (Computer History) (http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/memory-storage/) Computer memory (Explain That Stuff!) (http://www.explainthatstuff.com/how-computer-memory-works.html) Random-access memory, or RAM (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory) How RAM works (How Stuff Works, Tech) (http://computer.howstuffworks.com/ram.htm) Read-only memory, or ROM (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory) How ROM works (How Stuff Works, Tech) (http://computer.howstuffworks.com/rom.htm) How does a hard drive work? (Explain That Stuff!) (http://www.explainthatstuff.com/harddrive.html) Non-volatile memory (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_memory) What is the difference between volatile & non-volatile memory? (Reference) (https://www.reference.com/technology/difference-between-volatile-nonvolatile-memory-b77f02418af85655) Computer data storage (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage) Punched cards (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card) What is a Turing machine? (University of Cambridge) (https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/projects/raspberrypi/tutorials/turing-machine/one.html) IBM's role in the holocaust: What the new documents reveal (The Huffington Post) (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/edwin-black/ibm-holocaust_b_1301691.html) Magnetic tape (Computer History) (http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/memory-storage/8/258) Magnetic tape for data storage: An enduring technology (IEEE) (http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ieee_pilot/articles/96jproc11/jproc-RDee-2004311/article.html) Loading retrogames on tape on C64 (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BnHW-f5ayhs) Johnny's first computer: The Sinclair Spectrum ZX (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX_Spectrum) A Sinclair ZX Spectrum loading a game (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V0EfycbDhiw) How floppy disc drives work (How Stuff Works, Tech) (http://computer.howstuffworks.com/floppy-disk-drive.htm) Optical disc (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc) CDs & DVDs (Explain That Stuff!) (http://www.explainthatstuff.com/cdplayers.html) More data storage? Here's how to fit 1,000 terabytes on a DVD (The Conversation) (http://theconversation.com/more-data-storage-heres-how-to-fit-1-000-terabytes-on-a-dvd-15306) The difference between hard & soft copy (Difference Between) (http://www.differencebetween.info/difference-between-hard-copy-and-soft-copy) Hard disc drive failure (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive_failure) Photo of a hard drive 'head crash' (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive_failure#/media/File:Hard_disk_failure.jpeg) How long do hard drives actually live for? (Extreme Tech) (https://www.extremetech.com/computing/170748-how-long-do-hard-drives-actually-live-for) 'Flying height': "The distance between the disc read/write head on a hard disc drive & the platter" (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_height) What does it mean when a hard disc has a head crash? (How Stuff Works, Tech) (http://computer.howstuffworks.com/question60.htm) A hard drive head crashing (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3TZ4uf1JEI) A hard disc drive head parking (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtAJTb0WFUI) When should you properly 'eject' your thumb drive? (How-To Geek) (https://www.howtogeek.com/69869/when-should-you-properly-eject-your-thumb-drive/) 'Active hard-drive protection': Features that help if you drop your laptop (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_hard-drive_protection) What is fragmentation & defragmentation? (lifewire) (https://www.lifewire.com/free-defrag-software-tools-2619172) What is 'defragging' & do I need to do it to my computer? (LifeHacker) (http://lifehacker.com/5976424/what-is-defragging-and-do-i-need-to-do-it-to-my-computer) How is RAM made & why does the price fluctuate? (Make Use Of) (http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/how-is-ram-made-and-why-does-the-price-fluctuate/) How does a central processing unit (CPU) work? (How Stuff Works, Tech) (http://computer.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor.htm) Paging (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paging) What is memory paging? (TechTarget) (http://searchservervirtualization.techtarget.com/definition/memory-paging) Physical computer memory & virtual memory (Science Encyclopedia) (http://science.jrank.org/pages/1698/Computer-Memory-Physical-Virtual-Memory.html) How does flash memory work? (Explain That Stuff!) (http://www.explainthatstuff.com/flashmemory.html) USB flash drive (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_flash_drive) Photo of RAM chips (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory#/media/File:Memory_module_DDRAM_20-03-2006.jpg) Hard disc drive versus solid state drive: What's the diff? (BackBlaze) (https://www.backblaze.com/blog/hdd-versus-ssd-whats-the-diff/) Solid-state drive, or SSD (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive) Are RAM drives faster than SSDs? 5 things you must know (Make Use Of) (http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/ram-drives-faster-ssds-5-things-must-know/) Why deleted files can be recovered & how you can prevent it (How-To Geek) (https://www.howtogeek.com/125521/htg-explains-why-deleted-files-can-be-recovered-and-how-you-can-prevent-it/) How to wipe a hard drive (lifewire) (https://www.lifewire.com/how-to-wipe-a-hard-drive-2624527) Where are you from? Send us a postcard! Strange Attractor, c/ PO Box 9, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia Corrections iPhone hard drives are encrypted, but always wipe it before selling (Darth Null) (https://www.darthnull.org/2014/10/06/ios-encryption) Check out our new Fireside home Find aaaaall the great episodes & show notes & handy instructions should you feel like leaving us a cheeky iTunes review...go on...we know you want to! (http://strangeattractor.random.productions)
What is relativity? Einstein's theory of special relativity came first, in 1905 (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativity) How special relativity works (How Stuff Works, Science) (http://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/everyday-myths/relativity.htm) Einstein's theory of general relativity came second, in 1915 (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity) Einstein's theory of general relativity (Space.com) (http://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html) Einstein's theory of general relativity (TedEd) (http://ed.ted.com/featured/nQSf1gdH) 8 ways you can see Einstein's theory of relativity in real life (LiveScience) (http://www.livescience.com/48922-theory-of-relativity-in-real-life.html) "Do yourself a favour & read Einstein's paper on special relativity" (io9) (http://io9.gizmodo.com/do-yourself-a-favor-and-read-einsteins-paper-on-special-1545377104) Einstein's theory of relativity made easy (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=30KfPtHec4s) Theory of relativity explained in 7 minutes (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttZCKAMpcAo) Albert Einstein's theory of relativity (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ev9zrt__lec) The 'Annus Mirabilis' or 'Extraordinary Year' papers: Einstein's first 4 papers published in the Annalen der Physik (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annus_Mirabilis_papers) Einstein's original special relativity paper as it was published (Universität Wien) (http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/dokumente/einstein3.pdf) English translation of Einstein's original special relativity paper (Fourmilab) (http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/) Albert Einstein (Time) (http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,993017-1,00.html) Speed of light & the principle of relativity (The Physics of the Universe) (http://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/topics_relativity_light.html) The real meaning of E=mc^2 (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xo232kyTsO0) The luminiferous aether: What they thought light travelled on before relativity (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminiferous_aether) The Michelson-Morely experiment (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelson–Morley_experiment) Time dilation (How Stuff Works, Science) (http://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/everyday-myths/relativity10.htm) Length contraction (How Stuff Works, Science) (http://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/everyday-myths/relativity9.htm) Time dilation & length contraction (Hyperphysics) (http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Relativ/tdil.html) Discover the Ladder Paradox, relativity's greatest thought experiment (io9) (http://io9.gizmodo.com/discover-the-ladder-paradox-relativitys-greatest-thou-1219502372) Here's why astronauts age slower than the rest of us here on Earth (Business Insider) (http://www.businessinsider.com.au/do-astronauts-age-slower-than-people-on-earth-2015-8?r=US&IR=T) Relativity of simultaneity: Mentions the thought experiment where you can't say for sure that a crash in London & New York happens at the same time (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativity_of_simultaneity#Explanation) The 'light cone' diagram (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_cone) GPS & relativity (Ohio State University, Prof. Richard Pogge) (http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/Ast162/Unit5/gps.html) GPS was launched by the US Government in 1973 & they still own it! (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System) The official US GPS website (gps.gov) (http://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/) Why do objects increase in mass as they get faster? (Futurism) (https://futurism.com/why-do-objects-increase-in-mass-as-they-get-faster-2/) Photons are massless & must move at the speed of light according to relativity (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massless_particle) What if you travelled faster than the speed of light? (How Stuff Works, Science) (http://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/what-if/what-if-faster-than-speed-of-light.htm) Neutrino 'faster than light' scientist resigns (BBC) (http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-17560379) What is gravity? (Qualitative Reasoning Group) (http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/space-environment/1-what-is-gravity.html) What is gravity really? (NASA) (https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/what-is-gravity/en/) Brian Cox visits the world's biggest vaccuum chamber to drop a bowling ball & a feather in anti-gravity conditions (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E43-CfukEgs) Gravitational time dilation (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation) David 'Avocado' Wolfe: The guy who thinks gravity is a toxin (Rational Wiki) (http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/David_Wolfe) The 200-year-old mystery of Mercury's orbit — solved! (io9) (http://io9.gizmodo.com/the-200-year-old-mystery-of-mercurys-orbit-solved-1458642219) Vulcan, the hypothetical planet (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)) If you feel like a belly laugh, check out this discussion about why Vulcan exists, some people even claim to have seen it! (The Flat Earth Society) (https://www.theflatearthsociety.org/forum/index.php?topic=60949.0) Planet 9 (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Nine) Help astronomers look for planet 9 (EarthSky) (http://earthsky.org/space/help-astronomers-look-for-planet-9) What is gravitational lensing? (Phys.org) (https://phys.org/news/2015-02-gravitational-lensing-video.html) Unification of gravity (Hyperphysics) (http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Forces/unigrav.html) Einstein's folly: How the search for a unified theory stumped him to his dying day (The Conversation) (http://theconversation.com/einsteins-folly-how-the-search-for-a-unified-theory-stumped-him-to-his-dying-day-49646) Here's what would happen if the sun disappeared right now (Business Insider) (http://www.businessinsider.com.au/what-would-happen-if-the-sun-disappeared-2015-8) "Men of science more or less agog at results of eclipse observations": How the solar eclipse of 1919 changed our understanding of the universe forever (Starts With a Bang) (https://medium.com/starts-with-a-bang/throwback-thursday-the-95th-anniversary-of-relativitys-confirmation-f88f731482d3#.e6laazvu0) Astronomers watch a supernova & see re-runs (The New York Times) (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/06/science/astronomers-observe-supernova-and-find-theyre-watching-reruns.html) Gravitational lensing, including some cool pics (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_lens) Dark energy, dark matter (NASA) (https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy) Cosmological redshift (Cosmos) (http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/C/cosmological+redshift) Gravitational redshift (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_redshift) What are gravitational waves? (LIGO) (https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/what-are-gw) Gravity Probe B (NASA) (https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/gpb/) What does mercury being liquid at room temperature have to do with Einstein's theory of relativity? (Scientific American) (https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/the-curious-wavefunction/what-does-mercury-being-liquid-at-room-temperature-have-to-do-with-einsteins-theory-of-relativity/) Relativity & why gold is golden (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_chemistry#Color_of_gold_and_caesium) What gives gold that mellow golden glow? (Fourmilab) (https://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/golden_glow/) Where are you from? Send us a postcard! Strange Attractor, c/ PO Box 9, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia Check out our new Fireside home Find aaaaall the great episodes & show notes & handy instructions should you feel like leaving us a cheeky iTunes review...go on...we know you want to! (http://strangeattractor.random.productions)
What are wearables & RFIDs? Wearables 101: What they are & why you'll be seeing a lot of them (How-To Geek) (http://www.howtogeek.com/207108/wearables-101-what-they-are-and-why-youll-be-seeing-a-lot-of-them/) Wearable technology (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_technology) The wear, why & how (The Economist) (http://www.economist.com/news/business/21646225-smartwatches-and-other-wearable-devices-become-mainstream-products-will-take-more) Gamification (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamification) The Apple Watch, Series 2 (Apple) (http://www.apple.com/au/watch/) How the Apple Watch works (How Stuff Works, Tech) (http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/high-tech-gadgets/apple-watch.htm) FitBit (https://www.fitbit.com/au) How FitBit works (How Stuff Works, Tech) (http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/fitness/fitbit.htm) How does a pedometer work? (Explain That Stuff!) (http://www.explainthatstuff.com/how-pedometers-work.html) Pedometer take-apart (Evil Mad Scientist) (http://www.evilmadscientist.com/2008/pedometer-take-apart/) What is a mercury switch? (wiseGEEK) (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-mercury-switch.htm) Mercury switch (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_switch) How the (Nintendo) Wii works (How Stuff Works, Tech) (http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/wii.htm) What are accelerometers & how do they work? (Explain That Stuff!) (http://www.explainthatstuff.com/accelerometers.html) Flight Radar 24: An app that uses the accelerometer in your phone (flightradar24) (https://www.flightradar24.com/-37.8,144.98/7) Apple Watch heart rate sensor: Everything you need to know (Tech Radar) (http://www.techradar.com/news/wearables/apple-watch-heart-rate-sensor-everything-you-need-to-know-1291948) A discussion about how the Apple Watch knows if you're standing or sitting...not sure if anyone really understands (Quora) (https://www.quora.com/How-does-the-Apple-Watch-know-whether-or-not-Im-standing-or-sitting-Or-running-or-walking) How to use a trundle wheel (NSW Department of Education) (http://lrrpublic.cli.det.nsw.edu.au/lrrSecure/Sites/Web/about_fieldwork/lo/Distance/other/trundlewheel.htm) Blindside Margaret River Classic White 2016 (Naked Wines) (https://www.nakedwines.com.au/wines/blindside-margaret-river-classic-2016.htm) Google Glass (Google) (https://www.google.com/glass/start/) Google Glass (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Glass) Snapchat Spectacles (Snapchat) (https://www.spectacles.com) We tried Snapchat Spectacles - here's what it's like (c|net) (https://www.cnet.com/au/products/snapchat-spectacles/preview/) Smart ring (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_ring) Ingestibles, wearables & embeddables (Federal Communications Commission) (https://www.fcc.gov/general/ingestibles-wearables-and-embeddables) How does your chip credit card work? It uses 'EMV', the technical standard for smart payment cards (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMV) Radio-frequency identification, or RFID (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification) Radio frequency (RF & RFID) tags (Explain That Stuff!) (http://www.explainthatstuff.com/rfid.html) RFID FAQ (RFID Journal) (https://www.rfidjournal.com/site/faqs) RFID tag tuning (Atmel) (http://www.atmel.com/Images/DOC2055.PDF) Apple's fight with Aussie banks over Apple Pay & iPhone NFC rages on (Gizmodo) (http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2016/11/apples-fight-with-aussie-banks-over-apple-pay-and-iphone-nfc-rages-on/) Apple Pay explained: What is it & how does it work? (Pocket-lint) (http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/130870-apple-pay-explained-what-is-it-and-how-does-it-work) How Apple Pay & Google Wallet actually work (ars TECHNICA) (https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/10/how-mobile-payments-really-work/) How do antennas & transmitters work? (Explain That Stuff!) (http://www.explainthatstuff.com/antennas.html) How anti-shoplifting devices work (How Stuff Works, Science) (http://science.howstuffworks.com/anti-shoplifting-device.htm) Samsung reveals 'Family Hub' fridge that orders food, plays films & lets you see inside it remotely (Daily Mail) (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3386204/Smarter-average-appliance-Samsung-reveals-Family-Hub-fridge-orders-food-plays-films-lets-INSIDE-remotely.html) The 'Amazon Go' shop in Seattle that doesn't have checkouts (Amazon) (https://www.amazon.com/b?node=16008589011) There's a smartphone-powered store in Sweden with no human cashiers (Gizmodo) (http://gizmodo.com/theres-smartphone-powered-store-in-sweden-with-no-human-1761930134) Electromagnetic activation & deactivation of security tags (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_article_surveillance#Electro-magnetic_activation_and_deactivation) How much does it cost to find a Higgs Boson? The cost of the Large Hadron Collider (Forbes) (http://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2012/07/05/how-much-does-it-cost-to-find-a-higgs-boson/#3527c2c764f0) The cost of Melbourne's MYKI transport system (The Age) (http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/100m-added-to-cost-of-myki-20110328-1cdht.html) RFID handshake (All Things Sensory) (http://www.sensorsx.com/index.php/2015/06/22/handshake/) UUIDs & GUIDs (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally_unique_identifier) Online GUID Generator (https://www.guidgenerator.com) 7 gadgets to keep track of the things that matter most to you (Tech Radar) (http://www.techradar.com/news/mobile-computing/7-gadgets-to-keep-track-of-the-things-that-matter-most-to-you-1239064) The 'tile' tracker's battery lasts about 1 year & then they help you recycle & replace the entire device (tile) (https://support.thetileapp.com/hc/en-us/articles/200550678-ReTile-How-do-I-renew-or-replace-my-Tile-after-it-expires-) How wireless mesh networks work (How Stuff Works, Tech) (http://computer.howstuffworks.com/how-wireless-mesh-networks-work.htm) Mesh networking (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_networking) These wearables are designed to help people with Alzheimer's (Forbes) (http://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferelias/2015/08/20/these-wearables-are-designed-to-help-people-with-alzheimers/#730f77203a5d) NHS dementia patients to trial wearable technology (BBH) (http://www.buildingbetterhealthcare.co.uk/news/article_page/NHS_dementia_patients_to_trial_wearable_technology/115778) What is the future of fabric? These smart textiles will blow your mind (Forbes) (http://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesstylefile/2014/05/07/what-is-the-future-of-fabric-these-smart-textiles-will-blow-your-mind/#6f7516564914) Clothes with hidden sensors act as an always-on doctor (New Scientist) (https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22229634-300-clothes-with-hidden-sensors-act-as-an-always-on-doctor/) Where are you from? Send us a postcard! Strange Attractor, c/ PO Box 9, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia Check out our new Fireside home Find aaaaall the great episodes & show notes & handy instructions should you feel like leaving us a cheeky iTunes review...go on...we know you want to! (http://strangeattractor.random.productions) Vote for us Vote for us in the people's choice section of the Castaway Australian Podcast Awards :) (https://thecastawayawards.submittable.com/gallery/fb53f574-b3c9-43c8-8585-83bb919489f4/6982961/)
