Podcasts about Reconnaissance

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Last time we spoke about the Siege of Japan. In the summer of 1945, Japan faced its most devastating siege. A pivotal component was the aerial mining campaign entitled "Starvation," masterminded by General Curtis LeMay. B-29 Superfortress bombers were deployed to lay mines in critical waterways, cutting off resources and crippling Japan's industrial capabilities. This silent assault inflicted chaos on Japan's shipping lanes, sinking over 670 vessels and significantly disrupting supply lines. Amid this turmoil, the Allies intensified their firebombing campaigns, targeting urban centers like Tokyo, Osaka, and Kobe, leading to extensive devastation and loss of life. By August, Japan's civilian and military morale crumbled under the weight of destruction. The climax of this siege came with the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, which unleashed unparalleled destruction. As Japan's leadership struggled for options, the nation was effectively brought to its knees. The relentless siege had achieved its goal, Japan was irrevocably broken, marking a profound moment in history. This episode is the Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki Welcome to the Pacific War Podcast Week by Week, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about world war two? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on world war two and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel you can find a few videos all the way from the Opium Wars of the 1800's until the end of the Pacific War in 1945.  Hello there, again like in the previous episode, this one is just going to state what happened, I am not going to delve into the why's just yet. I am currently writing an entire special episode on why exactly Japan surrendered, focused on the actions of Emperor Hirohito, who I will argue prolonged the 15 year war to protect the Kokutai. So a bit of a spoiler there I guess.  The worst has come to pass for the Japanese Empire. An atomic bomb has fallen, devastating an entire city. In a blinding flash, over 140,000 lives were lost or forever altered. But this was merely the beginning. The Americans were poised to unleash destruction from the skies, a scale of devastation never before witnessed on this planet. The choices were grim: surrender or complete annihilation.The Japanese faced not only this overwhelming threat but also another peril. The Soviet Union prepared to invade Manchuria and other crucial territories within its reach. As we last left off, the Americans had been conducting a prolonged and devastating air and naval siege of the Japanese Home Islands in preparation for the invasion of Kyushu. This campaign culminated in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima on August 6, reducing the once-great city to ruins and leaving a staggering casualty toll that would forever haunt the Japanese people. Survivor accounts recount the haunting experience of wandering through the destruction, disoriented and unsure of where to go. They spoke of hearing the desperate cries of those trapped beneath crushed buildings or suffering from horrific burns. As small fires ignited by the blast began to spread, they coalesced into a firestorm that surged through the rubble, claiming the lives of many still trapped inside. Frightened residents jumped into the rivers of Hiroshima, only to drown in their desperate attempts to escape the flames. Over 90% of the doctors and 93% of the nurses in Hiroshima perished or were injured, and most hospitals were either destroyed or heavily damaged. By early afternoon, police and volunteers worked tirelessly to establish evacuation centers at hospitals, schools, and tram stations. Yet, tragically, many would die before receiving aid, leaving behind grim rings of corpses around these facilities. Some survivors who initially appeared unharmed would succumb within hours or days to what would later be identified as radiation sickness. Most members of General Hata's 2nd General Army headquarters were undergoing physical training on the grounds of Hiroshima Castle, barely 900 yards from the hypocenter. As a result, 3,243 troops lost their lives on the parade ground. Miraculously, Hata himself survived the explosion with only minor injuries, but many of his staff were not so fortunate, including Lieutenant-Colonel Yi U, a prince of the Korean imperial family, who was killed or fatally wounded. In total, the 2nd General Army, 59th Army, 5th Division, and other combat units in the city lost an estimated 20,000 troops. Survivors regrouped at the Ujina Air Base on the outskirts of Hiroshima, where they organized relief efforts and maintained public order once martial law was declared. With Mayor Awaya Senkichi killed at the mayoral residence, Hata assumed control of the city's administration and coordinated relief efforts. The initial reaction of the Japanese government to the devastation in Hiroshima was mixed. The Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy military leadership received only fragmentary reports about the tragedy, as communications with Hiroshima had been severed. Meanwhile, American and British radio broadcasts promptly informed ordinary Japanese civilians and their government about the atomic bomb attack on August 7. The following day, Tokyo issued a press release confirming the bombing of Hiroshima, but it notably did not state that the United States had dropped an atomic weapon. After technical teams visited the site of the bombing, they concluded that the enemy B-29s had indeed used a nuclear device. At this juncture, the diplomatic situation within Japan was chaotic. Many members of the Japanese cabinet believed that surrender was the only viable option, while others, particularly military figures like Hata, were determined to continue the fight. Looking back, between July 17 and August 2, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and U.S. President Harry Truman convened in Potsdam to negotiate terms for the end of World War II. The Potsdam Conference is perhaps best known for President Truman's conversation with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin on July 24, during which Truman informed Stalin that the United States had successfully detonated the first atomic bomb on July 16. Prior to leaving for the conference, a top-level civilian Interim Committee, led by Secretary of War Henry Stimson, suggested that Truman inform Stalin about America's new nuclear capability. This was intended to prevent the Soviets from learning about the bomb through leaked information, and Truman agreed to share this news. Historians have often interpreted Truman's somewhat firm stance during negotiations as a reflection of the U.S. negotiating team's belief that their nuclear capability would enhance their bargaining power. However, Stalin was already well-informed about the American nuclear program, courtesy of the Soviet intelligence network. This understanding enabled him to hold firm in his positions, complicating the negotiations. In the end, the leaders of the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union, despite their differences, remained allied throughout the war. However, they would never meet again collectively to discuss cooperation in postwar reconstruction. One of the critical topics discussed was how to handle Japan. During the conference, Truman sought and received Stalin's final assurance of entering the war on August 9, in accordance with the agreements made among the Allies during the Yalta Conference in February 1945. On April 5, Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov informed Tokyo of the Soviet Union's unilateral abrogation of the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact. He assured Japan that the treaty would remain in effect until April 1946, even though the Soviets were already planning an offensive in the Far East. A Soviet invasion would prove beneficial for the Americans, as it could prevent the movement of hostile troops from Manchuria, Korea, and North China to the Home Islands of Japan before an invasion of Kyushu was launched. On July 26, the United States, Great Britain, and China released a declaration demanding Japan's immediate surrender. The declaration called for the dismemberment of Japan's remaining empire, the demobilization of all military forces, trials for war criminals, and the elimination of Japan's capacity for future belligerence. While the declaration did not alter the requirement for unconditional surrender, critically it left ambiguous how the Japanese people might shape their future government, as it did not specify a direct end to or continuation of the imperial dynasty. The crux of that matter was the preservation of the Kokutai. The Kokutai was the national essence of Japan. It was all aspects of Japanese polity, derived from history, tradition and customs all focused around the cult of the Emperor. The government run by politicians was secondary, at any given time the kokutai was the belief the Emperor could come in and directly rule. If you are confused, dont worry, I am too haha. Its confusing. The Meiji constitution was extremely ambiguous. It dictated a form of constitutional monarchy with the kokutai sovereign emperor and the “seitai” that being the actual government. Basically on paper the government runs things, but the feeling of the Japanese people was that the wishes of the emperor should be followed. Thus the kokutai was like an extra-judicial structure built into the constitution without real legal framework, its a nightmare I know. Let me make an example, most of you are American I imagine. Your congress and senate actually run the country, wink wink lets forget about lobbyists from raytheon. The president does not have executive powers to override any and all things, but what if all American voters simply felt he did. So the president goes above his jurisdiction, and the American people violently attack Congress and the Senate if they don't abide by the president's wishes. That's kind of how it works for a lack of better words. Again in the specials I will roll out soon, it will make more sense after I blabber about it in roughly 7000 words. Now, in response, Prime Minister Suzuki Kantaro expressed to the Japanese press on July 29 his belief that the Potsdam Declaration was nothing new and held no "significant value." This statement was interpreted by Truman and his administration as a rejection of the declaration. In reality, since the Yalta Conference, Japan had repeatedly approached the Soviet Union in an attempt to extend the Neutrality Pact and to enlist the Russians in negotiating peace with the Allies, offering attractive territorial concessions in return.  The Japanese, therefore, chose not to officially respond to the Potsdam Declaration as they awaited a reply from the Soviet Union. However, this response never materialized. The Soviet Union was preparing for an invasion of Manchuria, fully aware that Japan had become a weakened nation after suffering several defeats in the Pacific. In contrast, the once-inadequate Russian military had transformed into one of the strongest forces of the time. They had successfully absorbed powerful German offensives in 1941, 1942, and 1943, and rebounded with their own offensives in 1944 and 1945, ultimately crushing the military might of Nazi Germany. Motivated by Allied requests for support and the desire to solidify the Soviet Union's post-war position in the Far East, Soviet leaders began planning in March for a final campaign to reclaim Manchuria, northern Korea, southern Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands from Japan. However, most Soviet troops were stationed more than 10,000 kilometers away in Europe. As a result, forces and equipment designated for deployment to Manchuria had to be transported along a fragile and limited-capacity network over a five-month period from April to August. Initially, they stockpiled equipment in the Far East to re-equip units already present in that region. Then, a massive regrouping of forces to the east commenced in May, with units still arriving even as the campaign opened in August. This shift, involving nearly one million men, effectively doubled the strength of Soviet forces in the Far East from forty to more than eighty divisions. Opposing Valisevsky's Far East Command was General Yamada Otozo's Kwantung Army, along with its Manchukuoan and Inner Mongolian auxiliaries. Once the most prestigious and powerful unit of the Imperial Japanese Army, the Kwantung Army had significantly eroded in strength and quality over the past few years due to the diversion of its main assets to other theaters. Consequently, many experienced units were siphoned off and replaced by formations made up of draft levies, reservists, and smaller, cannibalized units. By August, the Kwantung Army consisted of General Kita Seiichi's 1st Area Army in eastern Manchuria, which included the 3rd and 5th Armies, alongside two divisions under direct area army control. General Ushiroku Jun commanded the 3rd Area Army in central and western Manchuria, encompassing the 30th and 44th Armies, plus two divisions, three independent mixed brigades, and one independent tank brigade under his direct command. In northern Manchuria, Lieutenant-General Uemura Mikio led the 4th Army, which was composed of three divisions and four independent mixed brigades. Additionally, the army of Manchukuo contributed eight infantry and seven cavalry divisions, along with fourteen brigades of infantry and cavalry. Mengjiang added six cavalry formations and other garrison forces from Inner Mongolia. Furthermore, Lieutenant-General Kozuki Yoshio's 17th Area Army was stationed in central and southern Korea, totaling seven divisions and three independent mixed brigades. In northern Korea, Lieutenant-General Kushibuchi Senichi's 34th Army consisted of two divisions and one independent mixed brigade. Recognizing that his forces lacked adequate training and equipment, Yamada's plans called for a delay at the borders, followed by a defense consisting of successive positions culminating in a final stand at a stronghold constructed in the Tunghua area. This strategy would see roughly one-third of the Japanese forces deployed in the border region, while the remaining two-thirds would be concentrated in operational depth to create a series of defensive lines. By July 25, Soviet force deployments to the Far East were virtually complete. The Soviets meticulously tailored all military units, from the front level down to army, corps, division, brigade, and battalion, to effectively achieve specific missions. This tailoring took into account not only the strength and dispositions of enemy forces but also the terrain where the unit would operate and the desired speed of the operation. Each unit was equipped with the necessary artillery, anti-tank, tank, air defense, and engineer support. For instance, the 1st Far Eastern Front received heavy artillery attachments to provide the firepower needed to breach heavily fortified Japanese positions. In contrast, the Transbaikal Front was given heavy vehicular and motorized rifle support, enabling it to conduct rapid, balanced combined arms operations across the broad expanses of western Manchuria and Inner Mongolia. Within each front, armies assigned to assault strong enemy fortified zones had significantly more artillery assets compared to those operating on open axes of advance. Units deployed in difficult terrain were afforded extensive engineer support to facilitate their operations. At the lowest tactical levels, specially tailored forward detachments from rifle divisions and tank and mechanized corps, alongside assault groups from rifle regiments and battalions, ensured the firepower and mobility necessary to execute high-speed operations. However, the final decision to attack would not be made until August 7, when Vasilevsky committed the Transbaikal and 1st Far Eastern Fronts to a simultaneous assault scheduled for August 9. It is believed that the detonation of the atomic bomb the previous day prompted this hasty decision, resulting in the short two-day period between the decision and the planned attack. Vasilevsky's strategy called for a double envelopment conducted by Soviet forces along three axes to secure Manchuria and destroy a significant portion of the Kwantung Army. The Transbaikal Front was tasked with attacking eastward into western Manchuria, while the 1st Far Eastern Front would move westward into eastern Manchuria. Both offensives were to converge in the Mukden, Changchun, Harbin, and Kirin areas of south-central Manchuria. Meanwhile, the 2nd Far Eastern Front would conduct a supporting attack into northern Manchuria, driving southward toward Harbin and Tsitsihar. Moreover, the timing of on-order operations against southern Sakhalin and the Kuriles would depend on the progress of these main attacks. For the western pincer, Malinovsky's plan involved the 17th and 39th Armies and the 6th Guards Tank Army, followed by the 53rd Army, launching the primary assault. Their objective was to bypass the Halung-Arshaan Fortified Region to the south and advance toward Changchun. The success of the Transbaikal Front operation hinged on speed, surprise, and the deployment of mobile forces across virtually every sector, aiming to preempt effective Japanese defenses. To achieve this swiftness and surprise, tank formations were positioned in the first echelon of units at all command levels. The operation required tank-heavy forward detachments at each command level, with the 6th Guards Tank Army designated to spearhead the front's efforts. A tank division would lead the advance of the 39th Army, supported by tank brigades assigned to the first-echelon corps and divisions. Planned rates of advance were ambitious: 23 kilometers per day for combined arms units and an impressive 70 kilometers for tank units. However, the operation involved significant risks. If Japanese units responded quickly to the Soviet attack, or if even nominal forces occupied strategic positions in the Grand Khingan mountain passes, the Soviet advance