Podcasts about french indian

In May of 1673, French-Canadian explorer, Louis Jolliet (1645-1700), along with French Jesuit missionary Father Marquette(1637-75), departed from Northern Michigan with two canoes and five voyageurs of French-Indian ancestry. They travelled through Lake Huron and Lake Michigan and into Green Bay to explore and map the northern portion of the Mississippi River Valley. Check out the YouTube version of this episode at https://youtu.be/CZ0JkbyHh7g which has accompanying visuals including maps, charts, timelines, photos, illustrations, and diagrams. Jolliet & Marquette books available at https://amzn.to/40HVlIH Mississippi River books available at https://amzn.to/4feWoDM ENJOY Ad-Free content, Bonus episodes, and Extra materials when joining our growing community on https://patreon.com/markvinet SUPPORT this channel by purchasing any product on Amazon using this FREE entry LINK https://amzn.to/3POlrUD (Amazon gives us credit at NO extra charge to you). Mark Vinet's HISTORICAL JESUS podcast is available at https://parthenonpodcast.com/historical-jesus Mark's TIMELINE video channel: https://youtube.com/c/TIMELINE_MarkVinet Website: https://markvinet.com/podcast Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mark.vinet.9 Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalJesu Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/denarynovels Books: https://amzn.to/3k8qrGM Librivox: France and England in North America by Francis Parkman, Jr. (1823-93) La Salle, Discovery of The Great West, Chapter V, The Discovery of the Mississippi (1672-1675), read by L. Trask.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Hi everyone! Today on What's My Frame I'm joined by Casting Director, Cassandra Han.  Cassandra is a true gem and I know you're going to love this episode and learn so much. We dive into the Italian vs German market, UK & US markets and take on the often misunderstood Global Rule One. If you've ever been curious about working in another market grab your notebook because Cassandra is sharing her prolific insight and experiences navigating and casting in numerous markets!  Cassandra began casting in the early '90s in New York. She was a founding member of Ethan Hawke's NY theater company Malaparte. She holds an MFA in acting from Trinity Repertory Company and a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Pennsylvania. After moving to Europe in '03, Cassandra now specializes in crossing over between the European and UK/US markets, casting in German, Italian and English. Cassandra is President of the CSA European Board of Governors and a Board Member of the International Casting Directors Association (ICDA). A founding member of the Italian branch of Women in Film, Television and Media, she is also a member of the European Film Academy and the Deutsche Filmakademie. Recent credits includes two Paramount+ series: a German Original entitled ONE TRILLION DOLLARS (Wiedemann & Berg TV) and American roles for the Italian Original MISS FALLACI (Casting by Maurilio Mangano). UK Casting includes the upcoming Italian Netflix series STORIA DELLA MIA FAMIGLIA (Casting by Davide Zurolo). She also just closed the cast of a Somali-language feature, SAMIA, based on the true story of a female Olympic athlete from Mogadishu.  Casting Italy credits include James Mangold's Oscar-winning FORD VS FERRARI (Casting by Ronna Kress), Terrence Malick's A HIDDEN LIFE (Casting by Anja Dihrberg) and two seasons of Gaumont Germany's Netflix series BARBARIANS (Casting by Iris Baumüller). Other recent credits include co-casting with Marta Kownacka on the award-winning Polish WWII feature FILIP from Akson Studios (Veronika Migoń casting award nomination); US roles for the Latvian/Italian feature MASAS; the quirky French/Indian animated film SCHIRKOA; Dror Zahavi's feature about a Palestinian-Israeli youth orchestra, CRESCENDO; and UK casting for the ARD series EIN HAUCH VON AMERIKA Cassandra Han SAG-AFTRA Global Rule One --- What's My Frame, hosted by ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Laura Linda Bradley⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Join the WMF creative community now! Instagram: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@whatsmyframe⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ TikTok: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@whatsmyframe⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠IMDb⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠What's My Frame? official site ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Join our monthly newsletter!⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠What's My Frame? merch⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠  --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/whats-my-frame/support

New Englander writer Nathaniel Hawthorne visits the remains of Fort Ticonderoga, which played an important part in the French-Indian and Revolutionary wars as first the French battled the English for possession of the valuable waterways and later the British battled the American colonists for possesion of the northern colonies. For more short and long classic stories follow us at 1001 Stories From The Gilded Age. Also check out our archives at www.bestof1001stories.com

National flannel day. Pop culture form 2010. French-Indian war over, Duck tape invented, 1st ever gold record. Todays birthdays - Boris Pasternak, Robert Wagner, Roberta Flack, Lionel Cartwright, Laura Dern, Elizabeth Banks. Shirley Temple died.