What is quantum physics? Quantum mechanics 101: Demystifying tough physics in 4 easy lessons (TEDed) (http://blog.ed.ted.com/2014/12/07/quantum-mechanics-101-demystifying-tough-physics-in-4-easy-lessons/) Quantum physics for 7 year olds: Dominic Walliman TED talk (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARWBdfWpDyc) 6 things everyone should know about quantum physics (Forbes) (http://www.forbes.com/sites/chadorzel/2015/07/08/six-things-everyone-should-know-about-quantum-physics/#7c7722f941f8) What is quantum mechanics good for? (Scientific American) (https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/everyday-quantum-physics/) What has quantum mechanics ever done for us? (Forbes) (http://www.forbes.com/sites/chadorzel/2015/08/13/what-has-quantum-mechanics-ever-done-for-us/#1b24ecee6759) Quantum mechanics (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics) The map of physics: Dominic Walliman animation (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZihywtixUYo) Classical mechanics vs quantum mechanics (Cambridge University Press) (http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/29526/excerpt/9780521829526_excerpt.pdf) Newton's laws of motion, the foundation of classical mechanics, break down at the very small scales addressed by quantum mechanics & at the very high speeds addressed by relativistic mechanics (livescience) (http://www.livescience.com/46558-laws-of-motion.html) Kepler's laws of planetary motion...apparently he didn't even have a telescope to figure them out! (HyperPhysics) (http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kepler.html) "Kepler's laws apply not only to gravitational but also to all other inverse-square-law forces &, if due allowance is made for relativistic & quantum effects, to the electromagnetic forces within the atom" (Encyclopaedia Britannica) (https://www.britannica.com/science/Keplers-laws-of-planetary-motion) What is black body radiation? "Radiation modes in a hot cavity provide a test for quantum theory" (HyperPhysics) (http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod6.html) Quantum theory timeline (Particle Physics Timeline) (http://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/quantumt.html) Max Planck solves the black body radiation problem (Fermilab) (http://home.fnal.gov/~pompos/light/light_page28.html) What is a photon? (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon) The wave-particle duality of light & elementary particles...mental (HyperPhysics) (http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod1.html) Explainer: What is wave-particle duality? (The Conversation) (http://theconversation.com/explainer-what-is-wave-particle-duality-7414) Richard Feynman on understanding quantum mechanics (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SczWCK08e9k) Neils Bohr: "Anyone who is not shocked by quantum theory has not understood it" (Wikiquote) (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr#Quotes) Richard Feynman: "If you think you understand quantum mechanics, you don't understand quantum mechanics" (Wikiquote) (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Talk:Richard_Feynman) The observer effect: When you look at something, you change it (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_effect_(physics)) Schrödinger's cat explained (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IOYyCHGWJq4) What superposition? (Phys.org) (http://www.physics.org/article-questions.asp?id=124) Quantum decoherence (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_decoherence) What is decoherence? (Drexel University) (https://www.physics.drexel.edu/~tim/open/main/node2.html) What is the multiverse? (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse) The theory of parallel universes is not just maths - it is science that can be tested (The Conversation) (http://theconversation.com/the-theory-of-parallel-universes-is-not-just-maths-it-is-science-that-can-be-tested-46497) What the hell is spin? (io9) (http://io9.gizmodo.com/5713560/what-the-hell-is-spin) Do quantum effects make our choices our own? (Storify) (https://storify.com/gmusser/the-quantum-physics-of-free-will) 'Quarantine' by Greg Egan was the book Johnny was thinking about, not 'Diaspora' (which is also excellent) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantine_(Greg_Egan_novel)) The basics of MRI: Electron spin is involved (Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science) (https://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/mri/inside.htm) Debating that if we didn't understand quantum mechanics we wouldn't have computers (Physics Stack Exchange) (http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/112615/why-is-it-said-that-without-quantum-mechanics-we-would-not-have-modern-computers) How does a computer chip work? (SciTech, CERN) (https://scitech.web.cern.ch/scitech/TopTech/03/Chip/chip2.shtml) Making silicon chips (Intel) (http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/history/museum-making-silicon.html) What is a transistor? (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor) What is quantum tunnelling? (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling) The tunnelling transistor (IEEE Spectrum) (http://spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductors/devices/the-tunneling-transistor) The 5 nm node in transistors was once thought to be the end of Moore's law - "transistors smaller than 7 nm will experience quantum tunnelling through their logic gates" (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_nanometer) What is Moore's law? (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law) IBM beat Intel & currently have the world's smallest transistor at 7 nm (The Verge) (http://www.theverge.com/2015/7/9/8919091/ibm-7nm-transistor-processor) The best thing about IBM's super chip? It's not from Intel (Wired) (https://www.wired.com/2015/07/ibm-seven-nanometer-chip/) The world's smallest transistor is 1nm long, physics be damned (The Verge) (http://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2016/10/6/13187820/one-nanometer-transistor-berkeley-lab-moores-law) What is Heisenberg's uncertainty principle? (The Guardian) (https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/10/what-is-heisenbergs-uncertainty-principle) The uncertainty principle (HyperPhysics) (http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/uncer.html) Walter White from Breaking Bad named himself after Heisenberg (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_White_(Breaking_Bad)) The one-electron universe theory (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-electron_universe) Quantum quackery (The Committee for Skeptical Enquiry) (http://www.csicop.org/si/show/quantum_quackery) The 5 most misguided uses of the word 'quantum' in ads (Cracked) (http://www.cracked.com/blog/the-5-most-misguided-uses-word-quantum-in-ads/) The Quantum Leap TV show (IMDb) (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096684/) "The laser would never have been developed without a profound understanding of an area of fundamental physics - quantum theory" (Institute of Physics) (http://www.iop.org/cs/page_43644.html) The Pauli exclusion principle (HyperPhysics) (http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pauli.html) Entanglement made simple (Quanta Magazine) (https://www.quantamagazine.org/20160428-entanglement-made-simple/) What is quantum cryptography? (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_cryptography) Google moves closer to a universal quantum computer (Scientific American) (https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/google-moves-closer-to-a-universal-quantum-computer/) Where are you from? Send us a postcard! Strange Attractor, c/ PO Box 9, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia Corrections Re: the orbit of Mercury puzzle...Johnny was thinking about proof of relativity not quantum stuff (io9) (http://io9.gizmodo.com/the-200-year-old-mystery-of-mercurys-orbit-solved-1458642219) There is debate about whether the Pauli exclusion principle implies an effect on all particles in the universe at once (Sean Carroll, Cal Tech physicist) (http://www.preposterousuniverse.com/blog/2012/02/23/everything-is-connected/) Check out our new Fireside home Find aaaaall the great episodes & show notes & handy instructions should you feel like leaving us a cheeky iTunes review...go on...we know you want to! (http://strangeattractor.random.productions) Vote for us Vote for us in the people's choice section of the Castaway Australian Podcast Awards :) (https://thecastawayawards.submittable.com/gallery/fb53f574-b3c9-43c8-8585-83bb919489f4/6982961/)
What is time & why does it move forward? (The Conversation) (http://theconversation.com/what-is-time-and-why-does-it-move-forward-55065) What is time? (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time) A debate over the physics of time (Quanta Magazine) (https://www.quantamagazine.org/20160719-time-and-cosmology/) Check if the time on your devices matches 'atomic time' anywhere on Earth (Time.is) (https://time.is) Why is a minute divided into 60 seconds, an hour into 60 minutes, yet there are only 24 hours in a day? (Scientific American) (https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/experts-time-division-days-hours-minutes/) A year is the orbital period of the Earth moving in its orbit around the Sun (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year) The period of time during which the Earth completes one rotation with respect to the Sun is called a solar day (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day) Length of a day & a year on Mars (NASA) (http://mars.nasa.gov/allaboutmars/facts/#?c=inspace&s=distance) Timekeeping on Mars (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars) The 'stardate' system: How they track time on Star Trek (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stardate) How do Star Trek stardates work? (Mental Floss) (http://mentalfloss.com/article/68741/how-do-star-trek-stardates-work) A discussion on how the Federation sets its clocks on Star Trek (StackExchange, SciFi) (http://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/17575/how-does-the-federation-determine-how-to-set-their-clocks) What is the arrow of time? (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_time) Where does our arrow of time come from? (Forbes) (http://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2016/10/12/where-does-our-arrow-of-time-come-from/#5d5c0c255251) Travelling forwards through time is possible, Einstein said so (Physics.org) (http://www.physics.org/article-questions.asp?id=131) The 'twin paradox' involves identical twins - one travels into space in a high-speed rocket (Sven) & returns home to find that the twin who stayed on Earth has aged more (Geoffrey) (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_paradox) Does light experience time? (Phys.org) (http://phys.org/news/2014-05-does-light-experience-time.html) Interstellar (IMDb) (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0816692/) Neil deGrasse Tyson explains how gravity affects time (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BRw6ox3dGcA) Theory claims that time is not the 4th dimension (The Daily Galaxy) (http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2012/04/weekend-feature-space-is-4d-theory-claims-that-time-is-not-the-4th-dimension.html) The 'jiffy': The duration light takes to travel one fermi (10^−15 m, about the size of a nucleon) in a vacuum (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time#List_of_units) The origins of calendars (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar) The Gregorian calendar is the international standard, but there are many national calendars in use (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar#Calendars_in_use) Is it time to overhaul the calendar? (Scientific American) (https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-it-time-to-overhaul/) Proposals for replacement calendars (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_reform#Proposals) Cool animation - 'A new history for humanity': Proposes adding 10,000 years to the date so it's the year 12,017 (Kurzgesagt, YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=czgOWmtGVGs) How do we know what year it is? (Redditt) (https://www.reddit.com/r/NoStupidQuestions/comments/2qyywj/how_do_we_know_what_year_it_is_when_did_people/) Year zero (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0_(year)) 'Precision time protocol' is used to synchronise clocks throughout a computer network (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol) 1 January, 1970: When Unix time/Epoch time began for computers (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time) Convert regular time to Epoch time (Epoch Converter) (http://www.epochconverter.com) Set your iPhone's date to January 1, 1970 & you'll kill it (Sydney Morning Herald) (http://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/mobiles/iphone-date-bug-dont-set-your-iphones-date-to-january-1-1970-20160214-gmtzem.html) Remember Y2K? (Time) (http://time.com/3645828/y2k-look-back/) What are the main problems with the Y2K computer crisis & how are people trying to solve them? (Scientific American) (https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-are-the-main-problem/) How quartz clocks & watches work (Explain That Stuff!) (http://www.explainthatstuff.com/quartzclockwatch.html) What is quartz? (Geology.com) (http://geology.com/minerals/quartz.shtml) Caesium atomic clocks & the definition of a second (HyperPhysics) (http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/acloc.html) How does one arrive at the exact number of cycles of radiation a caesium-133 atom makes in order to define one second? (Scientific American) (https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-does-one-arrive-at-th/) Every now and then we have to insert a leap second because the Earth's rotation is slowing down. Could we speed up Earth's rotation, so that we do not need leap seconds? (xkcd) (https://what-if.xkcd.com/26/) What is a leap second? (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_second) What is a leap year? (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_year) Neil deGrasse Tyson explains leap years (YouTube) (https://youtu.be/yd1i3vkkh-0) Measure the tilt of the Earth on the solstice with a stick (Starts With a Bang!) (http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2012/06/19/measure-the-tilt-of-the-earth-on-the-solstice-this-wednesday/) All about the solstice-s (EarthSky) (http://earthsky.org/earth/everything-you-need-to-know-december-solstice) Clock drift: When a clock gradually desynchronises from another clock (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_drift) Why do we have different time zones? (Wonderopolis) (http://wonderopolis.org/wonder/why-do-we-have-different-time-zones) Why do we have time zones? (timeanddate.com) (https://www.timeanddate.com/time/time-zones-history.html) China has only one time zone & that's a problem (The Atlantic) (http://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/11/china-only-has-one-time-zone-and-thats-a-problem/281136/) Convert your time to Beijing time (worldtimebuddy) (http://www.worldtimebuddy.com/china-beijing-to-gmt) Australian times zones - Eucla in WA has its own! (timeanddate.com) (https://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/time-zones-background.html) Integer overflow: When a number is too large for available storage (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_overflow) FAA warning all airlines to reboot Dreamliners regularly (International Business Times) (http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/faa-warning-all-airlines-reboot-dreamliners-regularly-risk-pilots-losing-control-mid-flight-1596060) How to convert between date & Unix/Epoch time in Excel (Extend Office) (https://www.extendoffice.com/documents/excel/2473-excel-timestamp-to-date.html) Gene name errors can be introduced inadvertently when using Excel in bioinformatics (BMC Bioinformatics) (http://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2105-5-80) The hidden 'Easter egg' flight simulator in Excel 97 (YouTube) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-gYb5GUs0dM) List of hidden 'Easter eggs' in Microsoft products (Wikipedia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Easter_eggs_in_Microsoft_products) Differences between the 1900 & the 1904 date system in Excel (Microsoft) (https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/214330) Where are you from? Send us a postcard! Strange Attractor, c/ PO Box 9, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia Check out our new Fireside home! Find aaaaall the great episodes & show notes & handy instructions should you feel like leaving us a cheeky iTunes review...go on...we know you want to! (http://strangeattractor.random.productions) Vote for us! Vote for us in the people's choice section of the Castaway Australian Podcast Awards :) (https://thecastawayawards.submittable.com/gallery/fb53f574-b3c9-43c8-8585-83bb919489f4/6982961/)
We're moving! Hi. Johnny here. I'm just about to move Strange Attractor across to a different podcast hosting platform. Say what? Doesn't matter. Here's all you need to know: You shouldn't notice And if you did, that means I messed up. I'm sorry. This stuff can be fairly complicated. If you don't see episode 35 on the 13th January... ...just delete the podcast from your player and re-subscribe. That should fix it up. Any questions? Tweet me @johnnynoble any time. If you see this header, it's worked! This text only appears on our new host.
What is virtual & augmented reality? What is virtual reality? (Explain That Stuff!) How augmented reality works (How Stuff Works, Tech) 'That VR Joint': The virtual reality place we visited on our excursion Virtual reality (Wikipedia) Augmented reality (Wikipedia) Beyond Pokémon Go: Augmented reality is set to transform gaming (New Scientist) Flight Radar 24: An app with an augmented reality function - point your phone at the sky to see which planes are flying by (iTunes) Star Walk: An app with an augmented reality function - point your phone at the night sky to see which stars & planets are there (iTunes) 'Playtest': Season 3, episode 2 of Black Mirror - explores augmented reality gaming (IMDb) A night landing at LAX using a 'head-up' augmented reality display in a plane cockpit (YouTube) The biggest challenges left in virtual reality, according to Oculus (TechCrunch) Flume The 'soma holiday' from Brave New World (GradeSaver) Oculus Facebook closes its $2bn Oculus Rift acquisition - What next? (The Guardian) The Cortex podcast where they go to Facebook HQ & use the Oculus (Relay FM) The VR goggles for Samsung phones by Oculus (Samsung) 7 movies you can experience in virtual reality (Observer) 'The entire history of you': Season 1, episode 3 of Black Mirror - where everyone has a memory implant recording everything they do (IMDb) 'Job Simulator': The game Lucy played & burnt the bacon 'Space Pirate Trainer': The shooting game we played 'Holopoint': The archery game we played We used the HTC Vive goggles (HTC) Africa by Toto (YouTube) The HTC Vive goggles are ~$1,400 at the moment (JB Hi-Fi) What is rendering? (Wikipedia) Can virtual reality cut the cord? (MUO) Oculus is working on a cheaper, wireless VR headset (The Verge) Cheeky review? (If we may be so bold) It'd be amazing if you gave us a short review...it'll make us easier to find in iTunes: Click here for instructions. You're the best! We owe you a free hug and/or a glass of wine from our cellar Click to subscribe in iTunes
How is music & video compressed & streamed? How MP3 files work (How Stuff Works, Tech) The 'Mother of the MP3': Tom's Diner by Suzanne Vega was used to develop the MP3 (Wikipedia) Tom's Diner by Suzanne Vega (YouTube) What is an MP3 & who was behind it? (Wikipedia) MP3s were officially released in 1993, but drew on research from as far back as 1894 (Wikipedia) A list of other non-MP3 digital audio formats (Wikipedia) 'Ogg Vorbis' is an alternative audio format (Wikipedia) 'FLAC' is another alternative audio format (Wikipedia) How competing audio formats were standardised into the MP3 (Wikipedia) Internet Standards Organisations (UniForum) If you want to include MP3s in your products, you may need to pay licensing fees as they're intellectual property like any other invention (MP3 Licensing) Licensing, ownership & legislation around MP3s (Wikipedia) The 'standards' comic Johnny mentioned (xkcd) Material Girl by Madonna (YouTube) A diagram of the structure of an MP3 file (Wikipedia) Ziploc.com Evolution of the MP3 player (PC World) The first generation classic iPod: "1,000 songs in your pocket" (Wikipedia) Old iPods are selling for as much as $90,000 (Mashable) The famous comment Johnny was talking about where some nerd says that the newly invented iPod is "lame" (Slashdot) The Book of Eli (IMDb) How Hollywood gets its old-school tech (The Ringer) How does audio compression work? (Wikipedia) What an uncompressed versus a compressed song looks like in different file formats (Wikipedia) A discussion about why you can't compress with irrational numbers like pi (ars technica) Another discussion about why you can't compress with irrational numbers like pi (Encode) What is bandwith in computing? (Wikipedia) Neil Young's 'high definition' music player: PonoPlayer (Digital Trends) Don't buy what Neil Young is selling (Gizmodo) What is streaming media? (Explain That Stuff!) JPEG compression: What it is, when to use it & when not to (a.k.a. Joint Photographic Experts Group) (Learning & Memory) All about GIF (a.k.a. Graphics Interchange Format) (Wikipedia) All about TIFF (a.k.a. Tagged Image File Format) (Wikipedia) All about PNG (a.k.a. Portable Network Graphics) (Wikipedia) What is the difference between JPEG, GIF & PNG? (University of Surrey) Destructive vs non-destructive editing (SLR Lounge) Africa by Toto (YouTube) Spotify vs Apple Music: Is there a difference in sound quality? (C|NET) What happens when you watch a YouTube video? A nice, simple explanatory clip (YouTube) How does internet radio work? (How Stuff Works, Tech) What is buffering? (Bandwidth Place) What is buffer? (WhatIs.com) What is caching? (WhatIs.com) Bhuja! Strange Attractor's current snack of choice (Majans) Where are you from? Send us a postcard! Strange Attractor, c/ PO Box 9, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia Review us! Hey lovely listeners, give us an iTunes review & we'll send you a prize - Click here for instructions then get in touch Tweet us @strangepeas Or message us on Facebook Click to subscribe in iTunes
