Podcasts about emerg infect dis

Once considered endemic only to tropical and subtropical climates such as Southeast Asia and northern Australia, melioidosis is expanding to non-endemic areas such as the southern US. Climate change is impacting infectious diseases, melioidosis being no exception. Now is the time to inform and prepare: as this Communicable episode's title indicates, melioidosis is going global.Join hosts Angela Huttner and Josh Davis on their in-depth exploration of melioidosis with invited experts Dr. Ella Meumann and Prof. Bart Currie from Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia. Topics range from melioidosis discovery, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches and host risk factors to the disease's expanding endemicity.Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by the sapronotic agent Burkholderia pseudomallei and contracted by both people and animals through direct contact with contaminated soil, air or waters. Current burden estimates of 169'000 cases and 89'000 deaths per year are thought to be grossly underreported due to limited access to laboratory diagnostics and lack of clinical awareness. Experts call for melioidosis to be recognized as a neglected tropical disease in order to give this disease the urgent attention and resources it deserves.This episode was edited by Kathryn Hostettler and peer-reviewed by Dr. Goulia Ohan of Yerevan State Medical University, Armenia.Literature Meumann EM and Currie BJ. Approach to melioidosis. CMI Comms 2024;1(1). doi: 10.1016/j.cmicom.2024.100008 Savelkoel J, Dance D. Alfred Whitmore and the Discovery of Melioidosis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(4):752-756. doi:10.3201/eid3004.230693 Limmathurotsakul D, Wongsuvan G, Aanensen D et al. Melioidosis Caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei in Drinking Water, Thailand, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(2):265-268. doi: 10.3201/eid2002.121891 Petras JK, Elrod MG, Ty MC, et al. Locally acquired melioidosis linked to environment—Mississippi, 2020-2023. N Engl J Med. 2023;389:2355-2362. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2306448Howes M and Currie BJ. Melioidosis and Activation from Latency: The “Time Bomb” Has Not Occurred. ASTMH. 28 May 2024;111(1): 156-160. doi 10.4269/ajtmh.24-0007

MedLink Neurology Podcast is delighted to feature selected episodes from BrainWaves, courtesy of James E Siegler MD, its originator and host. BrainWaves is an academic audio podcast whose mission is to educate medical providers through clinical cases and topical reviews in neurology, medicine, and the humanities, and episodes originally aired from 2016 to 2021. Originally released: July 18, 2017 I am not sure there are many things more terrifying than watching your child experience what looks like “just a cold” and then, over the course of a few hours, become paralyzed. In this episode, Drs. Ana Cristancho and Sarah Hopkins describe what we know about this recent polio-like outbreak in the United States. BrainWaves podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used to guide medical decision-making in routine clinical practice. This episode was vetted and approved by Dr. Sarah Hopkins. REFERENCES Aliabadi N, Messacar K, Pastula DM, et al. Enterovirus D68 infection in children with acute flaccid myelitis, Colorado, USA, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2016;22(8):1387-94. PMID 27434186Greninger AL, Naccache SN, Messacar K, et al. A novel outbreak enterovirus D68 strain associated with acute flaccid myelitis cases in the USA (2012-14): a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2015;15(6):671-82. PMID 25837569Messacar K, Schreiner TL, Van Haren K, et al. Acute flaccid myelitis: a clinical review of US cases 2012-2015. Ann Neurol 2016;80(3):326-38. PMID 27422805  We believe that the principles expressed or implied in the podcast remain valid, but certain details may be superseded by evolving knowledge since the episode's original release date.

In this episode, Martin talks to Dr Jinny Moore from the National Health Security Agency in England about detecting pathogens in the ICU environment. They discuss a recent paper where whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on presumptive S. capitis NRCS-A isolates was collected from infants admitted to nationwide NICU and from environmental sampling in two distinct NICUs. The discussion includes details on the approach to sampling (neonates and environment).   Papers discussed: Detection, survival, and persistence of Staphylococcus capitis NRCS-A in neonatal units in England https://www.journalofhospitalinfection.com/article/S0195-6701(23)00234-7/fulltext   Other papers of interest: Laurent F, Butin M. Staphylococcus capitis and NRCS-A clone: the story of an unrecognized pathogen in neonatal intensive care units. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25:1081-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30928561 Butin M, Martins-Simoes P, Rasigade JP, Picaud JC, Laurent F. Worldwide Endemicity of a Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus capitis Clone Involved in Neonatal Sepsis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23:538-9.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28221122 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5382751/pdf/16-0833.pdf Butin M, Martins-Simoes P, Pichon B, Leyssene D, Bordes-Couecou S, Meugnier H, et al. Emergence and dissemination of a linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus capitis clone in Europe. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72:1014-20. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27999045 Van Der Zwet WC, Debets-Ossenkopp YJ, Reinders E, Kapi M, Savelkoul PH, Van Elburg RM, et al. Nosocomial spread of a Staphylococcus capitis strain with heteroresistance to vancomycin in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:2520-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12089273 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC120592/pdf/1550.pdf

