Podcasts about osteoarchaeology

Join us for this year's Halloween episode where we discuss the zooarchaeology of the Predator franchise. From Hellhounds to Feral Predators, join us on a journey through 36 years of concept art and creature design of one of pop culture's most beloved franchises.TranscriptsFor rough transcripts of this episode go to https://www.archpodnet.com/animals/63Links and Sources Costamagno, S., Soulier, M. C., Val, A., & Chong, S. (2019). The reference collection of cutmarks. Palethnologie. Archéologie et sciences humaines, (10). Okumura, M., & Siew, Y. Y. (2013). An osteological study of trophy heads: unveiling the headhunting practice in Borneo. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 23(6), 685-697. Schultz, I. (2021) These Spikes Grew Right Out of a Dinosaur's Ribs. Gizmodo. Celebrate the Predator: Revisiting the Original Predator Behind the Scenes at Stan Winston Studio Mammals' Unique Arms Started Evolving Before the Dinosaurs Existed Spider Anatomy XenopediaContact Alex FitzpatrickTwitter: @archaeologyfitz Simona FalangaTwitter: @CrazyBoneLady Alex's Blog: Animal Archaeology Music "Coconut - (dyalla remix)" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2UiKoouqaYAffiliates Motion: https://www.archpodnet.com/motion Motley Fool Save $110 off the full list price of Stock Advisor for your first year, go to https://zen.ai/animalsfool and start your investing journey today! *$110 discount off of $199 per year list price. Membership will renew annually at the then current list price. Laird Superfood Are you ready to feel more energized, focused, and supported? Go to https://zen.ai/archaeoanimals1 and add nourishing, plant-based foods to fuel you from sunrise to sunset. Liquid I.V. Ready to shop better hydration, use my special link https://zen.ai/archaeoanimals to save 20% off anything you order.

Join us for this year's Halloween episode where we discuss the zooarchaeology of the Predator franchise.From Hellhounds to Feral Predators, join us on a journey through 36 years of concept art and creature design of one of pop culture's most beloved franchises.TranscriptsFor rough transcripts of this episode go to https://www.archpodnet.com/animals/63Links and Sources Costamagno, S., Soulier, M. C., Val, A., & Chong, S. (2019). The reference collection of cutmarks. Palethnologie. Archéologie et sciences humaines, (10). Okumura, M., & Siew, Y. Y. (2013). An osteological study of trophy heads: unveiling the headhunting practice in Borneo. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 23(6), 685-697. Schultz, I. (2021) These Spikes Grew Right Out of a Dinosaur's Ribs. Gizmodo. Celebrate the Predator: Revisiting the Original Predator Behind the Scenes at Stan Winston Studio Mammals' Unique Arms Started Evolving Before the Dinosaurs Existed Spider AnatomyXenopediaContact Alex FitzpatrickTwitter: @archaeologyfitz Simona FalangaTwitter: @CrazyBoneLady Alex's Blog: Animal Archaeology Music "Coconut - (dyalla remix)" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2UiKoouqaYAffiliates Motion: https://www.archpodnet.com/motion Motley FoolSave $110 off the full list price of Stock Advisor for your first year, go to https://zen.ai/animalsfool and start your investing journey today!*$110 discount off of $199 per year list price. Membership will renew annually at the then current list price. Laird SuperfoodAre you ready to feel more energized, focused, and supported? Go to https://zen.ai/thearchaeologypodnetworkfeed1 and add nourishing, plant-based foods to fuel you from sunrise to sunset. Liquid I.V.Ready to shop better hydration, use my special link https://zen.ai/thearchaeologypodnetworkfeed to save 20% off anything you order.

Essentially every culture, modern or ancient, understood that health and faeces are inherently linked. The Ancient Chinese practiced ‘copromancy' which was the assessment of health based upon the shape, size and texture of faeces. Today we have the Bristol Stool Chart that helps us to classify faeces/poo into seven different groups. As disconcerting as it may be, the state of our poo can tell us a lot about our own health and this is only going to increase as our knowledge about our faecal microbiome expands. The faecal microbiome is the composition of all the microorganisms within our faeces. We are learning that the composition not only affects our health but can also be contributory to diseases we experience. In some circumstances, this has also become a treatment with faecal transplantation to manage treatment resistant clostridium-difficile colitis. This is the story of the faecal microbiome. Our special guests: Dr Piers Mitchell, who is a hospital specialist consultant in the NHS and co-editor of the International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. Dr Mitchell has trained in paleopathology, osteoarchaeology, parasitology, medical history, and orthopaedic surgery. Dr Vincent Ho, who is a Gastroenterologist practicing in NSW, is an Associate Professor at Western Sydney University and head of a research laboratory. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Join us as we embark on another listener-requested episode topic, this time all about the zooarchaeology of animals used in warfare. From fiery pigs to Hannibal's infamous elephants, we take a look at how animals from around the world have been integral to military operations from prehistory to World War I.Links and Sources Ameen, C., Benkert, H., Fraser, T., Gordon, R., Holmes, M., Johnson, W., ... & Outram, A. K. (2021). In search of the ‘great horse': A zooarchaeological assessment of horses from England (AD 300–1650). International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 31(6), 1247-1257. Anthony, D. W., & Brown, D. R. (2017). The dogs of war: A Bronze Age initiation ritual in the Russian steppes. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 48, 134-148. Bendrey, R. (2010). The horse. In T O'Connor and N J Sykes (eds) Extinctions and Invasions: a social history of British fauna, 10-16. Dobat, A. S., Price, T. D., Kveiborg, J., Ilkjær, J., & Rowley-Conwy, P. (2014). The four horses of an Iron Age apocalypse: war-horses from the third-century weapon sacrifice at Illerup Aadal (Denmark). Antiquity, 88(339), 191-204. Kveiborg, J., & Nørgaard, M. (2022). Early Iron Age cavalry? Evidence of oral and thoracolumbar pathologies on possible warhorses from Iron Age, Denmark. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology.*More references at https://www.archpodnet.com/animals/58Contact Alex FitzpatrickTwitter: @archaeologyfitz Simona FalangaTwitter: @CrazyBoneLady Alex's Blog: Animal Archaeology Music "Coconut - (dyalla remix)" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2UiKoouqaYAffiliates Motion Motley Fool Save $110 off the full list price of Stock Advisor for your first year, go to https://zen.ai/apnfool and start your investing journey today! *$110 discount off of $199 per year list price. Membership will renew annually at the then current list price.

