Podcast appearances and mentions of Joshua J Mark

Today, Meagan brings the fun for our 100th episode! Meet Grace O'Malley, Irish pirate from the 1500s, and Ching Shih, Chinese pirate from the 1800s. They redefine the word, ‘badass,' and take the world by storm. Buckle in for this head-turning adventure following two extraordinary women. Tea of the Day: Kim Crawford Sauvignon Blanc Theme Music by Brad FrankSources:Pirate Women: The Princesses, Prostitutes and Privateers Who Ruled the Seven Seas by Laura Sook Duncombe, Published by Chicago Review by 2017Grace O'Malley: The Pirate Queen of Ireland, Royal Museums Greenwich, https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/grace-o-malley-irish-female-pirateThe extraordinary life of Grace O'Malley, Royal Museums Greenwich, https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/grace-o-malley-pirate-history-fact-fiction-legendMargie Goldsmith, “Ireland's Most Famous Pirate Queen: Grace O'Malley.” Nov 22, 2022, https://www.forbes.com/sites/margiegoldsmith/2022/11/22/irelands-most-famous-pirate-queen-grace-omalley/?sh=1b25ec942a47“Gráinne Mhaol, pirate queen of Connacht: behind the legend.” Published in Early Modern History (1500–1700), Features, Issue 2 (Mar/Apr 2005), Volume 13, History Ireland, https://www.historyireland.com/grainne-mhaol-pirate-queen-of-connacht-behind-the-legend/Joshua J. Mark, “Grace O'Malley.” published on 01 November 2021, World History Encyclopedia, https://www.worldhistory.org/Grace_O'Malley/Ronan O'Connell, “On the trail of Ireland's legendary pirate queen.” National Geographic, May 21, 2021, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/on-the-trail-of-ireland-legendary-pirate-queenPirate Queen: The Life of Grace O'Malley by Judith Cook, Narrated by Katherine Anderson, Published by Tanter Audio, September 27th, 2022.Warrior Woman, Season 1: Episode 2, “Grace O'Malley: The Pirate Queen. Directed by Renny Bartlett, Hosted by Lucy Lawless, Exploration Productions Inc., 2018.Grace O'Malley Timeline by Anne Chambers, http://www.graceomalley.com/index.php/grace-omalley/time-line#:~:text=1576%3A%20The%20Mac%20William%20of,Galway%20with%20her%20military%20capabilities.The Catholic Weekly, (Sydney) Thu, May 27, 1915 ·Page 11, https://www.newspapers.com/image/939761106/Blake Stilwell, “A Chinese Woman Led the Largest and Most Successful Pirate Fleet in History.” Military.com, Published March 20, 2023, https://www.military.com/history/chinese-woman-led-largest-and-most-successful-pirate-fleet-history.html“Ching Shih - Madame Ching And Her Crew's Exploits.” The Way of the Pirates, 2024, http://www.thewayofthepirates.com/famous-pirates/ching-shih/Mark Cartwright, “Zheng Yi Sao.” World History Encyclopedia, published on 15 November 2021, https://www.worldhistory.org/Zheng_Yi_Sao/Urvija Banerji, The world's most successful pirate was a Chinese woman.” Big Think, Story by Atlas Obscura, March 31, 2023, https://bigthink.com/the-past/ching-shih-chinese-female-pirate/OVERHEARD AT NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, Episode 11: Queens of the high seas, Hosted by Peter Gwin and Amy Briggs, March 29, 2022, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/podcasts/overheard/article/queens-of-the-high-seas

The Ancient Spartan way of life is often glorified in film and television, but should we be horrified? Modern, "Alpha Male Influencers," harken to the brutal training and military prowess of the Spartan soldier as a form of motivation to become elite in contemporary society. This idea along with how sick the movie 300 was, inspired Strider to look into whether or not it would be tight to have lived in Sparta 2500 years ago.  striderwilson.com Raw Dog Tees patreon.com/striderwilson Sources:  historycollection.com ‘We Are Still Learning Weird Things About Ancient Sparta' by Khalid Elhassan 2024, worldhistory.org ‘Agoge The Spartan Education Program' by Joshua J. Mark 2021, worldhistory.org ‘Spartan Women” by Joshua J. Mark 2021wikipedia.org

India is a country in South Asia whose name comes from the Indus River. The name 'Bharata' is used as a designation for the country in their constitution referencing the ancient mythological emperor, Bharata, whose story is told, in part, in the Indian epic Mahabharata. If you want to support our non-profit organization, visit our Patreon page: https://www.worldhistory.org/patreon/ Article written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by Lianne Walker.

Today, Meagan brings the fun for our 100th episode! Meet Grace O'Malley, Irish pirate from the 1500s, and Ching Shih, Chinese pirate from the 1800s. They redefine the word, ‘badass,' and take the world by storm. Buckle in for this head-turning adventure following two extraordinary women. Tea of the Day: Kim Crawford Sauvignon Blanc Theme Music by Brad FrankSources:Pirate Women: The Princesses, Prostitutes and Privateers Who Ruled the Seven Seas by Laura Sook Duncombe, Published by Chicago Review by 2017Grace O'Malley: The Pirate Queen of Ireland, Royal Museums Greenwich, https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/grace-o-malley-irish-female-pirateThe extraordinary life of Grace O'Malley, Royal Museums Greenwich, https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/grace-o-malley-pirate-history-fact-fiction-legendMargie Goldsmith, “Ireland's Most Famous Pirate Queen: Grace O'Malley.” Nov 22, 2022, https://www.forbes.com/sites/margiegoldsmith/2022/11/22/irelands-most-famous-pirate-queen-grace-omalley/?sh=1b25ec942a47“Gráinne Mhaol, pirate queen of Connacht: behind the legend.” Published in Early Modern History (1500–1700), Features, Issue 2 (Mar/Apr 2005), Volume 13, History Ireland, https://www.historyireland.com/grainne-mhaol-pirate-queen-of-connacht-behind-the-legend/Joshua J. Mark, “Grace O'Malley.” published on 01 November 2021, World History Encyclopedia, https://www.worldhistory.org/Grace_O'Malley/Ronan O'Connell, “On the trail of Ireland's legendary pirate queen.” National Geographic, May 21, 2021, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/on-the-trail-of-ireland-legendary-pirate-queenPirate Queen: The Life of Grace O'Malley by Judith Cook, Narrated by Katherine Anderson, Published by Tanter Audio, September 27th, 2022.Warrior Woman, Season 1: Episode 2, “Grace O'Malley: The Pirate Queen. Directed by Renny Bartlett, Hosted by Lucy Lawless, Exploration Productions Inc., 2018.Grace O'Malley Timeline by Anne Chambers, http://www.graceomalley.com/index.php/grace-omalley/time-line#:~:text=1576%3A%20The%20Mac%20William%20of,Galway%20with%20her%20military%20capabilities.The Catholic Weekly, (Sydney) Thu, May 27, 1915 ·Page 11, https://www.newspapers.com/image/939761106/Blake Stilwell, “A Chinese Woman Led the Largest and Most Successful Pirate Fleet in History.” Military.com, Published March 20, 2023, https://www.military.com/history/chinese-woman-led-largest-and-most-successful-pirate-fleet-history.html“Ching Shih - Madame Ching And Her Crew's Exploits.” The Way of the Pirates, 2024, http://www.thewayofthepirates.com/famous-pirates/ching-shih/Mark Cartwright, “Zheng Yi Sao.” World History Encyclopedia, published on 15 November 2021, https://www.worldhistory.org/Zheng_Yi_Sao/Urvija Banerji, The world's most successful pirate was a Chinese woman.” Big Think, Story by Atlas Obscura, March 31, 2023, https://bigthink.com/the-past/ching-shih-chinese-female-pirate/OVERHEARD AT NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, Episode 11: Queens of the high seas, Hosted by Peter Gwin and Amy Briggs, March 29, 2022, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/podcasts/overheard/article/queens-of-the-high-seas

Inventor of the, "Death Ray," and other ingenious engines of warfare, Archimedes, was perhaps the greatest engineering mind of his time. His inventions and discovered principles are still in use today.  Ticket Links for my Special Recording in Los Angeles on Monday April 1st: STRIDER WILSON'S LIVE COMEDY SPECIAL TAPING, 7 PM SHOW  STRIDER WILSON'S LIVE COMEDY SPECIAL TAPING, 9PM SHOW patreon.com/striderwilson Sources: The Intellectual Devotional by David S. Kidder and Noah D. Oppenheim 2010, britannica.com, imdb.com, businessinsider.in ‘A 13-year-old built a 'death ray' using a 2,000-year-old concept from Greek inventor Archimedes' by Jenny McGrath 2024, worldhistory.org ‘Archimedes' by Joshua J. Mark 2022, inventiongen.com, interestingengineering.com ‘7 Remarkable Inventions from Archimedes That Shaped History' by Trevor English 2019, history.net.com ‘THE SIEGE OF SYRACUSE: A ROMAN GENERAL VS. A GREEK GENIUS' by Zita Ballinger Fletcher 2020

