Rhesus Medicine Podcast - Medical Education

Chronic Pain explained, including a review of pain physiology and pathways, the classification of chronic pain (ICD) as well as chronic pain relief management.Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Definition of Pain / What is Chronic Pain? 0:32 Pain Physiology and Pain Pathways 4:33 Chronic Pain Pathophysiology5:56 Chronic Pain Classification (ICD)8:40 Chronic Pain TreatmentReferencesNational Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). (2020). Chronic Pain. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553030/International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). (2020). IASP Announces Revised Definition of Pain. [online] Available at: https://www.iasp-pain.org/publications/iasp-news/iasp-announces-revised-definition-of-pain/Patient.info. (n.d.). Chronic Pain. [online] Available at: https://patient.info/treatment-medication/chronic-painTeachMePhysiology. (n.d.). Pain Pathway. [online] Available at: https://teachmephysiology.com/nervous-system/sensory-system/pain-pathway/BMJ Best Practice. (n.d.). Chronic pain: Aetiology. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/694/aetiologyInternational Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), 2023. Definitions of chronic pain syndromes. Available at: https://www.iasp-pain.org/advocacy/definitions-of-chronic-pain-syndromes/Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Motion Sickness, often also called Travel Sickness, explained clearly including the main causes, symptoms as well as management options including pharmacological and non pharmacological methods. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Motion Sickness?0:38 Motion Sickness Pathophysiology2:35 Motion Sickness Epidemiology 3:04 Motion Sickness Symptoms3:46 Motion Sickness Diagnosis 5:07 Motion Sickness Treatment ReferencesBMJ Best Practice, 2025. Motion sickness. [online] BMJ Best Practice. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1034MSD Manuals, 2025. Motion Sickness - Injuries; Poisoning. [online] MSD Manual Professional Edition. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/motion-sickness/motion-sicknessPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Chagas Disease, also known as American Trypanosomiasis, including life cycle of T.Cruzi, pathophysiology of Chagas Disease as well as symptoms. We look at diagnostic methods and Chagas Disease treatment options. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Chagas Disease?1:18 Chagas Disease Life Cycle2:47 Chagas Disease Pathophysiology3:42 Chagas Disease Symptoms6:22 Chagas Disease Diagnosis8:07 Chagas Disease TreatmentReferencesBMJ Best Practice (2025) - “Chagas Disease”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1160?Marie, C. Petri Jr, W. A, - MSD Manual Pro (2025) “Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis)”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/extraintestinal-protozoa/chagas-diseaseWorld Health Organisation (2025) - Chagas Disease (also known as American Trypanosomiasis)”. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chagas-disease-(american-trypanosomiasis)Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Dengue, including virology and Dengue pathophysiology. We also look at the 3 clinical stages of Dengue and how that corresponds with Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever and Dengue Shock Syndrome, as well as diagnosis and Dengue treatment options. Cconsider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Dengue Virus? 0:23 Dengue Virology1:08 Dengue Epidemiology 1:35 Dengue Pathophysiology2:27 Dengue Symptoms4:10 Dengue WHO Classification (Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever / Dengue Shock Syndrome) 5:02 Dengue Diagnosis7:29 Dengue TreatmentReferencesBMJ Best Practice (2025) - “Dengue fever”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1197/Omar Saeed, Ahmer Asif, Chapter 2 - Dengue virus disease; the origins, Editor(s): Adnan I. Qureshi, Omar Saeed, Dengue Virus Disease, Academic Press, 2020, Pages 9-16, ISBN 9780128182703, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818270-3.00002-3. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128182703000023)Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. #medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

Understanding HIV and AIDS, including HIV virology, epidemiology as well as HIV symptoms (including WHO clinical classification and CDC CD4 count classification). Also covered is diagnosis and treatment including anti retroviral therapy (ART). Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is HIV? 0:28 HIV Microbiology1:36 HIV Pathophysiology2:17 HIV Epidemiology3:17 HIV Symptoms & Clinical Stages6:25 HIV Diagnosis8:00 HIV TreatmentReferencesBMJ Best Practice (2025) - “HIV in adults”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/555Mpiko Ntsekhe, MD, PhD and Jason V. Baker, MD, MSc (2022) - “Cardiovascular Disease Among Persons Living With HIV: New Insights Into Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations in a Global Context”. Available at https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.057443Virology Research Services (2022) - “The Virus of the Month - HIV”. Available at https://virologyresearchservices.com/2022/09/04/the-virus-of-the-month-hiv/Waymack JR, Sundareshan V. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. [Updated 2023 May 3]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537293/Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection: Recommendations for a Public Health Approach. 2nd edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. ANNEX 10, WHO clinical staging of HIV disease in adults, adolescents and children. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK374293/fVirtual Mentor. 2010;12(3):202-206. doi: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2010.12.3.cprl1-1003. Available at https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/who-clinical-staging-system-hivaids/2010-03Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Gambling Disorder (Gambling Addiction or Problem Gambling) explained, a very under-recognised condition. Includes the 9 core symptoms and diagnostic criteria, as well as treatment options. Consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Gambling Disorder?0:38 Gambling Disorder Symptoms1:40 Gambling Disorder Diagnostic Criteria2:16 Gambling Disorder Risk Factors3:12 Gambling Disorder TreatmentReferencesAmerican Psychiatric Association Hector Colon-Rivera, M.D., CMRO, Kavita Fischer M.D., DFAPA (2024) - “What is Gambling Disorder?”. Available at https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/gambling-disorder/what-is-gambling-disorderMenchon JM, Mestre-Bach G, Steward T, Fernández-Aranda F, Jiménez-Murcia S. An overview of gambling disorder: from treatment approaches to risk factors. F1000Res. 2018 Apr 9;7:434. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.12784.1. PMID: 30090625; PMCID: PMC5893944. Available at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5893944/World Health Organisation (2024) - “Gambling”. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/gamblingThomas SA, Merkouris SS, Browning CJ, Radermacher H, Feldman S, Enticott J, Jackson AC. The PROblem Gambling RESearch Study (PROGRESS) research protocol: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial of psychological interventions for problem gambling. BMJ Open. 2015 Nov 24;5(11):e009385. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009385. PMID: 26603250; PMCID: PMC4663416. Available at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4663416/Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Erectile Dysfunction (ED), a common problem with multiple underlying causes ranging from organic to psychogenic. Includes these causes in more detail, as well as physiology of erections, diagnosis of erectile dysfunction as well as erectile dysfunction treatment options. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Erectile Dysfunction? 0:17 Erectile Dysfunction Pathophysiology2:38 Erectile Dysfunction Causes4:10 Erectile Dysfunction Diagnosis 6:13 Erectile Dysfunction TreatmentReferencesBMJ Best Practice (2025) - “Erectile Dysfunction”. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/213/diagnosis-approachPranau K. Panchatsharam; Justin Durland; Patrick M. Zito. StatPearls (2023) - “Physiology, Erection”. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513278/Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2024) - “Erectile Dysfunction”. Available at: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/erectile-dysfunction/Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Adhesive Capsulitis, more commonly known as Frozen Shoulder. Includes pathophysiology and risk factors, as well as the different stages (Freezing, Frozen and Thawing). Also includes diagnosis and treatment.Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Frozen Shoulder? 0:26 Shoulder Anatomy1:17 Frozen Shoulder Symptoms3:07 Frozen Shoulder Causes & Pathophysiology4:00 Frozen Shoulder Diagnosis 5:06 Frozen Shoulder TreatmentReferencesBMJ Best Practice (2025) - “Adhesive Capsulitis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1043Am Fam Physician. 2019;99(5):297-300 “Adhesive Capsulitis: Diagnosis and Management”. Available at https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0301/p297.htmlPhysiopedia contributors. Frozen Shoulder [Internet]. Physiopedia, ; 2023 Jun 30, 15:00 UTC [cited 2025 Feb 9]. Available from: https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Frozen_Shoulder&oldid=337801.Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. #medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

Understanding Hodgkin's Lymphoma, featuring pathophysiology and most common symptoms of Hodgkin's Lymphoma, as well as proposed pathophysiology. Includes classification, diagnosis (with Reed Sternberg Cells), and treatment options. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps: 0:00 What is Hodgkin's Lymphoma? 2:04 Hodgkin's Lymphoma Classification3:20 Signs and Symptoms of Hodgkin's Lymphoma5:00 Hodgkin's Lymphoma Causes & Pathophysiology6:10 Hodgkin's Lymphoma Diagnosis 7:45 Reed-Sternberg Cells9:10 Hodgkin's Lymphoma Staging (Lugano and Ann Arbor)10:05 Hodgkin's Lymphoma TreatmentReferences:BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Plantar Fasciitis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/487Weerakkody Y, Rizk M, Bell D, et al. Plantar fasciitis. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-22645Wearing, S - Musculoskeletal Key (2016) - “Anatomy of the Plantar Fascia”. Available at https://musculoskeletalkey.com/anatomy-of-the-plantar-fascia/Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2020) - “Plantar Fasciitis”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/plantar-fasciitis/Am Fam Physician 2019;99(12):744-750. Available at https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0615/p744.htmlPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. #medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

Understanding Plantar Fasciitis, the most common cause for heel / foot pain. Includes most common causes and risk factors, as well as multiple treatment options for plantar fasciitis.Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Plantar Fasciitis?0:34 Plantar Fasciitis Pathophysiology1:25 Plantar Fasciitis Symptoms2:16 Plantar Fasciitis Causes and Risk Factors3:23 Plantar Fasciitis Diagnosis4:31 Plantar Fasciitis TreatmentLINK TO MNEMONICS:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-XE7PiwGgE&list=PLGNSE_HvIV4t7a33bbHN1fq-j_tge0GmpLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/References:BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Plantar Fasciitis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/487Weerakkody Y, Rizk M, Bell D, et al. Plantar fasciitis. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-22645Wearing, S - Musculoskeletal Key (2016) - “Anatomy of the Plantar Fascia”. Available at https://musculoskeletalkey.com/anatomy-of-the-plantar-fascia/Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2020) - “Plantar Fasciitis”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/plantar-fasciitis/Am Fam Physician 2019;99(12):744-750. Available at https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0615/p744.htmlPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. #medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS) explained, including pathophysiology, subtype and classification and symptoms. Also covers diagnosis and treatment. Consider subscribing on YouTube! (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome? 0:20 Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome Pathophysiology1:35  Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome Symptoms3:20  Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome Causes4:39 Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome Diagnosis 6:50 Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome TreatmentReferences:BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1052/Apoorva Jayarangaiah; Forshing Lui; Pramod Theetha Kariyann - Stat Pearls (2023) - “Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome**”.** Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507891/Matthew C. Varon, MD; and Mazen M. Dimachkie, MD - Practical Neurology (2024**) - “**Diagnosis and Treatment of Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome“. Available at https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2024-apr/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-lambert-eaton-myasthenic-syndromePlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Myasthenia Gravis, including pathophysiology and causes. Also features Myasthenia Gravis symptoms (and crisis!), as well as diagnosis and treatment. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Myasthenia Gravis?0:19 Myasthenia Gravis Pathophysiology1:38 Myasthenia Gravis Symptoms3:44 Myasthenia Gravis Causes4:30 Myasthenia Gravis Diagnosis 6:15 Myasthenia Gravis TreatmentReferencesBMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Myasthenia Gravis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/238National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke - “Myasthenia Gravis”. Available at https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/myasthenia-gravisRubin, M - MSD Manual Pro (2024) - “Myasthenia Gravis”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/peripheral-nervous-system-and-motor-unit-disorders/myasthenia-gravisMyasthenia Gravis Foundation Of America - “Cautionary Drugs”. Available at https://myasthenia.org/living-with-mg/mg-emergency-preparedness/cautionary-drugs/Phillips, D. W (2016) - “Pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis: update on disease types, models, and mechanisms**”.** Available at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4926737/MyastheniaGravis.Com - Available at https://myasthenia-gravis.com/Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Functional Neurological Disorder or FND explained, including common  symptoms, risk factors and diagnostic criteria. Also includes FND treatment as well as distinguishing features from other conditions. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Functional Neurological Disorder? 0:40 Functional Neurological Disorder Symptoms1:52 Functional Neurological Disorder Causes and Risk Factors 3:00 Functional Neurological Disorder Diagnosis 4:43 Functional Neurological Disorder DSM V Criteria5:20 Functional Neurological Disorder Treatment Links to FND Resources:https://fndhope.org/https://neurosymptoms.org/en/ReferencesBMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Functional neurological and somatic symptom disorders”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/989Prof. J. Stone - Neurosymptoms (2021) - Available at https://neurosymptoms.org/en/S. C. Lidstone, R. Araújo, J. Stone, B. R. Bloem (2020) - “Ten myths about functional neurological disorder”. Available at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ene.14310Selma Aybek, David L Perez, **(2022) - “Diagnosis and management of functional neurological disorder”. Available at https://www.bmj.com/content/376/bmj.o64National Institution of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (2024) - “Functional Neurologic Disorder”. Available at https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/functional-neurologic-disorderPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, including cases, pathophysiology, main symptoms as well as diagnosis and treatment. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Croup? 0:32 Croup Pathophysiology1:08 Croup Symptoms1:56 Croup Diagnosis2:34 Croup TreatmentReferences:Bhatia, R - MSD Manual Pro (2024) - “Croup”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/respiratory-disorders-in-young-children/croupClinical Knowledge Summaries (2022) - “Croup”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/croup/BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Croup”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/681Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. #medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

