Podcasts about Potsdam

El Telón de acero fue la barrera ideológica, política y física que dividió Europa durante desde el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial hasta 1990. Era mucho más que una metáfora: se materializaba en kilómetros y kilómetros de fronteras fortificadas con alambradas, torres de vigilancia, campos minados y guardias armados. Se extendía desde el océano Ártico hasta el mar Mediterráneo, separando el bloque soviético del occidental. El término fue popularizado por Winston Churchill en un discurso que dio en 1946 en una universidad de Missouri, donde advirtió que un “telón de hierro" había descendido desde Stettin en el Báltico hasta Trieste en el Adriático, sometiendo al control soviético a capitales europeas como Varsovia, Praga y Budapest. Aunque el término ya se usaba antes para describir la frontera rusa tras la revolución de 1917, Churchill lo elevó a símbolo de la guerra fría. Churchill sabía bien de lo que hablaba porque había negociado con Stalin en Yalta y Potsdam, y era consciente de que quería dotarse de un colchón de repúblicas satélite en el este de Europa que sirviesen de primera línea de defensa y de proyección del poder soviético. Con los años el telón propiamente dicho no hizo más que perfeccionarse para evitar las huidas al oeste, que en Alemania llegó a convertirse en un problema de primera magnitud. Entre 1949 y 1961, tres millones de alemanes huyeron de la República Democrática a la República Federal. La frontera intra alemana tenía casi 1.400 kilómetros y a ella se sumaban los 155 kilómetros del muro de Berlín. El muro, levantado en 1961, era un telón de acero en miniatura que atravesaba el centro de la ciudad. Para que la capital se comunicase con el resto de Alemania se crearon corredores aéreos, ferroviarios y de carretera que conectaban Berlín Oeste con la RFA. Los tres estaban bajo estricta vigilancia para prevenir las fugas. Política, económica y socialmente el telón separaba dos mundos. Mientras el oeste prosperaba con democracias liberales y libre mercado, el este se sumía en la pobreza y la opresión. La cultura occidental era también más atractiva y eso erosionaba el control de las autoridades. La televisión y radio del oeste ofrecían información, entretenimiento y abrían una ventana a un mundo diferente que percibían como mucho mejor y más cómodo. Las televisiones alemanas se podían ver en los países fronterizos y EEUU financió una emisora de radio, Radio Europa Libre, que podía sintonizarse en todo el bloque del este. Estas emisiones sorteaban las alambradas, pero no los controles. Los gobiernos del este trataron de impedir que la población viese la televisión occidental, pero terminaron dejándolo por imposible. Cualquier infiltración de otra índole estaba muy vigilada por las agencias de seguridad, algunas muy temidas como la Stasi alemana, la Securitate rumana o el KGB soviético. Todo aquel sistema de control que simbolizaba el telón de acero se vino abajo a partir de 1985 cuando Mijail Gorbachov se hizo con el poder en la URSS. El telón en sí mismo empezó a desmantelarse cuatro años más tarde coincidiendo con la caída del muro de Berlín. En 1991 la Unión Soviética pasó a mejor vida y con ella cualquier rastro que pudiese quedar de esa frontera impenetrable que dividió Europa durante más de cuatro décadas. En La ContraRéplica: 0:00 Introducción 4:00 El telón de acero 1:21:43 Uruguay en la guerra de la triple alianza Bibliografía “La otra guerra fría” de Ramón González Férriz - https://amzn.to/4qyLwXp “De la guerra fría a la caída del Muro” de Juan Carlos Pereira Castañares - https://amzn.to/3N2Cjs2 “La guerra fría” de Robert McMahon - https://amzn.to/44RZCep “La guerra fría” de Odd Arne Westad - https://amzn.to/4jlR98Y · Canal de Telegram: https://t.me/lacontracronica · “Contra el pesimismo”… https://amzn.to/4m1RX2R · “Hispanos. Breve historia de los pueblos de habla hispana”… https://amzn.to/428js1G · “La ContraHistoria del comunismo”… https://amzn.to/39QP2KE · “La ContraHistoria de España. Auge, caída y vuelta a empezar de un país en 28 episodios”… https://amzn.to/3kXcZ6i · “Contra la Revolución Francesa”… https://amzn.to/4aF0LpZ · “Lutero, Calvino y Trento, la Reforma que no fue”… https://amzn.to/3shKOlK Apoya La Contra en: · Patreon... https://www.patreon.com/diazvillanueva · iVoox... https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-contracronica_sq_f1267769_1.html · Paypal... https://www.paypal.me/diazvillanueva Sígueme en: · Web... https://diazvillanueva.com · Twitter... https://twitter.com/diazvillanueva · Facebook... https://www.facebook.com/fernandodiazvillanueva1/ · Instagram... https://www.instagram.com/diazvillanueva · Linkedin… https://www.linkedin.com/in/fernando-d%C3%ADaz-villanueva-7303865/ · Flickr... https://www.flickr.com/photos/147276463@N05/?/ · Pinterest... https://www.pinterest.com/fernandodiazvillanueva Encuentra mis libros en: · Amazon... https://www.amazon.es/Fernando-Diaz-Villanueva/e/B00J2ASBXM #FernandoDiazVillanueva #unionsovietica Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

Über das Vorsorgen für alle möglichen Arten von Krisen wird heute mehr geredet als darüber, diese Krisen zu verhindern. Das ist ein historischer Paradigmenwechsel. Ein Vortrag des Historikers Jonathan Voges. Jonathan Voges ist Privatdozent am Leibniz-Zentrum für Zeithistorische Forschung Potsdam (ZZF). Sein Vortrag hat den Titel "'Für den Notfall vorgesorgt'. Preparedness als Zugriff auf die Zukunft". Er hat ihn am 16. Oktober 2025 am ZFF in Potsdam gehalten. +++ Deutschlandfunk Nova +++ Hörsaal +++ Vortrag +++ Wissenschaft +++ Preparedness +++ Krisen +++ Vorsorge +++ Krieg +++ Katastrophe +++ Jonathan Voges +++ Politik +++ Gesellschaft +++ Paradigmenwechsel +++**********In dieser Folge mit: Moderation: Sibylle Salewski Vortragender: Jonathan Voges, Historiker, Leibniz-Zentrum für Zeithistorische Forschung Potsdam (ZZF)**********Ihr hört in diesem Hörsaal:2:08 - Beginn Vortrag**********Mehr zum Thema bei Deutschlandfunk Nova:Katastrophenschutz: Wie in Deutschland Katastrophenwarnung gehtKatastrophen-Medizin: Es werden mehr Menschen sterbenKatastrophen: Wir wir uns besser vorbereiten können**********Den Artikel zum Stück findet ihr hier.**********Ihr könnt uns auch auf diesen Kanälen folgen: TikTok und Instagram .

Rätsel des Lebens – Kolumne von Dirk Kaesler & Stefanie von WietersheimDirk Kaesler & Stefanie von Wietersheim"Spielhosen forever" – Macht die „Work-Life-Balance“ die Generation Z glücklich? – Kolumne von Dirk Kaesler & Stefanie von Wietersheim(Hördauer ca. 32 Minuten)Unter der Überschrift „Rätsel des Lebens“ schreiben wir jeden Monat in unserer Kolumne darüber, was uns in der aktuellen Gesellschaft als erstaunlich, rätselhaft, aufsehenerregend oder amüsant erscheint.Rätsel des Lebens. Warum, um Gottes Willen, haben wir uns insgesamt 50 Folgen der Netflix-Serie „The Crown“ angesehen, von denen jede 58 Minuten dauert? Die Windsor-Story in Einzelhappen über Monate genossen oder als Binge Watching reingezogen – und dabei gefiebert, gelacht, geweint und schließlich getrauert, als alles vorerst vorbei war? ...Den Text der Kolumne finden Sie hierDirk Kaesler Prof. Dr., war nach seiner Promotion und Habilitation an der Universität München von 1984 bis 1995 Professor für Allgemeine Soziologie an der Universität Hamburg, von 1995 bis zu seiner Pensionierung 2009 an der Universität Marburg. Er lebt inzwischen in Potsdam. Zu seinen Forschungs- und Publikationsschwerpunkten gehören Wissenschafts- und Religionssoziologie, Politische Soziologie, Geschichte und Theorien der Soziologie, ihre Klassiker und Hauptwerke und dabei vor allem Max Weber. Zu seinen letzten Buchveröffentlichungen gehören die 2014 im Verlag C.H. Beck erschienene Biographie „Max Weber. Preuße, Denker, Muttersohn“ und sein zusammen mit Stefanie von Wietersheim 2021 im Verlag LiteraturWissenschaft veröffentlichter Band "Schön deutsch. Eine Entdeckungsreise".2009 bis 2014 sind in "literaturkritik.de" regelmäßig seine Glossen "Abstimmungen mit  der Welt" erschienen.Stefanie von Wietersheim ist Kulturjournalistin und Buchautorin. Ihre Bildbände Frauen & ihre Refugien, Vom Glück mit Büchern zu leben und Mütter & Töchter wurden zu Klassikern ihres Genres. In ihrem Buch Grand Paris – Savoir-vivre für Insider und solche, die es werden wollen schreibt sie über ihre Wahlheimat Frankreich. Sie geht als Autorin der Frankfurter Allgemeinen Sonntagszeitung im In- und Ausland auf Reportage. Zusammen mit Dirk Kaesler veröffentlichte sie 2021 im Verlag LiteraturWissenschaft.de Schön deutsch. Eine Entdeckungsreise.Wenn Ihnen diese Sendung gefallen hat, hören Sie doch hier mal rein.Sprecher: Matthias PöhlmannAufnahme, Schnitt und Realisation Uwe Kullnick 

Rätsel des Lebens – Kolumne von Dirk Kaesler & Stefanie von WietersheimDirk Kaesler & Stefanie von Wietersheim"Spielhosen forever" – Macht die „Work-Life-Balance“ die Generation Z glücklich? – Kolumne von Dirk Kaesler & Stefanie von Wietersheim(Hördauer ca. 32 Minuten)Unter der Überschrift „Rätsel des Lebens“ schreiben wir jeden Monat in unserer Kolumne darüber, was uns in der aktuellen Gesellschaft als erstaunlich, rätselhaft, aufsehenerregend oder amüsant erscheint.Rätsel des Lebens. Warum, um Gottes Willen, haben wir uns insgesamt 50 Folgen der Netflix-Serie „The Crown“ angesehen, von denen jede 58 Minuten dauert? Die Windsor-Story in Einzelhappen über Monate genossen oder als Binge Watching reingezogen – und dabei gefiebert, gelacht, geweint und schließlich getrauert, als alles vorerst vorbei war? ...Den Text der Kolumne finden Sie hierDirk Kaesler Prof. Dr., war nach seiner Promotion und Habilitation an der Universität München von 1984 bis 1995 Professor für Allgemeine Soziologie an der Universität Hamburg, von 1995 bis zu seiner Pensionierung 2009 an der Universität Marburg. Er lebt inzwischen in Potsdam. Zu seinen Forschungs- und Publikationsschwerpunkten gehören Wissenschafts- und Religionssoziologie, Politische Soziologie, Geschichte und Theorien der Soziologie, ihre Klassiker und Hauptwerke und dabei vor allem Max Weber. Zu seinen letzten Buchveröffentlichungen gehören die 2014 im Verlag C.H. Beck erschienene Biographie „Max Weber. Preuße, Denker, Muttersohn“ und sein zusammen mit Stefanie von Wietersheim 2021 im Verlag LiteraturWissenschaft veröffentlichter Band "Schön deutsch. Eine Entdeckungsreise".2009 bis 2014 sind in "literaturkritik.de" regelmäßig seine Glossen "Abstimmungen mit  der Welt" erschienen.Stefanie von Wietersheim ist Kulturjournalistin und Buchautorin. Ihre Bildbände Frauen & ihre Refugien, Vom Glück mit Büchern zu leben und Mütter & Töchter wurden zu Klassikern ihres Genres. In ihrem Buch Grand Paris – Savoir-vivre für Insider und solche, die es werden wollen schreibt sie über ihre Wahlheimat Frankreich. Sie geht als Autorin der Frankfurter Allgemeinen Sonntagszeitung im In- und Ausland auf Reportage. Zusammen mit Dirk Kaesler veröffentlichte sie 2021 im Verlag LiteraturWissenschaft.de Schön deutsch. Eine Entdeckungsreise.Wenn Ihnen diese Sendung gefallen hat, hören Sie doch hier mal rein.Sprecher: Matthias PöhlmannAufnahme, Schnitt und Realisation Uwe Kullnick 

POTSDAM, STALIN, AND THE COLD WAR Colleague Evan Thomas. At the Potsdam Conference, President Truman initially excluded Henry Stimson from meetings, favoring Jimmy Byrnes, who wanted to use the bomb to intimidate the Soviet Union. Truman wrote in his diary that the bomb would hit a purely military target, a claim Thomassuggests was a form of denial regarding the inevitable civilian deaths. Stimson urged Truman to trust the Soviets and share the weapon to prevent an arms race, but the administration ultimately chose to use the bomb as diplomatic leverage, foreshadowing the onset of the Cold War. NUMBER 5 1945 OKINAWA