This week we're going back to the Roman Empire with Centurion! Join us as we learn about the Picts, Roman armor, the 9th Legion, and more! Sources: Michael Squire, Embodied Ambiguities on the Prima Porta Augusta. Art History 36, 2 (2013) "Muscle Cuirass". Australian National University. Available at http://artserve.anu.edu.au/raid1/student_projects97/armour/muscle/muscle.html Joshua J Mark, "Picts" World History Encyclopedia, available at https://www.worldhistory.org/picts/ Tacitus' Account of the Battle of Mons Graupius, ed. Joshua J. Mark, World History Encyclopedia, available at https://www.worldhistory.org/article/776/tacitus-account-of-the-battle-of-mons-graupius/#:~:text=Tacitus%20records%20that%20the%20Romans,Romans%20marched%20forward%20in%20formation. Julianna Grigg, "The Romans and the Picts," The Picts Re-Imagined (Arc Humanities Press, 2018). https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvfxvd0p.7  David J. Breeze and Brian Dobson, "A View of Roman Scotland in 1975," Glasgow Archaeological Journal 4 (1976): 124-43. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44811052   J.G. Scott, "The Roman Occupation of South-West Scotland from the Recall of Agricola to the Withdrawal under Trajan," Glasgow Archaeological Journal 4 (1976): 29-44. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44811041  D.J. Woolliscroft, "More thoughts on why the Romans failed to conquer Scotland," Scottish Archaeological Journal 22:2 (2000): 111-22. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27917432  Kate Ravilious, "Land of the Picts," Archaeology: A Publication of the Archaeological Institute of America (Sep/Oct 2021). https://www.archaeology.org/issues/441-2109/letter-from/9932-scotland-picts   Joshua L. Mark, "Tacitus' Account of the Battle of Mons Graupius," 9 January 2015, https://www.worldhistory.org/article/776/tacitus-account-of-the-battle-of-mons-graupius/   Tom Stanier, "The Brigantes and the Ninth Legion," Phoenix 19:4 (1965): 305-13. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1085830  Menachem Mor, "Two Legions: The Same Fate? (The Disappearance of the Legions IX Hispana and XXII Deiotariana)," Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 62 (1986): 267-78. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20186341  David J. Breeze and Brian Dobson, "Roman Military Deployment in North England," Britannia 16 (1985): 1-19. https://www.jstor.org/stable/526389  R.P. Wright, "Tile-Stamps of the Ninth Legion Found in Britain," Britannia 9 (1978): 379-82. https://www.jstor.org/stable/525953  Miles Russell, "The Roman Ninth Legion's mysterious loss," BBC (16 March 2011). https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-12752497  Wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centurion_(film)  Roger Ebert, "Landscape painting with blood and guts," Rogerebert.com/reviews/centurion-2010 https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt1020558/ 

We all love a good story. Many of the oldest stories shape the world we know today. The characters involved influence the thoughts, actions and morals of not only those who hear or read it during that era, but beyond. The Eloquent Peasant of Egypt is one of those characters.   Get started RIGHT NOW, with 55% off your Babbel subscription. Go to Babbel.com/DANK. Stop wiping and start washing.  Go to HELLOTUSHY.com/DANK and use promo code DANK for 10% off your first order. patreon.com/striderwilson Sources: Worldhistory.org ‘The Eloquent Peasant & Egyptian Justice' by Joshua J. Mark 2017, bbc.com, Pages.ucsd.edu, Eloquentpeasant.com, Kemetexperience.com, Britishmuseum.org

Hadrian written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by Grace MacLachlan: https://www.worldhistory.org/hadrian/ Hadrian (l. 78-138 CE) was emperor of Rome (r. 117-138 CE) and is recognized as the third of the Five Good Emperors (Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius) who ruled justly. His reign marked the height of the Roman Empire, usually given as c. 117 CE, and provided a firm foundation for his successor. If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.worldhistory.org/membership/ - www.worldhistory.org/donate/ - www.worldhistory.org/patreon/ - www.worldhistory.store/ MUSIC USED Olympic Ideal

It's Witch Season and we're exploring who the Witch has been through history, the Witch as an archetype, and modern witches as powerful forces for good in their communities! Sources include Religion and Magic in Ancient Egypt by Rosalie David, Magic in Egypt by Joshua J. Mark, Traditional Witchcraft: A Cornish Book of Ways by Gemma Gary, The Crooked Path by Kelden, This Wealthy Woman Was Hanged as a Witch by John Seven --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/witchandgoddess/message

Gutians written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by DW Draffin: https://ww.worldhistory.org/Gutians/ Watch it on YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gnOoTTH8bco The Gutians were a West Asiatic people who are thought to have lived around the Zagros Mountains in a region referred to as Gutium. They had no written language and all that is known of them comes from their enemies, including the Akkadians, Sumerians, and Assyrians, who blame them for the destruction and desolation of the land. If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.worldhistory.org/membership/ - www.worldhistory.org/donate/ - www.worldhistory.org/patreon/ - www.worldhistory.store/

A Short History of the Buddhist Schools written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by Jennifer Sabir: https://www.worldhistory.org/article/492/a-short-history-of-the-buddhist-schools/ The different Buddhist schools of thought, still operating in the present day, developed after the death of the Buddha (l. c. 563 - c. 483 BCE) in an effort to perpetuate his teachings and honor his example. Each of the schools claimed to represent Buddha's original vision and still do so in the modern era. Although Buddha himself is said to have requested that, following his death, no leader was to be chosen to lead anything like a school, this was ignored and his disciples seem to have fairly quickly institutionalized Buddhist thought with rules, regulations, and a hierarchy. If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.worldhistory.org/membership/ - www.worldhistory.org/donate/ - www.worldhistory.org/patreon/ - www.worldhistory.store/ MUSIC USED Shadow of the Temple

Ancient Egyptian Symbols written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by Jennifer Sabir: https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1011/ancient-egyptian-symbols/ Religion in ancient Egypt was fully integrated into the people's daily lives. The gods were present at one's birth, throughout one's life, in the transition from earthly life to the eternal, and continued their care for the soul in the afterlife of the Field of Reeds. The spiritual world was ever present in the physical world and this understanding was symbolized through images in art, architecture, in amulets, statuary, and the objects used by nobility and clergy in the performance of their duties. If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.worldhistory.org/membership/ - www.worldhistory.org/donate/ - www.worldhistory.org/patreon/ - www.worldhistory.store/ Music Used: Shadow of the Temple

Cleopatra VII written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by Jonathan Bailey: https://www.worldhistory.org/Cleopatra_VII/ Cleopatra VII (l. c. 69-30 BCE, r. 51-30 BCE) was the last ruler of Egypt before it was annexed as a province of Rome. Although arguably the most famous Egyptian queen, Cleopatra was actually Greek and a member of the Ptolemaic Dynasty (323-30 BCE) which ruled Egypt after the death of Alexander the Great (l. 356-323 BCE). If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.worldhistory.org/membership/ - www.worldhistory.org/donate/ - www.worldhistory.org/patreon/ - www.worldhistory.store/ Music Used: Paragon  C. K. Martin https://download.audiohero.com/#!details?id=36315623

Mitanni written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by Kelly Macquire: www.worldhistory.org/Mitanni/ The Kingdom of Mitanni, known to the people of the land, and the Assyrians, as Hanigalbat and to the Egyptians as Naharin and Metani, once stretched from present-day northern Iraq, down through Syria and into Turkey and was among the greatest nations of its time, though today it is largely forgotten. If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.worldhistory.org/membership/ - www.worldhistory.org/donate/ - www.worldhistory.org/patreon/ - www.worldhistory.store/ The music used in this recording is the intellectual copyright of Michael Levy, a prolific composer for the recreated lyres of antiquity, and used with the creator's permission. Michael Levy's music is available to stream at all the major digital music platforms. Find out more on: www.ancientlyre.com open.spotify.com/artist/7Dx2vFEg8…IH9CRieFNGXRUyJ9 www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ1X6F7lGMEadnNETSzTv8A

Aryan written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by DW Draffin: www.worldhistory.org/Aryan/ Aryan is a designation originally meaning “civilized”, “noble”, or “free” without reference to any ethnicity. It was first applied as a self-identifying term by a migratory group of people from Central Asia later known as Indo-Iranians (who settled on the Iranian Plateau) and, later, applied to Indo-Aryans (who traveled south to settle northern India). Find it on YouTube: www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2Y-LSo-Tws If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.worldhistory.org/membership/ - www.worldhistory.org/donate/ - www.worldhistory.org/patreon/ - www.worldhistory.store/ The music used in this recording is the intellectual copyright of Michael Levy, a prolific composer for the recreated lyres of antiquity, and used with the creator's permission. Michael Levy's music is available to stream at all the major digital music platforms. Find out more on: www.ancientlyre.com open.spotify.com/artist/7Dx2vFEg8…IH9CRieFNGXRUyJ9 www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ1X6F7lGMEadnNETSzTv8A

This week Nat leads Aly down a rabbit hole about Ancient Egyptian curses! Even before humans could translate the hieroglyphs on ancient Egyptian tombs, rumors existed that curses were written on the entrance to a Pharaoh's final resting place. The most famous of ancient Egyptian curses was enacted in 1922 after the discovery of King Tutankhamen's 3,300 year old sealed tomb. 9 of the 52 people present at the tomb's opening ended up dying of sudden illness or freak accidents immediately following the opening of the tomb. Join us on this haunted adventure through the past, if you dare! Important Stuff: Buy Our Merch: https://www.letsgethaunted.com Donate to our stupid show: https://ko-fi.com/dogmomusa Donate to our Charity Fundraiser: https://www.bit.ly/LGHCharity21 Buy Venterra Farms CBD Products: https://www.venterrafarms.com & use code “HAUNTED15” at checkout for 15% off Check out the photo dump for this week's episode: https://www.instagram.com/letsgethaunted Send us mail: PO BOX 1658 Camarillo, CA 93011 Send us your listener stories: LetsGetHauntedPod@gmail.com *SOURCES* Book: “King Tutankhamen's Gold”, Strange Stories, Amazing Facts, Reader's Digest, 1975: Article: “Daily Life in Ancient Egypt”, World History Encyclopedia, Joshua J. Mark, Sep 21. 2016 Website: Heka - Magic or Meaningful Speech - Ancient Egypt thewhitegoddess.co.uk Article: “Invisible Egypt”, New Acropolis, Sabine Leitner, May 17, 2016 Article: “How Does The Sun Work?”Howitworksdaily.com - Article: https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/the-story-of-the-valley-of-the-kings/ Article: https://www.dw.com/en/conserved-glories-of-egypts-ancient-tutankhamun-tomb-revealed/a-47317793 Article:https://www.smithsonianjourneys.org/blog/the-curse-of-king-tuts-tomb-180950898/ Article:https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/23321/victims-king-tuts-curse YT Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nut50vmRyVM Article: Egypt's Saqqara Tombs Have Mummy Curses Inscribed on Walls, "Business Insider"