In this episode, Martin talks to Dr Jinny Moore from the National Health Security Agency in England about detecting pathogens in the ICU environment. They discuss a recent paper where whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on presumptive S. capitis NRCS-A isolates was collected from infants admitted to nationwide NICU and from environmental sampling in two distinct NICUs. The discussion includes details on the approach to sampling (neonates and environment).   Papers discussed: Detection, survival, and persistence of Staphylococcus capitis NRCS-A in neonatal units in England https://www.journalofhospitalinfection.com/article/S0195-6701(23)00234-7/fulltext   Other papers of interest: Laurent F, Butin M. Staphylococcus capitis and NRCS-A clone: the story of an unrecognized pathogen in neonatal intensive care units. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25:1081-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30928561 Butin M, Martins-Simoes P, Rasigade JP, Picaud JC, Laurent F. Worldwide Endemicity of a Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus capitis Clone Involved in Neonatal Sepsis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23:538-9.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28221122 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5382751/pdf/16-0833.pdf Butin M, Martins-Simoes P, Pichon B, Leyssene D, Bordes-Couecou S, Meugnier H, et al. Emergence and dissemination of a linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus capitis clone in Europe. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72:1014-20. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27999045 Van Der Zwet WC, Debets-Ossenkopp YJ, Reinders E, Kapi M, Savelkoul PH, Van Elburg RM, et al. Nosocomial spread of a Staphylococcus capitis strain with heteroresistance to vancomycin in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:2520-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12089273 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC120592/pdf/1550.pdf

MedLink Neurology Podcast is delighted to feature selected episodes from BrainWaves, courtesy of James E Siegler MD, its originator and host. BrainWaves is an academic audio podcast whose mission is to educate medical providers through clinical cases and topical reviews in neurology, medicine, and the humanities, and episodes originally aired from 2016 to 2021. Originally released: July 18, 2017 Rio is front and center of the world right now, not just because of the 2016 Olympic games but also because it harbors the Zika virus. In this episode, infectious disease specialist Dr. Jennifer McGuire speaks with Dr. Ana Cristancho about the things every neurologist needs to know about this worldwide outbreak. BrainWaves podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used to guide medical decision-making in routine clinical practice. Any cases discussed in this episode are fictional and do not contain any patient health-identifying information. The content in this episode was approved and vetted by Jennifer McGuire. REFERENCES Bogoch II, Brady OJ, Kraemer MU, et al. Anticipating the international spread of Zika virus from Brazil. Lancet 2016;387(10016):335-6. PMID 26777915Campos GS, Bandeira AC, Sardi SI. Zika virus outbreak, Bahia, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2015;21(10):1885-6. PMID 26401719Duffy MR, Chen TH, Hancock WT, et al. Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia. N Engl J Med 2009;360(24):2536-43. PMID 19516034Hayes EB. Zika virus outside Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 2009;15(9):1347-50. PMID 19788800Mlakar J, Korva M, Tul N, et al. Zika virus associated with microcephaly. N Engl J Med 2016;374(10):951-8. PMID 26862926 We believe that the principles expressed or implied in the podcast remain valid, but certain details may be superseded by evolving knowledge since the episode's original release date.

Was your psoriasis caused by the Black Death? Learn more than you might have wanted to know about the Black Death and delve into the data on the immunologic/autoimmune ramifications of wiping out nearly half of Europe. ·       Intro 0:11 ·       In this episode 1:09 ·       The Black Death 1:24 ·       The History of IV Immunoglobulin episode 2:07 ·       How the Black Death happened 4:07 ·       How many people died from the Black Death? 6:49 ·       Record keeping 6:53 ·       The modern immune system, the Black Death and HIV 8:43 ·       What is CCR5? 8:55 ·       Current data on autoimmune diseases 10:35 ·       ERAP2 15:55 ·       How yersinia pestis kills you 21:04 ·       The inflammasome 22:03 ·       The Inflammasome for Dunces episode 22:09 ·       Mediterranean fever and mouse model 24:49 ·       Takeaways 30:20 ·       Summary 30:59 Disclosures: Brown reports no relevant financial disclosures. We'd love to hear from you! Send your comments/questions to Dr. Brown at rheuminationspodcast@healio.com. Follow us on Twitter @HRheuminations @AdamJBrownMD @HealioRheum. References: Wheelis M. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;doi:10.3201/eid0809.100536. Ratner D, et al. PLoS Pathog. 2016;doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006035. Park YH, et al. Nat Immunol. 2020;doi:10.1038/s41590-020-0705-6. Patin E. Nat Immunol. 2020;doi:10.1038/s41590-020-0724-3. Galvani AP, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;doi:10.1073/pnas.2435085100.

MedLink Neurology Podcast is delighted to feature selected episodes from BrainWaves, courtesy of James E Siegler MD, its originator and host. BrainWaves is an academic audio podcast whose mission is to educate medical providers through clinical cases and topical reviews in neurology, medicine, and the humanities, and episodes originally aired from 2016 to 2021. Originally released: September 13, 2018 In 2012, more than 13,000 Americans were inadvertently exposed to contaminated medical equipment, resulting in one of the largest fungal outbreaks in United States history. Despite rapid mobilization by the CDC and FDA, 751 patients died from complications of fungal brain infections. But this is more the exception than the rule when it comes to fungal infections of the central nervous system. This week on the BrainWaves podcast, we review the common (and uncommon) clinical, radiographic, and diagnostic features of fungal brain disease. Enjoy! Produced by James E Siegler. Music by Jahzzar, Swelling, The Insider, and Chris Zabriskie. Sound effects by Mike Koenig, Daniel Simion. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision-making. REFERENCES Baddley JW, Salzman D, Pappas PG. Fungal brain abscess in transplant recipients: epidemiologic, microbiologic, and clinical features. Clin Transplant 2002;16(6):419-24. PMID 12437621 Benedict K, Park BJ. Invasive fungal infections after natural disasters. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20(3):349-55. PMID 24565446 Brouwer MC, Tunkel AR, McKhann GM 2nd, van de Beek D. Brain abscess. N Engl J Med 2014;371(5):447-56. PMID 25075836 Kainer MA, Reagan DR, Nguyen DB, et al. Fungal infections associated with contaminated methylprednisolone in Tennessee. N Engl J Med 2012;367(23):2194-203. PMID 23131029 McCotter OZ, Smith RM, Westercamp M, et al. Update on multistate outbreak of fungal infections associated with contaminated methylprednisolone injections, 2012-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64(42):1200-1. PMID 26513534 Schwartz S, Kontoyiannis DP, Harrison T, Ruhnke M. Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections of the CNS. Lancet Neurol 2018;17(4):362-72. PMID 29477506 Smith RM, Schaefer MK, Kainer MA, et al. Fungal infections associated with contaminated methylprednisolone injections. N Engl J Med 2013;369(17):1598-609. PMID 23252499 Wilson MR, O'Donovan BD, Gelfand Jmet al. Chronic meningitis investigated via metagenomic next-generation sequencing. JAMA Neurol 2018;75(8):947-55. PMID 29710329  We believe that the principles expressed or implied in the podcast remain valid, but certain details may be superseded by evolving knowledge since the episode's original release date.