could be severely hampered. Additionally, the success of the operation relied heavily on logistical units' capability to supply these fast-moving formations deep into Manchuria. Despite these challenges, the Soviets confidently accepted the risks involved. Their mission was to crush the enemy in the border regions, cross the Grand Khingan Mountains, and occupy positions in the central Manchurian plain from Lupei to Solun by the tenth to fifteenth day of the operation.In support, the Soviet-Mongolian Cavalry-Mechanized Group was to attack across the Inner Mongolian desert and southern Grand Khingan Mountains toward Kalgan and Dolonnor. Simultaneously, the 36th Army was set to advance from Duroy and Staro-Tsurukaytuy across the Argun River to secure Hailar. In the next phase, for the second pincer, Meretskov's plan involved the 1st Red Banner Army, the 5th Army, and the 10th Mechanized Corps launching the main attack from the Grodekova area, located northwest of Vladivostok. Their objective was to advance toward Mutanchiang to exploit and secure the Kirin, Changchun, and Harbin regions, while coordinating with Soviet forces from the Transbaikal Front. Additionally, the 35th Army was tasked with attacking from the Lesozavodsk-Iman area, north of Lake Khanka, to capture Mishan, Linkou, and Poli. Meanwhile, the 25th Army would launch an offensive from northwest of Ussurysk to secure the Tungning, Wangching, and Yenchi areas. Once the 1st Far Eastern and Transbaikal Fronts converged in the Changchun area, they would advance together to eliminate the final Japanese resistance on the Liaotung Peninsula and secure the strategic naval base at Port Arthur. Furthermore, Purkayev's 2nd Far Eastern Front was to advance on a broad front across the Amur and Ussuri rivers, extending from Blagoveshchensk to south of Khabarovsk. This movement aimed to exert maximum pressure on Japanese forces in northern Manchuria. The 15th Army would spearhead the main attack across the Amur River in the Leninskoye area, advancing southward into the regions around the Sungari and Ruhe rivers. In support, the 2nd Red Banner Army was designated to attack across the Amur River from the Blagoveshchensk area to Sunwu and then advance southward to Tsitsihar. The 5th Rifle Corps would also be involved, attacking from Bikin to secure Paoching and Poli. This multifront operational plan aimed for the complete destruction of Kwantung Army units in Manchuria with maximum speed, effectively cutting off Japanese troops from reinforcements coming from northern China or Korea. These relentless mobile attacks, deployed across the broadest of fronts, were designed to prevent the Japanese from reallocating forces, leading to their ultimate collapse and piecemeal defeat. As planned, the Japanese were caught completely by surprise when they received the Soviet declaration of war just an hour before midnight on August 8. At the same time, they were facing a critical decision in response to the recent bombing of Hiroshima. After learning about the success of Colonel Tibbets' mission, President Truman released a pre-approved statement that detailed the atomic bomb's destructive capabilities and warned that if Japan did not accept the Potsdam Declaration, "they may expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth." Although Truman had only the plutonium Fat Man device remaining for use, he had been informed that a third bomb might be ready sometime in August. Among American military leaders, including Admiral Nimitz and Generals Spaatz, LeMay, and Twining, there was a belief that this third nuclear weapon should be dropped on Tokyo if Japan did not surrender. Conversely, some Japanese senior officials, like Admiral Toyoda, speculated that even if the Allies had used an atomic bomb, they likely would not have many more at their disposal. They argued that the Japanese people should be prepared to defend their home islands to the death if favorable terms of surrender could not be secured. However, on August 8, Prime Minister Suzuki instructed Foreign Minister Togo Shigenori, who advocated for negotiating with the United States, to inform Emperor Hirohito about the devastation caused by the atomic bomb in Hiroshima. Hirohito responded by authorizing foreign minister Togo to notify the world on August 10th that Japan would accept the allied terms of surrender with one condition “that the said declaration does not comprise any demand which prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign Ruler.”  In the meantime, to increase pressure on the Japanese, Twinning launched additional conventional B-29 raids. A total of 412 B-29s targeted the Nakajima aircraft plant in Musashino during a daylight attack on August 8. However, the United States also needed to demonstrate to the Japanese government and people that Little Boy was not just an isolated experimental device. As a result, a decision was made to drop the Fat Man plutonium bomb on either the primary target of Kokura or the secondary target of Nagasaki, with this mission scheduled for August 9. For this operation, Tibbets selected Major Charles Sweeney to pilot the B-29 named Bockscar and deliver the device. The leading B-29 would decide the ultimate target based on weather reports from two reconnaissance B-29s, followed by two additional aircraft assigned to scientific and photographic missions. To prepare for takeoff, the bomb was armed by installing three plugs. At 03:49 on August 9, Sweeney departed from Tinian, heading toward Yakushima Island to rendezvous with his escorts. The mission began with complications that only escalated. A typhoon near Iwo Jima forced mission planners to relocate the planned rendezvous between Bockscar and her escorts to Yakushima, an island south of Kyushu. Sweeney took off at 03:49 on August 9 and headed north, but strong headwinds hindered her progress toward Yakushima. A further issue arose when a photographic specialist assigned to the support aircraft Full House was barred from flying due to forgetting his parachute. Consequently, Major Hopkins on Full House had to break radio silence to seek instructions on operating the camera. However, a more critical situation was uncovered when Commander Ashworth and his assistant discovered that an indicator was showing that Fat Man's electronic fusing circuits had closed, indicating that arming was complete. A faulty switch, with incorrectly installed wiring, posed the risk of a premature explosion. As the mission continued over Yakushima, Sweeney successfully met up with Captain Bock, piloting the scientific support B-29, but failed to rendezvous with Major Hopkins. This meant that Bockscar would only have The Great Artiste to accompany it for the final leg of its mission. According to Ashworth's log, they arrived at the rendezvous point at 09:00 and saw Bock at 09:20, while Full House waited south of the arranged position. Sweeney had initially agreed to circle Yakushima for only 15 minutes; however, he ended up waiting approximately 50 minutes for Hopkins to arrive, wasting precious fuel in the process. Due to the weather conditions, Hopkins had lost visual contact with the other B-29s and had to break radio silence again to locate Bockscar, but Sweeney did not respond. Despite reports indicating 30% cloud cover over Kokura, Sweeney chose to proceed there, believing the haze over the city would clear. Bockscar arrived at the initial start point for the bomb run over Kokura at 10:44, but unfortunately, heavy cloud cover had settled over the city, preventing a successful bomb delivery. After three unsuccessful bomb runs, which consumed an additional 45 minutes of fuel, a flight engineer discovered that a fuel pump had malfunctioned, trapping 600 gallons of fuel in the auxiliary bomb bay fuel tanks. Despite fuel concerns, Sweeney chose to proceed with the mission, heading south and then east toward Nagasaki, which he reached at 11:50. Unfortunately, the weather there was as poor as it had been at Kokura, prompting Sweeney to make the controversial decision to drop Fat Man using radar guidance. Due to the fuel shortage, he only conducted a single bomb run. Just before initiating the radar approach, a hole in the clouds opened, revealing the aim point: the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works located on the Urakami River. Fat Man was dropped at 11:58 and detonated approximately 1,650 feet above the target after a 50-second descent. Initial reports indicated that the explosion occurred about 500 yards north of the Mitsubishi plant and roughly 0.8 miles south of another Mitsubishi facility. While Fat Man had a more powerful detonation, the damage and casualties were not as extensive as those caused by the lower-yield Little Boy. The topography of Nagasaki, surrounded by hills, confined the explosion to the bowl-shaped center of the city, in stark contrast to Hiroshima's relatively flat landscape. Of the 7,500 Japanese employees at the Mitsubishi plant, 6,200 were killed, with an additional 17,000 to 22,000 employees at other war plants and factories also perishing. Unlike Hiroshima, where the military death toll was high, only about 150 Japanese soldiers were killed instantly, alongside at least 8 prisoners of war. Overall, it is estimated that around 45,000 civilians lost their lives due to the explosion, with between 50,000 and 60,000 sustaining injuries. The radius of total destruction extended about one mile, with fires spreading across the northern portion of the city to two miles south of the impact point. Thankfully, no firestorm developed as it had in Hiroshima. Bomb damage to physical structures in Nagasaki was erratic. Some areas, such as the Nagasaki Arsenal and the Mitsubishi plant, experienced significant destruction, while nearby locations appeared almost untouched. Despite this, Sweeney's mission resulted in an estimated 68.3% loss of pre-existing industrial production, excluding the harbor facilities, without disrupting the critical north-south National Railway track. While Fat Man's debut was historic, its destructive capability was comparable to other B-29 incendiary night raids. After circling Fat Man's expanding mushroom cloud, Sweeney headed toward Okinawa at 12:05, with only 300 gallons of fuel remaining. Fortunately, Bockscar's crew managed to return to Yontan Field with just seven gallons of fuel left, successfully making their way back to Tinian later that same day.  Simultaneously, Vasilevsky's Far East Command began its offensive just ten minutes after midnight on August 9. Reconnaissance units, forward detachments, and advanced guard units of the Transbaikal Front crossed the border into Inner Mongolia and Manchuria. Initially, attacking units faced resistance primarily in the 36th Army zone, where their attack routes passed through fortified Japanese border installations. However, most assault units advanced with little opposition. By 04:30, main force units had begun to follow closely behind the assault troops. Colonel-General Issa Pliyev's Soviet-Mongolian Cavalry-Mechanized Group advanced in two march columns, 200 kilometers apart. By nightfall, they had penetrated 55 miles into the arid expanses of Inner Mongolia, moving southward toward Dolonnor and Kalgan while sweeping aside small detachments of Inner Mongolian cavalry. Meanwhile, Lieutenant-General Aleksei Danilov's 17th Army entered Inner Mongolia virtually unopposed in two columns, advancing approximately 70 kilometers by nightfall. To the left, Colonel-General Andrey Kravchenko's 6th Guards Tank Army led the main attack into Inner Mongolia in two columns, encountering limited opposition and rapidly advancing about 150 kilometers until reaching the foothills of the Grand Khingan Mountains, west and north of Khorokhon Pass, by nightfall. Simultaneously, Colonel-General Ivan Lyudnikov's 39th Army advanced along two divergent axes. The 5th Guards and 113th Rifle Corps gained 60 kilometers as they bypassed the Halung-Arshaan and Wuchakou Fortified Regions to the south. Meanwhile, the 94th Rifle Corps struck northeast towards the rear of the Hailar Fortified Region, swiftly overcoming light resistance. The 124th Rifle Division was also deployed between both axes to probe toward the Halung-Arshaan Fortified Region. Lieutenant-General Alexander Luchinsky's 36th Army advanced on two fronts, with the 2nd and 86th Rifle Corps successfully crossing the rain-swollen Argun River between Staro-Tsurukhaytuy and Duroy and securing key bridges north of Hailar. Additionally, an operational group of two rifle divisions attacked across the border, establishing a foothold in the small fortified post at Manchouli. During the night, Luchinsky sent the 205th Tank Brigade to assault Hailar from the northeast, while the 152nd Rifle Regiment maneuvered to attack from the southeast. This offensive succeeded only in capturing the railroad station in the northern part of Hailar, as the southern and eastern sections of the city fell the following day. However, the 80th Independent Mixed Brigade continued to delay the Soviet advance, while the 119th Division moved eastward to fortify positions in the Grand Khingan Mountains, stretching from Yakoshih to Pokotu. Despite these setbacks, the 36th Army had advanced 60 kilometers into Manchuria and had partially secured Hailar. Meanwhile, to the east, drenched by inundating thunderstorms, the 1st Far Eastern Front advanced under the worst weather conditions during the dark of night. This totally surprised the Japanese defenders and led to the rapid reduction of many unsuspecting border posts. Colonel-General Nikolay Krylov's 5th Army spearheaded the main attack, with the 17th, 65th, and 72nd Rifle Corps quickly breaking through the Volynsk center of resistance. They achieved a penetration of 16 to 22 kilometers toward Laotsaiying and Machiacho. Meanwhile, the 105th Fortified Region and assault engineer units attacked the Suifenho center of resistance, successfully seizing critical railroad tunnels on the main rail line into Manchuria. In support, Colonel-General Afanasy Beloborodov's 1st Red Banner Army to the north launched an assault with the 26th and 59th Rifle Corps over a 16-kilometer sector through heavily wooded, wet terrain. As they advanced, they constructed roads through the forest. By nightfall, forward divisional elements had advanced five to six kilometers deep into Manchuria, crossing the Shitouho River and half of the forested region. At the same time, the 6th Field Fortified Region and the 112th Fortified Region stormed several Japanese border positions and slowly advanced north towards Mishan. This assault supported Lieutenant-General Nikanor Zakhvatayev's 35th Army, which deployed the 66th and 363rd Rifle Divisions to cross the Sungacha River and attack towards Mishan. The 264th Rifle Division and the 109th Fortified Region assaulted across the Ussuri River against Hutou. After securing a crossing over the Sungacha, the 66th Division penetrated deep into the swamps, managing to advance 12 kilometers into Tachiao. Meanwhile, the 363rd Division successfully broke through an enemy strongpoint at Maly Huankang, ultimately reaching the southwest edge of Tachiao. In turn, the 264th Division crossed the Ussuri River and outflanked Hutou to the south, capturing the railroad depot and cutting the highway to Hulin. Lastly, Colonel-General Ivan Chistyakov's 25th Army launched an attack along two principal axes. The 39th Rifle Corps and the 259th Tank Brigade targeted Tungning, while border guard units, along with the 108th and 113th Fortified Regions, crossed the Hunchun and Tumen rivers to engage Japanese defenses in Korea and at Hunchun. Shielded by rain, the Russians swiftly captured or subdued the Japanese forward defenses along the front. By nightfall, the 39th Rifle Corps had advanced ten to twelve kilometers into the Japanese rear along the Pad Sennaya River. Lead elements, reinforced by the 72nd Tank Brigade, began their assault on the town of Tungning and the vital railroad line to Tumen. To the north, the 2nd Far Eastern Front deployed its forces across three separate sectors. Lieutenant-General Stepan Mamonov's 15th Army was tasked with the main attack across the Amur River in the center of the front sector. Lieutenant-General Makar Teryokhin's 2nd Red Banner Army was assigned to conduct a supporting attack against the Aihun and Sunwu Fortified Regions, while Major-General Ivan Pashkov's 5th Rifle Corps aimed to seize the fortified region at Jaoho. Supported by the Amur Naval Flotilla, reconnaissance and advanced detachments of the 15th Army launched assaults without artillery preparation and rapidly secured major islands in the Amur River. Mamonov's rifle divisions then sent reconnaissance units across to the south bank of the river, which was likewise secured against light opposition. Throughout the remainder of the day, reconnaissance units and advanced battalions of the 15th Army consolidated their positions on the islands and the south bank, while main forces concentrated on conducting a challenging river crossing, hampered by heavy rains, high water, and mud. At the same time, assault units and reconnaissance detachments of the 5th Rifle Corps crossed the Ussuri River, successfully securing a beachhead north of Jaoho while the remainder of the corps was transported across the river. From August 9 to 11, the forces of the 2nd Red Banner Army limited their activities to reconnaissance, focusing on seizing islands in the Amur River and harassing Japanese installations. This operation occurred at a critical moment for the Japanese, who were still reeling from the impacts of two atomic bombings. The Soviet Union had successfully initiated its invasion of Manchuria, setting the stage for a campaign that, although brief, was just beginning. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. Two atomic bombs have been dropped and the Soviet Union has invaded Manchuria. For months the Japanese had been working tirelessly to obtain better peace terms through the Soviets, hoping above all else to preserve the Kokutai. It was all for nothing. The Americans offered terms, leaving the Kokutai ambiguous. What would Japan, or better said, the Emperor do?