Os mares nos cercam. Há milênios nos perguntamos o que suas profundezas escondem. E, apesar de todos os avanços tecnológicos produzidos pela humanidade, a ponto de conseguirmos tirar fotos de buracos negros, o oceano profundo permanece misterioso, capaz de despertar um medo diferente de todos.Neste episódio, nos lançamos numa exploração dos mares e das histórias que criamos para compreendê-lo.[SIGA NO TWITTER: https://twitter.com/RandomicoPod / https://twitter.com/josuedeOliv] REFERÊNCIAS DESTE EPISÓDIO:No princípio era a água, por Jacyntho Lins Brandão. https://www.ufmg.br/revistaufmg/downloads/20-2/01-no-principio-era-a-agua-jacyntho-lins-brandao.pdfEnuma Elish – The Babylon Epic of Creation, por Joshua J. Mark. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/225/enuma-elish---the-babylonian-epic-of-creation---fu/Yamm, por Joshua J. Mark. https://www.worldhistory.org/Yamm/Sea Monsters. https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/mythic-creatures/water/sea-monstersThe Enchanting Sea Monsters on Medieval Maps, por Hannah Waters. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-enchanting-sea-monsters-on-medieval-maps-1805646/Why does so much of the ocean remain unexplored and unprotected?, por Emily Petsko. https://oceana.org/blog/why-does-so-much-ocean-remain-unexplored-and-unprotected The deep sea discoveries of 2020 are stunning, por Mark Kaufman. https://mashable.com/article/deep-sea-ocean-discovery/The people who suffer from thalassophobia, or fear of the sea, por Eric Grundhauser. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-people-who-suffer-from-thalassophobia-or-fear-of-the-sea TRILHA SONORA:“Underwater”, por Meydän. https://freemusicarchive.org/music/Meydan/For_Creators/Underwater_1569“Sleepers”, by Sergey Cheremisinov. https://freemusicarchive.org/music/Sergey_Cheremisinov/Hibernation_1316/Sergey_Cheremisinov_-_Hibernation_-_04_Sleepers

Predynastic Period in Egypt written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by DW Draffin: https://worldhistory.org/Predynastic_Period_in_Egypt/ The Predynastic Period in Ancient Egypt is the time before recorded history from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic Age and on to the rise of the First Dynasty and is generally recognized as spanning the era from c. 6000-3150 BCE (though physical evidence argues for a longer history). While there are no written records from this period, archaeological excavations throughout Egypt have uncovered artifacts which tell their own story of the development of culture in the Nile River Valley. Find it on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxRSpkGOH_09pxKvgD8S5jQ/featured If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.worldhistory.org/membership/ - www.worldhistory.org/donate/ - www.worldhistory.org/patreon/ - www.worldhistory.store/ The music used in this recording is the intellectual copyright of Michael Levy, a prolific composer for the recreated lyres of antiquity, and used with the creator's permission. Michael Levy's music is available to stream at all the major digital music platforms. Find out more on: www.ancientlyre.com open.spotify.com/artist/7Dx2vFEg8…IH9CRieFNGXRUyJ9 www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ1X6F7lGMEadnNETSzTv8A Interested in the ANTIQVVS magazine? Find out more here → www.antiqvvs-magazine.com/

Há poucas unanimidades na internet. Uma delas é o gato. Você pode nem achá-los lá tão legais assim, mas sempre vai parar para ver algum vídeo ou gif que envolva um bichano.Neste episódio, abordamos um tema nada polêmico, que resiste a toda polarização e nos ajuda a desviar o foco das coisas terríveis que acontecem no mundo.Divirta-se ouvindo o Randômico sobre gatinhos.[SIGA NO TWITTER: https://twitter.com/RandomicoPod / https://twitter.com/josuedeOliv] REFERÊNCIAS DESTE EPISÓDIO:Cats in the Ancient World, por Joshua J. Mark. https://www.ancient.eu/article/466/cats-in-the-ancient-world/A Brief History of House Cats, by David Zax. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/a-brief-history-of-house-cats-158390681/What We Understand about Cats and What They Understand about Us, por Felicity Muth. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/not-bad-science/what-we-understand-about-cats-and-what-they-understand-about-us/Demystifying cat behaviour, por Katherine Unger Baillie. https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/demystifying-feline-behavior 14 Legends about Cats from Around the World, por Meg Van Huygen. https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/83422/14-legends-about-cats-around-worldBrasil tem mais de 30 milhões de gatos vivendo em lares, por Sílvia Haidar. https://gatices.blogfolha.uol.com.br/2020/09/17/brasil-tem-mais-de-30-milhoes-de-gatos-vivendo-lares-aponta-pesquisa-radar-pet-2020/ TRILHA SONORA:“Soma”, por Parallel Park. https://freemusicarchive.org/music/Parallel_Park/Demonstration_1225/Soma_1886  “Undying”, por Blue Dot Sessions. https://freemusicarchive.org/music/Blue_Dot_Sessions/Banana_Cream/Undying

Kingdom of Nabatea written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by DW Draffin: https://www.ancient.eu/Kingdom_of_Nabatea/ Find it on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxyJAdZVpvw&t=29s If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe The music used in this recording is the intellectual copyright of Michael Levy, a prolific composer for the recreated lyres of antiquity, and used with the creator's permission. Michael Levy's music is available to stream at all the major digital music platforms. Find out more on: www.ancientlyre.com open.spotify.com/artist/7Dx2vFEg8…IH9CRieFNGXRUyJ9 www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ1X6F7lGMEadnNETSzTv8A Interested in the Medieval Magazine? Find out more here → www.themedievalmagazine.com/ The Nabatean Kingdom was a powerful political entity which flourished in the region of modern-day Jordan between the 4th century BCE and c. 106 CE and is best known today for the ruins of its capital city of Petra. Although it is clear that a wealthy community was thriving in the immediate vicinity of Petra by 312 BCE (attested to by the Greek expedition mounted against it), scholars usually date the Nabatean Kingdom from 168 BCE, the date of their first known king, to 106 CE when it was annexed by the Roman Empire under Trajan (98-117 CE).

Galatia written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by DW Draffin: www.ancient.eu/galatia/ Find it on YouTube: www.youtube.com/c/TheStudyofAntiq…ddleAges/featured If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe The music used in this recording is the intellectual copyright of Michael Levy, a prolific composer for the recreated lyres of antiquity, and used with the creator's permission. Michael Levy's music is available to stream at all the major digital music platforms. Find out more on: www.ancientlyre.com open.spotify.com/artist/7Dx2vFEg8…IH9CRieFNGXRUyJ9 www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ1X6F7lGMEadnNETSzTv8A Interested in the ANTIQVVS magazine? Find out more here → www.antiqvvs-magazine.com/ Galatia was a region in north-central Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) settled by the Celtic Gauls c. 278-277 BCE. The name comes from the Greek for “Gaul” which was repeated by Latin writers as Galli. The Celts were offered the region by the king of neighboring Bithynia, Nicomedes I (r. 278-255 BCE) and established themselves in three provinces made up of four cantons (wards) comprised of city-states (known as oppidum) governed, respectively, by the three tribes which made up the initial group: the Tectosages, Trocmil, and Tolistogogii.

Shulgi of Ur written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by DW Draffin: https://ancient.eu/Shulgi_of_Ur/ Find it on YouTube: www.youtube.com/c/TheStudyofAntiq…ddleAges/featured If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe The music used in this recording is the intellectual copyright of Michael Levy, a prolific composer for the recreated lyres of antiquity, and used with the creator's permission. Michael Levy's music is available to stream at all the major digital music platforms. Find out more on: https://www.ancientlyre.com https://open.spotify.com/artist/7Dx2vFEg8DmOJ5YCRm4A5v?si=emacIH9CRieFNGXRUyJ9 https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ1X6F7lGMEadnNETSzTv8A Interested in the Medieval Magazine? Find out more here → www.themedievalmagazine.com/ Shulgi of Ur (r. 2029-1982 BCE) is considered the greatest king of the Ur III Period in Mesopotamia (2047-1750 BCE). His father was Ur-Nammu (r.2047-2030 BCE), who founded the Third Dynasty of Ur and helped to defeat the occupying forces of the Gutians, and his mother was a daughter of King Utu-Hegel of Uruk (her name is not known) who first led the uprising against the Gutian occupation. Shulgi inherited a stable kingdom after his father was killed in battle with the Gutians and proceeded to build upon his father's legacy to raise Sumer to great cultural heights.