The development of penicillin started – but definitely did not end – with the chance discovery of some mold in a petri dish. There is so much more to the story. Research: Bernard, Diane. “How a miracle drug changed the fight against infection during World War II.” Washington Post. 7/11/2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/07/11/penicillin-coronavirus-florey-wwii-infection/ British Library. “Inventor(s) of the month, Alexander Fleming and the story of Penicillin.” 7/28/2021. https://blogs.bl.uk/business/2021/07/inventors-of-the-month-alexander-fleming.html Chain, E. et al. “Penicillin as a Chemotherapeutic Agent.” The Lancet. Vol. 236, Issue 6104. 8/24/1940. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)08728-1 Fleming A. On the Antibacterial Action of Cultures of a Penicillium, with Special Reference to their Use in the Isolation of B. influenzæ. Br J Exp Pathol. 1929 Jun;10(3):226–36. PMCID: PMC2048009. Gaynes, Robert. “The Discovery of Penicillin—New Insights After More Than 75 Years of Clinical Use.” Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 May; 23(5): 849–853.. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5403050/ Lee, Victoria. “Microbial Transformations.” Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences, SEPTEMBER 2018, Vol. 48, No. 4. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26507225 National Museums of Scotland. “Culture Vessel.” https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/stories/science-and-technology/culture-vessel/ Quinn, Roswell. “Rethinking Antibiotic Research and Development: World War II and the Penicillin Collaborative.” American Journal of Public Health | March 2013, Vol 103, No. 3. Scibilia, Anthony Julius. “Being Prometheus in 1943:: Bringing Penicillin to the Working Man.” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies , Vol. 80, No. 3 (Summer 2013). https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/pennhistory.80.3.0442 Science History. “Alexander Fleming.” 12/5/2017. https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/alexander-fleming Science Museum. “How Was Penicillin Developed?” 2/23/2021. https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/how-was-penicillin-developed Shama, Gilbert. “'Déjà Vu' – The Recycling of Penicillin in Post-liberation Paris.” Pharmacy in History , 2013, Vol. 55, No. 1 (2013). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23645718 The Alexander Fleming Laboratory Museum, London, UK. “The Discovery and Development of Penicillin 1928-1945.” 11/19/1999. https://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/flemingpenicillin/the-discovery-and-development-of-penicillin-commemorative-booklet.pdf Wainwright, Milton. “Moulds in Folk Medicine.” Folklore , 1989, Vol. 100, No. 2 (1989). https://www.jstor.org/stable/1260294 Wainwright, Milton. “The History of the Therapeutic Use of Crude Penicillin.” Medical History, 1987, 31: 41-50. Williams KJ. The introduction of 'chemotherapy' using arsphenamine - the first magic bullet. J R Soc Med. 2009 Aug;102(8):343-8. doi: 10.1258/jrsm.2009.09k036. PMID: 19679737; PMCID: PMC2726818. Wood, Jonathan. “Penicillin: The Oxford Story.” Oxford News Blog. 7/16/2010. https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/science-blog/penicillin-oxford-story Zaffiri, Lorenzo et al. “History of Antibiotics. From Salvarsan to Cephalosporins.” Journal of Investigative Surgery, 25, 67–77, 2012.  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Join Yvonne Brandenburg, RVT, VTS SAIM and Jordan Porter RVT, LVT, VTS SAIM as we talk about: We talk about the dreaded corona virus… but no, not COVID, Feline Corona Virus that we vaccinate for! Why do we vaccinate for it? Let us tell you.     Resources We Mentioned in the Show   Feline Enteric Coronavirus. Merck Manual. Alex Gallagher, DVM, MS, DACVIM (SAIM), Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida. Last full review/revision Jun 2020 | Content last modified Oct 2020 Retrieved from https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/diseases-of-the-stomach-and-intestines-in-small-animals/feline-enteric-coronavirus?query=coronavirus  Feline Coronavirus (FCoV) RT-PCR. Cornell University. https://www.vet.cornell.edu/animal-health-diagnostic-center/veterinary-support/disease-information/feline-coronavirus  Buonavoglia C, Decaro N, Martella V, Elia G, Campolo M, Desario C, Castagnaro M, Tempesta M. Canine coronavirus highly pathogenic for dogs. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Mar;12(3):492-4. doi: 10.3201/eid1203.050839. PMID: 16704791; PMCID: PMC3291441.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3291441/   Thanks so much for tuning in. Join us again next week for another episode!  Want to earn some RACE approved CE credits for listening to the podcast? You can earn between 0.5-1.0  hour of RACE approved CE credit for each podcast episode you listen to.    Join the Internal Medicine For Vet Techs Membership to earn and keep track of your continuing education hours as you get your learn on!   Join now! http://internalmedicineforvettechsmembership.com/   Get Access to the Membership Site for your RACE approved CE certificates Sign up at https://internalmedicineforvettechsmembership.com  Get Access to the Technician Treasure Trove  Sign up at https://imfpp.org/treasuretrove    Thanks for listening!  – Yvonne and Jordan   

