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Last time we spoke about the end of the Bougainville campaign. In June 1945, the Australia and Allied forces intensified their campaign in the Pacific, spearheaded by General Hammer, as they battled entrenched Japanese troops on Bougainville. Following the capture of the Soraken Peninsula, the Australians aimed to control the strategic Hongorai River but faced fierce resistance. Meanwhile, General Kanda adjusted his strategies, pulling back Japanese forces to a defensive perimeter around Buin, allowing his troops to regroup. Australian battalions, notably the 24th and 57th/60th, pressed forward, making significant gains despite encountering numerous obstacles, including concealed mines and relentless counterattacks. The turning point came when they crossed the Hongorai River, marking a vital milestone in their advance. Ultimately, the combination of perseverance and tactical maneuvers set the stage for future successes within the broader context of the Pacific Theater. This episode is the Fall of Wewak Welcome to the Pacific War Podcast Week by Week, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about world war two? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on world war two and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel you can find a few videos all the way from the Opium Wars of the 1800's until the end of the Pacific War in 1945.  In the last episode we finished off the Bougainville campaign. Now its been 4 long ass grueling years for the boys fighting in New Guinea. Today we are finally going to finish that story.  As we last saw, by early April 1945, General George Stevens and his 6th Australian Division were making significant strides in their Wewak offensive. The campaign, aimed at capturing the strategically important town of Wewak, was crucial for disrupting Japanese forces in New Guinea and aiding in their eventual defeat. Brigadier King's 16th Brigade had effectively secured the But and Dagua areas, notable locations that played vital roles in the region's agricultural landscape and supply lines. Simultaneously, Brigadier Moten's 17th Brigade was concentrating its efforts along the Ninab River, a key waterway that would facilitate the final drive toward Maprik, a town essential for both its infrastructure and resources. Facing intense Australian pressure, the remnants of General Mano's 41st Division were forced to retreat northwestward to Wora, a strategic village located near the coast, while the Miyake Force reorganized itself along the defensive line formed by the Imbia, Neligum, Kumbungua, and Bainy rivers. This area is characterized by its rugged terrain, dense jungles, and numerous waterways, making it a challenging environment for military operations. On April 3, General Moten ordered the 2/7th Battalion to advance toward Maprik and the Agricultural Station, aiming to seize this vital supply center. At the same time, the 2/6th Battalion was tasked with moving towards the Screw River to block any potential enemy retreats to the north. Hayforce, a composite group of Australian troops, was directed to push forward to the Maprik-Marui road. This mission was critical as it aimed to establish a new airfield, designated as Hayfield, to alleviate the pressing supply issues faced by Australian forces. The Australians began their assault towards Maprik, yet they quickly discovered that the enemy was well-prepared to defend this food-producing region. Throughout the week, they were largely limited to patrol actions as they engaged with scattered enemy forces. Concurrently, Hayforce advanced eastward, encountering strong resistance at Wora on April 10. This strategic location, once teeming with activity, had become a focal point for Japanese defense. On April 12, feeling increasingly under pressure, General Mano opted to abandon Wora, allowing him to concentrate his forces more effectively at Bainyik. This decision was pivotal, as it permitted Australian forces to secure the site of the proposed airstrip, enhancing their logistical capabilities.  Meanwhile patrols had been pressing on from village to village. On 28th March, for example, Sergeant J. W. Hedderman, of the 2/6th, a notable leader in these as in earlier operations, had led a reconnaissance to Kulkuil and Gwanginan. Next day he led a fighting patrol which took Kulkuil with a carefully-planned surprise attack. On the 30th Lieutenant Errey's platoon (16), with Hedderman as platoon sergeant, attacked Gwanginan. Hedderman confused the enemy by shouting to imaginary platoons to right and left (thus incidentally drawing fire on himself); and when the leading section was halted he brought down supporting fire and enabled it to move again. A man was wounded within 10 yards of the enemy's pits; Hedderman went forward, killed two Japanese with grenades, and dragged his comrade to safety. The enemy were 25 to 30 strong and the attack failed despite these gallant efforts. Hedderman covered the withdrawal, firing until all others had gone. On 30th March a patrol found Mairoka clear of the enemy and on 4th April Lieutenant Gordon's platoon established a patrol base there. On the 7th Errey's platoon attacked a village to the east of the Milak villages but without success, Lieutenant Errey being killed, and Sergeant Layfield wounded. Chicanambu was occupied on the 9th. On April 15, two companies from the 2/6th pushed eastward towards the Screw River. Over the next five days, they faced strong opposition as they engaged in fierce skirmishes and patrol actions to secure critical territories, ultimately capturing Wambak, Kombichagi, and Bungara. Each of these locations represented not only strategic advantages but also a deepening impact on the local population and the broader campaign dynamics. On April 15, 1945, the 2/7th Battalion launched its main assault, with one company advancing towards the line of Nimrod Creek. This location, nestled within the dense jungles of New Guinea, proved to be strategically significant yet perilous. As they approached, Australian troops encountered heavily defended and camouflaged pillboxes, fortifications designed to protect the Japanese troops stationed in the area. Despite the challenges, they managed to secure a long, kunai-covered spur to the northeast of a critical area known as Maprik 2 by the following day. On April 17, another company from the 2/7th continued the offensive, advancing toward a target referred to as Maprik 1. They reached a point approximately 400 yards northwest of the objective but soon found themselves in a precarious situation as they became surrounded on both flanks the next day. It was not until April 19 that they successfully broke through to the southwest, escaping their encirclement.   The House Tamboran feature, a prominent ridge north of Maprik 1, was finally secured on April 20. This strategic high ground was essential for controlling the surrounding terrain and allowing further advances in the area. The following day, the 2/7th began probing towards the Maprik airstrip and Bainyik. Their efforts to secure the airstrip were fruitful within the next few days; however, they faced staunch resistance at both Maprik 2 and Bainyik, where Japanese forces continued to mount a determined defense. On April 25, the Australians crossed the Screw River, a vital waterway that flows through this region, on their way toward Midpum Creek, which they reached the following day. This movement was crucial for maintaining momentum in the campaign. While the 2/7th Battalion was engaged in heavy fighting, patrols from the 2/6th Battalion successfully secured the Neligum villages, although they encountered strong Japanese resistance at Mangumbu. This locality, bordered by lush vegetation and steep hills, served as a vital defensive position for Japanese forces. Simultaneously, intelligence reports about a small enemy contingent under Lieutenant-Colonel Takenaga Masaharu positioned at Tau prompted a swift response. On April 16, a platoon from the 2/5th Battalion departed from Aitape, a coastal town known for its strategic significance during the campaign. They tracked down the Japanese troops and engaged them at Kubriwat on April 24. After the Kubriwat engagement, Colonel Takenaga's troops managed to shake off pursuit by the Australians; yet as the Australians continued to harass them, Takenaga ultimately decided that they would surrender. They took a leaflet containing a notice of surrender that one of the soldiers had been carrying, added some conditions underneath in English, tied it to a pole for the Australians to find, and left the area. Scouts from Miles' platoon then found the leaflet and brought it back with them. On May 2, the Australian platoon spotted Takenaga's unit near Womgrer village, and asked a native to help them make contact. Two truce bearers from the Japanese side came to the Australians to negotiate, and on the following day Takenaga's unit surrendered at Womgrer and were disarmed. At the time of surrender, Takenaga's unit consisted of 42 men: five officers (including Takenaga), four warrant officers, and 33 non-commissioned officers and soldiers. They were equipped with five light machine guns, 17 rifles, five pistols, and 750 rounds of ammunition. The prisoners, escorted by Miles' platoon, marched for three days in an orderly fashion to Maprik Airport, and were then transported to Aitape. Takenaga's unit were held in Aitape for around one month, before being broken up and sent to prison camps in Lae and in Australia, where they received good treatment. They were all interrogated, and in particular, Takenaga was transported to Manila for a detailed interrogation. As well as giving character information about the commanders of the 18th Army, Takenaga gave his opinion of how the Allies should deal with Emperor Hirohito: "If the Emperor is killed then the Japanese people will resist until the bitter end, but if there is an order from the Emperor then they will probably surrender peacefully." Back in the Maprik sector, while Hayforce conducted probing operations and successfully captured Yentagim in early May, the Miyake Force began a withdrawal toward the Loanim-Yamil-Kumbungua line. This defensive line was a series of natural features and fortified positions designed to obstruct the advancing Australian troops. On the northern flank, the 2/6th Battalion also continued to patrol eastward, successfully securing the strategically important Mangumbu on May 2. This advancement not only disrupted enemy operations but also paved the way for further Australian advances in the region. On May 8, 1945, the 2/7th Battalion launched a decisive attack, successfully capturing part of the Kumbungua Ridge, a strategically significant high ground dominating the surrounding terrain. Two flame-throwers had now been received by the 2/7th and on 8th May these were used to drive the enemy from part of the narrow steep-sided Kumbungua ridge. The Japanese made off, abandoning 30 weapon-pits, but engaged the Australians from a knoll farther up the ridge. Just three days later, they captured the southern end of the ridge while another company moved to occupy Waigakum 1, a forward position that offered a crucial vantage point over the area. Flame-throwers were proving very effective. On 10th May the 2/7th occupied Waigakum 1, and on the 11th a platoon with flame-throwers attacked and took a position where the defenders abandoned 50 packs. Another platoon approached the knoll at the south end of the Kumbungua ridge from the south, attacked up a steep slope and put to flight the defenders who abandoned 25 packs and 100 sticks of gelignite. The Japanese opened fire, however, from higher up and, the ground being unsuitable for defence, the platoon withdrew. By May 13, following effective air support that softened enemy defenses, central Kumbungua was found abandoned by Japanese forces, a testament to the pressure the Australians had applied. The following day, after another heavy bombardment from both aircraft and artillery, the entire ridge was finally secured, marking a significant accomplishment in the campaign. Pressing on, the Australians cleared the area northeast of Kalabu by May 26. However, they faced stiff resistance and found it challenging to make further advances. As a result, the 2/7th Battalion reorganized to defend the captured positions, consolidating their gains to ensure they could withstand potential counterattacks from the tenacious enemy. In the meantime, on May 17, Waigakum 2 fell to Australian troops. This success forced the cutoff remnants of General Mano's 41st Division to begin their retreat to the east, as the Australians patrolled further towards Malba, another critical location along their advance. The loss of Waigakum to the 2/7th Battalion in mid-May had a very upsetting effect on the Japanese. It was the point of junction between Miyake Force, now 800 strong, and the 41st Division and, according to General Yoshiwara, this loss led directly to the withdrawal from Kalabu and Loanim. On the 19th a platoon, guided by natives, surprised six Japanese in a garden south-east of Kalabu. Here Private Jenkins" came upon one Japanese asleep outside a weapon-pit. As he was within feet of me (wrote Jenkins later) I thought it was an excellent opportunity to take a prisoner so I woke him with a light kick and pulled him to his feet with my left hand, keeping my Owen gun in my right. I had managed to get my prisoner some paces from his position when a slight noise alerted his mates and they opened fire on the patrol. With this the Jap broke from my grasp and I was forced to shoot him. One other Japanese was killed and the others made off.Turning their attention northward, the 2/6th Battalion attempted to attack the village of Jamei on May 20. However, they were met with fierce resistance from Japanese defenders, which compelled the Australians to bombard the area intensively with artillery and air strikes until the enemy was finally forced to retreat on May 25. While the Australians were continuing to probe towards Yamil, elements of the 2/7th Battalion executed successful attacks in the Malba area, which was ultimately secured by the end of the month. This marked a crucial step in their advance as they pushed deeper into enemy territory. Meanwhile, in the coastal sector, Brigadier King's 16th Brigade concentrated its efforts east of the But River, extending up to the Kofi area. At the same time, Brigadier Martin's 29th Brigade assembled at But, preparing for the final drive toward Wewak, a town that had become a strategic target for Allied forces in their campaign to eradicate Japanese presence in New Guinea. On April 14, the 2/1st Battalion passed through the lines of the 2/2nd Battalion, launching an attack toward the Karawop-Wisling area. This sector, known for its rugged topography and dense underbrush, finally fell to the relentless Australian assaults two days later after a series of intense company-level attacks. On April 25, the 2/1st Battalion occupied the crucial 1800 Feature without facing any opposition. This high ground provided them with significant tactical advantages in the ongoing conflict. Meanwhile, the 2/3rd Battalion, positioned to the north, successfully launched an attack on Boiken Plantation. Their efforts were rewarded as they advanced to Kalimboa the following day, further consolidating Australian positions in the region. On April 27, 1945, the 2/2nd Battalion moved swiftly through the advancing lines, pushing forward to Hawain and crossing the river in their quest to engage Japanese forces. Concurrently, the 2/3rd Battalion patrolled south along Boiken Creek, where they encountered significant enemy resistance in the Koanumbo area. After a series of determined assaults, this area was ultimately secured by May 2, allowing the Australians to fortify their positions. At this point in the campaign, Brigadier Martin's 19th Brigade took over the advance towards Cape Wom, and subsequently, the strategic objective of Wewak. This movement coincided with preparations by Lieutenant-Colonel Eric Hennessy's 2/6th Commando Regiment, which was organizing for a surprise landing east of Cape Moem, a critical maneuver aimed at outflanking Japanese defenses. On May 3, the 2/4th Battalion advanced from Hawain, managing to cover six miles without facing any opposition. By the next day, they reached Wom without incident. As night fell, Australian patrols had already established a presence along the Waringe River, preparing for further actions. During this time, patrols targeted Japanese stragglers in the vicinity, eliminating several and gathering intelligence. Reconnaissance units were then sent forward to Minga Creek to assess enemy positions while the 2/4th secured Yarabos on May 7, progressively tightening the noose around Japanese defenses. Meanwhile, the 2/8th Battalion, positioned on the right flank, engaged in a series of minor clashes, successfully capturing Ranimboa on May 4, followed by Numikim just days later. These advances were crucial in pressuring the remaining Japanese forces, which, under Generals Adachi and Nakano, were increasingly evident in their abandonment of the substantial base at Wewak. Their main forces began to withdraw over the rugged terrain of the Prince Alexander Mountains, leaving behind strong rearguards tasked with covering their exit routes from Wewak. To counter this withdrawal, the 2/11th Battalion and the 2/7th Commando Squadron were dispatched on a wide encircling movement towards the Sauri villages and Wirui Mission, aiming to cut off the retreating Japanese forces. Meanwhile, the 2/4th Battalion crossed Minga Creek and launched an attack towards Wewak on May 8, seeking to claim the final strategic stronghold. Two days later, bolstered by supporting tanks and artillery, the 2/4th Battalion initiated a vigorous assault on Wewak Point. This area, positioned at the very tip of the peninsula, was essential for controlling the coastal approaches to Wewak. After a hard-fought engagement, the Australians successfully seized the entirety of Wewak Point, subsequently mopping up the remaining Japanese soldiers who had entrenched themselves in the caves along the cliffs, effectively concluding the intense fighting in this region. At 12.15 two companies were ordered to mop up.cThat afternoon a flame-thrower fired into a bunker apparently lit a dump of bombs which blew up. Smith's company found several occupied caves and, since the Japanese would not surrender, merely picqueted them until engineers arrived and blew up the entrances, sealing the Japanese in. It was estimated that about 50 perished in the caves; by midnight 65 other dead had been counted and three 75-mm guns and two 20-mm had been captured. In a brilliant action the Australians, supported by tanks and more than 40 field guns, had lost only 2 killed and 17 wounded. Mopping up was continued next day, and no live Japanese remained on the point by midday. Finally it was estimated that from 180 to 200 Japanese had been killed. On May 11, 1945, following their progress along the Big Road, the 2/11th Battalion set out to occupy the strategic 620, 710, and 770 Features. However, they soon encountered unexpected resistance over the following days. This was not merely an isolated skirmish; it was part of a broader engagement as they pressed their advance against the entrenched Japanese defenders. Meanwhile, an important operation was unfolding to the west. The 2/9th and 2/10th Commando Squadrons, supported by a small flotilla formed around the sloop Swan, successfully landed on Dove Bay's Red Beach, located just to the west of Forok Point. This maneuver was critical, as it disrupted Japanese supply lines and provided the Australians with a foothold to cut off the Wewak Road. Following their landing, the squadrons dispatched patrols eastward, further isolating Japanese forces. The next day, the 2/3rd Machine-Gun Battalion secured the junction of the Wewak Road and Forok Creek, a key point for controlling the surrounding areas, while the 2/9th Commando Squadron patrolled past Mandi, gaining valuable intelligence. The 2/4th Battalion, capitalizing on this chaos, pressed forward to secure the Wewak airfield and the Wirui Mission, both of which were vital for maintaining air support and supply routes in the theater of operations. On May 13, the 2/11th Battalion successfully captured the 620 Feature, a crucial hill that provided vantage points over the battlefield. However, they struggled to take the 710 Feature the next day, as Japanese resistance intensified in the rugged foothills south of the Big Road.  