Há milhares e milhares de anos, vivemos em cidades. A história delas é um pouco a nossa própria história. E as histórias que contamos a respeito delas ajudam a compreender a nós mesmos.Neste episódio do Randômico, um passeio pela Cidade.[SIGA NO TWITTER: https://twitter.com/RandomicoPod / https://twitter.com/josuedeOliv] REFERÊNCIAS DESTE EPISÓDIO:The Ancient City, por Joshua J. Mark. https://www.ancient.eu/city/Cities of Myth, Nostalgia and the End, por Bobby Campbell. https://archive.designinquiry.net/contributions/cities-of-myth-nostalgia-and-the-end-visions-of-urbanity/ The Mythical Foundation of the City, por Eva Subías. https://www.publicspace.org/multimedia/-/post/the-mythical-foundation-of-the-cityCities as Ideas, por Amy Berstein. https://hbr.org/2013/04/cities-as-ideasMesopotamian Creation Myths, por Ira Spar. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/epic/hd_epic.htmLivrosEstação Perdido, de China Miéville. https://www2.boitempoeditorial.com.br/produto/perdido-street-station-558 A Cidade & A Cidade, de China Miéville. https://www2.boitempoeditorial.com.br/produto/a-cidade-e-a-cidade-504 Atlas Ageográfico de Lugares Imaginados, de Ana Cristina Rodrigues. https://www.lendaristore.com.br/atlas Cidades afundam em dias normais, de Aline Valek. http://lojavalek.iluria.com/pd-7b5779-cidades-afundam-em-dias-normais-autografado-adesivo.html?ct=&p=1&s=1 TRILHA SONORA:“Dark Water”, por Xylo-Ziko. https://freemusicarchive.org/music/Xylo-Ziko/dark-and-light/dark-watermp3 “Aveu”, por Kai Engel. https://freemusicarchive.org/music/Kai_Engel/Brume/Kai_Engel_-_Brume_-_02_Aveu

Hill of Tara written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by DW Draffin: www.ancient.eu/Hill_of_Tara/ Find it on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/TheStudyofAntiquityandtheMiddleAges/featured If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe Interested in the ANTIQVVS magazine? Find out more here → www.antiqvvs-magazine.com/ The Hill of Tara is an ancient Neolithic Age site in County Meath, Ireland. It was known as the seat of the High Kings of Ireland, the site of coronations, a place of assembly for the enacting and reading of laws, and for religious festivals. The oldest monument at the site is the Mound of the Hostages, a Neolithic passage tomb, dating from c. 3000 BCE. The ring forts and evidence of other enclosures, such as the Banquet Hall, date from a later period. The Lia Fail (stone of destiny), by which the ancient kings were inaugurated, still stands on the hill. The site is also associated with the Tuatha De Danaan, the pre-Celtic peoples of Ireland and with the mystical elements they came to embody. The great sabbats of pagan Ireland were announced by a bonfire on the hill which, at an elevation of 646 feet (197 metres), would have been seen for many miles in every direction. It is said that St. Patrick announced the arrival of Christianity in Ireland by lighting his own large bonfire across from Tara at the Hill of Slane before going there to preach before King Laoghaire in 432/433 CE. The name comes from the Gaelic Cnoc na Teamhrach, which is often translated as "place of great prospect", though it has also been argued it comes from a corruption of Tea-Mur, burial place of the ancient queen Tea.

Police in Ancient Egypt written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by DW Draffin: https://www.ancient.eu/article/1104/police-in-ancient-egypt/ Find it on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/TheStudyofAntiquityandtheMiddleAges/featured If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe The music used in this recording is the intellectual copyright of Michael Levy, a prolific composer for the recreated lyres of antiquity, and used with the creator's permission. Michael Levy's music is available to stream at all the major digital music platforms. Find out more on: https://www.ancientlyre.com https://open.spotify.com/artist/7Dx2vFEg8DmOJ5YCRm4A5v?si=emacIH9CRieFNGXRUyJ9 https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ1X6F7lGMEadnNETSzTv8A Interested in the Medieval Magazine? Find out more here → www.themedievalmagazine.com/ In any society, members of the community recognize they are required to restrain certain impulses in order to participate in the community. Every civilization has had some form of law which makes clear that the benefits of peaceful coexistence with one’s clan, city, village, or tribe outweigh the gratification of selfish desires, and should one act on such desires at others’ expense, there will be consequences. In ancient Egypt, the underlying form of the law which modified behavior was the central value of the entire culture: ma’at, (harmony and balance). Ma’at, personified as a goddess, came into being at the creation of the world and was the principle which allowed everything to function as it did in accordance with divine order.

Mesopotamia: The Rise of the Cities written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by DW Draffin: https://ancient.eu/article/678/mesopotamia-the-rise-of-the-cities/ Find it on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/TheStudyofAntiquityandtheMiddleAges/featured If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe Interested in the Medieval Magazine? Find out more here → www.themedievalmagazine.com/ Once upon a time, in the land known as Sumer, the people built a temple to their god who had conquered the forces of chaos and brought order to the world. They built this temple at a place called Eridu, which was “one of the most southerly sites, at the very edge of the alluvial river plain and close to the marshes: the transitional zone between sea and land, with its shifting watercourses, islands and deep reed thickets” (Leick, 2).

Susa written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by DW Draffin: ancient.eu/susa/ Find it on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nBQP1DozcCk If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe Interested in the ANTIQVVS magazine? Find out more here → www.antiqvvs-magazine.com/ Susa was one of the oldest cities in the world and part of the site is still inhabited as Shush, Khuzestan Province, Iran. Excavations have uncovered evidence of continual habitation dating back to 4395 BCE but that early community grew from an even older one dating back to c. 7000 BCE. Susa was a principal city of the Elamite, Achaemenid Persian, and Parthian empires and was originally known to the Elamites as 'Susan’ or 'Susun’. The Greek name for the city was Sousa and the Hebrew, Shushan. It is mentioned in the Bible in the books of Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, and most notably the Book of Esther and was said to be the home of both Nehemiah and Daniel.

Gilgamesh written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by DW Draffin: https://ancient.eu/gilgamesh/ Find it on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/TheStudyofAntiquityandtheMiddleAges/featured If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe Interested in the ANTIQVVS magazine? Find out more here → https://www.antiqvvs-magazine.com/ Gilgamesh is the semi-mythic King of Uruk in Mesopotamia best known from The Epic of Gilgamesh (written c. 2150 - 1400 BCE) the great Sumerian/Babylonian poetic work which pre-dates Homer’s writing by 1500 years and, therefore, stands as the oldest piece of epic world literature. The motif of the quest for the meaning of life is first fully explored in Gilgamesh as the hero-king leaves his kingdom following the death of his best friend, Enkidu, to find the mystical figure Utnapishtim and gain eternal life. Gilgamesh's fear of death is actually a fear of meaninglessness and, although he fails to win immortality, the quest itself gives his life meaning. This theme has been explored by writers and philosophers from antiquity up to the present day.

Early Dynastic Period of Mesopotamia written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by DW Draffin: https://www.ancient.eu/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)/ Find it on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MZD36NUPJjQ If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe Interested in the Medieval Magazine? Find out more here → https://www.themedievalmagazine.com/ The Early Dynastic Period of Mesopotamia is the modern-day archaeological term for the era in Mesopotamian history – 2900-2334 BCE – during which some of the most significant cultural advances were made including the rise of the cities, the development of writing, and the establishment of governments. This era was preceded by the Uruk Period (4100-2900 BCE) when the first cities were established in the region of Sumer (southern Mesopotamia) and succeeded by the Akkadian Period (2334-2218 BCE) when Mesopotamia was conquered by Sargon of Akkad (r. 2334-2279 BCE) and ruled by him and his successors as the Akkadian Empire.

Dogs in Ancient Persia written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by DW Draffin: https://ancient.eu/article/1482/dogs-in-ancient-persia/ Find it on YouTube: www.youtube.com/c/TheStudyofAntiq…ddleAges/featured The music used in this recording is the intellectual copyright of Michael Levy, a prolific composer for the recreated lyres of antiquity, and used with the creator's permission. Michael Levy's music is available to stream at all the major digital music platforms. Find out more on: www.ancientlyre.com open.spotify.com/artist/7Dx2vFEg8…IH9CRieFNGXRUyJ9 www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ1X6F7lGMEadnNETSzTv8A If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe Dogs have been an integral aspect of the human condition in virtually every world culture for thousands of years. Some of the greatest civilizations of the past have kept dogs as companions, for various chores, and featured dogs in their art, literature, and elevated them to important positions in religious belief and, among these, were the Persians. The dog was highly valued in ancient Persia as they were considered part-wild, part-human, and part-divine, a gift from the gods.

