Podcasts about clin microbiol infect

Drs. Pier Giorgio Cojutti and Navaneeth Narayanan join Dr. Megan Klatt to break down what you need to know about amoxicillin/clavulanate dosing. Tune in to learn more about the PK/PD of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, how we landed on certain ratios for the treatment of common infections, strategies to optimize dosing for serious infections, and more! References: Oral amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid: properties, indications and usage. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020 Jul;26(7):871-879. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.11.028. Epub 2019 Dec 4. PMID: 31811919. New formulations of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic review. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(11):1097-115. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200544110-00001. PMID: 16231964. Non-linear absorption pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin: consequences for dosing regimens and clinical breakpoints. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016 Oct;71(10):2909-17. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkw226. Epub 2016 Jun 20. PMID: 27330071. Augmentin (amoxicillin/clavulanate) in the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infection: a review of the continuing development of an innovative antimicrobial agent. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004 Jan:53 Suppl 1:i3-20. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkh050. PMID: 14726431. Is the standard dose of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid sufficient? BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014 Jul 21:15:38. doi: 10.1186/2050-6511-15-38. PMID: 25047044. MIC of amoxicillin/clavulanate according to CLSI and EUCAST: discrepancies and clinical impact in patients with bloodstream infections due to Enterobacteriaceae. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017 May 1;72(5):1478-1487. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkw562. PMID: 28093484. Amoxicillin-Clavulanate Breakpoints Against Enterobacterales: Rationale for Revision by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Clin Infect Dis. 2024 Aug 16;79(2):516-523. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciae201. PMID: 38626241. Amoxicillin-Clavulanate Breakpoints Against Haemophilus influenzae: Rationale for Revision by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Clin Infect Dis. 2025 Feb 24;80(2):481-482. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciae246. PMID: 38709848. No evidence of difference in mortality with amoxicillin versus co-amoxiclav for hospital treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. J Infect. 2024 Jun;88(6):106161. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106161. Epub 2024 Apr 23. PMID: 38663754. Population pharmacokinetics and dosing simulations of amoxicillin in obese adults receiving co-amoxiclav. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020 Dec 1;75(12):3611-3618. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkaa368. PMID: 32888018. Comprehensive guidance for antibiotic dosing in obese adults: 2022 update. Pharmacotherapy. 2023 Mar;43(3):226-246. doi: 10.1002/phar.2769. Epub 2023 Feb 18. PMID: 36703246.

Un nouvel épisode du Pharmascope est disponible! Dans ce 153e épisode, Nicolas, Isabelle et Olivier discutent de chlamydia et de gonorrhée. Cette deuxième partie est consacrée au traitement de ces infections. Les objectifs pour cet épisode sont les suivants: Discuter de la prise en charge de la chlamydia et de la gonorrhée.  Discuter des traitements antibiotiques de la chlamydia et de la gonorrhée.  Discuter de l'utilisation de la DOXY-PEP. Ressources pertinentes en lien avec l'épisode  Agence de la santé publique du Canada. Chlamydia, gonorrhée et syphilis infectieuse au Canada : Données de surveillance de 2021. INESSS. Guide d'usage optimal : Infection confirmée à Chlamydia trachomatis ou à Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Septembre 2024. INESSS. Guide d'usage optimal : Approche syndromique. Décembre 2024. Portail VIH/sida du Québec : Notification anonyme des partenaires. MSSS. Traitement accéléré des partenaires pour les infections à Chlamydia trachomatis et à Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Aide-mémoire pour les cliniciens. Juillet 2021. MSSS. Traitement accéléré des partenaires pour les infections à Chlamydia trachomatis et à Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Aide-mémoire pour les pharmaciens. Juillet 2021. MSSS. Carte de notification chlamydia/gonorrhée. Juillet 2021. Páez-Canro C et coll. Antibiotics for treating urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in men and non-pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 25;1(1):CD010871. Lau A et coll. Azithromycin or Doxycycline for Asymptomatic Rectal Chlamydia trachomatis. N Engl J Med. 2021 Jun 24;384(25):2418-2427. Bížová B et coll. Single-dose cefixime 800 mg plus doxycycline 100 mg twice a day for 7 days compared with single-dose ceftriaxone 1 g plus single-dose azithromycin 2 g for treatment of urogenital, rectal, and pharyngeal gonorrhoea: a randomised clinical trial. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2024 Feb;30(2):211-215. Nguyen PTT et coll. Randomized controlled trial of the relative efficacy of high-dose intravenous ceftriaxone and oral cefixime combined with doxycycline for the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae co-infection. BMC Infect Dis. 2022 Jul 9;22(1):607. Yang KJ et coll. Effectiveness of Cefixime for the Treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection at 3 Anatomic Sites: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sex Transm Dis. 2023 Mar 1;50(3):131-137. Kirkcaldy RD et coll. The efficacy and safety of gentamicin plus azithromycin and gemifloxacin plus azithromycin as treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Oct 15;59(8):1083-91. Bachmann LH, Barbee LA, Chan P, et colll. CDC Clinical Guidelines on the Use of Doxycycline Postexposure Prophylaxis for Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infection Prevention, United States, 2024. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2024;73(2):1-8.

In this episode, Phil and Martin talk to Dr Aline Wolfensberger, Senior Attending Physician, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology at University Hospital Zurich and a Senior Researcher at the Institute for Implementation Science in Health Care at the Univetsity of Zurich. We discuss a recent paper that has analysed a range of algorithms for detecting non-ventilator associated pneumonia (nvHAP) that have the potential for significantly reducing the surveillance burden. This work also demonstrated the value of an annual local hospital-wide point prevalence survey that provides data on which areas to target. Relevant reading: [1] Mueller A, Pfister M, Faes Hesse M, Zingg W, Wolfensberger A, Swissnoso G. Development and validation of selection algorithms for a non-ventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia semi-automated surveillance system. Clin Microbiol Infect 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2024.11.032 [2] Wolfensberger A, Scherrer AU, Sax H. Automated surveillance of non-ventilator-associated hospital-acquired pneumonia (nvHAP): a systematic literature review. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2024;13(1):30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-024-01375-8 [3] Wolfensberger A, Jakob W, Faes Hesse M, Kuster SP, Meier AH, Schreiber PW, et al. Development and validation of a semi-automated surveillance system-lowering the fruit for non-ventilator-associated hospital-acquired pneumonia (nvHAP) prevention. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019;25(11):1428 e7- e13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2019.03.019

In this episode, Phil and Martin talk to Dr Aline Wolfensberger, Senior Attending Physician, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology at University Hospital Zurich and a Senior Researcher at the Institute for Implementation Science in Health Care at the Univetsity of Zurich. We discuss a recent paper that has analysed a range of algorithms for detecting non-ventilator associated pneumonia (nvHAP) that have the potential for significantly reducing the surveillance burden. This work also demonstrated the value of an annual local hospital-wide point prevalence survey that provides data on which areas to target. Relevant reading: [1] Mueller A, Pfister M, Faes Hesse M, Zingg W, Wolfensberger A, Swissnoso G. Development and validation of selection algorithms for a non-ventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia semi-automated surveillance system. Clin Microbiol Infect 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2024.11.032 [2] Wolfensberger A, Scherrer AU, Sax H. Automated surveillance of non-ventilator-associated hospital-acquired pneumonia (nvHAP): a systematic literature review. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2024;13(1):30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-024-01375-8 [3] Wolfensberger A, Jakob W, Faes Hesse M, Kuster SP, Meier AH, Schreiber PW, et al. Development and validation of a semi-automated surveillance system-lowering the fruit for non-ventilator-associated hospital-acquired pneumonia (nvHAP) prevention. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019;25(11):1428 e7- e13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2019.03.019

