POPULARITY
References Biomolecules. 2020 Jul 7;10(7):1008. FEBS Lett 2021.595, Issue8. Pages 1107-1131 Cell Res. 2022 Mar 2;32(4):327–328. Cell Chem Biol.2024 Jul 18;31(7):1264-1276.e7.Peterson &Lesh. 1974. "Unbroken Chain" on [Live from the Mars Hotel} lp Grateful Dead https://youtu.be/T5FN06LFfHk?si=RgFd7kBKAAJ6YKK0 Hunter&Lesh1970 "Box of Rain" on [American Beauty] lp. https://youtu.be/nxjvo4BRf-Y?si=e9MyF6FdLM2ylZaG Schubert, F. 1826. (Liszt Variation thereof.). ""Standchen.D889. https://youtu.be/9h35VSz2Kkc?si=ch4W4TX9iefj0t1C --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-daniel-j-guerra/support
References Biomedicines 2023, 11(7), 1804 BMC Biology. 2011. 9:85 Cancer Res. 2011 Jan 15;71(2):293-7. FEBS Lett.2019.593.17:2428-2451 Verdi, G. 1841. Nabucco Overture https://youtu.be/OseGETWEnCo?si=LhiIQV-N0-_Z_s-s Lennon&McCartney. 1966 "For No One". Beatles: Revolver. https://youtu.be/sep5E3ssXLQ?si=WLtMrP-Xq279qZXl --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-daniel-j-guerra/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-daniel-j-guerra/support
Bone is not just a passive scaffold that supports our body. It is also an active endocrine organ that secretes hormones that regulate various aspects of our physiology, from energy metabolism to brain function. One of these hormones is osteocalcin, which has been extensively studied by Gerard Karsently and his team at Columbia University. In this podcast, we will explore the fascinating discoveries that Karsently and his colleagues have made about osteocalcin and its role in health and disease. Osteocalcin is a protein that is produced by bone cells called osteoblasts. It is then released into the bloodstream, where it can reach different organs and tissues and exert its effects. Osteocalcin has been shown to enhance insulin secretion by the pancreas, testosterone production by the testes, muscle function during exercise, memory formation and mood regulation by the brain, and even the ability to cope with stress. Osteocalcin also has anti-aging properties, as it can prevent or reverse some of the decline in physiological functions that occurs with age. The levels of osteocalcin in the blood are not constant. They vary depending on several factors, such as diet, exercise, stress and age. These interactions create a complex network of communication between bone and other organs that helps to maintain homeostasis and adapt to changing conditions. Karsently's research has opened new avenues for understanding the biology of bone and its impact on whole-body physiology. It has also revealed new potential therapeutic targets or strategies for treating or preventing various metabolic, reproductive, cognitive and emotional disorders. In this podcast, we will dive deeper into the fascinating world of osteocalcin and bone endocrinology with Gerard Karsently himself. Useful Links: Berger JM, Karsenty G. Osteocalcin and the physiology of danger. FEBS Lett. 2022;596(5):665-680. doi:10.1002/1873-3468.1425
Episode 347 is an updated guide to somatropic hormone and GOD did I go crazy on this one! I honestly want to know more about growth hormone than anyone alive and thus, begins this string of GH based guides! I DID finally discuss the MoA for how GH causes localized fat loss which really had me excited since no one in our industry has EVER talked about this so that definitely was an interesting avenue to go down! Below I am going to reference a lot of the literature for this hormone that I was read through over the past few years on this topic so please DO NOT TAKE MY WORD FOR THIS - READ THESE YOURSELF! Keep in mind this is a brief snippet of every bit of literature on the topic however. REFERENCES Daughaday WH, Rotwein P. Insulin-like growth factors I and II. Peptide, messenger ribonucleic acid and gene structures, serum, and tissue concentrations. Endocr Rev. 1989;10:68–91. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Jones JI, Clemmons DR. Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins: biological actions. Endocr Rev. 1995;16:3–34. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Le Roith D, Bondy C, Yakar S, Liu JL, Butler A. The somatomedin hypothesis: 2001. Endocr Rev. 2001;22:53–74. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Melmed S. Endocrinology. 5th edn. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2006. pp. 411–428. [Google Scholar] Fain, J. N., García‐Sáinz, JA. (1983) Adrenergic regulation of adipocytes metabolism. J Lipid Res 24: 945– 966. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Gilman, AG. (1987) G protein: transducer of receptor‐generated signals. Annu Rev Biochem 56: 615– 649. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Jimenez, M., Lèger, B., Canola, K., et al (2002) Beta(1)/beta(2)/beta(3)‐adrenoceptor knockout mice are obese and cold‐sensitive but have normal lipolytic responses to fasting. FEBS Lett 530: 37– 40. Wiley Online Library CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Birnbaumer, L., Abramowitz, J., Brown, AM. (1990) Receptor‐effector coupling by G proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1031: 163– 224. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Spiegel, A. M., Shenker, A., Weinstein, LS. (1992) Receptor‐effector coupling by G‐protein: implications for normal and abnormal signal transduction. Endocr Rev 13: 536– 565. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Beebe, S. J., Holloway, R., Rannels, R. S., Corbin, JD. (1984) Two classes of cAMP analogs which are selective for the two different cAMP‐binding sites of type II protein kinase demonstrate synergism when added together to intact adipocytes. J Biol Chem 269: 3539– 3547. PubMed Google Scholar Frank RN. Diabetic retinopathy. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:48–58. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Tatar M, Bartke A, Antebi A. The endocrine regulation of aging by insulin-like signals. Science. 2003;299:1346–1351. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Ibrahim YH, Yee D. Insulin-like growth factor-I and cancer risk. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2004;14:261–269. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Laban C, Bustin SA, Jenkins PJ. The GH-IGF-I axis and breast cancer. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2003;14:28–34. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Pollak M. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor signalling in neoplasia. Nat Rev Cancer. 2008;8:915–928. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Mayo KE. A little lesson in growth regulation. Nat Genet. 1996;12:8–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Rosenfeld RG, Rosenbloom AL, Guevara-Aguirre J. Growth hormone (GH) insensitivity due to primary GH receptor deficiency. Endocr Rev. 1994;15:369–390. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Goddard AD, Covello R, Luoh SM, Clackson T, Attie KM, Gesundheit N, Rundle AC, Wells JA, Carlsson LM. Mutations of the growth hormone receptor in children with idiopathic short stature. The Growth Hormone Insensitivity Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1093–1098. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Abuzzahab MJ, Schneider A, Goddard A, Grigorescu F, Lautier C, Keller E, Kiess W, Klammt J, Kratzsch J, Osgood D, Pfaffle R, Raile K, Seidel B, Smith RJ, Chernausek SD. IGF-I receptor mutations resulting in intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:2211–2222. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Woods KA, Camacho-Hubner C, Savage MO, Clark AJ. Intrauterine growth retardation and postnatal growth failure associated with deletion of the insulin-like growth factor I gene. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1363–1367. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Lupu F, Terwilliger JD, Lee K, Segre GV, Efstratiadis A. Roles of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 in mouse postnatal growth. Dev Biol. 2001;229:141–162. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Powell-Braxton L, Hollingshead P, Warburton C, Dowd M, Pitts-Meek S, Dalton D, Gillett N, Stewart TA. IGF-I is required for normal embryonic growth in mice. Genes Dev. 1993;7:2609–2617. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Sotiropoulos A, Ohanna M, Kedzia C, Menon RK, Kopchick JJ, Kelly PA, Pende M. Growth hormone promotes skeletal muscle cell fusion independent of insulin-like growth factor 1 up-regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:7315–7320. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Fernandez AM, Dupont J, Farrar RP, Lee S, Stannard B, Le Roith D. Muscle-specific inactivation of the IGF-I receptor induces compensatory hyperplasia in skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest. 2002;109:347–355. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Coleman ME, DeMayo F, Yin KC, Lee HM, Geske R, Montgomery C, Schwartz RJ. Myogenic vector expression of insulin-like growth factor I stimulates muscle cell differentiation and myofiber hypertrophy in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem. 1995;270:12109–12116. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Barton-Davis ER, Shoturma DI, Musaro A, Rosenthal N, Sweeney HL. Viral mediated expression of insulin-like growth factor I blocks the aging-related loss of skeletal muscle function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:15603–15607. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Bodine SC, Stitt TN, Gonzalez M, Kline WO, Stover GL, Bauerlein R, Zlotchenko E, Scrimgeour A, Lawrence JC, Glass DJ, Yancopoulos GD. Akt/mTOR pathway is a crucial regulator of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and can prevent muscle atrophy in vivo. Nat Cell Biol. 2001;3:1014–1019. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Musaro A, McCullagh K, Paul A, Houghton L, Dobrowolny G, Molinaro M, Barton ER, Sweeney HL, Rosenthal N. Localized Igf-1 transgene expression sustains hypertrophy and regeneration in senescent skeletal muscle. Nat Genet. 2001;27:195–200. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Barton ER, Morris L, Musaro A, Rosenthal N, Sweeney HL. Muscle-specific expression of insulin-like growth factor I counters muscle decline in mdx mice. J Cell Biol. 2002;157:137– 148. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Caroni P, Schneider C. Signaling by insulin-like growth factors in paralyzed skeletal muscle: rapid induction of IGF1 expression in muscle fibers and prevention of interstitial cell proliferation by IGF-BP5 and IGF-BP4. J Neurosci. 1994;14:3378–3388. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Edwall D, Schalling M, Jennische E, Norstedt G. Induction of insulin-like growth factor I messenger ribonucleic acid during regeneration of rat skeletal muscle. Endocrinology. 1989;124:820–825. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] DeVol DL, Rotwein P, Sadow JL, Novakofski J, Bechtel PJ. Activation of insulin-like growth factor gene expression during work-induced skeletal muscle growth. Am J Physiol. 1990;259:E89–E95. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Carson JA, Nettleton D, Reecy JM. Differential gene expression in the rat soleus muscle during early work overload-induced hypertrophy. FASEB J. 2002;16:207–209. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Waters MJ, Hoang HN, Fairlie DP, Pelekanos RA, Brown RJ. New insights into growth hormone action. J Mol Endocrinol. 2006;36:1–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Herrington J, Carter-Su C. Signaling pathways activated by the growth hormone receptor. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2001;12:252–257. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Lanning NJ, Carter-Su C. Recent advances in growth hormone signaling. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2006;7:225–235. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Rotwein P, Thomas MJ, Harris DM, Gronowski AM, LeStunff C. Nuclear actions of growth hormone: an in vivo perspective. J Anim Sci. 1997;75:11–19. [Google Scholar] Herrington J, Smit LS, Schwartz J, Carter-Su C. The role of STAT proteins in growth hormone signaling. Oncogene. 2000;19:2585–2597. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Levy DE, Darnell JEJ. Stats: transcriptional control and biological impact. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2002;3:651–662. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Gronowski AM, Rotwein P. Rapid changes in nuclear protein tyrosine phosphorylation after growth hormone treatment in vivo. Identification of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase and STAT91. J Biol Chem. 1994;269:7874–7878. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Gronowski AM, Zhong Z, Wen Z, Thomas MJ, Darnell JEJ, Rotwein P. In vivo growth hormone treatment rapidly stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of Stat3. Mol Endocrinol. 1995;9:171–177. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Ram PA, Park SH, Choi HK, Waxman DJ. Growth hormone activation of Stat 1, Stat 3, and Stat 5 in rat liver. Differential kinetics of hormone desensitization and growth hormone stimulation of both tyrosine phosphorylation and serine/threonine phosphorylation. J Biol Chem. 1996;271:5929–5940. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Campbell GS, Meyer DJ, Raz R, Levy DE, Schwartz J, Carter-Su C. Activation of acute phase response factor (APRF)/Stat3 transcription factor by growth hormone. J Biol Chem. 1995;270:3974–3979. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Smit LS, Vanderkuur JA, Stimage A, Han Y, Luo G, Yu-Lee LY, Schwartz J, Carter-Su C. Growth hormone-induced tyrosyl phosphorylation and deoxyribonucleic acid binding activity of Stat5A and Stat5B. Endocrinology. 1997;138:3426–3434. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Smit LS, Meyer DJ, Billestrup N, Norstedt G, Schwartz J, Carter-Su C. The role of the growth hormone (GH) receptor and JAK1 and JAK2 kinases in the activation of Stats 1, 3, and 5 by GH. Mol Endocrinol. 1996;10:519–533. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Gebert CA, Park SH, Waxman DJ. Regulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5b activation by the temporal pattern of growth hormone stimulation. Mol Endocrinol. 1997;11:400–414. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Teglund S, McKay C, Schuetz E, van Deursen JM, Stravopodis D, Wang D, Brown M, Bodner S, Grosveld G, Ihle JN. Stat5a and Stat5b proteins have essential and nonessential, or redundant, roles in cytokine responses. Cell. 1998;93:841–850. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Udy GB, Towers RP, Snell RG, Wilkins RJ, Park SH, Ram PA, Waxman DJ, Davey HW. Requirement of STAT5b for sexual dimorphism of body growth rates and liver gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:7239–7244. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Kofoed EM, Hwa V, Little B, Woods KA, Buckway CK, Tsubaki J, Pratt KL, Bezrodnik L, Jasper H, Tepper A, Heinrich JJ, Rosenfeld RG. Growth hormone insensitivity associated with a STAT5b mutation. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1139–1147. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Hwa V, Little B, Adiyaman P, Kofoed EM, Pratt KL, Ocal G, Berberoglu M, Rosenfeld RG. Severe growth hormone insensitivity resulting from total absence of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:4260–4266. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Rosenfeld RG, Belgorosky A, Camacho-Hubner C, Savage MO, Wit JM, Hwa V. Defects in growth hormone receptor signaling. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2007;18:134–141. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Thompson BJ, Shang CA, Waters MJ. Identification of genes induced by growth hormone in rat liver using cDNA arrays. Endocrinology. 2000;141:4321–4324. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Flores-Morales A, Stahlberg N, Tollet-Egnell P, Lundeberg J, Malek RL, Quackenbush J, Lee NH, Norstedt G. Microarray analysis of the in vivo effects of hypophysectomy and growth hormone treatment on gene expression in the rat. Endocrinology. 2001;142:3163–3176. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Rowland JE, Lichanska AM, Kerr LM, White M, d'Aniello EM, Maher SL, Brown R, Teasdale RD, Noakes PG, Waters MJ. In vivo analysis of growth hormone receptor signaling domains and their associated transcripts. Mol Cell Biol. 2005;25:66–77. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Huo JS, McEachin RC, Cui TX, Duggal NK, Hai T, States DJ, Schwartz J. Profiles of growth hormone (GH)-regulated genes reveal time-dependent responses and identify a mechanism for regulation of activating transcription factor 3 by GH. J Biol Chem. 2006;281:4132–4141. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Vidal OM, Merino R, Rico-Bautista E, Fernandez-Perez L, Chia DJ, Woelfle J, Ono M, Lenhard B, Norstedt G, Rotwein P, Flores-Morales A. In vivo transcript profiling and phylogenetic analysis identifies suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 as a direct signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b target in liver. Mol Endocrinol. 2007;21:293–311. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Clodfelter KH, Holloway MG, Hodor P, Park SH, Ray WJ, Waxman DJ. Sex-dependent liver gene expression is extensive and largely dependent upon signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b): STAT5b-dependent activation of male genes and repression of female genes revealed by microarray analysis. Mol Endocrinol. 2006;20:1333–1351. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Jorgensen JO, Jessen N, Pedersen SB, Vestergaard E, Gormsen L, Lund SA, Billestrup N. GH receptor signaling in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in human subjects following exposure to an intravenous GH bolus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;291:E899–E905. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Nielsen C, Gormsen LC, Jessen N, Pedersen SB, Moller N, Lund S, Jorgensen JO. Growth hormone signaling in vivo in human muscle and adipose tissue: impact of insulin, substrate background, and growth hormone receptor blockade. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:2842–2850. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Waxman DJ, O'Connor C. Growth hormone regulation of sex-dependent liver gene expression. Mol Endocrinol. 2006;20:2613–2629. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Wauthier V, Waxman DJ. Sex-specific early growth hormone response genes in rat liver. Mol Endocrinol. 2008;22:1962–1974. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Ahluwalia A, Clodfelter KH, Waxman DJ. Sexual dimorphism of rat liver gene expression: regulatory role of growth hormone revealed by deoxyribonucleic Acid microarray analysis. Mol Endocrinol. 2004;18:747–760. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Zhou YC, Waxman DJ. Cross-talk between janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) signaling pathways. Growth hormone inhibition of pparalpha transcriptional activity mediated by stat5b. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:2672–2681. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Zhou YC, Waxman DJ. STAT5b down-regulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha transcription by inhibition of ligand-independent activation function region-1 transactivation domain. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:29874–29882. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Ono M, Chia DJ, Merino-Martinez R, Flores-Morales A, Unterman TG, Rotwein P. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) 5b-mediated inhibition of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 gene transcription: a mechanism for repression of gene expression by growth hormone. Mol Endocrinol. 2007;21:1443–1457. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Murphy LJ. Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins: functional diversity or redundancy? J Mol Endocrinol. 1998;21:97–107. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Barthel A, Schmoll D, Unterman TG. FoxO proteins in insulin action and metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2005;16:183–189. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Accili D, Arden KC. FoxOs at the crossroads of cellular metabolism, differentiation, and transformation. Cell. 2004;117:421–426. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Rotwein P. Contemporary endocrinology: the IGF system. Totowa: Humana Press; 1999. Molecular biology of IGF-I and IGF-II; pp. 19–35. [Google Scholar] Hall LJ, Kajimoto Y, Bichell D, Kim SW, James PL, Counts D, Nixon LJ, Tobin G, Rotwein P. Functional analysis of the rat insulin-like growth factor I gene and identification of an IGF-I gene promoter. DNA Cell Biol. 1992;11:301–313. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Adamo ML, Ben-Hur H, Roberts CTJ, LeRoith D. Regulation of start site usage in the leader exons of the rat insulin-like growth factor-I gene by development, fasting, and diabetes. Mol Endocrinol. 1991;5:1677–1686. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Shimatsu A, Rotwein P. Mosaic evolution of the insulin-like growth factors. Organization, sequence, and expression of the rat insulin-like growth factor I gene. J Biol Chem. 1987;262:7894–7900. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Kim SW, Lajara R, Rotwein P. Structure and function of a human insulin-like growth factor-I gene promoter. Mol Endocrinol. 1991;5:1964–1972. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Kavsan VM, Koval AP, Grebenjuk VA, Chan SJ, Steiner DF, Roberts CTJ, LeRoith D. Structure of the chum salmon insulin-like growth factor I gene. DNA Cell Biol. 1993;12:729–737. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Hoyt EC, Van Wyk JJ, Lund PK. Tissue and development specific regulation of a complex family of rat insulin-like growth factor I messenger ribonucleic acids. Mol Endocrinol. 1988;2:1077–1086. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Woelfle J, Billiard J, Rotwein P. Acute control of insulin-like growth factor-1 gene transcription by growth hormone through STAT5B. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:22696–22702. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Woelfle J, Chia DJ, Rotwein P. Mechanisms of growth hormone (GH) action. Identification of conserved Stat5 binding sites that mediate GH-induced insulin-like growth factor-I gene activation. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:51261–51266. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Bichell DP, Kikuchi K, Rotwein P. Growth hormone rapidly activates insulin-like growth factor I gene transcription in vivo. Mol Endocrinol. 1992;6:1899–1908. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Thomas MJ, Kikuchi K, Bichell DP, Rotwein P. Characterization of deoxyribonucleic acid-protein interactions at a growth hormone-inducible nuclease hypersensitive site in the rat insulin-like growth factor-I gene. Endocrinology. 1995;136:562–569. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] An MR, Lowe WLJ. The major promoter of the rat insulin-like growth factor-I gene binds a protein complex that is required for basal expression. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1995;114:77–89. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Mittanck DW, Kim SW, Rotwein P. Essential promoter elements are located within the 5' untranslated region of human insulin-like growth factor-I exon I. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1997;126:153–163. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Wang L,Wang X, Adamo ML. Two putative GATA motifs in the proximal exon 1 promoter of the rat insulin-like growth factor I gene regulate basal promoter activity. Endocrinology. 2000;141:1118–1126. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Wang X, Talamantez JL, Adamo ML. A CACCC box in the proximal exon 2 promoter of the rat insulin-like growth factor I gene is required for basal promoter activity. Endocrinology. 1998;139:1054–1066. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Wang Y, Jiang H. Identification of a distal STAT5-binding DNA region that may mediate growth hormone regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression. J Biol Chem. 2005;280:10955–10963. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Chia DJ, Ono M, Woelfle J, Schlesinger-Massart M, Jiang H, Rotwein P. Characterization of distinct Stat5b binding sites that mediate growth hormone-stimulated IGF-I gene transcription. J Biol Chem. 2006;281:3190–3197. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Eleswarapu S, Gu Z, Jiang H. Growth hormone regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression may be mediated by multiple distal signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 binding sites. Endocrinology. 2008;149:2230–2240. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Björntorp, P. (1992) Biochemistry of obesity in relation to diabetes. In: KGMM Alberti RA DeFronzo H Keen P Zimmet eds. International Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus 551– 568. John Wiley & Sons Ltd London, United Kingdom. Google Scholar Björntorp, P. (1992) Hormonal effects on fat distribution and its relationship to health risk factors. Acta Paediatr Suppl 383: 59– 60. CAS PubMed Google Scholar Rosèn, T., Bosaeus, I., Tolli, J., Lindstedt, G., Bengtsson, BA. (1993) Increased body fat mass and decreased extracellular fluid volume in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 38: 63 Wiley Online Library PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Liu JP, Baker J, Perkins AS, Robertson EJ, Efstratiadis A. Mice carrying null mutations of the genes encoding insulin-like growth factor I (Igf-1) and type 1 IGF receptor (Igf1r) Cell. 1993;75:59–72. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Zhou Y, Xu BC, Maheshwari HG, He L, Reed M, Lozykowski M, Okada S, Cataldo L, Coschigamo K, Wagner TE, Baumann G, Kopchick JJ. A mammalian model for Laron syndrome produced by targeted disruption of the mouse growth hormone receptor/binding protein gene (the Laron mouse) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:13215–13220. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Sims NA, Clement-Lacroix P, Da Ponte F, Bouali Y, Binart N, Moriggl R, Goffin V, Coschigano K, Gaillard-Kelly M, Kopchick J, Baron R, Kelly PA. Bone homeostasis in growth hormone receptor-null mice is restored by IGF-I but independent of Stat5. J Clin Invest. 2000;106:1095–1103. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Yakar S, Rosen CJ, Beamer WG, Ackert-Bicknell CL, Wu Y, Liu JL, Ooi GT, Setser J, Frystyk J, Boisclair YR, LeRoith D. Circulating levels of IGF-1 directly regulate bone growth and density. J Clin Invest. 2002;110:771–781. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Miyakoshi N, Kasukawa Y, Linkhart TA, Baylink DJ, Mohan S. Evidence that anabolic effects of PTH on bone require IGF-I in growing mice. Endocrinology. 2001;142:4349–4356. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Neer RM, Arnaud CD, Zanchetta JR, Prince R, Gaich GA, Reginster JY, Hodsman AB, Eriksen EF, Ish-Shalom S, Genant HK, Wang O, Mitlak BH. Effect of parathyroid hormone (1–34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1434–1441. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Ishizuya T, Yokose S, Hori M, Noda T, Suda T, Yoshiki S, Yamaguchi A. Parathyroid hormone exerts disparate effects on osteoblast differentiation depending on exposure time in rat osteoblastic cells. J Clin Invest. 1997;99:2961–2970. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] McCarthy TL, Centrella M, Canalis E. Parathyroid hormone enhances the transcript and polypeptide levels of insulin-like growth factor I in osteoblast-enriched cultures from fetal rat bone. Endocrinology. 1989;124:1247–1253. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Zhao G, Monier-Faugere MC, Langub MC, Geng Z, Nakayama T, Pike JW, Chernausek SD, Rosen CJ, Donahue LR, Malluche HH, Fagin JA, Clemens TL. Targeted overexpression of insulin-like growth factor I to osteoblasts of transgenic mice: increased trabecular bone volume without increased osteoblast proliferation. Endocrinology. 2000;141:2674–2682. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Bengtsson, BÅ, Edén, S., Lönn, L., et al (1993) Treatment of adults with growth hormone (GH) deficiency with recombinant human GH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76: 309– 317. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Al‐Shoumer, K. A. S., Page, B., Thomas, E., Murphy, M., Beshyah, S. A., Johnston, DG. (1996) Effects of four years’ treatment with biosynthetic human growth hormone (GH) on body composition in GH‐deficient hypopituitary adults. Eur Endocrinol 135: 559– 567. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Li, C. H., Simpson, M. E., Evans, HM. (1949) Influence of growth and adrenocorticotropic hormone on the body composition of hypophysectomized rats. Endocrinology 44: 71– 75. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Scow, RO. (1959) Effects of growth hormone and thyroxine on growth and chemical composition of muscle, bone and other tissues in thyroidectomized‐hypophysectomized rats. Am J Physiol 196: 859– 865. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Lee, M. O., Schaffer, NK. (1934) Anterior pituitary growth hormone and the composition of growth. J Nutr 7: 337– 363. Crossref CAS Web of Science®Google Scholar Goodman, H. M., Schwartz, J. (1974) Growth hormone and lipid metabolism. In: E Enobil WH Sawyer eds. Handbook of Physiology, Part 2 IV: 211– 232. American Physiological Society Washington DC. Google Scholar Bengtsson, BÅ, Brummer, R. J. M., Edén, S., Rosèn, T., Sjöström, L. (1992) Effects of growth hormone on fat mass and fat distribution. Acta Paediatr Suppl 383: 62– 65. PubMed Google Scholar Tanner, J. M., Hughes, P. C. R., Whitehouse, RH. (1977) Comparative rapidity of response of height, limb muscle and limb fat to treatment with human growth hormone in patients with and without growth hormone deficiency. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 84: 53– 57. Google Scholar Goodman, H. M., Gorin, E., Honeyman, TW. (1988) Biochemical basis for the lipolytic activity of growth hormone. In: LE Underwood eds. Human Growth Hormone: Progress and Challenges 75– 111. Marcel Dekker Inc New York. Google Scholar Bonnet, F., Vanderschueren‐Lodeweyckx, M., Echels, R., Malvaux, P. (1974) Subcutaneous adipose tissue and lipids in blood in growth hormone deficiency before and after treatment with human growth hormone. Pediatr Res 8: 800– 805. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar van Vliet, G, Bosson, D., Craen, M., Caju, NVLD, Malvaux, P., Vanderschueren‐Lodeweyckx, M. (1987) Comparative study of the lipolytic potencies of pituitary‐derived and biosynthetic human growth hormone in hypopituitary children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65: 876– 879. Crossref PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Beauville, M., Harent, I., Crampes, F., Riviere, D., Tauber, M. T., Tauber, J. P., Garrigues, M. (1992) Effect of long‐term rhGH administration in GH‐deficient adults on fat cell epinephrine response. Am J Physiol 263: E467– E472. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Vernon, R. G., Flint, DJ. (1989) Role of growth hormone in the regulation of adipocyte growth and function. In: RB Heap, C Prosser GE Lamming eds. Biotechnology in Growth Regulation 57– 71. Butterworths London, United Kingdom. Crossref Web of Science®Google Scholar Harant, I., Beauville, M., Crampes, F., et al (1994) Response of fat cells to growth hormone (GH): effect of long term treatment with recombinant human GH in GH‐deficient adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78: 1392– 1395. Crossref PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Marcus, C., Bolme, P., Micha‐Johansson, G., Margery, V., Brönnegård, M. (1994) Growth hormone increases the lipolytic sensitivity from catecholamines in adipocytes from healthy adults. Life Sci 54: 1335– 1341. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Yang, S., Björntorp, P., Liu, X., Edén, S. (1996) Growth hormone treatment of hypophysectomized rats increases catecholamine‐induced lipolysis and the number of β‐adrenergic receptors in adipocytes: no differences in the effects of growth hormone on different fat depots. Obes Res 4: 471– 478. Wiley Online Library CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Watt, P. W., Finley, E., Cork, S., Legg, R. A., Vernon, RG. (1991) Chronic control of the β‐ and α2‐adrenergic systems of sheep adipose tissue by growth hormone and insulin. Biochem J 273: 39– 42. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Arner, P. (1992) Adrenergic receptor function in fat cells. Am J Clin Nutr 55: 228S– 236S. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Arner, P., Hellmér, J., Wennlund, A., Östman, J., Engfeldt, P. (1988) Adrenoceptor occupancy in isolated human fat cells and its relationship with lipolysis rate. Eur J Pharmacol 146: 45– 56. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Davidson, MB. (1987) Effect of growth hormone on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Endocr Rev 8: 115– 131. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Ottosson, M., Lönnroth, P., Björntorp, Edén S. (2000) Effects of cortisol and growth hormone on lipolysis in human adipose tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 799– 803. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Pierlussi, J., Pierlussi, R., Aschcroft, SJH. (1980) Effects of growth hormone on insulin release in the rat. Diabetologia 19: 391– 396. Crossref PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Roupas, P., Ghou, S. T., Towns, R. J., Kostyo, JL. (1991) Growth hormone inhibits activation of phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C in adipose plasma membranes: evidence for a growth hormone‐induced change in G protein function. Physiol Pharmacol 88: 1691– 1695. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar 72 Slavin, B. G., Ong, J. M., Kern, P. (1994) Hormonal regulation of hormone‐sensitive lipase activity and mRNA levels in isolated rat adiposities. J Lipid Res 35: 1535– 1541. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Sheridan, MK. (1986) Effects of thyroxin, cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin on lipid metabolism of coho salmon, oncorhynchus kisutch, during smoltification. Gen Comp Endocrinol 64: 220– 238. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Dietz, J., Schwartz, J. (1991) Microdetermination of long chain fatty acids in plasma and tissue. J Biol Chem 235: 2595– 2599. PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Yang, S., Xu, X., Björntorp, P., Edén, S. (1995) Additive effects of growth hormone and testosterone on lipolysis in adipocytes of hypophysectomized rats. J Endocrinol 147: 147– 152. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Lands, A. M., Arnold, A., McAuliff, J. P., Bron, TG. (1967) Differentiation of receptor systems activated by sympathetic amines. Nature 214: 597– 598. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Stiles, G. L., Caron, M. G., Lefkowitz, RJ. (1984) β‐Adrenergic receptors: biochemical mechanisms of physiological regulation. Physiol Rev 64: 661– 743. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Emorine, L. J., Marullo, S., Briend‐Sutren, M. M., et al (1989) Molecular characterization of human β3‐adrenergic receptor. Science 245: 1118– 1121. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Ahquist, RP. (1948) A study of the adrenotropic receptors. Am J Physiol 153: 586– 600. PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Honnor, R. C., Dhillon, G. S., Londos, C. (1985) cAMP‐dependent protein kinase and lipolysis in rat adipocytes. I. Cell preparation, manipulation and predictability in behavior. J Biol Chem 260: 15122– 15129. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Honnor, R. C., Dhillon, G. S., Londos, C. (1985) cAMP‐dependent protein kinase and lipolysis in rat adipocytes. II. Definition of steady‐state relationship with lipolytic and antilipolytic modulators. J Biol Chem 260: 15130– 15138. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Corbin, J. D., Cobb, C. E., Beebe, S. J., et al (1988) Mechanism and function of cAMP‐ and cGMP‐dependent protein kinases. Adv Second Messenger Phosphoprotein Res 21: 75– 86. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Londos, C., Brasaemle, D. L., Schultz, C. J., Segrest, J. P., Kimmel, AR. (1999) Perilipins, ADRP, and other proteins that associate with intracellular neutral lipid droplets in animal cells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 10: 51– 58. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Holm, C., Osterlund, T., Laurell, H., Contreras, JA. (2000) Molecular mechanisms regulating hormone‐sensitive lipase and lipolysis. Annu Rev Nutr 20: 365– 393. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Brasaemle, D. L., Rubin, B., Harten, I. A., Gruia‐Gray, J., Kimmel, A. R., Londos, C. (2000) Perilipin A increases triacylglycerol storage by decreasing the rate of triacylglycerol hydrolysis. J Biol Chem 275: 38486– 38493. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Tansey, J. T., Huml, A. M., Vogt, R., et al (2003) Functional studies on native and mutated forms of perilipins. A role in protein kinase A‐mediated lipolysis of triacylglycerols. J Biol Chem 278: 8401– 8406. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Strålfors, P., Björgell, P., Belfrage, P. (1984) Hormone regulation of hormone‐sensitive lipase in intact adipocytes: Identification of phosphorylated sites and effects of the phosphorylation by lipolytic hormone and insulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 81: 3317– 3321. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Egan, J. J., Greenberg, A. S., Chang, M. K., Wek, SA Moos JMC, Londos, C. (1992) Mechanism of hormone‐stimulated lipolysis in adipocytes: translocation of hormone‐sensitive lipase to the lipid storage droplet. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89: 8537– 8541. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Anthonsen, M. W., Ronnstrand, L., Wernstedt, C., Degerman, E., Holm, C. (1998) Identification of novel phosphorylation sites in hormone‐sensitive lipase that are phosphorylated in response to isoproterenol and govern activation properties in vitro. J Biol Chem 273: 215– 221. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Sztalryd, C., Xu, G., Dorward, H., et al (2003) Perilipin A is essential for the translocation of hormone‐sensitive lipase during lipolytic activation. J Cell Boil 161: 1093– 1103. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Smith, PE. (1930) Hypophysectomy and replacement therapy in the rat. Am J Anat 45: 205– 273. Wiley Online Library Web of Science®Google Scholar Edén, S., Jansson, J. O., Oscarsson, J. (1987) Sexual dimorphism of growth hormone secretion. In: O Isaksson C Binder K Hall B Hökfelt eds. Growth Hormone—Basic and Clinical Aspects 129– 151. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V Amsterdam. Google Scholar Frohman, L. A., Bernardis, LL. (1970) Growth hormone secretion in rat: metabolic clearance and secretion rates. Endocrinology 86: 305– 312. Crossref CAS PubMed Google Scholar Jansson, J. O., Albertsson‐Wikaland, K., Edén, S., Thorngren, K. G., Isaksson, O. (1982) Circumstantial evidence for a role of the secretory pattern of growth hormone in control of body growth. Acta Endocrinol 99: 24– 30. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Björntorp, P., Karlsson, M., Pertoft, H., Pettersson, P., Sjöström, L., Smith, U. (1978) Isolation and characterization of cells from rat adipose tissue developing into adipocytes. J Lipid Res 19: 316– 324. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. L., Randall, RJ. (1951) Protein measurements with the folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193: 265– 275. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Rebuffé‐Scrive, M. (1987) Sex steroid hormones and adipose tissue metabolism in adrenalectomized and ovariectomized rats. Acta Physiol Scand 129: 471– 477. Wiley Online Library CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Laurell, S., Tibbling, G. (1966) An enzymatic fluorometric micromethod for the determination of glycerol. Clin Chim Acta 13: 317– 322. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Dole, V. P., Meinertz, H. (1960) Microdetermination of long chain fatty acids in plasma and tissues. J Biol Chem 235: 2595– 2599. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Smith, U., Sjöström, L., Björntorp, P. (1972) Comparison of two methods of determining human adipose cell size. J Lipid Res 13: 822– 824. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Östman, J., Arner, P., Kimura, H., Wahrenberg, H., Engfeldt, P. (1984) Influence of fasting on lipolytic response to adrenergic agonists and on adrenergic receptors in subcutaneous adipocytes. Eur J Clin Invest 14: 383– 391. Wiley Online Library PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Steiner, A. L., Pagliara, A. S., Chase, L. R., Kipnis, DM. (1972) Radioimmunoassay for cyclic nucleotides. II. Adenosine 3′, 5′‐monophosphate and guanosine 3′, 5′‐monophosphate in mammalian tissues and body fluids. J Biol Chem 247: 1114– 1120. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Steiner, A. L., Parker, C. W., Kipnis, DM. (1972) Radioimmunoassay for cyclic nucleotides. I. Preparation of antibodies and iodinated cyclic nucleotides. J Biol Chem 247: 1106– 1113. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar McKenzie, FR. (1988) Basic techniques to study G‐protein function. In: G Milligan eds. Signal Transduction—A Practical Approach, Part 2 31– 56. Oxford University Press New York. Google Scholar Solomon, S. S., Sibley, S. D., Dismukes, J.R. (1991) Growth hormone‐enhanced lipolysis in the spontaneously diabetic BB rat. J Lab Clin Med 118: 99– 105. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Nam, S. Y., Marcus, C. (2000) Growth hormone and adipocyte function in obesity. Horm Res 53: (Suppl 1), 87– 97. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Bahouth, S. W., Malbon, CC. (1988) Subclassification of β‐adrenergic receptors of rat fat cells: a re‐evaluation. Mol Pharmacol 34: 318– 326. CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Granneman, J. G., Lahners, K. N., Chaudhry, A. (1992) Molecular cloning and expression of the rat β3‐adrenergic receptor. Mol Pharmacol 40: 895– 899. Web of Science®Google Scholar Hollenga, C. H., Zaagsma, J. (1989) Direct evidence for the atypical nature of functional β‐adrenoceptors in rat adipocytes. Br J Pharmacol 98: 1420– 1424. Wiley Online Library CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Lacasa, D., Agli, B., Giudicelli, Y. (1985) Direct assessment of β‐adrenergic receptors in intact rat adipocytes by binding of [3H]CGP 12177. Eur J Biochem 146: 339– 346. Wiley Online Library CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Umekawa, T., Yoshida, T., Sakane, N., Kondo, M. (1996) Effect of CL316, 243, a highly specific β3‐adrenoceptor agonit, on lipolysis of human and rat adipocytes. Horm Metab Res 28: 394– 396. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Bojanic, D., Nahorski, SR. (1983) Identification and subclassification of rat adipocyte β‐adrenoceptors using (±)‐[125I]cyanopindolol. Eur J Pharmacol 93: 235– 243. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar Langin, D., Portillo, M., Saulnier‐Blache, J. S., Lafontan, M. (1991) Coexistence of three beta‐adrenergic receptor subtypes in white fat cells of various mammalian species. Eur J Pharmacol 199: 291– 301. Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science®Google Scholar •••WANT YOUR QUESTION ANSWERED?••• Create a free account at www.theprepcoachforum.com and post up your question in the Mike Arnold PED Q&A open threat! •••SUPPORT OUR PEPTIDE/RESEARCH CHEMS SPONSORS••• (RESEARCH CHEMS) www.maresearchchems.net___use discount code “alex15” to save off your order! (SPECIALTY SUPPS) www.masupps.com___use discount code “alex20” to save off your order! (BEEF) www.skinnybeef.com___use discount code “alex10” to save off your order! •••FIND THE EPISODES••• ITUNES:https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/beastfitness-radios-podcast/id1065532968 LIBSYN:http://beastfitnessradio.libsyn.com VIMEO: www.vimeo.com/theprepcoach •••PREP COACH APPAREL••• https://teespring.com/stores/the-prep-coach-apparel