Reconnaissance in cyber security isn't just about scanning networks; it's about understanding your entire attack surface, including the human element. In this episode, Curtis and Prasanna analyze Mr. Robot season one, episode two, (AKA ep 1.1) to explore how sophisticated threat actors conduct reconnaissance before major attacks.Learn how F Society mapped Evil Corp's infrastructure, identified backup locations like Steel Mountain, and used human intelligence to target vulnerable employees. We discuss the reality that attackers will spend months researching your organization, mapping your networks, and identifying weaknesses in both your technology and your people.The hosts break down practical reconnaissance techniques, from social engineering tactics (like the CD attack on Angela and Ollie) to digital network mapping. You'll discover why backup systems are prime targets for reconnaissance and how proper network segregation can limit blast radius when - not if - you're compromised.

Chaque jour, retrouvez le journal de 19h de la rédaction d'Europe 1 pour faire le tour de l'actu. Hébergé par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

Chaque jour, retrouvez le journal de 19h de la rédaction d'Europe 1 pour faire le tour de l'actu. Hébergé par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

Chaque jour, retrouvez le journal de 19h de la rédaction d'Europe 1 pour faire le tour de l'actu. Hébergé par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

Pas de temps de s'échauffer, les "Grandes Gueules du Sport" démarrent fort dès 9h00 : la UNE c'est l'actu brûlante du sport, entre infos, analyses et débats.

Virage diplomatique opéré par l'Allemagne, premier soutien européen d'Israël du fait de sa responsabilité dans la Shoah. Berlin commence à prendre ses distances et accentuer la pression sur l'État hébreu en lançant un avertissement et l'estimant de plus en plus isolé sur le plan diplomatique face au désastre humanitaire à Gaza et aux menaces d'annexion de la Cisjordanie. L'analyse de ce changement de ton vis-à-vis d'Israël avec Hélène Miard-Delacroix, professeure d'histoire et de civilisation de l'Allemagne contemporaine à Sorbonne Université. Autrice de « Les émotions de 1989 », éditions Flammarion.

Cliquez ici pour accéder gratuitement aux articles lus de Mediapart : https://m.audiomeans.fr/s/P-UmoTbNLs Le Royaume-Uni propose de reconnaître un État palestinien en posant des conditions à Israël. Une position en demi-teinte qui n'est pas sans être influencée par la situation politique intérieure. Un article de Marie Billon, publié le 30 juillet 2025, lu par Christine Pâris. Hébergé par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

This week's episode starts with a recap of our 1400+ live show on Sunday: long-distance guests, games with the crowd and interesting dilemmas. We also attempted to solve several interesting dilemmas, including moving for love and figuring out a talking stage. The London Show was incredible, and we have many people to thank, starting with our amazing audience. We also extend big love to our wonderful sponsors, Ruka Hair & Kai Collective, for making sure we looked good, and to the members of the audience who left with some great gifts! You're the best!Also, a sweet shout-out to Gymshark for those gifts! Some lucky girls were super pleased on their way home, Don Julio Tequila for the lovely surprise, and Vamp UK for organising our guests throughout the event.Toronto & New York, we can't wait to see you! Don't forget to use #ISWIS or #ISWISPodcast to share your thoughts while listening to the podcast on X! Rate the show 5 stars on your preferred app and leave a review. Please share it with everyone you know. If you also watch on YouTube, be sure to subscribe, like, and leave a comment!Choose Bolden products for all your skincare needs like we do! They're available at Medplus Pharmacy locations, Nectar Beauty, Beauty Hut S Teeka4! For US, UK & Canada, shop at www.boldenusa.comMake sure to follow us onTwitter: @ISWISPodcastInstagram: @isaidwhatisaidpodYoutube: @isaidwhatisaidpodHosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Le Canada a annoncé jeudi son «intention» de reconnaître l'État de Palestine lors de l'Assemblée générale des Nations unies en septembre à New York.Hébergé par Ausha. Visitez ausha.co/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

durée : 00:12:01 - La Question du jour - par : Julie Gacon - Trois jours après l'annonce d'Emmanuel Macron de son intention de reconnaître la Palestine en septembre, s'ouvre la conférence des Nations Unies sur l'avenir de l'État palestinien, qui ravive l'idée jamais aboutie de la "solution à deux États". Une telle solution est-elle encore réaliste ? - réalisation : Sam Baquiast - invités : Insaf Rezagui Docteure en droit international de l'Université Paris-Cité, chercheuse associée à l'Institut français du Proche-Orient et membre du collectif de recherche Yaani

Les journalistes et experts de RFI répondent également à vos questions sur la construction d'un méga-barrage controversé au Tibet et une décision de la Cour internationale de justice sur le dérèglement climatique.   Conflit israélo-palestinien : pourquoi la France reconnaît l'État palestinien maintenant ?    « Fidèle à son engagement historique pour une paix juste et durable au Proche-Orient, j'ai décidé que la France reconnaîtra l'État de Palestine », a écrit Emmanuel Macron sur X. Pourquoi prendre cette décision maintenant ? Conflit israélo-palestinien : que peut changer la reconnaissance de la Palestine par la France ?  À Gaza, la famine sévit et l'aide humanitaire est toujours bloquée. Cette reconnaissance pourrait-elle renforcer la pression diplomatique sur Israël ? Reconnaissance de l'État de Palestine : quels autres pays pourraient imiter la France ?  La France devient le 142è pays à reconnaître l'État de Palestine, selon un décompte de l'AFP. Cette décision pourrait-elle inciter d'autres pays européens à emboîter le pas d'Emmanuel Macron ? Avec Adel Bakawan, chercheur-associé à l'Ifri, directeur de l'Institut européen d'études du Moyen-Orient et d'Afrique du Nord (Eismena).   Chine : un méga-barrage lancé au cœur d'un désert géopolitique  La Chine a lancé la construction du plus grand barrage hydroélectrique du monde sur le fleuve Yarlung Zangbo, au Tibet. Avec un coût estimé à plus de 165 milliards de dollars, ce projet est-il économiquement viable, ou est-ce avant tout un geste politique de puissance ? Pourquoi la construction de ce méga-barrage inquiète les pays voisins de la Chine ? Avec Clea Broadhurst, correspondante permanente de RFI à Pékin.    Climat : vers une condamnation des États pollueurs ?   Dans un avis historique, la Cour internationale de justice affirme que l'inaction climatique peut être jugée illégale, ouvrant la voie à d'éventuelles réparations. Quels types de « réparations » les États responsables pourraient-ils devoir verser aux pays victimes ? Que change concrètement l'avis de la CIJ sur la reconnaissance du changement climatique comme une « menace existentielle » pour l'humanité ? Avec Jeanne Richard, journaliste au service environnement-climat de RFI. 

Daniel Woirin est un coach français de MMA ayant entraîné plusieurs champions de l'UFC, dont Anderson Silva, Dan Henderson et Lyoto Machida. Il a exercé dans les plus grandes organisations mondiales et dirigé des équipes aux États-Unis, au Brésil et en France.⁠https://www.instagram.com/danielwoirin/⁠⁠https://woirin-mmacamp.com/⁠ CHAPITRES :0:00 Introduction0:52 Moments Marquants de la Carrière2:20 Souvenirs de Combats Épiques4:53 Vie en Coulisses avec les Pros7:01 La Réalité des Combattants11:22 L'Univers du MMA15:31 Rencontres avec des Légendes19:55 La Vie de Coach24:37 Le Poids de la Pression32:52 La Banalisation des Commotions46:46 Entraînement et Stratégies de Défense50:28 Danger dans les Favelas54:16 La vie à Rio55:35 Son parcours personnel58:11 Les défis aux États-Unis1:00:31 Retour en France1:07:23 Benoît Saint-Denis1:12:01 Problèmes financiers1:19:20 Acceptation de la défaite1:22:09 État du MMA français1:33:17 Passions et projets futurs1:39:54 Reconnaissance et intégrité dans le milieu BIOMÉCANIQUE :⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Instagram⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Youtube⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Spotify⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Apple Podcasts⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Discord⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Website⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠La Lettre Biomécanique⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠™⁠⁠ Hébergé par Acast. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.