Siste nytt om en av verdens "eldste" sykdommer - pneumoni (eller lungebetennelse)! I dag har vi med oss fire forskere: Lars Heggelund, Magnus Gottfredson, Siri Knoop og Magrit Jarlsdatter Hovind tar oss gjennom viktige momenter og gir oss også et innblikk i fremtiden. Heng med!Referanser: Leannec: A treatise on the diseases of the chest and on mediate auscultation. 1834Heltborg A, et al. Can clinicians identify community-acquired pneumonia on ultralow-dose CT? A diagnostic accuracy study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2024 Aug 7;32(1):67.Lorentzen MJ, et al. Handheld Ultrasound Devices Used by Newly Certified Operators for Pneumonia in the Emergency Department-A Diagnostic Accuracy Study. Diagnostics (Basel). 2024 Aug 30;14(17):1921.Jones BE, et al. Diagnostic Discordance, Uncertainty, and Treatment Ambiguity in Community-Acquired Pneumonia : A National Cohort Study of 115 U.S. Veterans Affairs Hospitals. Ann Intern Med. 2024 Sep;177(9):1179-1189. Charalampous T et al. Routine Metagenomics Service for ICU Patients with Respiratory Infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2024 Jan 15;209(2):164-174. Lydon E, Langelier CR. Respiratory Metagenomics: Ready for Prime Time? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2024 Jan 15;209(2):124-126. Rögnvaldsson KG, Bjarnason A, Ólafsdóttir IS, Helgason KO, Guðmundsson A, Gottfreðsson M. Adults with symptoms of pneumonia: a prospective comparison of patients with and without infiltrates on chest radiography. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2023 Jan;29(1):108.e1-108.e6.https://indremedisineren.no/2017/04/samfunnservervet-lungebetennelse-mikrobiologisk-diagnostikk-arsaker-og-behandling/https://www.ahus.no/kliniske-studier/athenian-antibiotikabehandling-ved-virale-luftveisinfeksjoner/Serigstad S, et al; CAPNOR study group. Impact of rapid molecular testing on diagnosis, treatment and management of community-acquired pneumonia in Norway: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial (CAPNOR). Trials. 2022 Aug 1;23(1):622. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Endokarditt er en sykdom som oftest krever intravenøs antibiotikabehandling i mange uker. De siste årene har imidlertid flere skandinaviske land innført tablettbehandling som et alternativ - og fra august er dette også kommet inn som et alternativ i de norske retningslinjene. Jørgen og Ingrid snakker med professor og endokardittforsker Magnus Rasmussen fra Lund om både om erfaringer med dette i praksis - og litt også om pågående forskning innen endokardittfeltet. Referanse:Rasmussen M, Gilje P, Fagman E, Berge A. Bacteraemia with gram-positive bacteria-when and how do I need to look for endocarditis? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2024 Mar;30(3):306-311. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.08.027. Epub 2023 Sep 1. PMID: 37659693. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Jean Batten was a New Zealand pioneering aviatrix who died of empyema.   Check out Jean Batten's history. From the NZ History website - https://nzhistory.govt.nz/people/jean-batten From Te Ara, the Encyclopedia of New Zealand - https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/4b13/batten-jean-gardner From Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Batten#   Check out the paper mentioned - Dyrhovden R, Nygaard RM, Patel R, Ulvestad E, Kommedal Ø. The bacterial aetiology of pleural empyema. A descriptive and comparative metagenomic study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019 Aug;25(8):981-986. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30580031/  Check out the Stat Pearls page - Garvia V, Paul M. Empyema. [Updated 2023 Aug 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459237/    www.rnzcuc.org.nz podcast@rnzcuc.org.nz https://www.facebook.com/rnzcuc https://twitter.com/rnzcuc   Music licensed from www.premiumbeat.com Full Grip by Score Squad   This podcast is intended to assist in ongoing medical education and peer discussion for qualified health professionals.  Please ensure you work within your scope of practice at all times.  For personal medical advice always consult your usual doctor 

Che cosa sono le biotecnologie? E quando sono nate? Ho provato a rispondere a queste domande in un podcast live registrato di fronte al pubblico della casa del podcast di Roma presso Technotown, l'hub della scienza creativa di Villa Torlonia nell'estate 2022.Ascolta l'episodio premium "Appendice su Louis Pasteur" e sostieni "Storie di Biologia" su Patreon: patreon.com/storiedibiologiaSe vuoi scrivermi puoi farlo all'indirizzo storiedibiologia@gmail.comRegistrazione per gentile concessione dei volontari Assipod della casa del podcast, info su https://www.assipod.org/Fonti:•https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2021/09/24/biotechnology-timeline-humans-manipulating-genes-since-dawn-civilization/•https://www.thelovepost.global/biotech-change/articles/ancient-biotechnologists-how-humans-started-changing-world•https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cheese#cite_note-8•Berche, P. (2012). Louis Pasteur, from crystals of life to vaccination. Clin Microbiol Infect. 18, 1-6.

In this episode, Martin talks to Dr Jinny Moore from the National Health Security Agency in England about detecting pathogens in the ICU environment. They discuss a recent paper where whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on presumptive S. capitis NRCS-A isolates was collected from infants admitted to nationwide NICU and from environmental sampling in two distinct NICUs. The discussion includes details on the approach to sampling (neonates and environment).   Papers discussed: Detection, survival, and persistence of Staphylococcus capitis NRCS-A in neonatal units in England https://www.journalofhospitalinfection.com/article/S0195-6701(23)00234-7/fulltext   Other papers of interest: Laurent F, Butin M. Staphylococcus capitis and NRCS-A clone: the story of an unrecognized pathogen in neonatal intensive care units. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25:1081-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30928561 Butin M, Martins-Simoes P, Rasigade JP, Picaud JC, Laurent F. Worldwide Endemicity of a Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus capitis Clone Involved in Neonatal Sepsis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23:538-9.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28221122 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5382751/pdf/16-0833.pdf Butin M, Martins-Simoes P, Pichon B, Leyssene D, Bordes-Couecou S, Meugnier H, et al. Emergence and dissemination of a linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus capitis clone in Europe. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72:1014-20. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27999045 Van Der Zwet WC, Debets-Ossenkopp YJ, Reinders E, Kapi M, Savelkoul PH, Van Elburg RM, et al. Nosocomial spread of a Staphylococcus capitis strain with heteroresistance to vancomycin in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:2520-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12089273 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC120592/pdf/1550.pdf

In this episode, Martin talks to Dr Jinny Moore from the National Health Security Agency in England about detecting pathogens in the ICU environment. They discuss a recent paper where whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on presumptive S. capitis NRCS-A isolates was collected from infants admitted to nationwide NICU and from environmental sampling in two distinct NICUs. The discussion includes details on the approach to sampling (neonates and environment).   Papers discussed: Detection, survival, and persistence of Staphylococcus capitis NRCS-A in neonatal units in England https://www.journalofhospitalinfection.com/article/S0195-6701(23)00234-7/fulltext   Other papers of interest: Laurent F, Butin M. Staphylococcus capitis and NRCS-A clone: the story of an unrecognized pathogen in neonatal intensive care units. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25:1081-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30928561 Butin M, Martins-Simoes P, Rasigade JP, Picaud JC, Laurent F. Worldwide Endemicity of a Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus capitis Clone Involved in Neonatal Sepsis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23:538-9.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28221122 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5382751/pdf/16-0833.pdf Butin M, Martins-Simoes P, Pichon B, Leyssene D, Bordes-Couecou S, Meugnier H, et al. Emergence and dissemination of a linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus capitis clone in Europe. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72:1014-20. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27999045 Van Der Zwet WC, Debets-Ossenkopp YJ, Reinders E, Kapi M, Savelkoul PH, Van Elburg RM, et al. Nosocomial spread of a Staphylococcus capitis strain with heteroresistance to vancomycin in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:2520-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12089273 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC120592/pdf/1550.pdf