In this episode of The Winston Marshall Show, I sit down with historian and bestselling author Giles Milton for a deep historical conversation about the Second World War, the alliance with Stalin, and the decisions that shaped the post-war world.We explore how Winston Churchill came to ally with Joseph Stalin after Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union, despite viewing communism as a murderous and authoritarian system. Giles explains the extraordinary political reversal of 1941, the moral compromises involved, and why Churchill saw the alliance as a necessary pact with the devil.The discussion moves through the Nazi-Soviet Pact, Lend-Lease, the meetings at Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam, and the immense role American industrial power played in defeating Hitler. We examine how Stalin manipulated his allies, outmanoeuvred Roosevelt, and secured control of Eastern Europe, laying the foundations for the Cold War.We also discuss the betrayal of Poland, the division of Germany, the origins of the Iron Curtain, and Churchill's secret plans to confront the Soviet Union after the war, revealing how fragile the wartime alliance truly was.A fascinating conversation about power, war, pragmatism, and how the alliance that defeated Nazism reshaped the world that followed.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------To see more exclusive content and interviews consider subscribing to my substack here: https://www.winstonmarshall.co.uk/-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FOLLOW ME ON SOCIAL MEDIA:Substack: https://www.winstonmarshall.co.uk/X: https://twitter.com/mrwinmarshallInsta: https://www.instagram.com/winstonmarshallLinktree: https://linktr.ee/winstonmarshall----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chapters00:00 Introduction of Giles Milton and The Stalin Affair04:50 Churchill's Anti-Communist Stance and Political U-Turn10:46 The Lend-Lease Program and American Aid22:28 Stalin's Tactics and the Winter Turning Point26:54 The Tehran Conference and Churchill's Meeting with Stalin33:34 The Yalta Conference and Post-War Planning53:43 The Potsdam Conference and the Cold War59:48 Churchill's Iron Curtain Speech and the End of the Alliance1:03:45 Operation Unthinkable and Churchill's Final Strategy Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Rätsel des Lebens – Kolumne von Dirk Kaesler & Stefanie von WietersheimDirk Kaesler & Stefanie von Wietersheim"Alles Gender oder was?" – Vom politisch korrekten Sprechen – Kolumne von Dirk Kaesler & Stefanie von Wietersheim(Hördauer ca. 24 Minuten)Unter der Überschrift „Rätsel des Lebens“ schreiben wir jeden Monat in unserer Kolumne darüber, was uns in der aktuellen Gesellschaft als erstaunlich, rätselhaft, aufsehenerregend oder amüsant erscheint.Rätsel des Lebens. Warum, um Gottes Willen, haben wir uns insgesamt 50 Folgen der Netflix-Serie „The Crown“ angesehen, von denen jede 58 Minuten dauert? Die Windsor-Story in Einzelhappen über Monate genossen oder als Binge Watching reingezogen – und dabei gefiebert, gelacht, geweint und schließlich getrauert, als alles vorerst vorbei war? ...Den Text der Kolumne finden Sie hier Dirk Kaesler Prof. Dr., war nach seiner Promotion und Habilitation an der Universität München von 1984 bis 1995 Professor für Allgemeine Soziologie an der Universität Hamburg, von 1995 bis zu seiner Pensionierung 2009 an der Universität Marburg. Er lebt inzwischen in Potsdam. Zu seinen Forschungs- und Publikationsschwerpunkten gehören Wissenschafts- und Religionssoziologie, Politische Soziologie, Geschichte und Theorien der Soziologie, ihre Klassiker und Hauptwerke und dabei vor allem Max Weber. Zu seinen letzten Buchveröffentlichungen gehören die 2014 im Verlag C.H. Beck erschienene Biographie „Max Weber. Preuße, Denker, Muttersohn“ und sein zusammen mit Stefanie von Wietersheim 2021 im Verlag LiteraturWissenschaft veröffentlichter Band "Schön deutsch. Eine Entdeckungsreise".2009 bis 2014 sind in "literaturkritik.de" regelmäßig seine Glossen "Abstimmungen mit  der Welt" erschienen.Stefanie von Wietersheim ist Kulturjournalistin und Buchautorin. Ihre Bildbände Frauen & ihre Refugien, Vom Glück mit Büchern zu leben und Mütter & Töchter wurden zu Klassikern ihres Genres. In ihrem Buch Grand Paris – Savoir-vivre für Insider und solche, die es werden wollen schreibt sie über ihre Wahlheimat Frankreich. Sie geht als Autorin der Frankfurter Allgemeinen Sonntagszeitung im In- und Ausland auf Reportage. Zusammen mit Dirk Kaesler veröffentlichte sie 2021 im Verlag LiteraturWissenschaft.de Schön deutsch. Eine Entdeckungsreise.Wenn Ihnen diese Sendung gefallen hat, hören Sie doch hier mal rein.Sprecher: Matthias PöhlmannAufnahme, Schnitt und Realisation Uwe Kullnick

Konuğumuz Jeoloji Yüksek Mühendisi Prof. Dr. Okan Tüysüz'den Türkiye ve dünyada 2025 yılında yerbilimleri açısından olan bitenlerin özetini dinliyor ve ayrıca Marmara Denizi depremi konusunda 11 Aralık'ta Dr. Robin George Andrews'in The New York Times'ta çıkan makalesi ve merkezi Almanya'nın Potsdam kentinde bulunan GFZ Helmholtz Jeofizik Araştırma Merkezi'nin 11 Aralık'ta Science dergisinde yayınlanan raporu konusundaki görüşünü alıyoruz. 

EU tvärvänder om förbudet mot fossildrivna bilar, Trump skyller skogsbränder på kvinnliga chefer och Sverige missar alla klimatmål. Det var länge sen som miljö och klimat låg så långt ner på politikernas dagordning samtidigt som läget blir allt mer akut. Men hur går vi från ohållbara till hållbara system och kommer jorden kunna fortsätta vara beboelig för oss människor i framtiden? På det svarar Johan Rockström som är professor i jordsystemvetenskap vid universitetet i Potsdam och chef på Potsdaminstitutet för klimatforskning.Dessutom pratar Emma och Clara om hur världen tidigare lyckats enas och samarbeta när ozonhålshotet avvärjdes och om hur mycket man egentligen skulle kunna uträtta som klimatminister.Klipp och musik:Midsommar - Naturen KämparReklam för Go Gay hårspray (1963)SVT, AgendaSvt, Romina Pourmokhtari - bryr du dig?Michael Jackson - Heal The WorldVår A-kurs i klimatläget hittar du på instagram, @akursen_poddmail: akursenpodd@gmail.com Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Ein Mann hängt betrunken im Tannenbaum, der Anästhesist bekommt als Weihnachtsschmuck ein blaues Auge - und Silvester steckt eine Rakete in der Wange. Autsch… In diesem Weihnachtsspecial berichten die Mediziner und Medizinerinnen der „NotAufnahme“ aus Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Brandenburg, Hamburg, Hessen, Niedersachsen, NRW, Potsdam, Sachsen, Schleswig-Holstein und aus Österreich und der Schweiz von ihren Festtags-Patienten und Patientinnen. Frohe Weihnachten und einen schönen Start ins neue Jahr wünscht euch das Podever-Team! WERBUNG Hier gibt es viele Rabatte und alle Infos zu den Werbepartnern und „NotAufnahme“: https://linktr.ee/notaufnahme Ihr möchtet Werbung in diesem Podcast schalten? Schickt gerne eine E-Mail an: hallo@podever.de

Rätsel des Lebens – Kolumne von Dirk Kaesler & Stefanie von WietersheimDirk Kaesler & Stefanie von Wietersheim"Anstand in unanständigen Zeiten" – Lobeshymne auf ein Superwort – Kolumne von Dirk Kaesler & Stefanie von Wietersheim(Hördauer ca. 23 Minuten)Unter der Überschrift „Rätsel des Lebens“ schreiben wir jeden Monat in unserer Kolumne darüber, was uns in der aktuellen Gesellschaft als erstaunlich, rätselhaft, aufsehenerregend oder amüsant erscheint.Rätsel des Lebens. Warum, um Gottes Willen, haben wir uns insgesamt 50 Folgen der Netflix-Serie „The Crown“ angesehen, von denen jede 58 Minuten dauert? Die Windsor-Story in Einzelhappen über Monate genossen oder als Binge Watching reingezogen – und dabei gefiebert, gelacht, geweint und schließlich getrauert, als alles vorerst vorbei war? ...Den Text der Kolumne finden Sie hierDirk Kaesler Prof. Dr., war nach seiner Promotion und Habilitation an der Universität München von 1984 bis 1995 Professor für Allgemeine Soziologie an der Universität Hamburg, von 1995 bis zu seiner Pensionierung 2009 an der Universität Marburg. Er lebt inzwischen in Potsdam. Zu seinen Forschungs- und Publikationsschwerpunkten gehören Wissenschafts- und Religionssoziologie, Politische Soziologie, Geschichte und Theorien der Soziologie, ihre Klassiker und Hauptwerke und dabei vor allem Max Weber. Zu seinen letzten Buchveröffentlichungen gehören die 2014 im Verlag C.H. Beck erschienene Biographie „Max Weber. Preuße, Denker, Muttersohn“ und sein zusammen mit Stefanie von Wietersheim 2021 im Verlag LiteraturWissenschaft veröffentlichter Band "Schön deutsch. Eine Entdeckungsreise".2009 bis 2014 sind in "literaturkritik.de" regelmäßig seine Glossen "Abstimmungen mit  der Welt" erschienen.Stefanie von Wietersheim ist Kulturjournalistin und Buchautorin. Ihre Bildbände Frauen & ihre Refugien, Vom Glück mit Büchern zu leben und Mütter & Töchter wurden zu Klassikern ihres Genres. In ihrem Buch Grand Paris – Savoir-vivre für Insider und solche, die es werden wollen schreibt sie über ihre Wahlheimat Frankreich. Sie geht als Autorin der Frankfurter Allgemeinen Sonntagszeitung im In- und Ausland auf Reportage. Zusammen mit Dirk Kaesler veröffentlichte sie 2021 im Verlag LiteraturWissenschaft.de Schön deutsch. Eine Entdeckungsreise.Sprecher: Matthias PöhlmannAufnahme, Schnitt und Realisation Uwe Kullnick

Was hat der Ukraine-Gipfel von Berlin gebracht? Sind die Europäer auf den Diplomatiezug von Donald Trump aufgesprungen? Hören Sie eine Einschätzung von Thomas Fasbender, Journalist der „Berliner Zeitung“. In Deutschland protestieren die Bauern gegen die zu niedrigen Butterpreise. Unser Gast zu diesem Thema ist der deutsch-britische Landwirt und Agrar-Influencer Anthony Lee. Wie ist die Lage in Syrien ein Jahr nach dem Ende des Assad-Regimes? Kann man syrischen Flüchtlingen in Europa eine Rückkehr zumuten? Darüber berichtet der Ex-Diplomat und Islamwissenschaftler Dr. Alfred Schlicht. Und Cora Stephan widmet sich im Kommentar einer Ausstellung in Potsdam, in der die Jüdin Anne Frank mit Palästinensertuch gezeigt wird.

Der Amerikanische Bürgerkrieg dauerte von 1861 bis 1865. Schätzungsweise 600.000 Soldaten kostete dieser Krieg das Leben, aber wofür bzw. wogegen wurde eigentlich gekämpft?Während der Norden des Landes schon weit industrialisiert war, auf freie Lohnarbeit setzte und folglich die Sklaverei abgeschafft hatte, beharrten sie Südstaaten darauf, Menschen versklaven zu dürfen, um ihr Geschäftsmodell und ihre Eigentumsordnung aufrechterhalten zu können. Vor allem die Baumwollproduktion, das wichtigste US-Exportgut für den Weltmarkt, glaubte man, nur mit Sklaverei weiter profitabel betreiben zu können. Unter Ökonomen ist es jedoch schon lange strittig, ob die Versklavung von Menschen wirklich ökonomisch "sinnvoll" ist. Adam Smith bezweifelte dies. Die Geschichte zeigt jedoch, dass es nicht bloß um eine einfache Kosten/Nutzen-Rechnung geht.Mehr dazu von Ole Nymoen und Wolfgang M. Schmitt in der neuen Folge von „Wohlstand für Alle“!WERBUNG:Zum Surplus-Podcast geht es hier entlang.https://www.youtube.com/@surplusmagazinhttps://open.spotify.com/show/5lOuZ9b9lglDUOSXsNOFrW?si=iZP4ZZJnSrGu_5WQXlxwhATermine:Am 17. Dezember ist Ole in Potsdam:https://eintrittfrei-potsdam.de/veranstaltung/kaempfen-fuer-sein-land-oder-besser-abhauen/Für „Schlager für Alle“ sind wir am 13.2. in Hamburg:https://tickets.centralkomitee.de/product/91256/wolfgang-m-schmitt-ole-nymoen-centralkomitee-hamburg-am-13-02-2026Für „Schlager für Alle“ sind wir am 11.4. in Hamburg:https://tickets.centralkomitee.de/product/91257/wolfgang-m-schmitt-ole-nymoen-centralkomitee-hamburg-am-11-04-2026Unsere Zusatzinhalte könnt ihr bei Apple Podcasts, Steady und Patreon hören. Vielen Dank!Apple Podcasts:https://podcasts.apple.com/de/podcast/wohlstand-f%C3%BCr-alle/id1476402723Patreon:https://www.patreon.com/oleundwolfgangSteady:https://steadyhq.com/de/oleundwolfgang/about

Nach einer neuen Schätzung ist ein Drittel aller Demenzerkrankungen vermeidbar. Zu diesem Schluss kommt ein Team der Harvard Medical School und des Deutschen Zentrums für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen. Entscheidend ist, dass wir bestimmte Risikofaktoren beachten, wie etwa Übergewicht, Depressionen oder Schwerhörigkeit. Jochen Steiner im Gespräch mit Prof. René Thyrian, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen in Potsdam

Studien zeigen, dass etwa die Hälfte der Unterrichtszeit von Langeweile geprägt ist. Das behindere das Lernen, sagt Richard Göllner von der Universität Potsdam. Man solle eher überfordern als unterfordern.