Today's rabies prophylaxis is almost 100% effective at preventing human death from the bite of a rabid animal. How did people come to understand rabies, and then develop a vaccination for it? Research: Etymologia: Rabies. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2012 Jul [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1807.ET1807 Velasco-Villa, Andres et al. “The history of rabies in the Western Hemisphere.” Antiviral research vol. 146 (2017): 221-232. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.03.013 Pearce JLouis Pasteur and Rabies: a brief noteJournal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2002;73:82. Wendt, Diane. “Surviving rabies 100 years ago.” National Museum of American History. 10/28/2013. https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/2013/10/surviving-rabies-100-years-ago.html Blancou, Jean. “The Evolution of Rabies Epidemiology in Wildlife.” Director General, Office International des Épizooties. https://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/sites/g/files/dgvnsk491/files/inline-files/EVOLUTION_RABIES_EPIDEMIOLOGY_WILDLIFE.pdf Lite, Jordan. “Medical Mystery: Only One Person Has Survived Rabies without Vaccine--But How?.” Scientific American. 10/8/2008. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/jeanna-giese-rabies-survivor/ Zeiler, Frederick A., and Alan C. Jackson. “Critical Appraisal of the Milwaukee Protocol for Rabies: This Failed Approach Should Be Abandoned.” Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques, vol. 43, no. 1, 2016, pp. 44–51., doi:10.1017/cjn.2015.331. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. “Mass Treatment of Humans Exposed to Rabies -- New Hampshire, 1994.” 7/7/1995. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00038110.htm Ledesma, Leandro Augusto et al. “Comparing clinical protocols for the treatment of human rabies: the Milwaukee protocol and the Brazilian protocol (Recife).” Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical vol. 53 e20200352. 6 Nov. 2020, doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0352-2020 Braus, Patricia. "Rabies." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, edited by Katherine H. Nemeh and Jacqueline L. Longe, 6th ed., vol. 6, Gale, 2021, pp. 3671-3673. Gale In Context: Science, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX8124402043/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=fb022ca3. Accessed 13 Apr. 2022. Gelfand, Toby. “11 January 1887, the Day Medicine Changed: Joseph Grancher's Defense of Pasteur's Treatment for Rabies.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, Volume 76, Number 4, Winter 2002, pp. 698-718 (Article). Published by Johns Hopkins University Press https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2002.0176 Nadal, Deborah. “A Child, A Dog, A Virus and an Anthropologist.” Practicing Anthropology, Fall 2016, Vol. 38, No. 4. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26539805 Botting, Jack H. “Rabies.” From Animals and Medicine: The Contribution of Animal Experiments to the Control of Disease. Open Book Publishers. (2015). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt15m7ng5.7  Baer, George M. “The History of Rabies.” From Rabies: Second Edition. Edited by Alan C. Jackson and William H. Wunner. 2007. Jackson, Alan C. “History of Rabies Research.” From: Rabies: Scientific Basis of the Disease and Its Management. Third Edition. 2013. Hansen, Bert. “America's First Medical Breakthrough: How Popular Excitement about a French Rabies Cure in 1885 Raised New Expectations for Medical Progress.” The American Historical Review , Apr., 1998, Vol. 103, No. 2. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2649773 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In this podcast, Martin Kiernan talks to Dr Alicia Demirjian about the issue of seemingly increasing reports of Staphylococcus capitis cases in neonates. Alicia is Consultant Epidemiologist at the Evelina Children's hospital in London and leads the antimicrobial resistance and prescribing team at the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) - formerly Public Health England. Alicia has been working on this issue for a while now and we discuss the problem (and if there is one), findings to date and possible interventions. Some of the papers that we discuss are here, as is a link to the video on how to clean an incubator, a complex piece of equipment that is often still contaminated after cleaning and disinfection. Cleaning video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELF-0MTFJfE   Papers: Wirth, T., M. Bergot, et al (2020) Niche specialization and spread of Staphylococcus capitis involved in neonatal sepsis. Nat Microbiol, 5, 735-745. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32341568 Thorn, L. M., et al (2020) Risk factors for Staphylococcus capitis pulsotype NRCS-A colonisation among premature neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary-care hospital: a retrospective case-control study. Infect Prev Pract, 2, 100057. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34368703 Decalonne, M., et al. (2020) Staphylococcus capitis isolated from bloodstream infections: a nationwide 3-month survey in 38 neonatal intensive care units. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 39, 2185-2194. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32519215 Ory, J., et al (2019) Successful implementation of infection control measure in a neonatal intensive care unit to combat the spread of pathogenic multidrug resistant Staphylococcus capitis. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 8, 57. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30962919 Laurent, F. & M. Butin (2019) Staphylococcus capitis and NRCS-A clone: the story of an unrecognized pathogen in neonatal intensive care units. Clin Microbiol Infect, 25, 1081-1085. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30928561 Butin, M., et al (2019) Sources and reservoirs of Staphylococcus capitis NRCS-A inside a NICU. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 8, 157. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31636900 Butin, M., et al (2017) Worldwide Endemicity of a Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus capitis Clone Involved in Neonatal Sepsis. Emerg Infect Dis, 23, 538-539. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28221122 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5382751/pdf/16-0833.pdf Butin, M., et al (2016) Wide geographical dissemination of the multiresistant Staphylococcus capitis NRCS-A clone in neonatal intensive-care units. Clin Microbiol Infect, 22, 46-52. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26404028 https://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(15)00850-2/pdf  