Episode Notes Drs. Zack Nelson (@zacroBID), Alison Dittmer, and Michael Pulia (@DrMichaelPulia) join Dr. Jillian Hayes (@thejillianhayes) to discuss the ins and outs of antimicrobial stewardship in one of the busiest parts of the hospital: the emergency department! Tune in for a discussion on communication considerations in the ED, the role of lipoglycopeptides for common gram-positive syndromes, and a rapid-fire round discussing common stewardship interventions. This podcast was supported by an educational grant from Melinta Therapeutics. References: Pulia M, et al. Antimicrobial Stewardship in the Emergency Department. Emerg Med Clin N Am 2018;36(4):853-872. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2018.06.012. PMID: 30297009. Rech, Megan A et al. “PHarmacist Avoidance or Reductions in Medical Costs in Patients Presenting the EMergency Department: PHARM-EM Study.” Critical Care Explorations 2021;3(4):e0406. doi:10.1097/CCE.0000000000000406. PMID: 33912836. Sacdal JPA, Cheon E et al. Oritavancin versus oral antibiotics for treatment of skin and skin structure infections in the emergency department. Am J Emerg Med 2022;60:223-224. Jenkins TC, Jaukoos JS et al. Patterns of use and perceptions of an institution-specific antibiotic stewardship application among emergency department and urgent care clinicians. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2020;41:212-215. Dretske D, Schulz L, Werner E, Sharp B, Pulia M. Effectiveness of oritavancin for management of skin and soft tissue infections in the emergency department: A case series. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 2021;43:77-80. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.01.050. PMID: 33545550. Paul M, Pulia M, Pulcini C. Antibiotic stewardship in the emergency department: not to be overlooked. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021;27(2):172-174. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.11.015. PMID: 33253938. Baxa J, McCreary E, Schulz L, Pulia M. Finding the niche: An interprofessional approach to defining oritavancin use criteria in the emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38(2):321-324. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2019.158442. Pulia MS, Hesse S, Schwei RJ, Schulz LT, Sethi A, Hamedani A. Inappropriate Antibiotic Prescribing for Respiratory Conditions Does Not Improve Press Ganey® Patient Satisfaction Scores in the Emergency Department. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020;7(6): ofaa214. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa214. Pulia MS, Lindenauer PK. Annals for Hospitalists Inpatient Notes - A Critical Look at Procalcitonin Testing in Pneumonia. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174(6):HO2-HO3. doi:10.7326/M21-1913. Redwood R, Knobloch MJ, Pellegrini DC, Ziegler MJ, Pulia M, Safdar N. Reducing unnecessary culturing: a systems approach to evaluating urine culture ordering and collection practices among nurses in two acute care settings. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018;7. doi:10.1186/s13756-017-0278-9. Pulia MS, Schwei RJ, Hesse SP, Werner NE. Characterizing barriers to antibiotic stewardship for skin and soft-tissue infections in the emergency department using a systems engineering framework. Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol. 2022;2(1):e180. doi:10.1017/ash.2022.316. May L, Gudger G, Armstrong P, et al. Multisite exploration of clinical decision making for antibiotic use by emergency medicine providers using quantitative and qualitative methods. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014;35(9):1114-1125. doi:10.1086/677637. May L, Cosgrove S, L'archeveque M, et al. A Call to Action for Antimicrobial Stewardship in the Emergency Department: Approaches and Strategies. Ann Emerg Med 2013;62(1):69-77.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.09.002. PMID: 23122955. Schoffelen T, Schouten JA, Hoogerwerf JJ, et al. Quality indicators for appropriate antimicrobial therapy in the emergency department: a pragmatic Delphi procedure. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021;27(2):210-214. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.10.027. PMID: 33144204. Yadav K, Stahmer A, Mistry RD, May L. An Implementation Science Approach to Antibiotic Stewardship in Emergency Departments and Urgent Care Centers. Academic Emergency Medicine 2020; 27(1):31-42. doi: 10.1111/acem.13873. PMID: 31625653. Learn more about the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists: https://sidp.org/About Twitter: @SIDPharm (https://twitter.com/SIDPharm) Instagram: @SIDPharm (https://www.instagram.com/sidpharm/) Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/sidprx LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/sidp/   SIDP welcomes pharmacists and non-pharmacist members with an interest in infectious diseases, learn how to join here: https://sidp.org/Become-a-Member Listen to Breakpoints on iTunes, Overcast, Spotify, Listen Notes, Player FM, Pocket Casts, Stitcher, Google Play, TuneIn, Blubrry, RadioPublic, or by using our RSS feed: https://sidp.pinecast.co/ Check out our podcast host, Pinecast. Start your own podcast for free with no credit card required. If you decide to upgrade, use coupon code r-7e7a98 for 40% off for 4 months, and support Breakpoints.

The controversy surrounding whether to collect urine cultures and which empiric treatment to prescribe in patients with uncomplicated UTI has left many clinicians unsure of the right approach. In this the first episode of a podcast series, we'll discuss the definition of clinical cure and dive into the evidence behind grey areas in the diagnosis and management of uncomplicated UTI. Disclaimers: This presentation is sponsored by GSK. The speakers are GSK paid healthcare providers. The content is intended to support disease state education and is considered nonpromotional. The content and views expressed therein do not necessarily reflect the views, policies, or position of Pri-Med. This program is limited to Health Care Professionals (HCPs) only. GSK complies with all state and federal laws including transparent reporting and disclosure of payments and transfers of value to HCPs.   References: Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, et al.; Infectious Diseases Society of America; European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: A 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(5):e103- e120. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciq2572. Anger J, Lee U, Ackerman AL, et al. Recurrent uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women: AUA/CUA/SUFU guideline. J Urol. 2019;202(2):282-289. doi: 10.1097/JU.00000000000002963 Houlbar M, Meng L. SHC Clinical Pathway: Inpatient Management of Urinary Tract Infections – Adult Patients. Stanford Antimicrobial Safety and Sustainability Program. November 2017. https://med.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/bugsanddrugs/documents/c linicalpathways/SHC-UTI-Inpatient-Guideline.pdf. Accessed November 30, 2022. Hooton TM, Gupta K. Acute simple cystitis in women. UpToDate. Updated March 15, 2021. Accessed November 9, 2022. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-simple-cystitis-in-women Colgan R, Williams M. Diagnosis and treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis. Am Fam Physician. 2011;84(7):771-776. Shafrin J, Marijam A, Joshi AV, et al. Impact of suboptimal or inappropriate treatment on healthcare resource use and cost among patients with uncomplicated urinary tract infection: an analysis of integrated delivery network electronic health records. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2022;11(1):133. Published 2022 Nov 4. doi:10.1186/s13756-022-01170-3 Daneman N, Chateau D, Dahl M, et al. Fluoroquinolone use for uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(5):613-618. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2019.10.016 Bratsman A, Mathias K, Laubscher R, Grigoryan L, Rose S. Outpatient fluoroquinolone prescribing patterns before and after US FDA boxed warning. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2020;29(6):701-707. doi:10.1002/pds.5018 FDA Drug Safety Communication. FDA. 2019. Accessed October 10, 2022 https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-warns[1]about-increased-risk-ruptures-or-tears-aorta-blood-vessel[1]fluoroquinolone-antibiotics Nicolle LE; AMMI Canada Guidelines Committee*. Complicated urinary tract infection in adults. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2005;16(6):349- 360. doi:10.1155/2005/385768

Dopo i primi successi ottenuti con il suo vaccino contro la rabbia Louis Pasteur si pone l'obiettivo di creare uno stabilimento dentro Parigi. Non deve essere soltanto una clinica per curare la rabbia, ma anche un centro per gli studi delle malattie infettive e un luogo per l'insegnamento della microbiologia. Nasce così l'Istituto Pasteur, frutto di quella che è stata a tutti gli effetti una campagna di crowdfunding dell'epoca. La voce di Louis Pasteur, la produzione audio e le musiche originali sono di Leonardo Fumagalli: https://www.fiverr.com/leonardofumagal/mix-and-master-your-english-or-italian-podcastArtwork a cura di Ilenia Visco.Grazie a Gabriele Catanzaro (Il Dottor Stellarium Racconta), Guglielmo Ercole De Simone (Le Camere Chiare) e Paolo Forti (Sick History) per le loro amichevoli partecipazioni. Ascolta l'episodio premium "Appendice su Louis Pasteur" e sostieni "Storie di Biologia" su Patreon: patreon.com/storiedibiologiaSe vuoi scrivermi puoi farlo all'indirizzo storiedibiologia@gmail.comFonti consultate:•Vallery-Radot, R. (1915). The Life of Pasteur.•Holmes, S. J. (1924). The Life of Pasteur.•Keim, A. Lumet, L. (1914). Louis Pasteur.•Duclaux, E. (1920). Pasteur: The History of a Mind.•Dubos, R. (1960). Pasteur e la Scienza Moderna.•Verona, O. (1972). Opere di Louis Pasteur.•Charles Rivers Editors (2018). Louis Pasteur: The Life and Legacy of the Legendary French Scientist Recognized as the Father of Microbiology•Óscar René Cruz Oliva (2020). Louis Pasteur: El cazador de virus (Biografía breve)•Archivio Storico La Stampa. Gazzetta Piemontese del 29 ottobre 1885.•Darwin, C. (1839). Viaggio di un Naturalista Intorno al Mondo.•Hart, H. (2008). Chimica Organica. Sesta Edizione Italiana sulla Dodicesima Edizione Americana.•Berche, P. (2012). Louis Pasteur, from crystals of life to vaccination. Clin Microbiol Infect. 18, 1-6.•Rappuoli, R. (2014). Inner Workings: 1885, the first rabies vaccination in humans. Pnas. 111, 34.•Ariatti, A. Mandrioli, P. (1993). Lazzaro Spallanzani: a Blow Against Spontaneous Generation. Aerobiologia. 9, 101-107.•Dufour, H. D. Carroll, S. B. (2013). Great myths die hard. Nature. 502, 33.•https://www.fondazioneveronesi.it/magazine/articoli/da-non-perdere/rabbia-la-malattia-dimenticata-che-si-vince-con-linformazione#:~:text=Che%20cos'%C3%A8%20dunque%20la,con%20una%20nostra%20ferita%20aperta.•https://www.iltascabile.com/scienze/rabbia/

