Rhesus Medicine Podcast - Medical Education

Irritable bowel syndrome is a common disorder, affecting 5-15% of the population. In this video we cover irritable bowel syndrome symptoms, the criteria (Rome IV criteria) as well as what may cause irritable bowel syndrome. We also look at irritable bowel syndrome treatment and who is at risk of developing irritable bowel syndrome. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gastroenterologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome?  (What is IBS?)0:13 Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms (Signs and Symptoms of IBS)1:05 Who gets Irritable Bowel Syndrome? (IBS Risk Factors / Epidemiology)2:51 What causes Irritable Bowel Syndrome? 3:33 How is Irritable Bowel Syndrome diagnosed? (IBS Diagnosis)4:32 Irritable Bowel Syndrome TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesFrontline Gastroenterology, 2025. Best management of irritable bowel syndrome. Frontline Gastroenterology, 12(4), pp.303–310. [online] Available at: https://fg.bmj.com/content/12/4/303. BMJ Future GenerationsOka, P., Parr, H., Barberio, B., Black, C.J., Savarino, E.V. & Ford, A.C., 2020. Global prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome according to Rome III or IV criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 5(10), pp.908–917. [online] Available at: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langas/article/PIIS2468-1253(20)30217-X/fulltext. The LancetWikipedia, 2025. Irritable bowel syndrome – Signs and symptoms. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome#Signs_and_symptoms. WikipediaNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), 2025. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). [online] Available at: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/irritable-bowel-syndrome. NIDDKCrohn's & Colitis Foundation, 2025. IBS vs IBD – Differences between irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. [online] Available at: https://www.crohnscolitisfoundation.org/what-is-ibd/ibs-vs-ibd. crohnscolitisfoundation.orgDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction (TMJ Dysfunction) comes under the umbrella term of Temporomandibular Joint Disorder, and in this video we go through TMJ Disorder (including Temporomandibular Joint Disorder Treatment & Anatomy). Also includes risk factors/potential causes of TMJ disorder.PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/entConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Temporomandibular Joint Disorder?0:12 Temporomandibular Joint Anatomy 1:24 Signs and Symptoms of Temporomandibular Joint Disorder3:00 Temporomandibular Joint Disorder Risk Factors4:30 Temporomandibular Joint Disorder Causes5:17 Temporomandibular Joint Disorder Diagnosis6:29 Temporomandibular Joint Disorder TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesNational Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2025. Temporomandibular Joint Anatomy and Disorders. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551612/.TeachMeAnatomy, 2025. Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ). [online] Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/head/joints/temporomandibular/.Disclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Intestinal ischemia refers to a group of conditions seen with inadequate blood flow to the intestines. This includes acute mesenteric ischemia and chronic mesenteric ischemia, affecting the small intestine, and ischemic colitis affecting the large intestine. We cover the anatomy, pathology and signs of symptoms of each form of intestinal ischemia, and also look at the diagnosis and treatment. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gastroenterologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Intestinal Ischemia (Ischemic Bowel Disease)0:18 Blood Supply of Intestines 1:36 Ischemic Bowel Disease Pathology2:36 Ischemic Bowel Disease Symptoms (Mesenteric Ischemia Symptoms / Ischemic Colitis Symptoms) 3:45 Intestinal Ischemia Risk Factors (Ischemic Bowel Disease Risk Factors)4:03 Ischemic Bowel Disease Diagnosis4:53 Ischemic Bowel Disease Treatment (Mesenteric Ischemia Treatment / Ischemic Colitis Treatment)LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesInnerBody, 2025. Blood supply of the intestines – Lower torso cardiovascular anatomy. [online] Available at: https://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/cardiovascular/lower-torso/blood-supply-intestines.National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2020. Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Blood Supply of Small Intestine. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554527/.MSD Manuals Professional, 2025. Acute mesenteric ischemia – Gastrointestinal disorders / Acute abdomen and surgical gastroenterology. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/acute-abdomen-and-surgical-gastroenterology/acute-mesenteric-ischemia.Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

In this video we cover the different types of heart block as well as heart block ECG interpretation, including 1st degree, 2nd degree which has two types- Mobitz 1 or Wenckebach and Mobitz 2, as well as 3rd degree heart block also known as complete heart block. We also look at causes, symptoms and treatment options for each type of heart block. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Normal Cardiac Conduction Pathway1:07 First Degree Heart Block / 1st Degree AV Block  - ECG1:30 First Degree Heart Block  / 1st Degree AV Block -  Causes2:36 Second Degree Heart Block - Mobitz 1 / Wenckebach - ECG3:15 Second Degree Heart Block - Mobitz 1 - Causes4:01 Second Degree Heart Block - Mobitz 2 - ECG4:25 Second Degree Heart Block - Mobitz 2 - Causes5:29 Third Degree Heart Block / Complete Heart Block - ECG6:06 Third Degree Heart Block / Complete Heart Block - CausesLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/References:Life in the Fast Lane (LITFL), 2024. First-Degree Heart Block • ECG Library Diagnosis. [online] Available at: https://litfl.com/first-degree-heart-block-ecg-library/. Life in the Fast Lane • LITFLOldroyd, S.H., 2023. First-degree atrioventricular block. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448164/. NCBIMedscape, 2024. First-Degree Atrioventricular Block. eMedicine Overview. [online] Available at: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/161829-overview#a7. Medscape eMedicineLife in the Fast Lane (LITFL), 2024. AV Block: 2nd degree, Mobitz I (Wenckebach Phenomenon). [online] Available at: https://litfl.com/av-block-2nd-degree-mobitz-i-wenckebach-phenomenon/. Life in the Fast Lane • LITFLLife in the Fast Lane (LITFL), 2024. AV Block: 2nd degree, Mobitz II (Hay block). [online] Available at: https://litfl.com/av-block-2nd-degree-mobitz-ii-hay-block/. Life in the Fast Lane • LITFLDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