In this podcast, Martin Kiernan talks to Dr Alicia Demirjian about the issue of seemingly increasing reports of Staphylococcus capitis cases in neonates. Alicia is Consultant Epidemiologist at the Evelina Children's hospital in London and leads the antimicrobial resistance and prescribing team at the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) - formerly Public Health England. Alicia has been working on this issue for a while now and we discuss the problem (and if there is one), findings to date and possible interventions. Some of the papers that we discuss are here, as is a link to the video on how to clean an incubator, a complex piece of equipment that is often still contaminated after cleaning and disinfection. Cleaning video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELF-0MTFJfE   Papers: Wirth, T., M. Bergot, et al (2020) Niche specialization and spread of Staphylococcus capitis involved in neonatal sepsis. Nat Microbiol, 5, 735-745. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32341568 Thorn, L. M., et al (2020) Risk factors for Staphylococcus capitis pulsotype NRCS-A colonisation among premature neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary-care hospital: a retrospective case-control study. Infect Prev Pract, 2, 100057. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34368703 Decalonne, M., et al. (2020) Staphylococcus capitis isolated from bloodstream infections: a nationwide 3-month survey in 38 neonatal intensive care units. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 39, 2185-2194. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32519215 Ory, J., et al (2019) Successful implementation of infection control measure in a neonatal intensive care unit to combat the spread of pathogenic multidrug resistant Staphylococcus capitis. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 8, 57. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30962919 Laurent, F. & M. Butin (2019) Staphylococcus capitis and NRCS-A clone: the story of an unrecognized pathogen in neonatal intensive care units. Clin Microbiol Infect, 25, 1081-1085. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30928561 Butin, M., et al (2019) Sources and reservoirs of Staphylococcus capitis NRCS-A inside a NICU. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 8, 157. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31636900 Butin, M., et al (2017) Worldwide Endemicity of a Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus capitis Clone Involved in Neonatal Sepsis. Emerg Infect Dis, 23, 538-539. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28221122 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5382751/pdf/16-0833.pdf Butin, M., et al (2016) Wide geographical dissemination of the multiresistant Staphylococcus capitis NRCS-A clone in neonatal intensive-care units. Clin Microbiol Infect, 22, 46-52. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26404028 https://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(15)00850-2/pdf  

This week on the program, we have remastered one of our earliest (and most interesting!) episodes on Guillain-Barre syndrome. With an important announcement from Jim Siegler. Produced by James E. Siegler. Music courtesy of Lee Rosevere. The opening theme was composed by Jimothy Dalton. Sound effects by Mike Koenig and Daniel Simion. Unless otherwise mentioned in the podcast, no competing financial interests exist in the content of this episode. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision making. Be sure to follow us on Twitter @brainwavesaudio for the latest updates to the podcast. REFERENCES Dimachkie MM and Saperstein DS. Acquired immune demyelinating neuropathies. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2014;20:1241-60. Osler W. The principles and practice of medicine. New York: Appleton; 1892. Gray H. History of lumbar puncture (rachicentesis): The operation and the idea. Arch Neurol Psych. 1921;6:61-69. Asbury AK. Guillain-Barre syndrome: historical aspects. Annals of neurology. 1990;27 Suppl:S2-6. Afifi AK. The landry-guillain-barre strohl syndrome 1859 to 1992 a historical perspective. J Family Community Med. 1994;1:30-4. Bril V and Katzberg HD. Acquired immune axonal neuropathies. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2014;20:1261-73. Iodice V and Sandroni P. Autonomic neuropathies. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2014;20:1373-97. Lehmann HC, Hartung HP, Kieseier BC and Hughes RA. Guillain-Barre syndrome after exposure to influenza virus. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10:643-51. Sivadon-Tardy V, Orlikowski D, Porcher R, Sharshar T, Durand MC, Enouf V, Rozenberg F, Caudie C, Annane D, van der Werf S, Lebon P, Raphael JC, Gaillard JL and Gault E. Guillain-Barre syndrome and influenza virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:48-56. Stowe J, Andrews N, Wise L and Miller E. Investigation of the temporal association of Guillain-Barre syndrome with influenza vaccine and influenzalike illness using the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database. American journal of epidemiology. 2009;169:382-8. Tam CC, O'Brien SJ, Petersen I, Islam A, Hayward A and Rodrigues LC. Guillain-Barre syndrome and preceding infection with campylobacter, influenza and Epstein-Barr virus in the general practice research database. PloS one. 2007;2:e344. Tam CC, O'Brien SJ and Rodrigues LC. Influenza, Campylobacter and Mycoplasma infections, and hospital admissions for Guillain-Barre syndrome, England. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:1880-7. Dawood FS, Chaves SS, Perez A, Reingold A, Meek J, Farley MM, Ryan P, Lynfield R, Morin C, Baumbach J, Bennett NM, Zansky S, Thomas A, Lindegren ML, Schaffner W, Finelli L and Emerging Infections Program N. Complications and associated bacterial coinfections among children hospitalized with seasonal or pandemic influenza, United States, 2003-2010. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2014;209:686-94. McDermott M, Gelb DJ, Wilson K, Pawloski M, Burke JF, Shelgikar AV and London ZN. Sex Differences in Academic Rank and Publication Rate at Top-Ranked US Neurology Programs. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75:956-961. Keddie S, Pakpoor J, Mousele C, Pipis M, Machado PM, Foster M, Record CJ, Keh RYS, Fehmi J, Paterson RW, Bharambe V, Clayton LM, Allen C, Price O, Wall J, Kiss-Csenki A, Rathnasabapathi DP, Geraldes R, Yermakova T, King-Robson J, Zosmer M, Rajakulendran S, Sumaria S, Farmer SF, Nortley R, Marshall CR, Newman EJ, Nirmalananthan N, Kumar G, Pinto AA, Holt J, Lavin TM, Brennan KM, Zandi MS, Jayaseelan DL, Pritchard J, Hadden RDM, Manji H, Willison HJ, Rinaldi S, Carr AS and Lunn MP. Epidemiological and cohort study finds no association between COVID-19 and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Brain. 2021;144:682-693. Lunn MP, Cornblath DR, Jacobs BC, Querol L, van Doorn PA, Hughes RA and Willison HJ. COVID-19 vaccine and Guillain-Barre syndrome: let's not leap to associations. Brain. 2021;144:357-360.