Invités : - Paul Melun, écrivain et essayiste - Victor Eyraud, Journaliste politique à Valeurs Actuelles Distribué par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

Chaque jour, retrouvez les journaux de la rédaction d'Europe 1 pour faire le tour de l'actu.Distribué par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

Chaque jour, retrouvez le journal de 19h de la rédaction d'Europe 1 pour faire le tour de l'actu. Distribué par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

durée : 00:09:29 - L'invité de 7h50 du week-end - par : Amélie Perrier - Hala Abou Hassira, ambassadrice de Palestine en France, est l'invitée d'Amélie Perrier à 7h50, après l'annonce de la reconnaissance de l'Etat de Palestine par la France. Vous aimez ce podcast ? Pour écouter tous les autres épisodes sans limite, rendez-vous sur Radio France.

Invité : -Hadrien Clouet, député LFI de Haute-Garonne Distribué par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

Chaque jour, retrouvez les journaux de la rédaction d'Europe 1 pour faire le tour de l'actu.Distribué par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

Chaque jour, retrouvez le journal de 19h de la rédaction d'Europe 1 pour faire le tour de l'actu. Distribué par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

A 10h, ce vendredi 25 juillet 2025, les GG : Barbara Lefebvre, professeure d'histoire-géographie, Bruno Poncet, cheminot, et Emmanuel de Villiers, entrepreneur, débattent du sujet du jour : "Reconnaissance par la France de l'État de Palestine, d'accord ou pas ?"

Au menu de la deuxième heure des GG du vendredi 25 juillet 2025 : "Reconnaissance de l'État de Palestine, la France a-t-elle eu raison ?" , "Affaire Cantat : le parquet de Bordeaux rouvre l'enquête", et "JO Paris 2024 un an après : ça vous manque ?", avec Barbara Lefebvre, professeure d'histoire-géographie, Bruno Poncet, cheminot, et Emmanuel de Villiers, entrepreneur.

Invités : - Rachel Kan, actrice et écrivaine - Louis de Raguenel, chef du service politique Europe 1 - Gil Mihaely, journaliste - Matthieu Hocque, secrétaire général du "Millénaire" - Joseph Thouvenel, éditorialiste politique Distribué par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

durée : 00:22:25 - L'invité de 8h20 : le grand entretien - par : Nicolas Demorand, Léa Salamé - Avec Vincent Lemire, historien français, spécialiste de l'histoire du conflit israélo-palestinien, Gérard Araud, ancien ambassadeur de France en Israël et Emmanuel Duparcq, journaliste et président de la Société Des Journalistes de l'AFP. Vous aimez ce podcast ? Pour écouter tous les autres épisodes sans limite, rendez-vous sur Radio France.

durée : 00:14:52 - Journal de 12h30 - Benjamin Netanyahu dénonce une "récompense de la terreur". Washington parle d'imprudence.

Invité : - Frédéric Encel, docteur en géopolitique, maître de conférences à Sciences-Po Paris Distribué par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

Ce 25 juillet 2025, retour sur l'annonce d'Emmanuel Macron de reconnaître l'Etat de Palestine et les réactions de la classe politique.Distribué par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

Invités : - David Belliard, maire adjoint à Paris et candidat écologiste aux prochaines municipales - Victor Eyraud, Journaliste politique à Valeurs Actuelles - Jules Torres, journaliste politique au JDD Distribué par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

Ce jeudi, Emmanuel Macron a annoncé que la France va reconnaître en septembre prochain l'État de Palestine. Une nouvelle applaudie par les figures de gauche comme Jean-Luc Mélenchon mais qui inquiète la droite à l'image de Jordan Bardella.Distribué par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

durée : 00:22:25 - L'invité de 8h20 : le grand entretien - par : Nicolas Demorand, Léa Salamé - Avec Vincent Lemire, historien français, spécialiste de l'histoire du conflit israélo-palestinien, Gérard Araud, ancien ambassadeur de France en Israël et Emmanuel Duparcq, journaliste et président de la Société Des Journalistes de l'AFP. Vous aimez ce podcast ? Pour écouter tous les autres épisodes sans limite, rendez-vous sur Radio France.

Et si demander de la reconnaissance, ce n'était pas un caprice… mais un besoin vital ?Trop souvent, ce besoin reste silencieux. Par peur d'être jugé, de paraître faible, ou simplement parce qu'on a appris à “faire sans”. Et pourtant… nous avons tous besoin de sentir que ce que nous faisons compte.

Invité : -David Lisnard, maire de Cannes et président de Nouvelle Énergie Distribué par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

durée : 00:19:14 - 8h30 franceinfo - Alexis Corbière, député NFP de Seine-Saint-Denis, membre du groupe Écologiste et Social était l'invité du "8h30 franceinfo", vendredi 25 juillet. Vous aimez ce podcast ? Pour écouter tous les autres épisodes sans limite, rendez-vous sur Radio France.

Invités : - Victor Eyraud, Journaliste politique à Valeurs Actuelles - Jules Torres, journaliste politique au JDD Distribué par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

Invités : - David Belliard, maire adjoint à Paris et candidat écologiste aux prochaines municipales - Victor Eyraud, Journaliste politique à Valeurs Actuelles - Jules Torres, journaliste politique au JDD Distribué par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

durée : 00:14:52 - Journal de 12h30 - Benjamin Netanyahu dénonce une "récompense de la terreur". Washington parle d'imprudence.

Ce 25 juillet 2025, retour sur l'annonce d'Emmanuel Macron de reconnaître l'Etat de Palestine et les réactions de la classe politique.Distribué par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

Ce jeudi, Emmanuel Macron a annoncé que la France va reconnaître en septembre prochain l'État de Palestine. Une nouvelle applaudie par les figures de gauche comme Jean-Luc Mélenchon mais qui inquiète la droite à l'image de Jordan Bardella.Distribué par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

Le ministre de l'Intérieur serre la vis dans le conflit avec l'Algérie : il envisage de suspendre la reconnaissance des nouveaux passeports algériens délivrés en France, suite à une initiative algérienne offrant des passeports d'urgence. Cette mesure vise à restreindre la régularisation des ressortissants algériens en situation irrégulière et à renforcer le contrôle sur l'immigration.Distribué par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

Une actu sportive, un débat, et deux camps : c'est le bras de fer des GG ! Nos "Grands Gueules du Sport" s'affrontent à coup d'arguments... Mais à la fin, c'est vous les auditeurs, qui choisissez l'équipe victorieuse !