Love my podcast? Sponsor an episode by buying me coffee & help me continue making FREE content for you: https://buy.stripe.com/dR67vtcTvbubefmcN2 http://www.eslbusinessenglishexperts.com BLACK FRIDAY SPECIAL OFFER - NEW CLIENTS LIMITED OFFER From 25th November and throughout this weekend - up until Tuesday 29th November at Midnight PST (UCT +8) - you can grab 80% off www.eslbusinessenglishexperts.com Coach Mark In Manila's existing hourly coaching rate and secure 12 hours of 1-1 expert ESL English, Career and Business coaching via WeChat, Zoom or Telegram Video call to support you through your career, confidence, interview, immigration or study advancement plans in 2023. Your credits come with a full 12 month validity - therefore you have a full year to book and use them with me. To lock in your discounted coaching simply visit Coach Mark's Stripe secure payment site here: https://buy.stripe.com/bIY2b96v769Rc7eaF2 Full Terms of Payment, Booking & Scheduling in the footer at: www.eslbusinessenglishexperts.com Sign-up to my FREE English Tips and Success Newsletter: https://coachmarkinmanilanlpcoaching.company.site/Coach-Mark-In-Manila-Wealth-Health-ESL-English-&-Career-Success-Creation-Newsletter-PLUS-FREE-Instant-Money-Creation-Links-p495003506 Access Hundreds IELTS Online Courses and take Mock Tests From Home - Get Your Dream IELTS Score Use My 10% Off Link: https://i.preptical.com/login?ref=17760&apply-promo=initial-impact Have your IELTS Written Tasks or OET Writing Checked, Corrected and Graded: https://coachmarkinmanilanlpcoaching.company.site/x-10-Tasks-IELTS-OET-Writing-Correction-And-Feedback-Service-p504806078 Have your IELTS or OET Speaking Checked, Corrected and Graded: https://coachmarkinmanilanlpcoaching.company.site/x-10-Speaking-Recordings-IELTS-PART-2-OET-Recorded-Speaking-Correction-And-Feedback-Service-p504782211 https://bookshop.org/lists/coach-mark-in-manila-nail-your-ielts-essential-reads Expert in Coaching French, German, Arabic, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Russian, Spanish and Brazilian ESL speakers and business professionals from UAE - Dubai, Abu Dhabi - Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman, Jordan, Iraq, Tokyo, Moscow, Seoul, Bejing, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Madrid, Germany. Receive LIVE 1-1 Zoom / Telegram / WeChat video Advanced Business English / IELTS / OET coaching with Coach Mark In Manila: https://coachmarkinmanilanlpcoaching.company.site/ESL-English-1-1-Advanced-Business-English-IELTS-or-OET-Coaching-Success-Sessions-Coach-Mark-In-Manila-p504825560 --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/markinmanilacamblyesl/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/markinmanilacamblyesl/support

Episode 30 with Sourya "Soy" Panday, French-Indian skateboarder, artist, co-founder and artistic director of Bordeaux-based board brand Magenta Skateboards.  Together we discussed him growing up between Orléans, Belfort and Grenoble, getting shoes from Osiris and I-Path back in the day, traveling around the world with Kenny Reed and trying to figure out his own path in the skateboarding industry, filming a part with Josh Stewart for Static III, his apartment on boulevard Magenta in Paris becoming one of the main skate-hubs for skaters from all over the world, starting Magenta Skateboards with Vivien & Jean Feil in 2010, picking up drawing again and becoming the artistic director of the brand, the different phases the brand has gone through in the last 12 years, their upcoming projects...  Intro (00:13) Finding skateboarding (01:13)  First sponsors (08:43)  Meeting Vivien Feil (15:49)  Bribing police officers in Russia with Kenny Reed (20:06)  Riding for Landscape (25:48)  Meeting with Josh Stewart and filming for Static III (27:50)  Apartment/Skate house on boulevard Magenta in Paris (38:22)  Starting Magenta Skateboards with Vivien and Jean (42:12)  Art director for Magenta (59:28)  12 years old (01:08:25)  Projects in the works (01:10:17)  Most valuable lesson learned from skateboarding (01:11:10)  Friends questions (01:13:03)  Conclusion (01:41:28)   For more information and resources: https://linktr.ee/beyondboards