The SECURE-SCD registry was designed to collect and disseminate information on patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) who develop COVID-19. Two of the registry’s organizers are Amanda Brandow, DO, and Julie Panepinto, MD, both of the Medical College of Wisconsin/Children’s Wisconsin in Milwaukee. In this episode, Dr. Brandow and Dr. Panepinto discuss SECURE-SCD and its findings with host David H. Henry, MD. SECURE-SCD is an online registry that was launched in March 2020. On the registry’s website (https://covidsicklecell.org/), health care providers can submit deidentified data on patients with COVID-19 and SCD. The submitted data are then published on the website. Updates are made regularly, usually every Friday. The following information from SECURE-SCD was current as of recording this episode. SECURE-SCD includes data on nearly 300 SCD patients with COVID-19. Eight countries and more than 25 U.S. states are represented in the registry. The average patient age is 25.5 years, with the largest population clustered around ages 18-30 years. The most common presenting symptom is pain, which has been reported in more than half of patients. About a third of patients presented with pneumonia and/or acute chest syndrome. Stroke has been relatively uncommon in the population. Three cases of thrombosis have been reported. However, information on thrombosis was not collected initially, so cases may be higher. For more details, see the recent publication of SECURE-SCD data: Panepinto JA et al. Coronavirus disease among persons with sickle cell disease, United States, March 20–May 21, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Oct. doi: 10.3201/eid2610.202792. To view the latest data, visit https://covidsicklecell.org/updates-data/. Disclosures: Dr. Brandow, Dr. Panepinto, and Dr. Henry have no financial disclosures relevant to this episode. Show notes by Sheila De Young, DO, resident at Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia. * * * For more MDedge Podcasts, go to mdedge.com/podcasts Email the show: podcasts@mdedge.com Interact with us on Twitter: @MDedgehemonc David Henry on Twitter: @davidhenrymd

This episode dives into the rare Whipple’s disease, focusing on the articular manifestations of this infectious masquerader and when a rheumatologist should consider it in the differential. Brought to you by GSK. Considering a treatment change for patients with active SLE? Learn about a treatment option for your patients at treatfortodayandtomorrow.com. Intro :20 In this episode :28 Background on the organism 5:25 An important point when making the diagnosis 7:48 Who gets infected? 8:55 What is Whipple’s disease? 11:48 This disease is fatal 15:53 A look at the joints 16:28 What happens when you give these patients immunosuppression? 26:36 How to diagnose 28:38 Summary so far 31:00 Brought to you by GSK. Consider the long-term impact of disease activity, flares and corticosteroid use on patients with active SLE. Learn more now at treatfortodayandtomorrow.com Other organ manifestations of Whipple’s disease 32:08 Summary and take-home 44:36 Disclosure: Brown reports no relevant financial disclosures. We’d love to hear from you! Send your comments/questions to rheuminationspodcast@healio.com. Follow us on Twitter @HRheuminations @AdamJBrownMD @HealioRheum References: Bousbia S, et al. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:258-63. Chan RY, et al. Ophthalmology. 2001;108:2225-2231. Dobbins 3rd WO, et al. Arthritis Rheum. 1987;30:102-105. Durand DV, et al. Medicine (Baltimore). 1997;76:170-84. Fenollar F, et al. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:171. Feurle GE, et al. Eur J Clin Invest. 1979;9:385-389. Geissdörfer W, et al. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50:216-22. Guérin A, et al. Elife. 2018;7:e32340. Heffner DK. Lancet. 2007;370:738-9; author reply 739. Keita AK, et al. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5:e1403. Lagier JC, et al. Medicine (Baltimore). 2010;89:337-345. Lozupone C, et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187:1110-7. McAllister Jr. HA, Fenoglio Jr. JJ. Circulation. 1975;52:152-6. O’Duffy JD, et al. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:812-817. Puéchal X. Joint Bone Spine. 2016;83:631-635. Puéchal X, et al. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:1130-1132. Puéchal X, et al. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:1713-1718. Raheja AA, et al. Clin Imaging. 2010;34:143-147. Ramos JM, et al. J Med Case Rep. 2015;9:165. Raoult D, et al. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:776-82. Schöniger-Hekele M, et al. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73:2033-2035. Stein A, et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188:1036-7. Additional resource: Neurosigns.org’s video on oculomasticatory myorhythmia can be viewed at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zwb5bt749Jo