Two history graduates discuss the life of Boudica, Queen of the Iceni. Boudica was the Queen of a Celtic tribe called the Iceni, in what is now called Norfolk. Her story begins in 60-61AD, and ends with war and poison. Infamous as the ginger-haired warrior who burned down London, her story has lasted throughout the centuries, due to Tacitus and Cassius Dio immortalising and mythologising her story. As is the theme with this podcast, in this episode we find out the true story behind the fearsome facade, and learn about the woman who wanted to avenge the atrocities enacted on her daughters, and her people, by the tyrannical Roman occupation. Presented by: Bridget Lindh and Samira NicholsonIntro music: stantough - www.youtube.com/watch?v=YNm3Ggv01NsIG: @coldteahotgossURL: www.coldteahotgoss.comemail: coldteahotgoss@gmail.comSources History Clips: The Romans – ‘Boudicca’ | BBC Sounds (drama) - https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p025lxd5 E2: ‘Boudica’ | You’re Dead to Me | Presented by Greg Jenner, Sarah Pascoe and Emma Southon (podcast) ‘Boudicca – Queen of Britain’ by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica | Encyclopaedia Britannica - https://www.britannica.com/biography/Boudicca ‘Boudicca & The Great British Rebellion (60/61 AD) // History Documentary’ by History Time - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3Hq6UaFQqk ‘Tacitus on Boudicca's Revolt’ by Joshua J. Mark | Ancient History Encyclopaedia - https://www.ancient.eu/article/100/tacitus-on-boudiccas-revolt/

The Kingdom of Kush written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by DW Draffin: https://ancient.eu/Kush/ Find it on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/TheStudyofAntiquityandtheMiddleAges/featured The music used in this recording is the intellectual copyright of Michael Levy, a prolific composer for the recreated lyres of antiquity, and used with the creator's permission. Michael Levy's music is available to stream at all the major digital music platforms. Find out more on: https://www.ancientlyre.com https://open.spotify.com/artist/7Dx2vFEg8DmOJ5YCRm4A5v?si=emacIH9CRieFNGXRUyJ9 https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ1X6F7lGMEadnNETSzTv8A If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe Kush was a kingdom in northern Africa in the region corresponding to modern-day Sudan. The larger region around Kush (later referred to as Nubia) was inhabited c. 8,000 BCE but the Kingdom of Kush rose much later. The Kerma Culture, so named after the city of Kerma in the region, is attested as early as 2500 BCE and archaeological evidence from Sudan and Egypt show that Egyptians and the people of Kush region were in contact from the Early Dynastic Period in Egypt (c. 3150 - c. 2613 BCE) onwards. The later civilization defined as 'Kushite' probably evolved from this earlier culture but was heavily influenced by the Egyptians.

Ten Ancient Mesopotamia Facts You Need to Know written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by DW Draffin: https://ancient.eu/article/1600/ten-ancient-mesopotamia-facts-you-need-to-know/ Find it on YouTube: www.youtube.com/c/TheStudyofAntiquityandtheMiddleAges/featured If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe Mesopotamia is the ancient Greek name (meaning “the land between two rivers”, the Tigris and Euphrates) for the region corresponding to modern-day Iraq and parts of Iran, Syria, and Turkey. It is considered the “cradle of civilization” for the many inventions and innovations which first appeared there c. 10,000 BCE through the 7th century CE. In the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Age, people gradually shifted from a hunter-gatherer paradigm to agrarianism, creating seasonal communities which became permanent during the Pottery Neolithic Age (c. 7000 BCE) and served as a basis for the development of cities during the Copper Age (5900-3200 BCE). This last era includes the Ubaid Period (c. 5000-4100 BCE) which saw the rise of the first temples (stepped towers known as ziggurats with a shrine at the top) and the creation of intricate art, ceramic work, and copper toolmaking.

Elam written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by DW Draffin: https://ancient.eu/elam/ Find it on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TVKwzrdnOjA If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe Elam was a region in the Near East corresponding to the modern-day provinces of Ilam and Khuzestan in southern Iran (though it also included part of modern-day southern Iraq) whose civilization spanned thousands of years from c. 3200 - c. 539 BCE. The name comes from the Akkadian and Sumerian for “highlands” or “high country” while the Elamites referred to their land as Haltami (or Haltamti) which seems to have had the same meaning. The Bible (Genesis 10:22) claims the region is named for Elam, son of Shem, son of Noah but this has no support outside of the biblical narrative. Their language corresponds to no others and has yet to be deciphered so their early history comes from Mesopotamian sources. This applies only to Elamite linear script, however, as their language was preserved in cuneiform script after their contact with the Sumerians. 

Ten Ancient Elam Facts You Need to Know written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by DW Draffin: https://ancient.eu/article/1591/ten-ancient-elam-facts-you-need-to-know/ Find it on YouTube: www.youtube.com/c/TheStudyofAntiq…ddleAges/featured If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe Elam, located in the region of the modern-day provinces of Ilam and Khuzestan in Iran, was one of the most impressive civilizations of the ancient world. It was never a cohesive ethnic kingdom or polity but rather a federation of different tribes governed at various times by cities such as Susa, Anshan, and Shimashki until it was united during the Middle Elamite Period, briefly, as an empire. The name Elam was given to the region by others – the Akkadians and Sumerians of Mesopotamia – and is thought to be their version of what the Elamites called themselves – Haltami (or Haltamti) – meaning “those of the high country”. 'Elam', therefore, is usually translated to mean “highlands” or “high country” as it was comprised of settlements on the Iranian Plateau which stretched from the southern plains to the elevations of the Zagros Mountains. The Bible's claim from Genesis 10:22 that the land was named for Elam, son of Shem, son of Noah has no support outside of the biblical narrative.

Nine Realms of Norse Cosmology written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by DW Draffin: https://www.ancient.eu/article/1305/nine-realms-of-norse-cosmology/ Find it on YouTube: www.youtube.com/c/TheStudyofAntiq…ddleAges/featured If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe Norse cosmology divided the universe into nine realms. The center of the universe was the great world-tree Yggdrasil and the nine realms either spread out from the tree or existed in levels stretching from the roots down and, marginally, side-to-side. Earlier Norse works (known as Eddic and Skaldic poetry) assume a knowledge of the cosmology and do not bother much with descriptions of locations or, in some cases, even specifics of what the realms were like and, because of this – and the fact that Norse religion had no written scripture – some of the realms are less clear than others.

Carthage written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by Kelly Macquire: https://www.ancient.eu/carthage/ If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe The music used in this recording is the intellectual copyright of Michael Levy, a prolific composer for the recreated lyres of antiquity, and used with the creator's permission. Michael Levy's music is available to stream at all the major digital music platforms. Find out more on: https://www.ancientlyre.com https://open.spotify.com/artist/7Dx2vFEg8DmOJ5YCRm4A5v?si=emacIH9CRieFNGXRUyJ9 https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ1X6F7lGMEadnNETSzTv8A Carthage was a Phoenician city-state on the coast of North Africa (the site of modern-day Tunis) which, prior the conflict with Rome known as the Punic Wars (264-146 BCE), was the largest, most affluent, and powerful political entity in the Mediterranean. The city was originally known as Kart-hadasht (new city) to distinguish it from the older Phoenician city of Utica nearby. The Greeks called the city Karchedon and the Romans turned this name into Carthago.

Show Notes This week, we recap, review, and provide analysis of Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam (機動戦士Ζガンダム) episode 42 - "Goodbye, Rosammy" (さよならロザミィ), discuss our first impressions, and provide commentary and research on the Baund Doc (バウンド・ドック). - Kobayashi Makoto's (小林誠) Japanese Wikipedia page.- Kobayashi Makoto's Twitter post about different variations on the Baund Doc design.- About Anubis:Joshua J. Mark, Anubis, Ancient.eu. July 25, 2016. Available at: https://www.ancient.eu/Anubis/ - Wikipedia page on Anubis.- The manga exclusive "Amon Doc" and the Japanese Wikipedia article for the manga in which it appeared.- The Baund Doc-esque Pharaoh Hound.- Article about Dragon's Heaven, the Makoto Kobayashi OVA:Sean O'Mara, Makoto Kobayashi's Dragon's Heaven, Zimmerit.moe. Feb. 28, 2018. Available at: http://www.zimmerit.moe/makoto-kobayashi-dragons-heaven/- Interview with Makoto Kobayashi from Forbes:Ollie Barder, Makoto Kobayashi On Mecha Design And The Importance Of Red And Blue Paint, Forbes.com. June 25, 2016. Available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/olliebarder/2016/06/25/makoto-kobayashi-on-mecha-design-and-the-importance-of-red-and-blue-paint/- A 2005-era Kobayashi Makoto fansite.- Japanese Wikipedia article on the Baund Doc.- About scarabs:Kierra Foley, Scarabs, Johns Hopkins Archaeological Museum. Undated. Available at http://archaeologicalmuseum.jhu.edu/the-collection/object-stories/ancient-egyptian-amulets/scarabs/.Ashley Fiutko Arico and Kierra Foley, Heart Scarab, Johns Hopkins Archaeological Museum. Undated. Available at http://archaeologicalmuseum.jhu.edu/the-collection/object-stories/ancient-egyptian-amulets/heart-scarab/.John Ward, The sacred beetle: a popular treatise on Egyptian scarabs in art and history. J. Murray (London 1902). Available at https://archive.org/details/sacredbeetlepopu00wardrich/mode/2up- This week's Titans News Network segment includes Gustav Sting by Kevin MacLeod. Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3835-gustav-sting License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ You can subscribe to Mobile Suit Breakdown for free! on fine Podcast services everywhere and on YouTube, follow us on twitter @gundampodcast, check us out at gundampodcast.com, email your questions, comments, and complaints to gundampodcast@gmail.com.Mobile Suit Breakdown wouldn't exist without the support of our fans and Patrons! You can join our Patreon to support the podcast and enjoy bonus episodes, extra out-takes, behind-the-scenes photo and video, MSB gear, and much more!The intro music is WASP by Misha Dioxin, and the outro is Long Way Home by Spinning Ratio, both licensed under Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license. Both have been edited for length. Mobile Suit Breakdown provides critical commentary and is protected by the Fair Use clause of the United States Copyright law. Gundam content is copyright and/or trademark of Sunrise Inc., Bandai, Sotsu Agency, or its original creator. Mobile Suit Breakdown is in no way affiliated with or endorsed by Sunrise, Bandai, Sotsu, or any of their subsidiaries, employees, or associates and makes no claim to own Gundam or any of the copyrights or trademarks related to it. Copyrighted content used in Mobile Suit Breakdown is used in accordance with the Fair Use clause of the United States Copyright law. Any queries should be directed to gundampodcast@gmail.comFind out more at http://gundampodcast.com