In questa puntata del podcast Pillole parliamo dell’aspetto scientifico dell’amore romantico.- - - - - - - - -Fonti:S. Zeki, The neurobiology of love, FEBS Lett, 2007Z. Zou, H. Song, Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, Romantic Love VS Drug Addiction May Inspire a New Treatment for Addiction, Front Psychol, 2016- - - - - - - - -Per ulteriori informazioni visita il sito web www.pillolepodcast.it
Episode 293 is your updated complete guide to injectable glutathione! Glutathione (GSH) has so much misunderstanding and misinformation in our industry that I want to ensure people understand a lot of the interactions and MoA going on with this compound. It has tremendous application as a "health", restoration, and progression tool when utilized in the proper setting. Sit back, take notes, and enjoy the references I'll attach to this episode! REFERENCES Aniya Y., Imaizumi N. (2011). Mitochondrial glutathione transferases involving a new function for membrane permeability transition pore regulation. Drug Metab. Rev. 43 292–299 Arakane F., King S. R., Du Y., Kallen C. B., Walsh L. P., Watari H., et al. (1997). Phosphorylation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) modulates its steroidogenic activity. J. Biol. Chem. 272 32656–32662 10.1074/jbc.272.51.32656 Armeni T., Cianfruglia L., Piva F., Urbanelli L., Luisa Caniglia M., Pugnaloni A., et al. (2014). S-D-Lactoylglutathione can be an alternative supply of mitochondrial glutathione. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 67 451–459 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.12.005 Armstrong J. S., Jones D. P. (2002). Glutathione depletion enforces the mitochondrial permeability transition and causes cell death in Bcl-2 overexpressing HL60 cells. FASEB J. 16 1263–1265 10.1096/fj.02-0097fje Baines C. P. (2010). The cardiac mitochondrion: nexus of stress. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 72 61–80 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135929 Baines C. P., Kaiser R. A., Purcell N. H., Blair N. S., Osinska H., Hambleton M. A., et al. (2005). Loss of cyclophilin D reveals a critical role for mitochondrial permeability transition in cell death. Nature 434 658–662 10.1038/nature03434 Banmeyer I., Marchand C., Clippe A., Knoops B. (2005). Human mitochondrial peroxiredoxin 5 protects from mitochondrial DNA damages induced by hydrogen peroxide. FEBS Lett. 579 2327–2333 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.03.027 Basso E., Fante L., Fowlkes J., Petronilli V., Forte M. A., Bernardi P. (2005). Properties of the permeability transition pore in mitochondria devoid of Cyclophilin D. J. Biol. Chem. 280 18558–18561 10.1074/jbc.C500089200 Beer S. M., Taylor E. R., Brown S. E., Dahm C. C., Costa N. J., Runswick M. J., et al. (2004). Glutaredoxin 2 catalyzes the reversible oxidation and glutathionylation of mitochondrial membrane thiol proteins: implications for mitochondrial redox regulation and antioxidant DEFENSE. J. Biol. Chem. 279 47939–47951 10.1074/jbc.M408011200 Benipal B., Lash L. H. (2013). Modulation of mitochondrial glutathione status and cellular energetics in primary cultures of proximal tubular cells from remnant kidney of uninephrectomized rats. Biochem. Pharmacol. 85 1379–1388 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.02.013 Brand M. D. (2010). The sites and topology of mitochondrial superoxide production. Exp. Gerontol. 45 466–472 10.1016/j.exger.2010.01.003 Brigelius-Flohe R., Maiorino M. (2013). Glutathione peroxidases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1830 3289–3303 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.11.020 Casagrande S., Bonetto V., Fratelli M., Gianazza E., Eberini I., Massignan T., et al. (2002). Glutathionylation of human thioredoxin: a possible crosstalk between the glutathione and thioredoxin systems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 9745–9749 10.1073/pnas.152168599 Chang T. S., Cho C. S., Park S., Yu S., Kang S. W., Rhee S. G. (2004). Peroxiredoxin III, a mitochondrion-specific peroxidase, regulates apoptotic signaling by mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 279 41975–41984 10.1074/jbc.M407707200 Garcia-Ruiz C., Fernandez-Checa J. C. (2006). Mitochondrial glutathione: hepatocellular survival-death switch. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 21(Suppl. 3) S3–S6 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04570. Garcia-Ruiz C., Morales A., Ballesta A., Rodes J., Kaplowitz N., Fernandez-Checa J. C. (1994). Effect of chronic ethanol feeding on glutathione and functional integrity of mitochondria in periportal and perivenous rat hepatocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 94 193–201 10.1172/JCI117306 Griffith O. W., Meister A. (1985). Origin and turnover of mitochondrial glutathione. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82 4668–4672 10.1073/pnas.82.14.4668 Kokoszka J. E., Waymire K. G., Levy S. E., Sligh J. E., Cai J., Jones D. P., et al. (2004). The ADP/ATP translocator is not essential for the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Nature 427 461–465 10.1038/nature02229 Kroemer G., Galluzzi L., Brenner C. (2007). Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization in cell death. Physiol. Rev. 87 99–163 10.1152/physrev.00013.2006 Kulawiak B., Hopker J., Gebert M., Guiard B., Wiedemann N., Gebert N. (2013). The mitochondrial protein import machinery has multiple connections to the respiratory chain. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1827 612–626 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.12.004 Lash L. H. (2006). Mitochondrial glutathione transport: physiological, pathological and toxicological implications. Chem. Biol. Interact. 163 54–67 10.1016/j.cbi.2006.03.001 Miller W. L. (2013). Steroid hormone synthesis in mitochondria. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 379 62–73 10.1016/j.mce.2013.04.014 Muller F. L., Lustgarten M. S., Jang Y., Richardson A, Van Remmen H. (2007). Trends in oxidative aging theories. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 43 477–503 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.034 Munoz-Pinedo C., Guio-Carrion A., Goldstein J. C., Fitzgerald P., Newmeyer D. D., Green D. R. (2006). Different mitochondrial intermembrane space proteins are released during apoptosis in a manner that is coordinately initiated but can vary in duration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 11573–11578 10.1073/pnas.0603007103 Schumacker P. T. (2006). Reactive oxygen species in cancer cells: live by the sword, die by the sword. Cancer Cell 10 175–176 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.08.015 Sena L. A., Chandel N. S. (2012). Physiological roles of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Mol. Cell 48 158–167 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.09.025 Serviddio G., Bellanti F., Tamborra R., Rollo T., Capitanio N., Romano A. D., et al. (2008). Uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) induces mitochondrial proton leak and increases susceptibility of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) liver to ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Gut 57 957–965 10.1136/gut.2007.147496 Venditti P., Di Stefano L, Di Meo S. (2013). Mitochondrial metabolism of reactive oxygen species. Mitochondrion 13 71–82 10.1016/j.mito.2013.01.008 Yin F., Sancheti H., Cadenas E. (2012). Mitochondrial thiols in the regulation of cell death pathways. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 17 1714–1727 10.1089/ars.2012.4639 Yue P., Zhou Z., Khuri F. R., Sun S. Y. (2006). Depletion of intracellular glutathione contributes to JNK-mediated death receptor 5 upregulation and apoptosis induction by the novel synthetic triterpenoid methyl-2-cyano-3, 12-dioxooleana-1, 9-dien-28-oate (CDDO-Me). Cancer Biol. Ther. 5 492–497 10.4161/cbt.5.5.2565 Zhao P., Kalhorn T. F., Slattery J. T. (2002). Selective mitochondrial glutathione depletion by ethanol enhances acetaminophen toxicity in rat liver. Hepatology 36 326–335 10.1053/jhep.2002.34943 •••SUPPORT OUR SPONSORS••• (COACHING) Alex - www.theprepcoach.com (FREE OPEN FORUM w/ EXCLUSIVE VIDEOS) http://www.theprepcoachforum.com (SUPPLEMENTS) www.projectad.me___use discount code “BFR25” to save off your order! (RESEARCH CHEMS) www.maresearchchems.net___use discount code “alex15” to save off your order! (SPECIALTY SUPPS) www.masupps.com___use discount code “alex20” to save off your order! (BULK SUPPLEMENTS) www.truenutrition.com___use discount code “AXK5” to save off your order! •••FIND THE EPISODES••• ITUNES:https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/beastfitness-radios-podcast/id1065532968 LIBSYN:http://beastfitnessradio.libsyn.com VIMEO: www.vimeo.com/theprepcoach •••PREP COACH APPAREL••• https://teespring.com/stores/the-prep-coach-apparel
This episode: Fruit fly gut microbes can mediate non-genetic traits passed from parents to offspring! Thanks to Dr. Per Stenberg for his contribution! Download Episode (10.0 MB, 10.9 minutes) Show notes: Microbe of the episode: Bifidobacterium breve News item Takeaways Heritability of traits is essential for evolution; if an ability can't be passed on from generation to generation, then natural selection can't act on it on a population-wide level. An organism's genome is the source of most heritable traits, as DNA gets passed on to offspring, but a number of other ways of passing on traits have been discovered, in the field of epigenetics. In this study, the gut microbes from fruit flies raised in one temperature could affect the gene expression of their offspring raised in a different temperature, compared to flies that had been kept at the latter temperature over both generations. While the effects on fly fitness or behavior are not yet known, these results suggest that gut microbes, transmitted from parents to offspring, could be another mechanism of heritability. Journal Paper: Zare A, Johansson A-M, Karlsson E, Delhomme N, Stenberg P. 2018. The gut microbiome participates in transgenerational inheritance of low-temperature responses in Drosophila melanogaster. FEBS Lett 592:4078–4086. Other interesting stories: Bacteria living in alfalfa plants seem to extend roundworm lifespans (paper) Whole fruit fly microbe community affects whether flies live longer or reproduce more Hot spring archaea have unusual membranes that help tolerate the heat Email questions or comments to bacteriofiles at gmail dot com. Thanks for listening! Subscribe: Apple Podcasts, RSS, Google Play. Support the show at Patreon, or check out the show at Twitter or Facebook
Glimepiride is a novel sulfonylurea for the treatment of type II-diabetic patients exhibiting different receptor binding kinetics to β-cell membranes with 8–9-fold higher koff rate and 2.5–3-fold higher kon rate compared to glibenclamide (see accompanying paper (Müller, G. et al. (1994) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1191, 267–277)). To elucidate the molecular basis for this differential behaviour of glimepiride and glibenclamide, direct photoaffinity labeling studies using β-cell tumor membranes were performed. [3H]Glimepiride was specifically incorporated into a membrane polypeptide of Mr = 65000 under conditions, which led to predominant labeling of a 140 kDa protein by [3H]glibenclamide (Kramer, W. et al. (1988) FEBS Lett. 229, 355–359). Labeling of the 140 kDa protein by [3H]glibenclamide was inhibited by unlabeled glimepiride and, vice versa, glibenclamide inhibited labeling of the 65 kDa protein by [3H]glimepiride. The 65 kDa protein was also specifically photolabeled by the sulfonylurea [125I]35623, whereas an 4-azidobenzoyl derivative of glibenclamide, N3-[3H]33055, exclusively labeled a 33 kDa protein. Competitive Scatchard analysis of [3H]glimepiride-binding and [3H]glibenclamide-binding to RINm5F cell membranes using glibenclamide and glimepiride, respectively, as heterologous displacing compounds yielded non-linear plots. These findings may be explained by cooperative interactions between the 140 and 65 kDa sulfonylurea-binding proteins. The possibility that sulfonylureas of different structure have different access to the 140 and 65 kDa receptor proteins due to the β-cell membrane barrier was investigated by photoaffinity labeling of solubilized β-cell membrane proteins. Interestingly, solubilization of β-cell tumor membranes led to a shift of specific [3H]glibenclamide binding from the 140 kDa to the 65 kDa binding protein, exclusively, and to an increased labeling of the 65 kDa protein by [3H]glimepiride. The labeling of a unique protein is in agreement with similar Kd values measured for both sulfonylurcas upon solubilization of β-cell tumor and RINm5F cell membranes (see accompanying paper). Furthermore, competitive Scatchard plots of [3H]glimepiride binding to solubilized RINm5F cell membrane proteins in the presence of glibenclamide and vice versa approximate linearity suggesting loss of cooperativity between the 140 kDa glibenclamide-binding and 65 kDa glimepiride-binding proteins upon solubilization. The physiological significance of the differential interaction of glimepiride and glibenclamide with different binding proteins was also substantiated by photoaffinity labeling of RINm5F cells leading to labeling of a 140 kDa protein by [3H]glibenclamide and of a 65 kDa protein by [3H]glimepiride. In conclusion, this report presents the first evidence that different sulfonylurea drugs bind to different components of the sulfonylurea receptor complex which are characterized by different accessibility for the drugs.
Cleavage of the disulfide bond linking the heavy and the light chains of tetanus toxin is necessary for its inhibitory action on exocytotic release ofcatecholamines from permeabi1ized chromaffin cells [(1989) FEBS Lett. 242, 245-248; (1989) J. Neurochern., in press]. The related botulinum A toxin also consists of a heavy and a light chain linked by a disulfide bond. The actions ofboth neurotoxins on exocytosis were presently compared using streptolysin O-permeabilized bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Botulinum A toxin inhibited Ca2 +-stimulated catecholamine release from these cells. Addition of dithiothreitollowered the effective doses to values below 5 nM. Under the same conditions, the effective doses of tetanus toxin were decreased by a factor of five. This indicates that the interchain S-S bond of botulinum A toxin must also be split before the neurotoxin can exert its effect on exocytosis.