What's outside our solar system? Where does the solar system end? (ABC, Australia) Where in the universe is Voyager? The surprising showdown over where our solar system ends (TIME) What defines the boundary of the solar system? (NASA) Live tracking: Where are the Voyager probes now? (NASA) Voyager 1 is travelling at ~17 km/second (Wikipedia) It's believed that Voyager 1 is either in interstellar space or pretty close to it (the heliopause) - that's the furthest we've sent anything (Wikipedia) In about 30,000 years, Voyager 1 will have passed through the Oort Cloud & in 40,000 years it will pass within 1.6 light-years of the star Gliese 445 (Wikipedia) The infamous 'pale blue dot': Earth as seen by Voyager 1 from 6 billion km (Wikipedia) What is the heliopause? (Encyclopaedia Britannica) What is the heliopause? (Southwest Research Institute) The heliosphere: A proper sciencey paper (Max-Planck-Institut für Aeronomie) What is the Kuiper Belt? A belt of icy bodies beyond Neptune (Cosmos, Swinburne University) What is the Oort Cloud? A hypothesised belt of icy bodies in the far reaches of the solar system (Cosmos, Swinburne University) Voyager 1 & 2 spacecraft flight paths (The Planets Today, Vimeo) Could the Voyager, Pioneer & New Horizons probes eventually be caught by the gravity of another star & start orbiting that star? (Quora) What is a galaxy? (NASA) Galaxies & how they're formed (NASA) The Milky Way galaxy (NASA) Hubble's high-definition panoramic view of the Andromeda galaxy (NASA) All about the Andromeda galaxy (EarthSky) Elliptical galaxy facts & definition (Space.com) Spiral galaxy facts & definition (Space.com) Estimates on how many solar systems & galaxies there might be in the universe (University of Cambridge) How many solar systems are in our galaxy? (NASA) Do all stars have solar systems? (Dept. of Physics, University of Illinois) How did our solar system form? (HubbleSite) Are we really all made of stardust? Yep (Phys.org) How are stars formed? (Science, How Stuff Works) Population I stars (younger) tend to be in the discs of spiral galaxies & made of heavier elements (Hyperphysics, Georgia State University) Population II stars (older) tend to be in globular clusters & the nucleus of galaxies & made of lighter elements (Hyperphysics, Georgia State University) Main sequence stars on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (Hyperphysics, Georgia State University) Interactive Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (Las Cumbres Observatory) Black holes come in 3 varieties: Stellar, supermassive & intermediate (Space.com) Into a black hole: A lecture transcript from Prof. Hawking (Stephen Hawking) Journey into a black hole (HubbleSite) The escape velocity for Earth is ~25,000 miles/hour or 40,000 km/hour (Wolfram Alpha) A list of escape velocities for the planets, moons, sun & solar system (Wikipedia) A list of the gravity values for all the planets compared with Earth (NASA) Definition of massive: "Having relatively high mass" (The Free Dictionary) How do black holes work? (Science, How Stuff Works) Black hole jets can influence star formation in galaxies by dispersing & heating interstellar gas (Phys.org) What happens when 2 black holes collide? You get gravitational waves like the one LIGO detected in 2015 (LIGO) Exoplanets are planets outside our solar system (Space.com) How long does it take for a star to ignite at birth? Not long, but the first photons of light may not escape for thousands of years (Reddit) First sun, then planets: The formation & evolution of the solar system (Wikipedia) Solar system formation (Windows 2 the Universe) What's the difference between comets & asteroids? (EarthSky) What is an orbit? (NASA) A list of solar system objects by orbit (Wikipedia) There are >8,000 artifical objects orbiting Earth (National Geographic) How can one say that gravity is a very weak force, when all the planets & stars are rotating around due to gravity only? (Quora) How can galaxies collide if the universe is expanding? (ABC, Australia) What is a galaxy cluster? A group of hundreds to thousands of galaxies, believed to be the largest gravitationally-bound structures in the universe (Wikipedia) What fuel does Voyager 1 use? (Slate) Live tracking: Where is Halley's comet now? (The Sky Live) What is Halley's comet (& its tail) made of? (Wikipedia) Halley's comet completes an elliptical orbit around the sun every ~76 years (Wikipedia) The difference between meteoroids, meteors & meteorites (Meteorites Australia) What causes a shooting star? (Wonderopolis) How do you shield astronauts & satellites from deadly micrometeorites? (Smithsonian) How does the space station avoid meteors? (Reddit) Where are you from? Send us a postcard! Strange Attractor, c/ PO Box 9, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia Corrections Johnny meant 'elliptical' galaxies, not globular (Cosmos, Swinburne University) A globular cluster is a spherical collection of stars that orbits a galactic core as a satellite (Wikipedia) To go into orbit, a body must still reach escape velocity, but it must be directed away from a planet & then it follows a curved path (Wikipedia) Cheeky review? (If we may be so bold) It'd be amazing if you gave us a short review...it'll make us easier to find in iTunes: Click here for instructions. You're the best! We owe you a free hug and/or a glass of wine from our cellar Click to subscribe in iTunes
From vinyl to MP3 - how is media recorded? Music was made truly portable on 1 July, 1979, with the release of the Sony Walkman (Time) What is analogue recording? (Wikipedia) What is digital recording? (Wikipedia) Meet the 'telegraphone' & 'magnetophon', advancements in sound recording that never quite took off (Wikipedia) The new £5 note can play vinyl records (The Telegraph) The Voyager golden record (NASA) Playing a record with a pin & paper cup (YouTube) The 'compact cassette' tape was released by Philips in 1962 (Wikipedia) Transvision Vamp, Velveteen (Wikipedia) A timeline of audio formats: From 1860's 'phonautogram' to 2012's 'Opus' (Wikipedia) CDs were invented in 1982 (Wikipedia) A resource for some of the main ways we've recorded audio since olden times (Recording History) The history of the 8-track tape (Recording History) How recording tape was made, circa 1955 (Recording History) How is sound recorded onto magnetic tape? (HyperPhysics, Georgia State University) Johnny's old radio station, Wear FM, is now called Sun FM (Wikipedia) Video Home System, or VHS, analogue video recording, circa 1976 (Wikipedia) VHS 'please rewind' stickers appear to be making a comeback (Cafe Press) Analogue versus digital signals: What do they look like? (BBC, GCSE) Analogue versus digital technology & sampling (Explain That Stuff!) Generation loss: When stuff becomes crapper after you copy it (Wikipedia) A (slightly cheesy) but simple explanation of analogue versus digital sound waves (YouTube) Digital audio tape, or DAT (Webopedia) Digital audio tape (Wikipedia) The Hateful Eight: An explainer on 70 mm film (Nerdist) Lodestsar Pinot Gris (Naked Wines) Digital sound recording uses binary code, i.e. 1's & 0's (Encyclopaedia Britannica) How to count in binary (Instructables) How to 'play back' a picture of a sound wave (Griffonage-Dot-Com) What is sampling rate? (Wikipedia) The science of sample rates: When higher is better & when it isn't (Trust me I'm a scientist) The Running Man, circa 1987 (Wikipedia) Explanation of the 44.1 kHz CD sampling rate (Columbia University) Music, not sound: Why high-resolution music is a marketing ploy (Kirkville) How audio compression works & can you really tell the difference (MUO) MP3 or lossless: See if you can hear the difference with this test (LifeHacker) A decade of iTunes singles killed the music industry (CNN Money) The impact of digital recording on the music industry (The Bionic Sisters) The effects of digital music distribution: A graduate school research paper (Southern Illinois University Carbondale) Jean Michel Jarre playing the laser harp wearing asbestos gloves (YouTube) How CDs work (How Stuff Works, Electronics) How CD & DVD drives work (Explain That Stuff!) The compact disc, or CD, was co-developed by Philips & Sony (Wikipedia) You can buy blank vinyl albums for $20 (Amazon) What is modulation & demodulation in a modem? (Quora) Digital to analogue conversion, or DAC (Whatis.com) What is a digital to analogue converter? (Wikipedia) Digital Versatile Disc, or DVD (Wikipedia) What is the difference between CD, DVD & Blu-ray discs? (Quora) LaserDisc (Wikipedia) LaserDiscs were like comically large CDs: Watch this guy insert his into a player (YouTube) LaserDisc FAQ (Disc Dude) What is Blu-ray? (Wikipedia) Why is the CD 74 minutes long? (Gizmodo) The great Blu-ray versus 'high-definition optical disc' format war of 2006-2008 (Wikipedia) The VHS versus Betamax format war (The Conversation) What was Betamax? (Wikipedia) The set list from the Dire Straits Gateshead Stadium concert, 13 June 1992 (setlist.fm) A flicker of remembrance of the Dire Straits Digital Compact Cassette promotion Johnny mentioned (Steve Hoffman Music Forums) The Digital Compact Cassette, or DCC, circa 1992 (Wikipedia) What is a MiniDisc & how does it differ from a CD? (How Stuff Works, Tech) An homage to the MiniDisc (Minidisc.org) The future of audio technology (The Inquirer) The future of audio recording, as predicted in 1998 (Turing Machines) How MP3 files work (How Stuff Works, Tech) Lossy compression (Wikipedia) Where are you from? Send us a postcard! Strange Attractor, c/ PO Box 9, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia Corrections Conventional DVDs use 650 nm red lasers, CDs use 780 nm near-infrared lasers & Blu-rays use 405 nm blue lasers (but it's actually in the violet range) (Wikipedia) Cheeky review? (If we may be so bold) It'd be amazing if you gave us a short review...it'll make us easier to find in iTunes: Click here for instructions. You're the best! We owe you a free hug and/or a glass of wine from our cellar Click to subscribe in iTunes
A quick tour of our solar system Limits of Humanity: The observable universe goes on for light years & we'll only ever see 0.00000000001% of it (Kurzgesagt, Devour) Powers of Ten: The classic video from 1977 that explains the scale of space (YouTube) Riding Light: Travel with a beam of light in real time through our solar system (Vimeo, Alphonse Swinehart) A beautiful planet (IMAX) The Total Perspective Vortex: The machine from the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy that makes you feel so insignificant it will crush your soul (Hitchhiker Wiki) We need different types of telescopes to 'see' the different types of waves in the universe: radio, infrared, visible, X-ray, gamma (NASA) Telescope to seek Earthlike planet in Alpha Centauri system (The New York Times) The BoldlyGo Institute: Private space exploration (Boldy Go) Pluto is 7.5 billion km from Earth (Space.com) Live tracking: Where is Halley's comet now? (The Sky Live) Live tracking: Where are the Voyager probes now? (NASA) Voyager 1 is travelling at about 17 km per second (Wikipedia) It's believed that Voyager 1 is either in interstellar space or pretty close to it - that's the furthest we've sent anything (Wikipedia) NASA's 'eyes': Cool website where you can track all sorts of space things (NASA) The Deep Space Network: Live tracking of probes & stuff by telescopes on Earth (NASA) In about 30,000 years, Voyager 1 will have passed through the Oort Cloud & in 40,000 years it will pass within 1.6 light-years of the star Gliese 445 (Wikipedia) What is the Kuiper Belt? A belt of icy bodies beyond Neptune (Cosmos, Swinburne University) What is the Oort Cloud? A hypothesised belt of icy bodies in the far reaches of the solar system (Cosmos, Swinburne University) It would take about 6 months to drive to the Moon at 95 km/hour (Science Focus) Apollo 11 took 3 days, 3 hours & 49 minutes to reach the Moon (Reference.com) What if Apollo 11 failed? President Nixon had a speech ready (Space.com) A moon is any natural satellite orbiting another body - planets, dwarf planets, asteroids & Kuiper Belt objects can all have moons (Encyclopaedia Britannica) Earth's moon's name is the Moon (caps M), it's also sometimes called 'Luna' (Wikipedia) Earth potentially has 18,000 moons, depending on your definition (Space.com) A star is a big exploding ball of gas - the Sun (caps S) is the name of Earth's star (Qualitative Reasoning Group, Northwestern University) When to capitalise the 'E' on Earth (Grammarist) The 'controversial' 2006 definition of a planet states: "a planet is a body that orbits the Sun, is massive enough for its own gravity to make it round & has 'cleared its neighbourhood' of smaller objects around its orbit" (Wikipedia) Pluto was stripped of its planet status in 2006 (New Scientist) Formation & evolution of the solar system (Wikipedia) How are planets formed? (Phys.org) Planets form in zones: The terrestrial (rocky) planets closer to the sun & the jovian (gassy) planets further out (LASP, University of Colorado) Order of the 8 planets in our solar system (Space.com) How was the Earth formed? (Space.com) What is a gravity well? (Qualitative Reasoning Group, Northwestern University) Where did Earth get its water? (Cosmos) Where did Earth's water come from? (livescience) What is the Goldilocks Zone & why does it matter in the search for ET? (ABC, Australia) What is Neptune made of? It's an icy, slushy, gassy planet with a rocky core (Space.com) Basics of orbital mechanics (NASA) What are Kepler's Laws? They describe the motion of planets across the sky (HyperPhysics, Georgia State University) An exoplanet is a planet that orbits a star other than our Sun (Wikipedia) 5 ways to find an exoplanet (NASA) If Planet 9 is out there, it tilts our solar system (The New York Times) What is Jupiter made of? It's very gassy, mostly hydrogen & helium, & we don't know if it has a solid core (Space.com) The Juno probe aims to unlock the secrets of Jupiter - it's currently orbiting & will crash into it in February 2018 (NASA) Juno has had a glitch, but is mostly ok (The New York Times) What is Mercury made of? It's a dense little nugget with a neglible atmosphere (Space.com) What is Venus made of? It's a hot, rocky planet (Space.com) Was Venus the first habitable planet in our solar system? (The Guardian) Venus spins very slowly, in the wrong direction (The New York Times) "Venus's climate is strongly driven by the most powerful greenhouse effect found in the solar system" (European Space Agency) Carbon dioxide absorbs & re-emits infrared radiation (Center for Science Education) Predator's infrared vision (YouTube) What is Mars made of? It's very dusty & rocky, with a thin atmosphere (Space.com) NASA confirms evidence that liquid water flows on today's Mars (NASA) They reckon Mars was warm & wet about 4 billion years ago (NASA) Exploration of Mercury: We've only sent 2 probes, 1 in 1973 & 2004, but there's another set to launch in 2017 called 'BepiColombo' (Wikipedia) List of solar system probes: We've been busy (Wikipedia) How the atmosphere affects our planet (Softpedia) The gas giants (Wikipedia) What is Saturn made of? It's pretty gassy, mostly hydrogen & helium (Space.com) How long do footprints last on the Moon? Potentially as long as the Moon (Space.com) Origin of Jupiter & Saturn: New theories on formation of gas giants (The Daily Galaxy) The case for Saturn being able to float on water (Universe Today) The case against Saturn being able to float on water (Wired) Planets & dwarf planets can have moons, & there are currently 182 identified in our solar system (Wikipedia) Mecury & Venus don't have moons (Windows 2 The Universe) Mars' moons are Phobos & Deimos; Jupiter has 67 moons, including the 4 that Galileo discovered; Saturn has 62; Uranus has 27; Neptune has 14, NB: Some moons are still awaiting official 'moon status' confirmation (NASA) Galileo made his own telescope & discovered 4 of Jupiter's moons in 1610, which got him into trouble with the Catholic Church (BBC) Saturn has some very cool moons, including the beautiful Enceladus with its icy gesyers (Space.com) Our moon is pretty big by moon standards (Windows 2 The Universe) How the Moon formed: Violent cosmic crash theory gets double boost (Space.com) Our solar system gets pretty chilly out past Mars (NASA) What might the sun look like from other planets? (Futurism) NASA's 'Pluto Time' shows how bright it is on dwarf planet (Space.com) Pluto may have clouds (The New York Times) Chemical properties of methane (Wikipedia) Methane is quite common in the outer solar system (University of Oregon) Ceres is a dwarf planet (Wikipedia) Charon is the largest of the 5 known moons of the dwarf planet, Pluto (Wikipedia) Pluto's unusual orbit (Smithsonian) You need a telescope to see Pluto (EarthSky) The hypothetical planet, Vulcan (Wikipedia) Gravity Probe A helped figure out relativity (Wikipedia) Gravity Probe B helped figure out the curvature of space-time near Earth (Wikipedia) Why did we land on a comet? (Mental Floss) Røde microphones Corrections Woops! Lucy did bad maths: Light would travel a little over 1 billion km in 1 hour, not 65 billion km...so not as far as Pluto (Wolfram Alpha) Apparently we may have photographed an exoplanet: This is the first photo of a candidate 1,200 light-years away (Science Alert) More than 1,300 Earth's would fit inside Jupiter (NASA) Cheeky review? (If we may be so bold) It'd be amazing if you gave us a short review...it'll make us easier to find in iTunes: Click here for instructions. You're the best! We owe you a free hug and/or a glass of wine from our cellar Where are you from? Send us a postcard! Strange Attractor, c/ PO Box 9, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia Click to subscribe in iTunes
How do computer programs work? How do computers work? (Explain That Stuff!) What is a computer program? (Wikipedia) How does a computer program work? (Dummies) How do computer languages work? (The Linux Documentation Project) How does coding work? (code conquest) How Java works (How Stuff Works, Tech) Readings Bookshop: The beautifully programmed website Johnny was talking about (Readings) Icelab: The people who programmed the lovely website (Icelab) Dyson vaccuums: An example of putting thought into something that sucks & making it better (no pun intended) (Dyson) What is an algorithm? (Wikipedia) What is a computer algorithm? (How Stuff Works, Tech) An algorithm for making a cup of tea (Aristides S. Bouras) What are heuristics in computer science? (Wikipedia) Alan Turing: Creator of modern computing (BBC, iWonder) What is a Turing machine? (University of Cambridge) Why do computers crash? (Scientific American) The Mac spinning beach ball of death (The X Lab) The Windows hourglass wait cursor (Wikipedia) The history of Microsoft Word: Version 1.0 was written by two guys in 1981 (Wikipedia) Microsoft Word 1.0 for Macintosh screenshots (Knubbel Mac) Microsoft makes source code for MS-DOS and Word for Windows available to the public (Microsoft, TechNet) What are abstraction layers? (Wikipedia) Programming language (Wikipedia) High-level programming language (Wikipedia) Which programming languages does Google use internally? (Quora) Microsoft Word was apparently written in Visual C++ (MYCPLUS|COM) There are hundreds of computer languages, which one you pick depends on what you want to achieve (Wikipedia) A comparison of programming languages (Cprogramming.com) Why are there so few female prgrammers? 'When women stopped coding' (NPR, Planet Money) Computer programming used to be women's work (Smithsonian) What is an 'event' in computing? (Wikipedia) Impress your friends & colleagues: Translate anything into binary code! (binarytranslator.com) Computer language interpreters (Wikipedia) What is machine code? (Wikipedia) A picture of binary code (factfile) A picture of hex code (hexblog) What is an operating system? (Wikipedia) Unix & Unix-like operating systems (Wikipedia) The Unix philosophy: 'Create small modular utilities that do one thing & do them well' (How-To Geek) What is a Rube Goldberg machine? (Wikipedia) What is recursion? (Wikipedia) What is a 'library' in computing? (Webopedia) What is a 'library' in computing? (Wikipedia) What is a driver? It's another kind of interpreter that helps you 'drive' a particular piece of hardware (Webopedia) Corrections LARGE DISCLAIMER: At the end when we talk about Amazon, it might be another company that Johnny was thinking of. I can't find evidence that they've banned meetings, just PowerPoint (Moving People To Action). We'll post a link when we figure out where this information came from & if it was about a different company. For now just think of it as 'Company X' who have implemented a freakin' great idea This is potentially the source for the above, a long read but interesting (Stevey's Google Platforms Rant, Steve Yegge) Cheeky review? (If we may be so bold) It'd be amazing if you gave us a short review...it'll make us easier to find in iTunes: Click here for instructions. You're the best! We owe you a free hug and/or a glass of wine from our cellar Click to subscribe in iTunes
Bye bye Strange Shorts We've decided that we're not massive fans of our 'every other week' Strange Shorts experiment, so we're unceremoniously killing it off. We'll be back next week, and then regular as clockwork every other Friday, with a full size full on full sugar full moon full of beans Strange Attractor!