Join us as we embark on another listener-requested episode topic, this time all about the zooarchaeology of animals used in warfare. From fiery pigs to Hannibal's infamous elephants, we take a look at how animals from around the world have been integral to military operations from prehistory to World War I.Links and Sources Ameen, C., Benkert, H., Fraser, T., Gordon, R., Holmes, M., Johnson, W., ... & Outram, A. K. (2021). In search of the ‘great horse': A zooarchaeological assessment of horses from England (AD 300–1650). International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 31(6), 1247-1257. Anthony, D. W., & Brown, D. R. (2017). The dogs of war: A Bronze Age initiation ritual in the Russian steppes. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 48, 134-148. Bendrey, R. (2010). The horse. In T O'Connor and N J Sykes (eds) Extinctions and Invasions: a social history of British fauna, 10-16. Dobat, A. S., Price, T. D., Kveiborg, J., Ilkjær, J., & Rowley-Conwy, P. (2014). The four horses of an Iron Age apocalypse: war-horses from the third-century weapon sacrifice at Illerup Aadal (Denmark). Antiquity, 88(339), 191-204. Kveiborg, J., & Nørgaard, M. (2022). Early Iron Age cavalry? Evidence of oral and thoracolumbar pathologies on possible warhorses from Iron Age, Denmark. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology.*More references at https://www.archpodnet.com/animals/58Contact Alex FitzpatrickTwitter: @archaeologyfitz Simona FalangaTwitter: @CrazyBoneLady Alex's Blog: Animal Archaeology Music "Coconut - (dyalla remix)" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2UiKoouqaYAffiliates Motion Motley FoolSave $110 off the full list price of Stock Advisor for your first year, go to https://zen.ai/animalsfool and start your investing journey today!*$110 discount off of $199 per year list price. Membership will renew annually at the then current list price.

Historia, jakiej nie uczą w szkole, część ósma. Tej nocy suniemy dookoła świata od połowy X w. p.n.e. aż do pierwszej olimpiady — mamy fakty, przemoc, stele i legendy. Uzupełnienia i ciekawostki: jak stare jest mydło, greckie wieki ciemne rispekt, jeszcze o produkcji brązu, o długu jako sposobie rozliczania (przy okazji zapraszamy na cykl prelek o pieniądzach: 1. początki, 2. nowożytność, 3. ciekawostki), jak nazywano węgorza elektrycznego przed elektrycznością, sumeryjskie zwyczaje związane z królewskimi zastępcami w razie omenu (historia ogrodnika Enlil-bani), zagadka szamanki z Bad Dürrenberg, 8.2 kiloyear event. X w. p.n.e., Egipt i okolice Szybko podsumowujemy, co było, a co jest w Egipcie i u sąsiadów. Faraon Szeszonk I z ludu Meszwesz daje początek 22. dynastii. Konsolidacja państwa. Nubia staje się królestwem Kusz. Wracamy na chwilę do kultury Kerma, skąd to wzięli się Nubijczycy. Długie, udane panowanie faraona Osorkona I. Omawiamy konfuzje chronologiczne związane z tą dynastią, po czym zostawiamy Egipt w chaosie. X-IX w. p.n.e., Grecja i okolice Powoli wychodzimy z greckich wieków ciemnych, omawiamy niuanse ekspansji Dorów i Jonów. Czym się różnią te ludy i które tereny zajmują? Co Sparta ma na tarczach? Lista powodów, po których poznajemy, że w Grecji jest ewidentnie lepiej. X-IX w. p.n.e., Asyria i okolice Aszur-dan II i państwo nowoasyryjskie. Ambitny plan wojen. Krótki rant na asyryjskie imiona królewskie. Pogrom w Kadmuhu. Omawiamy taktykę i propagandę podbojów. Zaglądamy do Gutejów i krytykujemy ich brak zmysłu biznesowego. Doceniamy różnorodne pasje bieżącego władcy. Adad-nirari II wstępuje na tron, a my dziękujemy Asyryjczykom za listy eponimów. Przyglądamy się układom Asyrii z Babilonem oraz stosunkom z innymi sąsiadami. Aszurnasirpal II zdobywa wysokie miejsce w konkurencji na brutalność. Problemy z buntownikami, wyprawa na królestwa późnohetyckie. Moczymy miecze w wodach Morza Śródziemnego. Reinwestycja trybutów i dyplomatyczne rozgrywki wewnętrzne. Pierwsze duże zoo. Wyprawy wojenne Salmanasara III. Co ciekawego w Urartu? Co zrobić, jak się ma Asyrię po sąsiedzku? Bitwa pod Karkar. Omawiamy monolity, zwłaszcza pierwsze pisemne wzmianki o Arabach i Izraelu. Awantury rodzinne i rewolty, ale za to witamy na pokładzie Persję. Na tron wstępuje Szamszi-Adad (piąty tego imienia), w Asyrii zmienia się układ sił i nastaje tzw. wiek magnatów. Co możemy wyczytać na stelach? Królowa Sammu-ramat. IX w. p.n.e., Egipt Kapłan Hedjkheperre Setepenamun Harsiese daje początek 23. dynastii. Problem dwóch stolic. Stękamy na datowanie i wspominamy czule listy amarneńskie. Kiedy to się skończy? IX w. p.n.e., legendy z okolic morza Na półwyspie apenińskim kultura Villanova i Etruskowie. Nowa kolonia Fenicjan — Kartagina. Legenda Likurga, prawodawcy Sparty. Zaglądamy jeszcze na chwilę do Grecji, konkretnie do Eubejczyków. Kolonie Ischia i Al-Mina. IX-VIII w. p.n.e., wyspy japońskie Skąd się wzięła kultura Yayoi? Omawiamy okres Jōmon i szczególną figurkę ceramiczną, dając odpór Zniczowi. Co jest uprawiane na wyspach? IX w. p.n.e., Australia i Oceania Skąd pochodzą i dokąd zmierzają Filipińczycy? Koniec migracji Polinezyjczyków i Długa Pauza. Aborygeni, prawdopodobnie najstarsza wciąż istniejąca kultura świata. Rozmawiamy o przekazie ustnym, próbujemy zrozumieć idee łączące różne grupy aborygeńskie i odnajdujemy się emocjonalnie w ich podejściu do świata. VIII w. p.n.e., Europa Okolice Austrii, kultura halsztacka na kopalniach soli. Marzymy o interaktywnej mapie rozkwitów, upadków i przemiksów kultur. Anglia, koń z Uffington. Odświeżamy kredę i na zdrowie! VIII w. p.n.e., Grecja Pierwsze igrzyska olimpijskie. Siedzimy w namocie i pokrywamy się kurzem, słuchając dwóch mitów o początkach tych zawodów, a potem wycieramy się archeologią. Teoria i praktyka założeń olimpijskich, a także ich istotna funkcja społeczna. Koniec greckich wieków ciemnych, wkraczamy w okres archaiczny. Zakończenie Podsumowanie wycieczki i zapowiedź przygód w następnej części. Do czytania i oglądania: David R. Graeber, "Dług. Pierwsze 5000 lat" The Burial of Bad Dürrenberg, Central Germany: Osteopathology and Osteoarchaeology of a Late Mesolithic Shaman's Grave Stela Salmanasara III Czarny obelisk Salmanasara III okres Jōmon Mitologia australijskich Aborygenów Dreaming Wrzuć pięć złotych na patronite.pl/kya! Zainwestujemy w produkcję tajnych kompletów. 2023.04.01 / 2023.04.12