Die Europäer haben sich einen Platz am Verhandlungstisch erkämpft, in Berlin wurde mit den US-Amerikanern über ein mögliches Ende des Ukraine-Krieges und die Zukunft des von Russland angegriffenen Landes gesprochen. Zunächst analysieren die Hosts Kai Küstner und Stefan Niemann die Gespräche. Stefan schaut auch auf die EU, die Wege sucht, um die finanzielle Unterstützung der Ukraine durch Nutzung der eingefrorenen russischen Staatsvermögen aufrecht zu erhalten. Die militärische Lage an der Front verschlechtert sich für die Ukraine weiter, vor allem in der Region Donetsk. Ausführlich spricht Kai dann mit Sönke Neitzel über die Rolle der Europäer in den Verhandlungen, über das neue Verhältnis zu den USA und über die Frage, was Europa eigentlich tun müsste, um überhaupt als machtpolitischer Akteur wahrgenommen zu werden. Der Militärhistoriker betont: "Die alte Welt ist vorbei". Dass Putin auf den Pfad des Friedens zurückkehrt, hält Neitzel für unwahrscheinlich. Und er sagt: Europa müsse militärisch stärker werden und im Bereich der Rüstungsintegration einen wesentlichen Schritt nach vorne gehen. Neitzel plädiert im Podcast Streitkräfte und Strategien erneut für die Einführung der Teil-Wehrpflicht und eine umfassende Reform der Bundeswehr. Mit Blick auf ein Ende des Krieges und einen möglichen Waffenstillstand zeigt sich Neitzel skeptisch. Der Wissenschaftler von der Universität Potsdam sieht nicht, dass Russland überhaupt bereit ist, Kompromisse zu machen. Vielmehr "wähnt sich Putin am Drücker". Aus Neitzels Sicht steht die Ukraine vor einem "bitteren Weihnachten". Und selbst wenn es einen Waffenstillstand gäbe, sei dieser Konflikt nicht zu Ende. Lob und Kritik, alles bitte per Mail an streitkraefte@ndr.de Interview mit Sönke Neitzel: https://preview.prod.ndr.de/nachrichten/info/audio-360290.html Analyse nach den Verhandlungen in Berlin: https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/innenpolitik/ukraine-gespraeche-berlin-116.html Sicherheitsgarantien für Ukraine? https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/dec/15/ukraine-talks-european-leaders-meet-berlin-starmer-macron-zelenskyy-merz-us-witkoff Alle Folgen von “Streitkräfte und Strategien” https://www.ndr.de/nachrichten/info/podcast2998.html Podcast-Tipp: Legion - War on Scam https://www.ardaudiothek.de/sendung/urn:ard:show:2e03fce3739ab514/

Ein Forschungsteam des Helmholtz-Zentrums für Geoforschung in Potsdam hat Daten aus fast zwei Jahrzehnten ausgewertet. Die Studie ist jetzt im Fachmagazin Science erschienen. Fazit: Die Nordanatolische Verwerfungszone ist sehr aktiv, und die Energie wandert auf Istanbul zu. Was bedeutet das für die Stadt? Jochen Steiner im Gespräch mit Prof. Marco Bohnhoff, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Geoforschung Potsdam

HEADLINE: The Potsdam Conference and the Exclusion of Stimson GUEST AUTHOR: Evan Thomas SUMMARY: At the Potsdam Conference, Truman excluded Stimson, favoring Secretary of State Byrnes's desire to use the bomb to intimidate the Soviets. While Stimson briefly advocated for sharing nuclear secrets to build trust, Truman issued the bomb order, recording in his diary the false belief that the target was purely military

In dieser Folge meines Wasserball Podcasts spreche ich mit Sascha Seifert, Wasserball-Nationalspieler und Bundesligaspieler beim ASC Duisburg. Gemeinsam sprechen wir darüber, wie der Weg in den deutschen Leistungssport wirklich aussieht – zwischen Wasserball Bundesliga, Studium, Nationalmannschaft und internationalem Wettbewerb im Eurocup. Sascha erzählt, wie er vom Schwimmen zum Wasserball kam, warum er früh an die Elite-Schule des Sports in Potsdam wechselte und wie diese Zeit seine Karriere entscheidend geprägt hat. Über seine Entscheidung für den Leistungssport sagt er selbst: „Im Nachhinein hat sich das auf jeden Fall gelohnt – und ich bin superglücklich, dass ich diesen Weg gegangen bin.“ Wir sprechen außerdem über seinen Wechsel in die Wasserball Bundesliga nach Duisburg, über Vereinsstrukturen, Ehrenamt, finanzielle Realität im deutschen Wasserball und darüber, wie herausfordernd es ist, Sport, Studium und Privatleben miteinander zu verbinden. Auch die aktuelle Entwicklung des ASC Duisburg, internationale Spiele im Eurocup sowie die Rolle deutscher Nationalspieler in den Top-Teams sind Thema. Sascha bringt es treffend auf den Punkt: „Ich glaube, wir sind jetzt an einem Punkt angekommen, an dem wir wirklich eine richtig gute Mannschaft geworden sind.“ Die wichtigsten Aussagen & Erkenntnisse aus der Folge Der Weg in den Wasserball-Leistungssport in Deutschland beginnt oft sehr früh und verlangt viel Verzicht. Eine Sportschule kann ein echter Karriereschlüssel sein, wenn Training und Schule optimal verzahnt sind. Vereinswechsel sind nicht nur sportlich, sondern auch persönlich große Umbrüche. Und vor allem wird klar: Erfolg in der Wasserball Bundesliga entsteht nicht durch große Namen – sondern durch Konstanz, Vertrauen, Teamgeist und professionelle Strukturen.

Jörg Biesler www.deutschlandfunk.de, Kultur heute

Der Krieg in der Ukraine dauert an, aber die Finanzierung wird immer schwieriger. Die USA haben unter Donald Trump kein Interesse daran, weiterhin finanzielle Unterstützung zu leisten. Die EU will zwar, dass die Ukraine weiter gegen Russland kämpft, findet aber dennoch keinen Weg zu einer neuen gemeinschaftlichen Verschuldung, um Mittel für diesen Kampf bereit zu stellen.Deshalb hat man nun einen anderen Plan: Die russischen Assets, die überwiegend in Belgien einfroren sind, sollen den Ukrainern als Darlehen zur Verfügung gestellt werden.Dies sei, betont die EU, keine Enteignung – man werde die russischen Vermögen nämlich zurückzahlen, wenn Russland Reparationszahlungen an die Ukraine leistet, sobald der Krieg vorüber ist.Dass dies de facto aber eine Enteignung ist, kann schwerlich übersehen werden. Kein Wunder, dass sowohl Belgien als auch die EZB skeptisch sind. In der neuen Folge von „Wohlstand für Alle“ sprechen Ole Nymoen und Wolfgang M. Schmitt über die Situation.WERBUNG: Hier geht es zu den Blättern für deutsche und internationale Politik:https://www.blaetter.de/shop/abonnieren/das-blaetter-weihnachtspaketQuellen/Literatur:European Parliamentary Research Service: “Confiscation of immobilised Russian sovereign assets”, online verfügbar unter: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2025/775908/EPRS_BRI%282025%29775908_EN.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com. Europäische Kommission: “Vorschlag für eine Verordnung des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates zur Einrichtung des Reparationsdarlehens für die Ukraine”, online verfügbar unter: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/DE/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52025PC3502. Friedrich Merz: “Wir entscheiden jetzt über die Zukunft Europas”, online verfügbar unter: https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/faz-gastbeitrag-von-friedrich-merz-russisches-vermoegen-fuer-die-ukraine-nutzen-110796208.html. Termine:Am 11. Dezember ist Wolfgang in Koblenz: https://www.bundesarchiv.de/themen-entdecken/vor-ort-entdecken/veranstaltungen/termin/ende-einer-dienstfahrt-rheinland-pfalz-11-12-2025/Am 13. Dezember ist Wolfgang in Bonn:https://www.rex-filmbuehne.de/inhalt/vorschauAm 17. Dezember ist Ole in Potsdam: https://eintrittfrei-potsdam.de/veranstaltung/kaempfen-fuer-sein-land-oder-besser-abhauen/Unsere Zusatzinhalte könnt ihr bei Apple Podcasts, Steady und Patreon hören. Vielen Dank!Apple Podcasts:https://podcasts.apple.com/de/podcast/wohlstand-f%C3%BCr-alle/id1476402723Patreon:https://www.patreon.com/oleundwolfgangSteady: https://steadyhq.com/de/oleundwolfgang/about

With Prof. Rebecca Lazarides In this motivational end-of-term episode, Professor Rebecca Lazarides (Professor for Empirical Research on Instruction and Schools at the University of Potsdam, Germany) discusses what keeps teachers motivated - even when energy is running low. Rebecca shares insights from her work on teacher motivation, explaining how self-reflection, supportive colleagues, and celebrating small wins can help teachers stay positive. The conversation explores practical strategies for managing emotions, the importance of authentic enthusiasm, and how school environments shape motivation. Listeners are encouraged to reflect on their successes and try new ideas, leaving them with a boost of encouragement as they head into a well-deserved break. The podcast in bullet points: Teacher motivation and its impact on teaching quality. The distinction between enthusiasm for the subject and enthusiasm for teaching. The role of teacher emotions in classroom dynamics and student motivation. External factors affecting teacher motivation, such as school environment and job demands. Strategies for teachers to manage emotions and maintain motivation. The importance of strong student-teacher relationships in fostering motivation. Emotional regulation as a critical skill for teachers. The influence of self-efficacy on teacher motivation and performance. The significance of reflective practices in enhancing teacher motivation. The situational nature of teacher motivation and its variability across different teaching contexts. The British Journal of Educational Psychology Special Edition is available on this link: https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/20448279/2025/95/4

Woher weißt Du, was ich lesen wollte?Warum die KI unheimlich schlau istvon Dirk Kaesler & Stefanie von Wietersheim - Kolumne(Hördauer ca. 13 Minuten)Rätsel des Lebens. Wie, um Himmels willen, geschieht es, dass ein Buch, ein Artikel, ein Aufsatz zu leben beginnt? Worte, die wir geschrieben haben, trafen auf Menschen wie ein magischer Bumerang, der eben diese Menschen zu uns zurückholt?Es ist doch so: Wir schreiben ein Buch, einen Aufsatz, eine Kolumne. Der Text wird „publiziert“, dem lesenden Publikum ausgeliefert. Fremde und vertraute Menschen lesen jene Worte und Sätze, die uns Autorin oder Autor in den Sinn kamen, als wir geschrieben haben. Wir haben keine Kontrolle darüber, was unsere Leserschaft mit unseren Gedanken, Einfällen und Formulierungen anfängt. Meistens erfahren wir das nicht, manchmal aber doch.Den Text der Kolumne finden Sie hierDirk Kaesler Prof. Dr., war nach seiner Promotion und Habilitation an der Universität München von 1984 bis 1995 Professor für Allgemeine Soziologie an der Universität Hamburg, von 1995 bis zu seiner Pensionierung 2009 an der Universität Marburg. Er lebt inzwischen in Potsdam. Zu seinen Forschungs- und Publikationsschwerpunkten gehören Wissenschafts- und Religionssoziologie, Politische Soziologie, Geschichte und Theorien der Soziologie, ihre Klassiker und Hauptwerke und dabei vor allem Max Weber. Zu seinen letzten Buchveröffentlichungen gehören die 2014 im Verlag C.H. Beck erschienene Biographie „Max Weber. Preuße, Denker, Muttersohn“ und sein zusammen mit Stefanie von Wietersheim 2021 im Verlag LiteraturWissenschaft veröffentlichter Band "Schön deutsch. Eine Entdeckungsreise".2009 bis 2014 sind in "literaturkritik.de" regelmäßig seine Glossen "Abstimmungen mit  der Welt" erschienen.Stefanie von Wietersheim ist Kulturjournalistin und Buchautorin. Ihre Bildbände Frauen & ihre Refugien, Vom Glück mit Büchern zu leben und Mütter & Töchter wurden zu Klassikern ihres Genres. In ihrem Buch Grand Paris – Savoir-vivre für Insider und solche, die es werden wollen schreibt sie über ihre Wahlheimat Frankreich. Sie geht als Autorin der Frankfurter Allgemeinen Sonntagszeitung im In- und Ausland auf Reportage. Zusammen mit Dirk Kaesler veröffentlichte sie 2021 im Verlag LiteraturWissenschaft.de Schön deutsch. Eine Entdeckungsreise.Sprecher: Matthias PöhlmannAufnahme, Schnitt und Realisation Uwe Kullnick

Our conversation today with Felix Neumann traces the shifting landscape of far-left extremism, beginning with the broader global pressures shaping today's political climate. We unpack how certain ideological threads have evolved, splintered, and re-formed, creating a movement that is at once fragmented and unexpectedly resilient. Along the way, we examine the role of foreign influence and funding, and how these forces complicate efforts to distinguish between genuine activism and the kinds of behaviours that cross into extremism.We explore the tactics used by today's far-left extremist actors, as well as their potential to impact systems, institutions, and critical infrastructure. The discussion expands into the programs designed to prevent radicalisation and support disengagement, highlighting what's working, and what remains challenging, in addressing these dynamics. From the spread of conspiracy theories to the emerging trends that may define the next decade, we look ahead to what the future might hold. The result is a wide-ranging, thought-provoking exploration of ideology, vulnerability, and resilience in a rapidly changing world.Felix Neumann has been working at the Konrad Adenauer Foundation in Berlin since 2022. In this role, he deals with all extremist and violent movements in Germany, Europe, and worldwide. His focus is particularly on online-based movements and conspiracy ideologies. He holds a master's degree in War and Conflict Studies from the University of Potsdam. The International Risk Podcast brings you conversations with global experts, frontline practitioners, and senior decision-makers who are shaping how we understand and respond to international risk. From geopolitical volatility and organised crime, to cybersecurity threats and hybrid warfare, each episode explores the forces transforming our world and what smart leaders must do to navigate them. Whether you're a board member, policymaker, or risk professional, The International Risk Podcast delivers actionable insights, sharp analysis, and real-world stories that matter.Dominic Bowen is the host of The International Risk Podcast and Europe's leading expert on international risk and crisis management. As Head of Strategic Advisory and Partner at one of Europe's leading risk management consulting firms, Dominic advises CEOs, boards, and senior executives across the continent on how to prepare for uncertainty and act with intent. He has spent decades working in war zones, advising multinational companies, and supporting Europe's business leaders. Dominic is the go-to business advisor for leaders navigating risk, crisis, and strategy; trusted for his clarity, calmness under pressure, and ability to turn volatility into competitive advantage. Dominic equips today's business leaders with the insight and confidence to lead through disruption and deliver sustained strategic advantage.The International Risk Podcast – Reducing risk by increasing knowledge.Follow us on LinkedIn and Subscribe for all our updates!Tell us what you liked!