Dans cet épisode, Emmanuel et Antonio discutent de divers sujets liés au développement: Applets (et oui), app iOS développées sous Linux, le protocole A2A, l'accessibilité, les assistants de code AI en ligne de commande (vous n'y échapperez pas)… Mais aussi des approches méthodologiques et architecturales comme l'architecture hexagonale, les tech radars, l'expert généraliste et bien d'autres choses encore. Enregistré le 11 juillet 2025 Téléchargement de l'épisode LesCastCodeurs-Episode-328.mp3 ou en vidéo sur YouTube. News Langages Les Applets Java c'est terminé pour de bon… enfin, bientot: https://openjdk.org/jeps/504 Les navigateurs web ne supportent plus les applets. L'API Applet et l'outil appletviewer ont été dépréciés dans JDK 9 (2017). L'outil appletviewer a été supprimé dans JDK 11 (2018). Depuis, impossible d'exécuter des applets avec le JDK. L'API Applet a été marquée pour suppression dans JDK 17 (2021). Le Security Manager, essentiel pour exécuter des applets de façon sécurisée, a été désactivé définitivement dans JDK 24 (2025). Librairies Quarkus 3.24 avec la notion d'extensions qui peuvent fournir des capacités à des assistants https://quarkus.io/blog/quarkus-3-24-released/ les assistants typiquement IA, ont accès a des capacités des extensions Par exemple générer un client à partir d'openAPI Offrir un accès à la,base de données en dev via le schéma. L'intégration d'Hibernate 7 dans Quarkus https://quarkus.io/blog/hibernate7-on-quarkus/ Jakarta data api restriction nouvelle Injection du SchemaManager Sortie de Micronaut 4.9 https://micronaut.io/2025/06/30/micronaut-framework-4-9-0-released/ Core : Mise à jour vers Netty 4.2.2 (attention, peut affecter les perfs). Nouveau mode expérimental “Event loop Carrier” pour exécuter des virtual threads sur l'event loop Netty. Nouvelle annotation @ClassImport pour traiter des classes déjà compilées. Arrivée des @Mixin (Java uniquement) pour modifier les métadonnées d'annotations Micronaut sans altérer les classes originales. HTTP/3 : Changement de dépendance pour le support expérimental. Graceful Shutdown : Nouvelle API pour un arrêt en douceur des applications. Cache Control : API fluente pour construire facilement l'en-tête HTTP Cache-Control. KSP 2 : Support de KSP 2 (à partir de 2.0.2) et testé avec Kotlin 2. Jakarta Data : Implémentation de la spécification Jakarta Data 1.0. gRPC : Support du JSON pour envoyer des messages sérialisés via un POST HTTP. ProjectGen : Nouveau module expérimental pour générer des projets JVM (Gradle ou Maven) via une API. Un super article sur experimenter avec les event loops reactives dans les virtualthreads https://micronaut.io/2025/06/30/transitioning-to-virtual-threads-using-the-micronaut-loom-carrier/ Malheureusement cela demander le hacker le JDK C'est un article de micronaut mais le travail a ete collaboratif avec les equipes de Red Hat OpenJDK, Red Hat perf et de Quarkus et Vert.x Pour les curieux c'est un bon article Ubuntu offre un outil de creation de container pour Spring notamment https://canonical.com/blog/spring-boot-containers-made-easy creer des images OCI pour les applications Spring Boot basées sur Ubuntu base images bien sur utilise jlink pour reduire la taille pas sur de voir le gros avantage vs d'autres solutions plus portables d'ailleurs Canonical entre dans la danse des builds d'openjdk Le SDK Java de A2A contribué par Red Hat est sorti https://quarkus.io/blog/a2a-project-launches-java-sdk/ A2A est un protocole initié par Google et donne à la fondation Linux Il permet à des agents de se décrire et d'interagir entre eux Agent cards, skills, tâche, contexte A2A complémente MCP Red hat a implémenté le SDK Java avec le conseil des équipes Google En quelques annotations et classes on a un agent card, un client A2A et un serveur avec l'échange de messages via le protocole A2A Comment configurer mockito sans warning après java 21 https://rieckpil.de/how-to-configure-mockito-agent-for-java-21-without-warning/ les agents chargés dynamiquement sont déconseillés et seront interdis bientôt Un des usages est mockito via bytebuddy L'avantage est que la,configuration était transparente Mais bon sécurité oblige c'est fini. Donc l'article décrit comment configurer maven gradle pour mettre l'agent au démarrage des tests Et aussi comment configurer cela dans IntelliJ idea. Moins simple malheureusement Web Des raisons “égoïstes” de rendre les UIs plus accessibles https://nolanlawson.com/2025/06/16/selfish-reasons-for-building-accessible-uis/ Raisons égoïstes : Des avantages personnels pour les développeurs de créer des interfaces utilisateurs (UI) accessibles, au-delà des arguments moraux. Débogage facilité : Une interface accessible, avec une structure sémantique claire, est plus facile à déboguer qu'un code désordonné (la « soupe de div »). Noms standardisés : L'accessibilité fournit un vocabulaire standard (par exemple, les directives WAI-ARIA) pour nommer les composants d'interface, ce qui aide à la clarté et à la structuration du code. Tests simplifiés : Il est plus simple d'écrire des tests automatisés pour des éléments d'interface accessibles, car ils peuvent être ciblés de manière plus fiable et sémantique. Après 20 ans de stagnation, la spécification du format d'image PNG évolue enfin ! https://www.programmax.net/articles/png-is-back/ Objectif : Maintenir la pertinence et la compétitivité du format. Recommandation : Soutenu par des institutions comme la Bibliothèque du Congrès américain. Nouveautés Clés :Prise en charge du HDR (High Dynamic Range) pour une plus grande gamme de couleurs. Reconnaissance officielle des PNG animés (APNG). Support des métadonnées Exif (copyright, géolocalisation, etc.). Support Actuel : Déjà intégré dans Chrome, Safari, Firefox, iOS, macOS et Photoshop. Futur :Prochaine édition : focus sur l'interopérabilité entre HDR et SDR. Édition suivante : améliorations de la compression. Avec le projet open source Xtool, on peut maintenant construire des applications iOS sur Linux ou Windows, sans avoir besoin d'avoir obligatoirement un Mac https://xtool.sh/tutorials/xtool/ Un tutoriel très bien fait explique comment faire : Création d'un nouveau projet via la commande xtool new. Génération d'un package Swift avec des fichiers clés comme Package.swift et xtool.yml. Build et exécution de l'app sur un appareil iOS avec xtool dev. Connexion de l'appareil en USB, gestion du jumelage et du Mode Développeur. xtool gère automatiquement les certificats, profils de provisionnement et la signature de l'app. Modification du code de l'interface utilisateur (ex: ContentView.swift). Reconstruction et réinstallation rapide de l'app mise à jour avec xtool dev. xtool est basé sur VSCode sur la partie IDE Data et Intelligence Artificielle Nouvelle edition du best seller mondial “Understanding LangChain4j” : https://www.linkedin.com/posts/agoncal_langchain4j-java-ai-activity-7342825482830200833-rtw8/ Mise a jour des APIs (de LC4j 0.35 a 1.1.0) Nouveaux Chapitres sur MCP / Easy RAG / JSon Response Nouveaux modeles (GitHub Model, DeepSeek, Foundry Local) Mise a jour des modeles existants (GPT-4.1, Claude 3.7…) Google donne A2A a la Foundation Linux https://developers.googleblog.com/en/google-cloud-donates-a2a-to-linux-foundation/ Annonce du projet Agent2Agent (A2A) : Lors du sommet Open Source Summit North America, la Linux Foundation a annoncé la création du projet Agent2Agent, en partenariat avec Google, AWS, Microsoft, Cisco, Salesforce, SAP et ServiceNow. Objectif du protocole A2A : Ce protocole vise à établir une norme ouverte pour permettre aux agents d'intelligence artificielle (IA) de communiquer, collaborer et coordonner des tâches complexes entre eux, indépendamment de leur fournisseur. Transfert de Google à la communauté open source : Google a transféré la spécification du protocole A2A, les SDK associés et les outils de développement à la Linux Foundation pour garantir une gouvernance neutre et communautaire. Soutien de l'industrie : Plus de 100 entreprises soutiennent déjà le protocole. AWS et Cisco sont les derniers à l'avoir validé. Chaque entreprise partenaire a souligné l'importance de l'interopérabilité et de la collaboration ouverte pour l'avenir de l'IA. Objectifs de la fondation A2A : Établir une norme universelle pour l'interopérabilité des agents IA. Favoriser un écosystème mondial de développeurs et d'innovateurs. Garantir une gouvernance neutre et ouverte. Accélérer l'innovation sécurisée et collaborative. parler de la spec et surement dire qu'on aura l'occasion d'y revenir Gemini CLI :https://blog.google/technology/developers/introducing-gemini-cli-open-source-ai-agent/ Agent IA dans le terminal : Gemini CLI permet d'utiliser l'IA Gemini directement depuis le terminal. Gratuit avec compte Google : Accès à Gemini 2.5 Pro avec des limites généreuses. Fonctionnalités puissantes : Génère du code, exécute des commandes, automatise des tâches. Open source : Personnalisable et extensible par la communauté. Complément de Code Assist : Fonctionne aussi avec les IDE comme VS Code. Au lieu de blocker les IAs sur vos sites vous pouvez peut-être les guider avec les fichiers LLMs.txt https://llmstxt.org/ Exemples du projet angular: llms.txt un simple index avec des liens : https://angular.dev/llms.txt lllms-full.txt une version bien plus détaillée : https://angular.dev/llms-full.txt Outillage Les commits dans Git sont immuables, mais saviez vous que vous pouviez rajouter / mettre à jour des “notes” sur les commits ? https://tylercipriani.com/blog/2022/11/19/git-notes-gits-coolest-most-unloved-feature/ Fonctionnalité méconnue : git notes est une fonctionnalité puissante mais peu utilisée de Git. Ajout de métadonnées : Permet d'attacher des informations à des commits existants sans en modifier le hash. Cas d'usage : Idéal pour ajouter des données issues de systèmes automatisés (builds, tickets, etc.). Revue de code distribuée : Des outils comme git-appraise ont été construits sur git notes pour permettre une revue de code entièrement distribuée, indépendante des forges (GitHub, GitLab). Peu populaire : Son interface complexe et le manque de support des plateformes de forge ont limité son adoption (GitHub n'affiche même pas/plus les notes). Indépendance des forges : git notes offre une voie vers une plus grande indépendance vis-à-vis des plateformes centralisées, en distribuant l'historique du projet avec le code lui-même. Un aperçu dur Spring Boot debugger dans IntelliJ idea ultimate https://blog.jetbrains.com/idea/2025/06/demystifying-spring-boot-with-spring-debugger/ montre cet outil qui donne du contexte spécifique à Spring comme les beans non activés, ceux mockés, la valeur des configs, l'état des transactions Il permet de visualiser tous les beans Spring directement dans la vue projet, avec les beans non instanciés grisés et les beans mockés marqués en orange pour les tests Il résout le problème de résolution des propriétés en affichant la valeur effective en temps réel dans les fichiers properties et yaml, avec la source exacte des valeurs surchargées Il affiche des indicateurs visuels pour les méthodes exécutées dans des transactions actives, avec les détails complets de la transaction et une hiérarchie visuelle pour les transactions imbriquées Il détecte automatiquement toutes les connexions DataSource actives et les intègre avec la fenêtre d'outils Database d'IntelliJ IDEA pour l'inspection Il permet l'auto-complétion et l'invocation de tous les beans chargés dans l'évaluateur d'expression, fonctionnant comme un REPL pour le contexte Spring Il fonctionne sans agent runtime supplémentaire en utilisant des breakpoints non-suspendus dans les bibliothèques Spring Boot pour analyser les données localement Une liste communautaire sur les assistants IA pour le code, lancée par Lize Raes https://aitoolcomparator.com/ tableau comparatif qui permet de voir les différentes fonctionnalités supportées par ces outils Architecture Un article sur l'architecture hexagonale en Java https://foojay.io/today/clean-and-modular-java-a-hexagonal-architecture-approach/ article introductif mais avec exemple sur l'architecture hexagonale entre le domaine, l'application et l‘infrastructure Le domain est sans dépendance L‘appli spécifique à l'application mais sans dépendance technique explique le flow L'infrastructure aura les dépendances à vos frameworks spring, Quarkus Micronaut, Kafka