Episode II: Attack of the AlexThis episode, Alex and Simona dive back into the Star Wars universe and discuss the skeletal anatomy of a variety of creatures from both the canon lore and legends. Tune in to learn more about the possible ecology and anatomy of creatures such as the Krayt Dragon, the Kaadu and the Kowakian Monkey-Lizard and why nerf welfare is no laughing matter.TranscriptsFor rough transcripts of this episode go to https://www.archpodnet.com/animals/57Links and Sources Ashby, J. (2018). Specimen of the Week 338: a tour of the Platypus Skeleton. UCL Culture Blog. Eisenstadt, A. (2021). The True Story Behind How Pearls Are Made. Smithsonian Magazine. Glykou, A. (2014). Late Mesolithic-Early Neolithic Sealers: a case study on the exploitation of marine resources during the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in the south-western Baltic Sea. 'Human Exploitation of Aquatic Landscapes' special issue (ed. Ricardo Fernandes and John Meadows), Internet Archaeology 37. Saladié, P., Huguet, R., Díez, C., Rodríguez‐Hidalgo, A., & Carbonell, E. (2013). Taphonomic modifications produced by modern brown bears (Ursus arctos). International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 23(1), 13-33. Sansweet, S.J. and Hidalgo, P. (2008). The Complete Star Wars Encyclopedia. New York: Del Ray. Stokstradm E. (2004). A Whiff of Things to Come. Science. Wild E. R. (1997). Description of the adult skeleton and developmental osteology of the hyperossified horned frog, Ceratophrys cornuta (Anura:Leptodactylidae). Journal of morphology, 232(2), 169–206. Woo, M. (2018). BRIEF: Ancient Lizards Also Ran on Two Legs. Inside Science.Contact Alex FitzpatrickTwitter: @archaeologyfitz Simona FalangaTwitter: @CrazyBoneLady Alex's Blog: Animal Archaeology Music "Coconut - (dyalla remix)" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2UiKoouqaYAffiliates Wildnote TeePublic Timeular Motion

Episode II: Attack of the AlexThis episode, Alex and Simona dive back into the Star Wars universe and discuss the skeletal anatomy of a variety of creatures from both the canon lore and legends. Tune in to learn more about the possible ecology and anatomy of creatures such as the Krayt Dragon, the Kaadu and the Kowakian Monkey-Lizard and why nerf welfare is no laughing matter.TranscriptsFor rough transcripts of this episode go to https://www.archpodnet.com/animals/57Links and Sources Ashby, J. (2018). Specimen of the Week 338: a tour of the Platypus Skeleton. UCL Culture Blog. Eisenstadt, A. (2021). The True Story Behind How Pearls Are Made. Smithsonian Magazine. Glykou, A. (2014). Late Mesolithic-Early Neolithic Sealers: a case study on the exploitation of marine resources during the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in the south-western Baltic Sea. 'Human Exploitation of Aquatic Landscapes' special issue (ed. Ricardo Fernandes and John Meadows), Internet Archaeology 37. Saladié, P., Huguet, R., Díez, C., Rodríguez‐Hidalgo, A., & Carbonell, E. (2013). Taphonomic modifications produced by modern brown bears (Ursus arctos). International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 23(1), 13-33. Sansweet, S.J. and Hidalgo, P. (2008). The Complete Star Wars Encyclopedia. New York: Del Ray. Stokstradm E. (2004). A Whiff of Things to Come. Science. Wild E. R. (1997). Description of the adult skeleton and developmental osteology of the hyperossified horned frog, Ceratophrys cornuta (Anura:Leptodactylidae). Journal of morphology, 232(2), 169–206.Woo, M. (2018). BRIEF: Ancient Lizards Also Ran on Two Legs. Inside Science.Contact Alex FitzpatrickTwitter: @archaeologyfitz Simona FalangaTwitter: @CrazyBoneLady Alex's Blog: Animal Archaeology Music "Coconut - (dyalla remix)" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2UiKoouqaYAffiliates Wildnote TeePublic Timeular Motion

In this episode, Irmine Roshem, a PhD candidate in the Department of Archaeology introduces us to different approaches to archaeological research and also tells us about what her study of human remains is revealing about the effects of climate change on people during the medieval period.