In dieser besonderen Podcastfolge nehme ich dich mit hinter die Kulissen und zeige dir, wie ich ChatGPT im Alltag wirklich nutze – und zwar vollkommen ungeschminkt und live. Ich bereite mich auf eine Frauennetzwerkveranstaltung in Potsdam vor und lasse mir von der KI Tipps geben, wie ich leichter ins Gespräch komme, welche Fragen ich stellen kann und wie ich natürlich über mein Business spreche, ohne dass es sich wie Eigenwerbung anfühlt.Du erfährst:✨ Warum gute Fragen beim Netzwerken alles verändern ✨ Wie du Menschen, die du schon kennst, trotzdem tiefgehend ins Gespräch holst ✨ Welche Alternativen es zu den typischen Standardfloskeln wie „Und, wie läuft's bei dir?“ gibt ✨ Wie du kleine Highlights, Aha-Momente und persönliche Geschichten geschickt nutzt ✨ Wie ChatGPT dir helfen kann, souveräner, entspannter und interessierter aufzutretenDiese Folge zeigt dir ganz praktisch, wie mächtig KI im Alltag sein kann – nicht nur für Content, Tools und Business, sondern auch für persönliche Entwicklung und echte Verbindungen.Perfekt für dich, wenn du:

Mein heutiger Gast ist Dr. Claudia Nicolai, seit zehn Jahren Academic Director der HPI School of Design Thinking in Potsdam, Mitglied im Beirat der Kultur- und Kreativwirtschaft des Bundes sowie im Digitalisierungsrat der Stadt Potsdam. In der heutigen Episode beschäftigen wir uns mit den Fragen: Was unterscheidet Design Thinking von anderen Konzepten? Warum ist das Mindset besonders wichtig? Und was hat es mit den so-genannten Future Skills auf sich? Some key takeaways: Design Thinking ist keine Methode, sondern vielmehr eine Kombination aus multidisziplinären Teams, verschiedenen Prozessen und dem Willen, etwas neues zu erschaffen.  Mindset ist essenziell! Kreativität muss wieder erlernt werden. Tipps für Studierende & Innovator*innen: Klein anfangen, ausprobieren, machen!  Nutzerforschung beginnt beim Mut, Menschen anzusprechen.  Scheitern willkommen heißen! More links: HPI School of Design Thinking Team HPI LinkedIn: hpi-d-school Instagram: hpi.dschool TikTok: hpi.dschool Angebotsseite zum Zusatzstudium  Falls ihr Fragen oder Anregungen habt, schreibt mir einfach. Ich bin Linda Rath und wir hören uns in der nächsten Folge wieder. Credits: Produziert von Linda Rath Foto Claudia Nicolai: Mit freundlicher Erlaubnis von Claudia Nicolai Foto Linda Rath: Stefan Walter für Causalux Fotos  Podcast Cover: Nicole Koppe Musik/Jingles: Mara Niese

Sina aus Potsdam erzählt heute, was sie auf die Jakobswege gebracht hat: Inzwischen sind es zehn, auf die sie mit uns gemeinsam zurückguckt und auch die Frage beantwortet: Welcher Weg hat Dich am stärksten verändert?########Hier könnt Ihr das Camino-Podcast-Postkarten-Set bestellen: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Camino-podcast.de⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Hier bestellst Du Deinen neuen Pilgerführer und unterstützt uns damit:⁠⁠⁠linktr.ee/camino_podcast⁠⁠⁠########Kontakt zum Camino-Podcast: ⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠www.camino-podcast.de⁠ // ⁠hallo@camino-podcast.de⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ // ⁠⁠⁠⁠linktr.ee/camino_podcast⁠⁠⁠⁠ // WA-Sprachnachricht +49 160 970 170 56Danke an Hans-Jörg Karrenbrock & w/ove für das Sounddesign des Camino-Podcasts. Lukas von WELKS hat die Layouts erstellt - Danke! Merci auch an den Conrad-Stein-Verlag und ⁠⁠Domradio.de⁠⁠ für die Unterstützung. Buen Camino!

Nach einem gemeinsamen Besuch der Ausstellung „In & Out of Painting*“ im Belvedere 21 unterhalten sich Ashley Hans Scheirl und AntkeAntek Engel, Leiter*in des Instituts für Queer Theory in Berlin, unter anderem über Zusammenarbeit, Community, Queering- und Genderfragen, Verletzlichkeit, Bewegung und Wahrnehmung und über Archive. Viel Spaß beim Hören der neuen Folge. Diese Folge wurde am 17. November 2025 in der Secession aufgenommen. Ashley Hans Scheirl *1956 in Salzburg, lebt in Wien. Studium an der Akademie der Bildenden Künste Wien (Diplom 1980). Zwischen 1979 und 1998 entstanden über 50 Super8 Kurzfilme und zwei Langfilme. 1981–82 Aufenthalt in New York, von 1987 bis 2005 lebte Scheirl in London. 2003 M.A. Abschluss am Central St Martins College of Art & Design, London. 2006–2022 Professur für Kontextuelle Malerei an der Akademie der Bildenden Künste Wien, seit 2022 ebendort Senior Professor*in. 2006 Österreichisches Staatsstipendium für Bildende Kunst, 2012 Kunstpreis der Stadt Wien, 2019 Österreichischer Preis für Bildende Kunst des Bundeskanzleramts. 2022 repräsentierte Scheirl mit Jakob Lena Knebl Österreich bei der Venedig Biennale. 2025 Klocker Kunstpreis (zusammen mit Jakob Lena Knebl). Jüngste Einzelausstellungen: 2023 Palais de Tokyo, Paris; 2024 Deichtorhallen, Hamburg; 2025 Belvedere 21, Wien (alle mit Jakob Lena Knebl). www.ashleyhansscheirl.com/ AntkeAntek Engel (xi/xens; they/them) leitet das Institut für Queer Theory (iQt) in Berlin, das seit 2006 Projekte initiiert, in denen sich akademische und aktivistische, philosophische, politische und künstlerische Praxen verflechten. Engel hat 2001 an der Universität Potsdam in Philosophie promoviert und ist seitdem auf Gastprofessuren für Gender und Queer Studies sowie freiberuflich in Wissenschaft und Kulturproduktion tätig. Xi hat zahlreichen Bücher und Aufsätze zu queeren und feministischen Themen, zu politischer Philosophie, poststrukturalistischer Repräsentationskritik und queering visuelle Kultur veröffentlicht.    Secession Podcast: Members ist eine Gesprächsreihe mit Mitgliedern der Secession. Das Dorotheum ist exklusiver Sponsor des Secession Podcasts. Programmiert vom Vorstand der Secession. Jingle: Hui Ye mit einem Ausschnitt aus Combat of dreams für Streichquartett und Zuspielung (2016, Christine Lavant Quartett) von Alexander J. Eberhard. Schnitt: Paul Macheck Produktion: Jeanette Pacher

Step into a natural history museum, sometimes called a ‘dead zoo', and you will find yourself surrounded by silence. Behind glass cases and inside drawers lie animals long gone: the Tasmanian tiger, the quagga, birds that no longer take flight, creatures whose skins and bones now carry only the weight of memory. These preserved remains are meant to represent care - careful handling, careful storage, and careful cataloguing, in a tribute to the long dead and sometimes extinct. But as Dr Katrina Schlunke, from the University of Potsdam and Sydney, argues, the care offered by museums is not so simple. It is bound up with histories of colonialism, extinction, and exclusion, which are typically not explored or acknowledged in the displays we encounter.

LA BIBLIOTECA DE LA HISTORIA nos abre uno de sus archivos, que nos va a acercar a: "Pequeña historia mítica de España". En el programa de hoy tenemos el placer de contar con la compañía del doctor en filología e historia y escritor David Hernández de la Fuente, que nos va a presentar su libro titulado "Pequeña historia mítica de España", un libro apasionante y totalmente recomendable en el que David nos hace viajar a toda la historia de España para conocer el origen de muchísimos mitos, desde Tartessos hasta la Inquisición, pasando por Numancia, Don Pelayo y la conquista de América . Sin más preámbulos os dejo con el programa y espero que os guste. Enlace al libro en Amazon: https://amzn.to/3Mdh4n1 Enlace a Alianza Editorial: https://www.alianzaeditorial.es David Hernández de la Fuente es Doctor en Filología Clásica. Doctor en Historia Social de la Antigüedad. Licenciado en Filología Clásica, Filología Hispánica y Derecho. Ha sido docente e investigador en las universidades de Potsdam, de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid y de la UNED, y actualmente es Catedrático de Filología Griega en la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, donde imparte docencia de grado y posgrado en Filología Clásica, Estudios Medievales y Ciencias de las Religiones. Además es crítico literario, es traductor, autor de numerosos artículos y ha escrito varios libros tanto de narrativa como de ensayo que han sido premiados, entre los que se encuentran: - "Las puertas del sueño" (2004): - Enlace al libro en Amazon "A cubierto" (2011): https://amzn.to/48vbaoG Y los ensayos: - Enlace al libro en Amazon "Oráculos griegos" (2008): https://amzn.to/4rsuSKB - Enlace al libro en Amazon "Vidas de Pitágoras" (2011): https://amzn.to/4oug5MD - Enlace al libro en Amazon "Mitología clásica" (2015): https://amzn.to/4ry3pHm - Enlace al libro en Amazon "El despertar del alma: Dioniso y Ariadna, mito y misterio" (2017): https://amzn.to/4iQOrbH - Enlace al libro en Amazon "El hilo de oro: los clásicos en el laberinto actual" (2021): https://amzn.to/48gQke4 Este es un Podcast producido y dirigido por Gerión de Contestania, miembro del grupo "Divulgadores de la Historia". -Enlace a la página web de Divulgadores de la Historia: https://divulgadoresdelahistoria.wordpress.com/ Somos un podcast perteneciente al sello iVoox Originals. -Canal de YouTube de LA BIBLIOTECA DE LA HISTORIA: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfHTOD0Z_yC-McS71OhfHIA Correo electrónico: labibliotecadelahistoria@gmail.com *Si te ha gustado el programa dale al "Like", ya que con esto ayudarás a darnos más visibilidad. También puedes dejar tu comentario, decirnos en que hemos fallado o errado y también puedes sugerir un tema para que sea tratado en un futuro programa de LA BIBLIOTECA DE LA HISTORIA. Gracias. Música del audio: -Entrada: Epic Victory by Akashic Records . License by Jamendo. -Voz entrada: http://www.locutordigital.es/ -Relato: Music with License by Jamendo. Imagen del audio: Portada del libro de David Hernández de la Fuente "Pequeña historia mítica de España". Redes Sociales: -Twitter: LABIBLIOTECADE3 -Facebook: Gerión De Contestania Muchísimas gracias por escuchar LA BIBLIOTECA DE LA HISTORIA y hasta la semana que viene. Podcast amigos: Niebla de Guerra: https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-niebla-guerra_sq_f1608912_1.html La Biblioteca Perdida: https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-podcast-la-biblioteca-perdida_sq_f171036_1.html Casus Belli: https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-casus-belli-podcast_sq_f1391278_1.html Victoria Podcast: https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-victoria-podcast_sq_f1781831_1.html Relatos Salvajes: https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-relatos-salvajes_sq_f1470115_1.html Motor y al Aire: https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-motor-al-aire_sq_f1117313_1.html Pasaporte Historia: https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-pasaporte-historia_sq_f1835476_1.html Cita con Rama Podcast: https://www.ivoox.com/cita-rama-podcast-ciencia-ficcion_sq_f11043138_1.html Sierra Delta: https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-sierra-delta_sq_f1507669_1.html Permiso para Clave: https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-permiso-para-clave_sq_f1909797_1.html Héroes de Guerra 2.0: https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-heroes-guerra_sq_f1256035_1.html Calamares a la Romana: https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-calamares-a-romana_sq_f12234654_1.html Lignvm en Roma: https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-lignum-roma_sq_f1828941_1.html Bestias Humanas: https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-bestias-humanas_sq_f12390050_1.html Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

How do you become a C++ Standards Committee member?Why is C++ prevalent in audio?Should you still use it for audio software?Honestly, Timur Doumler is someone I have looked up to ever since I saw his “C++ in the audio industry” talk at CppCon 2015.He has a rich development history with C++ and/or audio:developer at Native Instrumentsdeveloper of the JUCE C++ framework (podcast sponsor ❤️)C++ linter developer and developer advocate at JetBrains (who make the CLion IDE)founder of Cradle, an audio plugin startupC++ Standards Committee memberCppCast podcast hostnotorious Audio Developer Conference and CppCon speakerI have probably missed a ton of stuff here, but that should already give you a flavor of what Timur is up to

For transcriptions and more detailed shownotes, please go to: https://swordschool.shop/blogs/podcast/episode-207-the-perfectly-rational-fencer-with-martin-hoppner  To support the show, come join the Patrons at  https://www.patreon.com/theswordguy Dr Martin Höppner has been involved in historical martial arts since joining a local reenactment club, “Berliner Rittergilde” in 2008 before getting into historical fencing in 2015 studying classical sabre and rapier at the University of Berlin club. He then moved into sword and buckler, inspired by Roland Warzecha's work (you can hear from Roland here) and Fiore's Art of Arms, before being seduced by Manciolino and Marozzo. In 2017 he co-founded Schildwache Potsdam as a collaboration between the Berliner Rittergilde and the University of Potsdam's Academic Sports Centre. In 2020 and 2021 he was on the DDHF national longsword first squad. And since 2022 he was on the Rapier national squad, where he is now head coach. He runs the Schildwache Potsdam YouTube channel, and is one of the organizers of one of my favourite events, Swords of the Renaissance. He is a research associate at the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg and has a PhD in economics and social sciences. Economics is very relevant to this episode, because Martin and I discuss how Game Theory relates to fencing. What is it rational to do when sparring and what do people actually do? What is the most rational way to react to an opponent who hits you increasingly hard or fast? Should you match them, or walk away? We also talk about rule sets in tournaments, and Martin's thoughts on how to devise them to stop people gaming the rules, and make the fencing cleaner and scoring fairer.   Links of interest: Schildwache Potsdam (Martin's club) and info on Swords of the Renaissance event: https://schildwache-potsdam.de/ The Schildwache Potsdam Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/cw/SchildwachePotsdam Schildwache Potsdam YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/schildwache-potsdam  