Nelle sue ricerche contro le malattie infettive Louis Pasteur incomincia a studiare una malattia spaventosa e incomprensibile: l'idrofobia, meglio nota come rabbia. Non si riesce ad individuare il patogeno responsabile di questa malattia, né tantomeno a curarla. La soluzione di Pasteur sarà una delle prime vaccinazioni terapeutiche della storia, eseguita con un vaccino da 12 dosi. La voce di Louis Pasteur, la produzione audio e le musiche originali sono di Leonardo Fumagalli: https://www.fiverr.com/leonardofumagal/mix-and-master-your-english-or-italian-podcastArtwork a cura di Ilenia Visco.Grazie a Matteo Neroni (Liberamente), Elena Bizzotto (La Salute Sorride) ed Antonio Spadoni Valloni per le loro amichevoli partecipazioni. Ascolta l'episodio premium "Appendice su Louis Pasteur" e sostieni "Storie di Biologia" su Patreon: patreon.com/storiedibiologiaSe vuoi scrivermi puoi farlo all'indirizzo storiedibiologia@gmail.comFonti consultate:•Vallery-Radot, R. (1915). The Life of Pasteur.•Holmes, S. J. (1924). The Life of Pasteur.•Keim, A. Lumet, L. (1914). Louis Pasteur.•Duclaux, E. (1920). Pasteur: The History of a Mind.•Dubos, R. (1960). Pasteur e la Scienza Moderna.•Verona, O. (1972). Opere di Louis Pasteur.•Charles Rivers Editors (2018). Louis Pasteur: The Life and Legacy of the Legendary French Scientist Recognized as the Father of Microbiology•Óscar René Cruz Oliva (2020). Louis Pasteur: El cazador de virus (Biografía breve)•Archivio Storico La Stampa. Gazzetta Piemontese del 29 ottobre 1885.•Darwin, C. (1839). Viaggio di un Naturalista Intorno al Mondo.•Hart, H. (2008). Chimica Organica. Sesta Edizione Italiana sulla Dodicesima Edizione Americana.•Berche, P. (2012). Louis Pasteur, from crystals of life to vaccination. Clin Microbiol Infect. 18, 1-6.•Rappuoli, R. (2014). Inner Workings: 1885, the first rabies vaccination in humans. Pnas. 111, 34.•Ariatti, A. Mandrioli, P. (1993). Lazzaro Spallanzani: a Blow Against Spontaneous Generation. Aerobiologia. 9, 101-107.•Dufour, H. D. Carroll, S. B. (2013). Great myths die hard. Nature. 502, 33.•https://www.fondazioneveronesi.it/magazine/articoli/da-non-perdere/rabbia-la-malattia-dimenticata-che-si-vince-con-linformazione#:~:text=Che%20cos'%C3%A8%20dunque%20la,con%20una%20nostra%20ferita%20aperta.•https://www.iltascabile.com/scienze/rabbia/

Alcuni studi di Louis Pasteur vengono visti come il punto di inizio dell'immunologia. Studiando le malattie infettive vengono ideati dei vaccini per contrastare malattie che colpiscono gli allevamenti di Francia: come il colera aviario e l'antrace. Sono i microbi ad essere responsabili di queste malattie, le scoperte di Pasteur dimostrano che una serie di buone pratiche possa aiutare a prevenirne la diffusione.La voce di Louis Pasteur, la produzione audio e le musiche originali sono di Leonardo Fumagalli: https://www.fiverr.com/leonardofumagal/mix-and-master-your-english-or-italian-podcastArtwork a cura di Ilenia Visco.Grazie a Paolo Forti (Sick History) e Giulio Gaudiano (Strategia Digitale) per le loro amichevoli partecipazioni.Ascolta l'episodio premium "Appendice su Louis Pasteur" e sostieni "Storie di Biologia" su Patreon: patreon.com/storiedibiologiaSe vuoi scrivermi puoi farlo all'indirizzo storiedibiologia@gmail.comFonti consultate:•Vallery-Radot, R. (1915). The Life of Pasteur.•Holmes, S. J. (1924). The Life of Pasteur.•Keim, A. Lumet, L. (1914). Louis Pasteur.•Duclaux, E. (1920). Pasteur: The History of a Mind.•Dubos, R. (1960). Pasteur e la Scienza Moderna.•Verona, O. (1972). Opere di Louis Pasteur.•Charles Rivers Editors (2018). Louis Pasteur: The Life and Legacy of the Legendary French Scientist Recognized as the Father of Microbiology•Óscar René Cruz Oliva (2020). Louis Pasteur: El cazador de virus (Biografía breve)•Archivio Storico La Stampa. Gazzetta Piemontese del 29 ottobre 1885.•Darwin, C. (1839). Viaggio di un Naturalista Intorno al Mondo.•Hart, H. (2008). Chimica Organica. Sesta Edizione Italiana sulla Dodicesima Edizione Americana.•Berche, P. (2012). Louis Pasteur, from crystals of life to vaccination. Clin Microbiol Infect. 18, 1-6.•Rappuoli, R. (2014). Inner Workings: 1885, the first rabies vaccination in humans. Pnas. 111, 34.•Ariatti, A. Mandrioli, P. (1993). Lazzaro Spallanzani: a Blow Against Spontaneous Generation. Aerobiologia. 9, 101-107.•Dufour, H. D. Carroll, S. B. (2013). Great myths die hard. Nature. 502, 33.•https://www.fondazioneveronesi.it/magazine/articoli/da-non-perdere/rabbia-la-malattia-dimenticata-che-si-vince-con-linformazione#:~:text=Che%20cos'%C3%A8%20dunque%20la,con%20una%20nostra%20ferita%20aperta.•https://www.iltascabile.com/scienze/rabbia/

La vita di Louis Pasteur si intreccia più volte con la storia di Francia. Tra la fondazione del secondo impero e la disfatta della guerra franco-prussiana Pasteur si muove al confine tra chimica e biologia. Studiando la fermentazione scopre un nuovo mondo, quello dei microbi: avvia ricerche ed esperimenti che lo portano a scontrarsi con la dottrina della generazione spontanea e pone le basi per un processo che ancora oggi utilizziamo per purificare gli alimenti: la pastorizzazione.La voce di Louis Pasteur, la produzione audio e le musiche originali sono di Leonardo Fumagalli: https://www.fiverr.com/leonardofumagal/mix-and-master-your-english-or-italian-podcastArtwork a cura di Ilenia Visco.Grazie ad Elena Bizzotto (La Salute Sorride) per la sua amichevole partecipazione.Ascolta l'episodio premium "Appendice su Louis Pasteur" e sostieni "Storie di Biologia" su Patreon: patreon.com/storiedibiologiaSe vuoi scrivermi puoi farlo all'indirizzo storiedibiologia@gmail.comFonti consultate:•Vallery-Radot, R. (1915). The Life of Pasteur.•Holmes, S. J. (1924). The Life of Pasteur.•Keim, A. Lumet, L. (1914). Louis Pasteur.•Duclaux, E. (1920). Pasteur: The History of a Mind.•Dubos, R. (1960). Pasteur e la Scienza Moderna.•Verona, O. (1972). Opere di Louis Pasteur.•Charles Rivers Editors (2018). Louis Pasteur: The Life and Legacy of the Legendary French Scientist Recognized as the Father of Microbiology•Óscar René Cruz Oliva (2020). Louis Pasteur: El cazador de virus (Biografía breve)•Archivio Storico La Stampa. Gazzetta Piemontese del 29 ottobre 1885.•Darwin, C. (1839). Viaggio di un Naturalista Intorno al Mondo.•Hart, H. (2008). Chimica Organica. Sesta Edizione Italiana sulla Dodicesima Edizione Americana.•Berche, P. (2012). Louis Pasteur, from crystals of life to vaccination. Clin Microbiol Infect. 18, 1-6.•Rappuoli, R. (2014). Inner Workings: 1885, the first rabies vaccination in humans. Pnas. 111, 34.•Ariatti, A. Mandrioli, P. (1993). Lazzaro Spallanzani: a Blow Against Spontaneous Generation. Aerobiologia. 9, 101-107.•Dufour, H. D. Carroll, S. B. (2013). Great myths die hard. Nature. 502, 33.•https://www.fondazioneveronesi.it/magazine/articoli/da-non-perdere/rabbia-la-malattia-dimenticata-che-si-vince-con-linformazione#:~:text=Che%20cos'%C3%A8%20dunque%20la,con%20una%20nostra%20ferita%20aperta.•https://www.iltascabile.com/scienze/rabbia/Fonti podcast:•Il podcast di Alessandro Barbero: Lezioni e Conferenze di Storia. #140 La guerra civile francese.•Alle 8 della sera. Napoleone III.•F***ing genius.