On 14th May, the 2/11th being heavily engaged in the foothills south of the Big Road, Lt Martin had ordered the 2/4th to attack Wirui Mission, which was on a steep kunai-covered hill about 300 feet high dominating the airfield. Approaching from the east through tall kunai the leading com-pany with a troop of tanks soon took the first objective-dominating ground about half way up the hill. Captain Smith's company passed through and, with the tanks, whose crews estimated that they killed about 30 Japanese, reached the top. By nightfall the top and the eastern slopes were held but the Japanese were fighting back from bunkers on the north-west slopes. Next day Smith's company attacked these remaining bunkers. The lead-ing section was halted by intense fire after several men had been hit. Private Kenna, in the supporting section, which was firing on the bunkers at a range of only 50 yards, stood up in the kunai grass in full view of the enemy and fired his Bren at one of the Japanese machine-gun posts. The Japanese machine-gunners returned his fire but failed to hit him. Kenna then said to Private Rau who was beside him that the Japanese "had a bead on him" and he asked for Rau's rifle. Still standing, he fired four rifle shots and silenced the enemy post. He then took the Bren again and opened fire on another post about 70 yards away and silenced it too. The remaining post was then knocked out by a tank; soon the 2/4th and 2/11th were in contact. About 40 Japanese were killed and perhaps 20 escaped in the fight for the mission. Large quantities of weapons, vehicles, generators, tele-phones and other equipment were found there. Possession of Wirui Mission gave complete control of the Wewak coastal plain. Captured papers made it possible to make a fairly precise estimate of the forces immediately round Wewak: Kato Force, built round the 25th Airfield Battalion and about 300 strong, was holding from Sauri to Wirui Creek; Jinka Force, about 400 strong, was holding from Wirui Creek to the east, including Boram airfield, and south into the range as far as Passam; to the east was Aoyama Force, of unknown strength; the coastal plain to a depth of about 1,000 yards was not held in strength, and it was thought that there would be little opposition on the coast at least as far as Boram airfield Supported by artillery fire and through persistent efforts, the 2/11th finally took the 710 Feature on May 15, which allowed them to begin patrolling towards the 770 Feature and the nearby Klewalin, two additional strongholds that were key to the entire operation. Simultaneously, since May 11, the 2/7th Commando Squadron had been engaged in fierce fighting. They maneuvered through a series of knolls in the Sauri villages area, which they ultimately cleared by May 16, further tightening the noose around Japanese defenses. On that same day, after intense air and naval bombardments prepared the way, the 2/8th Battalion began their advance toward Boram. This crucial location fell into their hands unopposed by nightfall, allowing significant advances in the Australian front line. However, on May 17, as the 2/8th Battalion continued its push to the mouth of Boram Creek, they encountered a strongly-held Japanese position. This area, characterized by intricate terrain and dense jungle cover, presented formidable challenges as they sought to advance further into Japanese-occupied territory. The enemy bunkers would remain a formidable obstacle until May 20, when a heavy bombardment finally rendered them inoperative. Following this, the Australians seized the opportunity to exploit their gains and advanced further east to occupy Cape Moem. This maneuver allowed them to establish contact with the commando force at Brandi Plantation just two days later, strengthening their foothold along the coast. On May 24, the 2/11th Battalion occupied the strategic 770 feature after enduring its own heavy bombardment. Three days later, they managed to destroy the last remnants of enemy forces south of the 710 feature, marking a significant step in the campaign. On May 25, the 2/4th Battalion also launched a patrol into the village of Koigin, taking the location after a sharp and intense fight. However, amidst these operations, Brigadier Martin fell ill with malaria and was temporarily replaced by Lieutenant-Colonel John Bishop, a shift that would guide the troops through the operational challenges ahead. By the end of May, the 6th Division had pushed most remnants of the Japanese 18th Army away from the coast, including their vital base at Wewak. The Japanese forces were now confined within the rugged, mountainous terrain, squeezed between the 17th Brigade, positioned forward of Maprik to the west, and the remainder of the 6th Division to the north. In preparation for the next phase of their campaign, General Moten set out to secure the line from Solongan to Kulauru Mission. The 2/5th Battalion relieved the 2/7th Battalion and moved against Kulauru and Ulupu, while the 2/6th Battalion advanced towards Yamil. The Australians acted swiftly and decisively, rapidly capturing Newton's Knoll and Palketia during the first week of June. On June 10, after extensive air strikes and bombardments weakened enemy defenses, the 2/6th Battalion successfully entered Yamil. Just three days later, on June 13, the 2/5th Battalion continued their momentum by capturing Yamil 3 and Yuman as the beleaguered Miyake Force began its retreat towards Ulupu, indicating the deteriorating situation for Japanese forces in the region. Despite the Australians' relentless advance and the heavy bombardment inflicted upon them, the Japanese remained determined to defend Kunai Spur. Their tenacity meant that the Australians could only secure Yamil 4 on June 24, underscoring the intensity of the fighting in this strategic area. At this critical juncture, the 2nd New Guinea Battalion arrived in the Hayfield area to patrol southwards towards Kwimbu, Mikau, and Kunjinge. These movements further reinforced the Australian positions and set the stage for the continuing efforts to dismantle the last remnants of Japanese resistance in the region. On June 11, 1945, the 2/8th Battalion successfully seized Hill 1 after a concentrated air and artillery bombardment that softened up the enemy defenses. This pivotal victory allowed them to establish a critical foothold in the area, vital for subsequent operations. Just five days later, on June 16, both artillery and aircraft targeted Hill 2 and Shiburangu, two crucial positions that had become points of interest in the ongoing campaign. After numerous attempts and repeated efforts by the infantry, the Australians ultimately captured Hill 2, a strategic vantage point that further pressured Japanese forces in the region.At 8 a.m. on 16th June aircraft struck both Hill 2 and Shiburangu and then the artillery began a program in which 3,000 rounds were fired. One company began to advance on Hill 2 at 9.30. Warrant-Officer Fisk's platoon, which was forward, met heavy fire from snipers on both flanks and machine-gun fire from the hills and lost one man killed and one wounded. It withdrew to the cover of the spur and moved to outflank the enemy on the left. Meanwhile at 9.45 a second company had taken the pocket without opposition. At 10 a.m. the first company was still held. The men rested under the lip of the hill while the artillery again bombarded the enemy's positions and flame-throwers were brought forward. At 1.30 the company surged over the crest of the hill and, after close fighting in which each bunker was grenaded, the surviving Japanese fled leaving 38 visible dead and perhaps another 20 buried by the air and artillery bombardment. The Australians lost 2 killed and 3 wounded. "Aerial bombing coupled with artillery concentration does not deter the enemy from fighting nor unsettle him unduly," wrote the battalion diarist. "Such fanatical resistance in face of such odds makes the capturing of these strong points no light task." Meanwhile, the 2/4th Battalion worked diligently to clear the eastern side of the Koigin-Tazaki track, progressing 600 yards south of Koigin by June 13. This advancement helped secure vital supply routes and reinforced the Australians' operational capabilities. On June 14, the Australians continued their momentum by successfully securing Mount Kawakubo, another significant terrain feature. Five days later, on June 19, the 2/4th and 2/11th Battalions launched a coordinated attack towards Tazaki. Thanks to the overwhelming support of air and artillery bombardments, Tazaki ultimately fell into Australian hands by June 24, marking yet another victory in their relentless push against Japanese defenses. On June 22, the 2/8th captured the last knoll before Shiburangu. Following this success, artillery began to register targets on Shiburangu, setting the stage for a significant assault. By June 27, after a particularly heavy air and artillery bombardment that saturated the area with firepower, the 2/8th Battalion launched a bold attack to seize Shiburangu. Utilizing an outflanking maneuver, they managed to surprise the fierce defenders, overcoming their determined resistance. As the 2/4th Battalion cleared the remaining enemy pockets in the Tazaki area, the 2/8th Battalion pressed their advantage, attacking and securing the area to the west on July 3. The two battalions effectively linked up two days later, solidifying their control over the region and paving the way for further advances in the campaign. Looking back to the southwest, after nearly three weeks of stiff resistance, the Japanese finally abandoned Kunai Spur on July 3, 1945. This withdrawal opened the door for Australian forces, who swiftly occupied Ulupu just two days later. The effort to clear the surrounding area began in earnest, but it wasn't until July 8 that the strongly-held northern knoll was taken after intense fighting. On July 9, through a sustained bombardment, the Japanese were driven out of Ulum, marking a significant breakthrough; their defense system had been shattered. Following this success, patrols from the 2/5th Battalion advanced rapidly, moving forward about 2000 yards with only minor skirmishes. They reached and occupied Kulauru Mission on July 11, reinforcing the Australians' control over the area. Pressing northeast, the remaining Japanese forces in the vicinity were rapidly dispersed, and by July 18, Ilipem fell into Australian hands. During this time, the 2/6th Battalion was busy securing the Ulunkohoitu Ridge, further consolidating the Australians' hold on the region. At the same time, the 2nd New Guinea Battalion had been probing south and east, successfully securing critical locations such as Kongambe, Kwandaning, Naila, and Gisanambu. With the Japanese now regrouping along the Kaboibus-Ahegulim-Gwalip line, General Moten aimed to accelerate the advance, directing both the 2nd New Guinea Battalion and the rested 2/7th Battalion to converge on Gwalip. Meanwhile, the 2/5th and 2/6th Battalions pressed east towards Kaboibus. Despite facing challenges and some failed attacks against Dunbit and Aoniaru, the New Guineans were able to concentrate their forces near Gwalip by July 22, and five days later, Sigora fell to their determined assault. On July 30, they launched an attack and captured Ulama, nearly catching General Mano's headquarters at Winge in the process, which forced the defenders to retreat towards Suaui. As momentum continued to build, the 2/5th Battalion pressed on, supported by heavy air strikes. By August 1, they had successfully taken Gwenik, further disrupting Japanese lines. The following day, as the Australians advanced along the Kaboibus Ridge, they successfully occupied the Kaboibus villages. To their astonishment, they encountered only minor opposition, underscoring the disarray within the Japanese ranks as the Australians continued their relentless push through the region. On August 4, 1945, the 2/5th Battalion successfully seized Ahegulim, a strategic location that added to their momentum. Three days later, they captured Malabeim, completing their objectives in the region. Following this success, the Australians began probing towards Mount Irup, further extending their influence over the landscape. Concurrently, on August 6, the 2/7th Battalion embarked on a wide movement from Sigora aimed at Kiarivu, reaching this target two days later. This advance was part of a broader campaign in which New Guinean troops also secured key areas such as Miyamboara and Mananingi, reflecting the persistent efforts of Moten's 17th Brigade as they conducted their final offensive actions. Turning to the eastern front, the 8th Brigade's 30th and 35th Battalions had relieved the 2/4th and 2/11th Battalions in early July, taking charge of the Wirui Creek-Mandi area. On July 13, Brigadier Martin, who had resumed command of the 19th Brigade, ordered the 2/8th Battalion to capture the critical positions known as The Blot and Hambrauri. Following this directive, the Australians successfully attacked and seized The Blot the very next day. On July 16, Hambrauri 1 fell into Australian hands without opposition, allowing them to begin probing towards another strategically important feature: St. Patrick's. After significant preparations and a heavy bombardment, St. Patrick's was captured on July 21. The following day, the 2/8th Battalion captured Hambrauri 2 with little resistance, showcasing their growing operational effectiveness. During this time, the 2/1st Battalion executed a diversionary thrust along the Sambukaua Track, drawing Japanese attention away from main Australian advances. Simultaneously, the 2/6th Commando Regiment faced daring infiltration attempts to the west in the vicinity of Boiken, further complicating the operational landscape.  On June 24 five Japanese approaching along the beach entered the Angau compound at Wisling, stole 3 Owen guns, a pistol, and 3 Japanese rifles. A patrol followed these marauders, killed 2 and retrieved the weapons. Next day about 10 Japanese ambushed a party of the 2/10th Commando Squadron south of Boiken Plantation and killed Lieutenant Martin and wounded 4 others; and that night about 20 stole into the plantation. On June 28 signs were found that some 35 Japanese had slept the previous night 400 yards from a commando perimeter. On July 23 a commando patrol had a sharp clash with perhaps 40 Japanese in the hills south of Wanpea and more than 15 miles west of Wewak; 8 Japanese were killed as well as 4 Australians. The Japanese were justly proud of the valour and successes of the raiding parties which harassed the Australians between Wewak and Dagua in May, June and July. Several groups were organised and trained for these enterprises, the most celebrated being led by Lieutenant Saito Hachiro of the 78th Regiment who had first earned fame as a patrol leader in the Huon Peninsula fighting. In June his party set off to raid Maprik, but was intercepted, Saito and most of his followers being killed. From June 15 onwards two parties of raiders operated in the Karawop and Boiken areas with the object of diverting their enemy's strength away from the 51st Division farther east. These parties, which claimed to have killed more than 100 Australians (a wild overestimate) were the ones coped with by the 2/6th Commando Regiment. Another series of raids in late July and early August were considered less successful, because of improved Australian security measures. On July 25, Japanese General Adachi issued orders for a "last stand" around the areas of Nyakombi and Sassuia. The main body of the 18th Army was now in an are facing north and west. The 51st Division was on the right opposing the troops advancing from Wewak, the 20th Division in the centre and the 41st on the left. Yoshiwara had now reported that the food resources of the Sepik area were less than had been believed, though there might be more in the hinterland. Already about 2,800 troops were stationed in the Sepik Valley from Marienberg to about Kanganaman and were living off the country. Adachi decided to make a last stand in the area embracing, in the north, Nyakombi and Sassuia. Here they would fight on "as long as ammunition and food are available and at least until the end of September". Liaison was to be maintained with the force in the Sepik area which was to prepare to carry on "ambush warfare" after the main force had been wiped out. This plan had been conveyed to Field Marshal Terauchi, commanding the Southern Army, and he approved it on 8th July. Despite its many setbacks during the campaign, Terauchi sent a citation to the 18th Army. It was the first time that a Japanese army had been so honoured. The citation ran: "To the 18th Army and all attached units: With Lieut-General Hatazo Adachi as your com-mander, you have fought vigorously for three years in north-east New Guinea, where numerous epidemics prevailed and where the terrain was hitherto unknown to any Japanese. When the enemy occupied the west coast in April 1944, to cut off supplies, you learned to live off grass and trees, and by making the best of the situation, you conquered all unfavourable conditions. Officers and soldiers alike displayed the true spirit of the Japanese Army. Wherever you encountered the enemy, you crushed them and inflicted many casualties. You have inspired fear into the hearts of the enemy and diverted their sea and air strength, thereby contributing much to the Southern Army's operations and furthermore, to all the Armies of the Empire. You were able to accomplish this through the excellent leadership, planning, fidelity and character of your Army Commander. By the sense of sincerity, loyalty and moral obligation of all the troops, you have set a model for all men to follow. I hereby present this citation and proclaim this to all the Armies."  Amidst these developments, Major General Stevens was orchestrating a series of troop reliefs along the front lines. King's 16th Brigade was set to replace the 19th Brigade, which in turn would relieve the 17th Brigade to the west, ensuring continuous pressure on Japanese positions while maintaining the momentum of the Australian advance. Consequently, on July 28, 1945, the 2/2nd Battalion relieved the 2/8th in the Hambrauri area, immediately dispatching patrols to probe towards Numoikum. Their operational efforts culminated in the successful seizure of Mount Shoto on August 2. By August 6, with the backing of artillery fire, the Australians had secured Numoikum and Rindogim. However, this marked the last offensive action in the area, as the Australians shifted their focus to patrolling forward in order to consolidate their gains. By the end of the Aitape-Wewak Campaign, the 6th Division had sustained significant casualties, with 442 men killed and 1,141 wounded, while inflicting heavy losses on Japanese forces, estimated at around 9,000 killed and capturing 269 prisoners. With this chapter closed, it was time to shift the scene to Balikpapan, where the conclusion of the Borneo Campaign awaited. As we rejoin the action, by July 9, General Milford's 7th Australian Division had largely secured the Balikpapan area. Brigadier Chilton's 18th Brigade executed a successful landing at Penadjam, Djinabora, and Teloktebang on the western side of the bay. Simultaneously, Brigadier Eather's 25th Brigade advanced towards Batuchampar along Milford Highway, while Brigadier Dougherty's 21st Brigade secured key positions in the Sepinggang and Manggar areas. On July 10, the 2/31st Battalion secured the Cello position and the fallen-timber area directly in front with crucial support from artillery and tanks. In a bold move, one of their companies launched an attack towards the position known as Coke; however, this assault was met with fierce resistance and was ultimately repelled by intense crossfire from well-entrenched defenders. To the left of their advance, the 2/6th Commando Squadron probed toward Sumber Kiri, successfully securing the village and bolstering the Australians' hold in the region. At this moment, the 2/27th Battalion took over the left flank at Manggar, which allowed the exhausted 2/14th Battalion to probe towards Sambodja without risk of being outflanked. The next day, as the 2/27th moved through the 2/14th to occupy Lamaru, the 2/25th Battalion began the process of relieving the weary 2/31st, ensuring that fresh forces could continue the advance. On July 12, the commandos initiated probing operations towards a position known as Charm, successfully occupying both Cloncurry and Abash in the following two days. These captures were significant in securing the area and maintaining the momentum of the Australian advance through Balikpapan. After extensive patrolling on both sides of the highway, the 2/25th Battalion finally dispatched two companies on July 14 to occupy the strategic locations of Cart and Calm. These efforts led to the successful securing of Cocoa, Calm, and Chair, all achieved without resistance. That same day, to the east, patrols discovered Amborawang and the ridges north of Bale unoccupied. Recognizing this opportunity, the 2/27th Battalion moved into the area three days later. On July 15, the 2/9th Battalion sent patrols towards Separi and along the Parehpareh River, aiming to cut the enemy's lines of communication. Concurrently, the 2/25th Battalion solidified its control over Cart, enabling them to dominate the highway from both the east and west. However, their position was soon contested as they faced a series of heavy Japanese counterattacks during the following nights, testing their resolve and defensive capabilities. By July 17, the 2/25th had moved to occupy Charm, situated prominently by the highway, while a company from the 2/33rd Battalion took over Cart, allowing both units to repel yet another strong night counterattack from Japanese forces. The next day, the 2/27th finally entered the unoccupied Sambodja area, while patrols began to probe westward toward the Milford Highway. On July 19, the 2/31st Battalion cleared the last remnants of Japanese presence from the highway, paving the way for uninterrupted Australian operations. The following day, the 2/25th destroyed a robust enemy pocket, allowing them to occupy Abide without further incident. On July 21, the remaining Japanese forces retreated from the Batuchampar area, prompting the Australians to push toward Pope's Track while extensively patrolling northward. By this time, the bulk of the 2/1st Pioneer Battalion had been landed at Djinabora, establishing a patrol base in the Tempadung area. A week later, following a naval bombardment, the Australians occupied Pamaluan and began probing operations to the east and north. This series of actions marked the conclusion of the Battle of Balikpapan. The Australians opted to halt any offensive operations at this point and instead focus on consolidating their positions through enhanced patrolling. During the course of the battle, Australian forces tragically suffered 229 killed and 634 wounded, while inflicting significant losses on the Japanese, with approximately 2,032 killed and 63 captured. Thus, Australian casualties for the broader Borneo Campaign totaled around 2,100, while Japanese losses were estimated at around 4,700. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. General George Stevens led brave troops against the entrenched Japanese forces aiming to capture the strategic town of Wewak. Despite fierce resistance and rugged terrain, they successfully advanced, featuring key victories after relentless battles. Australian artillery and infantry engaged in daring assaults, securing vital positions like the Kumbungua Ridge and establishing airfields. As the campaign progressed, Japanese forces dwindled, ultimately surrendering at Wewak. 