Show Notes This week, we recap, review, and provide analysis of Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam (機動戦士Ζガンダム) episode 38 - "Reccoa's Shadow" (レコアの気配), discuss our first impressions, and provide commentary and research on the Dijeh mobile suit, and giraffes. - Articles about sail-backed creatures like the Spinosaurus:Joseph Castro for LiveScience.com, Spinosaurus: The Largest Carnivorous Dinosaur. March 18, 2016. Available at https://www.livescience.com/24120-spinosaurus.htmlReptilis.net, Tall spines and sailed backs: A survey of sailbacks across time. Jun 21, 2014. Available at https://reptilis.net/2014/06/21/tall-spines-and-sailed-backs-a-survey-of-sailbacks-across-time/ The Philippine sailfin lizard: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippinesailfinlizard - Japanese Wikipedia article for the Rick Dias (includes the Dijeh as a subtype). - Article about the djed legend:Joshua J. Mark for Ancient.eu, Djed. March 3, 2016. Available at https://www.ancient.eu/Djed/- Wikipedia and Britannica pages on the qilin/kirin.- More articles about the mythical Kirin (the page from the Tokyo National Museum also addresses the giraffe connection in Japanese art): Meyer, Matthew. “Yokai.com.” Kirin | Yokai.com, 2020, yokai.com/kirin/.Bernard, Chelsea. “Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them: Japan Edition.” Tofugu, Tofugu, 30 Apr. 2014, www.tofugu.com/japan/japanese-mythological-creatures/.“Mythical Creatures: The Qilin.” Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo National Museum, 2012, www.tnm.jp/modules/rfreepage/index.php?id=1462&lang=en.- Giraffes in China:Eschner, Kat. “The Peculiar Story of Giraffes in 1400s China.” Smithsonian.com, Smithsonian Institution, 21 June 2017, www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/peculiar-story-giraffes-medieval-china-180963737/.Laufer, Berthold. “The Giraffe in History and Art.” Anthropology Leaflet, no. 27, 1928, pp. 1–100. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41444127. Accessed 25 Mar. 2020.- About the fact that giraffes hum at night:Allison Eck for PBS.org, Giraffes Hum to Each Other Throughout the Night, And Zookeepers Never Noticed. September 18, 2015. Available at https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/giraffes-hum-to-each-other-throughout-the-night-and-zookeepers-never-noticed/ You can subscribe to Mobile Suit Breakdown for free! on fine Podcast services everywhere and on YouTube, follow us on twitter @gundampodcast, check us out at gundampodcast.com, email your questions, comments, and complaints to gundampodcast@gmail.com.Mobile Suit Breakdown wouldn't exist without the support of our fans and Patrons! You can join our Patreon to support the podcast and enjoy bonus episodes, extra out-takes, behind-the-scenes photo and video, MSB gear, and much more!The intro music is WASP by Misha Dioxin, and the outro is Long Way Home by Spinning Ratio, both licensed under Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license. Both have been edited for length. Mobile Suit Breakdown provides critical commentary and is protected by the Fair Use clause of the United States Copyright law. Gundam content is copyright and/or trademark of Sunrise Inc., Bandai, Sotsu Agency, or its original creator. Mobile Suit Breakdown is in no way affiliated with or endorsed by Sunrise, Bandai, Sotsu, or any of their subsidiaries, employees, or associates and makes no claim to own Gundam or any of the copyrights or trademarks related to it. Copyrighted content used in Mobile Suit Breakdown is used in accordance with the Fair Use clause of the United States Copyright law. Any queries should be directed to gundampodcast@gmail.comFind out more at http://gundampodcast.com

Joshua J. Mark examines different aspects of ancient Roman history, looking at the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. He looks at how the Roman Republic began, how it turned into an empire, and how the Roman state fell.

Joshua J. Mark examines different aspects of ancient Roman history, looking at the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. He looks at how the Roman Republic began, how it turned into an empire, and how the Roman state fell.

Joshua J. Mark examines different aspects of ancient Roman history, looking at the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. He looks at how the Roman Republic began, how it turned into an empire, and how the Roman state fell.

Joshua J. Mark examines different aspects of ancient Roman history, looking at the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. He looks at how the Roman Republic began, how it turned into an empire, and how the Roman state fell.

In 1152 B.C. Egypt had a labor crisis and it led to the first recorded strike in history. This week we explore the ancient tombs and ransack the knowledge of this strike to deliver it back to our fellow Ransackers for their enjoyment. What is a labor strike? How do they move society and what are our thoughts on this historical event? We also introduce a little change in the format in order to make the show a little as we scrounge around the back alleys of history . We hope you enjoy the show and thanks for listening! URL: ransackhistory.com Email: vicky@ransackhistory.com Follow us on Twitter, Facebook, and Youtube for even more fun throughout the week! Sources: Peter Bailey - Troy Media - November 22, 2018 - The first recorded strike occurred in Egypt in 1152 BC - https://troymedia.com/viewpoint/first-strike-egypt-1152bc/ Joshua J. Mark - Ancient History Encyclopedia - July 4, 2017 - The First Labor Strike In History - https://www.ancient.eu/article/1089/the-first-labor-strike-in-history/ People’s World - November 23, 2015 - Today in labor history: First recorded strike in Egypt, maybe ever - https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/today-in-labor-history-first-recorded-strike-in-egypt-maybe-ever/ Islam Hussein - Travel2Egypt - January7, 2016 - The World’s First Labour Strike - https://travel2egypt.org/the-worlds-first-labour-strike/

New Kingdom of Egypt, written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by Jon Bailey: www.ancient.eu/article/835/fall-…ern-roman-empire/ If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe The New Kingdom (c. 1570- c.1069 BCE) is the era in Egyptian history following the disunity of the Second Intermediate Period (c. 1782-1570 BCE) and preceding the dissolution of the central government at the start of the Third Intermediate Period (c. 1069-c. 525 BCE). This is the time of Imperial Egypt when it extended its reach beyond the former borders to create an empire. It is the most popular era in Egyptian history in the present day with the best known pharaohs of the 18th Dynasty such as Hatshepsut, Thuthmoses III, Amenhotep III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, those of the 19th Dynasty like Seti I, Ramesses II (The Great), and Merenptah, and of the 20th Dynasty such as Ramesses III. It is during the new kingdom that these Egyptian rulers are known as "pharaohs", meaning "Great House", the Greek word for the Egyptian Per-a-a, the designation of the royal residence. Prior to the New Kingdom Egyptian monarchs were known simply as "kings" and addressed as "your majesty". The fact that the word "pharaoh" is so commonly used to reference any Egyptian ruler from any era attests to the impact the New Kingdom has had on the modern-day understanding of Egyptian history.

Julius Caesar, written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by Richard de Man: https://www.ancient.eu/Julius_Caesar/ If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe Gaius Julius Caesar was born 12 July 100 BCE (though some cite 102 as his birth year). His father, also Gaius Julius Caesar, was a Praetor who governed the province of Asia and his mother, Aurelia Cotta, was of noble birth. Both held to the Populare ideology of Rome which favored democratization of government and more rights for the lower class as opposed to the Optimate factions’ claim of the superiority of the nobility and traditional Roman values which favored the upper classes. It should be understood that the Optimate and the Populare were not political parties in conflict with each other but, rather, political ideologies which many people shifted toward and from, regardless of class in society. The concept of appealing to the people for support, rather than seeking approval from the Roman Senate or the other Patricians, would work well for Caesar later in life.

King Arthur, written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by Richard de Man: www.ancient.eu/King_Arthur/ If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe King Arthur is among the most famous literary characters of all time. The Arthurian legend of the Knights of the Round Table, Camelot, the Quest for the Holy Grail, the love affair of Lancelot and Guinevere, and the wizard Merlin have informed and inspired literary, musical, and other major artistic visions for centuries. There have been countless books, major films, operas, television shows, games, toys, plays, and graphic novels either re-telling or inspired by the Arthurian legend which developed in Europe between 1136-1485 CE, was revived in the 19th century CE, and remains popular in the present day.

Undiscovered is back between seasons with a listener question: What saved the cats? If you rewind to the Middle Ages, cats and humans were on bad terms. Cat roundups, cat torture, and even cat murder were common occurrences throughout Europe. But a series of historic events steadily delivered the tiny felines into public favor. In a story that spans centuries and continents, the Catholic Church and the Rosetta Stone, Elah and Annie investigate how the cat’s reputation shifted from devil’s minion to adored companion.   Guests Bob Collom, Undiscovered listener and question asker Joshua J. Mark, Writer and researcher at Ancient History Encyclopedia  Footnotes Joshua J. Mark’s article, "Cats in the Ancient World," was our first introduction to both Joshua and this story. Read it in Ancient History Encyclopedia. Read about how the Persians cleverly exploited the Egyptians’ love for cats in the Battle of Pelusium. Look inside an ancient Egyptian cat mummy. Spoiler: It’s a kitten! And learn more about the process of animal mummification. Credits This episode of Undiscovered was produced by Kaitlyn Schwalje with help from Elah Feder and Annie Minoff. Our senior editor is Christopher Intagliata, our composer is Daniel Peterschmidt, and our theme music is by I Am Robot And Proud. Special shoutout to listener Bob Collom for directing us to this wild story. And thanks, as always, to the entire Science Friday staff and the folks at WNYC Studios.