Sono passati esattamente 200 anni dalla nascita di Louis Pasteur, geniale scienziato francese che ha rivoluzionato diversi campi della scienza. Sono la chimica e la fisica le sue prime passioni. A fare da sfondo per lui e per la sua famiglia una Francia in tumulto, dalle guerre napoleoniche alle rivolte del 1848.La voce di Louis Pasteur, la produzione audio e le musiche originali sono di Leonardo Fumagalli: https://www.fiverr.com/leonardofumagal/mix-and-master-your-english-or-italian-podcastArtwork a cura di Ilenia Visco.Grazie a Marco Cappelli (Storia d'Italia) per la sua amichevole partecipazione.Ascolta l'episodio premium "Appendice su Louis Pasteur" e sostieni "Storie di Biologia" su Patreon: patreon.com/storiedibiologiaSe vuoi scrivermi puoi farlo all'indirizzo storiedibiologia@gmail.comFonti consultate:•Vallery-Radot, R. (1915). The Life of Pasteur.•Holmes, S. J. (1924). The Life of Pasteur.•Keim, A. Lumet, L. (1914). Louis Pasteur.•Duclaux, E. (1920). Pasteur: The History of a Mind.•Dubos, R. (1960). Pasteur e la Scienza Moderna.•Verona, O. (1972). Opere di Louis Pasteur.•Charles Rivers Editors (2018). Louis Pasteur: The Life and Legacy of the Legendary French Scientist Recognized as the Father of Microbiology•Óscar René Cruz Oliva (2020). Louis Pasteur: El cazador de virus (Biografía breve)•Archivio Storico La Stampa. Gazzetta Piemontese del 29 ottobre 1885.•Darwin, C. (1839). Viaggio di un Naturalista Intorno al Mondo.•Hart, H. (2008). Chimica Organica. Sesta Edizione Italiana sulla Dodicesima Edizione Americana.•Berche, P. (2012). Louis Pasteur, from crystals of life to vaccination. Clin Microbiol Infect. 18, 1-6.•Rappuoli, R. (2014). Inner Workings: 1885, the first rabies vaccination in humans. Pnas. 111, 34.•Ariatti, A. Mandrioli, P. (1993). Lazzaro Spallanzani: a Blow Against Spontaneous Generation. Aerobiologia. 9, 101-107.•Dufour, H. D. Carroll, S. B. (2013). Great myths die hard. Nature. 502, 33.•https://www.fondazioneveronesi.it/magazine/articoli/da-non-perdere/rabbia-la-malattia-dimenticata-che-si-vince-con-linformazione#:~:text=Che%20cos'%C3%A8%20dunque%20la,con%20una%20nostra%20ferita%20aperta.•https://www.iltascabile.com/scienze/rabbia/Fonti podcast:•Il podcast di Alessandro Barbero: Lezioni e Conferenze di Storia. #82 Marc Bloch.•Pharmakon La storia del talidomide.