Weiter geht es mit der Geschichte des Sozialen Zentrums in Norderstedt das 2025 sein 30jähriges Bestehen feiert. Das Soziale Zentrum ist ein linkspolitisches kulturelles Zentrum. Zu der eigenen Geschichte gehört auch die des Schall&Rau(s)ch Festivals, welches von 1993-2011 als DIY Festival umsonst und draußen in Norderstedt organisiert wurde. Viele kleine und große Bänds aus Norderstedt und Umgebung, aber auch von weit entfernt spielten dort und im SZ auf. Im heiteren Studiogespräch erinnern sich ehemalige und heutige Aktivist:innen und Musiker:innen an Erlebtes. Auch das Jugendkulturcafe kurz JuKuCa wird erwähnt, was ebenfalls, als städtisches Jugendzentrum eine Wiege für viele Bänds war und dem Häuserplenum, aus dem das SZ hervor ging ein Zuhause bot.

durée : 00:41:18 - Les Midis de Culture - par : Chloë Cambreling - Plongée dans les souvenirs et les histoires familiales pour réfléchir aux liens entre théâtre et société, intime et collectif, avec "La lettre" de Milo Rau, qui présente également "Le Procès Pelicot : hommage à Gisèle Pelicot", et "Affaires Familiales" de Emilie Rousset. - réalisation : Laurence Malonda, Thomas Beau, Louise André - invités : Milo Rau Dramaturge et metteur en scène suisse; Emilie Rousset Metteure en scène