I've been getting an overwhelming amount of questions about COVID-19 and probiotics, IBD, IBS, and immunity. I wanted to take some time to answer these in a simple way for our listeners. The information was recorded March 19th and therefore, statistics and recommendations may change - always check with your doctor. We cover: What is COVID-19? Why is COVID-19 a concern? Who is most at risk? GI Symptoms and COVID-19 - should I be concerned? "I have IBD and am worried about getting COVID - what do I need to know?" Your gut and your immune system How nutrition plays a role in your immune system Probiotics & COVID-19 How to take care of your health during this challenging time Citations Gao, Q. Y., Chen, Y. X., & Fang, J. Y. (2020). 2019 novel coronavirus infection and gastrointestinal tract. Journal of Digestive Diseases. Mao, R., Liang, J., Shen, J., Ghosh, S., Zhu, L. R., Yang, H., ... & Chen, M. H. (2020). Implications of COVID-19 for patients with pre-existing digestive diseases. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. Gu, J., Han, B., & Wang, J. (2020). COVID-19: Gastrointestinal manifestations and potential fecal-oral transmission. Gastroenterology. Xiao, F., Tang, M., Zheng, X., Li, C., He, J., Hong, Z., ... & Lai, R. (2020). Evidence for gastrointestinal infection of SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv. Resources for IBD Healthcare Professionals: 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19). (2020, March 17). Retrieved March 18, 2020, from https://www.crohnscolitisfoundation.org/coronavirus/professional-resources Mizumoto K, Chowell G. Estimating risk for death from 2019 novel coronavirus disease, China, January–February 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Jun [Retreived March 18, 2020]. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2606.200233

En el programa de la semana pasada presentamos la primera parte de nuestra conversación con la Dra. Lenys Urbani, medico infectologa radicada en Pehuajo, Provincia de Buenos Aires en Argentina sobre el tema de Hantavirus. Esto, a propósito de un brote de dicho virus que aqueja a ese país latinoamericano en los actuales momentos. Conversamos sobre la información del brote actual en Argentina, sobre  las características del virus, de la epidemiologia  y de los datos históricos relacionados con dichos virus. En el programa de esta semana les presento la segunda parte de esta conversación. Esta vez la Dra. Urbani nos habla de las características clínicas de las infecciones por hantavirus, de los métodos diagnósticos, tratamiento y medidas de prevención contra la infección.   Referencias:   Collen B. Jonson y colaboradores.  A Global Perspective on Hantavirus Ecology, Epidemiology, and Disease. Clin Microbiol Review 2010. Pag 412-441. John A. Lednicky. Hantaviruses A Short Review. Arch pathol lab med 2003; 127: 30-35. Valeria P. Martinez y colaboradores. Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in Argentina, 1995–2008. Emerg Infect Dis 2010. Vol 16. Numero 12.    Programa de Radio de la Dra. Lenys Urbani Voz de Mujer. Puede escucharse en La Voz 92.7 Todos los viernes 20-22 horas o 8-10 de la noche hora de Argentina. Pueden tener acceso al programa a través de la internet en la siguiente dirección: http://streaminglocucionar.com/portal/?p=12144   La Frase de la Semana:   John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (29 de mayo de 1917 - 22 de noviembre de 1963), comúnmente referido por sus iniciales JFK, fue un político y periodista estadounidense que se desempeñó como el 35º presidente de los Estados Unidos desde enero de 1961 hasta su asesinato en noviembre 1963.  La frase dice:   “Con demasiada frecuencia… disfrutamos de la comodidad de la opinión sin la incomodidad del pensamiento”  

En el programa de hoy presentamos la primera parte de una conversación que mantuvimos con la Dra Lenis Urbani, medico infectologa radicada en Argentina sobre el tema de Hantavirus, a propósito de un brote que afecta actualmente a una área de Argentina. En esta primera parte conversamos sobre la información particular de ese brote pero también sobre la historia de este virus, las características, y la epidemiología. Referencias:   Collen B. Jonson y colaboradores.  A Global Perspective on Hantavirus Ecology, Epidemiology, and Disease. Clin Microbiol Review 2010. Pag 412-441. John A. Lednicky. Hantaviruses A Short Review. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003; 127: 30-35. Valeria P. Martinez y colaboradores. Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in Argentina, 1995–2008. Emerg Infect Dis 2010. Vol 16. Numero 12. Valeria P. Martinez y colaboradores. Person-to-Person Transmission of Andes Virus . Emerg infect Dis 2005. Vo 11. Numero 12.   La Frase de la Semana: Antonio Buero Vallejo (29 de septiembre de 1916, Guadalajara - 29 de abril de 2000, Madrid) fue un dramaturgo español asociado al movimiento Generación del 36 y considerado el dramaturgo español más importante de la Guerra Civil Española Durante su carrera ganó tres Premios Nacionales de Teatro (en 1957, 1958 y 1959), un Premio Nacional de Teatro por toda su carrera en 1980, el Premio Nacional de Literatura en 1996 y el Premio Miguel de Cervantes, el más alto honor literario de España, en 1986. Desde 1971 hasta su muerte fue miembro de la Real Academia Española. La frase dice:   “En el Mundo todo es señal, amigo mío. El azar no existe”      