A look at hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, including signs and symptoms, pathophysiology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and its diagnosis (and murmur!). Also features hypertrophic cardiomyopathy treatment options. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiologyFor more medicine videos consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy? 0:14 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Epidemiology0:49 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Pathophysiology / Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy Pathophysiology2:30 Systolic Anterior Motion / Systolic Anterior Movement4:22 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Signs and Symptoms6:07 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Diagnosis7:19 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/References:Marian, A.J. & Braunwald, E., 2017. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Genetics, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Circulation Research, 121(7), pp.749–770. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5654557/. PMCLife in the Fast Lane (LITFL), 2025. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) • ECG Library Diagnosis. [online] Available at: https://litfl.com/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy-hcm-ecg-library/.BMJ Best Practice, 2025. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/409. BMJ Best PracticeDisclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Brugada Syndrome is a genetic condition that predisposes to sudden cardiac death. In this video we cover the Brugada Syndrome ECG changes and Brugada Syndrome Pathophysiology, as well as symptoms and treatment. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/Consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Brugada Syndrome? 0:22 Brugada Syndrome Epidemiology0:48 Brugada Syndrome Pathophysiology 2:33 Brugada Syndrome Symptoms 3:08 Brugada Syndrome ECG3:23 Type 1 Brugada Syndrome ECG 3:48 Type 2 Brugada Syndrome ECG4:08 Brugada Syndrome Criteria5:09 Brugada Syndrome TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/References:Life in the Fast Lane (LITFL), 2025. Brugada Syndrome • ECG Library Diagnosis. [online] Available at: https://litfl.com/brugada-syndrome-ecg-library/. Life in the Fast Lane • LITFLLi, K.H.C., Lee, S., Yin, C., Liu, T., Ngarmukos, T., Conte, G., Yan, G.X., Sy, R.W. & Letsas, K.P., 2020. Brugada syndrome: a comprehensive review of pathophysiological mechanisms and risk stratification strategies. International Journal of Cardiology Heart & Vascular, 26:100468. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6974766/. PMCStatPearls / National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2025. Brugada Syndrome. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519568/. ncbi.nlm.nih.govDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy is the most common cardiomyopathy. We cover causes, including pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of Dilated Cardiomyopathy. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Timestamps:0:00 What is Dilated Cardiomyopathy?0:13 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Epidemiology0:53 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Causes (Primary vs Secondary)1:52 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Pathophysiology (with Compensatory Mechanisms) 4:09 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Signs and Symptoms4:44 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Diagnosis5:49 Dilated Cardiomyopathy TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/References:Bice, T.W., 2024. Dilated Cardiomyopathy. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441911/. (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD), 2025. Dilated cardiomyopathy. [online] Available at: https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/221/dilated-cardiomyopathy.Wikipedia, 2025. Dilated cardiomyopathy. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilated_cardiomyopathy.Life in the Fast Lane (LITFL), 2025. Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) • ECG Library Diagnosis. [online] Available at: https://litfl.com/dilated-cardiomyopathy-dcm-ecg-library/.McDonagh, T.A., 2017. Diagnosis and assessment of dilated cardiomyopathy: a guideline protocol from the British Society of Echocardiography. Echo Research and Practice, 4(3), pp.R85–R98. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5574280/. (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy, also known as Broken Heart Syndrome, Stress Cardiomyopathy or Apical Ballooning Syndrome, is a condition that impairs the heart's ability to contract effectively. Takotsubo means octopus trap in Japanese, which is the shape the left ventricle resembles in this condition. We look at Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy pathology and symptoms, diagnosis including ECG changes as well as treatment. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Timestamps:0:00 What is Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy? 0:36 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Pathology / Causes1:59 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Risk Factors2:54 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Symptoms3:14 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Diagnosis 4:14 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Treatment & Prognosis LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesAhmad, S.A., Khalid, N. & Ibrahim, M.A., 2023. Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430798/. NCBICardiomyopathy UK, 2025. Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy | Cardiomyopathy UK. [online] Available at: https://www.cardiomyopathy.org/about-cardiomyopathy/types-cardiomyopathy/takotsubo-cardiomyopathy. cardiomyopathy.orgWikipedia, 2025. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takotsubo_cardiomyopathy. WikipediaDisclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Timestamps:0:00 What is Heart Failure / Heart Failure Definition0:11 Systolic vs Diastolic Heart Failure 0:31 How is Cardiac Output Calculated2:28 Causes of Heart Failure 4:39 Heart Failure Risk Factors5:24 Signs and Symptoms of Heart Failure6:12 Diagnosis of Heart Failure 7:41 Treatment of Heart Failure (HFrEF vs HFpEF) ReferencesNaing, P., Forrester, D., Kangaharan, N., Muthumala, A.S.M., Myint, S.M. & Playford, D., 2019. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. July 2019. [online] Available at: https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/july/heart-failure-with-preserved-ejection-fraction. RACGPLi, P., Zhao, H., Zhang, J., Ning, Y. & Tu, Y., 2021. Similarities and differences between HFmrEF and HFpEF. , 8:678614. [online] Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2021.678614/full. Cellular and molecular differences between HFpEF and HFrEF: a step ahead in an improved pathological understanding, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2020.  Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7016826/. NCBIAlbakri, A., 2018. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: clinical status and meta-analyses of diagnosis by 3D echocardiography and natriuretic peptides-guided therapy. Paolucci, L., 2022. New guideline-directed treatments for heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology: Case Reports. Available at: https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jaccases.2021.11.006. jacc.orgNicolas, D., 2024. Sacubitril-Valsartan. In: StatPearls . Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507904/. NCBINational Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2024. Heart failure: diagnosis, management and prognosis. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4961993/.National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2024. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK599960/. NCBIDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Acute Coronary Syndrome refers to a spectrum of conditions including Unstable Angina, Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction and ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction. In this video we look at the pathology behind acute coronary syndrome, the differences between Unstable angina, NSTEMI and STEMI, as well as the signs and symptoms, diagnosis (including ECG changes!) and treatment of each. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Acute Coronary Syndrome - Acute Coronary Syndrome Definition0:25 Coronary Artery Anatomy1:17 Acute Coronary Syndrome Pathology - Atherosclerosis 2:08 Acute Coronary Syndrome Pathology - Unstable Angina vs Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction vs ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction3:00 Acute Coronary Syndrome Risk Factors3:23 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Coronary Syndrome4:17 Acute Coronary Syndrome Diagnosis - ECG STEMI5:45 Acute Coronary Syndrome Diagnosis - ECG NSTEMI and Unstable Angina6:42 Acute Coronary Syndrome Diagnosis - Cardiac Troponin I 7:11 Acute Coronary Syndrome Diagnosis - Imaging7:42 Treatment of Acute Coronary SyndromeLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesBritish National Formulary (BNF), 2015. Acute coronary syndromes – treatment summary. [online] Available at: https://bnf.nice.org.uk/treatment-summary/acute-coronary-syndromes.html. BNFTeachMeAnatomy, 2025. Heart vasculature. [online] Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/thorax/organs/heart/heart-vasculature/. TeachMeAnatomy+1DeVon, H.A., 2020. Typical and atypical symptoms of acute coronary syndrome. Journal of the American Heart Association, 9:e015539. [online] Available at: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.119.015539. AHA JournalsWarren, A., 2020. Acute coronary syndrome: risk factors, diagnosis and treatment. The Pharmaceutical Journal. [online] Available at: https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/acute-coronary-syndrome-risk-factors-diagnosis-and-treatment. The Pharmaceutical JournalLife in the Fast Lane (LITFL), 2021. Acute coronary syndromes. [online] Available at: https://litfl.com/acute-coronary-syndromes/. Life in the Fast Lane • LITFLDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Myopericarditis includes both myocarditis and pericarditis. In this video we cover what is myopericarditis, as well as causes of myocarditis and pericarditis, signs and symptoms of pericarditis and myocarditis, as well as the diagnosis and treatment. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Myopericarditis? (What is Myocarditis / What is Pericarditis?)0:15 Anatomy - Pericardium & Layers of the Heart 1:41 Infectious Causes of Myocarditis / Pericarditis 2:31 Non Infectious Causes of Myocarditis / Pericarditis 3:22 Signs and Symptoms4:19 Diagnosis of Myopericarditis5:45 Treatment of Myocarditis and Pericarditis LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesMSD Manuals Professional, 2025. Myocarditis – Cardiovascular Disorders. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/myocarditis-and-pericarditis/myocarditis. Reviewed/Revised May 2024; Modified Oct 2025. MSD ManualsManda, Y. & Baradhi, K., 2023. Myopericarditis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534776/. NCBIWikipedia, 2025. Myopericarditis. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopericarditis. en.wikipedia.orgDisclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, or Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, is a debilitating long term condition that affects around 1% of the population. We look at the signs and symptoms including diagnostic criteria, possible causes, risk factors for chronic fatigue syndrome as well as treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/neurologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Chronic Fatigue Syndrome / Myalgic Encephalomyelitis 0:13 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Symptoms1:47 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Risk Factors2:40 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Diagnosis3:43 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesYang, J., Keller, S., Lin, J.S., et al., 2022. Ginseng for the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome: a systematic review of clinical studies. Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 11, pp.1–8. [online] Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/2164957X221079790. SAGE JournalsTirelli, U., et al., 2021. Patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome treated with oxygen-ozone autohemotherapy. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(1), p.29. [online] Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/1/29. mdpi.comMerck Manuals Professional, 2025. Chronic fatigue syndrome (myalgic encephalomyelitis). [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/special-subjects/chronic-fatigue-syndrome/chronic-fatigue-syndrome. Reviewed/Revised Jul 2023; Modified Apr 2025Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