I hear many calls these crazy times! Covid, Trump, Biden, China, Inflation, Russia & Ukraine, Roe v Wade, etc. But are they really that crazy? Are they different from all the rest human history? I say its not even close. Many people suffer from what I call “Apocalyptic narcissism”, thinking we endure something unique in our day. Previous generations have endured “crazy times”, most of them far “crazier” than our times. For 6000’s years, human thirst for political, economic, cultural, military conquest caused suffering, pain, and death. Just the last 800 years in Europe, War of the Roses, 100 years war, Napoleonic wars, French/Indian war (1st real WW). From an American perspective, we had the civil war, WW1, WW2, the Cold War, Viet Nam, Korea, Afghanistan, Iraq. Human thirst for conquest has subjected humanity & all creation conflict, famine, disease, economic ruin, & death. How do we reconcile living by faith, as part of the Kingdom of Heaven, when the world we live in is like this? How can we place hope in the One who’s opened the scroll of redemption when humanity is permitted to be this way?

Hello, I'm Chaplain R.T. Byrum and today's message is entitled, “REPENTANCE CAN SAVE AMERICA” We begin the program with these statements: “These United States of America have survived the war of independence from England, the French-Indian war, World War I … Continue reading →

When it comes to folk inspired black metal, there's not many bands better than West Virginia's Nechochwen. And, on their fourth full length, Kanawha Black (Bindrune Recordings), they've managed to pull themselves to the front of the pack and widely eclipse their past work. This album has become a fast staff favorite here at Nine Circles for a myriad of reasons, but plainly put, no one out there is doing it better right now. Buke recently sat down with Aaron (aka Nechochwen) to discuss the new album and how it came to be, how the band are fans of French Indian warfare and Native American history and how those topics were lacking in heavy metal when the band formed, how the band got its start, their relationship with Panopticon‘s Austin Lunn and with Bindrune Recordings, the fact that Aaron is a classically trained guitarist, and so much more. We now bring you this conversation in its entirety so grab your beverage of choice, a seat, and enjoy.9C LINKS: Website | Facebook | Twitter | Instagram

The crew recovers from last week's theatrical trauma, including a sick and deeeeep Gibbs, to review recently played games of Yakuza: Like A Dragon and Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order. Blizzard's diversity tool gets some discussion before a review of the French-Indian fusion food film The Hundred Foot Journey, produced by Steven Spielberg and Oprah. If you like food porn and feel-good family movies, this is the ticket for you. If you like Foodfight porn though, then Zea's Porn Corner is the dirty, shameful ticket for you.

Hailing from a family of restaurateurs, Cyrus Batchan recently opened Camphor, a French-Indian inspired neighborhood restaurant in the downtown LA Arts District. As the founder of No.8 Hospitality, Cyrus has conceived and operated several nightlife concepts and restaurants including: Lock & Key and Nightshade in Los Angeles; Larrea in Las Vegas; and Skylight Nha Trang and East West Brewing Company in Vietnam. Nightshade, now replaced by Camphor in the same location, collected impressive accolades such as ‘Best New Restaurant’, ‘World’s Best Restaurants” and ‘Best Bites/Dishes’ from Robb Report, Eater, Food & Wine, and GQ, among others.In November, 2021, an LA Weekly article reported that “In the last 18 months, Koreatown Lock & Key bar owner Cyrus Batchan has endured mandatory closures and re-openings, multiple fires and robberies. He’s come face to face with endless insurance company battles as well as the vandals that ransacked and stole everything out of his beloved neighborhood bar including the light fixtures. Still, he says 'the universe is on his side'."Intrigued by his optimism, international footprint and resilience, host Brad Johnson sits down with Cyrus to learn more about his background, inspiration and experience as a restaurateur. Sharing the same occupational DNA, Cyrus and Brad expand upon the unique yet necessary traits of a successful restaurateur and the meaning of hospitality. Join us at the corner table for a journey into the mind of a restaurateur! * * * Please follow @CornerTableTalk For more information on host Brad Johnson or to join our mailing list, please visit: https://postandbeamhospitality.com/ For questions or comments, please e.mail: brad@postandbeamhospitality.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This week we are travelling to Israel! Also in the mix - music from Egypt, India, France and Latin America. Original music, mashups and remixes from Jai Matt, Daddy Yankee, Static and Ben El, Divine, Nsika, Smoothies, plus more. Mon 10pm PST, Tue 7pm GMT, Tue 2pm EST, and Tue 11.30pm for listeners in India. Hosted by DJ and music producer: @viktoreus 