What better way to understand the real lives of everyday folk in the ancient Mediterranean than to look at the bones of the people themselves? On this episode, Chelsea and Melissa welcome Dr. Efthymia Nikita, a bioarchaeologist who studies the  surviving skeletal remains of ancient humans. Dr. Nikita shares her research and explains how bones can provide crucial information for understanding how people in the past lived, not just how they died. Join us as Dr. Nikita explores the way in which skeletal remains of ancient women can shed light on their mobility, sickness, diet, societal roles, and more!

This episode of ArchaeoAnimals is about all creatures small and smaller! Tune in to learn more about small rodents and insectivores and their importance for reconstructing palaeoenvironments, characterising human-animal interactions, as well as their slow but inevitable spread through the near entirety of the globe. Case studies include the house mouse in the Levant, the Pacific rat in Mangareva, and Deer Mice and Montane Vole in Washington, USA.TranscriptsFor rough transcripts of this episode go to https://www.archpodnet.com/animals/55Links and Sources Baker, P., & Worley, F. (2019). Animal bones and archaeology: recovery to archive. Historic England. Cucchi, Thomas, et al. (2014) "The changing pace of insular life: 5000 years of microevolution in the Orkney vole (Microtus arvalis orcadensis)." Evolution 68.10. 2804-2820. Fraser, M., Sten, S., & Götherström, A. (2012). Neolithic Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) from the Island of Gotland show early contacts with the Swedish mainland. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39(2), 229-233. Lyman, R. L. (2003). Lessons from temporal variation in the mammalian faunas from two collections of owl pellets in Columbia County, Washington. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 13(3), 150-156. McGovern, T., et al. (2008) "NABONE Zooarchaeological Database: Recording System Codes." Swift, J. A., Miller, M. J., & Kirch, P. V. (2017). Stable isotope analysis of Pacific rat (Rattus exulans) from archaeological sites in Mangareva (French Polynesia): The use of commensal species for understanding human activity and ecosystem change. Environmental Archaeology, 22(3), 283-297. Weissbrod, L. et al. (2017) "Origins of house mice in ecological niches created by settled hunter-gatherers in the Levant 15,000 y ago." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114.16. 4099-4104. https://www.nhbs.com/blog/uk-small-mammal-identification Contact Alex FitzpatrickTwitter: @archaeologyfitz Simona FalangaTwitter: @CrazyBoneLady Alex's Blog: Animal Archaeology Music "Coconut - (dyalla remix)" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2UiKoouqaYAffiliates Wildnote TeePublic Timeular Motio

This episode of ArchaeoAnimals is about all creatures small and smaller! Tune in to learn more about small rodents and insectivores and their importance for reconstructing palaeoenvironments, characterising human-animal interactions, as well as their slow but inevitable spread through the near entirety of the globe. Case studies include the house mouse in the Levant, the Pacific rat in Mangareva, and Deer Mice and Montane Vole in Washington, USA.TranscriptsFor rough transcripts of this episode go to https://www.archpodnet.com/animals/55Links and Sources Baker, P., & Worley, F. (2019). Animal bones and archaeology: recovery to archive. Historic England. Cucchi, Thomas, et al. (2014) "The changing pace of insular life: 5000 years of microevolution in the Orkney vole (Microtus arvalis orcadensis)." Evolution 68.10. 2804-2820. Fraser, M., Sten, S., & Götherström, A. (2012). Neolithic Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) from the Island of Gotland show early contacts with the Swedish mainland. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39(2), 229-233. Lyman, R. L. (2003). Lessons from temporal variation in the mammalian faunas from two collections of owl pellets in Columbia County, Washington. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 13(3), 150-156. McGovern, T., et al. (2008) "NABONE Zooarchaeological Database: Recording System Codes." Swift, J. A., Miller, M. J., & Kirch, P. V. (2017). Stable isotope analysis of Pacific rat (Rattus exulans) from archaeological sites in Mangareva (French Polynesia): The use of commensal species for understanding human activity and ecosystem change. Environmental Archaeology, 22(3), 283-297. Weissbrod, L. et al. (2017) "Origins of house mice in ecological niches created by settled hunter-gatherers in the Levant 15,000 y ago." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114.16. 4099-4104. https://www.nhbs.com/blog/uk-small-mammal-identification Contact Alex FitzpatrickTwitter: @archaeologyfitz Simona FalangaTwitter: @CrazyBoneLady Alex's Blog: Animal Archaeology Music "Coconut - (dyalla remix)" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2UiKoouqaYAffiliates Wildnote TeePublic Timeular Motio

This week we're pushing our "um, actually" glasses up the bridge of our nose and busting some myths about archaeology. Was 30 the new 80 in the Paleolithic? Would someone from the Middle Ages be too short to ride a rollercoaster? Carbon dating is pretty precise, right? Can we tell if a skeleton is a lady? All this and more!To learn more about this week's topic, check out:The idea ancient people didn't live until old age is a myth (Quartz)Life Span of Early Man Same as Neanderthals' (New York Times)Life Expectancy by Age, 1850–2011 (Infoplease)Global Health Observatory (GHO) data: Life expectancy (World Health Organization)What Serena Williams's scary childbirth story says about medical treatment of black women (Vox) Zollikofer, Christoph PE, et al. "Evidence for interpersonal violence in the St. Césaire Neanderthal." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99.9 (2002): 6444-6448.Neanderthals Took Care of Deaf and Disabled Buddy Until Old Age (Ancient Origins)7,000-Year-Old Head Surgery: One of the Oldest Trepanned Skulls Discovered in Sudan (Ancient Origins) Trepanation: The History of One of the World's Oldest Surgeries (Mental Floss) Potts, DT, Al Naboodah, H, Hellyer, P. (2003) Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates. Trident Press.(And hey, don't @ Amber: she knows there are indeed other Neolithic sites in the Oman Peninsula! Check out the work happening at sites like Al Ain and Qumayrah.)Molto, J. E., and C. L. Kirkpatrick. "How Short Is Short, and Why? A Probable Case of Proportionate Dwarfism From Egypt's Third Intermediate Period in the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 28.1 (2018): 3-17. What is radiocarbon dating? (EarthSky)