Ágústa Kolbrún var með okkur í dag og strákarnir spurðu hana út stóru “hvað ef?” spurningarnar. Hjálmar hefði verið til í að leggja meira á sig í fótboltanum þegar hann var yngri en Helga grunar að hann hafi verið að lesa helgarpóstinn á Rauða Ljóninu þegar hann hefði kannski átt að vera æfa íþróttahæfileikana.IG helgijean & hjalmarorn110Takk fyrir að hlusta - og munið að subscribe´a!Þættina má finna inni í áskrift á pardus.is!

Rau, Hannah www.deutschlandfunk.de, Kultur heute

Föstudagur 27. júní Vikuskammtur: Vika 26 Í Vikuskammti við Rauða borðið sitja í dag þau Elísabet Ronaldsdóttir klippari, Haukur Már Helgason rithöfundur, Hrönn Sveinsdóttir bíóstjóri og Magnús Scheving framleiðandi og ræða fréttir vikunnar sem einkenndust af stríð og vopnahléi, málþófi og svörtum skýrslum, valkyrjum og sjarmerandi mönnum.

Við höldum áfram að rannsaka lífríkið við rannsóknarstöð Lands og skóga að Mógilsá í Kollafirði. Arnhildur Hálfdánardóttir slóst í maí í fyrra í för með þeim Brynju Hrafnkelsdóttur, skógfræðingi hjá Landi og skógi, og Matthíasi S. Alfreðssyni, skordýrafræðingi hjá Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands, sem vinna saman að því að rannsaka nýja landnema á borð við grenivefara og sniglanárakka. Þau skoða hvað hefur safnast í fiðrildagildrur og fallgildrur og veita okkur nýja innsýn í rannsóknir á skordýrum - sem geta svo sannarlega krafist mikillar þrautseigju og þolinmæði. Og síðan rifjum við upp heimsókn Samfélagsins í textílflokkunarmiðstöð Rauða krossins – meira um það á eftir.

Der Postillon - von Nikolaus Lenau

Brot úr Rauða borðinu 25. júní 2025 Trump og Ísland Við hefjum leik með viðbrögðum formanns utanríkismálanefndar Alþingis við tíðindum dagsins í Haag. Pawel Bartoszek bregst við tíðindum um að langflest NATO-ríki greiða 5 prósent af þjóðarframleiðslu til varnamála og framlög Íslands stóraukast.

Fimmtudagur 26. júní Maraþon, fjölmiðlar, Nató, skothvellir, kvíði, kvóti og kettir Hverju myndi það breyta ef Samstöðin hætti störfum vegna fjárhagsþrenginga? Hvaða samfélagslegur herkostnaður fylgir því að fjölmiðlar heltist úr leik einn á fætur? Óðinn Jónsson og Björg Eva Erlendsdóttir, fjölmiðlafólk og fyrrum fréttahaukar á Ríkisútvarpinu og Atli Þór Fanndal, ræða við Björn Þorláksson. Hilmar Þór Hilmarsson prófessor metur niðurstöður Nató-fundarins í samtali við Gunnar Smára. Umdeilt skotsvæði við rætur Esju verður til umfjöllunar við Rauða borðið í kvöld. Þrír íbúar og einn sérfræðingur gagnrýna kerfið fyrir lausatök en mikill heilsufarslegur skaði hefur orðið hjá fólki sem býr í grennd við skotsvæðið. Ólafur Hjálmarsson, Kristbjörn Haraldsson, Sigríður Ingólfsdóttir og Anja Þórdís Karlsdóttir ræða við Björn Þorláksson. Sóley Dröfn Davíðsdóttir, yfirsálfræðingur hjá Kvíðameðferðarstöðinni, ræðir við Oddnýju Eir um ýmsar sálrænar áskoranir í sumarfríinu. Indriði H. Þorláksson, fyrrverandi skattstjóri, fer yfir veiðigjöld og auðlindarentu með Gunnar Smára. Ættum við kannski að setjast niður, fámenn þjóð í stóru landi með miklum auðlindum, og ákveða hvernig auðlindarentunni er ráðstafað? Sandra Ósk Jóhannsdóttir, meistaranemi í glæpasálfræði og dýrfinna mætir til Maríu Lilju og ræðir um sjálfboðaliðasamtökin sem standa í ströngu alla daga við að finna týnd gæludýr.

Brot úr Rauða borðinu 25. júní 2025 Óþekkti þingmaðurinn Eiríkur Björn Björgvinsson er í hópi nýrra þingmanna. Björn Þorláks rekur garnirnar úr Eiríki og leitast við að kynnast persónulegri hlið hans. Skelfilegt flugslys sem reyndi mikið á Eirík er meðal annars til umræðu.

Brot úr Rauða borðinu 25. júní 2025 Íran Anahita B, aðgerðarsinni frá Íran um Íran og réttarhöldin gegn Hval hf. Anahita segir frá stríðinu frá sjónarhóli hins almenna Írana, um hvernig þjóðin upplifir sig í raun fasta milli tveggja elda, stríðinu við kúgandi klerka og stríðinu við vesturlönd en báðir aðilar sjá hag sinn í að hefta frelsi og mannhelgi almennings. Þá ræðir hún einnig persónulega baráttu sína við hvalveiðar á Íslandi og hvernig öll barátta, sama hvort hún er fyrir náttúruvernd eða mannréttindum er samofin.

Brot úr Rauða borðinu 25. júní 2025 Sumartónleikar Benedikt Kristjánsson, söngvari og skipuleggjandi hátíðarinnar Sumartónleikar í Skálholti, 28. júní - 13. júlí, segir okkur frá stórkostlegri dagskrá tónleikanna í ár sem fagna 50 ára afmæli og eru haldnir til heiðurs Helgu Ingólfsdóttur og mun Jean Rondeau leika á sembalinn hennar. Benedikt ræðir líka um sjálfboðaliðun menningarinnar, um tengslin við fjármögnunina, um umboðsmenn og eigin söng.

Brot úr Rauða borðinu 25. júní 2025 Reynsluboltar Ragnheiður Davíðsdóttir, Guðmundur Þ. Ragnarsson og Gunnar Hólmsteinn Ársælsson ræða það sem hæst ber og tala af reynslu. Við komum við á Alþingi og út í heimi. Af nógu er að taka þessa dagana. Það virðist vera langt í hinu árlegu sumargúrku.

Brot úr Rauða borðinu 25. júní 2025 Utanríkisstefna Íslands Helen Ólafsdóttir öryggissérfræðingur gagnrýnir valkyrjur ríkisstjórnarinnar fyrir að bjóða landsmönnum upp á óbreytta utanríkisstefnu þrátt fyrir gerbreytta heimsmynd. Hún segir Gunnari Smára hvað vantar í stefnuna.

Brot úr Rauða borðinu 25. júní 2025 Á að kljúfa þjóðina? Þingmenn tala einatt um ykkur og okkur. Þannig er verið að strá efasemdum um að veiðigjöldin séu landsbyggðarskattur og strá þannig auknum efasemdum um veiigjaldamálið. Jón Trausti Reynisson ritstjóri skrifaði leiðara um þetta.

Öll viðtölin úr þætti dagsins ásamt símatíma: Janus Guðlaugsson, íþrótta og heilsufræðingur um heilsueflingu Njáll Trausti Friðbertsson þingmaður Sjálfstæðisflokksins um launaþróun hjá Íslenska ríkinu Símatími Kristján Gíslason hringfari Pálmi Einarsson iðnhönnuður og bóndi í Gautavík í Berufirði um fjölbreytt notagildi íslenska hampsins Hildur Vattnes teymisstjóri Skyndihjálpar hjá Rauða krossinum Helena Ólafsdóttir fyrrum landsliðskona í knattspyrnu og stjórnandi bestu markanna á Sýn Sport um EM kvenna sem hefst í næstu viku

Brot úr Rauða borðinu 24. júní Einkamál Þórunn Marel Þorsteinsdóttir, verkefnastjóri einkaskjalasafna í Þjóðskjalasafni Íslands og Ólafur Arnar Sveinsson, sagnfræðingur, ræða um einkaskjalasöfn.