Facts of Opinion: A True Story - Now ya wanna play nice. The great Govenator of Michigan speech transcriptsI ask that we be civil and realize the election is over. We must unify and fight COVID like Detroit fought the Nazis in the French / Indian wars. We must dismantle the republic for which it stands and give all of the rich people’s stuff to those who want more stuff but don’t have stuff because of guns killing people. We must stand against the sexism of the stereotyping that white males perpetuate about the rest of society with their holier than thou mansplaining patriarch.  We must not let the freedoms of our oppressive past such as the right to assemble and free speech dictate our here and now. We can not just use mean speech freely now because the Democrats have won the presidency. We must not march or protest anything the president does because, Democrat. If in the next election the Democrats lose the presidency then we will reinstate free speech and the right to peaceably assemble while assaulting those who do not agree with us as it is intended. Everybody enjoy your time at home while I gallivant around making speeches even though I could literally make these speeches from my bathroom on an iPhone with some earbuds. Please don’t use logic to understand the government of the United States of America it hurts our feelings. God Bless Me and Obama speed..Beer with any living president?Santa as a no nerferAmazon is getting all litigatedBeer +Diesel + nopeSwingersDead namingDJ Khaled Podcast. He says; before you listen to the next one you have to listen to the 1st one - that’s the name of his podcastHe also saysWe know his name even but just in case…Major hit alertDon’t play yourself - very biblicalDon’t get played - sorta goes against catholic churchEverybody starts from somewhere - now he’s MagellenHe’s blowing up - so bomb threats are ok nowI joke but he’s proof that anyone can make it...anyone...and I mean anyoneHoliday Who-Be Whateehttps://prendina1.wixsite.com/holidaywho-bewhatee Then Buy some cool stuff from HNJ Crafty Creationshttps://www.facebook.com/HNJCRAFTYCREATIONS/ https://www.facebook.com/SKJCustomCreations Listen to our Podcast at https://factsofopinion.podbean.com/  or where ever you listen to PodcastVenmo: @podcastlife101CashApp: $podcastlife101Be our friends https://www.facebook.com/podcastlife10/ The very least you can do is check us out on YouTube...or be a loserhttps://www.youtube.com/channel/UCt56cfPMIOLFxvbnOAqKTxg  

The last members of a dying Native American tribe, the Mohicans -- Uncas (Eric Schweig), his father Chingachgook (Russell Means), and his adopted half-white brother Hawkeye (Daniel Day-Lewis) -- live in peace alongside British colonists. But when the daughters (Madeleine Stowe, Jodhi May) of a British colonel are kidnapped by the traitorous scout Magua (Wes Studi), Hawkeye and Uncas must rescue them in the crossfire of a gruesome military conflict of which they wanted no part: the French and Indian War.Host Nathan brings the guys one hell of a movie!  Take us back to the French & Indian war with Daniel Day-Lewis and Wes Studi.  The discussion today ranges from the amazing scenery, cinematography, music and of course... the battle scenes.  Character development over the film and just having some great love for Wes Studi and even some insight from a little reading of the novel outside of watching the movie.  Our War (what is it good for?) genre is perfectly honored to showcase this film.  We are the Reel Feels Podcast, every other Wednesday we'll bring you a new movie with all the feels you can handle.  We'll laugh, we'll cry and possibly restrain the frustrations to curse the heavens. But what you can count on is three guys sharing their love of cinema with you.   Please leave us a review and share your "reel" feelings.  Don't forget to call the "Tucc" line (Reel Feels Hotline) and leave us a voicemail: 661-376-0030   Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/ReelFeelsPodcast Email:  reelfeelspodcast@gmail.com  Twitter:  https://twitter.com/ReelFeelsPod Facebook:  https://www.facebook.com/ReelFeelsPodcast/

It's our second episode, and this week Megan and Monica are talking immigration! Recently, Virginia Gubernatorial candidate Ed Gillespie decided to follow Trump's xenophobic tactics and focussed on talking points such as sanctuary cities, South American gangs, and confederate monuments, and ... lost. So with our current climate in mind, we jump back in time and talk about America's storied past with immigration, and it's long standing history of handling refugee crises pretty poorly. Monica gets confused about the French-Indian war, Megan attempts a French accent, and general silliness ensues as we wade through the murky waters surrounding the history of immigration in the United States.  We may joke, but we only laugh to keep from crying. At the end of the day we're all human beings, and we all deserve safety from war and famine.  P.S. In need of health care? The Affordable Care Act has open enrollment from now until December 15th!  https://www.healthcare.gov/quick-guide/dates-and-deadlines/ Want to write us? Email us: alliknowaboutthat@gmail.com Want to connect on FB? Connect with us: Facebook.com/ATAIKAT Want to tweet us? Tweet us: @ThatsAllIKnowAT Love Instagram? Follow us: @andthatsalliknowaboutthat Music by: Title: The Tapioca Pudding Blues (Feat. The Duke of Book) Artist: Uncle Neptune The Tapioca Pudding Blues (feat. The Duke of Mook) by Uncle Neptune is licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial License.