In this episode, we are chatting with Dr. Alex Garcia-Putnam who is the Assistant State Physical Anthropologist for the Department of Archaeology and History Preservation in Washington State. And how did we come across Dr. Garcia-Putnam? Well he is a UW graduate of course! We start out by recapping how we know each other and talk about Alex's awesome experience returning to US from Canada. Alex talks about his experience growing up as a professors kid and how he got hooked on archaeology. We then discuss Alex's change of dissertation topic caused by the COVID19 pandemic and also discuss how bioarcheology can be used to talk about very relevant and interesting topics. We finish off talking about all the places he has worked as a bioarcheologist. Literature Recommendations Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency Website 2012 The Bioarchaeology of Violence edited by Debra L. Martin and Ryan P. Harrod 2014 The Anthropology of Plague: Insights from Bioarchaeological Analyses of Epidemic Cemetaries by Sharon N. DeWitte 2015 The Land of Open Graves by Jason De León 2021 Health, Stress, and Demography at Charity Hospital Cemetery #2 (AD1847-1929) by Garcia-Putnam, A., C. Halling, and R. Seidemann. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. Contact Email: alifeinruinspodcast@gmail.com Instagram: @alifeinruinspodcast Facebook: @alifeinruinspodcast Twitter: @alifeinruinspod Website: www.alifeinruins.com Ruins on APN: https://www.archaeologypodcastnetwork.com/ruins Store: https://www.redbubble.com/people/alifeinruins/shop ArchPodNet APN Website: https://www.archpodnet.com APN on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/archpodnet APN on Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/archpodnet APN on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/archpodnet Tee Public Store Affiliates Wildnote TeePublic Timeular

In this episode, we are chatting with Dr. Alex Garcia-Putnam who is the Assistant State Physical Anthropologist for the Department of Archaeology and History Preservation in Washington State. And how did we come across Dr. Garcia-Putnam? Well he is a UW graduate of course! We start out by recapping how we know each other and talk about Alex's awesome experience returning to US from Canada. Alex talks about his experience growing up as a professors kid and how he got hooked on archaeology. We then discuss Alex's change of dissertation topic caused by the COVID19 pandemic and also discuss how bioarcheology can be used to talk about very relevant and interesting topics. We finish off talking about all the places he has worked as a bioarcheologist. Literature Recommendations Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency Website 2012 The Bioarchaeology of Violence edited by Debra L. Martin and Ryan P. Harrod 2014 The Anthropology of Plague: Insights from Bioarchaeological Analyses of Epidemic Cemetaries by Sharon N. DeWitte 2015 The Land of Open Graves by Jason De León 2021 Health, Stress, and Demography at Charity Hospital Cemetery #2 (AD1847-1929) by Garcia-Putnam, A., C. Halling, and R. Seidemann. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. Contact Email: alifeinruinspodcast@gmail.com Instagram: @alifeinruinspodcast Facebook: @alifeinruinspodcast Twitter: @alifeinruinspod Website: www.alifeinruins.com Ruins on APN: https://www.archaeologypodcastnetwork.com/ruins Store: https://www.redbubble.com/people/alifeinruins/shop ArchPodNet APN Website: https://www.archpodnet.com APN on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/archpodnet APN on Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/archpodnet APN on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/archpodnet Tee Public Store Affiliates Wildnote TeePublic Timeular

Hannah Fromknecht   In this episode, we are joined by Hannah Fromknecht; former SEAC Archeological Technician and graduate student at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland. Hannah began her tenure as an archeologist at Florida State University. Where she earned two Bachelor's degrees; one in Anthropology and the other in Psychology. It was during her studies when she began volunteering at SEAC. Eventually, she became an intern and later earned a position as one of our Archeological Technicians. Throughout her time as an archeologist, Hannah has had the opportunity to conduct fieldwork in some amazing places. One of which is Poland, where she worked at an atypical cemetery excavation. She has also worked at some great sites in the southeastern US. Now she resides in Scotland, where she is working towards a Master's degree in Osteoarcheology at the University of Aberdeen. Listen to her answers to our 15 questions, and get an interesting perspective from someone who has conducted archeology both here at SEAC and abroad. To see the video of our conversation, head over to SEAC's YouTube channel!  We would love to get your feedback! Email HELP US SPREAD THE WORD! If you enjoyed this episode, head on over to iTunes and kindly leave us a rating, a review, and subscribe! Ways to subscribe to 15 Questions with an Archeologist. Click here to subscribe via iTunes Click here to subscribe via RSS You can also subscribe via Stitcher Connect with us. Website Facebook Twitter Instagram

We chat with Emma about life as an Osteoarchaeologist. Osteoarchaeology is the scientific study of human skeletons excavated from archaeological sites. There are two main aspects to Emmas work, those being field work which involves uncovering remains and lab work which involves the anthropologic study of the remains found. Osteoarchaeologist's can tell an incredible amount of information about an individual by studying their bones such as demography, health, disease, diet, stature as well as migration of populations. We chat about the Importance of networking and getting as much field work experience as possible to help yourself stand out from the crowd when job hunting. We also talk about the importance of developing analytical skills, as working with Data becomes an ever more important part of the career, as well as what an average day is like in the industry, the positives, the negatives and what you could expect to earn in the career. If you have an interest in History and a desire to uncover the past by piecing the story back together with your discoveries then this sounds like the career for you! A real pleasure to chat with Emma.