Brot úr Rauða borðinu 24. júní Vitund um ofbeldi Guðný S. Bjarnadóttir, stjórnarformaður Vitundar, samtaka gegn kynbundins ofbeldis, ræðir um Vitund um ofbeldi og útflutning á ofbeldismönnum.

Brot úr Rauða borðinu 24. júní Niðurlæging þingmanna Stjórnarandstaða Miðflokks, Framsóknarflokks og Sjálfstæðisflokks niðurlægir lýðræðið með orðum sínum og atferli þessa dagana. Þetta segir doktor Haukur Arnþórsson stjórnsýslufræðingur. Hann bregst við þeirri spurningu hvað stjórnarandstaðan á Alþingi sé að pæla þessa dagana við Rauða borðið ásamt framsóknarmanninum Halli Magnússyni, Ástu Guðrúnu Helgadóttur samfylkingarkonu og Birni Leví Gunnarssyni, fyrrum þingmanni pírata. Björn Þorláks stýrir umræðunni.

Brot úr Rauða borðinu 24. júní Áföll og list Helga Þórsdóttir safnstjóri Listasafns Reykjanesbæjar og Hanna Styrmisdóttir sérfræðingur í stefnumótun og sýningarstjórn segja Gunnari Smára frá einkasýningu palestínsku listakonunnar Larissa Sansour á safninu, sem fjallar um áföll sem erfast og fortíð sem myrkrar framtíðina, svo fátt eitt sé nefnt.

Brot úr Rauða borðinu 24. júní Alþjóðalög í stríði Bjarni Már Magnússon lagaprófessor svarar Gunnari Smári hvort Bandaríkin og Ísrael hafi brotið alþjóðalög með árásum sínum á Íran og framið stríðsglæpi. Hefur Íran allan rétt á að svara fyrir sig?

Þriðjudagur 24. júní Lýðræði, ofbeldi, alþjóðalög, áföll, list, kvennahreyfing og einkaskjalasöfn. Við hefjum Rauða borð kvöldsins á umræðu um stjórnarandstöðu Miðflokks, Framsóknarflokks og Sjálfstæðisflokks sem niðurlægir lýðræðið með orðum sínum og atferli þessa dagana, eða svo segir doktor Haukur Arnþórsson stjórnsýslufræðingur og í samræðu við Björn Þorláks ræða þau málið, framsóknarmaðurinn Hallur Magnússon, Ásta Guðrún Helgadóttir samfylkingarkona og Björn Leví Gunnarsson, fyrrum þingmaður Pírata. Guðný S. Bjarnadóttir, stjórnarformaður Vitundar, samtaka gegn kynbundnu ofbeldi, ræðir við Oddnýju Eir um þarfa vitund um ofbeldi Íslendinga og ræðir grein sína um útflutning á ofbeldismönnum. Bjarni Már Magnússon lagaprófessor svarar Gunnari Smári hvort Bandaríkin og Ísrael hafi brotið alþjóðalög með árásum sínum á Íran og framið stríðsglæpi. Hefur Íran allan rétt á að svara fyrir sig? Tatjana Latinovic, formaður Kvenréttindafélags Íslands, þýðandi og einn stofnanda Samtaka kvenna af erlendum uppruna á Íslandi, segir frá baráttu sinni í þágu kvenna og innflytjenda á Íslandi og rekur kynbundið ofbeldi til föðurhúsanna. Helga Þórsdóttir, safnstjóri Listasafns Reykjanesbæjar og Hanna Styrmisdóttir, sérfræðingur í stefnumótun og sýningarstjórn segja Gunnari Smára frá einkasýningu palestínsku listakonunnar Larissa Sansour á safninu, sem fjallar um áföll sem erfast og fortíð sem myrkvar framtíðina. Við ljúkum Rauða borðinu á samræðu sem gæti nýst þeim sem eru að taka til hjá sér eða í dánarbúum því Ólafur Arnar Sveinsson, sagnfræðingur og sviðsstjóri fræðslu og rannsókna hjá Þjóðskjalasafninu og Þórunn Marel Þorsteinsdóttir, verkefnastjóri einkaskjalasafna í Þjóðskjalasafni Íslands, ræða um einkaskjalasöfn, um spurninguna hverju skuli henda og hvort skjöl séu einkamál eða mikils virði fyrir söguna.

Brot úr Rauða borðinu 24. júní Kvennahreyfing Helga Þórsdóttir safnstjóri Listasafns Reykjanesbæjar og Hanna Styrmisdóttir sérfræðingur í stefnumótun og sýningarstjórn segja Gunnari Smára frá einkasýningu palestínsku listakonunnar Larissa Sansour á safninu, sem fjallar um áföll sem erfast og fortíð sem myrkrar framtíðina, svo fátt eitt sé nefnt.

Mánudagur 23. júní Rauða borðið, 23. júní, 2025. Íran, Grænland, hægrið, friðurinn, handbók helgihaldsins og Kúrdar Við hefjum Rauða borðið á umræðu um stríðið í Íran. Kjartan Orri Þórsson Mið-Austurlandasérfræðingur og Hilmar Þór Hilmarsson prófessor ræða við Gunnar Smára um árásir herja Ísraels og Bandaríkjanna á Íran. Við pælum því næst í norðurslóðum. Friðrika Hjördís Geirsdóttir, framkvæmdastýra viðskiptaþings Arctic Circle og mannfræðingur ræðir við Oddnýju Eir um auðlindir Grænlands og tengsl auðlindastjórnunar og pólitísks sjálfræðis á Grænlandi. Ragnar Hjálmarsson, stjórnmálafræðingur ræðir síðan stjórnmálin Evrópu við Gunnar Smára, um uppgang ysta hægrisins og hnignun Þýskalands. Oddný Eir ræðir um möguleika friðarins á stríðstímum við Katrínu Harðardóttur þýðanda og Guttorm Þorsteinsson formann Samtaka hernaðarandstæðinga. Sigríður Guðmarsdóttir, prófessor í hagnýtri guðfræði við Háskóla Íslands skýrir handbókar-málið svokallaða og ræðir við Oddnýju Eir um átök og heift í tengslum við málfræði og tvíhyggju. Jan Fernon, mannréttindalögmaður, aðalritari International Association of Democratic Lawyers og Ceren Uysal, mannréttindalögmaður, í forsvari fyrir European Association of Lawyers for Democracy and World Human Rights (ELDH) mæta að rauða borðinu ásamt Ögmundi Jónassyni og ræða við Oddnýju Eir um réttarhöld á vegum Permanent Peoples' Tribunal um mannréttindabrot gegn Kúrdum í Rojava í Sýrlandi.

Í dag fjöllum við um refaveiðar. Samfélagið leggur leið sína til Patreksfjarðar, þar sem Gréta Sigríður Einarsdóttir, fréttamaður RÚV á Vesturlandi og Vestfjörðum, ræddi við grenjaskyttu sem starfar í gamla Rauðasandshreppi, vestasta odda landsins. Hann segir tilganginn ekki vera að útrýma refnum heldur halda fjölda þeirra í skefjum svo fuglalífið geti blómstrað. Og við höldum okkur í ríki dýranna. Undanfarin ár hefur fjöldi nýrra skordýrategunda numið hér land. Við ræðum við Matthías S. Alfreðsson, skordýrafræðing á Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands, en hann vaktar þau smádýr sem hingað berast og er sérlegur áhugamaður um skógarmítla.

Föstudagur 20. júní Vikuskammtur: Vika 25 Í Vikuskammti við Rauða borðið sitja í dag þau Valgerður Þ. Pálmadóttir rannsóknarsérfræðingur í hugmyndasögu, Hafdís Helga Helgadóttir útvarpskona, Vigdís Halla Birgisdóttir leikkona og Andrés Skúlason verkefnastjóri hjá Landvernd og ræða fréttir vikunnar sem einkennast af loftárásum, málþófi, sumri og nýjum tækifærum.

Fimmtudagur 19. júní Kvennabarátta, vekni, náttúruspeki, handverk, brids og kvæðakór Við hefjum leik með umfjöllun um konur og kúrda. Í dag, nítjánda júní á hátíðis- og baráttudegi kvenna á Íslandi setur Ögmundur Jónasson kvenréttindabaráttuna á Íslandi í samhengi við baráttu Kúrda fyrir tilverurétti sínum. Kúrdískar konur hafa verið í fararbroddi baráttunnar og Ögmundur segir einnig frá fyrirlestri tveggja mannréttindalögfræðinga á mánudaginn, Jan Fernon og Ceren Uysal. Kristján Kristjánsson heimspekiprófessor í Birmingham ræðir við Gunnar Smára um umræðuhefð á tímum samfélagsmiðla, Marxíska vekni, póstmóderníska og þá sem náði flugi á tímum sjálfsmyndarstjórnmála. Hildur Margrétardóttir, myndlistakona, kennari og fyrrverandi skólastjóri, segir okkur frá nýjum námsleiðum, skapandi námi, náttúruspeki og útinám. Hún ræðir líka um ilminn og útiveruna. Þóra Sif Kópsdóttir, bóndi og víkingur ræðir um handverk og mikilvægi fullnýtingar. Oddný Eir og María Lilja ræða við hana. Í bridgeþætti Samstöðvarinnar ræðir Björn Þorláks við Guðmund Snorrason fyrrum norðurlandameistara í bridds og Matthías Imsland, framkvæmdastjóra Bridgesambands Ísland. Vonbrigði í opna flokknum á Norðurlandamótinu á Laugarvatni verða krufin og leiðir ræddar til að ná betri árangri í framtíðinni. Við endum Rauða borðið með söng. Bjarni Karlsson kórstjóri leiðir Maríu Lilju í allan sannleika um þjóðlagahefðir og Kvæðakórinn sem hann stýrir. Hann tekur lagið um Lækinn.

Rau, Hannah www.deutschlandfunk.de, Kultur heute

Mánudagur 16. júní: Íran og Ísrael, Striplab og njósnir, blaðamennskan, Víkingahátíð og listir Við hefjum Rauða borðið á spjalli við Kjartan Orra Þórsson, Miðausturlandafræðing og sérfræðing í málefnum Írans. Hann ræðir við Gunnar Smára um stríðsátök milli Ísraels og Íran og íranska þjóðerniskennd sem á sér mörg þúsund ára rætur. Ari Logn og Renata Sara Arnórsdóttir, aktívistar í Rauðu regnhlífinni ræða við Maríu Lilju og Oddnýju Eir um strip, femínisma, fordóma á Íslandi og njósnir í Svíþjóð. Ásdís Ásgeirsdóttir blaðamaður á Morgunblaðinu og Skúli Geirdal, Fjölmiðlanefnd, ræða pólaríseringu íslenskra fjölmiðla, starfsskilyrði blaðamanna, vinnubrögð, falsfréttir og traust til fjölmiðla við Björn Þorláks. Samkvæmt óbirtri könnun treysta hægri menn Morgunblaðinu best en Rúv síður. Við heimsækjum Víkingahátíð í Hafnarfirði þar sem sólin skín á tjöld, eldstæði, baráttu og hljómleik. Oddný Eir og María Lilja fóru og ræddu við víkingana um hátíðarhöld, handverk, hefðir og hugmyndir sem kvikna í ullartjöldunum og samverunni. Gunnar Guðbjörnsson, skólastjóri Söngskóla Sigurðar Demetz, ræðir við Björn Þorláks um starfsaðstæður skapandi greina, mikilvægi þess að ungt fólk fái að stunda þá list sem það brennur fyrir og skyldur hins opinbera.