etc Je suis naturellement pas fan de l'architecture hexagonale en terme de volume de code vs le gain surtout en microservices mais c'est toujours intéressant de se challenger et de regarder le bénéfice coût. Gardez un œil sur les technologies avec les tech radar https://www.sfeir.dev/cloud/tech-radar-gardez-un-oeil-sur-le-paysage-technologique/ Le Tech Radar est crucial pour la veille technologique continue et la prise de décision éclairée. Il catégorise les technologies en Adopt, Trial, Assess, Hold, selon leur maturité et pertinence. Il est recommandé de créer son propre Tech Radar pour l'adapter aux besoins spécifiques, en s'inspirant des Radars publics. Utilisez des outils de découverte (Alternativeto), de tendance (Google Trends), de gestion d'obsolescence (End-of-life.date) et d'apprentissage (roadmap.sh). Restez informé via les blogs, podcasts, newsletters (TLDR), et les réseaux sociaux/communautés (X, Slack). L'objectif est de rester compétitif et de faire des choix technologiques stratégiques. Attention à ne pas sous-estimer son coût de maintenance Méthodologies Le concept d'expert generaliste https://martinfowler.com/articles/expert-generalist.html L'industrie pousse vers une spécialisation étroite, mais les collègues les plus efficaces excellent dans plusieurs domaines à la fois Un développeur Python expérimenté peut rapidement devenir productif dans une équipe Java grâce aux concepts fondamentaux partagés L'expertise réelle comporte deux aspects : la profondeur dans un domaine et la capacité d'apprendre rapidement Les Expert Generalists développent une maîtrise durable au niveau des principes fondamentaux plutôt que des outils spécifiques La curiosité est essentielle : ils explorent les nouvelles technologies et s'assurent de comprendre les réponses au lieu de copier-coller du code La collaboration est vitale car ils savent qu'ils ne peuvent pas tout maîtriser et travaillent efficacement avec des spécialistes L'humilité les pousse à d'abord comprendre pourquoi les choses fonctionnent d'une certaine manière avant de les remettre en question Le focus client canalise leur curiosité vers ce qui aide réellement les utilisateurs à exceller dans leur travail L'industrie doit traiter “Expert Generalist” comme une compétence de première classe à nommer, évaluer et former ca me rappelle le technical staff Un article sur les métriques métier et leurs valeurs https://blog.ippon.fr/2025/07/02/monitoring-metier-comment-va-vraiment-ton-service-2/ un article de rappel sur la valeur du monitoring métier et ses valeurs Le monitoring technique traditionnel (CPU, serveurs, API) ne garantit pas que le service fonctionne correctement pour l'utilisateur final. Le monitoring métier complète le monitoring technique en se concentrant sur l'expérience réelle des utilisateurs plutôt que sur les composants isolés. Il surveille des parcours critiques concrets comme “un client peut-il finaliser sa commande ?” au lieu d'indicateurs abstraits. Les métriques métier sont directement actionnables : taux de succès, délais moyens et volumes d'erreurs permettent de prioriser les actions. C'est un outil de pilotage stratégique qui améliore la réactivité, la priorisation et le dialogue entre équipes techniques et métier. La mise en place suit 5 étapes : dashboard technique fiable, identification des parcours critiques, traduction en indicateurs, centralisation et suivi dans la durée. Une Definition of Done doit formaliser des critères objectifs avant d'instrumenter tout parcours métier. Les indicateurs mesurables incluent les points de passage réussis/échoués, les temps entre actions et le respect des règles métier. Les dashboards doivent être intégrés dans les rituels quotidiens avec un système d'alertes temps réel compréhensibles. Le dispositif doit évoluer continuellement avec les transformations produit en questionnant chaque incident pour améliorer la détection. La difficulté c'est effectivement l'évolution métier par exemple peu de commandes la nuit etc ça fait partie de la boîte à outils SRE Sécurité Toujours à la recherche du S de Sécurité dans les MCP https://www.darkreading.com/cloud-security/hundreds-mcp-servers-ai-models-abuse-rce analyse des serveurs mcp ouverts et accessibles beaucoup ne font pas de sanity check des parametres si vous les utilisez dans votre appel genAI vous vous exposer ils ne sont pas mauvais fondamentalement mais n'ont pas encore de standardisation de securite si usage local prefferer stdio ou restreindre SSE à 127.0.0.1 Loi, société et organisation Nicolas Martignole, le même qui a créé le logo des Cast Codeurs, s'interroge sur les voies possibles des développeurs face à l'impact de l'IA sur notre métier https://touilleur-express.fr/2025/06/23/ni-manager-ni-contributeur-individuel/ Évolution des carrières de développeur : L'IA transforme les parcours traditionnels (manager ou expert technique). Chef d'Orchestre d'IA : Ancien manager qui pilote des IA, définit les architectures et valide le code généré. Artisan Augmenté : Développeur utilisant l'IA comme un outil pour coder plus vite et résoudre des problèmes complexes. Philosophe du Code : Un nouveau rôle centré sur le “pourquoi” du code, la conceptualisation de systèmes et l'éthique de l'IA. Charge cognitive de validation : Nouvelle charge mentale créée par la nécessité de vérifier le travail des IA. Réflexion sur l'impact : L'article invite à choisir son impact : orchestrer, créer ou guider. Entraîner les IAs sur des livres protégés (copyright) est acceptable (fair use) mais les stocker ne l'est pas https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/anthropic-wins-key-ruling-ai-authors-copyright-lawsuit-2025-06-24/ Victoire pour Anthropic (jusqu'au prochain procès): L'entreprise a obtenu gain de cause dans un procès très suivi concernant l'entraînement de son IA, Claude, avec des œuvres protégées par le droit d'auteur. “Fair Use” en force : Le juge a estimé que l'utilisation des livres pour entraîner l'IA relevait du “fair use” (usage équitable) car il s'agit d'une transformation du contenu, pas d'une simple reproduction. Nuance importante : Cependant, le stockage de ces œuvres dans une “bibliothèque centrale” sans autorisation a été jugé illégal, ce qui souligne la complexité de la gestion des données pour les modèles d'IA. Luc Julia, son audition au sénat https://videos.senat.fr/video.5486945_685259f55eac4.ia–audition-de-luc-julia-concepteur-de-siri On aime ou pas on aide pas Luc Julia et sa vision de l'IA . C'est un eversion encore plus longue mais dans le même thème que sa keynote à Devoxx France 2025 ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdxjGZBtp_k ) Nature et limites de l'IA : Luc Julia a insisté sur le fait que l'intelligence artificielle est une “évolution” plutôt qu'une “révolution”. Il a rappelé qu'elle repose sur des mathématiques et n'est pas “magique”. Il a également alerté sur le manque de fiabilité des informations fournies par les IA génératives comme ChatGPT, soulignant qu'« on ne peut pas leur faire confiance » car elles peuvent se tromper et que leur pertinence diminue avec le temps. Régulation de l'IA : Il a plaidé pour une régulation “intelligente et éclairée”, qui devrait se faire a posteriori afin de ne pas freiner l'innovation. Selon lui, cette régulation doit être basée sur les faits et non sur une analyse des risques a priori. Place de la France : Luc Julia a affirmé que la France possédait des chercheurs de très haut niveau et faisait partie des meilleurs mondiaux dans le domaine de l'IA. Il a cependant soulevé le problème du financement de la recherche et de l'innovation en France. IA et Société : L'audition a traité des impacts de l'IA sur la vie privée, le monde du travail et l'éducation. Luc Julia a souligné l'importance de développer l'esprit critique, notamment chez les jeunes, pour apprendre à vérifier les informations générées par les IA. Applications concrètes et futures : Le cas de la voiture autonome a été discuté, Luc Julia expliquant les différents niveaux d'autonomie et les défis restants. Il a également affirmé que l'intelligence artificielle générale (AGI), une IA qui dépasserait l'homme dans tous les domaines, est “impossible” avec les technologies actuelles. Rubrique débutant Les weakreferences et le finalize https://dzone.com/articles/advanced-java-garbage-collection-concepts un petit rappel utile sur les pièges de la méthode finalize qui peut ne jamais être invoquée Les risques de bug si finalize ne fini jamais Finalize rend le travail du garbage collector beaucoup plus complexe et inefficace Weak references sont utiles mais leur libération n'est pas contrôlable. Donc à ne pas abuser. Il y a aussi les soft et phantom references mais les usages ne sont assez subtils et complexe en fonction du GC. Le sériel va traiter les weak avant les soft, parallel non Le g1 ça dépend de la région Z1 ça dépend car le traitement est asynchrone Conférences La liste des conférences provenant de Developers Conferences Agenda/List par Aurélie Vache et contributeurs : 14-19 juillet 2025 : DebConf25 - Brest (France) 5 septembre 2025 : JUG Summer Camp 2025 - La Rochelle (France) 12 septembre 2025 : Agile Pays Basque 2025 - Bidart (France) 18-19 septembre 2025 : API Platform Conference - Lille (France) & Online 22-24 septembre 2025 : Kernel Recipes - Paris (France) 23 septembre 2025 : OWASP AppSec France 2025 - Paris (France) 25-26 septembre 2025 : Paris Web 2025 - Paris (France) 2 octobre 2025 : Nantes Craft - Nantes (France) 2-3 octobre 2025 : Volcamp - Clermont-Ferrand (France) 3 octobre 2025 : DevFest Perros-Guirec 2025 - Perros-Guirec (France) 6-7 octobre 2025 : Swift Connection 2025 - Paris (France) 6-10 octobre 2025 : Devoxx Belgium - Antwerp (Belgium) 7 octobre 2025 : BSides Mulhouse - Mulhouse (France) 9 octobre 2025 : DevCon #25 : informatique quantique - Paris (France) 9-10 octobre 2025 : Forum PHP 2025 - Marne-la-Vallée (France) 9-10 octobre 2025 : EuroRust 2025 - Paris (France) 16 octobre 2025 : PlatformCon25 Live Day Paris - Paris (France) 16 octobre 2025 : Power 365 - 2025 - Lille (France) 16-17 octobre 2025 : DevFest Nantes - Nantes (France) 17 octobre 2025 : Sylius Con 2025 - Lyon (France) 17 octobre 2025 : ScalaIO 2025 - Paris (France) 20 octobre 2025 : Codeurs en Seine - Rouen (France) 23 octobre 2025 : Cloud Nord - Lille (France) 30-31 octobre 2025 : Agile Tour Bordeaux 2025 - Bordeaux (France) 30-31 octobre 2025 : Agile Tour Nantais 2025 - Nantes (France) 30 octobre 2025-2 novembre 2025 : PyConFR 2025 - Lyon (France) 4-7 novembre 2025 : NewCrafts 2025 - Paris (France) 5-6 novembre 2025 : Tech Show Paris - Paris (France) 6 novembre 2025 : dotAI 2025 - Paris (France) 6 novembre 2025 : Agile Tour Aix-Marseille 2025 - Gardanne (France) 7 novembre 2025 : BDX I/O - Bordeaux (France) 12-14 novembre 2025 : Devoxx Morocco - Marrakech (Morocco) 13 novembre 2025 : DevFest Toulouse - Toulouse (France) 15-16 novembre 2025 : Capitole du Libre - Toulouse (France) 19 novembre 2025 : SREday Paris 2025 Q4 - Paris (France) 20 novembre 2025 : OVHcloud Summit - Paris (France) 21 novembre 2025 : DevFest Paris 2025 - Paris (France) 27 novembre 2025 : DevFest Strasbourg 2025 - Strasbourg (France) 28 novembre 2025 : DevFest Lyon - Lyon (France) 1-2 décembre 2025 : Tech Rocks Summit 2025 - Paris (France) 5 décembre 2025 : DevFest Dijon 2025 - Dijon (France) 9-11 décembre 2025 : APIdays Paris - Paris (France) 9-11 décembre 2025 : Green IO Paris - Paris (France) 10-11 décembre 2025 : Devops REX - Paris (France) 10-11 décembre 2025 : Open Source Experience - Paris (France) 28-31 janvier 2026 : SnowCamp 2026 - Grenoble (France) 2-6 février 2026 : Web Days Convention - Aix-en-Provence (France) 3 février 2026 : Cloud Native Days France 2026 - Paris (France) 12-13 février 2026 : Touraine Tech #26 - Tours (France) 22-24 avril 2026 : Devoxx France 2026 - Paris (France) 23-25 avril 2026 : Devoxx Greece - Athens (Greece) 17 juin 2026 : Devoxx Poland - Krakow (Poland) Nous contacter Pour réagir à cet épisode, venez discuter sur le groupe Google https://groups.google.com/group/lescastcodeurs Contactez-nous via X/twitter https://twitter.com/lescastcodeurs ou Bluesky https://bsky.app/profile/lescastcodeurs.com Faire un crowdcast ou une crowdquestion Soutenez Les Cast Codeurs sur Patreon https://www.patreon.com/LesCastCodeurs Tous les épisodes et toutes les infos sur https://lescastcodeurs.com/