Undiscovered is back between seasons with a listener question: What saved the cats? If you rewind to the Middle Ages, cats and humans were on bad terms. Cat roundups, cat torture, and even cat murder were common occurrences throughout Europe. But a series of historic events steadily delivered the tiny felines into public favor. In a story that spans centuries and continents, the Catholic Church and the Rosetta Stone, Elah and Annie investigate how the cat’s reputation shifted from devil’s minion to adored companion.   Guests Bob Collom, Undiscovered listener and question asker Joshua J. Mark, Writer and researcher at Ancient History Encyclopedia  Footnotes Joshua J. Mark’s article, "Cats in the Ancient World," was our first introduction to both Joshua and this story. Read it in Ancient History Encyclopedia. Read about how the Persians cleverly exploited the Egyptians’ love for cats in the Battle of Pelusium. Look inside an ancient Egyptian cat mummy. Spoiler: It’s a kitten! And learn more about the process of animal mummification. Credits This episode of Undiscovered was produced by Kaitlyn Schwalje with help from Elah Feder and Annie Minoff. Our senior editor is Christopher Intagliata, our composer is Daniel Peterschmidt, and our theme music is by I Am Robot And Proud. Special shoutout to listener Bob Collom for directing us to this wild story. And thanks, as always, to the entire Science Friday staff and the folks at WNYC Studios.

Sumer, written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by Richard de Man: https://www.ancient.eu/sumer/ If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe Sumer was the southernmost region of ancient Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq and Kuwait) which is generally considered the cradle of civilization. The name comes from Akkadian, the language of the north of Mesopotamia, and means “land of the civilized kings”. The Sumerians called themselves “the black headed people” and their land, in cuneiform script, was simply “the land” or “the land of the black headed people”and, in the biblical Book of Genesis, Sumer is known as Shinar.

The Battle of Zama - The Beginning of Roman Conquest, written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by Nitin Sil: https://www.ancient.eu/article/292/the-battle-of-zama---the-beginning-of-roman-conque/ If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe Nitin Sil also has a Youtube channel on history: - www.youtube.com/channel/UCTYmTYuan0fSGccYXBxc8cA The Second Punic War (218-202 BCE) began when the Carthaginian general Hannibal attacked the city of Saguntum, a Roman ally, reached its height with the Carthaginian victory at Cannae (216) and ended with the Battle of Zama. At Zama, in North Africa, fifty miles south of the city of Carthage, the Roman general Scipio Africanus met Hannibal’s forces and defeated them. Scipio’s success as a commander culminated in his win at Zama but began shortly after Cannae. At the Battle of Cannae, Hannibal expertly defeated the Roman legions by tricking them into marching into a trap. At that battle, in which Scipio took part as a twenty-year old, he witnessed first-hand Hannibal’s brilliance in strategy on the field, learned from it, and turned those same strategies against the Carthaginian.

Maya Civilization, written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by Nitin Sil: www.ancient.eu/egypt/ If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe Nitin Sil also has a Youtube channel on history: - www.youtube.com/channel/UCTYmTYuan0fSGccYXBxc8cA The Maya are an indigenous people of Mexico and Central America who have continuously inhabited the lands comprising modern-day Yucatan, Quintana Roo, Campeche, Tabasco, and Chiapas in Mexico and southward through Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador and Honduras. The designation Maya comes from the ancient Yucatan city of Mayapan, the last capital of a Mayan Kingdom in the Post-Classic Period. The Maya people refer to themselves by ethnicity and language bonds such as Quiche in the south or Yucatec in the north (though there are many others). The `Mysterious Maya’ have intrigued the world since their `discovery’ in the 1840's by John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood but, in reality, much of the culture is not that mysterious when understood. Contrary to popular imagination, the Maya did not vanish and the descendants of the people who built the great cities of Chichen Itza, Bonampak, Uxmal and Altun Ha still exist on the same lands their ancestors did and continue to practice, sometimes in a modified form, the same rituals which would be recognized by a native of the land one thousand years ago.

Ancient Egypt, written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by Jon Bailey: https://www.ancient.eu/egypt/ If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe Music credit (Creative Commons): - https://www.hooksounds.com/royalty-free-music/close-the-gates/414356/ Egypt is a country in North Africa, on the Mediterranean Sea, and is home to one of the oldest civilizations on earth. The name 'Egypt' comes from the Greek Aegyptos which was the Greek pronunciation of the ancient Egyptian name 'Hwt-Ka-Ptah' ("Mansion of the Spirit of Ptah"), originally the name of the city of Memphis. Memphis was the first capital of Egypt and a famous religious and trade centre; its high status is attested to by the Greeks alluding to the entire country by that name.

Enemies of Rome in the Third Century, written and narrated by Joshua J. Mark: https://www.ancient.eu/article/1145/enemies-of-rome-in-the-3rd-century-ce/ This article was sponsored by Total War and is about the historical background of Total War: Rome II - Empire Divided: - goo.gl/MQzTGR If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe It has been said that the greatest enemy of Rome was Rome itself, and this is certainly true of the period known as the Crisis of the Third Century (also known as the Imperial Crisis, 235-284 CE). During this time of almost 50 years, over 20 different emperors ruled in quick succession; a statistic which becomes more alarming when compared with the 26 who reigned between 27 BCE and 235 CE. These rulers – known as the “barracks emperors” because they were supported by and largely came from the army – were generally motivated by their own ambition and personal interests and so served themselves before the interests of the state.

Shapur I, written and narrated by Joshua J. Mark: https://www.ancient.eu/Shapur_I/ This article was sponsored by Total War and is about the historical background of Total War: Rome II - Empire Divided: - goo.gl/MQzTGR If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - https://www.patreon.com/ahe Shapur I (240-270 CE) was the son of Ardashir (224 - c. 241 CE), the founder of the Sasanian dynasty, who made him his co-ruler and brought him on campaigns to learn the art of war. Ardashir was a skilled military leader who not only defeated the Parthian king Artabanus V (c. 208-224 CE) in numerous battles but finally killed him and brought down the Parthian Empire, replacing it with his own. Shapur I learned the lessons his father taught well and used them effectively against his own enemies, most notably Rome.

Scipio Africanus the Elder, written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by Nitin Sil: www.ancient.eu/Egyptian_Writing/ If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe Nitin Sil also has a Youtube channel on history: - www.youtube.com/channel/UCTYmTYuan0fSGccYXBxc8cA Scipio Africanus Major (236-183 BCE) received his epithet due to his military victories in Africa which won the Second Punic War for Rome against Carthage. He is also known as Scipio the Elder. He was born Publius Cornelius Scipio in 236 BCE. His family was of Etruscan descent and of the Patrician upper class.

Crisis of the Third Century, written and narrated by Joshua J. Mark: https://www.ancient.eu/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century/ This article was sponsored by Total War and is about the historical background of Total War: Rome II - Empire Divided: - goo.gl/MQzTGR If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe The Crisis of the Third Century (also known as the Imperial Crisis, 235-284 CE) was the period in the history of the Roman Empire during which it splintered into three separate political entities: the Gallic Empire, the Roman Empire, and the Palmyrene Empire. These breakaway empires, as well as the social turmoil and chaos which characterized the period, resulted from a number of factors: a shift in the paradigm of leadership following the assassination of the emperor Alexander Severus (222-235 CE) in 235 CE by his own troops, increased participation by the military in politics, lack of adherence to a clear policy of succession for emperors, inflation and economic depression caused by a devaluation of currency under the Severan Dynasty, increased pressure on the emperor to defend the provinces from invading tribes, the plague which heightened fears and destabilized communities, and larger armies which required more men and decreased the agricultural labor force.

Cniva, written and narrated by Joshua J. Mark: https://www.ancient.eu/Cniva/ This article was sponsored by Total War and is about the historical background of Total War: Rome II - Empire Divided: - goo.gl/MQzTGR If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe Cniva (also given as Kniva, c. 250 CE to possibly 270 CE) was the king of the Goths who defeated Emperor Decius (249-251 CE) at the Battle of Abritus in 251 CE. Little is known of him other than his campaign in 251 CE, in which he successfully took Philipopolis, killing over 100,000 Roman citizens and enslaving survivors, lay siege to the city of Nicopolis, and defeated the Romans under Decius, killing both the emperor and his son.

The Punic Wars, written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by Nitin Sil: https://www.ancient.eu/Punic_Wars/ If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe Nitin Sil also has a Youtube channel on history: - www.youtube.com/channel/UCTYmTYuan0fSGccYXBxc8cA The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts fought between the forces of ancient Carthage and Rome between 264 BCE and 146 BCE. The name Punic comes from the word Phoenician (Phoinix in the Greek, Poenus from Punicus in Latin) as applied to the citizens of Carthage, who were of Phoenician ethnicity. As the history of the conflict was written by Roman authors, they labeled it 'The Punic Wars'. Carthage grew from a small port-of-call to the richest and most powerful city in the Mediterranean region before 260 BCE. She had a powerful navy, a mercenary army and, through tribute, tariffs, and trade, enough wealth to do as she pleased. Through a treaty with the small city of Rome, she barred Roman trade in the Western Mediterranean and, as Rome had no navy, was able to easily enforce the treaty. Roman traders caught in Carthaginian waters were drowned and their ships taken.