Japan's stance on the Taiwan question has long defined its relations with China. Japan must reaffirm its commitment to the four important documents which are the bedrock of bilateral relations. However, it has purposely maintained strategic ambiguity on the Taiwan question.日本在台湾问题上的立场长期决定着中日关系的走向。日本必须重申其对构成两国关系基础的四个重要政治文件的承诺。然而，日本在台湾问题上刻意保持战略模糊。As a result, the Taiwan question has remained a persistent pivot, shaped by Japan's post-war legal positioning, its domestic political constraints and, above all, its reliance on the United States-Japan security alliance.因此，台湾问题一直是中日关系的关键点，受日本战后法律定位、国内政治约束，尤其是对美日同盟依赖的共同影响。After World War II, Japan accepted the Potsdam Proclamation and its requirement to restore Taiwan to China. But in practice, it followed the US-led "Treaty of San Francisco" signed in 1951, which had been signed without the participation of representatives from China. That "treaty" required Japan only to "renounce" Taiwan, without specifying its return to China. Using this omission as an excuse, Japan claimed it did not have the legal authority to define "Taiwan's status".二战后，日本接受《波茨坦公告》及其“台湾归还中国”的要求。但在实践中，日本却遵循1951年美主导的《旧金山和约》——该“和约”签署时并无中国的参与。该“和约”要求日本“放弃”台湾，但并未明确台湾应归还中国。日本借此漏洞声称其无权定义“台湾地位”。The position was blatantly contradictory. Japan was simultaneously agreeing to adhere to the Potsdam Proclamation while relying on a so-called "treaty" that obscured what Potsdam had made explicit. This dual-track approach was driven not by legal logic, but by strategic calculation.这种立场明显自相矛盾。日本一方面声称遵守波茨坦公告，另一方面又依赖一个刻意模糊其明确内容的所谓“和约”。这种“双轨策略”源于战略算计，而非法律逻辑。Another key factor in Japan's Taiwan policy is the US-Japan security framework during the Cold War. During the early Cold War, the US regarded Taiwan as a critical strategic asset.影响日本台湾政策的另一关键因素是冷战时期的美日安全框架。在早期冷战中，美国将台湾视为重要战略资产。As China and Japan sat down to normalize ties in the 1970s, the US was deeply concerned about how Japan would address the Taiwan question in the negotiations. Tokyo repeatedly reassured Washington that the US-Japan alliance would not be affected and that the US would have access to bases for "Taiwan-related operations".当中日于上世纪70年代讨论邦交正常化时，美国高度关注日本在谈判中如何处理台湾问题。东京反复向华盛顿保证，美日同盟不会受影响，美国仍可使用驻日基地进行“涉台行动”。Even after normalization of China-Japan diplomatic relations, Japanese officials stated that including Taiwan within the "Far East" framework served US strategic interests.即便中日实现邦交正常化，日本官员仍声称将台湾纳入“远东”框架符合美国战略利益。After the Cold War, Japan further strengthened these security linkages. The 1997 and 2015 revisions in the Guidelines for Japan-US Defense Cooperation broadened bilateral roles in regional contingencies, widely interpreted as including the Taiwan island.冷战结束后，日本进一步强化了这些安全联动。《日美防卫合作指针》于1997年和2015年的修订扩大了双方在地区突发事件中的角色，普遍被解读为涵盖台湾地区。Japan's 2015 security legislation tried to provide so-called "legal grounds" for supporting US military operations in a "crisis in Taiwan".日本2015年的安保法试图为日本在“台湾有事”时支持美国军事行动提供所谓“法律依据”。In 2021, for the first time since 1969, Japan and the US issued a joint statement expressing concerns over peace and stability across the Taiwan Strait.2021年，美日首次自1969年以来在联合声明中对台湾海峡的和平与稳定表示关切。The recent provocative remarks by Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi have severely damaged ties with China.日本首相高市早苗近期的挑衅性言论严重损害了中日关系。Speaking in the Japanese Diet, she claimed that a "Taiwan contingency" would constitute a "survival-threatening situation" for Japan — the most explicit formulation ever made by a serving Japanese leader.她在国会中声称，“台湾有事”将构成日本的“存亡危机事态”——这是日本在任领导人迄今最明确的表述。Her statement not only breaks with Tokyo's long-standing strategic ambiguity but also signals a shift toward treating Taiwan as a core element of Japan's national security, which is a blatant violation of China's internal affairs.此言论不仅突破东京长期坚持的战略模糊，更表明日本正将台湾视为其国家安全核心要素，公然干涉中国内政。Japan's dual-track approach of offering political assurances to China while aligning with the US regional strategy during past US administrations has given Tokyo flexibility, but also created inconsistencies.日本过去以对华政治保证与配合美国地区战略并行的“双轨模式”虽为东京带来灵活性，却也造成了明显矛盾。Japan claims it abides by the Potsdam Proclamation but relies on the "San Francisco Peace Treaty", which China regards as invalid.日本声称遵守《波茨坦公告》，却依赖中国明确视为无效的《旧金山和约》。Japan reassures China that it does not support Taiwan independence and upholds the one-China principle, yet expands the scope of US-Japan military cooperation in ways that could involve Japan in "Taiwan contingencies".日本安抚中国，声称不支持“台独”并坚持一个中国原则，但同时不断扩大可能使其卷入“台湾有事”的美日军事合作范围。However, as the Chinese leadership and the incumbent US administration reaffirm the importance of managing the Taiwan question responsibly, Japan's increasingly explicit security framing stands in sharp contrast.然而，在中美领导层均强调负责任管控台湾问题的重要性之际，日本愈发明确的安全定位形成鲜明对比。Rather than reducing tensions, Tokyo's new rhetoric risks injecting additional uncertainty into an issue that the world's two major countries are actively seeking to stabilize.东京的新言论非但不会缓和局势，反而可能向这一中美共同努力稳定的问题注入更多不确定性。Fortunately on Nov 24, President Xi Jinping and US President Donald Trump held a phone conversation in which the Taiwan question was a central focus.所幸的是，11月24日，习近平主席与美国总统特朗普通话，台湾问题成为核心议题。President Xi elaborated on China's principled position, stressing that the restoration of Taiwan to China is an integral part of the post-war international order.习近平主席阐明了中方原则立场，强调台湾回归中国是战后国际秩序的重要组成部分。President Trump responded by expressing the US side's understanding of Taiwan's significance to China, signaling that even amid strategic competition, Washington acknowledges the sensitivity and centrality of the issue.特朗普总统表示美方理解台湾对中国的重要性，显示出即使在战略竞争中，美国也承认这一问题的敏感性和核心地位。Hopefully, the phone call between the Chinese and US top leaders, followed by another call between President Trump and Prime Minister Takaichi, has clearly conveyed China's unshakable stance on the Taiwan question to the Japanese politicians.希望中美元首的通话，以及随后特朗普总统与高市早苗的通话，已向日本政界清晰传达了中国在台湾问题上的坚定立场。Additionally, President Trump can demonstrate his political acumen by influencing Japan, encouraging the Japanese politician to correct her missteps.此外，特朗普总统也可通过劝导日本纠正其错误言论来展现政治智慧。For Japan, strategic ambiguity on the Taiwan question is a shield. From Japanese politicians' perspective, an explicit acknowledgment that Taiwan is part of China may undermine Japan's post-war "security architecture" and its flexibility to maneuver in the region's shifting geopolitical landscape.对日本而言，台湾问题上的战略模糊是一种“保护伞”。从其政界角度看，明确承认“台湾属于中国”可能冲击日本战后“安全架构”，削弱其在地区地缘政治变化中的操作空间。However, if Japan fully implements the latest remarks, it will be seen as a blatant infringement on China's integrity of sovereignty and territory, given that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China.然而，如果日本真正落实其最新言论，则将被视为公然侵犯中国主权和领土完整，因为台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。Such statements, made on the 80th anniversary of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45), are evoking strong memories among the Chinese people of Japan's military past and also remind the people of the Asia-Pacific region of Japan's wartime atrocities in the region.在中国人民抗日战争（1931–45）80周年之际发表此类言论，更激起中国人民对日本军国主义历史的强烈记忆，也提醒亚太地区民众注意日本战争暴行的历史。It is crucial for Takaichi to retract her misguided remarks, especially at this highly sensitive time, as they risk paving the way for a revival of militarism that can threaten regional peace.在当前高度敏感的时期，高市早苗必须撤回其错误言论，因为这类言辞可能助长军事主义复活，威胁地区和平。The author is director-general of the Institute of Japanese Studies at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and chairman of the Chinese Association for Japanese Studies.The views don't necessarily represent those of China Daily.normalization of China-Japan diplomatic relations实现外交关系正常化internal affairs内政Potsdam Proclamation《波茨坦公告》San Francisco Peace Treaty《旧金山和约》blatantly contradictory明显自相矛盾