In this episode, we welcome Dr. Roger Herbert—retired Navy Captain, former SEAL commander, professor of ethics, and distinguished academic. Dr. Herbert's career spans from leading undersea special operations to teaching future naval officers at the U.S. Naval Academy. We explore Dr. Herbert's remarkable journey marked by leadership, ethics, and profound moral challenges. Dr. Herbert shares stories of combat, personal transformation, and the vital importance of principled leadership—even under the most extreme conditions. --- What We Discuss: * The intense process of becoming and leading Navy SEALs * How war can spark deep ethical reflection and personal evolution * What moral leadership looks like in combat zones—and classrooms * Why teaching ethics to future military leaders is more important than ever * How pivotal life decisions can stem from unexpected, even humorous, moments --- Featured Quotes: “The secret sauce of being a SEAL is learning how far you can really go—and it's always further than you think.” – Dr. Roger Herbert “We push candidates to what they *think* is their limit… and then some crazy few keep going. That's where we find the SEALs.” “Ethics isn't just theory—it's what helps you come home with honor.” “We don't swear loyalty to a person. We swear to a document. That's the power of the U.S. Constitution.” --- Resources Mentioned: * Dr. Roger Herbert's Substack - rogerherbert.substack.com * The Ethics of Special Ops: Raids, Recoveries, Reconnaissance, and Rebels - https://www.amazon.com/Ethics-Special-Ops-Recoveries-Reconnaissance-ebook/dp/B0CLGJK8R6?ref_=ast_author_dp&th=1&psc=1 * Ethics at War: How Should Military Personnel Make Ethical Decisions? - https://www.amazon.com/Ethics-War-Military-Personnel-Decisions-ebook/dp/B0CKFGDXQY?ref_=ast_author_dp&th=1&psc=1 ---