Rau, Hannah www.deutschlandfunk.de, Kultur heute

Föstudagur 6. júní Vikuskammtur: Vika 23 Það verður líf og fjör í Vikuskammtinum að þessu sinni þegar þau Helga Þórey Jónsdóttir, menningarfræðingur og kennari, Steinunn Gunnlaugsdóttir, myndlistamaður og Atli Bollason, listamaður mætast við Rauða borðið hjá Maríu Lilju. Að þessu sinni verður farið ítarlega í menningarviðburði, störf þingsins, fordóma í samfélaginu, Gaza, Oscar og ríkisborgararéttinn, sumarveðrið, laun ráðafólks, evrópusambandið og margt fleira.

Eben Olderwagen, Environmental Project Manager at Vergelegen Wine Estate, speaks to Lester Kiewit about the recent birth of a Rau-quagga foal at the estate’s Environmental Camp. Born on Tuesday last week, the foal is part of an ongoing conservation project to reintroduce this once-extinct subspecies to the area. Eben shares insight into the significance of the birth, the care of the herd, and how Vergelegen’s unique environment supports biodiversity and long-term ecological restoration. Good Morning Cape Town with Lester Kiewit is a podcast of the CapeTalk breakfast show. This programme is your authentic Cape Town wake-up call. Good Morning Cape Town with Lester Kiewit is informative, enlightening and accessible. The team’s ability to spot & share relevant and unusual stories make the programme inclusive and thought-provoking. Don’t miss the popular World View feature at 7:45am daily. Listen out for #LesterInYourLounge which is an outside broadcast – from the home of a listener in a different part of Cape Town - on the first Wednesday of every month. This show introduces you to interesting Capetonians as well as their favourite communities, habits, local personalities and neighbourhood news. Thank you for listening to a podcast from Good Morning Cape Town with Lester Kiewit. Listen live on Primedia+ weekdays between 06:00 and 09:00 (SA Time) to Good Morning CapeTalk with Lester Kiewit broadcast on CapeTalk https://buff.ly/NnFM3Nk For more from the show go to https://buff.ly/xGkqLbT or find all the catch-up podcasts here https://buff.ly/f9Eeb7i Subscribe to the CapeTalk Daily and Weekly Newsletters https://buff.ly/sbvVZD5 Follow us on social media CapeTalk on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/CapeTalk CapeTalk on TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@capetalk CapeTalk on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/ CapeTalk on X: https://x.com/CapeTalk CapeTalk on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@CapeTalk567 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Ástandinu á Gaza hefur verið lýst sem „verra en helvíti“ og forseti Alþjóðaráðs Rauða krossins var afar þungorð um ástandið í viðtali við BBC. Þetta var meðal þess sem Þórunn Elísabet Bogadóttir og Björn Þór Sigbjörnsson ræddu við Boga Ágústsson í Heimsglugga vikunnar. Þau ræddu einnig styrjöldina í Úkraínu, frumvarp Trumps Bandaríkjaforseta sem hann kallar „Big beautiful bill“, stóra dásamlega frumvarpið. Elon Musk, sem lauk störfum fyrir Trump í síðustu viku, hefur ráðist harkalega á frumvarpið og sagt skuldaaukningu ríkisins sem fylgdi samþykkt þess leiða til þjóðargjaldþrots. Í lokin ræddu þau hugarfarsbreytingu ráðamanna á Vesturlöndum til varnarmála og aukin útgjalda til varna.

Allir geta lent í því að koma að fólki sem hefur lent í áfalli, slysi, ofbeldi, náttúruhamförum eða einhverjum öðrum alvarlegum atburðum. Þá geta fyrstu viðbrögð verið mikilvæg og ýmislegt sem ber að varast. Auðvitað ætti fagfólk að veita slíka hjálp en alvarlegir atburðir gera oft ekki boð á undan sér, því getur verið gott að kunna einföld viðbrögð sem geta hjálpað þangað til fagfólk getur komið inn í aðstæðurnar. Belinda Karlsdóttir leiðbeinandi hefur kennt sálræna fyrstu hjálp hjá Rauða krossi Íslands og á næstunni ætlar Rauði krossinn að bjóða almenningi upp á netnámskeið í sálrænni fyrstu hjálp. Belinda ræddi um þetta. Barnabarn Helgu Steffensen, Hörður Bent Steffensen hefur tekið við Brúðubílnum af ömmu sinni eftir nokkurra ára hlé og býður upp á fjölda sýninga í sumar ásamt góðu teymi. Hann er leikari að mennt og var mikill aðdáandi Brúðubílsins alla sína æsku og fékk loks að taka þátt í sýningum á unglingsaldri. Hörður sagði frá sýningum sumarsins og hversu vel amma hans hélt upp á brúðurnar, handritin og leikmyndirnar sem fylgja Brúðubílnum sem á um hálfrar aldar sögu. Póstkort frá Magnúsi R. Einarssyni. Magnús er nýkominn til Eyja eftir ferðalag erlendis og lentur í norðanbrælu og kulda. Hann rifjaði upp þegar hann kom fyrst til Eyja fyrir fjórum árum þá var honum sagt að það væri þrennt sem ekki mætti krítisera í Eyjum og hann fer yfir það í póstkortinu. Í seinni hlutanum sagði hann aðeins frá brosinu sem er nánast einstakt í dýraríkinu hér á jörð. Tónlist í þættinum í dag: Aftur heim til þín / Eyþór Ingi og Lay Low (Baldur Hjörleifsson og Jónína Guðrún Eysteinsdóttir) Sveitin mín / Haukur Morthens (Jóhann Helgason) Dýrin úti í Afríku / Brúðubíllinn (Helga Steffensen) Sveitastúlkan og sveitapilturinn / Marína og Mikael (Charlie Parker, texti Marína Ósk Þórólfsdóttir) Hafið / Egill Ólafsson (Matti Lauri Kallio, texti Egill Ólafsson) UMSJÓN GUNNAR HANSSON OG HELGA ARNARDÓTTIR

Rauða borðið, fimmtudaginn 05. júní: Mannúð og stjórnsýsla, Evrópuáhugi vinstri manns, auðmagn, persónuvernd, útlendingahatur og víðerni eru á dagskrá í kvöld Við hefjum leik á samtali Björns Þorlákssonar við Henry Alexander Henrysson heimspeking og sérfræðing í siðferðislegum álitamálum rsem rökæðir mál Oscars hins kólumbíska ásamt Hauki Arnþórssyni stjórnsýslufræðingi. Þeir eru ekki alveg á einu máli þegar þeir ræða inngrip Víðis Reynissonar formanns allsherjarnefndar Alþingis, en allar líkur eru nú á að Oscar fái ríkisborgararétt. Árni Þór Sigurðsson, sendiherra í leyfi og fyrrverandi þingmaður VG, ræður við Gunnar Smára um alþjóðamál og ekki síður Evrópumál, en ríkisstjórnin ætlar að efna til þjóðaratkvæðagreiðslu um aðildarviðræður Íslands að Evrópusambandinu. Jón Gunnar Bernburg prófessor segir Gunnari Smára frá ólíku auðmagni; peningalegu, félagslegu og menningarlegu og hvernig slíkt auðmagn ræður því hverjir heyrast og sjást og hverjir alls ekki. Helga Þórisdóttir, forstjóri Persónuverndar ræðir um helstu áskoranir dagsins í dag í tengslum við persónuvernd. Oddný Eir Ævarsdóttir ræddi við Helgu. Ole Anton Bieltvedt, samfélagsrýnir, ræðir um útlendingahatur á Íslandi við Oddnýju Eir Ævarsdóttur. Og við endum Rauða borðið með samtali við Þorvarð Árnason, forstöðumann Rannsóknaseturs HÍ á Hornafirði og fræðimanns í umhverfishugvísindum. Hann segir okkur frá nýútkominni bók sinni Víðerni sem er grundvallarrit í nýrri nálgun við náttúruna og ræðir tengsl okkar við hana, bókin er skrifuð fyrir almenning og náttúru í harðri viðureign okkar tíma. Oddný Eir ræðir við Þorvarð.