In 2012, more than 13,000 Americans were inadvertently exposed to contaminated medical equipment, resulting in one of the largest fungal outbreaks in US history. Despite rapid mobilization by the CDC and FDA, 751 patients died from complications of fungal brain infections. But this is more the exception than the rule when it comes to fungal infections of the central nervous system. This week on the BrainWaves podcast, we review the common (and uncommon) clinical, radiographic, and diagnostic features of fungal brain disease. Enjoy! Produced by James E. Siegler. Music by Jahzzar, Swelling, The Insider, and Chris Zabriskie. Sound effects by Mike Koenig, Daniel Simion. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision making. REFERENCES Kainer MA, Reagan DR, Nguyen DB, Wiese AD, Wise ME, Ward J, Park BJ, Kanago ML, Baumblatt J, Schaefer MK, Berger BE, Marder EP, Min JY, Dunn JR, Smith RM, Dreyzehner J, Jones TF and Tennessee Fungal Meningitis Investigation T. Fungal infections associated with contaminated methylprednisolone in Tennessee. The New England journal of medicine. 2012;367:2194-203. Smith RM, Schaefer MK, Kainer MA, Wise M, Finks J, Duwve J, Fontaine E, Chu A, Carothers B, Reilly A, Fiedler J, Wiese AD, Feaster C, Gibson L, Griese S, Purfield A, Cleveland AA, Benedict K, Harris JR, Brandt ME, Blau D, Jernigan J, Weber JT, Park BJ and Multistate Fungal Infection Outbreak Response T. Fungal infections associated with contaminated methylprednisolone injections. The New England journal of medicine. 2013;369:1598-609. McCotter OZ, Smith RM, Westercamp M, Kerkering TM, Malani AN, Latham R, Peglow SL, Mody RK, Pappas PG and Chiller TM. Update on Multistate Outbreak of Fungal Infections Associated with Contaminated Methylprednisolone Injections, 2012-2014. MMWR Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 2015;64:1200-1. Schwartz S, Kontoyiannis DP, Harrison T and Ruhnke M. Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections of the CNS. The Lancet Neurology. 2018;17:362-372. Benedict K and Park BJ. Invasive fungal infections after natural disasters. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20:349-55. Brouwer MC, Tunkel AR, McKhann GM, 2nd and van de Beek D. Brain abscess. The New England journal of medicine. 2014;371:447-56. Wilson MR, O'Donovan BD, Gelfand JM, Sample HA, Chow FC, Betjemann JP, Shah MP, Richie MB, Gorman MP, Hajj-Ali RA, Calabrese LH, Zorn KC, Chow ED, Greenlee JE, Blum JH, Green G, Khan LM, Banerji D, Langelier C, Bryson-Cahn C, Harrington W, Lingappa JR, Shanbhag NM, Green AJ, Brew BJ, Soldatos A, Strnad L, Doernberg SB, Jay CA, Douglas V, Josephson SA and DeRisi JL. Chronic Meningitis Investigated via Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing. JAMA Neurol. 2018. Baddley JW, Salzman D and Pappas PG. Fungal brain abscess in transplant recipients: epidemiologic, microbiologic, and clinical features. Clin Transplant. 2002;16:419-24.

I am not sure there are many more things terrifying than watching your child experience what looks like, just a cold, and then over the course of a few hours becomes paralyzed. In this episode, Drs. Ana Cristancho and Sarah Hopkins describe what we know about this recent polio-like outbreak in the US. BrainWaves podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used to guide medical decision making in routine clinical practice. This episode was vetted and approved by Dr. Sarah Hopkins. REFERENCES 1. Aliabadi N, Messacar K, Pastula DM, Robinson CC, Leshem E, Sejvar JJ, Nix WA, Oberste MS, Feikin DR and Dominguez SR. Enterovirus D68 Infection in Children with Acute Flaccid Myelitis, Colorado, USA, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22:1387-94. 2. Greninger AL, Naccache SN, Messacar K, Clayton A, Yu G, Somasekar S, Federman S, Stryke D, Anderson C, Yagi S, Messenger S, Wadford D, Xia D, Watt JP, Van Haren K, Dominguez SR, Glaser C, Aldrovandi G and Chiu CY. A novel outbreak enterovirus D68 strain associated with acute flaccid myelitis cases in the USA (2012-14): a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15:671-82. 3. Messacar K, Schreiner TL, Van Haren K, Yang M, Glaser CA, Tyler KL and Dominguez SR. Acute flaccid myelitis: A clinical review of US cases 2012-2015. Annals of neurology. 2016;80:326-38.

Rio is front and center of the world right now, not just because of the 2016 Olympic games, but also because it harbors the Zika virus. In this episode, infectious disease specialist Dr. Jennifer McGuire speaks with Dr. Ana Cristancho about the things every neurologist needs to know about this worldwide outbreak. BrainWaves podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used to guide medical decision making in routine clinical practice. Any cases discussed in this episode are fictional and do not contain any patient health identifying information. The content in this episode was approved and vetted by Jennifer McGuire. REFERENCES 1. Bogoch, II, Brady OJ, Kraemer MU, German M, Creatore MI, Kulkarni MA, Brownstein JS, Mekaru SR, Hay SI, Groot E, Watts A and Khan K. Anticipating the international spread of Zika virus from Brazil. Lancet. 2016;387:335-6. 2. Campos GS, Bandeira AC and Sardi SI. Zika Virus Outbreak, Bahia, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21:1885-6. 3. Duffy MR, Chen TH, Hancock WT, Powers AM, Kool JL, Lanciotti RS, Pretrick M, Marfel M, Holzbauer S, Dubray C, Guillaumot L, Griggs A, Bel M, Lambert AJ, Laven J, Kosoy O, Panella A, Biggerstaff BJ, Fischer M and Hayes EB. Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia. The New England journal of medicine. 2009;360:2536-43. 4. Hayes EB. Zika virus outside Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:1347-50. 5. Mlakar J, Korva M, Tul N, Popovic M, Poljsak-Prijatelj M, Mraz J, Kolenc M, Resman Rus K, Vesnaver Vipotnik T, Fabjan Vodusek V, Vizjak A, Pizem J, Petrovec M and Avsic Zupanc T. Zika Virus Associated with Microcephaly. The New England journal of medicine. 2016;374:951-8.