An overview of what is a hiatus hernia (including sliding & paraesophageal classification), the causes of a hiatus hernia as well as the most common signs and symptoms. Also includes diagnosis and treatment of hiatus hernia. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/gastroenterologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is  Hiatal Hernia0:27 Hiatal Hernia Causes / Pathophysiology1:09 Hiatal Hernia Symptoms2:05 Epidemiology (Who gets a Hiatal Hernia)2:20 Hiatal Hernia Classification3:09 Hiatal Hernia Diagnosis3:53 Hiatal Hernia TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferenceNational Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2024. Hiatal hernia. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562200/. NCBIHyun, J.J., 2011. Clinical significance of hiatal hernia. PMC Articles, PMCID PMC3166665. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3166665/. PMCEmbleton, D.B. et al., 2018. Congenital hiatus hernia: a case series. PMC Articles, PMCID PMC6593919. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6593919/. PMCHopkins Medicine, 2022. Hiatal hernia. [online] Available at: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/hernias/hiatal-hernia. Hopkins MedicinePatient.info, 2025. Hiatus hernia: symptoms, causes and treatment. [online] Available at: https://patient.info/digestive-health/acid-reflux-and-oesophagitis/hiatus-hernia#nav-5. PatientMSD Manuals, 2025. Hiatus hernia – esophageal and swallowing disorders. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/esophageal-and-swallowing-disorders/hiatus-hernia.Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Atrial Fibrillation is the most commonly diagnosed cardiac arrhythmia. In this video we cover what is atrial fibrillation, the signs and symptoms, causes of atrial fibrillation and the complications of atrial fibrillation. We also look at how atrial fibrillation is diagnosed, and treated (with rate vs rhythm control). PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiologyFor more medicine videos consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Atrial Fibrillation?0:12 Atrial Fibrillation Pathophysiology1:14 Atrial Fibrillation Causes2:39 Atrial Fibrillation Signs and Symptoms3:30 Atrial Fibrillation Complications4:35 Atrial Fibrillation Diagnosis5:28 Atrial Fibrillation Management (Rate vs Rhythm Control) LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesDing, W.Y., Gupta, D. & Lip, G.Y.H., 2020. Atrial fibrillation and the prothrombotic state: revisiting Virchow's triad in 2020. Heart, 106(19), pp.1463–1468. [online] Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32675218/. PubMed+1National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2016. Symptoms in atrial fibrillation: a contemporary review and future directions. PMCID: PMC5089512. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5089512/. PMCNational Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2020. Etiology, pathology, and classification of atrial fibrillation. PMCID: PMC7250635. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7250635/. PMCWikipedia, 2025. Atrial fibrillation: Causes. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation#Causes. WikipediaNICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (CKS), 2025. Atrial fibrillation – prevalence. [online] Available at: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/atrial-fibrillation/background-information/prevalence/. Clinical Knowledge SummaryDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

A complete look at asthma, including asthma pathophysiology, causes, as well as asthma signs and symptoms. Also includes how asthma is diagnosed as well as asthma treatment.PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/respiratoryConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Asthma / Asthma Definition0:22 Asthma Pathophysiology - Anatomy1:09 Asthma Molecular Pathology  (Early v Late Phase) 3:12 Airway Remodelling3:40 Asthma Causes & Risk Factors4:40 Asthma Symptoms 5:38 Asthma Diagnosis (Chronic - Includes Spirometry)7:15 Acute Exacerbation of Asthma (Mnemonic)8:00 Asthma Treatment - Stepwise ApproachLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesNational Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2018. Asthma. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6157154/. PubMed CentralWiley Online Library, 2023. Allergic disease article. Allergy [online] Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/all.14607. (Exact article title assumed – if you want the full title, provide the page text).National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2025. Pathophysiology of Asthma. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551579/. NCBIMoore, V.C., 2025. Spirometry: step by step. Breathe, 8(3), pp.232-240. [online] Available at: https://publications.ersnet.org/content/breathe/8/3/232. ERS PublicationsReddel, H.K. et al., 2021. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) Strategy 2021 – Executive summary and rationale for key changes. European Respiratory Journal, 59(1):2102730. [online] Available at: https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/59/1/2102730. ERS PublicationsBMJ Best Practice, 2025. BMJ Best Practice: Info. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/info/.Disclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

An easy way to remember the bones of the wrist and hand, including names, position and fractures like the Boxer's Facture! PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/orthopaedicsConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Bones of the Wrist Mnemonic0:54 Scaphoid Fracture (Avascular Necrosis)1:36 Metacarpals (& Boxer's Fracture)2:02 Phalanges LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesTeachMeAnatomy, 2025. Bones of the Hand – Carpals, Metacarpals & Phalanges. [online] Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/upper-limb/bones/hand/.Geeky Medics, 2025. Bones of the Hand | Carpal bones – Metacarpal bones. [online] Available at: https://geekymedics.com/bones-of-the-hand/.Disclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Infective endocarditis is a rare but life threatening infection of the heart, specifically the endocardium. We look at what causes infective endocarditis, its signs and symptoms, as well as diagnosis (including dukes criteria for infective endocarditis) and treatment.PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/cardiologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Infective Endocarditis? (Definition) 0:15 Infective Endocarditis Pathophysiology 1:45 Infective Endocarditis Complications3:05 Infective Endocarditis Signs and Symptoms4:20  Infective Endocarditis Risk Factors (Causes) 5:19 Which microorganisms cause infective endocarditis? 6:02 Infective Endocarditis Epidemiology6:45 Infective Endocarditis Diagnosis (Duke Criteria)8:08 Infective Endocarditis Treatment LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesHolland, T.L., Baddour, L.M., Bayer, A.S., Hoen, B. & Miro, J.M., 2016. Infective endocarditis. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 2:16059. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240923/. PubMed CentralWikipedia, 2025. Infective endocarditis. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infective_endocarditis. WikipediaRajani, R. & Klein, J.L., 2020. Infective endocarditis: A contemporary update. Clinical Medicine, 20(1), pp.31-35. [online] Available at: https://www.rcpjournals.org/content/clinmedicine/20/1/31. OvidRazmi, R. & Magnusson, P., 2019. Introductory chapter: Infective endocarditis – An introduction. In: Infective Endocarditis. IntechOpen. [online] Available at: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/45210. ResearchGateNational Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD), 2024. Endocarditis, infective. [online] Available at: https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/endocarditis-infective/. National Organization for Rare DisordersDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Depression, also known as major depressive disorder, is projected to be the number 1 cause of disease burden by 2030. We look at the causes and risk factors, the DSM 5 diagnostic criteria, and the treatment of depression.PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/psychiatryConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Major Depressive Disorder0:23 DSM 5 Criteria - Major Depressive Disorder 1:58 Depression Causes & Risk Factors 3:10 Depression Pathophysiology 4:28 Depression Epidemiology 4:59 Depression Diagnosis 5:39 Depression Treatment LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/Reference:Bains, N. & Abdijadid, S., 2023. Major Depressive Disorder. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559078/. NCBIPsycom, 2025. DSM-5 depression criteria – Major Depressive Disorder. [online] Available at: https://www.psycom.net/depression/major-depressive-disorder/dsm-5-depression-criteria.Wikipedia, 2025. Major depressive disorder. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder.National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 2025. Depression. [online] Available at: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression.Bondy, B., 2002. Pathophysiology of depression and mechanisms of treatment. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 4(1), pp.7–20. [online] Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.31887/DCNS.2002.4.1/bbondy. Taylor & Francis OnlineDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Venous Thromboembolism refers to the presence of blood clots in veins, in particular deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. We cover both, including Virchow's Triad and the pathophysiology of pulmonary embolism. Also included are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of both. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/respiratoryConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Venous Thromboembolism?0:32 Normal Cardiac and Pulmonary Circulation 0:59 Deep Vein Thrombosis Pathophysiology (& Most Common Veins)1:24 Pulmonary Embolism Pathophysiology 3:52 Venous Thromboembolism Pathophysiology (Virchow's Triad)5:32 Signs and Symptoms of Deep Vein Thrombosis5:49 Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism6:25 Venous Thromboembolism Diagnosis8:18 Pulmonary Embolism ECG Findings8:53 Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis / Pulmonary EmbolismLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesStone, J., Hangge, P., Albadawi, H., Wallace, A., Shamoun, F., Grace Knuttien, M., Naidu, S. & Oklu, R., 2017. Deep vein thrombosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and medical management. Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy, 7(Suppl 3), pp.S276–S284. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5778510/. PubMed CentralMSD Manuals Professional, 2025. Pulmonary embolism (PE) – Pulmonary Disorders. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/pulmonary-embolism/pulmonary-embolism-pe.Turetz, M., Sideris, A.T., Friedman, O.A. & Triphathi, N., 2018. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and natural history of pulmonary embolism. Seminars in Interventional Radiology. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5986574/. PubMed CentralMSD Manuals Professional, 2025. Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT) – Cardiovascular Disorders / Peripheral Venous Disorders. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/peripheral-venous-disorders/deep-venous-thrombosis-dvt.Disclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Understanding Rhinosinusitis (Sinusitis), including normal sinus anatomy, causes of sinusitis as well as pathophysiology. Also features sinusitis symptoms, diagnostic criteria and sinusitis treatment (Acute and chronic). PDFs available here: Rhesus MedicineConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Sinusitis? 1:09 Sinusitis Pathophysiology2:20 Sinusitis Causes3:55 Sinusitis Symptoms5:05 Sinusitis Diagnosis6:17 Sinusitis TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesBMJ Best Practice, 2025. Diagnosis approach – rhinosinusitis. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/15/diagnosis-approach.MSD Manuals, 2025. Sinusitis – Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/nose-and-paranasal-sinus-disorders/sinusitis msdmanuals.comRatajczak, M., Fijalkowska-Ratajczak, T., Kaminska, D., Leszczyńska, M. & Dlugaszewska, J., 2025. The importance of Gram-negative rods in chronic rhinosinusitis. Applied Sciences, 15(11), p.6108. [online] Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/11/6108 MDPIPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A quick and easy way to remember the Salter Harris classification, using the mnemonic SALTR.PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/orthopaedicsConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesGaillard F, Silverstone L, Walizai T, et al. Salter-Harris classification. Radiopaedia.org. Last revised 11 February 2025. Available at: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/salter-harris-classification?lang=gbPhyseal (growth plate) injuries. The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne. Available at: https://www.rch.org.au/fracture-education/growth_plate_injuries/physeal_growth_plate_injuries/Levine RH, Thomas A, Nezwek TA, et al. Salter-Harris Fracture. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–. [Updated 10 August 2023] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430688/Image EM/79444. UpToDate. Available at: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=EM%2F79444Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition.  The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