What are colours? What is colour? Just different wavelengths of light...mental (Wikipedia) Visible light (NASA) The visible spectrum (Wikipedia) What is electromagnetic radiation? (livescience) Spectral colours (HyperPhysics, Georgia State University) What wavelength goes with a colour? (NASA) Rabbit & Spaghetti Shiraz (Naked Wines) This is your brain on nature (National Geographic) Your colour red could really be my blue (livescience) How my friends described colours to me when I couldn't see (li.st) How colours get their names (livescience) Colour vision in humans & other species (Wikipedia) A nice overview on rods & cones (HyperPhysics, Georgia State University) How do we see colour? (livescience) Photoreceptor cells (Wikipedia) Bayer filter mosaics: How red, green & blue is arranged on our screens to complement our colour vision (Wikipedia) Theory of colours (Wikipedia) Newton & the colour spectrum (Web Exhibits) Newton's theory of light: His experiment split white light through a prism to make a rainbow, then recombined it through another prism to make white light again (The Star Garden) Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (Caravaggio Foundation) Dark Side of the Moon, Pink Floyd (Ultimate Classic Rock) Red light is just a photon of a certain energy: The wavelength of red light is 650 nm, blue is 475 nm & green is 510 nm (Montgomery Blair High School) Can you hear colour? Some people with 'synesthesia' claim to be able to (livescience) What is synesthesia? (Scientific American) Human ears respond to frequencies of sound between about 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz (Wikipedia) Human eyes respond to wavelengths of light between about 390 nm to 700 nm (Wikipedia) What is infrared light? It's just below (longer than) the wavelength of visible red light, so humans can't see it (Wikipedia) Infrared waves (NASA) Night vision goggles 'extend' your vision into the infrared (Wikipedia) Humans give off infrared radiation (Science Questions With Surprising Answers) The longest waves are 'radio waves', further along than infrared - they're still photons of energy, we just can't see them (livescience) Radio waves (NASA) Shorter waves than blue are 'ultraviolet' (UV), they're at a shorter wavelength/higher energy than we can see (NASA) What is ultraviolet light? (livescience) Do rainbows have ultraviolet bands & infrared bands? (Physics StackExchange) Shorter waves than UV are X-rays, they're at a shorter wavelength/higher energy than we can see (NASA) The shortest waves are 'gamma waves', they're still photons of energy, we just can't see them (NASA) We need different types of telescopes to 'see' the different types of waves in the universe: radio, infrared, visible, X-ray, gamma (NASA) Mantis shrimps & bees can see UV light (Catalyst) The absorption spectrum of water: There's an interesting dip right at the wavelengths of visible light (Wikipedia) The absorption spectrum of water (London Southbank University) Transparency of water in the visible range (HyperPhysics, Georgia State University) Some creatures are 'pentachromats', i.e. they have 5 different types of colour receptors in their eyes (Wikipedia) What is melanopsin? (Wikipedia) Melanopsin probably evolved ~1 billion years prior to cone cells: These receptors independently gauge the amount of blue or yellow incoming light & route this information to parts of the brain involved in emotions & the regulation of the circadian rhythm (livescience) Someone who is colour blind is missing 1 or more of the 3 sets of colour-sensing cones (Wikipedia) How we see colours: Light absorption, reflection & transmission (the Physics Classroom) Sunderland claims the first stained glass in England (BBC, Radio 4) Sunderland National Glass Centre Visible light & the eye's response (the Physics Classroom) You can't mix all the colours & get white paint (Reference) Why does mixing every paint colour produce grey not white? (Physics StackExchange) White light is all of the frequencies of light (Reference) The colours of light (Science Learning) Colour: Travels through the paintbox - the book Johnny mentioned (Victoria Finlay) Photodegradation, "the alteration of materials by photons of light", is why colours fade (Wikipedia) Photodegradation & photostabilisation of polymers: A proper sciencey paper (SpringerPlus) Some answers to the question 'Why does colour fade when left in sunlight?' (Reddit) What is ink? (Wikipedia) What are dyes? (Encyclopaedia Britannica) Why are plants green? Because they absorb red light & reflect green light from the sun! (UCSB ScienceLine) More detailed answers to why plants are green (ResearchGate) Blue sky & Rayleigh scattering (HyperPhysics, Georgia State University) Goat moisturing lotion (The Goat Skincare) A history of inks, dyes & pigments (World of Chemicals) People have been dyeing fabric indigo blue for 6,000 years (The New York Times) Effect of light exposure on paintings (National Gallery of Art) What is oil painting? (Encyclopaedia Britannica) Pigments used by different artists, including Caravaggio (Pigments through the Ages) Printed photos fade, but so too can photos saved to disk! (Bloomberg) Cultures see & name colours differently (BBC, Future) Newton & the indigo controversy (Wikipedia) Italian, Russian & Hebrew has 12 basic colour terms (English has 11) & they distinguish blue & azure (Wikipedia) Colour naming: Azure is distinct from blue in Russian & Italian, but not English (Wikipedia) Eskimo words for snow...could be a myth (Wikipedia) How many words do the Inuits have for snow? (The Guardian) What's in a colour? The unique human health effects of blue light (Environmental Health Perspectives) This article suggests penguins can see violet, green & blue, but not red (National Wildlife Federation) This is what I was trying to explain to Johnny, quite poorly, "...even if you perceive the sky as the colour someone else would call 'red', your blue sky still makes you feel calm", because of the 'blue' frequency of the light (livescience) Where are you from? Send us a postcard! Strange Attractor, c/ PO Box 9, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia Corrections The human retina contains ~120 million rod cells, not 15 million (Wikipedia) Cheeky review? (If we may be so bold) It'd be amazing if you gave us a short review...it'll make us easier to find in iTunes: Click here for instructions. You're the best! We owe you a free hug and/or a glass of wine from our cellar Click to subscribe in iTunes
What is Strange Shorts? An experiment in time management. Turns out, releasing a weekly podcast to our exacting standards, plus attending conferences in Sydney for International Podcast Day, is pretty time consuming. We also have some top secret new ideas for Strange Attractor, so we need to steal back some hours. So every other week we're releasing a short episode with a few tasty treats. Stuff we forgot to cover in the big episodes, important corrections or cool facts we found while doing the show notes. Of course, if we're contacted by any benevolent benefactors in the meantime (Hi Elon!), we'll quit our jobs and return to making weekly hour-long episodes. Let's see how it goes. Tweet @strangepeas with any feedback or questions you'd like answered!
How does online tracking and advertising work? Popping the publishing bubble: A great overview about what the iOS 9 ad blockers mean for online advertising (Stratechery) Data collection by loyalty programs (Choice) How supermarkets get your data & what they do with it (The Guardian) Online tracking systems, how do they work (NewFangled) Tracking the trackers: What are cookies? An introduction to web tracking (The Guardian) Online tracking: If they are watching, should you watch too? (NewFangled) A large tracking investigation (The Wall Street Journal) Don't track us (Duck Duck Go) I'm being followed: How Google, & 104 other companies, are tracking me on the web (The Atlantic) Facebook isn't free - it has made you its product (Computerworld) The decline of newspapers (Wikipedia) The Age The Herald Sun Newspaper Death Watch The future of print: Newspapers struggle to survive in the age of technology (Harvard Political Review) Newspapers' ongoing search for subscription revenue: From paywalls to micropayments (The Conversation) The data are in: Newspapers aren't going to get enough digital subscribers (Mumbrella) Apple Pay PayPal Elon Musk & PayPal (Wikipedia) Are micropayments a viable way to support the news business? (The Conversation) LaterPay, a German payment infrastructure company, offers micropayments with a twist (NiemanLab) Is downloading really stealing? The ethics of digital piracy (The Conversation) Stranger Things (NetFlix) Here's how much Apple Music is going to pay artists (Business Insider, Australia) Real-time bidding: What the bots run around doing behind the scenes before an ad appears on your screen (Wikipedia) Behavioural networks: A quick summary of what happens from cookie collection to the ads you see (Mike On Ads) An explanation of cookie matching & real-time bidding (Mike on Ads) "An ad exchange is a technology platform that facilitates the buying & selling of media advertising inventory from multiple ad networks" (Wikipedia) What is an ad exchange (Marketing Land) A discussion about typical cuts made during bidding in online ad exchanges (Quora) The DoubleClick ad exchange (Google) The Like button (Wikipedia) Likejacking: A form of 'clickjacking' where someone hijacks your Likes (Wikipedia) Court rules against the use of Facebook's Like button: Shopping site accused of violating German privacy laws (DailyMail, Australia) How to stop Facebook from tracking you (Business Insider, Australia) Is every browser unique? Results fom the Panopticlick experiment (Electronic Frontier Foundation) Panopticlick: Test your browser's ability to protect you from online tracking...Lucy failed badly (Electronic Frontier Foundation) Wall Street (Wikipedia) Pauline Hanson (Wikipedia) Safari's ad blocker: "Blocks all annoying ads & supports websites by not blocking unobtrusive ads by default" (Apple) A discussion about why we keep seeing targeted ads after we've bought the thing (Quora) Targeted ads after I buy something are really annoying (Brad Ideas) Loyalty cards help build a profile on you: The store nerds who know everything about you (news.com.au) The Woolworths 'rewards' loyalty card (Woolworths) Hmm...interesting: The Commonwealth Bank now has a 'loyalty app' where you can conveniently store all your loyalty cards in the one place...close to your bank account details (CommBank) How Target figured out a teen girl was pregnant before her father did (Forbes) What is big data? (Forbes) 20 facts about big data (Forbes) How big data can be useful for businesses (Business.com) Why big data is a big deal (Harvard Magazine) An example of an Australian data company (Quantium) An example of an American data company (Ghostery) Kim Dot Com Proximity marketing: "The localised wireless distribution of advertising content associated with a particular place"...very 'Minority Report' (Wikipedia) Is your smartphone broadcasting your movements when you shop? (Naked Security) Convenience or security: You can't have both when it comes to Wi-Fi (TechRepublic) At Starbucks, data pours in. But what to do with it? (Advertising Age) Is Wi-Fi at Starbucks safe? (Forbes) The search engine that doesn't track you (Duck Duck Go) Google Maps has been tracking your every move: Google works better because it tracks you...creepy but handy (Junkee) Tom Hanks (Wikipedia) The most expensive Google AdWords keywords in the US are 'San Antonio car wreck attorney', for USD$670.44 (Quartz) The most expensive Google AdWords keywords in Australia include 'Life insurance co.', for AUD$150.30 (The Website Marketing Group) The 100 most expensive keywords on Google: Infographic (webpagefx) Google has its own ad exchange: Google DoubleClick AdX (Google) Google AdWords charges on a pay-per-click basis (Word Stream) We use Blubrry to vaguely track our listenership, but it tells us very little (Blubrry) Gold 104.3 FM: Play Africa by Toto goddammit! (Gold 104.3) Minority Report (Wikipedia) Philip K. Dick (Wikipedia) Where are you from? Send us a postcard! Strange Attractor, c/ PO Box 9, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia Corrections Not really sure if highly targeted ads cost more per click...this post from Facebook suggests the more 'relevant' you make your ad to your target audience, the cheaper it will be (Facebook Business) Further to above: How much do I have to pay on Facebook? (Qwaya) Further further to above: 6 factors that drive up the cost of your Facebook ad conversions (AdEspresso) Cheeky review? (If we may be so bold) It'd be amazing if you gave us a short review...it'll make us easier to find in iTunes: Click here for instructions. You're the best! We owe you a free hug and/or a glass of wine from our cellar
What is Strange Shorts? An experiment in time management. Turns out, releasing a weekly podcast to our exacting standards, plus going out drinking with Elon (we can't be saving kittens all the time), is pretty time consuming. We also have some top secret new ideas for Strange Attractor, so we need to steal back some hours. So every other week we're releasing a short episode with a few tasty treats. Stuff we forgot to cover in the big episodes, important corrections or cool facts we found while doing the show notes. Of course, if we're contacted by any benevolent benefactors in the meantime (Hi Mr Gates!), we'll quit our jobs and return to making weekly hour-long episodes. Let's see how it goes. Tweet @strangepeas with any feedback or questions you'd like answered!
What are 'Standard International units'? Where are you from? Send us a postcard! Strange Attractor, c/ PO Box 9, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia The seven Système International d'Unités (SI) base units: second, mole, metre, kilogram, kelvin, candela, ampere (National Physical Laboratory) The seven Système International d'Unités (SI) base units: second, mole, metre, kilogram, kelvin, candela, ampere (Wikipedia) The base units (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) The SI system kicked off after 1799 (The National Institute of Standards & Technology) Moon Unit Zappa, child of Frank Zappa (Wikipedia) The 'cubit' was the length from the tip of one's middle finger to the bottom of the elbow (Wikipedia) History of length measurement: From cubits to lasers (National Physical Laboratory) A history of all the weird units of measurement from ye olde ancient times (Encyclopaedia Britannica) A history of the kilogram (National Physical Laboratory) Standard time was introduced from the mid-1800s around the world with the coming of the railways (Wikipedia) The Allegheny Observatory used to provide accurate time updates via telegraph in North America (Wikipedia) A history of timekeeping devices (Wikipedia) The second used to be defined as 1/86,400 of a day, but now it's "the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom" (Wikipedia) A brief history of the second (The National Institute of Standards & Technology) "A new optical clock ticks so consistently that if it had started at the dawn of the universe, it would have lost less than two minutes" (The Independent) The strontium optical clock (OSA Publishing) Where are atomic clocks? They're everywhere now (HyperPhysics, Georgia State University) Clock synchronisation around the world is really important for computers & stuff (Wikipedia) International Atomic Time tells us at which speed our clocks should tick (Time and Date) What is needed to synchronise time across atomic clocks in the world? (Quora) How to improve time accuracy on iPhone & Apple Watch (iPhone Tricks) Security implications of the humble computer clock (Network World) Who invented the second? Claudius Ptolemy around 150 C.E. (Reference) Why is a minute divided into 60 seconds, an hour into 60 minutes, yet there are only 24 hours in a day? (Scientific American) The book Johnny was talking about by Dava Sobel: 'Longitude: The true story of a lone genius who solved the greatest scientific problem of his time' (Wikipedia) See John Harrison's original clocks in the museum at Greenwich, London (Royal Museums Greenwich) We had the second for ages, then the kelvin was first defined in 1743, the kilogram & metre followed in 1793, the amp in 1881, the mole in 1900, & the candela in 1946, but they've been refined now (Wikipedia) The metre was originally defined as one ten-millionth of the distance from the equator to the North Pole (Wikipedia) The metre is now defined as the distance travelled by light in 1/299,792,458th of a second (Wikipedia) A brief history of the metre (The National Institute of Standards & Technology) The speed of light: 299,792,458 metres per second (Encyclopaedia Britannica) People debating pool tolerance & why timing isn't more accurate in swimming (Reddit) Meet the kilogram - a.k.a 'La Grande K' or 'Big K' (Wikipedia) There did used to be someone who went around checking stuff - the 'city meter' - "checking both the weights of goods as sold & the accuracy of the metal weights used" (Hall Genealogy Website) The International Prototype Kilogram (IPK) & its copies - Australia has one (Wikipedia) If someone knocks a chunk off the IPK, the definition of a kilogram changes (Wikipedia) A list of the prefixes for metric units of measurement: e.g. 'kilo' just means a thousand (The National Institute of Standards and Technology) "The magnitude of many of the units comprising the SI system...are highly dependent upon the stability of a 137-year-old, golf-ball-sized cylinder of metal stored in a vault in France" (Wikipedia) The new kilogram is due out in 2018 - stay tuned (The National Institute of Standards and Technology) Redefining the kilogram: Mass, Planck & Einstein (The National Institute of Standards and Technology) Redefining the kilogram: The 'Watt balance' (The National Institute of Standards and Technology) After a fraught few years, experiments to redefine the kilogram have reached agreement (Nature) What is a mole? Not the burrowing kind with small eyes (The National Institute of Standards & Technology) Avogadro's number & the mole (Wikipedia) What is a mole & why are moles used? (About Education, Chemistry) Hello kelvin - this unit is 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water (The National Institute of Standards & Technology) What is the triple point of water? (Wikipedia) What is Celsius? (Wikipedia) Deep breath: "The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross section, & placed 1 metre apart in a vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10-7 newton per metre of length" (The National Institute of Standards & Technology) What is the difference between voltage & current (amperes)? (The Charging Point) Everything you wanted to know about charging your iPhone or iPad (Apple, Communities) iPhone & iPad chargers appear to be around 1-2 amps according to this (Apple, Communities) I believe you now Johnny: Turns out the coloured rings for electric toothbrushes really are to tell family members' brush heads apart (Electric Teeth) Meet the candela, "the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 x 1,012 hertz & that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watts per steradian" (The National Institute of Standards & Technology) What is black body radiation? (Cosmos, Swinburne University) We can use luminous intensity to measure how far away stars are (Science, How Stuff Works) 'Intrinsic luminosity' is how bright something is & 'apparent brightness' is how bright it looks - knowing these details helps us measure how far away stars are (Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Penn State) Stellar brightness (Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University) Brightness, luminosity & the magnitude scale (Department of Astronomy, Cornell University) What is a standard candle? (Cosmos, Swinburne University) (non SI) Units for quantities that describe biological effects (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) The future - proposed redefinition of SI base units (Wikipedia) A more fundamental International System of units (Physics Today) Corrections Sorry Johnny, you got latitude & longitude mixed up - latitude is north-south, longitude is east-west (Encyclopaedia Britannica) Cheeky review? (If we may be so bold) It'd be amazing if you gave us a short review...it'll make us easier to find in iTunes: Click here for instructions. You're the best! We owe you a free hug and/or a glass of wine from our cellar
What is Strange Shorts? An experiment in time management. Turns out, releasing a weekly podcast to our exacting standards, plus teaching conservation at the dolphin sanctuary, is pretty time consuming. We also have some top secret new ideas for Strange Attractor, so we need to steal back some hours. So every other week we're releasing a short episode with a few tasty treats. Stuff we forgot to cover in the big episodes, important corrections or cool facts we found while doing the show notes. Of course, if we're contacted by any benevolent benefactors in the meantime (Hi Elon!), we'll quit our jobs and return to making weekly hour-long episodes. Let's see how it goes. Tweet @strangepeas with any feedback or questions you'd like answered!