Hello everyone, a big thanks to all of you who joined the patreon and voted for this to be the next episode, you all are awesome. This is a part 2 about Hirohito's responsibility during the wars of 1931-1945, so if you have not heard part 1, perhaps go do so, or maybe you just don't care about 1931-1940 and just want to hear about the 1941-1945 period, hell by all means enjoy.   So last time we kind of left it on a bit of a dramatic cliff hanger. I spoke about Emperor Hirohito's involvement in what was called at the time the “China Incident”. It was not an official declared war until December of 1941. We left off in 1940, Hirohito was struggling with a situation of juggling two things: 1) how the hell to finally end the China War 2) how to do it without receiving horrible ramifications from the international world. On July 22nd of 1940, Konoe was back and formed a second cabinet. Notably General Hideki Tojo went from vice to army Minister during this time. If you guys ever want a podcast on Hideki Tojo, let me know, he is one rather bizarre figure that's for sure. Konoe tackled his job by holding an imperial HQ government liaison conference. For 90 minutes everyone worked on a new national policy designed to exploit the international situation, IE: Germany bulldozing europe.  The result was a document on national policy dated July 27th. It shifted focus to the “southern area” IE: southeast asia and the Pacific if the China war did not end quickly. Its basis was to exploit the foreign nations that had their hands full in europe, France, Britain and the Netherlands. It called for an invasion of French Indochina to establish bases to launch assaults against the Dutch East Indies for natural resources if diplomatic means failed. It acknowledged if the Dutch East Indies were seized through military means, Japan would also seek to fight Britain, but not the US, instead Japan would prepare for a possible war with the Americans. To all of this Hirohito approved. The army also kept pressuring its desire to ally with Germany. Throughout 1939-1940 Hirohito rejected this idea, not because of any ideological differences, it was because of Germans anti aggression pact with the USSR. If Japan were to ally to Germany, Hirohito wanted it to be mutually to fight the USSR. The Navy likewise opposed allying to Germany because they believed it would force Britain and the US to increase their aid to Chiang Kai-shek.   However the Blitzkrieg changed everything. Everyone was shocked at how well Germany was doing. Prince Chichibu repeatedly argued with Hirohito to change his mind over the alliance idea. Then suddenly the Navy changed their mind and began favoring an alliance. This changed came about in June of 1940 when the France fell. The Navy changed their mind based on a few factors, a major component was the belief if Germany and the USSR were allied, than at least Japan would not have to worry about the USSR and could focus on the pacific. Both the IJA and the IJN believed Hitler would soon take Britain and thus there was a huge desire to join the new international order on the winning side. A third factor was a new clause in negotiations with Germany and Japan, that if they allied Japan would not automatically be drawn into a war with Britain against her will. Some in the navy also believed perhaps Germany could help their diplomatic situation with the Americans. So the army and navy were now both demanding an alliance with Germany, it was all up to hirohito.    At an imperial briefing on June 19th of 1940, Hirohito asked chief of staff Prince Kan'in and the Army Minister Hata “At a time when peace will soon come in the European situation, will there be a deployment of troops to the Netherlands Indies and French Indochina?” Such as question revealed Hirohito's perception at the time that Germany was on the verge of victory and that he was gradually considering the deployment of troops in French Indochina and the Dutch East Indies as neither parent nation were in a position to defend their holdings. In regards to the China war, the Japanese sought to end leaks of materials getting into China from places like Hong Kong. Hirohito received reports indicated Britain would not accept closing the movement of materials into China via Hong Kong. The military acknowledged it would probably be required to invade Hong Kong and thus declare war on Britain. Upon hearing of this Hirohito remarked “Should that happen, I am sure America will use the method of an embargo, don't you agree?” To this his lord of the privy seal, Kido reassured him stating “the nation must be fully resolved to resist to proceed cautiously and not to be dragged into events precipitated by the overseas agencies”. Konoe's second cabinet resolved to end the China war, construct a new order in greater east asia and to complete war preparations as a national defense state. On July 27th at a liaison conference a document was adopted, affirming a course of advancing to the south and to ally with Germany. Japan would incorporate the Dutch East Indies, British Malaya and other resource rich areas of Southeast Asia into its new order while simultaneously bolstering its relationship with the Axis states. After hearing and reading everything, Hirohito sanctioned it all. Thus Hirohito had sanctioned the preliminary actions that would set Japan into a collision course with the US.   In September Japan began sending troops into northern French Indochina after concluding its Tripartite alliance with Germany and Italy. Now Hirohito was briefed beforehand by Army Minister Tojo and other chiefs of staff about securing bases in northern French indochina. Hirohito agreed to this under the belief acquiring such bases would stop more leaked materials going into China and thus contribute to the fall of Chongqing. But Hirohito also sanctioned it under the full knowledge it was preparing the Nanshin-ron advance and that carried a risk of going to war with Britain and by proxy the US. Naturally he wanted to thwart any war breaking out with the US by it seems his officials had convinced him they could manage most of their plans without aggravating the US.   On July 29th with the German offensive aimed at finishing off Britain, Hirohito summoned his chiefs and vice chiefs of staff to the imperial HQ. He began to question the prospects of war with the US. Prince Fushimi replied “[u]nless we complete our domestic preparations, particularly the preparation of our material resources, I do not think we should lightly start war even if there is a good opportunity to do so.” Hirohito then asked if  “the Army were planning to occupy points in India, Australia, and New Zealand.” But overall Hirohito seemed to be the most concerned about the US, Germany and the USSR. “Could Japan, obtain a victory in a naval battle with the United States as we once did in the Battle of the Japan Sea? . . . I heard that the United States will ban exports of oil and scrap iron [to Japan]. We can probably obtain oil from other sources, but don't you think we will have a problem with scrap iron?” In regards to the USSR “If a Japan-Soviet nonaggression treaty is made and we advance to the south, the navy will become the main actor. Has the army given thought to reducing the size of its forces in that case? . . . How do you assess the future national power of Germany? . . . Both Germany and the Soviet Union are untrustworthy countries. Don't you think there will be a problem if one of them betrays us and takes advantage of our exhaustion fighting the United States?I]t seems as though you people are thinking of implementing this plan by force because there is a good opportunity at this moment for resolving the southern problem even though some dangers are involved. . . . What does a good opportunity mean? [To this question Sawada replied: “For example, if a German landing in England commences.”] In that case wouldn't the United States move to aid Britain? . . . Well, I've heard enough. I take it, in short, that you people are trying to resolve the southern problem by availing yourselves of today's good opportunities.”   You can tell Hirohito understood the very real threat of an Anglo-American alliance and was very cautious. It seemed to Hirohito, that his officials were trying to take the limelight off the abysmal situation in China but emphasizing a southern advance. Well Americans response to the Japanese movement into northern French indochina was to see it as a direct threat. Something I have not paid much attention to was Hirohito's decision making being the direct result of trying to mediate between competing entities, ie: the IJA and IJN. At this point in time the IJA and IJN top officials had the power to simply stop governmental functions from occurring altogether whenever they were displeased with a decision. As you can imagine the IJA and IJN were also competing for resources and political power. Thus Hirohito spent a lot of time and effort trying to formulate decisions that at a minimum kept the governance going.    In the end Hirohito sanctioned Imperial HQ army order number 458, ordering the area army to begin the entry into French Indochina. Thus once again Hirohito sanctioned aggression aboard. America began what it called a “moral embargo” on aircraft parts, scrap iron and aviation gasoline. This was one of many gradual steps America took to incrementally sanction Japan, while aiding China to keep it bogged down. Japan's direct response was joining the Axis with a clause “to assist one another with all political, economic and military means if attacked by a power at present not involved in the European War or in the Sino-Japanese conflict”. This clause was designed specifically to check Britain and the US. Hirohito knew this was a turning point carrying the possibility of war with the US. Later he would blame some officials and even his brothers Chichibu and Takamatsu, but not his own actions sanctioning the Axis pact.    Speaking of his brothers, at this time Chichibu got severely ill with tuberculosis and as a result retired from active public life, now Prince Takamatsu stood as next regent. Thus Takamatsu would begin reading reports and advise Hirohito. Takamatsu like Chichibu approved the Tripartite Pact and found his brother Hirohito's performance lacking. Meanwhile Britain responded to the Tripartite pact by opening up the Burma road and America made a loan to Chiang Kai-shek.   The Soviets came to Japan for a neutrality pact and sweetened the deal by offering Soviet coal and oil concessions in North Sakhalin. Hirohito ratified the treaty on April 25th of 1941. 5 weeks later on June 5th, the Japanese ambassador to Berlin, General Oshima Hiroshi reported to Hirohito and the high command that Hitler was about to invade the Soviets. The Army high command sprang into action drafting plans to open a war with the Soviets while simultaneously advancing south into French Indochina. But many in the military also sought to wait until the time was ripe, and a rift emerged. Operation barbarossa commenced and on June 23rd the IJN high command gave their opinion that Japan should seize all military bases and airfields in southern French Indochina even at the risk of war with Britain and America. Can you say boy that escalated quickly?   There was obvious temptation to invade Siberia towards Lake Baikal, but at the same time the western powers were tightening sanctions on Japan, she needed resources. At this point Japan had been stuck in China for 4 years and 5 months, the army had expanded from 17 divisions totalling 250,000 men in july of 1937 to 51 divisions at 2.1 million men in December 8th of 1941. On July 2nd, 10 tens into Operation barbarossa, Konoe summoned an imperial conference to debate actions going forward. The consensus was that southern French Indochina needed to be taken and that it probably would not provoke the US going to war with Japan. Hirohito sanctioned it and on July 30th made a major operational intervention by advising General Sugiyama to build up forces in Manchukuo to prevent the Soviet Far Eastern Army.   Japan negotiated with Vichy France to allow Japanese troops to occupy southern parts of French Indochina. What was to be originally just 40,000 IJA forces turned into 185,000 and in response America increased sanctions and began preparing the Philippines for war. Roosevelt froze Japanese assets in the US on July 26th and by August the 1st a total embargo of oil and gasoline exports to Japan. Konoe's cabinet, the military high command, pretty much everyone was shocked by how harsh the economic sanctions were. Emperor Hirohito told Sugiyama to halt mobilizing forces in Manchukuo and the army basically dropped all plans of attacking the USSR. A month after the US oil embargo suddenly the army had changed its mind to go all in on the southern advance. Britain likewise began sanctions against Japan and both Britain and the US managed to convince the Dutch to follow suit by refusing to sell oil to Japan. The Dutch even took it a step further and followed Americans lead in freezing Japanese assets.    Konoe was in full panic mode, be believed his ambassador to washington was a moron and sought to go in person to speak to Roosevelt. At 11:40am on August 4th Konoe spoke to Hirohito about the plan, but Washington kept making up excuses prolonging any meeting from taking place. Meanwhile Washington was building up its navy, and the IJN were stressing, in the words of Admiral Takagai “As time passes and this situation continues, our empire will either be totally defeated or forced to fight a hopeless war. Therefore we should pursue war and diplomacy together. If there is no prospect of securing our final line of national survival by diplomatic negotiations, we must be resolved to fight.” Hirohito understood the predicament full well, that each day Japan was wasting its oil reserves, if they were to strike it had to be quickly.    On september 3rd at a liaison conference it was decided Japan was to prepare for a war against the US, UK and Netherlands while simultaneously pursuing diplomacy. If diplomacy failed by early October the decision for war would be made. Konoe presented everything to Hirohito on September 5th and requested an imperial conference on the matter. The most important decision of his life was about to be made.    Now take a second to feel the moment. Germany's invasion of the USSR was in its 6th week and not producing a decisive victory; Britain was still in the fight and the Japanese ambassador to London reported back Britain would allow Japan to maintain its great power status and exert influence in asia if they stayed out of the European War and “re-examined their current policy”. An olive branch. Hirohito had options is what I am arguing. He could stale things, he could mobilize units into Manchukuo to simply threaten the Soviet border, he could simply stay out of new wars, even it the China war would get worse, but try to profit from the situation in Europe. He could stop the southern advance, lose the chance to seize the resource in southeast asia, but perhaps the US, UK and Netherlands would lift some sanctions.   After speaking back and forth with Konoe while scolding Sugiyama here is a bit of their conversation:    Emperor: In the event we must finally open hostilities, will our operations have a probability of victory?  Sugiyama: Yes, they will.  Emperor: At the time of the China Incident, the army told me that we could achieve peace immediately after dealing them one blow with three divisions. Sugiyama, you were army minister at that time. . . .  Sugiyama: China is a vast area with many ways in and many ways out, and we met unexpectedly big difficulties. . . . [ellipses in original]  Emperor: Didn't I caution you each time about those matters? Sugiyama, are you lying to me? Nagano: If Your Majesty will grant me permission, I would like to make a statement.  Emperor: Go ahead.  Nagano: There is no 100 percent probability of victory for the troops stationed there. . . . Sun Tzu says that in war between states of similar strength, it is very difficult to calculate victory. Assume, however, there is a sick person and we leave him alone; he will definitely die. But if the doctor's diagnosis offers a seventy percent chance of survival, provided the patient is operated on, then don't you think one must try surgery? And if, after the surgery, the patient dies, one must say that was meant to be. This indeed is the situation we face today. . . . If we waste time, let the days pass, and are forced to fight after it it is too late to fight, then we won't be able to do a thing about it.  Emperor: All right, I understand. [He answered in a better mood.]  Konoe: Shall I make changes in tomorrow's agenda? How would you like me to go about it? Emperor: There is no need to change anything.   There is no need to change anything. Konoe grabbed Hirohito for a private audience afterwards and tried to get Hirohito to revise the outline, but Hirohito ignored this. Hirohito at that point could have stopped or at least slowed down the countdown to all out war. Hirohito instead did not want to displease the pro-war factions in his military, perhaps he saw them as a threat to his authority. Hirohito was not at all pleased with the policy plan. When he was shown in on september 5th, he looked extremely irritated and blew up on Sugiyama and the army high command as a whole. 20 minutes before the Imperial conference on September 6th, Hirohito spoke with his lord of the privy Kido and told him he was going to raise some questions at the meeting. Kido told him that it would be best to leave the questions at the very end, basically he was advising to allow for things to go through. Thus Hirohito sat through the meeting and sanction the preparations for war. Here is a conversation between Hirohito and the Chiefs of the general staff:   Emperor: You may go ahead and mobilize. But if the Konoe-Roosevelt talks go well, you'll stop, won't you?  Chief of the General Staff: Indeed, your majesty, we will.  Emperor: I will ask you one more time: Is there any possibility that the north [that is, the Soviet Union] may move against us while we are engaged in the south [emphasis added]?  Chief of the General Staff: I cannot say that will absolutely not occur. However, because of the season it is inconceivable that large forces will be able to attack us   Meanwhile Konoe's deadline to reach a diplomatic resolution with the US was fast approaching. On October 13th Hirohito told Kido “In the present situation there seems to be little hope for the Japan–U.S. negotiations. If hostilities erupt this time, I think I may have to issue a declaration of war.” The next day Konoe held his last cabinet meeting and Army minister Tojo took the lionshare of talking:   For the past six months, ever since April, the foreign minister has made painstaking efforts to adjust relations [with the United States.] Although I respect him for that, we remain deadlocked. . . . Our decision was “to start the war . . . if by early October we cannot thoroughly achieve our demands through negotiations.” Today is the fourteenth. . . . We are mobilizing hundreds of thousands of soldiers. Others are being moved from China and Manchuria, and we have requisitioned two million tons of ships, causing difficulties for many people. As I speak ships are en route to their destinations. I would not mind stopping them, and indeed would have to stop them, if there was a way for a diplomatic breakthrough. . . . The heart of the matter is the [imposition on us of] withdrawal [from Indochina and China]. ...If we yield to America's demands, it will destroy the fruits of the China Incident. Manchukuo will be endangered and our control of Korea undermined   And so Konoe resigned two days later, but before he did his last official action was to recommend Prince Higashikuni to succeed him, in fact he got Tojo to do the same. Prince Higashikuni was deemed capable of controlling both the Army and Navy. And what did Hirohito say to this? He said no, and appointed Hideki Tojo. Why? As going back to the beginning of this series, to protect the Kokutai. He did not want a member of the royal family to hold the seat as Prime Minister during a time when war might be declared, a war that Japan might lose, which would toss the responsibility onto the imperial house. It was a threat to the Kokutai. Hirohito chose Tojo because Tojo was 100% loyal subject to the emperor. Tojo was the perfect fall guy if one ever existed.    Between November 8-15th, Hirohito received a full rundown of the Pearl Harbor surprise attack plan and sanctioned it. The deadline to reach a diplomatic solution with the US was set for midnight December 1st.    