PDFs Available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/neurologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Timestamps:0:00 What is Dementia?0:47 Dementia Sign and Symptoms (Dementia Timeline) 1:12 Dementia Symptoms3:45 Alzheimer's Disease5:29 Vascular Dementia7:03 Dementia With Lewy Bodies (Lewy Body Dementia)8:09 Frontotemporal Dementia9:23 Dementia Risk Factors11:36 Dementia Diagnosis 12:58 Dementia TreatmentReferencesNational Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2019. Dementia. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557444/Alzheimer's Association, 2025. What is dementia? Available at: https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementiaNational Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2019. Alzheimer Disease. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499922/Dementia Care Central, 2025. Vascular Dementia.Available at: https://www.dementiacarecentral.com/aboutdementia/vascular/Alzheimer's Society, 2025. What can increase a person's risk of dementia? Available at: https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/risk-factors-and-prevention/what-can-increase-persons-risk-of-dementiaWikipedia, 2025. Dementia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DementiaAlzheimer's Society, 2025. The later stage of dementia. Available at: https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/symptoms-and-diagnosis/how-dementia-progresses/later-stages-dementiaNational Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2019. Dementia: Clinical Overview.  Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6689673/National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2016. Dementia Prevention, Intervention, and Care.  Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4827373/Lewy Body Dementia Association, 2025. Symptoms.  Available at: https://www.lewybody.org/about-lbd/symptoms/Alzheimer's Association, 2025. Frontotemporal Dementia. Available at: https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/types-of-dementia/frontotemporal-dementiaNational Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2020. Dementia with Lewy Bodies. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559286/Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Borderline Personality Disorder (also known as Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder), is characterised by strong emotional responses, unstable relationships and a disturbed sense of self. In this video we cover the symptoms (including DSM 5 diagnostic criteria) as well as potential causes, and treatment. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/psychiatryFree Practice Material: https://app.wisdolia.com/learning-journey/all-cards/h1JbWDFGFLCZtYCAZkfu?showListView=true&r=DnwHGyl95QQgP3ecVSPDHrFGE0E0qB&ref=rhesusmedicineConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:What is a personality disorder? 0:00What is Borderline Personality Disorder? 0:20 Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms 0:45Borderline Personality Disorder Diagnosis / DSM 5 Criteria 1:49Borderline Personality Disorder Causes / Risk Factors 2:06Complications 3:12Borderline Personality Disorder Treatment 3:59LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesPriory Group, 2022. Emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD) treatment. [online] Available at: https://www.priorygroup.com/mental-health/personality-disorder-treatment/emotionally-unstable-personality-disorder-eupd.National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 2025. Borderline personality disorder. [online] Available at: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/borderline-personality-disorder.Verywell Mind, 2025. Borderline personality disorder: Symptoms and diagnosis. [online] Available at: https://www.verywellmind.com/borderline-personality-disorder-diagnosis-425174.National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2025. Borderline personality disorder. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430883/.Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), previously known as Attention Deficit Disorder. We look at the ADHD symptoms, diagnosis (including criteria) and the treatment options. PDFs available here:  https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/psychiatryConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder? 0:20 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms 2:29 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Complications3:15 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Pathophysiology4:01 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Causes4:53 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis (DSM 5 Criteria) 5:48 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/References:BMJ Best Practice, 2025. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/814.Wikipedia, 2025. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder.Inflow, 2022. Emotional dysregulation and ADHD: why you feel 'too much'. [online] Available at: https://www.getinflow.io/post/emotional-dysregulation-adhd-signs.National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2025. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441838/.National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2025. Presenting ADHD Symptoms, Subtypes, and Comorbid Disorders in Clinically Referred Adults with ADHD. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2948439/.Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Serotonin syndrome, also known as serotonin toxicity is a potential life threatening condition due to excessive serotonin levels in the body. In this video we look at the symptoms, diagnosis including Hunter Serotonin Toxicity Criteria and treatment. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/psychiatryConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Serotonin Syndrome? 0:25 Serotonin Syndrome Pathophysiology2:03 Serotonin Syndrome Symptoms3:26 Serotonin Syndrome Risk Factors4:08 Serotonin Syndrome Diagnosis (Hunter  Serotonin Toxicity Criteria) 5:16 Serotonin Syndrome TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/References:StatPearls, 2024. Serotonin Syndrome. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482377/.BMJ Best Practice, 2022. Serotonin syndrome. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/991.Wikipedia, 2025. Serotonin syndrome. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_syndrome.Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome is a life threatening reaction to antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medication. In this video we look at the pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, differentials (including serotoning syndrome) and treatmentPDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/psychiatryConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome?0:33 Typical vs Atypical Antipsychotics 1:37 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Pathophysiology2:32 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Symptoms3:39 Risk Factors 4:52 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Diagnosis6:00 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Differential Diagnosis6:14 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Treatment 7:40 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome ComplicationsLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesBMJ Best Practice, 2025. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/990.StatPearls, 2025. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482282/.Wikipedia, 2025. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroleptic_malignant_syndrome.National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2025. Introduction - First-Generation Versus Second-Generation Antipsychotics in Adults: Comparative Effectiveness. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK107237/.MDedge Psychiatry, 2025. Identify neuroleptic malignant syndrome with FEVER. [online] Available at: https://www.mdedge.com/psychiatry/article/60368/identify-neuroleptic-malignant-syndrome-fever.Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