Vertigo explained, including a way to easily remember the causes of Vertigo, as well as the different symptoms associated and the HINTS exam. Also covers vertigo pathophysiology, as well as the different treatment options for vertigo.Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Vertigo? 1:11 Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo2:52 Vestibular Migraine3:52 Meniere's Disease5:15 Persistent Postural Perceptual Dizziness6:59 Vestibular Neuritis8:17 Posterior Circulation Stroke9:24 HINTS Examination Central vs Peripheral VertigoReferences:Kaylie D, M - MSD Manual Pro (2022) - “Dizziness and Vertigo”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/approach-to-the-patient-with-ear-problems/dizziness-and-vertigoHamiter, M - MSD Manual Pro (2023) - “ Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/inner-ear-disorders/benign-paroxysmal-positional-vertigoLilien, V - The British Medical Journal (2019) - “Vestibular migraine”. Available at https://www.bmj.com/content/366/bmj.l4213.fullMeniere's UK - “Migraine Associated Vertigo”. Available at https://www.menieres.org.uk/information-and-support/symptoms-and-conditions/migraine-associated-vertigoHohnen, H - Geeky Medics (2020) - “The Head Impulse, Nystagmus, Test of Skew (HINTS) Examination”. Available at https://geekymedics.com/the-head-impulse-nystagmus-test-of-skew-hints-examination/Practical Neurology (2016) - “Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD): a common, characteristic and treatable cause of chronic dizziness”. Available at https://pn.bmj.com/content/18/1/5Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) - “Ménière's disease”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/menieres-disease/Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) - “Vestibular neuronitis”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/vestibular-neuronitis/Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Summaries of both Bronchiolitis and Viral Induced Wheeze featuring the key points, as well as the main differences between them. Includes pathophysiology, symptoms and treatment for each. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Bronchiolitis Pathophysiology and Causes1:10 Bronchiolitis Symptoms2:25 Bronchiolitis Treatment03:13 Viral Induced Wheeze Pathophysiology and Causes4:02 Viral Induced Wheeze Symptoms5:07 Viral Induced Wheeze Treatment5:44 Important Differentials ReferencesBhatia, R - MSD Manual Pro (2024) - “Bronchiolitis”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/respiratory-disorders-in-young-children/bronchiolitisNICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2024) - “Cough - acute with chest signs in children”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/cough-acute-with-chest-signs-in-children/diagnosis/diagnosis-of-cause/Zaininger, P - Geeky Medics (2024) - “Viral Induced Wheeze and Asthma”. Available at https://geekymedics.com/viral-induced-wheeze-and-asthma/Snelson, E - RCEM Learning (2024) - “Coughing, Wheezy and Stridulous Children”. Available at https://www.rcemlearning.co.uk/foamed/coughing-wheezy-and-stridulous-children/Children's Hospital of Philadelphia - “Heart Failure in Children”. Available at https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/heart-failure-childrenPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Osteoarthritis, including pathophysiology, most common symptoms of Osteoarthritis, diagnosis with a mnemonic on X Ray findings as well as Osteoarthritis treatment options. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Osteoarthritis? 0:17 Osteoarthritis Pathophysiology1:54 Osteoarthritis Symptoms 3:38 Osteoarthritis Causes and Risk Factors4:48 Osteoarthritis Diagnosis5:45 Osteoarthritis TreatmentReferencesYaseen, K - MSD Manual Pro (2024) - “Osteoarthritis”. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/joint-disorders/osteoarthritis-oaBMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Osteoarthritis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/192?q=OsteoarthritisWatson, A - Geeky Medics (20233) - “Hip Anatomy”. Available at https://geekymedics.com/hip-jointDahbi, R - Radiopaedia (2020) - “Osteoarthritis (Mnemonic)”. Available at https://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteoarthritis-mnemonicPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. #medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) explained, including GBS pathophysiology and causes, symptoms and how they vary between the GBS subtypes (e.g Miller Fisher, AMAN). Also includes diagnosis and GBS treatment. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Guillain Barre Syndrome? 0:36 Guillain Barre Syndrome Pathophysiology2:29 Guillain Barre Syndrome Symptoms4:40 Guillain Barre Syndrome Subtypes5:38 Guillain Barre Syndrome Causes6:21 Guillain Barre Syndrome Diagnosis7:50 Guillain Barre Syndrome TreatmentReferencesRubin, M - MSD Manual Pro (2024) - “Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/neurologic-disorders/peripheral-nervous-system-and-motor-unit-disorders/guillain-barré-syndrome-gbsBMJ Best Practice (2022) - “Guillain-Barre Syndrome”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/176StatPearls -Thy P. Nguyen; Roger S. Taylor (2023) “Guillain-Barre Syndrome”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532254Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Psoriasis explained, including the different types and treatment options for each. Also includes psoriasis pathophysiology, causes and aggravating factors. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Psoriasis?0:21 Psoriasis Pathophysiology1:57 Psoriasis Causes and Triggering Factors3:42 Psoriasis Symptoms & Psoriasis Types7:28 Psoriasis Diagnosis8:10 Psoriasis TreatmentReferencesJones, C (2023) - DermNetNZ - “Psoriasis”. Available at https://dermnetnz.org/topics/psoriasisWu, B (2017) - DermNetNZ - “Drug-Induced Psoriasis”. Available at https://dermnetnz.org/topics/drug-induced-psoriasisNational Psoriasis Foundation (2022) - “Psoriasis: Causes & Triggers”. Available at https://www.psoriasis.org/causes/British Association of Dermatologists (2018) - “PSORIASIS – AN OVERVIEW”. Available at https://cdn.bad.org.uk/uploads/2021/12/29200253/Psoriasis-an-overview-update-October-2018-Lay-review-October-2018.pdfWitold Owczarek (2022) - “The role of HLA-Cw6 in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis**”.** Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9661405/Psoriasis Association (2016) - “Types of Psoriasis “. Available at https://www.psoriasis-association.org.uk/media/InformationSheets/Types.pdfAmerican Academy of Dermatology Association - “Management of Adult Psoriasis with Topicals”. Available at https://assets.ctfassets.net/1ny4yoiyrqia/56bNCO2qMLxBtICdr9biM6/204ac5f5d98243e116bce0b5725b9f92/AAD-Guideline-Topical-Psoriasis-Clinical-Pathway-May-2023-Update.pdfHani, Y - (2024) - “Anatomy, Skin (Integument), Epidermis”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470464/#:~:text=The epidermis, the skin's outermost layer, is composed ofRendon, A (2019) - “Psoriasis Pathogenesis and Treatment**”.** Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6471628/#:~:text=Our discussion begins by addressing the inflammatoryPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A look at Histrionic Personality Disorder, a Cluster B Disorder in the DSM 5, including the main symptoms and traits, as well as the diagnostic criteria. Also includes treatment approach.  Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps0:00 What is a Personality Disorder? 0:22 What is Histrionic Personality Disorder? 0:55 Histrionic Personality Disorder Symptoms2:10 Histrionic Personality Disorder Diagnosis (DSM 5 Criteria)2:34 Histrionic Personality Disorder Causes & Epidemiology 3:24 Histrionic Personality Disorder TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesZimmerman, M - MSD Manual Pro (2023) - “Histrionic Personality Disorder”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/histrionic-personality-disorder-hpdT,J. Torrico - StatPearls (2024) - “Histrionic Personality Disorder”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542325/PsychDB (2024) - “Histrionic Personality Disorder”. Available at https://www.psychdb.com/personality/histrionicPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD), including the 9 core signs and symptoms as well as the DSM 5 criteria for diagnosis. Also includes treatment / management options. Free Practice Material:https://app.wisdolia.com/deck/k5eIx6VHKWXwmpbUZGSb?r=DnwHGyl95QQgP3ecVSPDHrFGE0E0qB&ref=rhesusmedicineConsider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is a Personality Disorder? 0:22 What is Narcissistic Personality Disorder? 0:39 Narcissistic Personality Disorder Symptoms2:36 Narcissistic Personality Disorder Diagnosis (DSM 5 Criteria)3:29 Narcissistic Personality Disorder Causes & Epidemiology 4:17 Narcissistic Personality Disorder TreatmentReferencesZimmerman, M - MSD Manual Pro (2023) - “Narcissistic Personality Disorder”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/narcissistic-personality-disorder-npdRonningstam, E - “Narcissistic Personality Disorder: A Basic Guide for Providers**”.** Available at ****Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Guide for Providers at McLean HospitalPo Wenger, C (2024) - “Narcissistic Personality Disorder**”.** Available at https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/narcissistic-personality-disorderPsychDB (2024) - “Narcissistic Personality Disorder**”.** Available at https://www.psychdb.com/personality/narcissisticYu, L.L.L, Huajian, C - (2018) “The Etiology of Narcissism: A Review of Behavioral Genetic Studies”. Available at https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_16?sharing_token=8TalAHCcduvcrHiO1LQzFfe4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY7JlesuMlHV_YZiYCFlxHB5LfgxgMqHTxbtyuZ5Jrkn16vlsJ3o4Ybjmi6BrAeCngLOZ2-cRUzkcXhWjh5rg8kyQl63wbG19HsppBGGIdm7QPUNrT94c_9-yf6xTyhYfgs%3DPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding sciatica, including pathophysiology and causes, as well as red flag symptoms of sciatica, its diagnosis and sciatica treatment. Free Practice Material: https://app.wisdolia.com/deck/XScCpeACwXr0jlY55I9a?r=DnwHGyl95QQgP3ecVSPDHrFGE0E0qB&ref=rhesusmedicineConsider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:04 What is Sciatica?0:42 Sciatica Pathophysiology1:21 What causes sciatica? 2:54 Sciatica Symptoms4:27 Sciatica Red Flag Symptoms5:16 Sciatica Diagnosis5:37 Sciatica TreatmentReferencesClinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) - “Sciatica (lumbar radiculopathy)”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/sciatica-lumbar-radiculopathy/Moley, P.J - MSD Manual (2022) - “Sciatica**”.** Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/neck-and-back-pain/sciatica#Diagnosis_v908535Teach Me Orthopedics (2024) - “Sciatica**”.** Available at https://teachmeorthopedics.info/sciatica-2/Davis, D - StatPearls (2024) - “Sciatica”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507908/Simoens, F - Physiopedia - “Disc Herniation”. Available at https://www.physio-pedia.com/Disc_HerniationPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Chronic cough causes explained, looking at the differential diagnosis of a chronic cough as well as treatment options. Includes red flag symptoms associated with chronic cough.Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is a cough?0:30 Acute vs Chronic Cough1:38 Causes of a Chronic Cough 4:11 Chronic Cough Red Flags5:25 Chronic Cough TreatmentReferencesClinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) - “Cough”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/cough/Parker, S, M - British Thoracic Society (2023) - “British Thoracic Society Clinical Statement on chronic cough in adults**”.** Available at https://thorax.bmj.com/content/78/Suppl_6/s3Pinto, B (2020) “ACEI-induced cough: A review of current evidence and its practical implications for optimal CV risk reduction**”.** Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7670268/Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A summary of the main contraceptive methods including the pill, mini pill, implant, injection and intrauterine devices. Also includes a classification to make them easier to remember. We also cover the main features of each and general contraindications. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill (The Pill)4:06 Progesterone Only Pill (POP / Mini Pill)5:34 Intrauterine System (IUS / Hormonal Coil)6:59 Progesterone Implant 7:52 Progesterone Injection 9:06 Barrier Methods 9:55 Natural Family Planning10:24 Copper Intrauterine Device (Cu-IUD)ReferencesClinical Knowledge Summaries (2024) - “Contraception - combined hormonal methods**”.** Available at ****https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/contraception-combined-hormonal-methods/TeachMeObGyn - Fitzgerald, G, Wes (2023 & 2022) - “Contraception”. Available at ****https://teachmeobgyn.com/sexual-health/contraception/Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Health (2019) “UK Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (UKMEC**)”**. Available at https://www.fsrh.org/Public/Public/Standards-and-Guidance/uk-medical-eligibility-criteria-for-contraceptive-use-ukmec.aspx?hkey=82727ce6-756b-4b88-a5ab-acaf27c48669Electronic Medicines Compendium (2024) - “Mirena 20 micrograms/24 hours intrauterine delivery system**”.** Available at https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/1132/smpcGeeky Medics - Beattie, A (2023) “Methods of Contraception”. Available at https://geekymedics.com/methods-of-contraception/Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Aortic Stenosis explained clearly, including  pathophysiology and causes. Also features the aortic stenosis murmur sound, and treatment including TAVI vs SAVR. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Aortic Stenosis? 0:51 Aortic Stenosis Pathophysiology2:16 Aortic Stenosis Causes3:39 Aortic Stenosis Symptoms5:04 Aortic Stenosis Murmur 6:46 Aortic Stenosis Diagnosis7:10 Aortic Stenosis Treatment - TAVI 08:06 Aortic Stenosis Treatment - SAVRHeart sounds by:Professional Skill Builder, Copyright 2005-2015 by The Regents of the University of Michigan (https://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/psb_open/html/repo/primer_heartsound/primer_heartsound.html)License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ReferencesBMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Aortic Stenosis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/325Guy P. Armstrong*, MD -* MSD Manual Pro (2023) - “Aortic Stenosis”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/valvular-disorders/aortic-stenosisGuillaume Marquis-Gravel, MD, Msc - AHA Journals (2016) - “Medical Management of Aortic Stenosis”. Available at https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.023997Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Acute Sore Throat explained, including different causes including strep throat and peritonsillar abscess, with treatment of each. Also includes common associated symptoms as well as more worrying symptoms and a viral vs bacterial scoring system for acute sore throat. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is a sore throat?0:30 Sore Throat Symptoms1:50 Tonsillopharyngitis / Acute Pharyngitis / Strep Throat4:34 Infectious Mononucleosis 5:37 Peritonsillar Abscess (Quinsy) 7:04 Parapharyngeal Abscess & Retropharyngeal Abscess8:42 EpiglottitisReferences:1. BMJ Best Practice (2024) “Acute Pharyngitis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/5/2. Cheng, A.G - MSD Manual Pro (2024) “Tonsillopharyngitis”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/oral-and-pharyngeal-disorders/tonsillopharyngitis#Symptoms-and-Signs_v9468593. Laura Sauve, A - Canadian Paediatric Society (2021) “Group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis: A practical guide to diagnosis and treatment”. Available at https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/group-a-streptococcal4. Efi Mantzourani (2022) - “Characteristics of the sore throat test and treat service in community pharmacies (STREP) in Wales: cross-sectional analysis of 11 304 consultations using anonymized electronic pharmacy records”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9780525/#:~:text=Acute%20sore%20throat%20is%20a%20common%20presentation%20in,GABHS%20and%20viral%20infections%20is%20less%20accurate.%2011 5. ENTSHO (2022) - “Acute Sore Throat”. Available at https://entsho.com/triage-acute-sore-throat6. Watkins, R - Geeky Medics (2024) - “Rheumatic Fever”. Available at  https://geekymedics.com/rheumatic-fever/7. Kenneth, M.K - MSD Manual Pro (2023) - “Infectious Mononucleosis”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/herpesviruses/infectious-mononucleosis8. Cheng, A.G - MSD Manual Pro (2024) - “Epiglottitis”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/oral-and-pharyngeal-disorders/epiglottitisPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Systematic approach to taking a good medical history, including example structure. Also includes key questions and information to ask, as well as generating a differential and management plan. Free Practice Material:https://app.wisdolia.com/deck/G5TCwMXZ8xZEXipwAtoG/sepsis-flashcards-multiple-choice-questions-quiz?r=DnwHGyl95QQgP3ecVSPDHrFGE0E0qB&ref=rhesusmedicineConsider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:25 Before Beginning1:16 History of Presenting Complaint4:55 Review of Systems6:28 Past Medical History6:59 Drug History7:46 Social History8:08 Family History 8:27 Integrating Examination & Investigations9:05 Diagnosis and Management Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. ReferencesOSCE Stop - “The Medical History”. Available at https://oscestop.education/history-taking/the-medical-history/University College London (2015-2016) - "Guide to History Taking and Examination”. Available at https://www.ucl.ac.uk/epidemiology-health-care/sites/epidemiology-health-care/files/history-exam.pdfGeeky Medics (2023) - “Presenting A History - OSCE Guide”. Available at https://geekymedics.com/presenting-a-history-osce-guide/Oxford Medical Education (2016) - “History Taking - Overview”. Available at https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/history/medical-general/StatPearls - Jonathan R. Nichol; Joshua Henrina Sundjaja; Grant Nelson (2024) “Medical History”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534249/

Autism (Autism Spectrum Disorder / ASD) explained, including common symptoms, risk factors and DSM 5 diagnostic criteria, as well as treatment options. Free Practice Material: https://app.wisdolia.com/deck/ioRaCFhMl7O3KeStjXPn/autism-spectrum-diso-flashcards-multiple-choice-questions-quiz?r=DnwHGyl95QQgP3ecVSPDHrFGE0E0qB&ref=rhesusmedicineConsider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Autism Spectrum Disorder? 0:56 Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptoms (Autism Symptoms) 4:04 Autism Spectrum Disorder Causes5:16 Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis (Autism Diagnostic Criteria) 7:18 Autism Spectrum Disorder Management (Autism Treatment) ReferencesBMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Autism spectrum disorder**”.** Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/379/Sulkes, S, B MD - MSD Manual Pro (2024) “Autism Spectrum Disorder**”.** Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/autism-spectrum-disorder#Diagnosis_v1104819Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) explained clearly, including most common obsessions and compulsions, possible causes, diagnostic criteria for OCD as well as OCD treatment. Free Practice Material:https://app.wisdolia.com/deck/AZ3oKJkYN1rsMm006FEh/obsessive-compulsive-flashcards-multiple-choice-questions-quiz?r=DnwHGyl95QQgP3ecVSPDHrFGE0E0qB&ref=rhesusmedicineConsider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:24 What is OCD?1:05 OCD Symptoms2:08 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Causes3:12 OCD Epidemiology3:58 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Diagnosis (OCD Diagnostic Criteria) ReferencesBMJ Best Practice (2024) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/362Katharine Anne Phillips, MD, Dan J. Stein, MD, PhD - MSD Manual Pro (2023) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/obsessive-compulsive-and-related-disorders/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocdHannah Brock; Manassa Hany - StatPearls (2023) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553162/Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

We take a look at Chlamydia, including the most common signs and symptoms, life cycle, diagnosis as well as treatment. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:24 What is Chlamydia?0:54 Chlamydia Life Cycle1:42 Chlamydia Epidemiology2:20 Chlamydia Symptoms4:49 Chlamydia Diagnosis5:27 Chlamydia TreatmentReferencesBMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Genital Tract Chlamydia Infection”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/52Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2024) - “Chlamydia - Uncomplicated Genital”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/chlamydia-uncomplicated-genital/Margaret R. Hammerschlag*,* MD, MSD Manual Pro Edition (2023) - “Chlamydia”. Available at Chlamydia - Infectious Diseases - MSD Manual Professional Edition (msdmanuals.com)Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

The Chemotherapy Toxicity Man (Chemo Tox Man), is a memory tool used to easily remember the main dose limiting side effects of various chemotherapies. Free Practice Material: https://app.wisdolia.com/deck-overview/nYkSPa93LkHe96LS7br8?r=AktEDxk84PSiR5geXURFJtHIG2G2?ref=rhesusmedicineConsider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineVideo Timestamps:0:28 The Chemo Tox Man ReferencesDiaz, G (2021) - GrepMed “Chemo Man”. Available at https://www.grepmed.com/images/13767/chemo-effects-toxicities-man-sideBusti, A (2019) - “anti-NEO PLASTIC man”. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kB6R1SOca8sPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Bulimia Nervosa explained, including differences between Bulimia and Anorexia, as well as Bulimia symptoms. Also includes Bulimia Nervosa diagnostic criteria and treatment. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Bulimia Nervosa? 0:42 Bulimia Epidemiology1:21 Bulimia Symptoms3:55 Bulimia Diagnosis (Bulimia Nervosa DSM 5 Criteria)4:54 Bulimia TreatmentReferencesBMJ Best Practice (2023) “Bulimia Nervosa”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/441Di Evelyn Attia, MD, B. Timothy Walsh, MD - MSD Manual Pro (2023) “Bulimia Nervosa”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/it/professionale/disturbi-psichiatrici/disturbi-dell-alimentazione/bulimia-nervosaCynthia M. Bulik, Ph.D. (2012) “The Changing “Weightscape” of Bulimia Nervosa”. Available at https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010147Blas Garcia Garcia (2018) “Bilateral Parotid Sialadenosis Associated with Long-Standing Bulimia: A Case Report and Literature Review”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5878158/The Bulimia Project “Bulimia Diagnostic Criteria”. Available at https://bulimia.com/bulimia-diagnostic-criteria/Annelies E. van Eeden (2021) “Incidence, prevalence and mortality of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8500372/Guillermo Firman (2020) “Diagnostic Criteria for Bulimia Nervosa (DSM-5)”. Available at https://medicalcriteria.com/web/bulimia/Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Anorexia Nervosa explained, looking particularly at Anorexia symptoms including criteria for diagnosis. Also includes Anorexia treatment and epidemiology. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Anorexia?0:19 Who is affected by Anorexia? 1:22 Anorexia Symptoms3:26 Anorexia Diagnosis5:10 Anorexia TreatmentReferencesBMJ Best Practice (2024) Anorexia Nervosa. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/440/MSD Manual Pro (2022) Anorexia Nervosa. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/eating-disorders/anorexia-nervosaPlease remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A systematic approach to the Upper Limb Neurological Examination, including key features of Upper vs Lower Motor Neuron lesions, as well as mnemonics and high yield points.  Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Preparation0:53 Inspection2:13 Tone3:36 Power6:22 Reflexes8:13 Co-Ordination9:15 Sensation10:31 Concluding the ExaminationReferencesBargiela, D - Geeky Medics (2024) Upper Limb Neurological Examination. Available at https://geekymedics.com/upper-limb-neurological-examination/TeachMeSurgery (2022) Upper and Lower Limb Neurological Examination. Available at https://teachmesurgery.com/examinations/neurological/peripheral-neurological/Oxford Medical Education (2016) Neurological Examination. Available at https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/clinical-examinations/neurological-examination/Nickon, C - Life in The Fast Lane (2020) Myotomes and Differentiating Nerve Lesions. Available at https://litfl.com/myotomes-and-differentiating-nerve-lesions/Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) explained clearly, including pathophysiology and risk factors, as well  as the diagnostic criteria and treatment optionsConsider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Obstructive Sleep Apnea0:19 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Pathophysiology1:54 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Caues (Risk Factors) 3:01 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Signs and Symptoms 4:35 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Diagnosis5:51 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Treatment ReferencesJennifer M. Slowik; Abdulghani Sankari; Jacob F. Collen. - Stat Pearls (2022) Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459252/BMJ Best Practice (2023) Obstructive sleep apnoea in adults. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/215Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition.  The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A complete summary of Gout, including how people get Gout (Gout pathophysiology), as well as its causes and signs and symptoms. Also includes diagnostic criteria and gout treatment, including diet changes. Consider subscribing onYouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Gout? 0:18 Gout Pathophysiology 1:32 Gout Risk Factors / Causes3:29 Gout Signs and Symptoms6:10 Gout Diagnosis7:35 Gout TreatmentReferencesClinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) Gout. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/gout/Ardy Fenando; Manjeera Rednam; Rahul Gujarathi; Jason Widrich. - StatPearls (2022) Gout. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546606/Christina George; Stephen W. Leslie; David A. Minter. - StatPearls (2023) Hyperuricemia. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459218/Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition.  The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

We cover both Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN), including their definitions, causes and pathophysiology. Also includes the signs and symptoms, diagnosis and severity scoring, and treatment options. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Stevens-Johnson Syndrome / What is Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis? 0:37 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Pathophysiology2:15 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Signs and Symptoms3:23 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Diagnosis4:39 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome TreatmentReferencesBMJ Best Practice (2022) Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/237Julia Benedetti  MD - MSD Manual Pro (2022) Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) ****Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/hypersensitivity-and-reactive-skin-disorders/stevens-johnson-syndrome-sjs-and-toxic-epidermal-necrolysis-tenPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition.  The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A systematic approach to reading an Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) in 5 clear steps that will increase confidence in ECG interpretation. Primary reference recommended for further reading: Life In The Fast Lane - https://litfl.com/ecg-library/Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 ECG – The Basics You Need To Know 1:13 ECG Interpretation – Details and Settings 1:44 ECG Interpretation – Axis3:02 ECG Interpretation – Rate 4:09 ECG Interpretation – Rhythm 6:39 ECG Interpretation – Morphology (QRS)8:41 ECG Interpretation – Morphology (ST Segment)10:09 ECG Interpretation – Morphology (T Waves)10:58 ECG Interpretation – Morphology (QT Interval)11:42 ECG Interpretation – Morphology (U Waves)11:54 Flow Chart   12:18 Important Considerations ReferencesLife In The Fast Lane - ECG Library. Available at https://litfl.com/ecg-library/ECG Waves - A Systemic Approach to ECG interpretation: an efficient and safe method. Available at https://ecgwaves.com/topic/systematic-clinical-ecg-interpretation-review-guide/Oxford Medical Education (2014) ECG (EKG) Interpretation. Available at https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/ecgs/ecg-interpretationThoracic Key (2020) The ECG in healthy people. Available at https://thoracickey.com/the-ecg-in-healthy-people-2/MedSchool - Basics of ECG Interpretation. Available at https://medschool.co/tests/ecg-basicsPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition.  The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A look at nosebleeds (Epistaxis), including the most common causes and pathophysiology, possible consequences, and epistaxis management including nasal first aid, second line therapies and surgery. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Epistaxis? 0:13 Epistaxis Pathophysiology1:01 Epistaxis Causes (Nosebleed Causes) 2:07 Epistaxis Diagnosis2:55 Epistaxis Treatment (Nosebleed Treatment Including Nosebleed First Aid) ReferencesENT SHO (2022) Epistaxis. Available at https://entsho.com/epistaxisAyesha Tabassom; Julia J. Dahlstrom - Stat Pearls (2022) Epistaxis. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK435997/.)Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition.  The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Wilson's Disease explained (Hepatolenticular Degeneration), including its pathophysiology and genetics, signs and symptoms, diagnosis (with criteria!) and treatment options. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Wilson's Disease0:21 Wilson's Disease Pathophysiology2:06 Wilson's Disease Symptoms3:37 Wilson's Disease Causes4:07 Wilson's Disease Diagnosis 5:46 Wilson's Disease Criteria (Leipzig Score)6:20 Wilson's Disease Treatment References:BMJ Best Practice (2024) Wilson's Disease. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/427/Larry E. Johnson - MSD Manual Pro (2023) Wilson Disease. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/nutritional-disorders/mineral-deficiency-and-toxicity/wilson-diseaseGaillard F, Deng F, Weerakkody Y, et al. (2020) Face of the giant panda sign (midbrain). Available at https://radiopaedia.org/articles/face-of-the-giant-panda-sign-midbrainWu, Fei & Wang, Jing & Pu, Chunwen & Qiao, Liang & Jiang, Chunmeng (2015) Wilson's Disease: A Comprehensive Review of the Molecular Mechanisms. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Copper-is-delivered-by-HCTR1-to-cytosol-where-it-mainly-binds-to-Atox1-Atox1-transfers_fig2_276910514Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A systematic approach to the Lower Limb Neurological Examination, including mnemonics and high yield points.  Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Preparation0:49 Inspection2:01 Tone3:48 Power5:29 Reflexes7:23 Co-Ordination9:32 Sensation10:50 Concluding the ExaminationReferencesOxford Medical Education (2016) Neurological Examination. Available at https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/clinical-examinations/neurological-examination/Newman, G. - MSD Manual Pro (2023) How to Assess Muscle Strength. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/neurologic-examination/how-to-assess-muscle-strengthBargiela, D - Geeky Medics (2010) Lower Limb Neurological Examination – OSCE Guide. Available at https://geekymedics.com/lower-limb-neurological-examination/M. Flower, M. Rose and J. Stern - MRCPUK (2019) Nervous system examination for PACES. Available at https://www.mrcpuk.org/sites/default/files/documents/Nervous system examination for PACES (002).pdfHector A. Gonzalez-Usigli - MSD Manual Pro (2022) Tremor. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/movement-and-cerebellar-disorders/tremorTeach Me Orthopedics (2023 ) The Deep Tendon Or Muscle Stretch Reflexes. ****Available at https://teachmeorthopedics.info/the-deep-tendon-or-muscle-stretch-reflexes/Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) reviewed, including its subtypes, pathophysiology and risk factors. We also look at Multiple Sclerosis symptoms, as well as the diagnosis and treatment. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineRevised McDonald's Criteria (2017): https://www.va.gov/MS/Professionals/diagnosis/Updated_McDonald_Criteria_2017.pdfTimestamps:0:00 What is Multiple Sclerosis? 0:24 Multiple Sclerosis Pathophysiology2:37 Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms3:41 Multiple Sclerosis Types5:24 Multiple Sclerosis Causes and Risk Factors7:06 Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis8:00 Multiple Sclerosis TreatmentReferencesBMJ Best Practice Multiple Sclerosis. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/140NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2022) Multiple Sclerosis. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/multiple-sclerosis/Multiple Sclerosis Centers of Excellence (2021) Summary of 2017 McDonald Criteria for the Diagnosis of MS. Available at https://www.va.gov/MS/Professionals/diagnosis/Updated_McDonald_Criteria_2017.pdfDawood Tafti (2022) Multiple Sclerosis. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499849/Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A systematic approach to blood gas interpretation (blood gas analysis) in 6 main steps,  including some extra tips.  Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What does a blood gas show? 0:34 Systematic Approach - 1) Details1:05 Systematic Approach - 2) Partial Pressures3:05 Systematic Approach - 3) Haemoglobin 4:09 Systematic Approach - 4) pH -General 5:30 Systematic Approach - 5) pH - Specific 7:34 Systematic Approach - 6) pH- Compensation8:15 Systematic Approach - 7) Lactate 9:24 Systematic Approach - 8) Electrolytes & Glucose 9:57 Blood Gas PearlsReferencesDavid A. Kaufman - American Thoracic Society Interpretation of Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs). Available at https://www.thoracic.org/professionals/clinical-resources/critical-care/clinical-education/abgs.phpOxford Medical Education (2014) Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) interpretation for medical students, OSCEs and MRCP PACES. Available at **https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/abgs/abg-interpretation/Gillian Kelly - Royal College of Emergency Medicine (2021) Arterial Blood Gas Analysis. Available at https://www.rcemlearning.co.uk/reference/arterial-blood-gas-analysis/Nickson, C - Life in the Fast Lane (2020) Anion Gap. Available at https://litfl.com/anion-gap/Scott A Helgeson (2017) Normal carboxyhaemoglobin level in carbon monoxide poisoning treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Available at https://casereports.bmj.com/content/2017/bcr-2017-221174SKYLER LENTZ - Emergency Physician Monthly (2019) Blood Gases: ABG vs. VBG. Available at https://epmonthly.com/article/blood-gases-abg-vs-vbg/Yarstev, A - Deranged Physiology (2023) Concentration of total haemoglobin in the ABG sample. Available at https://derangedphysiology.com/main/cicm-primary-exam/required-reading/respiratory-system/Chapter 122/concentration-total-haemoglobin-abg-samplePlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A look at Multiple Myeloma (including MGUS), covering pathophysiology as well as signs and symptoms of multiple myeloma (CRAB criteria). Also includes the diagnostic criteria and treatment.Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Multiple Myeloma?0:21 Multiple Myeloma Pathophysiology 1:34 Plasma Cell Dyscrasias2:57 Multiple Myeloma Symptoms5:59 Multiple Myeloma Causes & Risk Factors6:51 Multiple Myeloma Diagnosis7:11 Multiple Myeloma Diagnostic Criteria7:38 Multiple Myeloma TreatmentReferencesJames R. Berenson - **MSD Manual Pro (2023) Multiple Myeloma. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/plasma-cell-disorders/multiple-myelomaSara A. Albagoush; Cameron Shumway; Alexandre M. Azevedo (2023) Multiple Myeloma. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534764International Myeloma Foundation (2021) What Are MGUS, Smoldering Multiple Myeloma, and Active Myeloma? Available at https://www.myeloma.org/what-are-mgus-smm-mmS. Vincent Rajkumar (2022) Smoldering multiple myeloma current treatment algorithms. Available at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41408-022-00719-0/Sumana Kundu (2022) Multiple Myeloma and Renal Failure: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Management. Available at https://www.cureus.com/articles/86261-multiple-myeloma-and-renal-failure-mechanisms-diagnosis-and-management#!/Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A look Pneumonia, including Community vs Hospital Acquired Pneumonia and the pathophysiology. We also cover the signs and symptoms as well as the diagnosis, Pneumonia treatment and the main antibiotics used. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Pneumonia? 0:55 Community Acquired Pneumonia 1:47 Hospital Acquired Pneumonia 2:25 Pneumonia Pathophysiology3:28 Pneumonia Symptoms (Signs and Symptoms) 4:14 Pneumonia Diagnosis5:51 Pneumonia Treatment ReferencesSethi, S - MSD Manual Pro (2022) Overview of Pneumonia. Available at*:* https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/pneumonia/overview-of-pneumoniaNICE (2019) Pneumonia (hospital-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Available at https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng139BMJ Best Practice (2022) Pneumonia (Overview). Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1113Raghavendra R. Sanivarapu; Joshua Gibson (2023) Aspiration Pneumonia. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470459/Vardhmaan Jain; Rishik Vashisht; Gizem Yilmaz; Abhishek Bhardwaj (2023) Pneumonia Pathology. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526116/Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Haemochromatosis explained, including iron physiology and haemochromatosis pathophysiology, as well as the various genetic causes of hereditary haemochromatosis. We also look at the main symptoms, diagnostic tests and treatment options. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Haemochromatosis? 0:15 Haemochromatosis Pathophysiology 2:24 Hereditary Haemochromatosis Genetics3:53 Causes of Secondary Haemochromatosis4:11 Haemochromatosis Symptoms6:18 Haemochromatosis Diagnosis7:58 Haemochromatosis TreatmentReferencesBMJ Best Practice (2023) Haemochromatosis. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/134Hamilton, J - MSD Manual Pro (2022) Hereditary Hemochromatosis. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/iron-overload/hereditary-hemochromatosisHamilton, J. - MSD Manual Pro (2022) Overview of Iron Overload. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/iron-overload/overview-of-iron-overloadHamilton, J - MSD Manual Pro (2022) Secondary Iron Overload. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/iron-overload/secondary-iron-overloadBritish Society for Haematology (2021) Guidelines for the monitoring and management of iron overload in patients with haemoglobinopathies and rare anaemias. Available at https://b-s-h.org.uk/guidelines/guidelines/guidelines-for-the-monitoring-and-management-of-iron-overload-in-patients-with-haemoglobinopathies-and-rare-anaemiasTsutomu N. (2017) Diagnosis and Clinical Implications of Diabetes in Liver Cirrhosis: A Focus on the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5686620/Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Fever in children and infants is a common presenting complaint. We look at the potential causes of fever in children as well as red flag symptoms. Also includes fever pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment.Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is a fever?0:44 Fever Pathophysiology1:35 How does Fever help fight infections?1:59 Fever vs Hyperthermia2:20 Most Common Causes of Fever in Children3:45 Signs and Symptoms5:44 Spotting the Unwell Child6:41 Diagnosis of Fever in Children8:47 Treatment of Fever in ChildrenReferences:BMJ Best Practice (2023) Assessment of fever in children. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/692/diagnosis-approachNICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) Feverish Children Risk Assessment and Management. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/feverish-children-risk-assessment-management/NICE (2019) Traffic light system for identifying risk of serious illness in under 5. Available at https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng143/resources/support-for-education-and-learning-educational-resource-traffic-light-table-pdf-6960664333Consolini, D - MSD Manuals Pro (2022) Fever in Infants and Children. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/pediatrics/symptoms-in-infants-and-children/fever-in-infants-and-childrenMeningitis Now Meningitis symptoms in children. Available at https://www.meningitisnow.org/meningitis-explained/signs-and-symptoms/signs-and-symptoms-children/Upton D. Allen - Canadian Paediatric Society (2018) The use of antiviral drugs for influenza: Guidance for practitioners. Available at https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/antiviral-drugs-for-influenzaPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

We look at the most common ECG rhythms and patterns seen in Medicine, including main identifying features of each. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineRecommended sources for further reading:https://litfl.com/ecg-library/https://ecgwaves.com/Timestamps:0:00 Sinus Rhythm (Sinus Tachycardia & Sinus Bradycardia1:06 Atrial Fibrillation 2:35 – AF video link2:38 Atrial Flutter4:26 Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVCs) & Premature Atrial Contractions (PACs)5:40 Bundle Branch Block (LBBB & RBBB) 6:41 1st Degree AV Block7:03 2nd Degree AV Block - Mobitz 1 (Wenckebach) & Mobitz 2 (Hay)7:39 3rd Degree Heart Block (Complete Heart Block) 8:15 Heart Block Video Link8:19 Ventricular Tachycardia & Ventricular Fibrillation10:20 ST ElevationReferences:Nickson, C - Life in the Fast Lane (2023) Atrial Fibrillation. Available at https://litfl.com/atrial-fibrillation/Buttner, R. Burns, E - Life in the Fast Lane (2022) Atrial Flutter. Available at https://litfl.com/atrial-flutter-ecg-library/Larkin, J. Burns, E - Life in the Fast Lane (2021) AV Block: 1st Degree. Available at https://litfl.com/first-degree-heart-block-ecg-library/Burns, E. Buttner, R - Life in the Fast Lane (2021) AV Block: 2nd degree, Mobitz I (Wenckebach Phenomenon). Available at https://litfl.com/av-block-2nd-degree-mobitz-i-wenckebach-phenomenon/Burns, E. Buttner, R - Life in the Fast Lane (2022) AV Block: 2nd degree, Mobitz II (Hay block). Available at https://litfl.com/av-block-2nd-degree-mobitz-ii-hay-block/Larkin, J. Buttner, R. - Life in the Fast Lane (2023) AV Block: 3rd Degree. Available at https://litfl.com/av-block-3rd-degree-complete-heart-block/Buttner, R. Burns, E - Life in the Fast Lane (2023) Ventricular Tachycardia – Monomorphic VT. Available at https://litfl.com/ventricular-tachycardia-monomorphic-ecg-library/Burns, E. Buttner, R - Life in the Fast Lane (2022) The ST Segment. Available at https://litfl.com/st-segment-ecg-library/British Heart Foundation Atrial Flutter and Atrial Fibrillation. Available at https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/medical/ask-the-experts/atrial-flutterECG Waves The ECG Book. Available at https://ecgwaves.com/course/the-ecg-book/Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Trigeminal Neuralgia explained, including symptoms, causes, pathophysiology as well as diagnosis (with criteria) and treatment options.Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Trigeminal Neuralgia?0:15 Trigeminal Neuralgia Pathophysiology1:30 Trigeminal Neuralgia Symptoms2:31 Trigeminal Neuralgia Causes3:04 Trigeminal Neuralgia Diagnosis4:33 Trigeminal Neuralgia TreatmentReferencesBMJ Best Practice (2023) Trigeminal Neuralgia. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/209/NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2022) Trigeminal Neuralgia. Available at: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/trigeminal-neuralgia/Julie G. Pilitsis, MD, PhD, Olga Khazen - American Association of Neurological Surgeons -Trigeminal Neuralgia. Available at https://www.aans.org/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Trigeminal-NeuralgiaNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke - Trigeminal Neuralgia. Available at: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/trigeminal-neuralgiaPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Cranial Nerve Examination explained, including individual nerve functions as well as mnemonics to remember Cranial Nerve names and function! Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Preparation0:59 Cranial Nerve Mnemonics1:42 General Inspection2:04 Cranial Nerve 1 (Olfactory Nerve)2:52 Cranial Nerve 2 (Optic Nerve) 5:05 Pupillary Reflexes7:20 Cranial Nerve 3 (Oculomotor) Cranial Nerve 4 (Trochlear) & Cranial Nerve 6 (Abducens)9:11 Cranial Nerve 5 (Trigeminal Nerve)10:49 Cranial Nerve 7 (Facial Nerve)12:29 Cranial Nerve 8 (Vestibulocochlear Nerve)12:58 Cranial Nerve 9 (Glossopharyngeal Nerve) & Cranial Nerve 10 (Vagus Nerve)14:26 Cranial Nerve 11 (Spinal Accessory Nerve)14:47 Cranial Nerve 12 (Hypoglossal Nerve)15:17 Concluding the ExaminationReferences:Sanders, K. - Teach Me Anatomy (2022)“Cranial Nerves”. Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/head/cranial-nerves/Oxford Medical Education (2015) “Cranial Nerve Examination”. Available at: https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/clinical-examinations/cranial-nerve-examination/M. Flower, M. Rose and J. Stern - MRCP (2019) “Nervous System Examination”. Available at: https://www.mrcpuk.org/sites/default/files/documents/Nervous system examination for PACES (002).pdfBargiela, D - Geeky Medics (2010) - “Cranial Nerve Examination - OSCE Guide”. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/cranial-nerve-exam/Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A review of the Cardiovascular System Examination, involving a systematic approach to help remember the key points, including trickier parts to remember like the JVP and Osler's Nodes vs Janeway Lesions.  Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Cardiovascular System Exam Structure0:25 Preparation - WIPE Mnemonic0:57 Cardiovascular System Assessment - General Inspection1:44 Cardiovascular System Assessment - Specific Inspection6:18 Cardiovascular System Assessment - Auscultation8:28 Cardiovascular System Assessment - Palpation and Percussion10:24 Concluding the Examination ReferencesKennedy, S. PACES Medical Education Leeds (2023) Cardiovascular Examination. Available at https://www.medicaleducationleeds.com/paces/cardiovascular-examination/OSCE Stop. Cardiac Examination. Available at https://oscestop.education/clinical-examination/cardiac-examination/Baliga, R. R (2001) 250 Cases in Clinical Medicine. Available at https://archive.org/details/250casesinclinic0000bali_03edPotter, L. Geeky Medics (2023) Cardiovascular Examination. Available at https://geekymedics.com/cardiovascular-examination-2/Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.