Drs. Tom Dilworth and Stephanie Shealy May (@stephshealymay) join Dr. Rachel Britt (@RachelBPharmD) in the first episode of Breakpoints Dosing Consults to discuss questions and debates around ceftriaxone dosing. When should we use 1g over 2g? How does critical illness affect what dose to use? Is ceftriaxone the most approachable antibiotic? Tune in for answers to these questions and more!   Learn more about the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists: https://sidp.org/About Twitter: @SIDPharm (https://twitter.com/SIDPharm) Instagram: @SIDPharm (https://www.instagram.com/sidpharm/) Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/sidprx LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/sidp/ References Ettestad PJ, Campbell GL, Welbel SF, Genese CA, Spitalny KC, Marchetti CM, Dennis DT. Biliary complications in the treatment of unsubstantiated Lyme disease. J Infect Dis. 1995 Feb;171(2):356-61. doi: 10.1093/infdis/171.2.356. PMID: 7844372. Hasegawa S, Sada R, Yaegashi M, Morimoto K, Mori T; Adult Pneumonia Study Group-Japan. 1g versus 2 g daily intravenous ceftriaxone in the treatment of community onset pneumonia - a propensity score analysis of data from a Japanese multicenter registry. BMC Infect Dis. 2019 Dec 26;19(1):1079. doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-4552-8. PMID: 31878894; PMCID: PMC6933656. Barber KE, Loper JT, Morrison AR, Stover KR, Wagner JL. Impact of Obesity on Ceftriaxone Efficacy. Diseases. 2020 Jul 9;8(3):27. doi: 10.3390/diseases8030027. PMID: 32660113; PMCID: PMC7563366. Herrera-Hidalgo L, de Alarcón A, López-Cortes LE, Luque-Márquez R, López-Cortes LF, Gutiérrez-Valencia A, Gil-Navarro MV. Is Once-Daily High-Dose Ceftriaxone plus Ampicillin an Alternative for Enterococcus faecalis Infective Endocarditis in Outpatient Parenteral Antibiotic Therapy Programs? Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020 Dec 16;65(1):e02099-20. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02099-20. Erratum in: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2021 May 18;65(6): PMID: 33046488; PMCID: PMC7927845. Herrera-Hidalgo L, Lomas-Cabezas JM, López-Cortés LE, Luque-Márquez R, López-Cortés LF, Martínez-Marcos FJ, de la Torre-Lima J, Plata-Ciézar A, Hidalgo-Tenorio C, García-López MV, Vinuesa D, Gutiérrez-Valencia A, Gil-Navarro MV, De Alarcón A. Ampicillin Plus Ceftriaxone Combined Therapy for Enterococcus faecalis Infective Endocarditis in OPAT. J Clin Med. 2021 Dec 21;11(1):7. doi: 10.3390/jcm11010007. PMID: 35011748; PMCID: PMC8745305. Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, Johnston CM, Muzny CA, Park I, Reno H, Zenilman JM, Bolan GA. Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Jul 23;70(4):1-187. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1. PMID: 34292926; PMCID: PMC8344968. Whittles LK, White PJ, Paul J, Didelot X. Epidemiological Trends of Antibiotic Resistant Gonorrhoea in the United Kingdom. Antibiotics (Basel). 2018 Jul 13;7(3):60. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics7030060. PMID: 30011825; PMCID: PMC6165062. Ackerman A, Zook NR, Siegrist JF, Brummitt CF, Cook MM, Dilworth TJ. Comparison of Clinical Outcomes among Intensive Care Unit Patients Receiving One or Two Grams of Ceftriaxone Daily. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020 May 21;64(6):e00066-20. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00066-20. PMID: 32205348; PMCID: PMC7269488. Ulldemolins M, Roberts JA, Rello J, Paterson DL, Lipman J. The effects of hypoalbuminaemia on optimizing antibacterial dosing in critically ill patients. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2011 Feb;50(2):99-110. doi: 10.2165/11539220-000000000-00000. PMID: 21142293. Dailly E, Arnould JF, Fraissinet F, Naux E, Letard de la Bouralière MA, Bouquié R, Deslandes G, Jolliet P, Le Floch R. Pharmacokinetics of ertapenem in burns patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2013 Jul;42(1):48-52. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.02.021. Epub 2013 Apr 8. PMID: 23578794. Pai MP. Treatment of bacterial infections in obese adult patients: how to appropriately manage antimicrobial dosage. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2015 Oct;24:12-7. doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.06.004. Epub 2015 Jun 25. PMID: 26119488. Mahmood I. Theoretical versus empirical allometry: Facts behind theories and application to pharmacokinetics. J Pharm Sci. 2010 Jul;99(7):2927-33. doi: 10.1002/jps.22073. PMID: 20127826. Kang N, Housman ST, Nicolau DP. Assessing the Surrogate Susceptibility of Oxacillin and Cefoxitin for Commonly Utilized Parenteral Agents against Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: Focus on Ceftriaxone Discordance between Predictive Susceptibility and in Vivo Exposures. Pathogens. 2015 Jul 30;4(3):599-605. doi: 10.3390/pathogens4030599. PMID: 26264030; PMCID: PMC4584275. Gern BH, Greninger AL, Weissman SJ, Stapp JR, Tao Y, Qin X. Continued in vitro cefazolin susceptibility in methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2018 Feb 20;17(1):5. doi: 10.1186/s12941-018-0257-x. PMID: 29463249; PMCID: PMC5819674. Bremmer DN, Balada-Llasat JM, Goff DA, Bauer KA. Ceftriaxone Etest non-susceptible methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus time-kill responses. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017 Jun;88(2):192-194. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.02.019. Epub 2017 Mar 2. PMID: 28291629. Kosowska-Shick K, McGhee PL, Appelbaum PC. Affinity of ceftaroline and other beta-lactams for penicillin-binding proteins from Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010 May;54(5):1670-7. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00019-10. Epub 2010 Mar 1. PMID: 20194704; PMCID: PMC2863635. Palmer SM, Kang SL, Cappelletty DM, Rybak MJ. Bactericidal killing activities of cefepime, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone against Staphylococcus aureus and beta-lactamase-producing strains of Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae in an in vitro infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995 Aug;39(8):1764-71. doi: 10.1128/AAC.39.8.1764. PMID: 7486916; PMCID: PMC162823. Craig WA. Interrelationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in determining dosage regimens for broad-spectrum cephalosporins. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1995 May-Jun;22(1-2):89-96. doi: 10.1016/0732-8893(95)00053-d. PMID: 7587056. Garot D, Respaud R, Lanotte P, Simon N, Mercier E, Ehrmann S, Perrotin D, Dequin PF, Le Guellec C. Population pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in critically ill septic patients: a reappraisal. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Nov;72(5):758-67. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04005.x. PMID: 21545483; PMCID: PMC3243010. Joynt GM, Lipman J, Gomersall CD, Young RJ, Wong EL, Gin T. The pharmacokinetics of once-daily dosing of ceftriaxone in critically ill patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001 Apr;47(4):421-9. doi: 10.1093/jac/47.4.421. PMID: 11266414. Van Wart SA et al., ICAAC 2009, poster # A1-010 Housman ST, Sutherland CA, Nicolau DP. Pharmacodynamic profile of commonly utilised parenteral therapies against meticillin-susceptible and meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus collected from US hospitals. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2014 Sep;44(3):235-41. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.012. Epub 2014 Jun 24. PMID: 25052866. Zelenitsky SA, Beahm NP, Iacovides H, Ariano RE, Zhanel G. Limitations of ceftriaxone compared with cefazolin against MSSA: an integrated pharmacodynamic analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018 Jul 1;73(7):1888-1894. doi: 10.1093/jac/dky120. PMID: 29635472. Paul M, Zemer-Wassercug N, Talker O, Lishtzinsky Y, Lev B, Samra Z, Leibovici L, Bishara J. Are all beta-lactams similarly effective in the treatment of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011 Oct;17(10):1581-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03425.x. Epub 2010 Dec 14. PMID: 21073629. Carr DR, Stiefel U, Bonomo RA, Burant CJ, Sims SV. A Comparison of Cefazolin Versus Ceftriaxone for the Treatment of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in a Tertiary Care VA Medical Center. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018 May 18;5(5):ofy089. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofy089. PMID: 30568987; PMCID: PMC5961173. Check out our podcast host, Pinecast. Start your own podcast for free with no credit card required. If you decide to upgrade, use coupon code r-7e7a98 for 40% off for 4 months, and support Breakpoints.

In this week's episode, Brett Mitchell and Martin Kiernan use a recent paper published in Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology to start a discussion about an relationship between IPC Team staffiing levels and levels of healthcare-associated infections. How are staffing levels set and is it just a number or is there more to it? The papers that we discuss are listed below. 1. Clifford RJ, Newhart D, Laguio-Vila MR, Gutowski JL, Bronstein MZ, Lesho EP. Infection preventionist staffing levels and rates of 10 types of healthcare-associated infections: A 9-year ambidirectional observation. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2022:1-6. doi:10.1017/ice.2021.507 2. Mitchell BG, Hall L, MacBeth D, Gardner A, Halton K. Hospital infection control units: staffing, costs, and priorities. Am J Infect Control. 2015;43:612-6. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2015.02.016 3. Dickstein Y, Nir-Paz R, Pulcini C, Cookson B, Beovic B, Tacconelli E, et al. Staffing for infectious diseases, clinical microbiology and infection control in hospitals in 2015: results of an ESCMID member survey. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22:812 e9- e17. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2016.06.014

In this week's episode, Brett Mitchell and Martin Kiernan use a recent paper published in Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology to start a discussion about an relationship between IPC Team staffiing levels and levels of healthcare-associated infections. How are staffing levels set and is it just a number or is there more to it? The papers that we discuss are listed below. 1. Clifford RJ, Newhart D, Laguio-Vila MR, Gutowski JL, Bronstein MZ, Lesho EP. Infection preventionist staffing levels and rates of 10 types of healthcare-associated infections: A 9-year ambidirectional observation. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2022:1-6. doi:10.1017/ice.2021.507 2. Mitchell BG, Hall L, MacBeth D, Gardner A, Halton K. Hospital infection control units: staffing, costs, and priorities. Am J Infect Control. 2015;43:612-6. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2015.02.016 3. Dickstein Y, Nir-Paz R, Pulcini C, Cookson B, Beovic B, Tacconelli E, et al. Staffing for infectious diseases, clinical microbiology and infection control in hospitals in 2015: results of an ESCMID member survey. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22:812 e9- e17. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2016.06.014

In this podcast, Martin Kiernan talks to Dr Alicia Demirjian about the issue of seemingly increasing reports of Staphylococcus capitis cases in neonates. Alicia is Consultant Epidemiologist at the Evelina Children's hospital in London and leads the antimicrobial resistance and prescribing team at the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) - formerly Public Health England. Alicia has been working on this issue for a while now and we discuss the problem (and if there is one), findings to date and possible interventions. Some of the papers that we discuss are here, as is a link to the video on how to clean an incubator, a complex piece of equipment that is often still contaminated after cleaning and disinfection. Cleaning video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELF-0MTFJfE   Papers: Wirth, T., M. Bergot, et al (2020) Niche specialization and spread of Staphylococcus capitis involved in neonatal sepsis. Nat Microbiol, 5, 735-745. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32341568 Thorn, L. M., et al (2020) Risk factors for Staphylococcus capitis pulsotype NRCS-A colonisation among premature neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary-care hospital: a retrospective case-control study. Infect Prev Pract, 2, 100057. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34368703 Decalonne, M., et al. (2020) Staphylococcus capitis isolated from bloodstream infections: a nationwide 3-month survey in 38 neonatal intensive care units. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 39, 2185-2194. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32519215 Ory, J., et al (2019) Successful implementation of infection control measure in a neonatal intensive care unit to combat the spread of pathogenic multidrug resistant Staphylococcus capitis. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 8, 57. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30962919 Laurent, F. & M. Butin (2019) Staphylococcus capitis and NRCS-A clone: the story of an unrecognized pathogen in neonatal intensive care units. Clin Microbiol Infect, 25, 1081-1085. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30928561 Butin, M., et al (2019) Sources and reservoirs of Staphylococcus capitis NRCS-A inside a NICU. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 8, 157. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31636900 Butin, M., et al (2017) Worldwide Endemicity of a Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus capitis Clone Involved in Neonatal Sepsis. Emerg Infect Dis, 23, 538-539. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28221122 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5382751/pdf/16-0833.pdf Butin, M., et al (2016) Wide geographical dissemination of the multiresistant Staphylococcus capitis NRCS-A clone in neonatal intensive-care units. Clin Microbiol Infect, 22, 46-52. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26404028 https://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(15)00850-2/pdf  