In this video we explain the most commonly used sections (Sections 2,3,4,5(2), 5(4), 135 and 136) of the Mental Health Act, including their purpose, duration and professions involved in them.PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/psychiatryConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is the Mental Health Act?0:45 Keep In Mind1:29 Section 2 - Assessment2:20 Section 3 - Treatment3:16 Section 43:31 Holding Power - Section 5 (2) 4:00 Holding Power - Section 5 (4) 4:17 Section 135 & 136 LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/References:Mind, 2025. About sectioning. [online] Available at: https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/legal-rights/sectioning/about-sectioning/.Sheffield Health and Social Care NHS Foundation Trust, 2025. Commonly used sections of the Mental Health Act 1983. [online] Available at: https://www.shsc.nhs.uk/service-users-and-carers/commonly-used-sections-mental-health-act-1983.Wikipedia, 2025. Mental Health Act 1983. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_Health_Act_1983.Geeky Medics, 2023. The Mental Health Act (MHA) | Summary. [online] Available at: https://geekymedics.com/the-mental-health-act-mha/.Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterised by impairments in the way reality is perceived with associated changes in behaviour. We cover the symptoms of Schizophrenia (with delusion types), including the DSM-5 criteria for diagnosis, as well as Schizophrenia treatment. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/psychiatryConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Schizophrenia?0:28 Schizophrenia Symptoms - Positive Symptoms2:28 Schizophrenia Symptoms - Negative Symptoms2:58 Schizophrenia Symptoms - Cognitive Symptoms 3:49 Schizophrenia Diagnosis / Diagnostic DSM 5 Criteria 5:08 Schizophrenia Causes / Pathophysiology 5:53 Schizophrenia Risk Factors & Epidemiology 7:00 Schizophrenia Treatment LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesNational Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 2025. Schizophrenia. [online] Available at: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia.World Health Organization (WHO), 2025. Schizophrenia. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schizophrenia.National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), 2025. Schizophrenia. [online] Available at: https://nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Schizophrenia.Wikipedia, 2025. Schizophrenia. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia.Medscape, 2025. Schizophrenia: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Options. [online] Available at: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/288259-overview.Symptom Media, 2025. Schizophrenia Delusions: Definition, Types, and Treatments. [online] Available at: https://symptommedia.com/delusions-associated-with-schizophrenia-ce-course-preview/.Psycom, 2025. Schizophrenia: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment. [online] Available at: https://www.psycom.net/schizophrenia.StatPearls, 2025. Schizophrenia. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539864/.Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder that is characterised by alternating periods of depressive symptoms and elevated mood, termed either hypomania or mania. We cover the different types of bipolar disorder, the criteria for diagnosis and treatment options. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/psychiatryFree Practice Material: https://app.wisdolia.com/learning-journey/all-cards/rlEkoudd56tl7ILuiiVK?showListView=true&r=DnwHGyl95QQgP3ecVSPDHrFGE0E0qB&ref=rhesusmedicineConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Bipolar Disorder?0:33 Bipolar Disorder - Depression1:10 Bipolar Disorder - Mania vs Hypomania2:14 Bipolar Disorder Classification - (Bipolar Disorder 1 vs Bipolar Disorder 2 vs Cyclothymia) 3:15 Epidemiology and Risk Factors4:22 Bipolar Disorder Treatment LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesNational Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), 2025. Bipolar Disorder. [online] Available at: https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Bipolar-Disorder.Psycom Pro, 2025. Bipolar Disorder. [online] Available at: https://pro.psycom.net/assessment-diagnosis-adherence/bipolar-disorder.National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 2025. Bipolar Disorder. [online] Available at: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorder.Wikipedia, 2025. Bipolar disorder. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder.Verywell Mind, 2025. Will My Child Inherit My Bipolar Disorder?. [online] Available at: https://www.verywellmind.com/will-my-child-inherit-my-bipolar-disorder-380477.Disclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a frequent complication of exposure to trauma. We look at PTSD symptoms and causes, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of post traumatic stress disorder. PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/psychiatryConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is PTSD? 0:48 Signs and Symptoms of PTSD2:27 PTSD Diagnosis3:30 PTSD Pathophysiology4:56 PTSD Risk Factors6:03 PTSD TreatmentReferences:BMJ Best Practice. (2024). Post-traumatic stress disorder. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/430 (BMJ Best Practice)Mann, S.K., Marwaha, R. & Torrico, T.J. (2024). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Last update 25 February 2024. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559129/ (NCBI)PTSD UK. (n.d.). PTSD Stats – PTSD UK. [online] Available at: https://www.ptsduk.org/ptsd-stats/ (PTSD UK)PTSD UK. (2019). Secondary Trauma – PTSD UK. [online] Available at: https://www.ptsduk.org/secondary-trauma/ (PTSD UK)Disclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

We cover Parkinson's Disease, including pathophysiology, symptoms, causes and Parkinson's Disease treatment. PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/neurologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=10:00 What is Parkinson's Disease? 0:30 Parkinson's Disease Pathophysiology 3:56 Parkinson's Disease Symptoms6:05 Parkinson's Disease Causes & Risk Factors7:18 Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis 8:47 Parkinson's Disease Treatment10:08 Parkinson's Disease On/Off Phenomenon ReferencesZafar, S. & Yaddanapudi, S.S. (2023). Parkinson Disease. Publishing. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470193/Parkinson's Foundation. (2018). Statistics | Parkinson's Foundation.  Available at: https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/statistics Kenhub. (2023). Basal ganglia: Gross anatomy and function.  Available at: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/basal-gangliaBahners, B.H. et al. (2022). Electrophysiological characterization of the hyperdirect pathway and its functional relevance for subthalamic deep brain stimulation. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014488622000565Ohio State University. (2017). Pathophysiology and Clinical Presentation | Parkinson's Disease Case Study. Available at: https://u.osu.edu/parkinsonsdisease/pathophysiology-and-clinical-presentation/ (U.OSU)Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). Parkinson's Disease Risk Factors and Causes.  Available at: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/parkinsons-disease(2024.). Parkinsonism vs. Parkinson's Disease: What's The Difference?.  Available at: https://parkinsonsdisease.net/answers/parkinsonism-vs-pdPostuma, R.B. et al. (2018). New Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson's Disease: MDS-PD Criteria. Movement Disorders. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29433115/(2018). MDS Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson's Disease (PD). Available at: http://medicalcriteria.com/web/mds-parkinson-disease/(n.d.). Parkinson's Disease Side Effects of Medication. Available at: https://www.parkinsonsdaily.com/parkinsons-disease-side-effects-of-medication/(2020). Neuroscience Online: Chapter “Basal Ganglia”. Available at: https://nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/m/s3/chapter04.htmlDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Restless Legs Syndrome is a common condition characterized by an irresistible urge to move the legs. We look at what causes it, the symptoms, as well as diagnosis (criteria) and treatment options. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/neurologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Restless Legs Syndrome? 0:31 Restless Legs Syndrome Symptoms 1:47 Restless Legs Syndrome Causes4:08 Restless Legs Syndrome Risk Factors / Epidemiology4:45 Restless Legs Syndrome Diagnosis (With Criteria) 5:36 Restless Legs Syndrome Treatment  References:StatPearls. (2021). Restless Legs Syndrome. [online] Available at: https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/28429/ NCBIBMJ Best Practice. (2023). Restless legs syndrome – Aetiology. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/65/aetiology BMJ Best PracticeNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (2025). Restless Legs Syndrome Fact Sheet. [online] Available at: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/restless-legs-syndrome-fact-sheetInternational Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). (1979). Pain Terminology. [online] Available at: https://www.iasp-pain.org/resources/terminology/ iasp-pain.orgDisclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) explained, including pathophysiology and causes (prerenal/intrinsic/postrenal) as well as diagnosis and treatment of different causes. Also includes mnemonic to remember nephrotoxic medication!PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/nephrologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is an Acute Kidney Injury?0:20 Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) Explained2:12 Acute Kidney Injury Causes – Prerenal2:59 Acute Kidney Injury Causes – Intrinsic 4:46 Acute Kidney Injury Causes – Postrenal5:18 Acute Kidney Injury Symptoms 6:02 Acute Kidney Injury Diagnosis8:10 Acute Kidney Injury TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/References:Goyal, A., Bashir, K., Daneshpajouhnejad, P., Hashmi, M., & others. Acute Kidney Injury. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; last updated 25 November 2023. Available at: https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/17169/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Clinical profile and predictors of renal failure in emergency … In NKBI Book NBK519012. Published 2022. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519012/National Kidney Foundation (NKF). Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR). Last reviewed 2024. Available at: https://www.kidney.org/kidneydisease/siemens_hcp_gfrDisclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) explained, including causes and pathophysiology, as well as symptoms and complications. We also look at diagnosis and treatment options. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/nephrologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Chronic Kidney Disease?1:45 Chronic Kidney Disease Symptoms & Complications4:51 Chronic Kidney Disease Causes7:20 Chronic Kidney Disease Pathophysiology 8:14 Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology / Risk Factors 8:53 Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis10:30 Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesNICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (CKS). Definition of Chronic Kidney Disease. Last revised May 2025. Available at: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/chronic-kidney-disease/background-information/definition/ (NICE)StatPearls. Chronic Kidney Disease. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025. Last updated July 31 2024. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535404/ (NCBI, PubMed)Wikipedia contributors. Chronic kidney disease. Last updated August 2025. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease (Wikipedia)GPCPD (HEIW Wales). Prescribing in Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Updated 2025. Available at: https://gpcpd.heiw.wales/clinical/acute-kidney-injury-in-primary-care/prescribing-in-aki/Kidney International. Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022. Kidney International Supplements, 2022 Apr;12(1):7–11. Available at: https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(22)00518-X/fulltext (PubMed)Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Nephrotic Syndrome explained clearly (including differences from Nephritic Syndrome), looking at causes and pathophysiology, as well as symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options. PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/nephrologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Nephrotic vs Nephritic Syndrome1:02 Nephrotic Syndrome Pathophysiology2:01 Nephrotic Syndrome Signs and Symptoms 4:42 Nephrotic Syndrome Causes 7:34 Nephrotic Syndrome Epidemiology / Risk Factors8:07 Nephrotic Syndrome Diagnosis9:15 Nephrotic Syndrome Treatment LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults. Last reviewed 2025. Available at: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/nephrotic-syndrome-adultsWikipedia contributors. Nephrotic syndrome. Last updated July 2025. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrotic_syndromeStatPearls. Nephrotic Syndrome. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025. Available at: https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/25713/Geeky Medics. Nephrotic vs Nephritic Syndrome | Renal. Last updated August 2025. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/nephrotic-vs-nephritic-syndrome/AMBOSS. Nephrotic syndrome. Last updated March 2025. Available at: https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/Nephrotic_syndromePubMed. Thrombosis in nephrotic syndrome. Published 2013. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23625754/BMJ Best Practice. Assessment of nephrotic syndrome – Differential diagnosis of symptoms. Last updated March 2025. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/356Italian Journal of Pediatrics (Biomed Central). The Italian Society for Pediatric Nephrology (SINePe) consensus document on the management of nephrotic syndrome in children: Part I – Diagnosis and treatment of the first episode and the first relapse. Published 2017. Available at: https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-017-0356-xDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice

Nephritic Syndrome explained clearly, including differences from Nephrotic Syndrome, clinical features and the causes made easy to remember- including pathology. PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/nephrologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Nephritic Syndrome?0:33 Nephritic vs Nephrotic Syndrome1:29 Nephritic Syndrome Pathophysiology3:20 Nephritic Syndrome Signs and Symptoms3:45 Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis5:18 Anti Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease (Goodpasture's Disease) 6:09 IgA Nephropathy7:25 Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis8:47 Diffuse Proliferative Glomerulonephritis 9:38 Pauci Immune – ANCA Vasculitis 10:49 Alport's Syndrome 11:29 Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis12:20 Nephritic Syndrome Diagnosis 13:08 Nephritic Syndrome Treatment LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesGeeky Medics. Nephrotic vs Nephritic Syndrome | Renal. Last updated 18 August 2025. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/nephrotic-vs-nephritic-syndrome/StatPearls. Nephritic Syndrome. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562240/AMBOSS. Nephritic syndrome. Last updated 23 May 2025. Available at: https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/Nephritic_syndromeWikipedia contributors. Nephritic syndrome. Last updated 30 August 2025. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephritic_syndromeClinicalKey. Nephritic Syndrome. Last updated 2025. Available at: https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/playContent/1-s2.0-S0095454320300579?scrollTo=%23hl0000359MedBullets. Nephritic Syndrome. Last updated 28 February 2025. Available at: https://step2.medbullets.com/renal/120698/nephritic-syndromeDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

A look Polycystic Kidney Disease, including its pathophysiology, causes (including Autosomal Dominant vs Autosomal Recessive), as well as its signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/nephrologyConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Polycystic Kidney Disease?0:20 Polycystic Kidney Disease Pathophysiology2:20 Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney 3:55 Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease4:26 Polycystic Kidney Disease Signs and Symptoms5:51 Polycystic Kidney Disease Diagnosis 6:52 Polycystic Kidney Disease TreatmentLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesGPnotebook. Polycystic Kidney Disease. Last updated 2024. Available at: https://gpnotebook.com/simplepage.cfm?ID=-1945763840Kidney Research UK. Polycystic Kidney Disease. Last updated 31 July 2025. Available at: https://www.kidneyresearchuk.org/conditions-symptoms/polycystic-kidney-disease/National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Polycystic Kidney Disease. Last updated 2024. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470264/BMJ Best Practice. Polycystic Kidney Disease. Last updated 2024. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/481Wikipedia contributors. Polycystic Kidney Disease. Last edited 28 October 2024. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_kidney_diseaseDisclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Anxiety Disorders explained, including what is anxiety, what are anxiety disorders and what are the symptoms? Also includes DSM V criteria and treatment. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/psychiatryConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/Timestamps:0:00 What is Anxiety? 0:55 Anxiety Symptoms – General 2:07 DSM 5 Criteria – General2:38 Generalised Anxiety Disorder3:30 Specific Phobia4:18 Panic Disorder5:28 Agoraphobia6:20 Social Anxiety Disorder7:05 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 7:55 Separation Anxiety Disorder 8:54 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) 9:43 Selective Mutism10:24 Anxiety Disorder Causes / Risk Factors 11:54 Anxiety Disorder Treatment ReferencesBMJ Best Practice. Generalized Anxiety Disorder – Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment. Last updated 29 May 2024. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/120Hantsoo, L. & Epperson, C. N. (2017). Anxiety Disorders Among Women: A Female Lifespan Approach. Focus, 15(2), pp. 162–172. Available at: https://focus.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.focus.20160042National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Anxiety Disorders. Last reviewed December 2024. Available at: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disordersAnxietyCentre.com. Anxiety Symptoms, Causes, Treatment. Last updated 22 July 2025. Available at: https://www.anxietycentre.com/anxiety-disorders/symptoms/American Psychiatric Association. What Are Anxiety Disorders? Last reviewed 2017. Available at: https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/anxiety-disorders/what-are-anxiety-disordersDisclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Shoulder dislocation (Glenohumeral Joint Dislocation) is the most common large joint dislocation. We look at the mechanisms (Anterior, Posterior and Inferior) as well as X-Ray findings and treatment. PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/orthopaedicsConsider subscribing on (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 Shoulder Joint Anatomy1:45 Anterior Shoulder Dislocation2:48 Posterior Shoulder Dislocation4:03 Inferior Shoulder Dislocation4:25 Shoulder Dislocation Complications5:12 Diagnosis (Anterior Shoulder Dislocation X-Ray) 6:13 Posterior Shoulder Dislocation X-Ray6:54 Shoulder Dislocation TreatmentReferencesTeachMeAnatomy. The Shoulder Joint – Structure – Movement. Last updated October 8, 2024. Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/upper-limb/joints/shoulder/ (TeachMeAnatomy)Radiopaedia. Hill-Sachs Defect | Radiology Reference Article. Published 8 months ago (circa December 2024). Available at: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/hill-sachs-defect?lang=us (Radiopaedia)Radiopaedia. Posterior Shoulder Dislocation | Radiology Reference Article. Published 10 months ago (circa October 2024). Available at: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/posterior-shoulder-dislocation (Radiopaedia)Physiopedia. Shoulder Dislocation. Available at: https://www.physio-pedia.com/Shoulder_Dislocation (Physiopedia)Abrams, R. & Akbarnia, H. Shoulder Dislocations Overview. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–. Last updated August 8, 2023. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459125/ (NCBI)MedBullets. Anterior Shoulder Dislocation. Published 3.7 years ago (circa early 2022). Available at: https://step2.medbullets.com/orthopedics/120534/anterior-shoulder-dislocation (step2.medbullets.com)Disclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition. The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

A break in a bone of the ankle (Talocrural Joint) is known as an ankle fracture, and there are multiple different kinds. We look at normal ankle anatomy, as well as the types of fracture (including Danis-Weber Classification), the diagnosis (including X Ray findings) and treatment options. PDFs available at: Orthopaedics – Rhesus MedicineConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineReferences:American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). Ankle Fractures (Broken Ankle). OrthoInfo. Last reviewed September 2022. Available at: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/ankle-fractures-broken-ankle/Orthobullets. Ankle Fractures. Orthobullets. Updated 2023. Available at: https://www.orthobullets.com/trauma/1047/ankle-fracturesTeachMeSurgery. Ankle Fracture. TeachMeSurgery. Updated 2023. Available at: https://teachmesurgery.com/orthopaedic/ankle-and-foot/ankle-fracture/TeachMeAnatomy. Ankle Joint. TeachMeAnatomy. Updated 2023. Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/lower-limb/joints/ankle-joint/Smith, J. M. & Varacallo, M. (2025 Jan). Ankle Fractures. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Last updated August 2023. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542324/Geeky Medics. Ankle X-ray Interpretation. Last updated April 2025. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/ankle-x-ray-interpretation/Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition.  The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Osgood Schlatter Disease (also known as Tibial Tubercle Apophysisitis) explained clearly, including causes and pathophysiology, as well as diagnosis and treatment. PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/orthopaedicsConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Osgood Schlatter Disease? 0:30 Osgood Schlatter Disease Pathophysiology1:18 Osgood Schlatter Disease Symptoms1:53 Osgood Schlatter Disease Risk Factors2:19 Osgood Schlatter Disease Diagnosis 3:02 Osgood Schlatter Disease Treatment LINK TO MORE MNEMONICS:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-XE7PiwGgE&list=PLGNSE_HvIV4t7a33bbHN1fq-j_tge0GmpLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/ReferencesSmith, J. M. & Varacallo, M. Osgood-Schlatter Disease. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–. Last updated 4 August 2023. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441995/ (NCBI, Dergipark)National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), Clarity Informatics Ltd (trading as Agilio Software). Osgood-Schlatter disease. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (CKS). Last revised October 2020. Available at: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/osgood-schlatter-disease/ (CKS)Pessler, F. Osgood-Schlatter Disease. MSD Manuals – Professional (Pediatrics: Bone Disorders in Children). Reviewed/Revised November 2022. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/bone-disorders-in-children/osgood-schlatter-disease (MSD Manuals)Disclaimer: Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition.  The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Tennis Elbow and Golfer's Elbow (also more recently called Lateral and Medial Elbow Tendinopathies) explained, including symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. PDFs Available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/Consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Tennis Elbow / What is Golfer's Elbow? 0:25 Lateral Epicondylitis Pathophysiology / Medial Epicondylitis Pathophysiology1:55 Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow) Signs and Symptoms 2:40 Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer's Elbow) Signs and Symptoms3:16 General Epicondylitis / Tendinosis Signs and Symptoms 3:42 Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow) & Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer's Elbow) Diagnosis 4:07 Tennis Elbow Treatment / Golfer's Elbow TreatmentLINK TO MNEMONICS:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-XE7PiwGgE&list=PLGNSE_HvIV4t7a33bbHN1fq-j_tge0GmpLINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/References:American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis). OrthoInfo. Last reviewed June 2022. Available at: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/tennis-elbow-lateral-epicondylitis/Buchanan, B. K., & Varacallo, M. (2025 Jan). Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow). In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Last update August 4 2023. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431092/Wikipedia contributors. (2025). Tennis elbow. Wikipedia. Last updated August 2025. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_elbowReece, C. L., Li, D., & Susmarski, A. J. (2025 Jan). Medial Epicondylitis. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Last update May 2 2024. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557869/Disclaimer: Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition.  The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Whipple's Disease explained, including microbiology of T.Whipplei and Whipple's Disease pathology. We look at the symptoms of Whipple's Disease including Classic and Local forms, as well as Whipple's Disease diagnosis and treatment. PDFs Available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Whipple's Disease?0:20 Whipple's Disease - Trophyerma Whipplei Microbiology0:51 Whipple's Disease Pathology2:35 Whipple's Disease Symptoms5:45 Whipple's Disease Diagnosis7:13 Whipple's Disease Treatment ReferencesDolmans, R.A.V., Boel, C.H., Lacle, M.M. & Kusters, J.G., 2017. Clinical manifestations, treatment, and diagnosis of Tropheryma whipplei infections. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 30(2), pp.529-555. [online] Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5355640/ PubMed+1MSD Manuals, 2025. Whipple disease. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/malabsorption-syndromes/whipple-disease NCBIBMJ Best Practice, 2025. Aetiology – Whipple disease. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/467/aetiologyMount Sinai Health System, 2025. Supranuclear ophthalmoplegia. [online] Available at: https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/supranuclear-ophthalmoplegiaMarth, T., Moos, V., Müller, C. et al., 2016. Tropheryma whipplei infection and Whipple's disease. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 16(3):e13-22. [online] Available at: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(15)00537-X/abstract PubMed+1Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Migraine, including migraine pathophysiology as well as associated symptoms. We also look at how migraine is diagnosed, as well as migraine treatment.PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Migraine?0:50 Migraine Pathophysiology3:33 Migraine Symptoms5:52 Migraine Diagnosis and Red Flags (Mnemonic)7:30 Migraine TreatmentPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. ReferencesBMJ Best Practice, 2024. Migraine headache in adults – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/10 (Best Practice)Frimpong-Manson, K., Ortiz, Y.T., McMahon, L.R. & Wilkerson, J.L., 2024. Advances in understanding migraine pathophysiology: a bench to bedside review of research insights and therapeutics. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, 17:1355281. [online] Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/molecular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2024.1355281/full (Frontiers)Migraine Trust, 2024. Stages of a migraine attack. [online] Available at: https://migrainetrust.org/understand-migraine/stages-of-a-migraine-attack/ (migrainetrust.org)#medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

GLP-1 Agonists (Glucagon Like Peptide 1 Agonists) such as Mounjaro and Wegovy are becoming more widely used, here we cover examples of GLP1 Agonists, mechanism of action, as well as GLP1 agonist side effects. PDFs Available at: www.rhesusmedicine.com Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What are GLP-1 Agonists? 0:23 GLP-1 Agonist Mechanism of Action1:35 GLP-1 Agonist Indications & Uses2:37 GLP-1 Agonist Examples 4:05 GLP-1 Agonist Side EffectsPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. ReferencesManne-Goehler, J., Franco, J., 2025. Side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists. BMJ, 390:r1606. [online] Available at: https://www.bmj.com/content/390/bmj.r1606.full. (bmj.com)Collins, L., 2024. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. StatPearls. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551568/. (NCBI)Andreasen, C.R., Andersen, A., Knop, F.K. & Vilsbøll, T., 2021. How glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists work. Endocrine Connections, 10(7). [online] Available at: https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/10/7/EC-21-0130.xml. (ec.bioscientifica.com)Diabetes UK, 2025. GLP-1 agonists – tablets and medication. [online] Available at: https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-diabetes/looking-after-diabetes/treatments/tablets-and-medication/glp-1. (Diabetes UK)

Hyperthyroidism explained, including causes of hyperthyroidism such as Grave's Disease and Toxic Multinodular Goitre! We also look at hyperthyroidism symptoms, as well as diagnosis and hyperthyroidism treatmentPDFs Available Here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/Consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Hyperthyroidism?0:27 Thyroid Hormone Physiology2:00 Grave's Disease3:22 Toxic Multinodular Goitre3:45  Other Causes of Hyperthyroidism 5:10 Hyperthyroidism Symptoms6:13 Thyroid Storm (Thyrotoxic Crisis) 6:42 Hyperthyroidism Diagnosis8:19 Hyperthyroidism TreatmentReferencesMSD Manuals, 2025. Hyperthyroidism – Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders / Thyroid Disorders. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/thyroid-disorders/hyperthyroidism.Geeky Medics, 2023. Thyrotoxicosis and hyperthyroidism. [online] Available at: https://geekymedics.com/thyrotoxicosis-and-hyperthyroidism/.BMJ Best Practice, 2025. History & exam – Thyroid dysfunction. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/32/history-exam.Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Hypothyroidism, including thyroid physiology, hypothyroidism causes and classification, as well as hypothyroidism symptoms. We also look at diagnosis and hypothyroidism treatment. PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Hypothyroidism?0:12 Thyroid Hormone Physiology1:45 Primary vs Secondary Hypothyroidism2:24 Primary Hypothyroidism3:34 Central Hypothyroidism (Secondary & Tertiary)4:05 Hypothyroidism Symptoms5:44 Hypothyroidism Diagnosis7:49 Hypothyroidism Treatment Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. ReferencesTeachMePhysiology. The Thyroid Gland. Last updated 8 February 2024. Available at: https://teachmephysiology.com/endocrine-system/thyroid-parathyroid-gland/thyroid-gland/Geeky Medics. Thyroid Function Test (TFT) Interpretation. Published 28 April 2018. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/thyroid-function-test-tft-interpretation/BMJ Best Practice. Thyroid Disorders – Background / Epidemiology / Screening / Prevention. Updated 2024. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/36BMJ Best Practice. Primary Hypothyroidism – Diagnosis / Management. Updated 2024. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/535?q=Primary hypothyroidism&c=recentlyviewedBritish Thyroid Foundation (BTF). Thyroid Function Tests. Last revised 10 September 2022. Available at: https://www.btf-thyroid.org/thyroid-function-tests

An approach to anaemia, including MCV classification of the different causes of anaemia in a structured easy to remember layout. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps: 0:00 What is Anaemia?1:55 Microcytic Anaemia - Iron Deficiency Anaemia3:48 Microcytic Anaemia - Thalassemia 4:57 Microcytic Anaemia - Anaemia of Chronic Disease 6:02 Microcytic Anaemia - Sideroblastic Anaemia 7:09 Normocytic Anaemia - Hypoproliferative 8:49 Normocytic Anaemia - Hyperproliferative 10:04 Normocytic Anaemia - Mixed10:33 Macrocytic Anaemia - Megaloblastic (Vitamin B12 / Folate Deficiency) 11:48 Macrocytic Anaemia - Non Megaloblastic 12:20 Anaemia Symptoms13:39 Anaemia TreatmentReferencesBMJ Best Practice. Assessment of anaemia – Diagnosis Approach. Updated 24 September 2024. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/93/diagnosis-approachMDCalc. Mentzer Index. Published 2017. Available at: https://www.mdcalc.com/calc/10534/mentzer-index#evidenceGeeky Medics. Anaemia Overview. Published 3 April 2021. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/anaemia-overview/StatPearls. Anemia. StatPearls Publishing; last updated 8 August 2023. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499994/American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP). Evaluation of Anemia in Children. American Family Physician, 2009;79(3):203-208. Available at: https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0201/p203/jcr:content/root/aafp-article-primary-content-container/aafp_article_main_par/aafp_figure1.enlarge.htmlPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. #medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

A look at Leishmaniasis, including parasitology of the Leishmania parasite, as well as types, Leishmania symptoms and diagnosis as well as treatment. Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Leishmaniasis0:11 Leishmania Parasitology 0:53 Leishmaniasis Life Cycle1:55 Leishmania Types3:10 Leishmaniasis Symptoms5:39 Leishmaniasis Diagnosis6:58 Leishmaniasis TreatmentReferencesMSD Manuals. Leishmaniasis – Diagnosis. Reviewed/Revised December 2022; modified April 2025. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/extraintestinal-protozoa/leishmaniasis#Diagnosis_v1016364World Health Organization (WHO). Leishmaniasis Fact Sheet. Published 2022. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasisCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Clinical Overview of Leishmaniasis. Published 13 March 2024. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/leishmaniasis/hcp/clinical-overview/index.htmlBMJ Best Practice. Leishmaniasis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Last updated 2023. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/527Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. #medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

Breast Cancer explained clearly, including breast anatomy and symptoms as well as risk factors and types of breast cancer. We look at hormone receptors / HER2 receptor, as well as diagnosis including breast screening and treatment - from surgery to systemic therapies.PDFs Available: www.rhesusmedicine.comTimestamps:0:00 Breast Cancer Definition0:07 Breast Anatomy1:57 Breast Cancer Types 4:58 Breast Cancer Symptoms6:17 Breast Cancer Risk Factors and Epidemiology7:26 Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Screening9:26 Breast Cancer TreatmentConsider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineReferences:TeachMeAnatomy. (2025) Breasts. Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/thorax/organs/breasts/BMJ Best Practice. (2025) Primary invasive breast cancer. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/716MSD Manuals. (2025) Breast cancer. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/breast-cancer/breast-cancerPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) explained, including most common symptoms (and some less common, like Fitz Hugh Curtis Syndrome!) as well as PID pathology. Also covers diagnosis and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease treatment. PDFs Available Here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?0:23 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Pathophysiology1:46 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Symptoms3:50 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Causes4:51 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Diagnosis6:33 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Treatment References:BMJ Best Practice. Pelvic inflammatory disease (2025). Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/195MSD Manuals. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) (2023). Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pidPlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.