In the final quarter of 2017 I'm concentrating on the French & Indian War. This first episode is an introduction, giving me a chance to take my listeners along for this ride in history. Perhaps you'll jump onboard and experience some of these games or movies with me. Hand-drawn map by George Washington, accompanying a printing of the journal he kept of his 1753 expedition into the Ohio Country. I realize that what I'm calling the French & Indian War is really the North American theater of the Seven Years War (sometimes nicknamed World War Zero), when France and England battled for global dominance throughout the newly expanding colonial world. There were conflicts in mainland Europe, too. I'm not exploring those--I'm just looking at the conflicts of Quebec, Fort William Henry, the forks of the Ohio, the siege of Louisbourg, and so on. However, my reading about the French & Indian WAR (singular) has quickly reminded me that this conflict from 1754-1763 was preceded by a few other wars between roughly the same sides: English colonies versus the French & Indian-allied forces. I have a suspicion I'll be looking into those, too. One thing that jumped out at me when I created this subject's geeklist is how many good light/short/hybrid wargames there are on it. From Quebec 1759 (Columbia's first block wargame in 1972!) to A Few Acres of Snow or 1754 Conquest (published in 2011 & 2017, respectively), there are a bunch of great choices for wargamers like me that prefer the lighter end of our hobby. I'm still curious about larger hexmap wargames, and the famous CDG on this topic, too. Map of Louisbourg and its artillery batteries in 1751. In the podcast I get to talk about the games I saw & played at the recent GMT Weekend at the Warehouse event, too. This is practically in my back yard (a 3-hour drive), so I hope to continue to go to this event once or twice per year. Next month I'll also be going to BGGcon in Dallas, where I'll be playing both wargames and euros. Hope to see you there! Say hi and ask for a podcast button to display proudly! -Mark This 1797 engraving is based on a sketch made by Hervey Smyth, General Wolfe's aide-de-camp during the siege of Quebec. A view of the taking of Quebec, 13th September 1759. Movies • Last of the Mohicans (1992) • Last of the Mohicans (1920) silent • Northwest Passage more about Robert's Rangers than the passage • Fort Ti I think this is on YouTube • Barry Lyndon I know this is European Seven Year War, but it's also Kubrick   Remember to follow along & chime in on my geeklist/discussion) for all of my French & Indian War explorations. If you're a wargamer on social media, follow me on Twitter (@WargamesToGo). Feedback is always welcome.