E. A. Meigs has a long varied career beginning with working on boats and in the commercial fishing industry, which also includes employment with the Cape Cod Museum of Natural History, Fish and Wildlife, Forestry Department, as well as a columnist for PrimeTime, editor/contributor for Patch.com, and managing editor for The Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks/Online Learning. Meigs now owns and operates an independent publishing house called Dreamer Literary Productions, LLC, and is the author of The Dreamer Book Series: An Ice Age Saga. Book VI in that series is currently in production. A second Ice-Age themed book series for children will debut in 2021. Meigs has two daughters and seven grandchildren. Meigs is passionate about history, especially as it pertains to natural history and paleoanthropology, and constantly strives to add to her store of knowledge regarding outdoor life-skills.http://www.dreamerliteraryproductions.comFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/theiceageworldofthedreamerbookseries Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/E.A.Meigs.Author website: https://dreamerliteraryproductions.com/Twitter: https://twitter.com/DreamerLit00 LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/e-a-meigs-dreamer-book-series/

In this episode, I cover the great auk- the penguin of the north. But was it a penguin as its coloration would suggest or something totally different? What happened to this giant bird? Were these animals killed off completely by humans, or were their populations already on the way out? The range of the great auk stretched from Europe to the shores of eastern Canada, so where did they go? Find out in this episode! Sources:Razorbill Vocalizations by Stanislas Wroza: https://www.xeno-canto.org/contributor/SDPCHKOHRHLive Cam on Eldey Island: http://www.gannetlive.com/Funk Island Videos: http://www.funkisland.ca/videos/Bengston 1984: https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v101n01/p0001-p0012.pdfGroot 2004: https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/2073867/fulltextgreatauk.pdfThomas et al 2017: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5485528/Moum et al 2002: https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/19/9/1434/996658Greive 1885: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/great-auk-or-garefowl/3CC16685E4263C92292EC8055C9453E1Newton, A. 1861: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1861.tb08857.xMontevecchi and Kirk 1996: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240792777_Great_Auk_Pinguinus_impennisMorris, Reverend Francis O. (1864). A History of British Birds. 6. Groombridge and Sons, Paternoster Way, London. pp. 56–58.Harris & J. R. G. Hislop. 1978. The food of young Puffins Fratercula arctica. J. Zool. 185: 213-236.OLSON, S. L., C. C. SWIFT, & C. MOKHIBER. 1979. An attempt to determine the prey of the Great Auk (Pinguinus impennis). Auk 96: 790-792.Serjeantson D. 2001. The great auk and the gannet: a prehistoric perspective on the extinction of the great auk. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 11: 43–55Books: The Sixth Extinction by Elizabeth KolbertThe Great Auk by Errol FullerThe Great Auk (Gone Forever) by Emily CrawfordAncient People of Port Au Choix: the Excavation of an Archaic Indian Cemetary in Newfoundland by James A. TuckExtinct and Vanishing Birds of the World by James GreenwayHope is the Thing With Feathers: A Personal Chronicle of Vanished Birds by Christopher CokinosOther Links:https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/how-great-auks-went-extinct-penguinhttps://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/with-crush-fisherman-boot-the-last-great-auks-died-180951982/ 

What happened to the Franklin Expedition? This episode, we’re headed up to the Arctic circle to investigate one of the greatest mysteries of the Victorian era. TRANSCRIPT https://castinglotspod.home.blog/2019/12/26/10-ice-part-i-the-franklin-expedition/ CREDITS Written, hosted and produced by Alix Penn and Carmella Lowkis. Theme music by Daniel Wackett. Find him on Twitter @ds_wack and Soundcloud as Daniel Wackett. Logo by Riley. Find her on Twitter and Instagram @tallestfriend. Casting Lots is part of the Morbid Audio Podcast Network. Network sting by Mikaela Moody. Find her on Bandcamp as mikaelamoody1. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cavell, J. (2013). ‘Publishing Sir John Franklin’s fate: cannibalism, journalism, and the 1881 edition of Leopold McClintock’s “The voyage of the ‘Fox’ in the Arctic seas”’. Book History, 16, pp. 155-184. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/42705784 Geiger, J.G. and O. Beattie. (2004). Frozen in Time: The Fate of the Franklin Expedition. London: Bloomsbury. Hawkes, N. (1995). ‘Trapped explorers were forced into cannibalism; Sir John Franklin expedition’. The Times, London, 13 May. Available at: https://search.proquest.com/docview/318284753 Keenleyside, A., M. Bertulli and H.C. Fricke. (1997). ‘The final days of the Franklin Expedition: new skeletal evidence’. Arctic, 50(1), pp. 36-46. Available at: https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1089 Landseer, E.H. (1864). Man proposes, God disposes [Oil on canvas]. Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham. Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Manproposesgoddisposes.jpg Mays, S. and O. Beattie. (2016). ‘Evidence for end-stage cannibalism on Sir John Franklin’s last expedition to the Arctic, 1845’. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 26, pp. 778-786. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.2479 Murphy, J. (2018). ‘Is the Arctic set to become a main shipping route?’. BBC News, Toronto, 1 November. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-45527531 Palin, M. (2018). Erebus: The Story of a Ship. London: Hutchinson. Peglar, H. (2000). Russell Potter’s transcript of the “Peglar Papers,” MS. 9388/1-11, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich. Transcribed by R. Potter. Available at: http://www.ric.edu/faculty/rpotter/aglooka/peglar-fulltext-rev_2000.pdf Rogers, S. (1981). ‘Northwest Passage’. Stan Rogers. Northwest Passage (Remastered). [Digital]. Ontario: Borealis Records & Forgarty’s Cove Music. Available at: https://open.spotify.com/track/1LMJZeNGgZ5aqHR1yqd8Fy Shapton, L. (2016). ‘Artifacts of a doomed expedition’. New York Times Magazine, 18 March. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/03/20/magazine/franklin-expedition.html Smurftrooper. (2019). Supposed Route of Franklin’s expedition 1845-1848.svg. Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Supposed_Route_of_Franklin%27s_expedition_1845-1848.svg Stenton, D.R. (2014). ‘A most inhospitable coast: the report of Lieutenant William Hobson’s 1859 search for the Franklin Expedition on King William Island’. Arctic, 67(4), pp. 511-522. Available at: https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic4424 Stenton, D.R., A. Keenleyside and R.W. Park. (2015). ‘The “boat place” burial: new skeletal evidence from the 1845 Franklin Expedition’. Arctic, 68(1), pp. 32-44. Available at: https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic4454 Stenton, D.R. and R.W. Park. (2017). ‘History, oral history and archaeology: reinterpreting the “boat places” of Erebus Bay’. Arctic, 70(2), pp. 203-218. Available at: https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic4649 Stiles, D. (2017). ‘“Common disaster”?!: three works revealing the importance of Inuit presence and Inuit oral history [on the writings about the man in charge / the men about / the unceasing searching for the Erebus and Terror]’. Journal of Canadian Studies, 51(2), pp. 520-532. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3138/jcs.2017-0002.r1 Woods, A. (2016). ‘Franklin’s last voyage’. Archaeology, 69(4), pp. 36-41. Available at: https://www.archaeology.org/issues/220-1607/features/4559-canada-erebus-discovery