Hirohito ever since the Mukden Incident had expressed fear that not taking warlike actions, not pumping up the kokutai or not suppressing dissent would jeopardize the imperial system of government and damage the imperial institution itself. For Hirohito domestic conflicts were more dangerous than external ones, because they carried the risk of eroding the monarchy. As the time approached for his finally decision on declaring war, Hirohito requested a last round of discussion. The carriers enroute to Pearl harbor departed on november 27th, while on December 1st, 19 leaders, the entire Tojo cabinet and Emperor met. Tojo pulled a rather cheeky maneuver, he reported the response from America, the famous Hull note by stating “the United States . . . has demanded that we withdraw troops from all of China [emphasis added],” but in fact, Hull had used only the word “China.” Hara asked “I would like to know,whether Manchukuo is included in the term ‘China'? Did our two ambassadors confirm this point?” Togo's reply to this was “However . . . the American proposal [early in the negotiations on] April 16 stated that they would recognize the state of Manchukuo, so Manchukuo would not be part of China. . . . On the other hand . . . there has been a change in their position . . . they look upon Chungking as the one and only legitimate regime, and . . . they want to destroy the Nanking regime, [so] they may retract what they have said previously” A nonsensical gibberish answer, intentionally done to make everyone think America did in fact include Manchukuo, thus forcing everyone to see the demands as impossible to comply with. Togo finished the meeting : “Once His Majesty decides to commence hostilities, we will all strive to meet our obligations to him, bring the government and the military ever closer together, resolve that the nation united will go on to victory, make an all-out effort to achieve our war aims, and set his majesty's mind at ease. I now adjourn the meeting.” Hirohito simply nodded. Sugiyama remarked that the emperor did not show the slightest sign of anxiety, in fact he looked like he was in a good mood.   Hirohito's naval aid Jo Eiichiro wrote minutes on the first day of the pacific war, recording the emperors actions. 4 A.M. (Japan time): Japan issued a final ultimatum to the United States. 3:30 A.M.: the Hawaiian surprise attack was successful. 5:30 A.M.: Singapore bombed. Great results. Air attacks on Davao, Guam, Wake. 7:10 A.M.: All the above was reported to the emperor. The American gunboat Wake was captured on the Shanghai front. The British gunboat Petrel was sunk. From 7:15 to 7:30 the chief of the Navy General Staff reported on the war situation. At 7:30 the prime minister informally reported to the emperor on the imperial rescript declaring war. (Cabinet meeting from 7 A.M.). At 7:35 the chief of the Army General Staff reported on the war situation. At 10:45 the emperor attended an emergency meeting of the privy council. At 11:00 A.M. the imperial rescript declaring war was promulgated. 11:40 A.M. Hirohito conferred with Kido for about twenty minutes.] At 2:00 P.M. the emperor summoned the army and navy ministers and bestowed an imperial rescript on them. The army minister, representing both services, replied to the emperor. [At 3:05 P.M. the emperor had a second meeting with Kido, lasting for about twenty minutes.] At 4:30 P.M. the chiefs of staff formally reported on the draft of the Tripartite (Germany-Italy-Japan) Military Pact. At 8:30 P.M. the chief of the Navy General Staff reported on the achievements of the Hawaii air attack. . . . Throughout the day the emperor wore his naval uniform and seemed to be in a splendid mood.   Hirohito believed Germany would win, thus if with their help he believed Japan could thwart off the US until a negotiated peace. Having made his choice, Hirohito devoted himself to presiding over and guiding the war to victory at all costs. He was a extremely cautious person, every single campaign he looked for what could go wrong, made worse case scenario predictions and was very suspicious of reports from his high officials. He was notably very harsh and critical on said high commanders. Although he did not visit the war theaters as did other commanders in chief, he exercised and controlled influence on theater operations, both in the planning and execution whenever he chose to do so. As was the same case with the China war before it, he issued the highest military orders of the Imperial HQ, performed audited conferences and led to decisions transmitted in his name. He received generals and admirals to the imperial palace who gave full reports of the battlefront. He visited bases, battleships, various army and naval headquarters. He inspected military schools, you know the full shebang.    After 26 months of war, the naval air force had lost 26,006 aircraft, nearly a third of its total power, thousands of veteran pilots were dead. Hundreds of thousands of tons of warship was sunk, the merchant and transport fleet was crippled. Late 1943 saw the Americans turning the initiative of the war, Japan was on the defensive. Guadalcanal had been the major turning point. During the staled battle for the philippines, Hirohito pressed upon Army chief of staff Sugiyama to increase troop strength to knock out Bataan. The problem persisted, on February 9th and 26th Hirohito pressed Sugiyama again about getting more troops to take Bataan.   Hirohito was confronted with the prisoner of war issue after the doolittle raid. When the pilots were caught, Togo initially opposed executions, but many in the IJA sought all 8 men executed. Hirohito chose to intervene and commuted the execution of 5 out of the 8. Why just 5, no one knows to this day, but its theorized it was to demonstrate his benevolence while simultaneously giving a bit of what the army wanted.    The CBI theater took the lionshare of his attention in 1942, he continuously pressed up Sugiyama when a final blow would be delivered against Chongqing. When the Midway disaster occurred, Hirohito was given a full report of what happened, but he chose to hid the extent of the loss from the IJA. In fact in response to the Guadalcanal campaign he was heard once asking “I wonder if this is not the start of the AmericanBritish counteroffensive?” He urged his commanders to increase offensive activities and to toss all weapons possible at the enemy, because Japan needed more time to secure its reserves of vital oil, rubber and iron. When he heard the first report of the Ichiki detachment being wiped out, he simply stated “I am sure it [Guadalcanal] can be held.” With numerous reports pouring in about the men dying from tropical disease and starvation, Hirohito kept demanding greater efforts from them. Hirohito continuously applied pressure on his naval and land commanders to recapture the island. On September 15th, November 5th and November 11th he called for more IJA troops and aircraft to be allocated to it. Sugiyama was nervous about sending more IJA pilots as they were inexperienced in transoceanic combat and he sought to reinforce the north china army to hit Chongqing. Hirohito demanded it a second time and Sugiyama replied the IJA had deployed its air power instead to New Guinea and Rabaul. Hirohito continuously hammered the issue despite the high level commanders disagreeing with it. By late november it was clear guadalcanal was a lost cause.    At an imperial HQ conference on December 31st of 1942, the chiefs of staff reported they would cancel the attempts to recapture guadalcanal. Hirohito sanctioned it but stated “It is unacceptable to just give up on capturing Guadalcanal. We must launch an offensive elsewhere.” Hirohito forced the issue and it was decided the new strategic points would be in the solomons north of New Georgia and the Stanley range on New Guinea. Hirohito in fact threatened not to authorize the withdrawal of men from Guadalcanal until such a plan was made. Hirohito would go on to oppose the withdrawal from the Munda airfield on New Georgia since it contradicted the new defensive line. As the defensive perimeter in the central and northern solomons was crumbling, Hirohito continued to demand the navy fight decisive battles to regain the initiative so ships could begin transports supplies to the countless soldiers trapped on islands without them. When Hirohito heard of the navy's failure to reinforce Lae on March 3rd he stated  “Then why didn't you change plans immediately and land at Madan? This is a failure, but it can teach us a good lesson and become a source of future success. Do this for me so I can have peace of mind for awhile.” “Do this for me” would become his signature message.    In August of 1943 as the fall of the solomons progressed, Hirohito lambasted “Isn't there someplace where we can strike the United States? . . . When and where on earth are you [people] ever going to put up a good fight? And when are you ever going to fight a decisive battle?Well, this time, after suffering all these defeats, why don't you study how not to let the Americans keep saying ‘We won! We won!'[emphasis added]”” Hirohito berated his chiefs of staff and in the face of mounting defeats he remained undismayed, rigidly self disciplined and aggressive as ever. When he received a report on September 21st of 1943 that the allies were heading for Finschhafen he replied “Being ready to defend isn't enough. We have to do the attacking.”   When the Americans destroyed the main naval anchorage at Truk forcing the navy to evacuate it, leaving behind numerous tanks, the dream of fighting one great decisive naval battle in the central pacific was over.    On February 21st of 1944, Hirohito took the unprecedented action to force Sugiyama to resign so Tojo could assume his position, alongside that of army minister and prime minister. He did this to end dissent. Hirohito and Tojo oversaw the haymaker attempts in 1944, like operation Ichi-go and the Imphal campaign fall into ruins. It looked like the Philippines, Taiwan, Okinawa, the Bonin islands and eventually the home islands would be invaded. When Saipan fell, the home islands had at last come into range of the dreaded B-29 Super flying fortresses. Hirohito had warned Tojo “If we ever lose Saipan, repeated air attacks on Tokyo will follow. No matter what it takes, we have to hold there.” For two days his chiefs of staff explained the dire situation on Saipan was hopeless, but Hirohito ignored their advice and ordered Admiral Shimada to recapture it, the first department of the navy general staff immediately poured themselves into the problem. Day and night they worked, until a draft plan was created on June 21st, 3 days later the combined fleet gave opposition. Tojo and Shimada formally reported to Hirohito the recapture plan needed to be canceled. Hirohito refused to accept the loss of Saipan and ordered his chief aide General Hasunuma to convene in his presence the board of field marshals and fleet admirals. They all met on the 25th, upon which they all unanimously stated the reports indicating Saipan was a lost cause were valid, Hirohito simply told them to put it in writing and he left the room.    Hirohito finally decided to withdraw his support of Tojo, allowing Tojo's numerous enemies to take down his cabinet on July 18th 1944. But Hirohito was undaunted in determination to steal victory from the allies. Imperial HQ on October 18th ordered a decisive naval battle and the battle of Leyte Gulf was it. After the war Hirohito would go on the record stating “Contrary to the views of the Army and Navy General Staffs, I agreed to the showdown battle of Leyte thinking that if we attacked at Leyte and America flinched, then we would probably be able to find room to negotiate.” This statement shows the facts as they were, Hirohito and his chiefs of staff forced the field commander, General Tomoyuki Yamashita to engage the American invasion force in a place Yamashita did not want to fight nor prepared adequate defenses. It was a horrible loss.   The Kamikaze attacks increased as Japan's desperation wore on. On new years day of 1945 Hirohito inspected the special last meal rations given to departing kamikaze units. Iwo Jima fell. Okinawa remained, and Hirohito lashed out “Is it because we failed to sink enemy transports that we've let the enemy get ashore? Isn't there any way to defend Okinawa from the landing enemy forces?”  On the second day of Okinawa's invasion Hirohito ordered a counter landing by the 32nd army and urged the navy to counterattack in every way possible. It was a horrible failure, it cost the lives of up to 120,000 Japanese combatants, 170,000 noncombatants. The Americans lost 12,500 killed and 33,000 wounded. An absolute bloodbath.    Konoe re-entered the stage writing to Hirohito pleading with him to order a surrender because from his perspective “The Soviet Union is Japan's biggest threat. Defeat was inevitable, but more to be feared than defeat was the destruction of the Kokutai. Sue quickly for peace, before a Communist revolution occurred that would make preservation of the kokutai impossible”. Hirohito was taken aback by this, as he shared his military's hope that the Soviets would help Japan reach a peace settlement. So he rejected the advice of Konoe. Hirohito remarked “If we hold out long enough in this war, we may be able to win, but what worries me is whether the nation will be able to endure it until then.” Then Japan's intelligence units reported the Soviets were going to break the neutrality pact and join the war once the Germans were done. Meanwhile Tokyo was turned to rubble on March 9th 1945 by 334 B-29's dropping firebombs, 40% of the capital was destroyed, up to 100,000 were dead. Hirohito remained undaunted. 60 Japanese cities were leveled by firebomb campaigns. Europe's war finished. Then the battle for Okinawa was lost, suddenly Hirohito began looking for ways to end the war.   On June 22nd Hirohito personally informed the supreme war leadership council his desire to see diplomatic maneuvers to end the war. A special envoy was sent to Moscow, while Hirohito publicly issued an imperial rescript ordering the nation “to smash the inordinate ambitions of the enemy nations and achieve the goals of the war”. B-29's began dropping leaflets with joint declarations issued by the US, UK and China requesting the citizens of Japan demand their government surrender. Prefectural governors, police chiefs and officers began submitting home ministry reports on the rapid deterioration of the nations spirit.   Germany signed the unconditional surrender documents on May 7th and 8th of 1945, Japan was alone. Newly installed President Truman declared on May 8th, Japan's surrender would not mean the extermination or enslavement of the Japanese people, but the unconditional surrender principles remained unaltered. The Japanese meanwhile were awaiting word from the Soviets. The Americans unleashed their first atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6th of 1945 killing up to 140,000 people. Then on August 8th the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and began an invasion of Manchuria. On August 9th the second atomic bomb hit Nagasaki killing around 40,000 people.   Thus began the surrender clock as I like to say. After the first atomic bomb, Hirohito said and did nothing about the surrender terms. Hirohito then authorized Togo to notify the world on August 10th that Japan would accept the allied terms of surrender with one condition “that the said declaration does not comprise any demand which prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign Ruler.” The next day, Secretary of State Byrnes replied by alluding to the subordination of the emperors authority to the supreme commander of the allied powers. It was ambiguous as hell. The Japanese leaders erupted into arguments, and on August 14th, Hirohito went before a microphone and recorded his capitulation announcement which aired on August 15th to all in Japan, they surrendered. Why did it take so long?   The peace talks between the Japanese and Soviets went on through June, July and early August. Japan offered the Soviets limited territorial concessions and they refused to accept the envoy on July 22nd because the Japanese were being too ambiguous in their terms. There was continuous back and forth between the intelligence of Moscow and Japan trying to figure out the stance of the other, but then Stalin heard about the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, he was shocked and ordered an invasion of Manchuria in response. In the meantime the Japanese were tossing all sorts of concessions at Moscow, they stated they would allow Japanese to be used as forced laborers in Siberia, a form of reparation as it were, that they would demobilize the military and so on. The response was the invasion of Manchuria.    Hirohito knew prior to the bombing of Hiroshima that the cabinet was divided on accepting the Potsdam terms. Hirohito also knew he and he alone could unify governmental affairs and military command. Why then did he wait until the evening of August 9th to surrender?   The reality of the matter is its complicated, numerous variables at play, but let me try to pick at it. The people of japan under the firebomb campaigns were becoming hostile towards the military, the government and many began to criticize the emperor. Hirohito was given reports from the Home Ministry from governors and police chiefs all over Japan revealing people were speaking of the emperor as an incompetent leader who was responsible for worsening the war situation. Does that sound like a threat to the Kokutai? People were starving en masse, the atomic bomb is flashy, but what really was killing the Japanese, it was starvation. The home islands were blockaded and the sea approaches mined as pertaining to the optimally named “operation starvation”. Hirohito knew full well how bad his people were suffering but he did not surrender for so long.   After Hiroshima was bombed, Hirohito delayed for 2 days before telling Kido at 10am on August 9th “quickly control the situation, the Soviet Union has declared war and today began hostilities against us”. Now here is a piece of Hirohito's surrender proclamation to the citizens of Japan    “Moreover, the enemy has begun to employ a new and most cruel bomb, the power of which to do damage is, indeed, incalculable, taking the toll of many innocent lives. Should we continue to fight, not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization. Such being the case, how are We to save the millions of Our subjects, or to atone Ourselves before the hallowed spirits of Our Imperial Ancestors? This is the reason why We have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the Joint Declaration of the Powers... The hardships and sufferings to which Our nation is to be subjected hereafter will be certainly great. We are keenly aware of the inmost feelings of all of you, Our subjects. However, it is according to the dictates of time and fate that We have resolved to pave the way for a grand peace for all the generations to come by enduring the unendurable and suffering what is unsufferable ”.   Hirohito wanted to obfuscate the issue of accountability, to prevent expressions of strife and anger and to strengthen domestic unity around himself, to protect and raise the kokutai. Did you know there was a rescript of this proclamation that was made to the entire IJA and IJN? Yes Emperor Hirohito gave out two different proclamations for surrender, here is what the armed forces heard.   “ Now that the Soviet Union has entered the war against us, to continue . . . under the present conditions at home and abroad would only recklessly incur even more damage to ourselves and result in endangering the very foundation of the empire's existence. Therefore, even though enormous fighting spirit still exists in the Imperial Navy and Army, I am going to make peace with the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union, as well as with Chungking, in order to maintain our glorious national polity”.   The proclamation does not speak of the atomic weapons, but emphasizes the Soviet invasion of Manchuria. Hirohito was presented as a benevolent sage and an apolitical ruler that had ended the war. Hirohito sought to justify the surrender upon the bombs to the public, but did he believe so, did his armed forces believe so? People debate to this day why the surrender occurred, I love the fact there are two message offered because both are true. Hirohito's decision to surrender was based on numerous variables, the atomic bombs, the invasion of Manchuria by the soviets, but above all else, what really was important to the man, the emperor, the god? The kokutai. The Soviets were more of a threat to the kokutai, thus Hirohito jumped into the arms of the Americans. The language between the Americans and Japanese in the communications for unconditional surrender were ambiguous, but Hirohito and the high commanders knew there was zero chance of the kokutai surviving if the Soviets invaded Japan, perhaps the Americans would allow it to continue, which is just what they ended up doing. The entire purpose of this series would to emphasize how Hirohito definitely had a active role in the war of 1931-1945, he had numerous occasions where he could put the hammer down to stop the situation from escalating. But in the end when his back was against the wall, he did what he did to cling on to the Kokutai.   I shall leave you with this. On August 12th, as Hirohito came to inform the imperial family of his decision to surrender, Prince Asaka asked him whether the war would continue if the Kokutai could not be preserved, what do you think he said? “Of Course”. 