This week I look at an amazing report from Alaska that shows that given the choice, salmon may not be a grizzlies first choice for dinner. I also bring to a close, the story of the building of Canada's transcontinental railway..and with that said, let's get to it. Grizzlies Choose Berries over Salmon Every once in a while you come across a study that throws out everything that you thought you knew about a subject. As a biologist and naturalist, I often lament about how tough the bears in the Rockies have it over their counterparts on the north coast of British Columbia and Alaska. To most people, coastal bears live in the land of milk and honey. They have 5 kinds of Pacific salmon, and many kinds of edible berries. I often talk about the importance of understanding the seasonal food preferences of bears in order to stay safe in bear country. If you know what they're eating when they're eating it, it becomes safer to avoid unwanted encounters simply by avoiding the bear's food de jour. Stay clear of what is on today's menu. We often talk about the critical importance of meat in the diet of bears. Here in the Rockies, they don't have a great deal of meaty options. They'll take some 45% of newborn moose and elk calves, feed on winter killed bighorn sheep and mountain goats, and dig up some ground squirrel colonies. Since they can't have enough meat calories, they rely upon buffaloberries to build their fat layers for winter. If they can't find meat, then berries are their second choice…or so that's what we used to think. What if a bear found itself in a world with unlimited numbers of tasty salmon, but also a bumper crop of berries? What do YOU think they would choose? A recent study on Kodiak Island in Alaska tried to discover the answer to this question. They focused on a well-studied portion of the Karluk watershed on the island. Because bears have been studied here for many years, it seemed like a good place to start simply because there was some good historic data that might help them to determine the food preferences of the resident grizzlies. In this study, bears feed on a variety of berries including red elderberry, salmonberry, crowberry and blueberry. Of these four, red elderberry is by far the preferred choice for bears. If you're not familiar with elderberry bushes, look for a shrub that can be as tall as 3 or 4 metres with compound leaves and dense spikes of white flowers. Later, the flowers will be replaced by dense clumps of berries that grizzlies find very appealing. The denseness of the berry clusters is also what makes these berries popular with bears as they don't need to expend great deals of energy eating them. This experiment was prompted as a result of changes in the seasonal food patterns on Kodiak Island. Historically, while sockeye salmon run for 4 months, they are most vulnerable to bears when they enter smaller tributary streams in July and August. Year after year, decade after decade, the salmon always arrive at the same time of year. Because the bears are able to catch the salmon before they spawn, the fish contain up to 3 times more food energy than dying fish. In the past, elderberries ripened later in the season, usually mid-August as the salmon run was beginning to wane. For bears, this was ideal. As one food disappeared, another food was ready for feeding. Things have been changing rapidly in the north as a result of changing climates and increasingly warm spring temperatures. In warm years, the berries are beginning to ripen earlier and earlier, with ripe berries as early as mid-July on some years. For the first time the bears found themselves in a situation where there were two key foods that were available in the same area at the same time. What surprised University of California scientists though was that they did not make the obvious choice - salmon. Instead the majority of bears abandoned the streams and moved upland to feast on elderberries. I know what you're saying - "fake science". After all, no self-respecting carnivore would choose berries over salmon, but despite all logic indicating that they would stick with salmon, they didn't. Biologists used a number of methods to track the bears behaviour in years where the elderberries ripened at the same time as the sockeye runs. When they studied images from 8 years of aerial surveys of the rivers during the salmon run, in every case, years with early berry crops coincided with fewer bears fishing for salmon. This was backed up by looking at areas outside the Karluk River and when 31 years of aerial photographs were compared to ripening dates, the same results were shown. In particular, during the exceedingly warm summers of 2014 and 2015, studies of scat showed the same results. Of 151 scat samples identified, 125 were composed primarily of red elderberries. 2010 formed a good control years as there was a failure of the elderberry crop and, when they looked at the location of GPS collared bears, they remained at the river to feed on the available salmon. Their conclusions showed that if elderberries were available at the same time as sockeye salmon, the bears would largely ignore the salmon and turn into a furry frugivore. As you can imagine, this put the biologists into a tizzy. Why would grizzlies purposely choose foods with lower nutritional value and a lower percentage of protein. When they looked into the nutritional content of the foods, they discovered that the berries offered only around 50% as much food energy as salmon. This number can be reduced even further when you consider that with a seemingly endless number of salmon, the bears are able to select just the most nutritious parts like the skin, the brains and the eggs. This still seemed to confound common sense. They had to look deeper. What they discovered is that it's not just about calories. In order for the bears to maximize weight gain, they may need to look beyond simple calories. The choice may be impacted by the relative percentages of macronutrients like protein. They turned to food studies of bears in captivity. In one case, the bears were given the choice of foods of varying protein levels. The bears selected foods with protein levels in the 11-21% range, much lower than the 83% found in salmon, but right in the range of elderberry with 12.8%. In the end, it looks like all calories are not created equal. When given the choice, bears looked for a more moderate amount of protein. Elderberries may be the berry of choice, despite there being other available berries to choose from, simply because they occur in dense clumps which allows bears to eat vast numbers while expending minimal energy. As temperatures continue to warm, the trend looks