In this podcast, Martin Kiernan talks to Dr Alicia Demirjian about the issue of seemingly increasing reports of Staphylococcus capitis cases in neonates. Alicia is Consultant Epidemiologist at the Evelina Children's hospital in London and leads the antimicrobial resistance and prescribing team at the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) - formerly Public Health England. Alicia has been working on this issue for a while now and we discuss the problem (and if there is one), findings to date and possible interventions. Some of the papers that we discuss are here, as is a link to the video on how to clean an incubator, a complex piece of equipment that is often still contaminated after cleaning and disinfection. Cleaning video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELF-0MTFJfE   Papers: Wirth, T., M. Bergot, et al (2020) Niche specialization and spread of Staphylococcus capitis involved in neonatal sepsis. Nat Microbiol, 5, 735-745. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32341568 Thorn, L. M., et al (2020) Risk factors for Staphylococcus capitis pulsotype NRCS-A colonisation among premature neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary-care hospital: a retrospective case-control study. Infect Prev Pract, 2, 100057. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34368703 Decalonne, M., et al. (2020) Staphylococcus capitis isolated from bloodstream infections: a nationwide 3-month survey in 38 neonatal intensive care units. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 39, 2185-2194. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32519215 Ory, J., et al (2019) Successful implementation of infection control measure in a neonatal intensive care unit to combat the spread of pathogenic multidrug resistant Staphylococcus capitis. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 8, 57. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30962919 Laurent, F. & M. Butin (2019) Staphylococcus capitis and NRCS-A clone: the story of an unrecognized pathogen in neonatal intensive care units. Clin Microbiol Infect, 25, 1081-1085. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30928561 Butin, M., et al (2019) Sources and reservoirs of Staphylococcus capitis NRCS-A inside a NICU. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 8, 157. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31636900 Butin, M., et al (2017) Worldwide Endemicity of a Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus capitis Clone Involved in Neonatal Sepsis. Emerg Infect Dis, 23, 538-539. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28221122 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5382751/pdf/16-0833.pdf Butin, M., et al (2016) Wide geographical dissemination of the multiresistant Staphylococcus capitis NRCS-A clone in neonatal intensive-care units. Clin Microbiol Infect, 22, 46-52. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26404028 https://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(15)00850-2/pdf  

Fred, Kaue e Luísa conversam um pouco sobre Infecção de Corrente Sanguínea Associada ao Cateter - Como diagnosticar? Como fazer antibioticoterapia? Quando investigar complicações? Como manejar Cateter de Longa Permanência? Referências: EcoTT vs EcoTE - Em pacientes com os seguintes achados talvez EcoTT seja suficiente: Bacteremia nosocomial Culturas de controle negativas dentro de 4 dias do início do tratamento. Ausência de dispositivo intracardíaco Sem hemodiálise Sem sinais clínicos de endocardite ou infecção secundária Holland, Thomas L., Christopher Arnold, and Vance G. Fowler. "Clinical management of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a review." Jama 312.13 (2014): 1330-1341. Diretrizes: Manian FA. IDSA guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related bloodstream infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Dec 1;49(11):1770-1; author reply 1771-2. doi: 10.1086/648113. PMID: 19891568. Chaves F. Diagnosis and treatment of catheter-related bloodstream infection: Clinical guidelines of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology and (SEIMC) and the Spanish Society of Spanish Society of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC). Med Intensiva (Engl Ed). 2018 Jan-Feb;42(1):5-36. Cultura de Sangue do Cateter: Orihuela-Martín J, Rodríguez-Núñez O, Morata L, et al. Performance of differential time to positivity as a routine diagnostic test for catheter-related bloodstream infections: a single-centre experience. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 26:383.e1. Bouzidi H, Emirian A, Marty A, et al. Differential time to positivity of central and peripheral blood cultures is inaccurate for the diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus long-term catheter-related sepsis. J Hosp Infect 2018; 99:192. Freeman JT, Elinder-Camburn A, McClymont C, et al. Central line-associated bloodstream infections in adult hematology patients with febrile neutropenia: an evaluation of surveillance definitions using differential time to blood culture positivity. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013; 34:89. Diagnóstico pela Ponta do Cateter: Peterson LR, Smith BA. Nonutility of catheter tip cultures for the diagnosis of central line-associated bloodstream infection. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60:492. Ecocardiograma em Enterococco: Berge, Andreas, et al. "The DENOVA score efficiently identifies patients with monomicrobial Enterococcus faecalis bacteremia where echocardiography is not necessary." Infection 47.1 (2019): 45-50. Cateter Arterial e Cateter Periférico: Mermel LA. Short-term Peripheral Venous Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections: A Systematic Review. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Oct 30;65(10):1757-1762. Chopra V, O'Horo JC, Rogers MA, Maki DG, Safdar N. The risk of bloodstream infection associated with peripherally inserted central catheters compared with central venous catheters in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013 Sep;34(9):908-18. doi: 10.1086/671737. O'Horo JC, Maki DG, Krupp AE, Safdar N. Arterial catheters as a source of bloodstream infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2014 Jun;42(6):1334-9. Sítios e Risco Infeccioso: Parienti JJ, du Cheyron D, Timsit JF, et al.

In questa puntata, al rientro dalle vacanze, parliamo di che cos'è la cistite, quali sono i trattamenti per la diagnosi e la cura, come affrontarla e tanti altri consigli.- - - - - - - - -Links:iFarma, settembre 2021, Talento e Passione corrono sul web, pagg. 22,23,24Cistite, dizionario TreccaniInfezioni delle vie urinarie, Ministero della SaluteInfezioni batteriche delle vie urinarieMultistix 10 SGMannocist-DColgan R, Williams M. Diagnosis and treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis. Am Fam Physician. 2011Jepson RG, Williams G, Craig JC. Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012Gbinigie OA, Spencer EA, Heneghan CJ, Lee JJ, Butler CC. Cranberry Extract for Symptoms of Acute, Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection: A Systematic Review. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020Gágyor I, Hummers E, Schmiemann G, Friede T, Pfeiffer S, Afshar K, Bleidorn J. Herbal treatment with uva ursi extract versus fosfomycin in women with uncomplicated urinary tract infection in primary care: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021Lin KB, Wu MP, Lin YK, Yen YC, Chuang YC, Chin HY. Lifestyle and behavioral modifications made by patients with interstitial cystitis. Sci Rep. 2021- - - - - - - - -Per ulteriori informazioni visita il sito web https://www.pillolepodcast.it

COVID-19 has brought up the use of the old remedy convalescent serum. What is it? Did it work? This series walks us through the history of the serum, how it was discovered, how it was first used, and how it inspired the field of immunology. Intro :11 In this episode :15 A quick tale :20 Outline of these three episodes 2:51 Quick definitions 3:50 How it all began 7:16 A solo paper on diphtheria 12:57 A trial of children 17:07 Giving fluids from a horse 21:57 What happened with tetanus? 25:12 Switching gears to our understanding of antibodies 27:09 The next target: snakes 29:17 The plague 32:00 Summary of Part 1, what’s next 39:05 Disclosure: Brown reports no relevant financial disclosures. We’d love to hear from you! Send your comments/questions to Dr. Brown at rheuminationspodcast@healio.com. Follow us on Twitter @HRheuminations @AdamJBrownMD @HealioRheum References: Butler T. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20:202-209. Crum FS. Am J Public Health. 1917;7:445. Eibl MM. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2008;28:737-764, viii. Graham BS, Abrosino DM. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2015;10:129-134. Grundbacher FJ. Immunol Today. 1992;13:188-190. Hawgood BJ. Toxicon. 1999;37:1241-1258. Kantha SS. Keio J Med. 1991;40:35-39. Kaufmann SHE. mBio. 2017;8:e00117-17. Klass, Perri. “An Apocryphal Christmas Miracle.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 23 Dec. 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/12/23/well/family/diphtheria-antitoxin-Christmas-miracle.html. Lindenmann J. Scand J Immunol. 1984;19:281-285. Meyer KF, et al. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1952;55:1228-1274. Ramon G. Bull Soc Centr Med Vet. 1925;101:227-234. von Behring, Emil. Geschichte der Diphtherie (mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Immunitätslehre). Leipzig, Germany, Thieme, 1893. von Behring E. Ueber das Zustandekommen der Diphtherie-Immunität und der Tetanus-Immunität bei Thieren. German Medical Weekly; 1890.