What is radioactivity? Where are you from? Send us a postcard! Strange Attractor, c/ PO Box 9, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia What is radioactivity? Including alpha, beta & gamma decay, half-life, background radiation & health effects (Physics.org) Types of radioactivity (Andy Darvill's Science Site) The difference between radioactivity & radiation (The Conversation) Cool chart that shows radiation doses for all sorts of things...including sleeping next to someone & eating a banana (xkcd) Alpha, beta & gamma penetration (HyperPhysics, Georgia State University) Alpha, beta & gamma penetration (BBC, GCSE) Radioactive elements can 'decay' into other elements — here's the crazy decay chain for uranium-238 (Wikipedia) There are 29 radioactive elements on Earth & thousands more radioactive isotopes (Wikipedia) Some examples of radioactive isotopes or 'radionuclides' (Wikipedia) Some 'nuclides' are stable, but most are radioactive & decay — here's a list of >900 with half-lives from 50 million years (Wikipedia) The number 20 is a 'score' in ye olde talk (Wikipedia) What is uranium? (Jefferson Lab) What is plutonium? (Jefferson Lab) What is an alpha particle? (Physics Department, Idaho State University) During alpha decay, alpha particles (helium nuclei) are released from a radioactive atom's nucleus (Wikipedia) The crazy strong nuclear forces involved (HyperPhysics, Georgia State University) Conservation of energy — it can neither be lost nor gained (Encyclopaedia Britannica) Energy equals mass: e=mc^2 & all that malarky (livescience) Alpha particles are the least harmful in that they are large & can be easily stopped by e.g. paper; however, if ingested they're super dangerous (HyperPhysics, Georgia State University) Radioactive elements are inherently unstable (Reference) Sometimes you have to wait a loooooong time for a radioactive element to spit out a particle, like 4.5 billion years (Wikipedia) Everything is radioactive in the periodic table from 83 (bismuth) onwards (Wikipedia) Why is radioactive decay random & spontaneous? (I'm a scientist get me out of here) Schrödinger's cat (IFL Science) What is polonium? (Jefferson Lab) What is alchemy? (livescience) What is an isotope? (HyperPhysics, Georgia State University) What is an isotope? (The Conversation) Fact or fiction?: Lead can be turned into gold (Scientific American) It sounds like isotopes can indeed have too few neutrons, as well as too many (The Naked Scientists) What is a beta particle? (Idaho State University) Beta radioactivity (HyperPhysics, Georgia State University) An electron is ~1,800 times smaller than a proton (Jefferson Lab) What is a gamma ray? (Idaho State University) Gamma rays consist of high-energy photons (Wikipedia) Gamma radioactivity (HyperPhysics, Georgia State University) Ionising radiation "carries enough energy to free electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionising them" (Wikipedia) How radiation sickness works (Science, How Stuff Works) Too much ionising radiation is bad...but humans have evolved to be able to cope with a certain amount of background radiation (World Nuclear Association) Natural background radiation (Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Association) Bananas are a bit radioactive because they contain potassium: The banana equivalent dose (Wikipedia) Still cleaning up: 30 years after the Chernobyl disaster (The Atlantic) Flying and health: Cosmic radiation exposure for casual flyers and aircrew (Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency) Health threats for astronauts from cosmic rays (Wikipedia) How does lead absorb radiation like x-rays and gamma rays? (The Naked Scientists) How do x-rays work? (Wonderopolis) Radiation therapy employs x-rays, gamma rays & charged particles to kill cancer cells (National Cancer Institute) The 'gamma knife' delivers precise beams of radiation to diseased brain tissue or tumour from a large number of directions (Imaginis) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans don't use radiation (National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering) Computed tomography (CT) scans use ionising radiation (National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering) Positron emission tomography (PET) scans use radiopharmaceuticals (National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering) Alexander Litvinenko: Profile of murdered Russian spy — the guy who drank tea with polonium-210 in it (BBC News) Want some polonium-209? It'll set you back USD$3,200 per microcurie (Jefferson Lab) Sydney's Lucas Heights reactor to ramp up nuclear medicine production to meet world demand (ABC News) Synchrotrons are extremely powerful sources of x-rays (European Synchrotron Radiation Facility) The Australian synchrotron is in Clayton (Australian Synchrotron) Ikea Springvale How does a nuclear power station work? (Explain That Stuff!) A discussion about whether Mark Watney from 'The Martian' had a high cancer risk after heating up his little car with a radioactive source (Quora) How to protect astronauts from space radiation on Mars (NASA) Radioactive waste management (World Nuclear Association) Nuclear agencies are searching for the signs, language & solutions that will warn our descendants to stay away (FT Magazine) Cockroaches have an exoskeleton so they probably wouldn't know what a skull & cross bones are (Wikipedia) Thaw could release Cold War-era radioactive waste buried under Greenland's ice (ABC News) Greeland is an autonomous country within the Danish realm (Wikipedia) Nuclear power in space (Wikipedia) How do nuclear submarines work? (Science, How Stuff Works) The nuclear submarine that can remain underwater for 25 years (Wired) 'Letters of last resort' are written by all new UK Prime Ministers, with instructions to submarine commanding officers on what to do if a nuclear strike wipes out the Government (Wikipedia) Billionaires are buying submarines (The Daily Mail UK) Can nuclear waste be neutralised by bacteria? (Engineering.com) Iggy Pop is indeed alive & currently 69 (IggyPop.com) Nirvana David Bowie Ziggy Stardust (Wikipedia) Billy Joel Kim Wilde Atomic clocks & cesium...not radioactive even though they sound like it (HyperPhysics, Georgia State University) Atomic clocks (Wikipedia) Microwaves are not radioactive (Cancer Research UK) Mobile phones are not radioactive — they emit electromagnetic radiation, which is very different, & they also don't emit enough energy to break the molecular bonds inside cells (Scientific American) Mobile phones are not radioactive (Skeptic) Here's the patch you stick on your phone that apparently saves you from the evil 'radiation' — decide for yourself (cellsafe) Ionising (bad one) vs non-ionising radiation (Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency) UV light is ionising radiation & can break chemical bonds in cells (livescience) Suffering endures for 'Radium Girls' who painted watches in the '20s (Hartford Web Publishing) The Bachelor, Australia (Channel Ten) Corrections An exact description of how the Americium-241 in smoke detectors works (Wikipedia) Bismuth's half-life is estimated to be more than a billion times the age of the universe (Wikipedia) Billy Idol isn't chubbsy at all...sorry Billy, you still got it (BillyIdol.net) The metre was originally defined as one ten-millionth of the distance from the equator (not Paris) to the North Pole (Wikipedia) One of the main dreams of alchemy was to turn lead (atomic number 82) into gold (atomic number 79), which would have meant losing protons, not gaining (livescience) Cheeky review? (If we may be so bold) It'd be amazing if you gave us a short review...it'll make us easier to find in iTunes: Click here for instructions. You're the best! We owe you a free hug and/or a glass of wine from our cellar
Field trip! We leave our cosy recording studio (lounge room) and brave the wilds (Fitzroy) in the name of science. On our maiden voyage we test the hypothesis — Is it possible to differentiate the colour of Smarties, M&M's and Skittles under a yellow street light? Will we return triumphant, write up our conclusions and further human understanding of how light and colour interact? Or get speared and eaten by angry natives (hipsters)? Cheeky review? (If we may be so bold) It'd be amazing if you gave us a short review...it'll make us easier to find in iTunes: Click here for instructions. You're the best! We owe you a free hug and/or a glass of wine from our cellar
What is science? Where are you from? Send us a postcard! Strange Attractor, c/ PO Box 9, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia Understanding science: A great site Lucy found that kinda explains it all (University of California, Berkeley) Tyler Durden (Wikipedia) What is science? (University of California, Berkeley) What is the scientific method? (University of California, Berkeley) Some opinions on what is theoretical vs practical science (The Straight Dope) What is pure mathematics? (Wikipedia) What is applied mathematics? (Wikipedia) Game of Thrones (Wikipedia) Science is focussed on the natural vs supernatural world - the 'natural' world means anything in the universe, including anything that humans make (University of California, Berkeley) ESP: What can science say? (University of California, Berkeley) UriGeller.com What is reproducibility? A key principle of the scientific method (Wikipedia) The role of replication in science (University of California, Berkeley) Dutch agency launches first grants programme dedicated to replication (Nature) Lithium, sodium & potassium react with water (YouTube) Magnesium ribbon burns bright white (YouTube) Newton's three laws of motion (NASA) Kepler's three laws for the motion of planets (HyperPhysics, Georgia State University) Newton's laws are amazing but don't work at very small scales, very high speeds or very strong gravitational fields (Wikipedia) How did NASA conclude that the general theory of relativity was not needed for Earth-moon flight path computation? (Stack Exchange, Space Exploration) What is general relativity? (Wikipedia) What is special relativity? (Wikipedia) Relativity has everyday applications, like GPS (Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University) The Martian (Wikipedia) The discovery of genetics from Mendel to the human genome project is an example of a long-term group effort in science (CogWeb, UCLA) Gregor Mendel & the principles of inheritance (Nature) Interactive timeline on the history of genetics from Darwin to the 21st century (Wellcome Library) Aristotle & ancient Greek genetic theory (About Education) Gregor Mendel died in 1884 & his work wasn't taken seriously until after his death (Wikipedia) Charles Darwin saw an important platypus in Wallerawang, NSW, near where Lucy grew up (Lithgow.com) Einstein used to be a patent clerk in Switzerland (Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property) Fermat's Last Theorem: "The first successful proof was released in 1994 by Andrew Wiles, & formally published in 1995, after 358 years of effort by mathematicians" (Wikipedia) The Higgs boson discovery in the Large Hadron Collider (CERN) Australia's CSIRO coated many of the ultra-high-performance mirrors used in the LIGO to detect the first gravitational waves (CSIRO) The polar bear natural gas ad...sooo cosy (YouTube) Scientists are more creative than you might imagine (The Atlantic) Infographic: What is the cosmic microwave background? (Space.com) Stanley Kubrick (bio.) Crick, Watson, Wilkins, Franklin & DNA (Chemical Heritage Foundation) Sexism in science: Did Watson & Crick really steal Rosalind Franklin's data? (The Guardian) Mendeleev apparently dreamt the periodic table! (Wikipedia) A decade of deep thinking: Princeton Center for Theoretical Science celebrates 10 years (Princeton) Australia's CSIRO overcame the problem of 'reverberation' to invent WiFi (CSIRO) Alas the patent for WiFi has now expired, but not before earning the CSIRO millions of dollars, which was reinvested into more sciencey stuff (The Australian Business Review) Fact or fiction?: NASA spent millions to develop a pen that would write in space, whereas the Soviet cosmonauts used a pencil (Scientific American) Science relies on evidence (University of California, Berkeley) The dark side of Linus Pauling's legacy: Debating the benefits of vitamin C (Quackwatch) DNA was discovered in 1869 & its structure presented in 1953 (History) James Watson is still alive (Wikipedia) Francis Crick died in 2004 (Wikipedia) Stanford Professor Andrei Linde celebrates physics breakthrough (YouTube) Why Einstein was wrong about being wrong (Phys.org) Corrections Lucy meant Apollo 13 not Apollo 11 when talking about movies where stuff went wrong in space (Wikipedia) Gregor Mendel published his main pea results in the 1860s, not 1870s (Wikipedia) Charles Darwin's Beagle voyage lasted 5 years, not 8 (Wikipedia) Sir Isaac Newton said the quote about "standing on the shoulders of giants", not Galileo (BBC) Peter Higgs thought up the boson concept after a failed camping trip in the 1960s, not 1950s (Wikipedia) Sorry Lucy, NASA didn't invent Velcro, some Swiss guy did in the 1940s...in fairness, Lucy heard this from a real astronaut - who wouldn't believe an astronaut? (NASA) "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence" is attributed to Carl Sagan, not Richard Feynman (Rational Wiki) Cheeky review? (If we may be so bold) It'd be amazing if you gave us a short review...it'll make us easier to find in iTunes: Click here for instructions. You're the best! We owe you a free hug and/or a glass of wine from our cellar
What is Strange Shorts? An experiment in time management. Turns out, releasing a weekly podcast to our exacting standards, plus volunteering at the orphanage, is pretty time consuming. We also have some top secret new ideas for Strange Attractor, so we need to steal back some hours. So every other week we're releasing a short episode with a few tasty treats. Stuff we forgot to cover in the big episodes, important corrections or cool facts we found while doing the show notes. Of course, if we're contacted by any benevolent benefactors in the meantime (Hi Elon!), we'll quit our jobs and return to making weekly hour-long episodes. Let's see how it goes. Tweet @strangepeas with any feedback or questions you'd like answered!
Solids, liquids, gases & how they transform The 'classical' states of matter (solid, liquid, gas, plasma) "are distinguished by changes in specific heat capacity, pressure & temperature" (Wikipedia) Pic: Transitions between the four fundamental states of matter - this is mostly what Johnny is talking about (Wikipedia) There's LOADS of other states of matter (modern & high-energy), but you don't see them lying around, e.g. they're made in stars or particle accelerators (Wikipedia) A 'Bose-Einstein condensate' is an example of a modern state of matter (Encyclopaedia Britannica) What is a solid? (Wikipedia) What is a liquid? (Wikipedia) What is a gas? (Wikipedia) What is plasma? (Wikipedia) What is steam? (Wikipedia) What is vapour? (Wikipedia) What is a cloud? A mass of water droplets, ice crystals, or a mix of both, suspended in the air (Encyclopaedia Britannica) The anatomy of a rain drop (Precipitation Education, NASA) The different states of matter have different properties (Purdue Science, Department of Chemistry) The different states of matter have different properties (Bitesize, BBC) State changes usually involve heating, cooling or changes in pressure (Bitesize, BBC) What is freezing or solidification? The point where any liquid turns into a solid, not just water (Wikipedia) What is boiling? (ChemWiki, UC Davis) The Fahrenheit, Kelvin & Celsius temperature scales (Department of Physics, University of Oregon) What is melting point? (Wikipedia) Some famous temperatures in Celsius, Kelvin & Fahrenheit (Wikipedia) The Fahrenheit scale (Wikipedia) The Kelvin scale (Wikipedia) What is absolute zero? (Encyclopaedia Britannica) The journey to the other side of absolute zero (IFL Science) Mercury melts at -38.87 & boils at 356.58 degrees Celsius (ChemicalElements.com) What does frozen mercury look like? (TauFlederMaus, YouTube) Mercury in the food chain (Government of Canada) Quicksilver is another name for mercury (Wikipedia) Freezing a Koosh ball in liquid nitrogen (Jefferson Lab, YouTube) Eau-Di-Vie offers martinis cooled by liquid nitrogen (Eau-Di-Vie) Gelato flash frozen by liquid nitrogen (N2 Extreme Gelato) Condensation means going backwards from gas to liquid (Wikipedia) How is lava created? (Wonderopolis) Sublimation means going straight from a solid to a gas (Wikipedia) Snow & ice can 'sublime' (Wikipedia) Gif: Atoms/molecules in solids (touching, can't move), liquids (touching, can move), gases (not touching, moving) (Purdue Science, Department of Chemistry) Pic: Atoms/molecules in solids (touching, can't move), liquids (touching, can move), gases (not touching, moving) (Bitesize, BBC) CarlCox.com Glastonbury Festival What is gas diffusion & effusion? (Boundless) Energy, vibrations & bonding during phase changes (Zona Land Education) What is a joule? (Wikipedia) From zeptojoules to yottajoules: Definitions of what different amounts of joules do (Wikipedia) What is a calorie? (Wikipedia) Water's temperature curve is linear except at the phase changes from ice to liquid to gas (Boundless) Phase changes & energy conservation: Temperature increases linearly until melting & boiling points (Boundless) A 'phase' of matter is a "region of space throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform" (Wikipedia) A 'phase' of matter is different to a 'state' of matter: A system can contain several phases of the same state of matter (Wikipedia) The law of conservation of energy in simple terms (Explain That Stuff!) When you do a reverse phase change, e.g. liquid to solid, energy is released (Boundless) What is entropy? (Science 2.0) Entropy is simple - if we avoid the briar patches! (Frank L. Lambert, Professor Emeritus, Chemistry) "In solids, atoms are bonded fairly firmly together, though they do move about a bit" (Explain That Stuff!) Electrons can travel in a solid even if the atoms can't (e.g. in conductors) (HyperPhysics, Georgia State University) Conductors, insulators & electron flow: Appears to support Johnny's electricity story about "holes moving down the wire at walking pace" (All About Circuits) Electrons only move about 1.2 cm per minute in standard home copper wire (Department of Physics, Union University) What is an electron hole? Debating how many molecules make a droplet (Physics Forums) Debating how steam is invisible vs water vapour (The Naked Scientists) Why is a steam burn more damaging than a burn with boiling water of the same temperature? (UCSB Science Line) The 'Mpemba' effect: In some circumstances warmer water may freeze faster than colder water (Wikipedia) Does hot water freeze faster than cold water? (livescience) The phase diagram for water is different than for other substances (chemguide) The phase diagram for water is different than for other substances (Chem Wiki) Water is weird: Its solid is less dense than its liquid - i.e. ice floats in liquid water - other stuff doesn't do this (Wikipedia) Water is weird: Its solid is less dense than its liquid - i.e. ice floats in liquid water - other stuff doesn't do this (Boundless) Clip: What if ice didn't float? Explained by chemist Martyn Poliakoff (The Huffington Post) What is liquefaction? (Wikipedia) Clip: The amazing Richard Feynman talks magnets (nebulajr, YouTube) How does a glacier move? It sounds like ice under pressure creating lubricating melt water does play a role (Geology.com) Johnny's heavy egg vs light jelly bean shaking experiment sounds legit (APS Physics) 'Granular convection' & the Brazil Nut Effect: Why the biggest nuts rise to the top (io9) What is vaping? (Vaper Soul) The 1755 Lisbon earthquake (Wikipedia) What was left of Lisbon was demolished & rebuilt according to modern urban design at the time (Wikipedia) The rebuilding of Lisbon involved one of the first uses of pre-fabricated buildings (History) The Anglo-Portugese treaty dates back to the 1300s...until Brexit? (Wikipedia) Quicksand science: Why it traps & how to escape (National Geographic) What is a non-Newtonian fluid? Examples include honey, cream & tomato sauce (Science Learning Hub) What is pitch? (Wikipedia) The pitch drop experiment: Watch for the tenth drop live! (The University of Queensland) The ‘glass is a liquid' myth has finally been destroyed (io9) What is steampunk? (The Huffington Post) NealStephenson.com Jumpin' Jack Flash is a gas, gas, gas (Menmo Music Station, YouTube) The Leidenfrost effect: Not really related to our chat, just cool - it's why balls of water zip around on a hot surface (Wikipedia) Corrections Water vapour is not steam: "Vapour refers to a gas phase at a temperature where the same substance can also exist in the liquid or solid state, below the critical temperature of the substance", "A liquid or solid does not have to boil to release a vapour" (Wikipedia) Debating the finer points between vapour, steam & gas (Quora) Johnny's definition of Celsius was used until 1954. The current version is "the unit 'degree Celsius' & the Celsius scale are currently defined by two different temperatures: absolute zero, & the triple point of VSMOW (specially purified water)" (Wikipedia) Probably best not to swirl your finger around in mercury kids, just in case (WHO) Nitrogen gas makes up 78% of our atmosphere, not 74% (Wikipedia) Nitrogen melts at -209.9 & boils at -195.8 degrees Celsius (ChemicalElements.com) Sorry Johnny, Ashford & Simpson sang Solid As A Rock, not Tina Turner (Fox News Entertainment) Clarifying Johnny's definitions of solid, liquid & gas by volume & shape (Glen Research Center, NASA) It's 1 calorie that raises 1cm^3 by 1 degree Celsius at 1 atmosphere, not 1 joule. However, this is an older definition & a calorie is now defined in joules (Encyclopaedia Britannica) There appears to be conjecture that entropy should be associated with 'randomness'...but it's over my head so I'll leave it there for now (Science 2.0) Sorry Johnny, there may be a new theory about why ice is slippery & how ice skating works - frictional heating - but the jury is still out (Wikipedia) Cheeky review? (If we may be so bold) It'd be amazing if you gave us a short review...it'll make us easier to find in iTunes: Click here for instructions. You're the best! We owe you a free hug and/or a glass of wine from our cellar
What is Strange Shorts? An experiment in time management. Turns out, releasing a weekly podcast to our exacting standards, plus working in the salt mines, is pretty time consuming. We also have some top secret new ideas for Strange Attractor, so we need to steal back some hours. So every other week we're releasing a short episode with a few tasty treats. Stuff we forgot to cover in the big episodes, important corrections or cool facts we found while doing the show notes. Of course, if we're contacted by any benevolent benefactors in the meantime (Hi Elon!), we'll quit our jobs and return to making weekly hour-long episodes. Let's see how it goes. Tweet @strangepeas with any feedback or questions you'd like answered!
How was the universe made? Briefly. “Every atom in your body came from a star that exploded. And, the atoms in your left hand probably came from a different star than your right hand. It really is the most poetic thing I know about physics: You are all stardust”, Prof. Laurence Krauss (The School of Life, Vimeo) Pic: BANG! Protons formed after the first millionth of a second; fusion ended after 3 minutes (Wikipedia) Chronology of the universe (Wikipedia) The Big Bang theory (ESA Kids) The Big Bang theory (GCSE, BBC) Everything in the universe came out of the Big Bang (Why-Sci) The initial singularity is proposed to have contained all the mass & spacetime of the universe...then bang! (Wikipedia) So what was there before the Big Bang?...There's no such thing as nothing (Jon Kaufman) What is nothing? Physics debate (livescience) Why is there something rather than nothing? (BBC) The beginning of time (Prof. Stephen Hawking) A mathematical proof that the universe could have formed spontaneously from nothing (The Physics arXiv Blog) Infographic: What is the cosmic microwave background? (Space.com) Protons are made of quarks (Wikipedia) Quark soup: Heavy ions & quark-gluon plasma (CERN) Matter/antimatter asymmetry: The dregs of the universe from whence we came (CERN) Antiprotons & protons (Encyclopaedia Britannica) After ~380,000 years, the universe starts to cool after expanding & also becomes transparent as photons of light can now travel around (Wikipedia) Lego (Lego Australia) Nothing much happened for a while, then stars & quasars started to form about ~150 million to 1 billion years after the Big Bang (Wikipedia) Star formation (University of Oregon) What are stars made of? (Qualitative Reasoning Group, Northwestern University) How are planets formed? (Phys.org) What makes a planet? (Jean-Luc Margot, UCLA) The James Webb space telescope will help us understand the birth of stars & protoplanetary systems (JWST, NASA) How do scientists measure the temperature of the universe? (Science Alert) Astronomers measure the temperature of the universe 7.2 billion years ago (Sci Tech Daily) "The CMB (cosmic microwave background) is a snapshot of the oldest light in our universe, imprinted on the sky when the universe was just 380,000 years old. It shows tiny temperature fluctuations that correspond to regions of slightly different densities, representing the seeds of all future structure: the stars & galaxies of today" (Wikipedia) Big Bang nucleosynthesis: Cooking up the first light elements (Einstein Online) Why did the universe start off with hydrogen, helium & not much else? (Starts with a bang!) The first stars in the universe: A comprehensive article by two guys who actually figured this stuff out (Scientific American) Hydrogen becomes a solid below 14.01 Kelvin (Wikipedia) "The first generation of stars lit up 560 million years after the Big Bang" (Wikipedia) What is E = mc^2 in simple terms (American Museum of Natural History) When was dust invented? 12.5 billion years ago! Along with gas, it helped form the early galaxies (ABC Australia) Stars are element-making factories that use a process called 'stellar nucleosynthesis' (Wikipedia) "We are all star dust": When a star dies all the stuff in it drifts across the universe & kicks things off elsewhere (About, Education) When did the first stars form? (Starchild, NASA) The horse head nebula: One of the beautiful dust clouds that are stellar nurseries (NASA) Once you've got the right ingredients, star formation can be triggered in various ways (Wikipedia) Types of stars (Enchanted Learning) Hertzsprung-Russell diagrams show certain properties of stars (Australia Telescope National Facility, CSIRO) Interactive Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (Las Cumbres Observatory) What are 'main sequence' stars? Most stars in our galaxy are like this, including the Sun (Australia Telescope National Facility, CSIRO) What is a red giant? Our Sun will become one eventually (Space.com) What is a brown dwarf? Hint: It's not Thorin Oakenshield at the beach, it's a transition between a star & a giant gas planet (Space.com) Accretion: The gas & dust left over from the Sun's formation clumped together over millions of years to form planets (Wikipedia) Our Sun's lifecycle began ~4.5 billion years ago & has ~4.5 to 5.5 billion to go (Universe Today) What makes a planet different from a star? (UCSB ScienceLine) Nuclear fission confirmed as source of more than half of Earth's heat (Scientific American) Ancient cosmic smack-up may have made Earth's molten core (National Geographic) Gravitational tides: Planets stretch & squash moons & vice versa (Department of Astronomy, Case Western Reserve University) Tidal friction: The moon pushes & pulls Earth in different directions, deforming & warming the planet (HyperPhysics, Georgia State University) Formation & evolution of the solar system (Wikpedia) The Oort cloud: A theoretical shell of icy objects in the outermost reaches of the solar system (Space Facts) The Kuiper belt: Contains remnants of the solar system's formation (Space Facts) There used to be many 'planetary embryos', which then gravitationally interacted & collided to form the four terrestrial planets we know today (Wikipedia) Osmos: "Enter the Darwinian world of a galactic mote", Apple design award & iPad game of the year (iTunes) What is the solar system? Including a description of the differences between rocky & gassy planets (HubbleSite) Facts about our solar system's planets, in order (Space.com) Why are planets closer to the Sun more dense? (Space Answers) Pic: The planets in order, Mars is the last rocky planet (Pics About Space) Here's what the Sun looks like from every planet in our solar system (IFL Science) Debating the name of our solar system (Quora) NASA scientist, Jen Heldmann, describes how Earth's moon was formed (SERVI, NASA) How the moon formed: Violent cosmic crash theory gets double boost (Space.com) Bogotá is 2,640 metres above sea level (Wikipedia) Venus has a runaway greenhouse effect (Wikipedia) Mercury is hot & hard (Space.com) New evidence suggests Mars had tectonic activity long ago (IFL Science) Mars has water ice at its poles, the highest mountain in the solar system & two tiny moons, Phobos & Deimos (Space.com) As our Sun dies, what will happen to the planets, especially our own? (The New York Times) What will happen to our solar system after the Sun dies? (Quora) Will the Sun have enough gravity to keep the planets in orbit after it becomes a white dwarf? (Quora) Book: Diaspora by Greg Egan (Wikipedia) Our Sun will eventually become a white dwarf, not a black hole (Black Hole Encyclopaedia) What is a galaxy? (Space Place, NASA) What is a galaxy? (HubbleSite) How is a galaxy formed? (Wikipedia) What are fractals? (Fractal Foundation) A supercluster is a group of galaxies (Wikipedia) The nearest superclusters (NASA) Our galaxy, the Milky Way, will probably collide & merge with Andromeda, forming 'Milkdromeda' (Futurism) Why are bubbles round? (UCSB ScienceLine) Neil deGrasse Tyson explains why galaxies & solar systems form disks - apparently our galaxy is as flat as a crepe! (Star Talk Radio, YouTube) Spiral galaxy formation (Cosmos, Swinburne University) What is a supermassive black hole? (Wikipedia) Talking mattresses in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (Hitchhiker Wikia) Our night sky as the Milky Way & Andromeda galaxies merge (EarthSky) The 'heat death' of the universe (Wikipedia) Deliveroo Want more? The Infinite Monkey Cage podcast: The recipe to build a universe (Overcast) Super cool animation to finish: Warning, this will make you feel VERY SMALL (Kurzgesagt, Devour) Corrections Timeline of the Big Bang: Good summary if you want to know the specifics of what happened when, vs Johnny's rather loose estimates (The Physics of the Universe) Clarifying the definition of plasma: "A plasma can be created by heating a gas or subjecting it to a strong electromagnetic field, this decreases or increases the number of electrons, creating positive or negative ions, & is accompanied by the dissociation of molecular bonds, if present" (Wikipedia) When matter meets antimatter pure energy is released (CERN) It took ~380,000 years for electrons to be trapped in orbits around nuclei, forming the first atoms, not 1 million years (CERN) The core of a star like our Sun consists of gas in the 'plasmic state', no solid hydrogen (Wikipedia) The Sun is 865,000 miles across, not 5,000 miles (Space.com) New evidence may suggest Mars had tectonic activity (IFL Science) There appears to be conjecture about whether superclusters are bound by gravity (Wikipedia) Cheeky review? (If we may be so bold) It'd be amazing if you gave us a short review...it'll make us easier to find in iTunes: Click here for instructions. You're the best! We owe you a free hug and/or a glass of wine from our cellar
What is sound? The function of music...very cool clip (Devour) What is sound? Explains pretty much everything Johnny was talking about (Explain That Stuff!) A comprehensive sound wave resource, including a cool slow-motion clip on sound waves in wine glasses (University of Salford) The nature of sound (Physics Hypertextbook) Sound waves are 'longitudinal', like when you compress a slinky (University of Salford) Animation of how longitudinal waves travel (i.e. sound waves) (Wikimedia Commons) An article about synthesisers, but with some relevant sections on sound energy, wave shapes & harmonics (Explain That Stuff!) In space, no one can hear you scream (Qualitative Reasoning Group, Northwestern University) No sound in a vacuum, no sound in space (Physics Central) Human ears evolved from ancient fish gills (livescience) What evolved first, sight or hearing? This scientist tries to figure it out (Small Accidents of Evolution) Radar & sonar (Scholastic) Evelyn Glennie: A deaf virtuoso percussionist (Wikipedia) Sound & light compared (GCSE, BBC) Frequency & pitch (School of Physics, UNSW) What is frequency? (Indiana University) Scientists capture the sound of an atom for the first time (IFL) Speed of sound (Wikipedia) The speed of sound in different media (HyperPhysics, Georgia State University) How we speak & sing...turns out there's a lot to it (School of Physics, UNSW) Vocal sound production (Physics Hypertextbook) Hearing range for humans vs other species (Wikipedia) How well do dogs & other animals hear? (Louisiana State University) The evolution of hearing (Evolution of hearing) What are hertz? (Wikipedia) Animation: A sine wave with varying frequency (Wikipedia) The speed of sound appears to be just related to density...Lucy couldn't figure out if different atoms & molecules vibrate differently in this context (Explain That Stuff!) The speed of sound in other materials (NDT Resource Center) How do speakers work? (physics.org) Loudspeakers (Explain That Stuff!) Angus & Julia Stone (Wikipedia) AC/DC (Wikipedia) Animation: FM waves have their frequency modulated & AM waves have their amplitude modulated (Wikipedia) Middle C has a frequency around 261.6 hertz, when using the A440 pitch standard (Wikipedia) What is pitch? Our definition of different notes has changed over the centuries! (Encyclopaedia Britannica) What is tone? (Encyclopaedia Britannica) Online tone generator...take that tone with me! (Online Tone Generator) Forced vibration & resonance (the Physics Classroom) "The brown note is a hypothetical infrasonic frequency that would cause humans to lose control of their bowels due to resonance" (Wikipedia) Fundamental frequency & harmonics (the Physics Classroom) Strings, standing waves & harmonics (School of Physics, UNSW) How does a guitar work? (School of Physics, UNSW) What guitar strings are really doing up close (Science Alert) How does a piano work? (Explain That Stuff!) Clip: This is nuts! Making a real sound wave out of falling water & a speaker (Brusspup, YouTube) Clip: Cool experiment immersing a speaker in water & making sound waves you can see (Showtime SPL, YouTube) Clip: Inside a piano (VeryUsefulTools, YouTube) A band where the piano player puts his arm inside the piano (Dawn of Midi) Podcast about Dawn of Midi (Radiolab) 'Circle of fifths' podcast that Johnny mentioned (Surprisingly Awesome) Infographic of guitar anatomy & how they work (Best Infographics) What is a fret? (Wikipedia) What is an octave? "The basic miracle of music" (Wikipedia) What is an octave? (Encyclopaedia Britannica) Western music scales (Wikipedia) Non-Western scales (Wikipedia) There are 12 notes in our music system, the main ones plus the sharps & flats (Zebra Keys) Pic: Guitar fret dots (My Guitar) Tacoma Narrows bridge that collapsed, believed to be caused by 'forced resonance' (Wikipedia) Clip: Breaking a wine glass with sound (MIT Video) What is audio feedback? (Wikipedia) Fact or fiction? An opera singer's piercing voice can shatter glass (Scientific American) Clip: A MythBuster's glass shattering montage (Jaime Vendera, YouTube) Hearing & hair cells...apparently they don't grow back naturally so be careful kids (University of Wisconsin) Compound regenerates auditory hair cells, offering a possible treatment for deafness (Scientific American) Bionic Ear Lane, Melbourne (street-directory.com.au) Interview: Professor Graeme Clark, developer of the cochlear implant (Australian Academy of Science) How does a cochlear implant work? (Cochlear) What is brain plasticity & why is it so important? (The Conversation) Training the brain to hear better (TIME) How does a microphone work? Simple conversion of sound energy (Explain That Stuff!) How do ears work? (Australian Hearing) The ATR2100 USB - Strange Attractor's microphone of choice (audio-technica) Neil from The Young Ones (Wikipedia) Bang & Olufsen are indeed Danish (Wikipedia) You can now get speakers that are panes of glass (Clear View) The rude gesture Johnny was making to explain how speakers & mics work (Shutterstock) Taylor Swift Sound recording onto analog cylinders & records (Wikipedia) How record players & phonographs work (Explain That Stuff!) The golden record on Voyager (JPL, NASA) What are MP3 files? (Explain That Stuff!) Gif: Master record cutting (vinyl gif) Ye olde wax cyclinders for phonographs (The Cylinder Archive) Phonograph cylinders (Wikipedia) Clip: How vinyl records are made (Part 1) (forwardbound, YouTube) Clip: How vinyl records are made (Part 2) (forwardbound, YouTube) Melbourne Recital Centre Elbow (Wikipedia) The Corner Hotel, Melbourne David Gilmour (Wikipedia) Jack White (Wikipedia) This is just cool: What do tree rings sound like when played like a record? (IFL) Corrections Higher pitches are detected by ear hair cells with shorter hair bundles, lower pitches by hair cells with taller cell bundles...plus a random aside, apparently chickens can regrow damaged ear hairs! (Science Daily) Sonar is actually sound waves, not electromagnetic (Wikipedia) Cheeky review? (If we may be so bold) It'd be amazing if you gave us a short review...it'll make us easier to find in iTunes: Click here for instructions. You're the best! We owe you a free hug and/or a glass of wine from our cellar
How does photography work? Johnny's Leica MP that we used as a prop (Steve Huff Photo) How does a camera work? (Tech, How Stuff Works) When were cameras invented? It depends...400BC if you count the ancient Chinese 'camera obscura' (Wikipedia) The camera obscura...who needs TV? (Wikipedia) The first proper photograph apparently took 8 hours to expose, credited to Joseph Nicephore Niépce, 1820s (University of California, Santa Barbara) 130-year-old plate camera captures pictures of modern Britain (but you must stand still for 15 minutes) (Daily Mail Australia) How the human eye works: It's a 'camera-type eye' (livescience) Why do your pupils get bigger in the dark? (Wonderopolis) What is a lens? (Explain That Stuff!) Cameras, lenses & how photography works (How-To Geek) Understanding camera lenses (Cambridge in Colour) What is exposure? (Cambridge in Colour) Squinting helps you focus - it narrows the 'aperture' of your eye (Wired) What is an aperture? (Wikipedia) A dicussion about wide aperture & unfocused light rays (Photography StackExchange) Principal focal length (HyperPhysics, Georgia State University) Understanding focal length (Nikon) Depth of field: How 'deep' is the amount of stuff that's in focus (Cambridge in Colour) As this photo of Elon Musk shows, a professional portrait usually focuses on the face & blurs the background (Feedoxy) "A lens typically has a set of marked 'f-stops' that the f-number can be set to" (Wikipedia) Pic: As your f-number increases, your aperture gets smaller & less light gets in (Wikipedia) Free f-stop chart (Tech Radar) Pic: Example of a Leica camera showing the f-stops on the lens, 2.4, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11 (Leicaphilia) Super groovy pinhole glasses that claim to strengthen your eyes (HealthTap) Diagram of light rays going through a wide & narrow aperture (Photography Life) Understanding shutter speed: A beginner's guide (Photography Life) Pic: Example of a shutter speed dial on a film camera (Roger & Frances) Pic: This is what Johnny's 'curtain shutter' looks like - the bit that reveals the 35 mm film segment (photo.net) What is a camera shutter? (Wikipedia) A history of shutter types (Early Photography) What is 35 mm film? (Wikipedia) F1.0 lenses are super expensive & rare - this is what the photos look like...kinda nice hey? (Fstoppers) What is a prime lens? i.e. they don't zoom (B&H) Why are some lenses so expensive? (Photography Life) What is infinity focus? (School of Digital Photography) Who killed infinity focus? (B&H) The Man Who Knew Infinity (IMDb) The amazing mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan (Wikipedia) Sally Gunnell (Wikipedia) Uluru (Wikipedia) Photographs of ocean waves captured with a long lens & slow shutter (PetaPixel) The secret to photographing hummingbirds (B&H) Slow motion footage of bullets going through stuff (DrDaveBilliards, YouTube) Femto-photography: Visualising photons in motion at a trillion frames per second (MIT) Film speed is a measure of its sensitivity to light (Wikipedia) ISO has been the standard for speed/sensitivity since 1974 (Wikipedia) How to make & use a pinhole camera (Kodak) Some thoughts on why people never smiled in old photos (Vox) How film works: Black & white vs colour (Kodak) What is slide film? (I Still Shoot Film) Some lovely slide films shot on Fuji Velvia (I Still Shoot Film) Some lovely slide films shot on Fuji Provia (I Still Shoot Film) Some lovely slide films shot on Kodak Ektachrome (I Still Shoot Film) A handy PDF guide on how to develop black & white film yourself (Ilford) How does photographic paper work? (Wikipedia) How do digital cameras work? (Tech, How Stuff Works) Digital camera sensors: Backs up Johnny's 'buckets of photons' analogy (Cambridge in Colour) Why more megapixels isn't always better (Gizmodo) Baaaaaall pit! (Kids'nShape) The 72 ppi web resolution myth (Photoshop Essentials) The iPhone 6S has a 12 megapixel camera (Apple) Introduction to medium format photography (I Still Shoot Film) Why medium format is so gorgeous (Reframe, Gizmodo) Phase One medium format digital cameras: May set you back up to $55K (CNET) Polaroid cameras (Polaroid Australia) How does a Polaroid camera work? (Tech in our everyday life) The Impossible Project: "Reinventing instant film from scratch" (IMPOSSIBLE) Guy Ritchie (bio.) Pic: Thingy that magnifies negatives so you can see what will be in your photo if you develop it (eBay) Pic: Nessie (CNN) Marked up photos show how iconic prints were edited in the darkroom (PetaPixel) Old timey flash bulbs (Camerapedia) ISO: How high can you go? Apparently up to 409,600 these days! (DIGITALPhotoPro) Common slide film seems to be around 50 or 100 ISO, but there's mention of higher numbers (120 Studio) Old timey photographic plates had very low ISO numbers: This example is 5 (Fstoppers) Daguerreotype: "The first publicly announced photographic process" (Wikipedia) Old timey photographic plates (Wikipedia) Places that still offer film processing in Melbourne (urbanlight) Cheeky review? (If we may be so bold) It'd be amazing if you gave us a short review...it'll make us easier to find in iTunes: Click here for instructions. You're the best! We owe you a free hug and/or a glass of wine from our cellar