In 1761 a French schooner was shipwrecked in the Indian Ocean, leaving more than 200 people stranded on a tiny island. The crew departed in a makeshift boat, leaving 60 Malagasy slaves to fend for themselves and wait for rescue. In this week's episode of the Futility Closet podcast we'll tell the story of the Tromelin Island castaways, which one observer calls "arguably the most extraordinary story of survival ever documented." We'll also admire some hardworking cats and puzzle over a racer's death. Intro: In 1830 architect Thomas Willson proposed building an enormous pyramid to house London's dead. In 1959 a Norwegian insulation manufacturer undertook to transport a three-ton block of ice to the equator without refrigeration. Sources for our feature on the Tromelin Island castaways: Samir S. Patel, "Castaways," Archaeology, Sept. 15, 2014. "Lèse humanité," Economist, Dec. 16, 2015. Max Guérout, "Esclaves oubliés," La Revue Maritime 477 (December 2006). John Lichfield, "Shipwrecked and Abandoned: The Story of the Slave Crusoes," Independent, Feb. 5, 2007. James Russell, "The Recovery of Tromelin Island," National Geographic, April 11, 2016. V. Laroulandie and C. Lefèvre, "The Use of Avian Resources by the Forgotten Slaves of Tromelin Island (Indian Ocean)," International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 24:3 (2014), 407-416. Matthieu Le Corre, et al. "Seabird Recovery and Vegetation Dynamics After Norway Rat Eradication at Tromelin Island, Western Indian Ocean," Biological Conservation 185 (2015), 85-94. Nick Marriner et al., "A Geomorphological Reconnaissance of Tromelin Island, Indian Ocean," Journal of Coastal Research 28:6 (November 2012), 1606-1616. Urko Apaolaza Ávila, "Basques in the Caribbean Slave Trade (Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries)," in William A. Douglass, ed., Basques in Cuba, 2016. Jane Webster, "Slave Ships and Maritime Archaeology: An Overview," International Journal of Historical Archaeology 12:1 (March 2008), 6–19. Annabelle Georgen, "Abandonnés sur une île déserte: la tragédie des esclaves oubliés de Tromelin," Slate, Feb. 22, 2017. Peter Mitchell and Paul Lane, The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology, 2013. Carl Thompson, Shipwreck in Art and Literature: Images and Interpretations from Antiquity to the Present Day, 2014. Nelly Schmidt, "Slavery and Its Abolition, French Colonies, Research and Transmission of Knowledge," UNESCO Slave Route Project. Constance Holden, "Random Samples," Science, New Series 315:5812 (Feb. 2, 2007), 579. Jasmina Sopova, "UNESCO Launches Forgotten Slaves Programme," UNESCO, April 23, 2004. "Archaeological Science," Health & Medicine Week, May 17, 2010, 1593. Sylviane Diouf, "Survivors: Sand Island," New York Public Library, March 7, 2012. H.A. Moriarty, Islands in the Southern Indian Ocean, Westward of Longitude 80° East, Including Madagascar, 1904. Alexander G. Findlay, A Directory for the Navigation of the Indian Ocean, 1866. A. Constable, Shipwrecks and Disasters at Sea, 1812. Lawrence G. Green, "Mystery Isles of the East," New York Times, June 21, 1931. Bernie McClenny, "Tromelin Island," QST 98:9 (September 2014), 91-92. "Foreign Intelligence," [London] General Evening Post, Aug. 21, 1777. "Extract of a Letter From Amsterdam, Aug. 7," London Chronicle, Aug. 22, 1777. Listener mail: "Chief Mouser Palmerston Develops a Taste for Duck," Times, July 24, 2018. "Library Cat Outlasts Councilman That Wanted Him Gone," CBS News, Dec. 16, 2016. Bud Kennedy, "Council Critic Takes Yet Another Swipe at Browser the Library Cat," Fort Worth Star-Telegram, Dec. 10, 2016. Ricki Harris, "Beloved Cat Will Keep His Job at the Local Library After International Backlash," ABC News, July 5, 2016. Ricki Harris, "Beloved Cat Fired From His Job at a Local Public Library," ABC News, June 28, 2016. Wikipedia, "Mike (cat)" (accessed Sept. 4, 2018). E.A. Wallis Budge, "Mike", the Cat Who Assisted in Keeping the Main Gate of the British Museum From February 1909 to January 1929, 1929. R.B. Shaberman, Mike, the British Museum Cat, 1909-1929: A Jubilee Reminiscence, 1979. Dog Days of Summer Family Festival, Smithsonian National Postal Museum (accessed Sept. 6, 2018). This week's lateral thinking puzzle was contributed by listener Bryant Pocock, who sent these corroborating links (warning -- these spoil the puzzle). You can listen using the player above, download this episode directly, or subscribe on Google Podcasts, on Apple Podcasts, or via the RSS feed at https://futilitycloset.libsyn.com/rss. Please consider becoming a patron of Futility Closet -- you can choose the amount you want to pledge, and we've set up some rewards to help thank you for your support. You can also make a one-time donation on the Support Us page of the Futility Closet website. Many thanks to Doug Ross for the music in this episode. If you have any questions or comments you can reach us at podcast@futilitycloset.com. Thanks for listening!