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension reflects a disruption of the normal continuous production, circulation, and reabsorption of CSF. Diagnosis requires the recognition of common and uncommon presentations, careful selection and scrutiny of brain and spine imaging, and, frequently, referral to specialist centers.  In this episode, Gordon Smith, MD, FAAN speaks with Jill C. Rau, MD, PhD, author of the article “Clinical Features and Diagnosis of Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension” in the Continuum® June 2025 Disorders of CSF Dynamics issue. Dr. Smith is a Continuum® Audio interviewer and a professor and chair of neurology at Kenneth and Dianne Wright Distinguished Chair in Clinical and Translational Research at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia. Dr. Rau is an assistant professor of clinical neurology at the University of Arizona, School of Medicine-Phoenix in Phoenix, Arizona. Additional Resources Read the article: continuumjournal.com Subscribe to Continuum®: shop.lww.com/Continuum Earn CME (available only to AAN members): continpub.com/AudioCME Continuum® Aloud (verbatim audio-book style recordings of articles available only to Continuum® subscribers): continpub.com/Aloud More about the American Academy of Neurology: aan.com Social Media facebook.com/continuumcme @ContinuumAAN Host: @gordonsmithMD Full episode transcript available here Interview with Jill Rau, MD Dr Jones: This is Dr Lyell Jones, Editor-in-Chief of Continuum. Thank you for listening to Continuum Audio. Be sure to visit the links in the episode notes for information about earning CME, subscribing to the journal, and exclusive access to interviews not featured on the podcast. Dr Smith: This is Dr Gordon Smith. Today I'm interviewing Dr Jill Rau about her article on clinical features and diagnosis of spontaneous intracranial hypotension, which she wrote with Dr Jeremy Cutsworth-Gregory from the Mayo Clinic. This article appears in the 2025 Continuum issue on disorders of CSF dynamics. I'm really excited to welcome you to the Continuum podcast. Maybe you can start by just telling our listeners a little bit about yourself? Dr Rau: Hi, thanks for having me. I'm really honored to be here, and I really enjoyed writing the paper with Dr Cutsforth-Gregory. I hope you guys enjoy it. I am the director of headache medicine at the Baba Bay Neuroscience Institute at Honor Health in Scottsdale, Arizona. I'm also currently the chair of the special interest group in CSF Dynamics at the American Headache Society, and I've had a special interest in this field since I first watched Dr Linda Gray speak at a conference where she talked about spinal CSF leaks and their different presentations. And they were so different than what I had been taught in residency. They're not just the post-LP headache. They have such a wide variety of presentations and how devastating they can be, and how much impact there is on someone's life when you find it and fix it. And I've been super interested in the field and involved in research since that time. And, yeah. Love it. Dr Smith: Well, thanks for sharing your story. And as I reflected on our conversation ahead of time and have been thinking about this issue… this is a cool topic, and every time I read one of these manuscripts and have the opportunity to speak with one of the authors, I learn a ton, because this was something that wasn't even on the radar when I trained back in the 1800's. So, really looking forward to the conversation. I wonder if you could really briefly just summarize or remind for everyone the normal physiology about CSF dynamics, you know, production, absorption, and so forth? Dr Rau: So, the CSF is the fluid that surrounds the brain and the spinal cord, and it's contained by the dura, which is like a canvas or a sac that covers that whole brain and spinal cord. And within the ventricles of the brain, the choroid plexus produce CSF. It's constantly producing and then being reabsorbed by the arachnoid granulations and pushed into the venous space, the cerebral sinuses, venous sinuses. And also some absorption and push into the lymphatics that we've just learned about in the past year. This is kind of new data coming out, so always learning more and more about CSF, but we know that it bathes the brain and the spinal cord, helps keep some buoyancy of the brain as well as pushing nutrients in and pulling out metabolic waste. And it sort of keeps the brain in the state of homeostasis that's happy. And so, when there's a disruption of that flow and the amount of fluid there, that disrupts that, that can cause lots of different symptoms and problems for people. Dr Smith: One of the many new things I learned is that even the name of this---spontaneous intracranial hypotension---is misleading. And I think this is clinically relevant, as we'll probably get to in a moment, but can you talk a little bit about this? Is this really like a pressure disorder or a volume disorder? Dr Rau: Yeah. It's almost certainly a volume disorder. We do see in some people that they have low pressure, and it's still part of the diagnostic criteria. But it's there because if you have a low pressure, if you measure an opening pressure and it's below six, if you're measuring it in the spine in the right place, then you have indication that there's low volume. But there's over 50% of people's opening pressure who have a spinal CSF leak, have all the symptoms and can be fixed. So, they have normal pressure in 50% of the people. So, it is an inaccurate term, hypotension, but it was originally discovered because of the thought that it was a low-pressure situation. Some of the findings would suggest low pressure, but ultimately, we are pretty sure it's a low-volume condition. Dr Smith: Another new thing that I learned that really blew me away is how bad this can be. I did a podcast with Mark Burish about cluster, and I was reminded many cluster patients are pushed to the point of suicidal ideation or committing suicide by the severity of pain. And this sounds like for many patients it's equally severe. Can you maybe paint a picture for our listeners why this is so clinically important? Dr Rau: A large number of people, even people who are known to have leaks because they've had them before or they've releaked, they have a lot of brain fog and cognitive impairment. They often have severe headaches when they're upright. So, orthostatic headache is probably the number one most common symptom, and those headaches are one of the worst headaches out there. When people stand up, their fluid is not supporting the brain and there's an intense amount of pain. And so, they spend a large portion of their lives horizontal. And there's associated symptoms with that, it's not just headache pain and brain fog. There's neck pain. There's often subsequent disorders that accompany this, like partial orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. We don't know if that's because of deconditioning or an actual sequela of the disease, but it's a frequent comorbidity. We have patients that have extreme dizziness with their symptoms, but many patients are limited to hours, if that, upright per day, combined, total. And so they live their lives, often, just in the dark, lots of photophobia, sensitive to the light, really unable to function. It's also very hard to find and so underrecognized that a lot of patients, especially if they don't have that really clinical symptom of orthostatic headache. So, it's often missed. So, they're just debilitated. You know, treatments don't work because it's not a migraine and it's not a typical headache. It's a mechanical issue as well as a metabolic issue and not found, not a lot helps it. Dr Smith: So, you know, I have always thought about this as really primarily an orthostatic symptom. I wonder if you can talk about the complexity of this; in particular, kind of how this evolves over time, because it's not quite that simple. And maybe in doing so, you can give our listeners some pearls on when they should be thinking about this disorder? Dr Rau: A large portion of people do have headache with spinal CSF leak, in particular, spontaneous intracranial hypertension- hypotension, excuse me. And that's something to be thought about, is that there are spontaneous conditions where people have either rupture of the dural sac, or an erosion of the dural sac, or a development of a connection between the dura and the venous system. And that is taking away or allowing CSF to escape. In these instances that patients have spontaneous, there may be a different presentation than if they have, like, a postdural puncture or a chronic traumatic or iatrogenic leak. And we're not sure of that yet, but we're looking into that. Still, the largest presentation is headache, and orthostatic headache is very dominant in the headache realm. But over time, patients' brains can compensate for that lack of CSF and start overproducing---or at least we think that's probably what's happening. And you may see a reduction in the orthostatic symptoms over time, and you may see an improvement in the radiographic findings. So, there are some interesting papers that have been published that look at these changes over time, and we do see that sometimes within that first three to four months; this is the most common time to see that change. Other patients may worsen. You may actually see someone going from looking sort of normal radiographically to developing more of a SIH-type of picture on the brain. And so it's not predictable which patients have gone from orthostatic to improvement or the other way around, both radiographically and clinically. So, it can be quite difficult to tell. So, for me, if I have a patient that comes to me and they're struggling with headache… if it's orthostatic, very clearly orthostatic: I lay down, I get considerably better or my headache completely goes away. And then when I stand up, it comes on relatively quickly, within an hour. And sometimes it's a worsening-throughout-the-day type of thing, it's lowest in the morning and it worsens throughout the day. These are the times that it's most obvious to think about CSF leak. Especially if that headache onset relatively suddenly, if it onset after a small trauma. Like I've had patients that say, you know, I was doing yoga and I did some twists and I felt kind of a pop. And then I've had this headache that is horrible when I'm upright but is better when I lay down ever since, you know, since that time. That's kind of a very classic presentation of spinal CSF leak or spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Maybe a less common presentation would be someone who comes to you, they've had a persistent headache for a couple years, they kind of remember it started in March of a couple years ago, but they don't know. Maybe it's, you know, it's a little better when they lay down. It may be a little worse when they're up moving around, but so is migraine, and it's a migrainous headache. But they've tried every migraine drug you can think of. Nothing is responding, nothing helps. I'm always looking at patients who are new daily, persistent headaches and patients who aren't responding to meds even if it's not new daily, but they have just barely any response. I will always go back and examine their brain imaging and get full spine to make sure I'm not missing. And you can never be 100% sure, but it's always good to consider those patients to the best of your ability, if that- have that in the back of your mind. Dr Smith: So obviously, goes without saying, this is something people need to have on their radar and think about. And then we'll talk more about diagnostic tools here in a second. But how common is this? If you're a headache doc, you see a lot of patients who have intractable headaches. And how often do you see this in your headache practice? Now you're- this is your thing, so probably a little more than others, but, you know, how common will someone who sees a lot of headache encounter these patients? Dr Rau: If you see a lot of headache, I mean, currently the thought is it's about 5 in 100,000. That was from a study before we were finding CSF venous fistulas. I think a lot of us think it's more common than that, but it's not super common. We don't have good estimates, but I would guess between 5 and 10 for 100,000 persons, not “persons who come to a tertiary headache clinic with intractable headaches”. So, it's hard to gauge how frequent it is, but I would say it's considerably more frequent than we currently think it is. There's still a group of people with orthostatic headaches that we can't find leaks on; that, once you treat other things that can cause or look for other things that can cause orthostatic headaches. So, there may be even still a pathophysiology out there that is still a leak type. Before 2014, we didn't even know about CSF venous fistulas. And now here we are; like, 50% of them are CSF venous fistulas. So, you know, we're still in a huge learning curve right now. Dr Smith: So, I definitely want to talk about the fistulas in a second. But before moving on, one of the things that I found really interesting is the wide spectrum of clinical phenotype. And we obviously don't have a lot of time to get into all of these different ones, but the one that I was hoping you might talk about---and there's a really great case, and you're on bunch of great case, a great case of this---is brain sagging dementia, not a term I've used before. Can you really briefly just tell our listeners about that, because that's a really interesting story and a great case in your article? Dr Rau: Yeah. So, brain sag dementia is a… almost like an extreme version of a spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Where there is clear brain sag in the imaging---so that's helpful---but the patients present kind of like a frontotemporal dementia. And when this was first started to being determined, you could turn the patient into Trendelenburg, and sometimes they would improve. There are some practitioners that have introduced fluid into the thecal sac and had temporary improvement. Patching has improvement, then they leak again, sometimes  not. But the clinical changes with this have been pretty tremendous to be able to identify that that's a real thing. And in some cases, out of Cedars Sinai, you know, who does a lot of the best research in this, they've had lots of cases where they can't find the leak, but there's clear brain sag that fits with our clinical picture of CSF leaks. So, we're on a learning curve. But yeah, this- they really present. They have disinhibition and cognitive impairment that is very similar to frontotemporal dementia. Dr Smith: Well, so let's talk about what causes this. You mentioned CSF venous fistulas. I mean, that was reported now just over a decade ago, it's pretty amazing. That accounts for about half of cases, if I understand correctly. What are the other causes? And then we'll talk more about therapy in a minute, but what causes this? Dr Rau: So, within the realm of spontaneous, you know, we say it's spontaneous. But the spontaneous cases we account for, they can be tears in the dura, which are usually sort of lateral tears in the dura. They can be little places that rubbed a hole, often on an osteophyte from the spine. They can come from these spinal diverticuli. So, I always describe it to my patients like those balls that have mesh and squishy, and you squeeze them in the- through the mesh, there's the extra little bubbling out. If you think of like the dura bubbling, out in some cases, through the framing of the spine, right where the spinal nerve roots come out, they should poke out like wires from the dura. But in many cases they poke out with this extra dura surrounding them, and we call that spinal diverticuli. And if you imagine like the weakening of where you squeeze that, you know, balloon through your fingers, in those locations, that's a very common place to find a CSF leak, and you can imagine that the integrity of the dura there may be less than it would be if it were not being expanded in that direction. And that's often the most common place we see these CSF venous fistulas. So, you can get minor traumas; like I said, it can be spontaneous, like someone just develops a leak one day. It can be rubbed off, and it can be a development of a connection between the dura and the venous system. There are also iatrogenic causes, but we don't consider them spontaneous. But when you're considering your patients for spontaneous cases, you should consider if they've ever had chronic---even long, long time ago---had any spinal implementation, procedures near the spine, spinal injections, LPs in the past, and especially women who've had epidurals in pregnancy. Dr Smith: All right, so we see a patient, positional severe headache, who meets the clinical criteria. Next step, MRI scan? Dr Rau: Yeah. So, the first thing is always to get the brain MRI with and without contrast. Most places will have a SIH or a spinal CSF leak protocol, but you should get contrast because one of the most pathognomonic findings on brain MRI is that smooth diffuse dural enhancement. And that's a really fantastic thing when you find it, because it's kind of a slam dunk. If you find it, then you will see other findings. It almost never exists alone. But if you see that, it's pretty much a spinal CSF leak. But you're also looking for subdural collections, any indication of brain sag. We do have these new algorithms that have come out in the past couple of years that are helpful. They're not exclusionary---you can have negative findings on the brain and still have spinal CSF leak---but the brain MRI is extremely helpful. If it's positive for the findings, it really does help you nudge you in the direction of further investigations and treatments. Dr Smith: And what about those further investigations and treatments, right? So, you see that there's findings consistent with low pressure, and I guess I should say low intracranial CSF volume. Be that as it may, what's the next step after that? Dr Rau: Depends on where you are and what you can do. I almost always will get a full spine MRI: so, C spine, T spine, and L spine separately. Not, you know, we don't want it all in one picture, because we want to get the full view. And you want to get that with at least T2 highly- heavily T2 weighted with fat saturation in at least the sagittal and axial planes. It's really helpful if you can get it in the coronal planes, but we have to have- often have good talks with your radiologist to get the coronal plane. I spoke about the spinal diverticuli earlier, and I want to clarify a little bit of something. The coronal image will show those really nicely. It's interesting, but 44% of people have those. So just having the spinal diverticuli does not indicate that you have a leak. But if you have a lot of those, there may be more likelihood of having leak than if you don't have any of those. So, I will get all of those and I will look at them myself, but I've been looking at them myself for a long time. But a lot of radiologists in community hospitals, especially not- nonneuroradiologists, but even neuroradiologists, this isn't something that's that everybody's been educated about, and we've been learning so much about it so rapidly in the past ten years. It's not easy to do and it's often missed. And if it's not protocoled properly, the fat saturation's not there, it's very hard to see… you can have a leak and not see it. Even the best people, like- it's not always something that's visible. And these CSF venous fistulas that we talked about are never visible on normal MRI imaging. Nonetheless, I will run those because if I can find a leak---and 90% of the ones that are found on MRI imaging are in the thoracic spine. So that's where I spend the most of my time looking. But if you find it, that's another thing to take to your team to say, hey, look, here it is, let's try and do this, or, let's try and do that, or, I've got more evidence. And there are other findings on the spine; not just the leak, but other findings, sometimes, you can see on spine that maybe help you push you towards, yes, this is probably a leak versus not. Dr Smith: So, your article has a lot of great examples and detail about kind of advanced imaging to, like, find the fistula and what not. I guess I'm thinking most of our listeners are probably practicing in a location where they don't have a team that really focuses on that. So, let's say we do the imaging of the spine and you don't find a clear cause. Is the next step to just do a blood patch? Do you send them to someone like you? What's the practical next step? Dr Rau: Yeah, if your- regardless of whether you find a leak or not, if your clinical acumen is such that you think this patient has a leak or I've treated them for everything else and it's not working and I have at least a high enough suspicion that I think the risk of getting a patch is lower than the benefit that if they got a patch and it worked, I do send my patients for non-directed blood patches, because it currently does take a long time to get them to a center that can do CT myelograms or any kind of advanced imaging to look for sort of a CSF venous fistula or to get treated outside of a nondirected patch. You know, sometimes nondirected patches are beneficial for patients, and there's some good papers out there that sort of explain the low risks of doing these if done properly versus the extreme benefit for patients when it works. And, I mean, I can't tell you how many people come in and tell me how their lives are changed because they finally got a blood patch. And sometimes it works. And it's life-changing for those people. You know, they go back to work. They can interact with their kids again. Before, they didn't know what was wrong, just had this headache that started. So it's worth doing if you have a strong clinical suspicion. Dr Smith: Yeah. I mean, that was great. And, you know, to go back to where we began, this is severe. It's something like 60% of patients with this problem have thought about suicide, right? And you take this patient and cure the problem. I feel really empowered having read the article and talked to you today. And so, I'm ready to go out and look for this. Thank you so much for a really engaging conversation. This has been terrific. Dr Rau: Thank you. I appreciate it. I enjoyed being here. Dr Smith: Again, today I've been interviewing Dr Jill Rau about her article on clinical features and diagnosis of spontaneous intracranial hypotension---which I guess I should say hypovolemia after having talked to you---which she wrote with Dr Jeremy Cutsworth-Gregory. This article appears in the most recent issue of Continuum on disorders of CSF dynamics. Please be sure to check out Continuum Audio episodes from this really interesting issue and other interesting issues. And thank you, our listeners, again for listening to us today. Dr Monteith: This is Dr Teshamae Monteith, Associate Editor of Continuum Audio. If you've enjoyed this episode, you'll love the journal, which is full of in-depth and clinically relevant information important for neurology practitioners. Use the link in the episode notes to learn more and subscribe. AAN members, you can get CME for listening to this interview by completing the evaluation at continpub.com/audioCME. Thank you for listening to Continuum Audio.