Inmitten ihrer Krise entscheidet in Potsdam die Koalition aus SPD und BSW über die Rundfunkreform. Die EU-Kommission will ihre Digitalgesetze entrümpeln. Und: Wird der zweite Teil von „Wicked“ auch ein Erfolg?

Elisabeth Niejahr, Geschäftsführerin der Gemeinnützigen Hertie-Stiftung, und Helene Bubrowski nähern sich der „Stadtbild-Debatte“ aus einem anderen Blickwinkel. Niejahr betont, dass öffentliche Plätze und gut gestaltete Räume Orte der Begegnung und des demokratischen Miteinanders sind. Niejahr kritisiert: „Niemand hat eine positive Visionen entwickelt, wie ein gutes Stadtbild auch aussehen könnte." Die Politik verpasse hier eine Chance. [12:57]Die BSW-Fraktion im brandenburgischen Landtag hat mit vier Abtrünnigen einen schweren Riss erlitten. Und heute wird sich zeigen, welche konkreten Auswirkungen die Spaltung hat: Im Landtag in Potsdam wird über die neuen Medienstaatsverträge abgestimmt. Eine Zustimmung ist wahrscheinlich, weil die CDU-Opposition zustimmen will. Eine eigene Mehrheit hat die SPD-BSW-Koalition vermutlich nicht.[01:30]Der deutsch-französische Gipfel zur Europäischen Digitalen Souveränität soll ein Signal für mehr Unabhängigkeit von US-Tech-Giganten und chinesischen Anbietern sein. Der Gründer und CEO von DeepL, Jarosław Kutyłowski, sieht in dem Gipfel einen Anfang. Europa, sagt er, sei durchaus nicht abgehängt bei der KI. Innovative Forschungsideen könnten das Rennen jederzeit neu aufrollen. [05:42]Hier geht es zur Anmeldung für den Space.TableTable Briefings - For better informed decisions.Sie entscheiden besser, weil Sie besser informiert sind – das ist das Ziel von Table.Briefings. Wir verschaffen Ihnen mit jedem Professional Briefing, mit jeder Analyse und mit jedem Hintergrundstück einen Informationsvorsprung, am besten sogar einen Wettbewerbsvorteil. Table.Briefings bietet „Deep Journalism“, wir verbinden den Qualitätsanspruch von Leitmedien mit der Tiefenschärfe von Fachinformationen. Professional Briefings kostenlos kennenlernen: table.media/testenHier geht es zu unseren WerbepartnernImpressum: https://table.media/impressumDatenschutz: https://table.media/datenschutzerklaerungBei Interesse an Audio-Werbung in diesem Podcast melden Sie sich gerne bei Laurence Donath: laurence.donath@table.media Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

(Nov 18, 2025) As Elise Stefanik sets her sights on the governor's mansion, we take a look at her impact on New York's 21st Congressional District; the village of Potsdam is getting millions of dollars from the state to address flooding after months of community members working together to find solutions; and astronomer Aileen O'Donoghue guides us through this month's night sky.

Vor 70 Jahren, am 12. November 1955: Die Bundeswehr feiert ihren Gründungstag. Wie entstand im westlichen Teil des zerstörten Deutschlands mit seinem diktatorischen Erbe eine neue Armee der Demokratie? Darüber spricht Prof. Dr. Sönke Neitzel von der Universität Potsdam mit Oberstleutnant Michael Gutzeit aus dem ZMSBw. Die noch junge Bundesrepublik bekommt nur zehn Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wieder Streitkräfte, auch mit alten Wehrmachtssoldaten. Die Gründung der Bundeswehr markiert für Westdeutschland einen Wendepunkt auf dem Weg von Besatzung zu Bündnispolitik und westdeutscher Souveränität. Doch der Weg dorthin war hart umkämpft: Der Koreakrieg hatte den Westen unter Führung der USA alarmiert, während in Deutschland Proteste gegen eine Wiederbewaffnung aufflammten. Denn die Angst vor einem „Staat im Staate“ saß nach historischen Erfahrungen tief. Altes und NeuesIm Gespräch mit Sönke Neitzel beleuchtet die neue Zugehört-Folge die politischen, militärischen und gesellschaftlichen Spannungen während der Aufbauzeit der Bundeswehr. Besonders die ersten zwanzig Jahre nach ihrem Gründungstag liegen im Fokus, denn diese waren doch so prägend wie wenige danach. Die Entstehung der „Himmeroder Denkschrift“ als Schlüsseldokument der westdeutschen Wiederbewaffnung, aber auch der Personalgutachterausschuss und seine Arbeit demonstrieren, wie stark ehemalige Wehrmachtsangehörige am Neuaufbau der Streitkräfte beteiligt waren. Gleichzeitig entstand mit der „Inneren Führung“ das Leitbild des „Staatsbürgers in Uniform“ – ein Versuch, demokratische Verantwortung und soldatische Tradition zu verbinden. Aber die neue Führungsphilosophie war alles andere als unumstritten. Licht und SchattenDazu sprechen wir über innere Konflikte wie die Auseinandersetzung der „Leutnante von Hamburg“ mit den „Hauptleuten von Unna“. Auch Skandale und Affären werden thematisiert, wie das Iller-Unglück 1957, der Spiegel-Skandal von 1962, die Nagold-Affäre 1963, oder die von der Schnez-Studie 1969 ausgelöste Debatte. Neben allen Zweifeln der Nachkriegszeit sprechen wir aber auch über Lichtblicke, wie die Fluthilfe der Bundeswehr an der Elbe im Jahr 1962. Des Weiteren spannt die Folge einen Bogen von der Einführung der Wehrpflicht und der Atomwaffenfrage bis hin zur Ostpolitik der 1970er-Jahre, in einer Zeit, als die Bundeswehr eine Stärke von fast einer halben Millionen Soldaten erreicht. Am Ende zieht Prof. Neitzel eine Bilanz, vor allem darüber, was wir aus unserer Geschichte für unsere Gegenwart und Zukunft lernen können.

It has long been debated as to whether or not Adolf Hitler had just one testicle. Now, a new documentary on Channel 4 explores this and other intimate topics associated with the infamous dictator.Joining Seán to discuss is one of the participants, Dr. Alex Kay from the War Studies Department at the University of Potsdam.

In dieser Episode begleiten Sie Audiotraveller Henry Barchet auf eine außergewöhnliche Flusskreuzfahrt mit der „Thurgau Chopin“ – von der Kieler Förde bis zur Spree. Die Route führt durch maritime Highlights wie den Nord-Ostsee-Kanal und das Schiffshebewerk Scharnebeck. Unterwegs erwarten Sie spannende Landausflüge in Kiel, Lüneburg, Potsdam , der Autostadt in Wolfsburg und Hamburg – inklusive einem nächtlichen Besuch auf der legendären Reeperbahn. Weitere Informationen unter Thurgau Travel: Von der Förde an die Spree  

In Städten wie Berlin oder Potsdam eine halbwegs günstige Mietwohnung zu finden, ist gering. Bietet der Immobilienkauf einen bezahlbaren Ausweg aus der Misere? Von Johannes Frewel

(Nov 7, 2025) Author Tracey Lange returned to the setting of her newest novel "What Happened to the McCrays?" and got behind-the-scenes tours of the places that her characters inhabit.

Manche schreiben Bücher oder drehen Filme, Daniel Stoyanovs Medium der Wahl für das Erzählerische ist die Musik. Mit dem neuen Album "Greetings from Soulgaria" (VÖ: 10.10.25) nimmt uns Bulgarian Cartrader mit auf einen Roadtrip – natürlich nach Bulgarien. Dort verbringt Stoyanov die ersten Lebensjahre und wächst anschließend in Deutschland auf. Mit Humor, Nostalgie und einer unbändigen Tanzfreude lässt uns Bulgarian Cartrader an seinen Geschichten teilhaben. Auf dem neuen Album, übrigens eine Anspielung an Bruce Springsteens Album "Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J.", blickt Stoyanov in seine Vergangenheit und kulturelle Herkunft zurück. Durch die herzerwärmenden Geschichten fordert er die Zuhörer*innen auf, ihre Stereotype gegenüber osteuropäischer Kultur zu hinterfragen. Musikalische Unterstützung erhält er dabei von billigen Synthesizern und einer hundertjährigen Gitarre. Daniel Stoyanov ist seit 2021 als Bulgarian Cartrader unterwegs, hat aber auch schon auf anderen Wegen musikalische Spuren hinterlassen. Zum Beispiel in den Songwriting-Credits von Peter Fox, SEEED oder Casper. Zudem war er schon als Background-Sänger, Salsa-Tänzer und ja, wenn auch nur kurz als Autohändler aktiv. Im radioeins-Kosmos ist Bulgarian Cartrader längst keine Unbekannte mehr. Schon zwei Mal spielte er mit seiner Band auf dem radioeins-Parkfest und war zu Gast im studioeins im Bikini Berlin. Am Donnerstag stattet er uns als Lokalmatador einen Besuch in Potsdam ab.

Ein Vortrag des Militärsoziologen Heiko BiehlModeration: Katrin Ohlendorf**********Die Diskussion um die Bundeswehr und die Wehrpflicht läuft schon lange. Angesichts des Ukraine-Kriegs hat sie noch mehr an Fahrt aufgenommen. Was steckt hinter den Argumenten für Pflicht oder Freiwilligkeit? Ein Vortrag des Militärsoziologen Heiko Biehl.Heiko Biehl ist Politikwissenschaftler und Soziologe. Er leitet den Forschungsbereich Militärsoziologie am Zentrum für Militärgeschichte und Sozialwissenschaften der Bundeswehr (ZMSBw) in Potsdam. Seinen Vortrag "Die Wehrpflicht — mehr als ein Rekrutierungstool? Thesen und Befunde zu einer Form des militärischen Dienstes" hat er am 30. September 2025 gehalten, also noch bevor die erzielte Einigung zum Wehrdienst zwischen Union und SPD wieder geplatzt war. Den Vortrag hat das Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung (HIS) veranstaltet.**********Schlagworte: +++ Deutschlandfunk Nova +++ DLF +++ Hörsaal +++ Vortrag +++ Bundeswehr +++ Heer +++ Armee +++ Militär +++ Verteidigung +++ Sicherheitspolitik +++ Krieg +++ Wehrpflicht +++ Wehrdienst +++ Freiwilligkeit +++ Freiwilligenarmee +++ Boris Pistorius +++ Rekruten +++ Rekrutinnen +++ Soldaten +++ Soldatinnen +++ NATO +++ Militärsoziologie +++**********Ihr hört in diesem Hörsaal:00:01:55 - Beginn des Vortrags00:07:00 - Die zentralen Fragen des Vortrags00:08:28 - Die Rolle der Wehrpflicht für das Verhältnis der Bürger*innen zum Staat00:18:50 - Die Auswirkungen der Wehrpflicht auf die Sicherheitspolitik und die Kriegsführung00:29:00 - Die Erkenntnisse der Militärsoziologie über die Wirkung der Wehrpflicht00:44:20 - Fazit00:45:55 - Vorschau auf die nächste Hörsaal-Folge**********Quellen aus der Folge:Werkner, Ines-Jacqueline (Hg.): Debatten um die Wehrpflicht. Friedensethik nach der Zeitenwende, Band 2. (2025)Graf, Timo (2025): Deutschland in der militärischen Führungsrolle? Forschungsbericht 139. Sicherheits- und verteidigungspolitisches Meinungsbild in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 2025.Elbe. Martin (2023): Bewerberstudie 2022. Vom anfänglichen Interesse bis zur abgeschlossenen Bewerbung bei der Bundeswehr.Heiko Biehl/Bastian Giegerich/Alexandra Jonas: Aussetzung der Wehrpflicht. Erfahrungen und Lehren westlicher Partnerstaaten. In: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, Nr. 48, 61. Jg., 2011. S. 32-38**********Mehr zum Thema bei Deutschlandfunk Nova:Sicherheitspolitik: Deutschland und Europa im WeltordnungskonfliktBundeswehr: Neuer Wehrdienst - Mehr Soldaten, mehr Chaos?Frauen an der Waffe: Die erste Frau in der Bundeswehr 1975**********Den Artikel zum Stück findet ihr hier.**********Ihr könnt uns auch auf diesen Kanälen folgen: TikTok und Instagram .

Reber, Simone www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de, Fazit

durée : 00:10:47 - Le Fil de l'histoire - par : Stéphanie Duncan - Comment faire céder l'empire du soleil levant ? En juillet 1945, à la conférence de Potsdam qui réunit les dirigeants des 3 pays vainqueurs, le nouveau président américain Harry Truman, en aparté, informe Staline que son pays possède une arme secrète nouvelle d'une puissance inédite... - invités : Olivier WIEVIORKA - Olivier Wieviorka : Historien, professeur à l'École normale supérieure de Cachan - réalisé par : Claire DESTACAMP Vous aimez ce podcast ? Pour écouter tous les autres épisodes sans limite, rendez-vous sur Radio France.

(Oct 20, 2025) About 7 million people across the country took to the streets over the weekend to protest the Trump Administration, including more than a thousand people in Potsdam; a private group chat is having big consequences for Republicans around the country and in New York; and sit down with a local philosopher and Quaker to talk about what makes for effective demonstrations. 

(Oct 20, 2025) On today's Story of the Day, we hear from Trump opponents and supporters who attended Saturday's "No Kings" rally in Potsdam. Also, a jury has convicted one former corrections officer and acquitted two others of murdering inmate Robert Brooks at Marcy Correctional Facility last year.

In the second of our episodes based on the topics discussed at the conference “Addressing the Risks and Responses to Climate Overshoot”, organised by the AXA Research Fund, CEPR, and Paris School of Economics, Tim Phillips talks to Matthias Kalkuhl of the University of Potsdam about how to remove carbon from the atmosphere. The innovative technologies that might be able to do this in the future need investment now – so one idea is for firms to buy the right to emit carbon now, as long as they commit to remove carbon when mature technology exists. But to administer this, Europe would need a dedicated Carbon Central Bank. Who would be in charge of it, how would it work, and is any politician brave enough to set it up?

“World War II was a brilliant work of American strategy, productivity, and courage and sacrifice. And the result was we destroyed the greatest threat to mankind, and we did it as economically as we could in American cost and lives,” Victor Davis Hanson says. He also addresses why the U.S. allied with the Soviet Union during the war: "We fought World War II and won the war, and we came away with losing very few soldiers. At the end of the war, the Soviet Union had no intention … of honoring their commitments made both at Yalta and then before the Japanese theater had ended at Potsdam. “But nevertheless, when the war was over, the United States was the preeminent power in the world—except for Britain—had lost fewer combatants than any of the major three allies, Britain, the United States, Russia, and China as well, and had lost fewer than Japan and Germany. “So, we fought that war very economically by giving material aid to the Soviet Union, who used their manpower and lost 20 million people to kill three out of every four German soldiers. “That's not an argument that you like the Soviet Union. I detest the Soviet Union. But it's an argument that in the ability of the United States to defeat Germany in 1941, it was a wise military strategy to use a third party to kill the German army, kill it off, and that's what happened, it was a success."