like elderberries will continue to ripen earlier and earlier. Currently, they are ripening at a rate of 2-1/2 days earlier each decade. This would put the average ripening date at the same time as the peak salmon run by the year 2070. It's unknown how this will affect bears in the long run. Currently, the two foods normally occur sequentially, extending their feeding season. It will also depend on what other food options are available to bears once the salmon and elderberry harvest ends. I love it when science gets turned on its head. Sometimes the obvious conclusion just isn't the right one. This study helps to really show the importance of fruit to black and grizzly bears. It also has a local connections as we look to the end of buffaloberry season. This study helps to show why berries are critical to bears and it also means that it is even more important for us to protect the supply of berries for our local bear populations. Simply chopping down every buffaloberry bush in town is NOT the solution. Bears are creatures of habit. Once a location is a part of their regular foraging routine, they'll continue to return. If they don't find buffaloberries, then they may find…crabapples. Wildlife corridors should be for wildlife. Clear berry bushes from places like the Peaks, but the wildlife corridor berries should be left for the bears. If the berries are concentrated there, so will the bears be. If, as a community, we can get people to respect closures, than maybe we can help to keep the bears healthy and the wildlife corridors viable. Next up…the last spike The Last Spike Over the past few weeks, I've introduced you to the main players in the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway. This week, I want to talk about the completion of the line through the Kicking Horse and Roger's Passes. While the stories of adventure and exploration were taking place, the financiers and managers were doing everything they could to keep the flow of money coming…and many times, they were failing. In 1880, the government of Canada gave the contract to finish the CPR to a group of financiers led by George Stephen and Donald Smith. The contract required the line to be finished within 10 years and offered the "syndicate" a monopoly of the line along with $25 million in cash and 25 million acres of land grants in stages as they completed sections of the track. When the job was done, they would be given an additional 1,100 km of track already completed. The value of those lines was some $75 million. During the battles to pass the C.P.R. contract in the house, the conservatives had to defeat 23 different amendments during an excess of 30 sessions that extended past midnight. The ordeal took its toll on Macdonald who was confined to bed with severe bowel cramps when the contract was passed in parliament. When he left for England to recuperate, many believed they would never see him again. Stephen knew that it would be next to impossible to raise money in England due to the fiasco surrounding another Canadian railroad, the Grand Trunk. It had earned the nickname “The Big Suitcase” for the immense amounts of money it had managed to walk away with, without ever paying a penny in dividends. The Grand Trunk also did all it could to discredit the C.P.R., whom it saw as a competitor. When Stephen arrived in London, he was shocked to find that the newspapers were more interested in the fact that Jumbo the elephant had been sold to P.T. Barnum. This was a few years before John, Paul, George and Ringo, and Jumbo was the closest thing England had to a Rock Star…he was one famous elephant. Revenge can be sweet though, and Stephen had his chuckle when, just three weeks before the hammering of the last spike, a Grand Trunk locomotive ran over Jumbo and killed him. Financial difficulties were not long in arriving, and repeatedly, the syndicate had to ask the government for assistance. Each hand out made it more difficult to approve the next, and to cut costs, Sandford Fleming’s Yellowhead Pass route was abandoned for the shorter route through the Kicking Horse Pass. In the two years between 1880 and 1882, the company spent almost $59 million dollars, but barely collected $21 million. The remaining $37 million was not covered by the fact that they had less than $20 million in investor money. That left them with a whopping $17 million in debt. Thomas Shaughnessy, the C.P.R.’s purchasing agent managed to keep the line afloat through some interesting financial dealings. In one case, an American firm accused him of taking bribes to secure work, while not delivering. When he was hauled into Stephen’s office, he pulled out a collection of deposit slips, all to the C.P.R. account, which totaled exactly what the American firm had claimed. When asked if they had been bribes, he answered: “Of Course, but by God we needed the money didn’t we!” In the end it became clear that they needed at least another $27 million dollars in order to get the line through. The only way to get the funding would be for the government to, once again, bail the railway out. By Dec of 1883 Stephen was desperate, and he wired Prime Minister John A. Macdonald: "Things have now reached a point when we must either stop or find the means of going on. Our enemies here and elsewhere think they can now break us down and finish the CPR forever." While Macdonald had no interest in bailing out the railroad yet again, his Minister of Railways, John Henry Pope pointed out: "the day the Canadian Pacific busts the Conservative party busts the day after" Once again, the railroad was bailed out. In October, Stephen set out for one last fund raising trip to England. Along with him was Macdonald who was trying to escape the stress that pushing through the railroad aid bills had put on him. Finally, through a feat of financial finagling, Stephen managed to borrow $250,000 from a Scottish bank. He then sent off the most famous telegram in Canadian history to Smith—all it read was “Stand Fast Craigellachie” Smith and Stephen had grown up in Banffshire, Scotland, and a giant rock nearby had become a symbol of the clan Grant’s defiance during the clan wars—it was known as Craigellachie. This telegram was Stephen’s way of informing Smith that the funds were on the way. A final saving grace occurred when a Metis named Louis Riel, led a revolt against the government beginning in March of 1885. The Metis were of mixed blood French/Indian origin and had begun to attack settlements in the west and the troops were being sent in. Van Horne dedicated all the resources of the railroad to get 3,000 troops to the front in just 7 days. With this quick response, the uprising was quelled more