Gaza er verra en helvíti á jörðu - segir forseti alþjóðaráðs Rauða krossins og það sem þar gerist er í trássi við öll viðmið alþjóðalaga, mannúðar og siðferðis. Það þarf mikið til að Rauði krossinn taki svo djúpt í árinni segir framkvæmdastjóri RKÍ og það sýnir hve brýnt er að brugðist verði við. Milljónir stríðshrjáðra íbúa sveltur á Gaza. Þingmenn stjórnarandstöðu gagnrýndu framgang formanns allsherjar- og menntamálanefndar vegna kólumbísks drengs sem vísa átti úr landi. Lögmaður fjölmargra sem sótt hafa um vernd hér segir að mögulega megi breyta ferlinu þegar Alþingi veitir einstaklingum ríkisborgararétt en sú leið sé nauðsynlegur öryggisventill. Með innleiðingu á einu öflugasta gervigreindartóli nútímans ætlar Háskólinn á Akureyri að skipa sér þar í fremstu röð. Verkefnastjóri gervigreindar við skólann segir að nemendur eigi að þjálfast í notkun gervigreindar með ábyrgum hætti og gagnrýninni hugsun.

Rau, Hannah www.deutschlandfunk.de, Kultur heute

Lella Erludóttur í Hlaðvarpinu hjá Óla Jóns Um Lellu Lella Erludóttir lýsir sér sem "konu margra hatta" - hún er markþjálfi, mannauðssérfræðingur og hefur reynslu sem markaðskona. Hún starfar nú sem sjálfstætt starfandi markþjálfi og segir markaðsþekkingu koma sér alltaf að notum, hvort sem það er í starfi eða daglegu lífi. Hvað er markþjálfun? Lella útskýrir markþjálfun sem sannreynda viðtalsaðferð þar sem markþjálfinn hýsir rýmið og stýrir ferlinu, en markþeginn stýrir viðfangsefninu. Markþjálfinn spyr kraftmiklar og ögrandi spurningar til að efla vitundarsköpun hjá markþeganum. Grundvallartrú markþjálfunar er að hver og einn markþegi sé hæfur, skapandi, úrræðagóður og hafi öll svörin innra með sér. Sérhæfing Lellu Lella hefur þrengt markhóp sinn og sérhæft sig í: * Starfstengdri markþjálfun * Loddaralíð (imposter syndrome) - þar sem fólk líður eins og það sé að feika það og óttist að aðrir komist að "hinu sanna" Hún rekur sex klukkustunda námskeið um loddaralíð og tekur fólk í markþjálfun sem glímir við þetta vandamál. Starfstengd tímamót Lella vinnur mikið með fólk sem er að upplifa starfstengd tímamót: * Þá sem vilja meiri ábyrgð eða fleiri verkefni * Fólk sem vill skipta um starf eða veit ekki hvað það vill gera * Þá sem eru að jafna sig eftir veikindi eða kulnun * Fólk sem flytur aftur til landsins Faglegar vottanir Lella tilheyrir ICF (alþjóðasamtökum markþjálfa) með PCC vottun, sem þýðir: * ACC: Grunnmenntun + 100 klukkustundir í markþjálfun * PCC: 175 klukkustundir menntun + 500 klukkustundir markþjálfun * MCC: Enn meiri menntun + 2.500 klukkustundir markþjálfun NBI huggreiningar Lella er vottuð til að gera NBI huggreiningar sem mæla hugsnið í fjórum flokkum: * Gulur: Skapandi, lausnamiðað, opinn * Rauður: Félagslegur, mannlegur, tengsl * Grænn: Verndandi, skipulagður * Blár: Raunsær, staðreyndamiðaður Þetta tæki er hægt að nota á einstaklinga og teymi til að skilja vinnustaðamenningu betur. Vinnustaðamenning Lella útskýrir vinnustaðamenningu sem það hvernig samskipti fara fram og ferlar virka í raun og veru - ekki bara það sem stendur á veggnum. Hún leggur áherslu á að vinna þurfi með menningu frá grunni og upp, og að bæði leiðtogar og starfsfólk þurfi að vinna sína vinnu. Jafnvægi vinnu og einkalífs Frekar en að tala um jafnvægi lítur Lella á það að vinna og einkalíf ættu að styðja hvort við annað - vera samofin þannig að hvort um sig veiti virði og næringu. Helstu viðskiptavinir Lella segist aðallega fá til sín konur á einhvers konar tímamótum sem eru í aðstæðum sem þeim líður ekki vel í og vilja breytingar en vita ekki hvað eða treysta sér ekki til að sækjast eftir tækifærum. Árangursdæmi Lella nefnir dæmi um konu sem kom til hennar með það í huga að þurfa að sitja í óþægilegu starfi næstu 30 árin. Eftir sex tíma í markþjálfun hafði konan skýra sýn á hvað hún vildi, sagði upp starfi sínu og fékk að lokum starf sem stjórnandi í fyrirtæki þar sem henni líður vel. Hvar finn ég Lellu? https://www.lella.is/ https://www.facebook.com/lella.markthjalfi https://www.linkedin.com/in/lellaerludottir/ https://www.instagram.com/lella.markthjalfi/ https://www.tiktok.com/@lella.markthjalfi Viðtalið sýnir hvernig markþjálfun getur hjálpað fólki að finna skýrleika, sjálfstraust og stefnu í starfi og lífi.

Rau, Milo www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de, Studio 9

Rau, Hannah www.deutschlandfunk.de, Kultur heute

Rau, Hannah www.deutschlandfunk.de, Kultur heute

Rau, Hannah www.deutschlandfunk.de, Kultur heute

Rau, Hannah www.deutschlandfunk.de, Kultur heute

Hinn 10. apríl 1940, daginn eftir að Þjóðverjar hernámu Danmörku, sendi bandaríska strandgæslan skip til Grænlands. Um borð voru James K. Penfield, nýútnefndur ræðismaður, og fulltrúi Rauða krossins. Síðar það sama ár hreyfði varautanríkisráðherra Bandaríkjanna hugmyndinni um bandarískar herstöðvar í landinu. Áhugi Bandaríkjamanna á Grænlandi er sem sé ekki nýr af nálinni.

Í febrúar kom út spennandi plata með tónlistarkonunni Alaska1867. Kolfreyja Sól byrjaði að gera tónlist undir teppi úti í bíl með vinkonum sínum þegar hún var 18 ára. Það er mikið að gera hjá Alaska, fleiri lög á leiðinni og senan hefur tekið vel á móti henni, enda kemur hún sem ferskur andblær inn í íslenskt rapp. Árið 2023 hætti Rauða serían að koma út eftir 38 ára langa sögu. Við heimsóttum konuna sem stendur að baki útgáfunni, sem hefur svo sannarlega sett sitt mark á íslenska bókaútgáfu, Rósa Vestfjörð hefur margar sögur að segja.

Kiddi Freyr og skórnir - Rauðu spjöldin og þegar kalt er í veðri og stormur úti er gott að eiga tvær úlpur í Úlfarsárdal.

NGI'sKevin Dobbs, senior markets editor, and Patrick Rau, senior vice president of research and analysis, dig into the state of natural gas fundamentals and price implications. Coming off earnings season and executive outlooks shared on analyst calls, the two discuss the various factors that could influence producers to further ramp up supply – from key price thresholds to macroeconomic conditions. They also delve into long-term demand drivers, including swelling calls by LNG facilities for feed gas and a growing number of data centers with robust energy needs. Rau and Dobbs tie together supply and demand and how the various puts and takes could line up to impact natural gas prices this year and beyond.

Michael Rau is a professor, theater director, and tech innovator in one. He says that today's technologies – AI, gaming, interactive storytelling, and even email – are reshaping what performers can do on stage and how audiences experience those performances. The best of the stage has always been about reflecting life, and technology is part of how we live today. It belongs on the stage, as Rau tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering's The Future of Everything podcast.Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your quest. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu.Episode Reference Links:Stanford Profile: Michael RauConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionRuss Altman introduces guest Michael Rau, a professor of theatre and performance studies at Stanford University.(00:03:16) Why Theater Needs TechnologyHow AI and digital media are reshaping live performance.(00:05:15) AI & Emerging Theater TechAI scripts, machine learning, AR, and interactive storytelling.(00:07:28) Theater as FoodHow both classic and experimental theatre styles can coexist.(00:10:13) The Relationship Between Theater & GamingTheatrical storytelling and its deep connection to gaming.(00:14:40) The Debate on LivenessWhether live actors are necessary to theatre performances.(00:20:2) Temping: A Play Without ActorsRau's theatrical piece where the audience becomes the protagonist.(00:25:38) AI's Role in TheaterAI-generated visuals and scripts reshape storytelling and performance.(00:30:44) AI-Driven ImprovAI-driven improv requires new skills, blending structure with spontaneity.(00:33:44) Should Audiences Know AI Is Involved?How transparency increases audience engagement and appreciation(00:35:30) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook