Podcasts about general agreement

Patricia Phillips is CEO and Chair of The PBA Group of Companies, a diversified real estate company headquartered in Calgary, Alberta celebrating its 60th anniversary in 2025. Since her appointment in 2005 - at a time when fewer than 1 in 50 Canadian CEOs were women - Patricia has led PBA's transformation from one of the city's leading landowners and property managers into one of the most innovative developers in Western Canada. Drawing on her international experience in finance and energy, Patricia has spearheaded PBA's creation of a distinctive ‘managed development' model attracting global hospitality and capital partners while transforming Calgary's hospitality market. As CEO she has presided over a period of robust growth in the face of a challenging market, a transformative expansion of the team, and the adoption of a new strategic direction that promises to take the company well beyond its roots. During her tenure with PBA Group, the team has been awarded several prestigious awards such as Fodor's - Best Hotel Travel Award, Autograph Collection Opening of the Year and a Michelin Key – one of the first awarded in Canada for The Dorian Hotel development, while leading over $2 Billion accretive transactions. In addition to chairing PBA, PBA Hotels and The Phillips Foundation (which she co-founded), Patricia currently sits on several private and non-profit boards, including Jostle, Headversity (which she chairs), WITHORG (Women In Tourism And Hospitality) and The Glenbow Museum. Before PBA, Patricia established a stellar 28-year track record in business that began on Wall Street. After competing at a national level in alpine racing and achieving an economics degree, Magnum Cum Laude, from Mount Holyoke College (one of the Ivy League's ‘Seven Sisters'), and an MBA from the McCombs School of Business at the University of Texas, Austin. She began her career as a trade policy advisor for the Tokyo Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in Geneva. This led to a coveted offer from Credit Suisse First Boston, where she became one of the first female Financial Analysts on Wall Street. Join Our Community of Canadian Entrepreneurs! Entrepreneurs are the driving force behind Canada's economy, and we're here to support them every step of the way. For exclusive insights, tips, and success stories from Canada's top business leaders, subscribe to our YouTube channel and follow us on Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, and Twitter. Want to stay ahead with the latest #entrepreneur podcasts, business strategies, and news? Don't miss out—subscribe to our bi-weekly newsletter for updates delivered straight to your inbox! Join thousands of Canadian entrepreneurs who rely on us for the resources they need to succeed.

All countries seem to have economic growth as their primary economic objective and the received opinion is that the best way to do this is through international trade. Since the end of the Second World War this trade has been facilitated by trade agreements brokered first by the ad hoc assemblies to promote the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and later via the auspices of the permanently instituted World Trade Organisation (WTO). The man behind the idea of an organisation to encourage trade was Nobel Prize winner James Meade, a real economists' economist. Throughout his life, he worked on numerous areas of economics and had a personal crusade to prevent the malaise of unemployment, With even a cursory look at his thought you can see how influential he is or might be today's world in a broad range of areas e.g. in his prescient ideas about an Universal Basic Income (UBI) In this third episode of Season 8 of their award winning podcast, your friendly neighbourhood economists, Pete and Gav, dive into the world of Angus Deaton's (a fellow Nobel Prize winner) favourite economist. Along the way, you will get a cheese recommendation, a rather coarse quiz and so many policy ideas, you won't know what to do with them all. Technical support as always comes from our good friend Nic.

1)Trump Threatens Large Tariffs on Mexico, Canada, and China? President Trump threatens tariffs claiming this action is justified due to these countries contributing to a 'fentanyl crisis' in the USA. He declared a national emergency under the International Economic Emergency Powers Act (IEEPA). What could be the impact of his actions in our relations with these countries?2)Trade Balances of US with Other Nations,--- is China an Exception?: Besides illegal immigrants and fentanyl, Trump is threatening tariffs on foreign nations that have 'unfair' excessive trade surpluses in relation to USA, including Mexico, Canada and China. Does this action violate the General Agreement of Trade and Tariffs (GATT) signed by USA and 100 other countries? What are the implications?3)President Trump's Advisor Elon Musk Shutting Down USAID?: The US Agency for International Development (USAID) website has gone dark. Musk is claiming President Trump has approved eliminating this independent US agency attached to the US Department of State'. Trump says it is run by a 'bunch of radical lunatics'. Why is Trump targeting USAID for closure, and what will be the impact?

It's rare to find American-made climbing companies. The shortlist includes the likes of Metolius, Organic, Misty Mountain, UnParallel, and a handful of rope producers.It's even rarer to find technical apparel made in the U.S., which makes NW Alpine so distinct. And by technical, I mean purpose-built clothing designed for the elements, not adventureleisure masquerading as such.Anywho, the idea for NWA was born out of the 2008 financial crisis. Founded by Bill Amos, a quote-unquote “climber dude” at the time, he wanted to understand what was happening and brushed up on economics. He concluded that basing the economy on financial shenanigans instead of manufacturing wasn't the way to go.So, his solution to one of the worst recessions in the history of the country was to create a pair of pants. At its height, the company employed 75 people and put millions back into the local economy.In this episode, we talk about how NW Alpine is developing innovative apparel (in the true sense of the word), the economic and free trade factors that led to mass offshoring, and how many of your favorite brands are making huge profits off the back of exploited labor.NWA harkens back to an older ethos for climbing companies. I particularly enjoyed this chat and hope you do too. Timestamps:02:00 - Bill's climbing journey 05:57 - Adventures in the Cascades and Alaska20:10 - The birth of Northwest Alpine20:13 - Understanding the economic shift in the U.S.24:41 - The impact of offshoring on the U.S. manufacturing33:01 - Journey to Kachatna: Scaling manufacturing37:37 - Rise and fall of Kachatna Apparel40:59 - Innovation in apparel: The Fortis line and rainproofness post-PFAS50:36 - The reality of how products are made overseas58:03 - The Future of Northwest Alpine Resources and links:Bill is graciously giving away two Black Spider Hoodies for listeners — one men's and one women's. To enter, head to our Instagram @ice_ice_beta to find the details.If you'd like to follow along with what NW Alpine is up to, their Instagram is @nwalpinegear. To check out their products head to nwalpine.com. They have several new lines dropping this year.Here is the video of Sir James Goldsmith predicting the future impact of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in an interview with Charlie Rose (which we reference in the episode). And NW Alpine's blog also has a lot of great trip reports from the past 14 years.This is the "contentious" IG post where Bill breaks down how much overseas workers are paid to make expensive outdoor apparel.Find the rest of the notes, timestamps, resources, and more on the episode page. Credits:Episode cover photo provided by the NW Alpine courtesy of GearJunkieIntro music by Hannah Noelle Enomoto (thanks, sis!). Patreon:For the price of a beer per month, you can help us produce episodes like this and much, much more. If you've been enjoying the podcast this season, consider supporting us on Patreon. 

In this episode of our Business Immigration Series, Mark Holthe and Alicia Backman-Beharry discuss one of the oldest and often underutilized Free Trade Agreement Work Permits, the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Key Highlights: Understanding GATS: GATS is a free trade agreement under the World Trade Organization that facilitates the temporary entry of professionals and businesspersons among member countries. Despite being less commonly used, GATS covers significant ground in business immigration law, especially for short-term entries. Eligibility Criteria: Eligibility under GATS is contingent on the applicant being a citizen of a WTO member nation or a permanent resident of Australia or New Zealand. The discussion emphasizes the importance of checking the current list of WTO member nations and understanding the specific categories of professionals who can benefit from GATS. Application Parameters: The podcast highlights the stringent 90-day limit on work permits issued under GATS, underscoring the importance of aligning the permit duration with the scope of the project. It also addresses potential strategies to maximize the benefit of GATS within its limitations. Professional Categories and Requirements: Detailed insights into the professional categories eligible under GATS (e.g., engineers, architects, and senior computer specialists) and the necessity of obtaining relevant licensing from provincial regulatory authorities before applying for a GATS work permit. Application Process and Limitations: Clarification on the application process, including where and how to apply, depending on the applicant's country of citizenship and the necessity of a signed contract between the foreign service provider and the Canadian service consumer. Important Links: Book a Consultation: For personalized legal advice on Canadian immigration, book a consultation with Mark Holthe at https://www.holthelaw.com/consultation. 2024 Express Entry Accelerator DIY Course: Subscribe to prepare and enhance your Express Entry application with the Canadian Immigration Institute's DIY Course at https://www.canadianimmigrationinstitute.com/express-entry-landing-page. Sponsor Spotlight: Journey Business Plans Journey Business Plans, our title sponsor, specializes in crafting comprehensive business plans tailored for immigration applications, including intercompany transfers, startup visas, and more. Discover their services at www.joorney.ca and use the code HOLTHEJOORNEY10 for a 10% discount on your first business plan. Conclusion: This episode offers a comprehensive overview of GATS, shedding light on its potential as a tool for business immigration while acknowledging its limitations. Whether you're a professional seeking entry into Canada or a business looking to navigate immigration laws, GATS presents unique opportunities and challenges worth considering. Thank you for tuning in to the Canadian Immigration Podcast. Stay informed on the latest in Canadian immigration law, policy, and practice by subscribing and joining us in future episodes.

If he managed to stay out of gaol and makes it to the White House, Donald Trump has proposed a flat 10% tariff on all goods coming into America. He's called it the Ring Around the Collar of America – which has led some to suggest the policy is a nasty stain that will be difficult to get out. But as phil Dobbie discovers, Trump has one supporter in the shape of Steve Keen. Steve talks from Hungary, where he is currently on assignment, suggesting this form of protectionism will be good for America. But will it come at the expense of GATT (the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs). Could we be entering an era when all nations are imposing trade barriers and the prospect of free trade disappears. “I won't be shedding any crocodile tears over that,” says Steve. Listen in to see why Steve is a Trump supporter on this particular issue. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

When we look at trailblazers, it can be intimidating to imagine how much work it took to be where they are. However, for our amazing guest in this episode, becoming a global trailblazer is a natural outcome of doing what she loves and courageously taking considered risks. We have the privilege of welcoming Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, the Director General of the World Trade Organization and the first woman and African to hold the position in the 75-year history of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the WTO. In this inspiring conversation, Dr. Ngozi shares her remarkable journey as a trailblazing economist and her experiences as Nigeria's former finance minister. Not without facing hardships, she also talks about her pivotal role in reforming the Nigerian economy and securing debt relief for the country. Tune in to gain valuable wisdom from a truly influential leader as Dr. Ngozi shares her thoughts on the future of leadership and the need for global cooperation in solving critical challenges. Don't miss this episode filled with courage, perseverance, and visionary leadership as we journey across Dr. Ngozi's mixed childhood of rural village modesty, luxury, and life-threatening hardship.Love the show? Subscribe, rate, review & share! https://anne-pratt.com

1. 1958 – The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) is an office of the U.N. Secretariat that promotes and facilitates peaceful international cooperation in outer space. It is part of the UN that was established in the year 1945. If aliens actually visit the Earth, this will be the competent organization to deal with the same. Visionary approach of United Nations.   2. 1960 – Establishment of Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA) by the Treaty of Montevideo. This treaty provided for new foreign investment rules and restrictions on operations of foreign firms in Latin American countries. It was later transformed into Latin American Integration Association. Currently, it has 13 member states.   3. 1967 – Establishment of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) initially as a security association since at that point of time, entire Southeast Asia was beset with conflicts. It is currently a political and economic union of 10 member states including Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines and Singapore.   4. 1967 – Signing of the Outer Space Treaty or the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies. Currently, there are 113 parties to this convention. Key provisions of the Outer Space Treaty include prohibiting nuclear weapons in space; limiting the use of the Moon and all other celestial bodies to peaceful purposes; establishing that space shall be freely explored and used by all nations; and precluding any country from claiming sovereignty over outer space or any celestial body. 5. 1969 – Adoption of Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) that introduced the concept of ‘jus cogens' in International Law. VCLT is one of the most important treaties in International Law. Currently, there are 116 parties to this convention.   6. 1972 – United Nations Conference on the Human Environment at Stockholm, Sweden. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) was created as a result of this conference. Around 122 countries attended it. Its success lies in the fact that in 1972, environmental governance was not seen as an international priority and still it was able to bring on board so many countries.   7. 1979 – Signing of the Moon Treaty or the Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies. Currently, 18 states are parties to the treaty. Its primary objective of is to provide the necessary legal principles for governing the behavior of states, international organizations, and individuals who explore celestial bodies other than Earth, as well as administration of the resources that exploration may yield.   8. 1985 – Establishment of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). It is a regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of states in South Asia aiming to accelerate the process of economic and social development in its member states through increased intra-regional cooperation. Its member states are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.   9. 1991 – Birth of Mercosur, a South American trade bloc established by the Treaty of Asunción. Mercosur's purpose is to promote free trade and the fluid movement of goods, people, and currency. Its members are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. 10. 1995 – Birth of World Trade Organization (WTO) through the Marrakesh Agreement. It replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) that was established in 1948. It is an intergovernmental organization that regulates and facilitates international trade. Currently, it has 164 member states.   11. 1996 – Formation of Shanghai Five that later on succeeded as Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) in the year 2001. It is a political, economic and security organization. Its member states are China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. 12. 1998 – The International Criminal Court (ICC) is established under the Rome Statute, adopted by 120 States on 17 July 1998 during the United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court in Rome and enters into force on 1 July 2002. 

On this WPN Call #242, Dr. Jim Garlow is joined by Marc Nuttle, an author and attorney based in Norman, Oklahoma, who specializes in international trade, international foreign policy, and international political affairs. He served on the Industrial Policy Advisory Committee for Trade and Policy Matters under President Ronald Reagan, where he wrote and advised the Reagan Administration on international trade and General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) for six years. He discusses everything we need to know about what is happening in the global economy.     Dr. Jim Garlow has partnered with Pastor Mario Bramnick and Terry Barnes to bring you World Prayer Network (WPN), which seeks out Holy Spirit given strategies for how to be an effective and contagious Christ-follower in our present national situations. WPN hosts weekly prayer calls to seek out strategies for the transformation of nations, including our own. During these live calls, we share briefings from key leaders and then pray into what we see and hear from the Lord.     Follow us on social media:  facebook.com/wellversedworld twitter: @wellversedworld instagram: @wellversedworld www.wellversedworld.org

The United States imposed additional duties of 25% ad valorem on steel imports into the country. Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 imposed additional duties. Several provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ('GATT') were violated, most notably the security exception in Article XXI. The US argued that the measures were justified under GATT Article XXI (b)(iii), which allows a WTO Member to take measures necessary to protect its essential security interests. The panel determined that this did not negate the requirement that such action be taken in accordance with the conditions and circumstances specified in clause XXI. The panel in Russia – Traffic in Transit has also explained what might constitute an 'essential security interest ‘While it has recognized that every Member has the discretion to define what it considers to be its essential security interests, it has drawn a red line by stating that this does not mean that a Member is free to elevate any concern to that of an 'essential security interest', and the designation of any concern as an essential security interest must be in 'good faith ‘In this context, the panel's ruling in Russia – Traffic in Transit set an important precedent for the present dispute in holding that the measure must be connected and be plausible in relation to the essential security interest articulated by the defending Member. This excess capacity, according to the US, constituted an 'emergency in international relations'. The panel further held that the Section 232 steel and aluminum reports issued by the US Department of Commerce did not identify or address the existence of an 'emergency in international relations'. It was expected that the US Government would tone down its nihilistic rhetoric towards the multilateral trading system and withdraw measures that seemingly violate WTO law. The US is quite likely to appeal the panel report to the Appellate Body, which ironically, the US has driven to the ground.Audio Source: An article published on the LKS website in December 2022Playing on the wrong side – United States' Section 232 measures held inconsistent with WTO law | Lakshmikumaran & Sridharan Attorneys (lakshmisri.com)Author: Jayant Raghu Ram, Partner (LKS) 

Slouching Towards Utopia is the new book from Brad DeLong, Professor of Economics at University of California, Berkeley. Professor DeLong joins show host Gene Tunny to discuss the long twentieth century from 1870 to 2010. The conversation considers the three factors which came together to massively raise living standards post-1870, and how nonetheless we've struggled to achieve the Utopia that once appeared possible. The “neoliberal turn” beginning in the 1970s and 1980s is considered, and DeLong explains why he writes that “Hayek and his followers were not only Dr. Jekyll–side geniuses but also Mr. Hyde–side idiots.”You can buy Slouching Towards Utopia via this link:https://amzn.to/3TK4evmPlease get in touch with any questions, comments and suggestions by emailing us at contact@economicsexplored.com or sending a voice message via https://www.speakpipe.com/economicsexplored. HighlightsThe big story after 1870: technological progress becomes rapid, the technological competence of the human race globally doubles every generation. [6:50]The importance of industrial research labs in the big story since 1870 [16:35]The role of the modern corporation [18:23]Globalization in the late nineteenth century and pre WWI [23:25]How bad governance can make a country very poor very quickly [29:09]The neoliberal turn [35:56]Prof. DeLong thinks the big lesson of history is that trying to maintain social and economic systems past their sell-by date doesn't work [58:28]About this episode's guest: Brad DeLongBrad DeLong is a professor of economics at U.C. Berkeley, a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research, a weblogger at the Washington Center for Equitable Growth, and a fellow of the Institute for New Economic Thinking. He received his B.A. and Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1982 and 1987. He joined UC Berkeley as an associate professor in 1993 and became a full professor in 1997.Professor DeLong also served in the U.S. government as Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Economic Policy from 1993 to 1995. He worked on the Clinton Administration's 1993 budget, on the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, on the North American Free Trade Agreement, on macroeconomic policy, and on the unsuccessful health care reform effort.Before joining the Treasury Department, Professor DeLong was Danziger Associate Professor in the Department of Economics at Harvard University. He has also been a John M. Olin Fellow at the National Bureau of Economic Research, an Assistant Professor of Economics at Boston University, and a Lecturer in the Department of Economics at M.I.T.Links relevant to the conversationBrad DeLong's substack:https://braddelong.substack.com/DeLong on Hobsbawm's short 20th century (1914 to 1989) compared with his long 20th century:https://www.bradford-delong.com/2016/12/the-short-vs-the-long-twentieth-century.htmlRe. Yegor Gaidar's analysis of the collapse of the Soviet Union:https://sites.dartmouth.edu/asamwick/2007/06/08/the-soviet-collapse-grain-and-oil/Lant Pritchett's book Let Their People Come: Breaking the Gridlock on Global Labor Mobility:https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/9781933286105-Pritchett-let-their-people-come.pdfCreditsThanks to Brad DeLong for a great conversation, Nicholas Gruen for connecting Gene with Prof. DeLong, and Josh Crotts for mixing the episode and to the show's sponsor, Gene's consultancy business www.adepteconomics.com.au. Please consider signing up to receive our email updates and to access our e-book Top Ten Insights from Economics at www.economicsexplored.com. 

1978年 邓小平访问日本In 1978, Deng Xiaoping visited Japan.这位中国改革开放的总设计师For the first time, the mastermind第一次感受到behind China's historical transition of reform and opening up,日本高速铁路的发展势头experienced the momentum of Japan's high speed railway."就感觉到快 有催人跑的意思"This feels fast. Almost felt like we are urged to run.我们现在正合适坐这样的车"This kind of transportation is just we need at this moment,"邓小平说Deng said.邓小平对新干线的想法Deng's thoughts about the Shinkansen体现了中国急起直追的信念revealed his belief in China's urgent need to catch up.1978年至1979年间Between 1978 and 1979,邓小平密集出访世界各国Deng paid intense visits to many foreign states,包括一些资本主义国家including those who endorsed capitalist systems.在目睹了发达国家的生活水平后After witnessing the standard of living in developed countries,这位中国共产党领导人the CPC leadership发誓要集中一切力量发展经济vowed to concentrate all efforts on economic development,领导中国走向现代化and led China to build a modernized society.邓小平曾说Deng once said,“我们参考所有发达国家的好做法"We consult good practices from all developed nations,我们也参考所有第三世界国家的好做法”we also consult good practices from all third-world nations."1978年In 1978,中国共产党十一届三中全会the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee中国共产党十一届三中全会of the Communist Party of China在北京召开was held in Beijing.这次会议标志着This meeting set the foundation for the CPC to lead China中国共产党领导中国in achieving the important economic transition开启改革开放历史新时期of reform and opening up.将党的工作重心During the session,将党的工作重心the CPC leadership shifted the country's priority从"阶级斗争"转移到"经济建设"上来from class struggles, to economic development.十一届三中全会The Third Plenary Session of the CPC作为中国共产党历史上的伟大转折has gone down in history as a great turnaround而载入史册in the history of the CPC.这其中最关键的就是The most crucial achievement of that meeting改革开放这个伟大决策was the decision of reform and opening up.改革开放The reform and opening up还是中国共产党历史上一次重要的革命is an important revolution in the history of the CPC,正是这次革命and it is this very revolution使我们在中国特色社会主义道路上that has enabled us to advance实现了伟大飞跃on the road to socialism with Chinese characteristics.十一届三中全会后One year after the Third Plenary Session,党中央批准在深圳 珠海 汕头和厦门the CPC leadership approved setting up special export zones设立"出口特区"in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen,允许这些特区更自由地进行出口和贸易allowing freer exports and trades in these selected areas.此后 它们得到了更多政策支持Later, they were given more policy support,如税收减免和鼓励外商投资such as tax reduction and encouragement on foreign investments,这些"出口特区"如今被称作"经济特区"and are now known as special economic zones.大刀阔斧的改革在特区得到检验Bold reform practices were tested in these zones,成功的经验被推广至全国and the successful ones were promoted across the nation.四十年后After four decades,改革开放中最著名的"先行者" 深圳the most well-known example, Shenzhen,已经成为富有创新活力的国际化大都市has become an innovative, cosmopolitan city许多最成功的中国科技企业which is home to many of China's都坐落于此most successful tech companies.此外 中国对外开放的另一步是Another key step for opening up was中国共产党把握了加入世界贸易组织的关键时机the CPC's timely decision to join the World Trade Organization.1986年 中国提出In 1986, China submitted a request to regain恢复关贸总协定席位的请求its status in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,关贸总协定是世界贸易组织的前身which later transformed into the WTO.经过长达15年的谈判With great perseverance,凭借坚韧不拔的毅力 中国加入世贸组织China managed to join the WTO after a 15-year-long negotiation.这为中国走向全球化注入强大动力It injected China with a power boost towards globalization.一个拥有10亿多人口的市场A market with a population of over 1 billion people向世界敞开大门had opened itself to the world.2013年 中国成为世界第一贸易大国By 2013, China became the largest trading country.2012年至2016年间And it contributed to over 30% of the world's中国对世界经济增长的贡献率超过30%total economic growth during the period between 2012 and 2016."中国制造"风靡全球Made in China had swept the world.不是说一个国家发展起来就可以了The opening up of China's economy不是说一个国家发展起来就可以了means more than China's own development.而是要让其他国家一起发展起来It means developing together with other countries要让其他国家分享中国经济发展的成果and sharing the achievements of China's advancement with them.睦邻还不够It is not enough to have good neighbors;还要富邻we want them to get wealthier too,富邻就是自己发展起来了meaning that once you have achieved something,还要让其他国家发展起来you have to help others develop as well.国际社会也是一样的It is the same for the international community.你自己发展起来了If you have become a developed country其他国家发展不起来while other countries have not,你就会感觉到不安全 对不对 一样wouldn't you feel insecure?所以我就说中国的经济开放That's why the opening up of China's economy不仅仅对中国自己很重要not only bears importance for China,对整个世界都是很重要but also for the whole world.中国共产党通过改革开放The CPC's commitment to catch-up带领中国实现追赶世界的目标was realized through the process of reform and opening up,同时 中国愿与世界and China committed to sharing its development共享发展经验with the rest of the world.中国经济发展的奇迹The key to this economic miracle关键在于中国共产党保持开放的心态is the CPC's decision to keep an open mind,就是人们所说的"放得开"which as people say in Chinese, fàng dé kāi.正如习近平总书记所说Just like President Xi Jinping said:"对一个国家而言开放如同破茧成蝶虽会经历一时阵痛但将换来新生"

Season 8: Advent of GATTWhile the World Bank & UN came into existence as International Organizations, the need was felt to create an International Trade Organization. Hectic parleys started, and it led to the creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade. In this podcast, we discuss the creation of GATT.AtyaasaaOnline is an E-learning portal that people can preview and learn for free. You can also visit Niket Karajagi's body of knowledge on his Virtual Coaching Portal https://niketkarajagi.com.AtyaasaaOnline Tech-Enabled Borderless Organization Development Portal

I read this next book, The Marshall Plan: Dawn of the Cold War, by Benn Steil, in an attempt to take the idea of a “Marshall Plan for post-Covid recovery” seriously. I’m glad I di… https://www.ribbonfarm.com/2020/09/30/notes-the-marshall-plan-by-benn-steil/ The Marshall Plan: Dawn of the Cold Wartweeted on March 28the original threadThe Marshall Plan: Dawn of the Cold WarMorganthau PlanBretton WoodsLong TelegramUNRRAHalford MackinderWilliam Lockhart ClaytonPotsdamSWNCC committee reportPPS/1: Policy Planning Staff paper 1JCS 1067GATTTrump’s Real Trade War Is Being Waged on the WTOJames Reston 1946 US loan to the UKHerter committeeRichard BissellMarshall Plan committee.a price tag of $192Ba late battle to capture itPotsdamC-54 SkymasterSPD Social DemocratsPaul HoffmanOECDCOMECONinitiating legislationKonrad Adenauernothing

Jam packed podcast! We talk about the new developments in the talks between the players union and the league. What would you pay AK? If Zion was on the Saints, what position would he play? Patrick Mahomes got paaaaid. We list our top 5 football movies and the Truly 6 pack of questions. WHO DAT

This is another special episode in your headphones! This time in English. In this episode I talk to one of the honorable European lawyer Daniel Crosby about the problems that face The World Trade Organization. Today's main topics: - Problems of the provisions of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; - Why the United States of America blocking the appointment of a new judges to the Appellate Body of The World Trade Organization?; - Thinking about the crisis of the WTO Appellate Body, how can Ukraine have some benefit from this?; And, here we go!

We’ve been saying it a while but we live in interesting times.And much of that interest has been sparked by the current President of the United States who has taken an aggressive stance to long-standing problems.He is taking aim at many of the organisations that have been part of the world’s normal for many decades now. First, it was the Paris Climate Accord and the TPP trade agreement but then he’s gone on to attack some longer-standing frameworks.Donald Trump has threated to dismantle the World Trade Organisation and more recently NATO has been in his fire. Both organisations were born out of war and conflict.The World trade Organisation started out as GATT, the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade back in 1948. It was after World war 2 and it was created along with the IMF and the World Bank to reduce economic difficulties arising that so often escalated into military actions. In 1994 it was refashioned and renamed the World Trade Organisation.It is fair to say that at it’s most basic level the WTO has worked, as we have not had a worldwide conflict for 70 years. But it is also fair to say that globalisation and the differing relativities between emerging and mature markets means that the organisation is creaking at the seams.Meanwhile, NATO is also receiving not so friendly fire from the President. It’s a collective defence alliance between 29 countries that started in 1949. Again after the last pan European war. It gained more prominence during the Cold War between Western Europe and the States and Russia. Again you have to say it has worked with no major conflict, with the exception of the Bosnian conflict, for the past 70 years.But again it’s starting to creak as America complains it pays more than it’s fair share, which is true and has been mentioned by a number of administrations. But if there is one thing Donald Trump hates more than Hilary Clinton it’s an unfair deal and so he’s going at it hard.Now 16 former Foreign Ministers, including our own Don MacKinnon, who is also a former Commonwealth Secretary-General, have written him a letter urging Trump shows some support for NATO before next week's Nato summit in Brussels and Trump’s meeting with Putin. These are not snowflakes or idiots and between them, they have centuries of experience. They know that Russia is dangerous. After all name any other nation who recently annexed and subsumed neighbouring nations.I understand Trump’s concerns, they are America’s concerns and they’re not new. America allowed itself to over contribute which also gave them more influence. I think I understand Trump’s tactics which is to blow everything up and start again. But as Britain is finding with Brexit fixing everything up after blowing them up takes time and while you’re rebuilding you’re weak. If NATO is blown up I’d love to see Putin’s grinning face afterwards.There is something to be said for the iron hand in a velvet glove and I think the world would feel more secure if Donald Trump learned the technique

Global governance has undergone significant change since the late 1990s, with the number of global players in health, trade, and development finance rapidly increasing, mobilizing more funds for health and development in developing countries, and spurring global trade. This trend has challenged the three most prominent intergovernmental bodies in these areas—the World Health Organization, the World Trade Organization, and the World Bank. They now need to adapt to a new world order where they play a less central role. After World War II, governments around the world forged international agreements and treaties, forming global bodies to promote international good in almost every social sphere. In 1944, the World Bank's predecessor, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, was established to help rebuild economies devastated by the war. Three years later, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which over time evolved into the WTO, was formed. The WHO was set up soon after in 1948 as the United Nations' specialized agency for health. But in the 1990s, new actors—nonstate and nongovernment organizations—emerged, challenging the authority of the WHO, the WTO, and the World Bank, says Matthias Helble, senior economist and co-chair of the research department at the Asian Development Bank Institute. Read the transcript https://bit.ly/2ue7k3l Read the working paper https://www.adb.org/publications/comparison-global-governance-across-sectors-health-trade-development-finance About the authors Matthias Helble is senior economist and co-chair of the Research Department at the Asian Development Bank Institute. Jera Lego is an ADBI associate. Zulfiqar Ali was an ADBI associate at the time the research was published. Know more about ADBI's work on Trade https://bit.ly/2oTzgng https://bit.ly/2D3NTJH Health https://bit.ly/2pxdEyb https://bit.ly/2HVr2CZ

It’s not every week on this show that we get to talk about the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade!  And if that’s not an appealing hook to get...

Trade, tariffs, and America’s role in the global economy have taken center stage in the public policy debate during the first year of Donald Trump’s tumultuous presidency. That’s not surprising to economic historian and Dartmouth economics professor Douglas A. Irwin, whose latest treatise on the subject documents in exquisite detail how “the Tariff” has sparked passionate political, economic, and constitutional debate and has been a source of bitter political conflict from the Founding of the Republic to the present. Between 1787 and the Civil War, the main purpose of the tariff was to raise revenues for the operations of a modest federal government, which had few other sources of revenue. Although arguments for using the tariff to protect domestic industry prevailed on occasion during this era, it wasn’t until after the Civil War that bald protectionism became the tariff’s primary motive. In the early 1930s, as the disastrous effects of the Tariff Act of 1930 (i.e., “Smoot-Hawley” or “the Hawley-Smoot Tariff,” as Irwin calls it) were rippling across the globe, the tariff was repurposed, again, for the nobler objective of inducing governments to agree to reciprocal reductions in their border protectionism. According to Irwin’s thesis, from the 1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act to the founding of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in 1947, through the multiple GATT rounds culminating in the founding of the World Trade Organization in 1995, and through the Obama presidency, reciprocal trade liberalization was the main purpose of the tariff. Will Congress acquiesce in a new purpose for the tariff or will it assert its authority against a new president who considers protectionism a tool to make America great again? See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

On the occasion of its 70th anniversary, PIIE Senior Fellow Chad P. Bown and Soumaya Keynes of The Economist focus on the origins of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, or GATT. They speak...

On the occasion of its 70th anniversary, PIIE Senior Fellow Chad P. Bown and Soumaya Keynes of The Economist focus on the origins of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, or GATT. They speak...

On the occasion of its 70th anniversary, PIIE Senior Fellow Chad P. Bown and Soumaya Keynes of The Economist focus on the origins of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, or GATT. They speak...

The O'Reilly Radar Podcast: Navigating the increasing globalization of industry and commerce.In this episode of the Radar Podcast, I chat with John Bassett III, chairman of the board of the Vaughan-Bassett Furniture Company. We talk about globalization and the effect it's had on the furniture industry, the international trade battle he waged (which was written about by Beth Macy in her book Factory Man), Bassett's book Making it in America, and what entrepreneurs need to know to succeed in business today.Here are some highlights: Panic sets in They started making furniture in China, and we competed very well through the 1990s. All of this changed dramatically in 2001 when they became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Once they were in the WTO, their prices plummeted, and the bottom dropped out of the market. By that time, I had left the Bassett Industries and joined my wife's family furniture company called Vaughan-Bassett Furniture on January 1, 1983. I was over here at the time, but the whole furniture industry in wood was affected. Factories were closing left and right. Thousands of people were being laid off. There was panic. That's the only way to explain it. Then we found out that there was a rule at the WTO and a law on the United States books. The law actually goes back to the 1930s, it's called dumping. Dumping is when you sell a product in another country for less than your manufactured cost, and what you're doing is dumping your product in that country to force everybody out of business so you can capture all of the business. That's exactly what happened. I led a coalition that challenged the Chinese, and at that time, it was the largest dumping petition brought against the government of China ever at the WTO. Going to battle Prices were plummeting, and many of the United States manufacturers at the time said, "Well, we'll close our factories and just buy this product overseas. That's what we'll do." I wanted to go and actually look the people in the eye. I wanted to see exactly what was going on. I went to China and I went to Northern China. The prices seemed to be less up there than anywhere else. I met this gentleman who was erecting a huge, well, a series of factories with obvious Chinese government help. I told him, 'I might be interested in buying your product.' He looked me in the eye and said, 'This is what you must do.' I said, 'All right.' He said, 'The first thing is you must close every factory you have. You must get rid of all of your people. You must sell all of your machinery and you must put yourself in my hands.' There was no smile on the face. He was extremely serious. As we left to fly back to the United States, I told my son Wyatt, 'Get ready. We're going to war. They are being supported by the Chinese government. They are picking up the bill. This is not what we were promised when the Commerce Department asked us to support GATT. They're dumping, and either we're going to have to resist this or this industry will disappear.' Your power is in your people I knew then the rules of the game had changed. ... We just had to adjust the way we ran our businesses. Everybody talks about innovation, education, entrepreneurship, all of that, and I agree with all of it. We did something different. I wrote a book after Beth [Macy] wrote her book, Factory Man. I wrote a book called Making It In America. We organized our people and our organizations. Before we shut everything down, and we did close some factories, but we went to our people and we said, 'If we're going to survive, we've got to do this together.' The book is about how we organized our people. The people in these plants wanted to be a part of this. They did not want some CFO looking at figures and closing the plant. They said, 'We can make a better product. We can make a less expensive product, and we can deliver it faster and we can do all these other things.' The American worker is an exceedingly efficient worker, but you have to give them a chance. Playing by the rules My position is this. There are rules of the game out there for everybody in the WTO, including the Chinese and the Indians and others. Let's play by the rules. Donald Trump talks about new laws. We don't need new laws. We need to enforce the laws that we've already pledged to do. Let me give you an example. In the anti-dumping law, I went back to when we started our petition, which was 2003 through 2015. I took three countries: China and India, the two that certainly have the largest population and probably the most to gain, then I took the United States, which probably has the most to defend, being the largest market. I looked at how many dumping petitions have been imposed, not initiated but actually imposed, by these countries against other countries over that 11- or 12-year period. India leads the list. They imposed 353 anti-dumping petitions against other members of the WTO. Number two was China at 166. Number three was the United States at 163. The country that had the most to defend imposed the least. ... I think there are many benefits to globalization, but when countries cheat, they should be called to task for it. How to make it in America I would offer new entrepreneurs several pieces of advice. Number one is, if you're going to play on this ball field and if you're going to play in this game, be sure you're adequately capitalized. A lot of the people that you're going to compete against have staying power, so be sure you have enough capital to take on whoever your adversaries are going to be. Number two is, don't overlook the power of your people working for you. And, obey five of the 12 rules [I outline in my book], what I call the Five Great Rules: number one, attitude. You have to start with an attitude of 'we're going to win.' Don't start as a loser. Two: leadership. Don't ask anybody to do something you won't do yourself. Roll up your sleeves and go to work with your people. Three: Change. When you start out, be willing to change because things move so fast today, what you do today might not be relevant six months from now. It might not be relevant six weeks from now. Number four is, don't panic. They love to panic you and tell you you can't do it. The easiest battle to win is when the other side surrenders before the first shot is fired. Just calm down. There's never been a good business decision made when people were panicking. Last is teamwork and communications. Everybody in your organization has to be on board, and the way you get them on board is through communication. Constantly tell people where you are and ask for their help. Those would be the things I would tell a young entrepreneur to do.

The O'Reilly Radar Podcast: Navigating the increasing globalization of industry and commerce.In this episode of the Radar Podcast, I chat with John Bassett III, chairman of the board of the Vaughan-Bassett Furniture Company. We talk about globalization and the effect it's had on the furniture industry, the international trade battle he waged (which was written about by Beth Macy in her book Factory Man), Bassett's book Making it in America, and what entrepreneurs need to know to succeed in business today.Here are some highlights: Panic sets in They started making furniture in China, and we competed very well through the 1990s. All of this changed dramatically in 2001 when they became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Once they were in the WTO, their prices plummeted, and the bottom dropped out of the market. By that time, I had left the Bassett Industries and joined my wife's family furniture company called Vaughan-Bassett Furniture on January 1, 1983. I was over here at the time, but the whole furniture industry in wood was affected. Factories were closing left and right. Thousands of people were being laid off. There was panic. That's the only way to explain it. Then we found out that there was a rule at the WTO and a law on the United States books. The law actually goes back to the 1930s, it's called dumping. Dumping is when you sell a product in another country for less than your manufactured cost, and what you're doing is dumping your product in that country to force everybody out of business so you can capture all of the business. That's exactly what happened. I led a coalition that challenged the Chinese, and at that time, it was the largest dumping petition brought against the government of China ever at the WTO. Going to battle Prices were plummeting, and many of the United States manufacturers at the time said, "Well, we'll close our factories and just buy this product overseas. That's what we'll do." I wanted to go and actually look the people in the eye. I wanted to see exactly what was going on. I went to China and I went to Northern China. The prices seemed to be less up there than anywhere else. I met this gentleman who was erecting a huge, well, a series of factories with obvious Chinese government help. I told him, 'I might be interested in buying your product.' He looked me in the eye and said, 'This is what you must do.' I said, 'All right.' He said, 'The first thing is you must close every factory you have. You must get rid of all of your people. You must sell all of your machinery and you must put yourself in my hands.' There was no smile on the face. He was extremely serious. As we left to fly back to the United States, I told my son Wyatt, 'Get ready. We're going to war. They are being supported by the Chinese government. They are picking up the bill. This is not what we were promised when the Commerce Department asked us to support GATT. They're dumping, and either we're going to have to resist this or this industry will disappear.' Your power is in your people I knew then the rules of the game had changed. ... We just had to adjust the way we ran our businesses. Everybody talks about innovation, education, entrepreneurship, all of that, and I agree with all of it. We did something different. I wrote a book after Beth [Macy] wrote her book, Factory Man. I wrote a book called Making It In America. We organized our people and our organizations. Before we shut everything down, and we did close some factories, but we went to our people and we said, 'If we're going to survive, we've got to do this together.' The book is about how we organized our people. The people in these plants wanted to be a part of this. They did not want some CFO looking at figures and closing the plant. They said, 'We can make a better product. We can make a less expensive product, and we can deliver it faster and we can do all these other things.' The American worker is an exceedingly efficient worker, but you have to give them a chance. Playing by the rules My position is this. There are rules of the game out there for everybody in the WTO, including the Chinese and the Indians and others. Let's play by the rules. Donald Trump talks about new laws. We don't need new laws. We need to enforce the laws that we've already pledged to do. Let me give you an example. In the anti-dumping law, I went back to when we started our petition, which was 2003 through 2015. I took three countries: China and India, the two that certainly have the largest population and probably the most to gain, then I took the United States, which probably has the most to defend, being the largest market. I looked at how many dumping petitions have been imposed, not initiated but actually imposed, by these countries against other countries over that 11- or 12-year period. India leads the list. They imposed 353 anti-dumping petitions against other members of the WTO. Number two was China at 166. Number three was the United States at 163. The country that had the most to defend imposed the least. ... I think there are many benefits to globalization, but when countries cheat, they should be called to task for it. How to make it in America I would offer new entrepreneurs several pieces of advice. Number one is, if you're going to play on this ball field and if you're going to play in this game, be sure you're adequately capitalized. A lot of the people that you're going to compete against have staying power, so be sure you have enough capital to take on whoever your adversaries are going to be. Number two is, don't overlook the power of your people working for you. And, obey five of the 12 rules [I outline in my book], what I call the Five Great Rules: number one, attitude. You have to start with an attitude of 'we're going to win.' Don't start as a loser. Two: leadership. Don't ask anybody to do something you won't do yourself. Roll up your sleeves and go to work with your people. Three: Change. When you start out, be willing to change because things move so fast today, what you do today might not be relevant six months from now. It might not be relevant six weeks from now. Number four is, don't panic. They love to panic you and tell you you can't do it. The easiest battle to win is when the other side surrenders before the first shot is fired. Just calm down. There's never been a good business decision made when people were panicking. Last is teamwork and communications. Everybody in your organization has to be on board, and the way you get them on board is through communication. Constantly tell people where you are and ask for their help. Those would be the things I would tell a young entrepreneur to do.

Listen to the summary of Anna Marhold's thesis "Energy in International Trade Law from GATT to TTIP. Regulation and Challenges" This thesis takes a dynamic approach to the treatment of energy in international trade law. It traces the development of energy rules from the inception of the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)negotiations today. It considers policy options for enhanced energy governance and discusses possible future scenarios and the role of the WTO and Energy Charter Treaty. 'For more on this topic; http://www.ictsd.org/themes/climate-and-energy/research/the-nexus-between-the-wto-and-the-energy-charter-treaty-in

Thomas Cottier is an Emeritus Professor of European and International Economic Law at the University of Bern and a founding and former Managing Director of the World Trade Institute. He has taught in Geneva, Germany and China and was also a member of the Swiss National Research Council from 1997-2004 and served on the board of the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) Rome during the same period. In addition to academics Prof. Cottier als oserved Baker & McKenzie law firm as Of Counsel from 1998 to 2005. Most notably, Prof. Cottier served in the Swiss negotiating team of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tarrifs and Trade (GATT) a seminal piece of multilateral international law that governs international trade between the signatory nations.    Prof. Cottier sat down for a short conversation with Josh Smith to speak about his career as both a practitioner and academic. In this candid, thoughtful interview Prof. Cottier offers up his well-rounded opinions on legal career paths, careers in private practice v. academic research, academic collaboration, climate change, why law school debt and competition might be a ‘good' thing and how to use one's law school skills to shape the law, as well as one's career.    If you're thinking of choosing private practice or academics – you may want to listen to this podcast!

This dissertation consists of four chapters, which are self-contained and can be read independently of each other. In Chapter 1, we analyse services trade liberalisation, which is a prerequisite for international production networks to arise. In particular, we study the determinants of services liberalisation undertaken by countries under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) of 1995. In Chapters 2-4, we analyse different aspects of the patterns of trade in intermediates. In Chapter 2, we assess the determinants of bilateral trade in intermediate goods and services. In Chapter 3, we investigate the role of institutions and transport infrastructure as sources of comparative advantage for intermediate goods. In Chapter 4, we study trade in intermediates in the context of the activities of multinational enterprises by assessing the determinants of the share of intra-firm trade in total trade of intermediates.

Sir James Goldsmith - Movers and Shakers - European Union - Totalitarian Parliament in Brussels - GATT Treaty, Star Chamber. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Council on Foreign Relations. Interdependence - Amalgamation of Americas - Waco, Texas - 2010. Sheep and Goats - Climbing the Mountain. Emergency Preparedness Drills - Use of Police, Military, Institutions, NGOs. Apocalypse, Holy Rollers, End Times (ET). Alan reads letter from Arizona State University Student. Advertising: Creating Dissatisfaction, Selling Promises - Television, Destruction of Bonding. Portland, Oregon - UN Model State - Free Flu Shots, Lottos, Marketing Techniques. Mafia Bosses and Canadian Casinos - Overworld, Underworld - Egypt - Incredible Wealth surrounded by Massive Poverty. Hitler: Time-Life "Man of the Year" (twice). Amelia Earhart, Charles Lindbergh, Kennedy - Intriguing Histories, Mythology - Atlantis - Re-hashed Speculation. Nostradamus, Lord Montgomery, Predictions - Knights Templar. Edgar Cayce - Guarantees of Future, "Insurance Policies". Inoculations, Vaccines, Cancer - Real Cures for Diseases, No Access for Public - Special Medical Treatment for Politicians in Military Hospitals. CBC Archives: Bacteriophages in Soviet Union, cures for Pneumonia, etc.. Health "Authorities". Alan is Brought to You By You, needs Your Donations to Continue. *Dialogue Copyrighted Alan Watt - Oct. 19, 2007 (Exempting Music, Literary Quotes, and Callers' Comments)