quickly than expected. An earlier uprising had required 3 months to get troops to the front. Suddenly the railroad had shown it had more value, and the government bailed them out at the eleventh hour. Workers had not been paid for several months and were refusing to work. The banks had turned them down for any temporary loans, and when the government agreed to back their loan, Van Horne Stated that when they received the news: “We tossed up chairs to the ceiling; we tramped on desks; I believe we danced on tables. I do not fancy that any of us knows what occurred, and no one who was there can ever remember anything except loud yells of joy and the sound of things breaking.” Van Horne then sent out a hasty telegraph to Shaughnessy. All it said was: “Pay creditors now. Van Horne.” Stephen had lost all pleasure in the enterprise. The government sent appraisers to his vast Montreal mansion for security for his loan. They evaluated everything from his silverware to his underwear, and with a stroke of a pen, he signed it all away. In fact, he did not even go to the hammering of the last spike, but returned to Scotland to recover from the strain. The Last Spike Ceremony Finally, on Nov. 7, 1885 the day had arrived. The last spike would finally be hammered. The location was named Craigellachie in honour of the three word telegram that had saved the railway. But before I tell the story of our last spike, I like to share the story of the American last spike ceremony that occurred in 1869 in Promontory, Utah because no two events could be so wonderfully different. In Promontory Utah, there were two gold, and two silver spikes. The main spike had been forged at a cost of $400. Attached to the spikes were telegraph wires, so the whole country could hear it driven home. The Governor of California was on hand for the occasion and he had a specially designed silver maul, silver hammer with which to drive the stake. When everyone was in position and the cameras were ready, he raised that hammer and he brought it down…and he missed. He missed the last spike. That's okay because the telegraph operator sent the word "done" and simultaneous celebrations broke out from New York to San Francisco. They even rang the long silent liberty bell. When Van Horne was asked about what kind of ceremony he would like, he declared that '“...the only ceremony I fancy may occur will be the damning of the foreman for not driving it sooner...” He also declared that there would be no golden spike, that the last spike would be a plain iron spike, as good as all the rest. There were no heads of state or government at the hammering of our last spike, just some of the financiers and surveyors who would not have missed this moment, along with the workers that just happened to be there at the time. In the photograph, hammering the spike is Donald Smith, one of the main financiers. Behind him, with a stove pipe hat and patriarchal style beard is Sandford Fleming. To Fleming’s right, with his hands in his pockets, is William Cornelius Van Horne. Out of sight is Major A.B. Rogers, and way in the back, with a Stetson hat, peaking over the crowd, is a young Tom Wilson who would not have missed this day for the world. Now Donald Smith had heard the story of the Governor of California missing the spike, and we would have no such shenanigans here. And so when everything was ready, and the cameras were in position, he raised his hammer, took careful aim, and he brought it down…and he didn't miss!… …he bent it. He bent the last spike! It obviously had to be taken out, so we actually had two last spikes in Canada. It was later cut up into pieces to make souvenir pins for the many dignitaries that were not present. A new spike was put into place, and this time Smith drove the spike home. It was also immediately pulled out. The last thing we wanted was souvenir hunters tearing up the track as soon as we got it built. After the spike, there was silence, as the men pondered the friends they had made, the friends they had lost, and in more cases than not, just what the heck they were going to do next because with that simple act they were now unemployed. The silence was followed by a cheer and cries for a speech. We needed some words by which to mark the occasion…after all, what would the historians say? Finally Van Horne reluctantly agreed. He climbed on the platform, cleared his throat and stated: “All I can say is that the work has been done well in every way!” That was it. That was the entire text of the speech at our last spike ceremony. After that, Major A.B. Rogers, so taken by the moment, forgot about hiding his emotions, grabbed a piece of railroad tie and tried to thrust it into the ground to mark the spot. After a few minutes of private celebration, the sound of a train whistle and a call of “all aboard for the pacific” broke the silence. And for the first time, the train was able to continue over what had once been a gap in the tracks, and that little train chugged its way into history. The last spike had been removed shortly after the dignitaries left by Frank Brothers. In the famous photograph of the event, he's the bearded man on the left of the image looking directly at the camera. He later presented it to Edward Beatty who became the first Canadian born president of the CPR. It was reportedly stolen from his desk and at that point it was largely lost in history. In 2012, the mystery of the missing spike may have finally been solved. Rumour has it that the spike somehow made its way to railroad surveyor Henry Cambie, who in turn gave it to the chief of the patent office in Ottawa, W.J. Lynch. It was to be a gift for his son, Arthur who was a railroad buff. From Arthur it made its way to his daughter, Margo Remnant. The spike was silver plated and fashioned into the handle of a knife blade. Metallurgical studies showed it was consistent with the metal used in spikes at the time. In 2012, Remnant's widow presented it to the Museum of Civilization where hopefully it will find a permanent home. And with that, it's time to wrap this episode up. I want to thank you for sharing your time with me and I appreciate you hitting the subscribe button so that you don't miss any future episodes. Ward Cameron Enterprises is your specialist on guided hikes, tours and photography outings across the mountain west. If you'd like to make the most of your mountain experience drop us a line at info@wardcameron.com or hit me up on Twitter @wardcameron. Don't forget you can always comment and find links to additional information in the show notes at www.mountainnaturepodcast.com/ep042. And with that said, the sun's out and it's time to go hiking. I'll see you next week.