In 1629, a Dutch trading vessel struck a reef off the coast of Australia, marooning 180 people on a tiny island. As they struggled to stay alive, their leader descended into barbarity, gathering a band of cutthroats and killing scores of terrified castaways. In this week's episode of the Futility Closet podcast we'll document the brutal history of Batavia's graveyard, the site of Australia's most infamous shipwreck. We'll also lose money in India and puzzle over some invisible Frenchmen. Intro: In 1946, an Allied dentist inscribed "Remember Pearl Harbor" on Hideki Tojo's dentures. Sigourney Weaver named herself after a character in The Great Gatsby. Sources for our feature on the Batavia mutiny: Mike Dash, Batavia's Graveyard, 2002. Mike Sturma, "Mutiny and Narrative: Francisco Pelsaert's Journals and the Wreck of the Batavia," The Great Circle 24:1 (2002), 14-24. "We Are Still on the Batavia," Queen's Quarterly 12:4 (Winter 2005), 489. Bruce Bennett, "Politics and Spying: Representations of Pre- and Early Australia," Antipodes 22:1 (June 2008), 17-22. "Batavia," Ships of the World: An Historical Encyclopedia, 1997, 52-53. D. Franklin, "Human Skeletal Remains From a Multiple Burial Associated With the Mutiny of the VOC Retourschip Batavia, 1629," International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 22:6 (Jan. 19, 2011), 740-748. Michael Titlestad, "'Changed as to a Tiger': Considering the Wreck of the Batavia," Antipodes 27:2 (December 2013), 149-156. Mark Staniforth, "Murder and Mayhem," dig 8:4 (April 2006), 20-21. Christopher Bray, "The Wreck of the Batavia [review]," Financial Times, Aug 17, 2007. "Batavia's History," Western Australian Museum (accessed May 28, 2017). Sarah Taillier, "Unearthed Grave Sheds Light on Batavia Shipwreck Mass Murder," Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Feb. 3, 2015. "Australia Dig Unearths Batavia Mutiny Skeleton," BBC News, Feb. 4, 2015. Libby-Jane Charleston, "The Batavia Mutiny and Massacre of 1629 Is Still Revealing Secrets," Huffington Post, July 2, 2016. Karl Quinn, "Mutiny, Shipwreck, Murder: The Incredible True Story Russell Crowe Wants to Film," Sydney Morning Herald, March 30, 2016. Interest in the Batavia was reawakened in the 1960s, when archaeologists began to examine the site of the mutiny. This victim, excavated in 1963, had received a cutting wound to the head; the right shoulder blade was broken, and the right foot was missing. Listener mail: Andrew Levy, "Doctors Solve Mystery of a Man Who 'Died From Laughter' While Watching The Goodies After His Granddaughter Nearly Dies From Same Rare Heart Condition," Daily Mail, June 20, 2012. Wikipedia, "2016 Indian Banknote Demonetisation" (accessed June 9, 2017). "The Dire Consequences of India's Demonetisation Initiative," Economist, Dec. 3, 2016. Micheline Maynard, "The 'Zion Curtain' Is About to Fall in Utah, and Restaurants Can't Wait," Forbes, March 29, 2017. Donald Hoffman, "Do We See Reality As It Is?" TED, March 2015. This week's lateral thinking puzzle was contributed by listener Aden Lonergan. Here's a corroborating link (warning -- this spoils the puzzle). You can listen using the player above, download this episode directly, or subscribe on iTunes or Google Play Music or via the RSS feed at http://feedpress.me/futilitycloset. Please consider becoming a patron of Futility Closet -- on our Patreon page you can pledge any amount per episode, and we've set up some rewards to help thank you for your support. You can also make a one-time donation on the Support Us page of the Futility Closet website. Many thanks to Doug Ross for the music in this episode. If you have any questions or comments you can reach us at podcast@futilitycloset.com. Thanks for listening!

Farming erodes soil 50 times faster than it forms. We can change that, but will we? Thanks to http://www.soylent.com/earth for sponsoring this video! Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth : - Today I Found Out - Maarten Bremer - Jeff Straathof - Mark Roth - Tony Fadell - Muhammad Shifaz - 靛蓝字幕组 - Melissa Vigil - Alberto Bortoni - Valentin - Antoine Coeur ___________________________________________ Credits (and Twitter handles): Script Writer: Alex Reich (@alexhreich) Script Editor: Rachel Becker (@RA_Becks) Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar) Video Director: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida) Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida) With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Omkar Bhagat, Emily Elert, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder _________________________________________ Like our videos? Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Get early, exclusive access to our videos on Vessel: https://goo.gl/hgD1iJ Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ Also, say hello on: Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n ___________________________________________ If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like these things: America is running out of soil: http://goo.gl/FXEzeR Global Soil Partnership: http://goo.gl/lqGknM Prairie STRIPS research: https://goo.gl/1uw1Yg FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started: Agricultural Soil Erosion: the wearing away of a field's topsoil by the natural physical forces of water and wind or through forces associated with farming activities, such as tillage. http://goo.gl/d0Ciwk Conservation tillage/agriculture: a soil cultivation method in which fields are not ploughed & the previous year's crop residues are left on fields before and after planting the next crop, to reduce soil erosion and runoff. http://goo.gl/8aoizx, http://goo.gl/jmj8Ic Soil: the upper layer of earth, in which plants grow; a dark, damp, gas-filled structure of minerals and organic matter formed by degrading rocks and decomposing organisms. http://goo.gl/Q6JOrH ___________________________________________ References: A Landowner’s Guide to Prairie Conservation Strips. Accessed May 5, 2016. https://goo.gl/fN65MA Antón, S. C., & Steadman, D. W. (2003). Mortuary patterns in burial caves on Mangaia, Cook Islands. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 13(3), 132-146. http://goo.gl/SIiMxy FAO and ITPS. (2015). Status of the World’s Soil Resources (SWSR) – Main Report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils, Rome, Italy. http://goo.gl/fxPJi0 Kirch, P. V. (1997). Microcosmic histories: Island perspectives on" global" change. American Anthropologist, 99(1), 30-42. Montgomery, D. R. (2007). Soil erosion and agricultural sustainability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(33), 13268-13272. http://goo.gl/Si9E6g Pimentel, D. (2006). Soil erosion: a food and environmental threat. Environment, development and sustainability, 8(1), 119-137. http://goo.gl/64FSCa Soil Building Systems. Pickup Truck Capacities. Accessed May 5, 2016. http://goo.gl/u7sPfQ Steadman, D. W., Antón, S. C., & Kirch, P. V. (2000). Ana Manuku: a prehistoric ritualistic site on Mangaia, Cook Islands. Antiquity, 74(286), 873-883. http://goo.gl/ZySytn