Durante el programa de la semana pasada (EP 164) hablamos de las betalactamasas de espectro extendido y comentamos de donde habían surgido, como se definen, y cual es la epidemiologia asociada a las mismas. En el programa de esta semana (EP 165) hablamos del  diagnostico y opciones de tratamiento de la infecciones causadas por enterobacterias productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido.   Referencias:   David M Livermore y colaboradores. Are susceptibility tests enough, or should laboratories still seek ESBLs and carbapenemases directly?  J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:1569-1577 Gutierrez-Gutierrez y J Rodriguez-Bano.Current options for the treatment of infections due to extended- spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in different groups of patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 25 (8): 932-942. Vardakas KZ y colaboradores. Carbapenems versus alternative antibiotics for the treatment of bacteraemia due to Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67(12):2793-80 Palacios-Baena ZR y colaboradores. Empiric Therapy With Carbapenem-Sparing Regimens for Bloodstream Infections due to Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae: Results From the INCREMENT Cohort. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 65 (10) 1615-1623. Belen Gutieerez-Gutierrez y colaboradores. Ertapenem for the treatment of bloodstream infections due to ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae: a multinational pre-registered cohort study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71: 1672-1680. Harris PNA y colaboradores. Effect of Piperacillin-Tazobactam vs Meropenem on 30-Day Mortality for Patients With E coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae Bloodstream Infection and Ceftriaxone ResistanceA Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2018; 320 (10): 984-994.   La Frase de la Semana:   Esta semana tomamos la frase de la periodista y escritora española Rosa Montero nacida en Madrid el 3 de Enero de 1951. Como nota interesante para los infectologos, a causa de la tuberculosis estuvo desde los cinco años hasta los 9 recluida en casa dedicándose  a leer y escribir La Frase dice:   “La vida es un pequeño espacio de luz entre dos nostalgias: la de lo que aun no has vivido y al de lo que ya no vas a poder vivir. Y el momento justo de la acción es tan confuso, tan resbaladizo y tan efímero que lo desperdicias mirando con aturdimiento alrededor”  

En el programa de esta semana (EP 158) seguimos hablando de infecciones de protesis articulares. Esta vez, en referencia al uso profiláctico de antibioticos y al riesgo de infecciones de protesis articular en asociación con bacteriemias.   Referencias: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 2017. JAMA Surg. 2017;152(8):784-791. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2017.0904 Published online May 3, 2017. Corrected on June 21, 2017.  Proceedings of the International Consensus Meeting on Periprosthetic Joint Infection. 2013 Meeri Honkanene y colaboradores. Periprosthetic Joint Infections as a Consequence of Bacteremia. Open Forum Infect Dis. Mayo 2019. Rodriguez y colaboradores. Acute haematogenous prosthetic joint infection: prospective evaluation of medical and surgical management. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16: 1789–1795. The use of prophylactic antibiotics prior to dental procedures in patients with prosthetic joints Evidence-based clinical practice guideline for dental practitioners—a report of the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs. JADA Jan 2015. 145 (1): 11-16.   La Frase de la Semana: Esta semana nos valemos nuevamente de Benjamín Franklin. (1706-90) quien fue estadista, autor, editor, científico, inventor y diplomático. Nacio en una familia de pocos recursos en la ciudad de Boston y tuvo poca educación formal. Sin embargo, se hizo rico con un exitoso negocio de impresión en Filadelfia. Fue un participante muy activo en los asuntos públicos en Filadelfia, donde ayudó a lanzar una biblioteca, un hospital y una universidad (la Universidad de Pensilvania), y fue aclamado, entre otros proyectos, por sus experimentos con electricidad. Durante la Revolución Americana, sirvió en el Segundo Congreso Continental y ayudó a redactar la Declaración de Independencia en 1776. También negoció el Tratado de París de 1783 que puso fin a la Guerra de la Independencia (1775-83). En 1787, en su último acto significativo de servicio público, fue delegado a la convención que produjo la Constitución de los Estados Unidos. Como inventor ideo el pararayos, los lentes bifocales, y el catéter urinario flexible. La frase dice: “No habrá Justicia hasta que los que no se ven afectados estén tan indignados como los que están afectados”  

En el program de esta semana hablamos sobre Pseudomonas aeruginosa y el rol en el tratamiento que tendría el ceftolozano / tazobactam  sobre todo el lo referente a cepas multiresistentes y como los diversos mecanismos de resistencia que este tipo de bacterial puede manifestar pueden afectar la sensibilidad a dicho antimicrobiano. Referencias: A.P Magiorakos y colaboradores. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012; 18 (3) 268-81. Gabriel Cabot y colaboradores. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Ceftolozane-Tazobactam Resistance Development Requires Multiple Mutations Leading to Overexpression and Structural Modification of AmpC. Antimicrob Agent Chemother 2014; June 58 (6): 3091-9. Pablo A. Fraile-Ribot y colaboradores. Mechanisms leading to in vivo ceftolozane/tazobactam resistance development during the treatment of infections caused by MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Antimicrob Chemother 2017; 73: 658-663.  Yu Mi Wi y colaboradores. Activity of Ceftolozane-Tazobactam against Carbapenem- Resistant, Non-Carbapenemase-Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Associated Resistance Mechanisms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 62 (1).  Andrew Walkty y colaboradores. In vitro activity of ceftolozane/tazobactam versus antimicrobial non-susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates including MDR and XDR isolates obtained from across Canada as part of the CANWARD study, 2008–16. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 73: 703-708. Tommaso Giani y colaboradores. Italian nationwide survey on Pseudomonas aeruginosa from invasive infections: activity of ceftolozane/tazobactam and comparators, and molecular epidemiology of carbapenemase producers. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 73: 664-671. David M. Livermore y colaboradores. Activity of ceftazidime/avibactam against problem Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the UK, 2015–16. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018. 73: 648-657.   La Frase de la Semana:   Y esta semana no puede ser sino de Stephen Hawkings debido a queel británico murió este martes (la madrugada del miércoles en Inglaterra), a sus 76 años. Fue uno de los físicos más importantes de la cosmología moderna y se destacó por su teoría sobre agujeros negros y por sus esfuerzos matemáticos para unificar la teoría general de la relatividad de Einstein con los conocimientos emergentes de la física cuántica. La frase dice:  “El peor enemigo del conocimiento no es la ignorancia, es la ilusión del conocimiento”        

The story of smallpox blankets offered as gifts to indigenous peoples as a weapon of war is ubiquitous -- but is it based in truth? And did our increased medical understanding of smallpox lead to its use as a biological weapon?  In this episode, we confront these questions and explore the history of biological warfare, smallpox, and medicine. Listen to all this, a new #AdamAnswers, and more in this episode of Bedside Rounds, a tiny podcast about fascinating stories in clinical medicine. Sources: Barras V and Groub G, “History of biological warfare and bioterrorism,” Clin Microbiol Infect 2014. Carus W, “The history of biological weapons use: what we know and what we don’t,” Health Security, Vol 13, No4, 2015. Fenner F et al, “Smallpox and its Eradication,” World Health Organization, 1988, Chapters 5 and 6. Mayor A, “The Nessus Shirt in the New World: Smallpox Blankets in History and Legend,” J Am Folklore, Vol. 108, No. 427 (Winter, 1995), 54-77. Mear C, “The origin of the smallpox outbreak in Sydney in 1789,” Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, June, 2008. Skwarecki B, “What is the scariest disease?” PLoS Blogs, retrieved at https://gizmodo.com/what-is-the-scariest-disease-1653943826 Theves C, et al, “The rediscovery of smallpox,” Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20: 210-218. Ranlet P, “The British, the Indians, and Smallpox: What actually happened at Fort Pitt in 1763?”, Pennsylvania history: 427-442. Warren C, “Smallpox at Sydney Cove -- who, when, why?” J Aust Studies, 30 Oct 2013