Hannibal, written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by Nitin Sil: https://www.ancient.eu/hannibal/ If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe Nitin Sil also has a Youtube channel on history: - www.youtube.com/channel/UCTYmTYuan0fSGccYXBxc8cA Hannibal (also known as Hannibal Barca, 247-183 BCE) was a Carthaginian general during the Second Punic War between Carthage and Rome (218-202 BCE). He is considered one of the greatest generals of antiquity and his tactics are still studied and used in the present day. His father was Hamilcar Barca (275-228 BCE), the great general of the First Punic War (264-241 BCE).

Cuneiform, written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by Nitin Sil: https://www.ancient.eu/cuneiform/ If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe Nitin Sil also has a Youtube channel on history: - www.youtube.com/channel/UCTYmTYuan0fSGccYXBxc8cA Cuneiform is a system of writing first developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia c. 3500-3000 BCE. It is considered the most significant among the many cultural contributions of the Sumerians and the greatest among those of the Sumerian city of Uruk which advanced the writing of cuneiform c. 3200 BCE. The name comes from the Latin word cuneus for 'wedge' owing to the wedge-shaped style of writing. In cuneiform, a carefully cut writing implement known as a stylus is pressed into soft clay to produce wedge-like impressions that represent word-signs (pictographs) and, later, phonograms or `word-concepts' (closer to a modern day understanding of a `word'). All of the great Mesopotamian civilizations used cuneiform (the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Elamites, Hatti, Hittites, Assyrians, Hurrians and others) until it was abandoned in favour of the alphabetic script at some point after 100 BCE.

Carthage, written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by Nitin Sil: https://www.ancient.eu/carthage/ If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe Nitin Sil also has a Youtube channel on history: - www.youtube.com/channel/UCTYmTYuan0fSGccYXBxc8cA According to legend, Carthage was founded by the Phoenician Queen Elissa (better known as Dido) sometime around 813 BCE although, actually, it rose following Alexander's destruction of Tyre in 332 BCE. The city (in modern-day Tunisia, North Africa) was originally known as Kart-hadasht (new city) to distinguish it from the older Phoenician city of Utica nearby. The Greeks called the city Karchedon and the Romans turned this name into Carthago. Originally a small port on the coast, established only as a stop for Phoenician traders to re-supply or repair their ships, Carthage grew to become the most powerful city in the Mediterranean before the rise of Rome.

The Battle of Abritus, written and narrated by Joshua J. Mark: - https://www.ancient.eu/Battle_of_Abritus/ This article was sponsored by Total War and is about the historical background of Total War: Rome II - Empire Divided: - goo.gl/MQzTGR If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe The Battle of Abritus was an engagement fought between the armies of Rome under the emperor Decius (249-251 CE) and a coalition of Goths under the leadership of Cniva (c. 250 - c. 270 CE) in 251 CE resulting in a victory for Cniva and the death of Decius and his son in a total defeat of the Roman army. The Romans had no choice afterwards but to allow Cniva to march out of Roman territory with all the booty and slaves he had captured on campaign.

The Barracks Emperors, written and narrated by Joshua J. Mark: - https://www.ancient.eu/Barracks_Emperors/ This article was sponsored by Total War and is about the historical background of Total War: Rome II - Empire Divided: - https://goo.gl/MQzTGR If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe The “Barracks Emperors” is a term coined by later historians referring to the Roman emperors who were chosen and supported by the army during the period known as the Crisis of the Third Century (also known as the Imperial Crisis, 235-284 CE). In 235 CE Emperor Alexander Severus (222-235 CE) was assassinated by his troops who then chose their commander Maximinus Thrax (235-238 CE) as ruler. Maximinus became the first of these so-called “barracks emperors” who would continue to rule Rome right through the reign of Carinus (283-285 CE) and who characterize the period of instability in Rome during this period. The Crisis of the Third Century was resolved by Emperor Diocletian (284-305 CE) who addressed the causes of the crisis and secured the future of Rome.

Ancient Egyptian Writing, written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by Nitin Sil: https://www.ancient.eu/Egyptian_Writing/ If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe Nitin Sil also has a Youtube channel on history: - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTYmTYuan0fSGccYXBxc8cA Ancient Egyptian writing is known as hieroglyphics ('sacred carvings') and developed at some point prior to the Early Dynastic Period (c. 3150 -2613 BCE). According to some scholars, the concept of the written word was first developed in Mesopotamia and came to Egypt through trade. While there certainly was cross-cultural exchange between the two regions, Egyptian hieroglyphics are completely Egyptian in origin; there is no evidence of early writings which describe non-Egyptian concepts, places, or objects, and early Egyptian pictographs have no correlation to early Mesopotamian signs. The designation 'hieroglyphics' is a Greek word; the Egyptians referred to their writing as medu-netjer, 'the god's words,' as they believed writing had been given to them by the great god Thoth.

The Silk Road, written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by James Lloyd: https://www.ancient.eu/Silk_Road/ If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe The Silk Road was a network of trade routes, formally established during the Han Dynasty of China, which linked the regions of the ancient world in commerce. As the Silk Road was not a single thoroughfare from east to west, the term 'Silk Routes’ has become increasingly favored by historians, though 'Silk Road’ is the more common and recognized name. Both terms for this network of roads were coined by the German geographer and traveler, Ferdinand von Richthofen, in 1877 CE, who designated them 'Seidenstrasse’ (silk road) or 'Seidenstrassen’ (silk routes). The network was used regularly from 130 BCE, when the Han officially opened trade with the west, to 1453 CE, when the Ottoman Empire boycotted trade with the west and closed the routes.

The Seven Wonders, written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by James Lloyd: https://www.ancient.eu/The_Seven_Wonders/ If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World were: - the Great Pyramid at Giza, Egypt - the Hanging Gardens of Babylon - the Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Greece - the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus - the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus - the Colossus of Rhodes - the Lighthouse at Alexandria, Egypt The Seven Wonders were first defined as themata (Greek for 'things to be seen’ which, in today’s common English, we would phrase as 'must sees’) by Philo of Byzantium in 225 BCE, in his work On The Seven Wonders. Other writers on the Seven Wonders include Herodotus, Callimachus of Cyrene and Antipater of Sidon. Of the original seven, only the Great Pyramid exists today.

The Roman Empire, written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by James Lloyd: https://www.ancient.eu/Roman_Empire/ If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe The Roman Empire, at its height (c. 117 CE), was the most extensive political and social structure in western civilization. By 285 CE the empire had grown too vast to be ruled from the central government at Rome and so was divided by Emperor Diocletian (284-305 CE) into a Western and an Eastern Empire. The Roman Empire began when Augustus Caesar (27 BCE-14 CE) became the first emperor of Rome and ended, in the west, when the last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed by the Germanic King Odoacer (476 CE). In the east, it continued as the Byzantine Empire until the death of Constantine XI and the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 CE. The influence of the Roman Empire on western civilization was profound in its lasting contributions to virtually every aspect of western culture.

Religion in the Ancient World, written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by James Lloyd: https://www.ancient.eu/religion/ If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe Religion (from the Latin Religio, meaning 'restraint,' or Relegere, according to Cicero, meaning 'to repeat, to read again,' or, most likely, Religionem, 'to show respect for what is sacred') is an organized system of beliefs and practices revolving around, or leading to, a transcendent spiritual experience. There is no culture recorded in human history which has not practiced some form of religion.

Mesopotamia, written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by James Lloyd: https://www.ancient.eu/mesopotamia/ If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe Mesopotamia (from the Greek, meaning 'between two rivers’) was an ancient region in the eastern Mediterranean bounded in the northeast by the Zagros Mountains and in the southeast by the Arabian Plateau, corresponding to today’s Iraq, mostly, but also parts of modern-day Iran, Syria and Turkey. The 'two rivers' of the name referred to the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers and the land was known as 'Al-Jazirah' (the island) by the Arabs referencing what Egyptologist J.H. Breasted would later call the Fertile Crescent, where Mesopotamian civilization began.

Babylon, written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by James Lloyd: https://www.ancient.eu/babylon/ If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - www.ancient.eu/membership/ - www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe Babylon is the most famous city from ancient Mesopotamia whose ruins lie in modern-day Iraq 59 miles (94 kilometres) southwest of Baghdad. The name is thought to derive from bav-il or bav-ilim which, in the Akkadian language of the time, meant ‘Gate of God’ or `Gate of the Gods’ and `Babylon’ coming from Greek. The city owes its fame (or infamy) to the many references the Bible makes to it; all of which are unfavourable. In the Book of Genesis, chapter 11, Babylon is featured in the story of The Tower of Babel and the Hebrews claimed the city was named for the confusion which ensued after God caused the people to begin speaking in different languages so they would not be able to complete their great tower to the heavens (the Hebrew word bavel means `confusion’).

Alexander the Great, written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by James Lloyd: https://www.ancient.eu/Alexander_the_Great/ If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company: - https://www.ancient.eu/membership/ - https://www.ancient.eu/donate/ - www.patreon.com/ahe Alexander III of Macedon, known as Alexander the Great (21 July 356 BCE – 10 or 11 June 323 BCE), was the son of King Philip II of Macedon. He became king upon his father’s death in 336 BCE and went on to conquer most of the known world of his day. He is known as 'the great' both for his military genius and his diplomatic skills in handling the various populaces of the regions he conquered. He is further recognized for spreading Greek culture, language, and thought from Greece throughout Asia Minor, Egypt, and Mesopotamia to India and thus initiating the era of the "Hellenistic World".