Newton's laws & how things move Newton's 3 laws of motion (livescience) Newton's 3 laws of motion (NASA) Voyager 1 & 2 are still voyaging - this is how far they've gone in real time! (JPL, NASA) Outer space has a very low density of particles (Wikipedia) What is a rocket? (NASA) Rockets, fuel & Newton's 3 laws (MIT) The rocket equation (Fourth Millenium Foundation) Kennedy Space Center in Florida is awesome (Kennedy Space Center) Why is it so hard to travel to Mars?...Fuel is a big part of that (space.com) Mars facts (NASA) Mars has a very thin atmosphere (Cool Cosmos, Caltech) George Clooney (Wikipedia) Gravity (IMDb) The Martian (Andy Weir) What are gravity wells? (Explain xkcd) What is gravity assist? (JPL, NASA) Spacetime can bend: Space as a rubber sheet (University of Winnipeg) The Voyagers' trajectory was very carefully planned & used gravity assist to minimise fuel (JPL, NASA) Voyager 1 & 2 were launched in 1977 (JPL, NASA) There are a lot of forces trying to slow us down on Earth (the Physics Classroom) Newton's laws have been verified by experiment & observation for more than 200 years (Wikipedia) Newton's 'Principia' was first published in 1687 (Wikipedia) Neil deGrasse Tyson: My man, Sir Isaac Newton (Big Think, YouTube) Newton started inventing calculus when he was 23...wtf (Wikipedia) Doogie Howser, M.D. (IMDb) Newton's laws are amazing but don't work at very small scales, very high speeds or very strong gravitational fields (Wikipedia) Applications & limitations of Newton's laws (How Stuff Works) What is momentum? (BBC) What is momentum? (the Physics Classroom) What is velocity? (BBC) What is a bogie? (Wikipedia) Long trains take a long time to stop (Minnesota Operation Lifesaver) What is inertia? (the Physics Classroom) What is inertia? (Qualitative Reasoning Group, Northwestern University) What is the difference between inertia & momentum? (Quora) What is friction? (livescience) VO5 instant oomph powder (Priceline) 'LiquiGlide' nonstick coating leaves zero waste behind...super cool (MIT, YouTube) Brian Cox's amazing experiment dropping a bowling ball & feathers in a vacuum (BBC Two, YouTube) The acceleration of gravity (the Physics Classroom) All objects free fall at the same rate of acceleration...even elephants (the Physics Classroom) Elon Musk (Wikipedia) Elon Musk (Instagram) How do planes fly? Using Newton's 3rd law (Explain That Stuff!) Liquid oxygen & liquid hydrogen are common rocket fuels, but there are others (Wikipedia) What is jet fuel? (Wikipedia) The first animals in space (Space.com) Yuri Gagarin: The first man in space (NASA) Google headquarters live search screens (YouTube) How do jet engines work? (NASA) How do jet engines work? (Explain That Stuff!) How does an ion thruster on a rocket ship work? (NASA) I'm sure Ian Ziering from Beverly Hills 90210 used to spell his name Ion (Wikipedia) What is a solar sail? 'New NASA spacecraft will be propelled by light' (National Geographic) First law of thermodynamics: Energy in a closed system cannot be gained or lost, just transferred (livescience) Potential & kinetic energy (BBC) Measuring friction on an atomic level (physics central) Brian Cox & Jeffrey Forshaw's book 'The quantum universe: Everything that can happen, does happen' (goodreads) How geckos stick on der Waals...get it, get it? (Science) Levitating pot plants: Not from our conversation...just super cool...I'm sure Newton's laws are involved here somehow (Domain) Corrections Sorry Johnny, some experts don't agree that momentum can be thought of as the amount of energy required to stop something moving (Quora) Sorry Lucy, the first dog in space isn't stuffed, Laika died in orbit (Time) Cheeky review? (If we may be so bold) It'd be amazing if you gave us a short review...it'll make us easier to find in iTunes: Click here for instructions. You're the best! We owe you a free hug and/or a glass of wine from our cellar
How do planes fly? How do planes fly? Backs up what Johnny was saying about how wings work (Explain That Stuff!) The physics of sailing (UNSW) You can sail into the wind, but not exactly upwind - The physics of sailing (Physics Buzz blog, Physics Central) The hipster PDA: Merlin Mann's index card system (43 Folders) What is turbulence? From a fluid dynamics perspective (Wikipedia) Turbulence - everything you need to know (Patrick Smith's Ask the Pilot) Air turbulence - how dangerous is it? (livescience) What is tacking in sailing? (Wikipedia) What is tacking in sailing? (School of Sailing) The spice routes were the 'maritime silk road' (UNESCO) The search for new sea routes for the spice trade really kicked off in the 1500s (Encyclopaedia Britannica) Trade routes followed the 'trade winds' (Wikipedia) Prevailing winds blow from a certain direction over a point on the Earth's surface (Wikipedia) How do planes fly upside down? (Physics StackExchange) Flying upside down (Air & Space, Smithsonian) Wing flaps & slats (NASA) More flaps: Wing flaps for lift augmentation in aircraft (Decoded Science) What is drag? (NASA) Aerodynamics, an introduction - including a description of drag (Explain That Stuff!) Four forces affect things that fly: weight, lift, thrust, drag (Smithsonian National Air & Space Museum) Powered aircraft (Wikipedia) Unpowered aircraft (Wikipedia) Unpowered flight (Wikipedia) Flight (Wikipedia) What is autorotation? (Wikipedia) The Gimli glider: Air Canada plane that glided to land on a race track after running out of fuel in 1983 (Wikipedia) The Gimli glider was recently sold...after a further 25 years of service! (Financial Post) Video of an aborted landing just a few feet off the ground - also shows how much wings flex (YouTube) Pilots have detailed checklists (Patrick Smith's Ask the Pilot) How a glider works...Remember the space shuttle? It was a glider! (NASA) Birds, thermals & soaring flight (Aerospaceweb.org) Birds of prey riding thermals (YouTube) Plane wings are pretty flexible (Wired) Turbulence & why you should buckle up (Civil Aviation Safety Authority) Headwinds & tailwinds (Wikipedia) Headwinds allow take off & landing on shorter amounts of runway (United Hub) Airport design & naming runways (NASA) Runway numbers explained (Atlas Obscura, YouTube) Airspeed versus ground speed (Aerospaceweb.org) Planes can levitate on the ground if it's windy enough (YouTube) How does a wind sock work? A pilot explains (YouTube) What is a jumbo jet? A Boeing 747 (Wikipedia) Flaps during takeoff & landing (Wikipedia) Thrust reversal (Wikipedia) Thrust reversal (Purdue University) Stopping the A380 (Air & Space Smithsonian) Rolls Royce jet engines (Rolls Royce) Picture: A Boeing 717 with 'petal' thrust reversal on engines (CQ Plane Spotting) A database of paper aeroplanes with folding instructions (Fold'NFly) What do winglets do? i.e. The flipped up bits on the end of plane wings (NASA) Winglets or 'wing tip devices' (Wikipedia) Why do golf balls have dimples? (livescience) Shark scales create tiny whirlpools for speedy swimming (livescience) Proper scientific paper: Shark-skin surfaces for fluid-drag reduction in turbulent flow (The Royal Society) Bros had flipped up fringes like winglets (Old School Pannini) What is a jet stream? (livescience) What is drift diving? (PADI) Flight times between New York & London slashed by jet stream's power (ABC Australia) The Flat Earth Society What is a 'great circle' & how are they used for flight routes? (AeroSavvy) Air distance & flight time calculator (Great Circle Mapper) There are flight routes over the North Pole, but probably not Antarctica (Wikipedia) Fonzie cool (YouTube) Chesley Sullenberger: the super cool pilot that landed the plane on the Hudson River (Wikipedia) US Airways flight 1549 that landed on the Hudson River (Wikipedia) British Airways flight 9 whose engines stalled in an ash cloud in 1982: Lucy was exaggerating slightly, it wasn't a 2-hour emergency...but still pretty serious (Wikipedia) Flying or driving: Which Is safer? (Science 2.0) Flying, driving or trains: Which Is safer? (AirlineReporter) Smithsonian National Air & Space Museum The Wright Brothers 'invented' aviation in 1903 (The Wright Bros) The Apollo Lunar Module landed on the moon in 1969 (Wikipedia) Sydney to London in 4 hours just got another step closer (News.com.au) Australian scientists just successfully launched a jet which could fly from Sydney to London in 2 hours (Business Insider Australia) The Concorde supersonic jet (Wikipedia) Concorde: 40 fascinating facts (The Telegraph) Corrections Sorry Lucy, you mixed up Newton's 3rd & 1st laws: The 3rd law is relevant to plane wings...'equal & opposite reaction' (NASA) Sorry Johnny, helicopters CAN fly without power via 'autorotation' (copters.com) Cheeky review? (If we may be so bold) It'd be amazing if you gave us a short review...it'll make us easier to find in iTunes: Click here for instructions. You're the best! We owe you a free hug and/or a glass of wine from our cellar
What is energy and how does it move around? What is E = mc^2 in simple terms (American Museum of Natural History) What is E = mc^2 in simple terms (Universe Today) What is E = mc^2 in simple terms (YouTube) Werner Heisenberg (Nobelprize.org) Robert Openheimer (Atomic Archive) "Doc" Brown (Wikipedia) Back to the Future (Wikipedia) The speed of light: 3x10^8 metres per second (Wikipedia) The size of Wales (Wikipedia) The size of Belgium (Wikipedia) Basic principles of energy (University of Illinois) What is energy? (Wikipedia) Potential & kinetic energy (BBC) Different types of energy (BBC) What is sound energy? (Explain That Stuff!) What is heat energy (Science Learning) All the matter & energy in the universe was created in the Big Bang (Exploratorium, CERN) All the matter & energy in the universe was created in the Big Bang (The Physics of the Universe) Best guess...the universe is between 13-14 billion years old (HubbleSite) First law of thermodynamics: Energy in a closed system cannot be gained or lost, just transferred (livescience) First law of thermodynamics - more techy explanation (NASA) Could loads of wind turbines affect local systems? Who knows...here's some potential answers (Earth Science Stack Exchange) Solar energy that reaches the Earth's surface is called 'insolation' (Wikipedia) The amount of solar energy reaching Earth is huge (The Electronic Universe, University of Oregon) Solar irradiation map of the world (Wikipedia) US town rejects solar farm amid worries it would "suck up all the energy from the sun" (Science Alert) Where does the sun's energy come from? (NASA) The sun's energy will run out in about 5 billion years (Phys.org) Simple photosynthesis (Photosynthesis Education) Chemical energy is stored in the bonds of atoms & molecules, plus a big list of types of energy (Quizlet) Muscles & liver store carbohydrate as glycogen until needed for energy (Discovery Learning) How does a microphone work? Simple conversion of sound energy (Explain That Stuff!) How long would you have to yell to heat a cup of coffee? (Physics Central) Old lights bulbs used to give off ~90% of their energy as heat, not light (Energy.gov) What happens when you clap your hands...in space? (Reddit) The motion of atoms & molecules creates heat or thermal energy (EDinformatics) What is a quantum? (Wikipedia) A photon is a quantum of light (Wikipedia) When did we figure out what energy is? (Wikipedia) Light is energy...& photons of light can have different amounts of energy (Johns Hopkins University) A photon's energy determines where it sits on the electromagnetic spectrum (NASA) How do we transfer energy into speech? The acoustic theory of speech production (Yale University) How do we hear? (Dangerous Decibels) No sound in a vacuum, no sound in space (Physics Central) The speed of sound in different media (HyperPhysics, Georgia State University) What is an echo? (Wikipedia) The old 'tree falling in the woods' conundrum...from a quantum theory perspective (Oxford University Press Blog) Sound is a wave (Physics Hypertextbook) How candles burn (National Candle Association) Richard Feynman's wonderful words: What is fire? Plants come from air not dirt. Wood is stored sunlight (YouTube) Burning fossil fuels releases ancient atoms (Wikipedia) Photosynthesis: Plants grab the carbon from carbon dioxide & we get some oxygen (Wikipedia) Humans exhale ~4% to 5.3% carbon dioxide (Wikipedia) Humans breathe out a fair bit of carbon dioxide - maybe we should stop (Small-M) Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas (Wikipedia) Carbon capture & sequestering technologies (MIT) All the jiggling: How heat energy is transferred (xaktly) Temperature is essentially a measure of movement (New York University) Temperature is essentially a measure of movement (HyperPhysics, Georgia State University) What is absolute zero? (Encyclopaedia Britannica) Why can't we get down to absolute zero? (io9) The Large Hadron Collider & absolute zero (Encyclopaedia Britannica) The Large Hadron Collider is colder than deep space (BBC) The temperature in outer space is about 2.7 Kelvin (NASA) How does a vacuum flask work? With a vacuum of course (Explain That Stuff!) How does heat move? A simple description of radiation, conduction & convection (Qualitative Reasoning Group, Northwestern University) Conduction & convection in the home (BBC) Calories are a unit of energy or heat (Encyclopaedia Britannica) Tartan Thermos (Etsy) Curried egg sandwiches recipe (Keen's, McCormick) Apparently crusts won't make your beard curly...but they may have more nutrients than the fluffy bit (How Stuff Works) Insulated glazing (Wikipedia) Vacuum-insulated glass (Windows for high-performance commercial buildings) The vacuum flask or Thermos: Invented by a Scot - uses include storing coffee, rocket fuel & liquid nitrogen (Wikipedia) Thermos® appears to be a registered trademark...thought we'd mention that for legal purposes (Thermos.com) Sir James Dyson (James Dyson Foundation) Elon Musk (Forbes) Outer space isn't very dense - sometimes 1 atom per cubic metre (hypertextbook) Empty space: the birthplace of stars (NASA) Hypothermia: How long can someone survive in frigid water? (Scientific American) Water conducts heat ~25 times more efficiently than air (Wikipedia) Speed of sound in water is ~1,484 metres per second (Wikipedia) Cold people & hot people: Why do some people feel the cold more than others (IFL Science!) Why do some people never feel cold while others never get warm? (Medical News Today) Michelle Bridges Kentucky Fried Chicken Deepak Chopra July 16 1945: The first atomic test (History.com) Original defence memo from a General who was at the first atomic test (PBS) What happens in an atomic bomb is the same as what happens in the sun (NorthWest Research Associates) The sun is ~93 million miles from Earth (Space.com) Little old Pluto gets about 1/900th the sunlight that we do (Project Pluto) The Kardashev scale: Type I, II & III civilisations (Wikipedia) The physics of extraterrestrial civilisations (Michio Kaku) What is a Dyson Sphere? A theoretical way to capture all the energy from a star (EarthSky) The Star Trek proto-post scarcity economy (Medium) Thankfully, modern nuclear bombs are more efficient than the olden days (GlobalResearch) The fission of 1kg of plutonium-239 can explode with the power equivalent to 20,000 tonnes of TNT (Materials World) E = mc^2 for 1kg of wood is HUGE (E = mc2 Explained) What is cold fusion? (Wikipedia) 5 reasons why cold fusion is bunk (Seeker) What is perpetual motion? More bunk (Wikipedia) The "never die" Orbo Power Cube battery that was on display in a Dublin pub...hmmm (E-Cat World) Animation: How a wind turbine works (Energy.gov) Newton's Cradle (balls) (YouTube) The Flat Earth Society Cheeky review? (If we may be so bold) It'd be amazing if you gave us a short review...it'll make us easier to find in iTunes: Click here for instructions. You're the best! We owe you a free hug and/or a glass of wine from our cellar
What is spacetime? (Hold on tight!) What is a spacetime continuum? (Testing Einstein's Universe, Stanford University) What is spacetime? (Wikipedia) What is spacetime, really? (Stephen Wolfram) CERN scientists simplify spacetime in 3 short videos (Ted-Ed) Golden syrup (CSR) What is at the edge of the universe? (Futurism) Scientists glimpse 'dark flow' lurking beyond the edge of the universe (The Telegraph) What lies beyond the edge of the observable universe (The Daily Galaxy) How far can we travel in space?...turns out we'll only ever see 0.00000000001% of the universe (Devour) Warning: take with a grain of salt - the balloon analogy of the expanding universe (Physics Forums) Brian Cox (Wikipedia) The Big Bang theory (ESA kids) The Big Bang theory (BBC) The universe's photo album: Chronology of the universe (Wikipedia) Everything in the universe came out of the Big Bang (Why-Sci) The initial singularity is proposed to have contained all the mass & spacetime of the universe...then BOOM! (Wikipedia) So what was there before the Big Bang?...There's no such thing as nothing (Jon Kaufman) What is nothing? Physics debate (livescience) Why is there something rather than nothing? (BBC) The beginning of time (Stephen Hawking) The illusion of time: What's real? (Space.com) At the third stroke: George the talking clock now on atomic time (SMH) What is redshift? (BBC) Red shift & the expanding universe (Exploratorium, Hubble) Cosmological red shift (Cosmos, Swinburne University) The Doppler Effect - animations (UNSW, School of Physics) Redshift occurs when an object goes further away; blueshift when it's coming closer (Space.com) What is gravity, really? (NASA Space Place) Space as a rubber sheet (University of Winnipeg) Gravity visualised - the rubber sheet in action (YouTube) Objects with mass bend spacetime - even you! (American Museum of Natural History) Gravity is still a mystery (livescience) Brian Cox explains gravity & all things General Relativity (The Infinite Monkey Cage, podcast) What is a gravitational well? (Qualitative Reasoning Group, Northwestern University) What is a Higgs Boson? Explained by a Fermilab scientist (YouTube) The Higgs Boson & mass: Universe doomsday? (livescience) Newton & his apple (New Scientist) As the earth rotates, we're moving at about 1,000 miles/hr or 1,600 km/hr (Scientific American) How fast are you moving when you're sitting still? (Astronomical Society of the Pacific) Circumference of a circle: 2πr, where r = radius (BBC) We're travelling at ~1.6 million miles/day around the sun (Physics & Astronomy Online) Boy Meets Girl wines Naked Wines How do we know this is all true? Putting relativity to the test (National Center for Supercomputing Applications) The Mercury transit of the sun test (Wikipedia) The Mercury transit of the sun test (National Center for Supercomputing Applications) The bending of star light around the sun test (Wikipedia) The bending of star light around the sun test (National Center for Supercomputing Applications) Original newspaper clipping from Arthur Eddington's 1919 light bending experiment (Testing Einstein's Universe, Stanford University) An original photo from 1919 of light bending around the sun (Wikipedia) May 29, 1919: A major eclipse, relatively speaking (Wired) Space & time warps (Stephen Hawking) Picture: bending of spacetime around Earth (The Conversation) Picture: bending of spacetime around the sun (Wikipedia) The 3D-spacetime episode of the Simpsons - audio a bit crackly, but whatever (YouTube) Special relativity came first in 1905 - then general relativity was developed in 1907-1915 (Wikipedia) Time isn't constant throughout the universe - it's aaall relative (Physics for Idiots) Newsflash: Time may not exist (Discover) Einstein reckons 'time travel' is possible (NASA) How the Star Trek transporter works (Wikia) The Star Trek warp drive lets them travel faster than light speed (Wikipedia) Warp drives & transporters: How Star Trek technology works (Space.com) Gravitational waves are 'ripples' in the fabric of spacetime (LIGO) LIGO can detect gravitational waves (LIGO) Why should we care about gravitational waves? (LIGO) Gravitational waves are proof that space & time are getting stretched (ABC, Australia) Light behaves as both a particle & a wave - here's the first ever photo of that (Phys.org) The real reason nothing can ever go faster than light (BBC) Gary Lineker (Wikipedia) There's something called 'spacetime foam' ... mad! (Wikipedia) Corrections Johnny may have got the Mercury transit & light bending tests mixed up: The light bending was the 'great exciting newspaper front page' (Testing Einstein's Universe, Stanford University) Can't find support for Johnny's 'light travels on a crisp' theory, but here's some smart people debating 'What stops photons from traveling faster than the speed of light' (Quora) Cheeky review? (If we may be so bold) It'd be amazing if you gave us a short review...it'll make us easier to find in iTunes: Click here for instructions. You're the best! We owe you a free hug and/or a glass of wine from our cellar
We tour the periodic table - the 'map' of the atoms If you're looking for the show notes for episode 6, click here. Sorry about the mistake! This is your brain on podcasts...podcasts are good! (The New York Times) Our Strange Attractor website The Overcast podcast player is great & free...get it! (Overcast) Boris Becker (Bio) The periodic table - how atoms are organised (ptable.com) Dimitri Mendeleev & the periodic table (Royal Society of Chemistry) The magnetic periodic table of swear words (Amazon) True nerds name their devices/servers according to a theme (Naming Schemes) Mendeleev's predicted elements (Wikipedia) Arrangement of the elements (BBC) What is atomic mass? (Encyclopaedia Britannica) What is atomic weight? (Encyclopaedia Britannica) The atomic masses of tellurium & iodine are anomalies (BBC) B&Q Bunnings Home Depot Turning lead into gold is too much effort (Scientific American) Turning lead into gold is too much effort (Chemistry Explained) But...medieval alchemy paved the way to chemistry (Wikipedia) What is an electron? (Chem4Kids) Number of electrons = number of protons in the nucleus (Jefferson Lab) The 'solar system' atom diagram & electron shells (CIR Rm.6) Atoms like to have full outer shells...apparently it makes them 'happy' (The Science Forum) Bonding diagrams of simple things like water (BBC) Simple animation of H2 and H2O electron sharing (BBC) Electrons in the shells of the first 20 elements (BBC) An atom can have more or less electrons than protons - then it's 'charged' (Physics Classroom) Electron shells are divided up into orbitals (Wikibooks) Electron configurations listed on the periodic table (Chemical Elements) Row 1 of the periodic table is called 'period 1': 1 shell with 0-2 electrons (Wikipedia) Row 2 of the periodic table is called 'period 2': 2 shells, outer shell 0-8 electrons (Wikipedia) Lithium: first shell full, 1 electron in 2nd outer shell (BBC) Number of electrons in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd etc. outer shells (Wikipedia) What is a chemical reaction? (Encyclopaedia Britannica) What is chemistry (& physics)? (About Education) What is physics? (Physics.org) Lithium, sodium & potassium react with water (YouTube) What happens when you throw a lump of sodium in a river? (Digg) Making table salt: sodium + chlorine reaction (Digg) Neon has 8 electrons in its outer shell so it's full (BBC) Elements in the vertical columns of the periodic table have similar properties because they have the same number of electrons in their outer shell (Boundless) When you go down a row ('period'), you add an electron shell (Chem4Kids) Sodium: 1st & 2nd shells full, 1 electron in 3rd outer shell (BBC) Chlorine has 7 electrons in its 3rd (outer shell) - it wants 1 more to feel complete (BBC) Table salt & its ionic bonding (NaCl) (GCSE Science) Johnny's @ate_a_boiledegg account hasn't really taken off yet (Twitter) Sodium's symbol (Na) comes from the Latin word for sodium carbonate, 'natrium' (Jefferson Lab) Lead's symbol (Pb) comes from the Latin word for liquid silver, 'plumbum' (WebElements) What is a salt? (Wikipedia) Potassium: 1st, 2nd, 3rd shells full, 1 electron in 4th outer shell (BBC) Potassium bromide (KBr) is also a salt - formerly used as an anticonvulsant (Wikipedia) What is methane? (Science is fun) Why do we need salt? (The Naked Scientists) What is solubility? (Wikipedia) When things dissolve in water it's called an 'aqueous solution' (Wikipedia) Physicists often wonder "What would happen if the laws of physics changed?" (The Nature of Reality) Are there other universes with other laws? (The Daily Galaxy) "In search for alien life - follow the water" (Space.com) "Could alien life exist in the methane habitable zone?" (Space.com) Saturn's moon, Titan, has lakes of liquid methane and ethane (Wikipedia) So far, the periodic table seems to work across the universe (Hayden Planetarium) The 'nucleosynthesis periodic table' shows what kind of stars made each element (Wikipedia) Once you're in the 80s & 90s in the periodic table, things get a bit unstable (Wikipedia) What is radioactive decay? (NDT Resource Center) What is uranium? (Jefferson Lab) Uranium the movie (GenePool Productions) What is plutonium? (Jefferson Lab) Uranium eventually turns into lead after spitting out enough protons & energy (Wikipedia) The 3 types of radiation - alpha, beta & gamma (BBC) After 92 (uranium), the elements are all manmade (Jefferson Lab) The 'transfermium elements' (past 100) only exist for seconds (Chemistry Explained) "Superheavy element 117 points to fabled 'island of stability' on periodic table" (Scientific American) Systematic element name: the temporary name given to a newly-made or not-yet-made element (Wikipedia) The periodic table's 4 new elements - ununtrium, ununpentium, ununseptium and ununoctium - are just placeholder names (Compound Interest) When Mendeleev published the first periodic table in 1869, he had to leave predictions/gaps for the future (Wikipedia) Marie Curie wasn't born until 1867, just when the periodic table was invented (Nobelprize.org) Mendeleev died in 1907, so he enjoyed his periodic table for 38 years (Wikipedia) Is that Mendeleev on the cover of Jethro Tull's Aqualung?? (Wikipedia) How are elements grouped? aww the 'poor metals' (Los Alamos National Laboratory) Mendeleev apparently dreamt the periodic table! (Wikipedia) "How one scientist dreamt up the periodic table" (Curiosity) What's in a periodic table dream? (Dreaminterpretation Dictionary) The ye olde 1871 periodic table (Wikipedia) The periodic table was invented before we knew about electrons (Encyclopaedia Britannica) Other scientists contributed, or got close, to inventing the periodic table (Royal Society of Chemistry) Lanthanides & actanides (Los Alamos National Laboratory) Let's draw Feynman diagrams! (Quantum Diaries) Quantum calculations are haaaard - here's a paper called "Accurate Atomic Transition Probabilities for Hydrogen, Helium, and Lithium" (National Institute of Standards and Technology) Fancy a radon bath? (PubMed: Dose Response. 2006; 4(2): 106–118) Marie Curie died of the radiation (BBC) Marie Curie's notebooks are still radioactive (Open Culture) Radox Corrections The most common form of hydrogen has 1 proton, 1 electron & NO neutrons (Chemical Elements) HOWEVER...deuterium, another form of hydrogen, has 1 neutron (Wikipedia) In 'covalent' bonds, electrons are shared by atoms (e.g. H2O) (Virtual Chembook) In 'ionic' bonds, electrons are transferred between atoms (e.g. NaCl) (Virtual Chembook) NASA thinks the moon MAY have water - 6 billion tonnes of water ice (NASA) Unobtanium isn't real yet Johnny (Daily Galaxy) Cheeky review? (If we may be so bold) It'd be amazing if you gave us a short review...it'll make us easier to find in iTunes: Click here for instructions. You're the best! We owe you a free hug and/or a glass of wine from our cellar
What is artificial intelligence? What is artifical intelligence? And great answers to most of what we talked about, by a proper computer guy from Stanford University (Formal Reasoning Group) What is Skynet? (Wikia) What is computer chess? (Wikipedia) Google computer wins final game against South Korean Go master (Physics.org) Google has gotten very good at predicting traffic (Tech Insider) When will AI be created? (Machine Intelligence Research Institute) What is intelligence? (Machine Intelligence Research Institute) What is consciousness? (big think) What it will take for computers to be conscious (MIT Technology Review) Learning how little we know about the brain (The New York Times) Google traffic (Google) What is artifical consciousness? (Wikipedia) Kegan's 'orders of mind' (NZCR) Kegan's theory of the evolution of consciousness (Stanford University) Consciousness may be an 'emergent property' of the brain (Quora) A good discussion between Sam Harris and Neil deGrasse Tyson (Sam Harris' podcast) There are billions of connections in your brain (The Astronomist) The 'Go' game (Wikipedia) The number of possible Go games is reeeeally large...potentially more than the number of atoms in the universe (Sensei's Library) A comparison of chess & Go (British Go Association) Go & maths...the number of positions is scary (Wikipedia) There are also a lot of chess moves (Chess.com) What is a brute force attack? (Technopedia) How many moves ahead can hard core chess players see? (Quora) Deep learning in a nutshell – what it is, how it works, why care? (KDnuggets) Deep learning with massive amounts of computational power, machines can now recognize objects & translate speech in real time (MIT Technology Review) Google's 'DeepMind' deep learning start up (techworld) The Google Brain project (Wired) The Go computer was trained with 160,000 real-life games (Scientific American) Evolutionary computation & AI (Wikipedia) Genetic programming & AI (Wikipedia) So what's a robot then? (Galileo Educational Network) Professor reveals to students that his assistant was an AI all along (SMH) Hate Siri? Meet Viv - the future of chatbots and artificial intelligence (SMH) What is the connection between AI & robotics (wiseGEEK) Robotic limbs that plug into the brain (MIT Technology review) The Roomba vacuum robot (iRobot) The 'Robot or Not' podcast (The Incomparable) Expert predictions on when we'll see conscious machines: When will the machines wake up? (TechCrunch) Google AI: What if Google became self-aware? (wattpad) Will Google create the first conscious computer? (Daily Mail Australia) Google Consciousness...not affiliated with Google (Google Consciousness) Elon Musk does indeed have an AI company: Open AI (Wired) Evil genius with a fluffy cat (Regmedia) The Maltesers gift box (Mars) Will machines eventually take on every job? (BBC) When robots take all the work, what'll be left for us to do? (Wired) The travelling salesman maths problem (Wikipedia) A bunch of stuff about the travelling salesman maths problem (University of Waterloo) GPS became fully operational in 1995, but was proposed in 1973 (Wikipedia) How does GPS work? (Wikipedia) Digital diagnosis: intelligent machines do a better job than humans (The Conversation) What is Lyme disease? (Lyme Disease Association of Australia) Stuttgart (Wikipedia) Robot B-9: the robot from Lost in Space (Lost in Space Wiki) Robot B-9 in action (YouTube) Surgical robots (All About Robotic Surgery) Commercial planes are basically just big drones (Esquire) The AI in Google's self-driving cars qualifies as legal driver (Fortune) All the self-driving cars are learning from each other (The Oatmeal) Your future self-driving car will be way more hackable (MIT Technology Review) Google self-driving cars have driven more than 2 million km & have ony had 14 minor collisions (Wikipedia) Crazy animation of self-driving cars at an intersection (Co.Design) Self-driving cars could get their own lanes (wtop) Self-driving cars could lower insurance premiums (The Telegraph) Self-driving cars could lower insurance premiums (Wired) Australia's new National Broadband Network (nbnco) Tesla's cars now drive themselves, kinda (Wired) Australia's first autonomous vehicle test (Motoring) How AI is driving the next industrial revolution (InformationAge) Why bots are the next industrial revolution (Huffington Post) Humans need not apply: short video (C.G.P. Grey) Self-driving trucks are on the way (Basic Income) In the 2015 census there were 94,975 articulated trucks registered in Australia (Australian Bureau of Statistics) Driverless trucks move all iron ore at Rio Tinto's Pilbara mines, in world first (ABC Australia) Rio Tinto pushes ahead with driverless trains in Pilbara (SMH) Can Star Trek's world with no money work? (CNN Money) The economics of Star Trek (Medium) Jeff Bezos from Amazon (Wikipedia) Yes, the robots will steal our jobs. And that's fine (The Washington Post) I fear 'low-cost country sourcing' more than robots taking my job (Wikipedia) Flight prices are calculated by robots doing maths (Mathematical Association of America) Are airline passengers getting ripped off by robots? (Fortune) Is it true that once you search for a flight the algorithm will remember & put the price up? (Quora) Mac users may see pricier options (ABC America) Naked Wines Sir James Dyson (Encyclopaedia Britannica) Cheeky review? (If we may be so bold) It'd be amazing if you gave us a short review...it'll make us easier to find in iTunes: Click here for instructions. You're the best! We owe you a free hug and/or a glass of wine from our cellar
What makes a molecule, and why do things explode? The periodic table - how atoms are organised (ptable.com) Reactivity trends within the periodic table (BBC) Hydrogen is highly flammable (Wikipedia) Cool slo-mo hydrogen balloon explosions (YouTube) The Hindenburg disaster news reel: 1937 (YouTube) The Hindenburg disaster (Wikipedia) The Lindbergh baby kidnapping (FBI) Helium isn't reactive (Jefferson Lab) Lithium is very reactive (Jefferson Lab) How lithium ion batteries work (HowStuffWorks) Carbon is pretty stable (Jefferson Lab) Carbon-12 is the most common form of carbon (Wikipedia) Neon isn't reactive (Jefferson Lab) The Noble gases are snobs (Slate) You don't hear much about berrylium (Jefferson Lab) Sodium is very reactive (Jefferson Lab) Potassium is very reactive (Jefferson Lab) Lithium, sodium & potassium react with water (YouTube) Magnesium is a bit less reactive becasue it's in column 2 (Jefferson Lab) Magnesium still reacts with water (YouTube) Magnesium ribbon burns bright white (YouTube) Dimitri Mendeleev & the periodic table (Royal Society of Chemistry) When hydrogen explodes it bonds with oxygen & forms water (Rutgers) Water is held together by covalent bonds (GCSE Science) The Water in Your Glass Might Be Older Than the Sun (The New York Times) Table salt (NaCl) is held together by ionic bonds (GCSE Science) Fiji Water What is heavy water? (About Education) Oxygen in the atmosphere is a molecule: O2 (Wikipedia) A diagram of the O2 molecule (BBC) Atom model with electron shells (Wikipedia) Oxygen in its natural state has 6 electrons in outer shell (About Education) Atoms share electrons in a covalent bond, they don't exchange them (BBC) Electrons are shared in a covalent bond & transferred in an ionic bond (UC Davis ChemWiki) The H2Octopus drawn scientifically (BBC) A simple animation of how atoms join together (BBC) Doctor Octopus (Marvel) Hydrogen without its electron is an ion: H+ (basically it's a proton) (Encyclopaedia Brittanica) A proper study about the Hindenburg fire (University of Colorado) What is a catalyst? (GCSE Science) The strong nuclear force (Smoot Group) Major differences between nuclear & chemical reactions (Georgetown University) The combustion of wood produces CO2 + H2O (What is Chemistry) Common types of chemical reactions (About Education) Reaction of water + sodium (Web Elements) Picture of benzene's structure (ChemTech) Steam is still water but as a gas (TLV) Hydrogen fuel cell fact sheet (US Department of Energy Hydrogen Program) Hydrogen fuel cells release water as a by product (Renewable Energy World) Fuel cell basics (Smithsonian) Water Powered Car Water-fuelled car (Wikipedia) There are many water-fuelled car conspiracy theories (Henry Makow) You lose a lot of electricity in the transmission of electricity: global stats (World Bank) Pros & cons of hydrogen as a fuel (BBC) Why is water clear? A tricky question it seems (Physics StackExchange) Cheeky review? (If we may be so bold) It'd be amazing if you gave us a short review...it'll make us easier to find in iTunes: Click here for instructions. You're the best! We owe you a free hug and/or a glass of wine from our cellar
We talk about atoms. Turns out, they're everything. Who is Eminem? (Eminem.com) Flavor Flav's clock necklace (Yahoo) Who is Flo Rida? (officialflo.com) What is an atom? (Wikipedia) Atomic structure timeline (Lee Buescher) The Greeks and the 'atomos' (ChemTeam) How the atom got its name (PhysLink) Atoms are building blocks...like Lego (Science Defined) What is a metal? (Science Daily) What is a nonmetal? (Simple Wikipedia) Metals, nonmetals & the in-betweeny ones (Wikipedia) Old school labs where they figured atoms out (Rutherford's Nuclear World) Atomic structure from the Greeks to Dalton (ChemTeam) Thomson's plum pudding model (Encyclopaedia Brittanica) Rutherford's planetary orbit model (Encyclopaedia Brittanica) Atoms are basically empty space (Jefferson Lab) Cool scale model of solar system (Josh Worth) The Earth as a peppercorn (National Optical Astronomy Observatory) We can't know where an electron is (Wikibooks) Protons, neutrons & electrons (Wikipedia) Number of protons in a nucleus defines the element (Wikipedia) What is helium? (Jefferson Lab) Helium structure (Wikipedia) How the Star Trek transporter works (Wikia) What is a worm hole? (Space.com) The periodic table - how atoms are organised (ptable.com) Hydrogen is the simplest atom (Jefferson lab) The 4 forces that hold atoms together (etacude) Protons have a positive charge (About Education) Neutrons have no charge (About Education) Electrons have a negative charge (About Education) What is alchemy? (Live Science) Turning lead into gold (About Education) Elon Musk (Wikipedia) Where do atoms come from? (UCSB) The universe is about 14 billion years old (Wikipedia) First there was hydrogen & helium (Wikipedia) Hydrogen & helium in the early universe (ScienceBlogs) When stars started to form (NASA) What are stars? (NASA) Making elements inside stars (BBC) What happens inside our sun? (NASA) It takes thousands to millions of years for photons to escape the sun (NASA) Stellar nucleosynthesis - how stars make stuff (Wikipedia) How long do stars live? (Scientific American) Carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle in the sun (Encyclopaedia Brittanica) All elements on Earth were made in a star (Physics.org) Our sun will die in about 5 billion years (Space.com) What happens when a star dies? (ESA) Earth's carbon cycle (NASA) Water gulping out of a bottle (Physics Stack Exchange) H2O (Wikipedia) Increasing atomic number (generally) means increasing atomic weight (Ptable) What is a vaccuum? (Wikipedia) Space is not a perfect vaccuum (Wikipedia) Neil deGrasse Tyson explains the vaccuum of space (Raw Stories) Density in outer space (Hypertextbook) Osmosis (BBC) The universe likes equilibrium (Encyclopaedia Brittanica) Timeline of atomic models in 20th century (Wikipedia) John Dalton: 1766-1844 (Wikipedia) J J Thomson: 1856-1940 (Wikipedia) Cathode ray tubes in old TVs (How Stuff Works - Tech) Thomson's cathode ray experiments (Wikipedia) Smashing an old TV with a brick (YouTube) What is an explosion? (Chemistry Explained) Jason Donovan (JasonDonovan.com) Earnest Rutherford: 1871-1937 (Rutherford's Nuclear World) Rutherford's famous gold foil experiment (Wikipedia) Neils Bohr: 1885-1962 (Wikipedia) The Bohr model with shells (Wikipedia) Electron shells (Wikipedia) Electrons move between shells via quantum jumps (Physics World) Quantum Leap TV show (Wikipedia) Inner Space movie (IMDb) Dennis Quaid (Biography.com) What is a photon? (Ducksters) Spectral lines help us see the universe & identify substances (Cosmos - Swinburne) Sodium emits a yellowy light when heated (Wikipedia) Click on the element to see its spectral lines (PennState Behrend) What is a molecule? (About Education) Silent disco (Silent Storm Sound System) What is carbon dating? (NOSAMS) Nothing heavier than iron is (usually) made in a "normal" star (Astronomy Notes) Atom work was disrupted during WW1 (Rutherford's Nuclear World) How WW1 started according to Baldrick (JohnDClare) William Kay - Rutherford's faithful lab assistant (The Royal Society) Nagaoka's Saturnian model (Wikipedia) Corrections Carbon has 6 protons (Wikipedia) John was wrong - the atoms stopped being made after 20 minutes, not 380,000 years (Wikipedia) Cheeky review? (If we may be so bold) It'd be amazing if you gave us a short review...it'll make us easier to find in iTunes: Click here for instructions. You're the best! We owe you a free hug and/or a glass of wine from our cellar
How does the internet work? hmm...this says it all really - "How does the internet work?" (Stanford University) What is iPhone Personal Hotspot? (Apple) What is a wifi dongle? (Telstra) What is a computer network? (Wikipedia) How computers talk to each other - Communications protocols (Wikipedia) Communications protocol definition (Webopedia) Network protocol definition (About.com) Egyptian heiroglyphs (Wikipedia) Sumerian language (Ancient History Encyclopedia) Ancient languages that haven't been figured out (mental_floss) How to speak like a Russian spy (TV Tropes) What is computer handshaking? (Wikipedia) Handshaking definition (Webopedia) A dial up modem handshaking (YouTube) A fax machine handshaking (YouTube) ADSL definition (Webopedia) ADSL doesn't use voice telephone call frequencies, it's like a quiet handshake (Wikipedia) Myspace (Wikipedia) The OSI model's 7 layers of networking (Wikipedia) The OSI model's 7 layers of networking (Webopedia) Packet definition (Webopedia) Network packet (Wikipedia) How the internet sends packets & stuff - Internet protocol suite (Wikipedia) TCP/IP definition (Webopedia) How to make French onion soup (BBC goodfood) Different ways to cut carrots (the Kitchn) DARPA & the invention of the internet (DARPA) History of the internet (Wikipedia) How to make a string & cup telephone (Science Kids) ISP definition (Webopedia) What is an Internet Service Provider? (Wikipedia) There are a few very big 'Tier 1' ISPs who control the most internet (Wikipedia) The main 'highways' - The internet backbone (Wikipedia) The internet map "Beautiful, intriguing and illegal ways to map the internet" (Wired) Melways maps Which way should we go on the internet? - Routing (Wikipedia) A visualisation of routing paths (Wikipedia) The submarine cable map (TeleGeography) "10 facts about the internet's undersea cables" (mental_floss) Trans-Pacific internet cables - Southern Cross Cables (Wikipedia) Trans-Atlantic internet cables (Wikipedia) List of international submarine communications cables (Wikipedia) "The internet's undersea world" (The Guardian) How a ship lays fibre optic cables (YouTube) Data travels at pretty much the speed of light through a fibre optic cable (Extreme Tech) The Mariana Trench (Wikipedia) "The worldwide internet backbone map" (Tianjin University of Technology) "Georgian woman cuts off web access to whole of Armenia" (The Guardian) "Ship's anchor accidentally slices internet cable cutting off access in six African countries" (Daily Mail Australia) What is a web server? (Wikipedia) A photo of the world's first web server (Wikipedia) What is a content delivery network? (Wikipedia) "Apple Building Out Their Own CDN To Deliver Content To Consumers" (StreamingMediaBlog) "Apple's CDN Now Live: Has Paid Deals With ISPs, Massive Capacity In Place" (StreamingMediaBlog) What is a cache? (Wikipedia) What is time to live? (Wikipedia) What are point-to-point telecommunications? (Wikipedia) DouglasAdams.com The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (Wikipedia) Sub-Etha Communications from the Hitchhiker's Guide (Wikipedia) The internet was once called ARPANET (Wikipedia) What is an Ethernet cable? (About.com) Cables are usually made out of copper or glass - Physical media (Wikipedia) "Why is fibre optic technology 'faster' than copper?" (ABC) One way people found stuff on the early web - The Gopher protocol (Wikipedia) The internet is an 'INTERconnected computer NETwork' (Wikipedia) The World Wide Web is what we 'see' on the internet (Wikipedia) History of the graphical user interface (Wikipedia) Pictures of what screens used to look like (Nathan's Toasty Technology page) The first ever web page! (CERN) The man who invented the World Wide Web and hyperlinks (Wikipedia) What is a hyperlink? (Wikipedia) What is FTP? (Wikipedia) "The web is dead. Long live the internet" (Wired) "Is the Web Dying? It Doesn't Look That Way" (The New York Times) What is Chrome? (Google) What is Safari? (Apple) Responsive web design means content adapts to any device (Wikipedia) App making software products (TopTen reviews) What are Apple Developer tools? (Apple) What is an app? (Wikipedia) Skype is more than 10 years old (Skype) Mark Elliot Zuckerberg (Wikipedia) What was Hotmail Messenger? (YouTube) Skype Instant Messenger explained by a guy in a grey t-shirt (YouTube) Did people REALLY used to chat to each other in the olden days? (LinkedIn) HumphreyBogart.com Cheeky review? (If we may be so bold) It'd be amazing if you gave us a short review...it'll make us easier to find in iTunes: Click here for instructions. You're the best! We owe you a free hug and/or a glass of wine from our cellar
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