Last time we spoke about the end of the Bougainville campaign. In June 1945, the Australia and Allied forces intensified their campaign in the Pacific, spearheaded by General Hammer, as they battled entrenched Japanese troops on Bougainville. Following the capture of the Soraken Peninsula, the Australians aimed to control the strategic Hongorai River but faced fierce resistance. Meanwhile, General Kanda adjusted his strategies, pulling back Japanese forces to a defensive perimeter around Buin, allowing his troops to regroup. Australian battalions, notably the 24th and 57th/60th, pressed forward, making significant gains despite encountering numerous obstacles, including concealed mines and relentless counterattacks. The turning point came when they crossed the Hongorai River, marking a vital milestone in their advance. Ultimately, the combination of perseverance and tactical maneuvers set the stage for future successes within the broader context of the Pacific Theater. This episode is the Fall of Wewak Welcome to the Pacific War Podcast Week by Week, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about world war two? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on world war two and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel you can find a few videos all the way from the Opium Wars of the 1800's until the end of the Pacific War in 1945.  In the last episode we finished off the Bougainville campaign. Now its been 4 long ass grueling years for the boys fighting in New Guinea. Today we are finally going to finish that story.  As we last saw, by early April 1945, General George Stevens and his 6th Australian Division were making significant strides in their Wewak offensive. The campaign, aimed at capturing the strategically important town of Wewak, was crucial for disrupting Japanese forces in New Guinea and aiding in their eventual defeat. Brigadier King's 16th Brigade had effectively secured the But and Dagua areas, notable locations that played vital roles in the region's agricultural landscape and supply lines. Simultaneously, Brigadier Moten's 17th Brigade was concentrating its efforts along the Ninab River, a key waterway that would facilitate the final drive toward Maprik, a town essential for both its infrastructure and resources. Facing intense Australian pressure, the remnants of General Mano's 41st Division were forced to retreat northwestward to Wora, a strategic village located near the coast, while the Miyake Force reorganized itself along the defensive line formed by the Imbia, Neligum, Kumbungua, and Bainy rivers. This area is characterized by its rugged terrain, dense jungles, and numerous waterways, making it a challenging environment for military operations. On April 3, General Moten ordered the 2/7th Battalion to advance toward Maprik and the Agricultural Station, aiming to seize this vital supply center. At the same time, the 2/6th Battalion was tasked with moving towards the Screw River to block any potential enemy retreats to the north. Hayforce, a composite group of Australian troops, was directed to push forward to the Maprik-Marui road. This mission was critical as it aimed to establish a new airfield, designated as Hayfield, to alleviate the pressing supply issues faced by Australian forces. The Australians began their assault towards Maprik, yet they quickly discovered that the enemy was well-prepared to defend this food-producing region. Throughout the week, they were largely limited to patrol actions as they engaged with scattered enemy forces. Concurrently, Hayforce advanced eastward, encountering strong resistance at Wora on April 10. This strategic location, once teeming with activity, had become a focal point for Japanese defense. On April 12, feeling increasingly under pressure, General Mano opted to abandon Wora, allowing him to concentrate his forces more effectively at Bainyik. This decision was pivotal, as it permitted Australian forces to secure the site of the proposed airstrip, enhancing their logistical capabilities.  Meanwhile patrols had been pressing on from village to village. On 28th March, for example, Sergeant J. W. Hedderman, of the 2/6th, a notable leader in these as in earlier operations, had led a reconnaissance to Kulkuil and Gwanginan. Next day he led a fighting patrol which took Kulkuil with a carefully-planned surprise attack. On the 30th Lieutenant Errey's platoon (16), with Hedderman as platoon sergeant, attacked Gwanginan. Hedderman confused the enemy by shouting to imaginary platoons to right and left (thus incidentally drawing fire on himself); and when the leading section was halted he brought down supporting fire and enabled it to move again. A man was wounded within 10 yards of the enemy's pits; Hedderman went forward, killed two Japanese with grenades, and dragged his comrade to safety. The enemy were 25 to 30 strong and the attack failed despite these gallant efforts. Hedderman covered the withdrawal, firing until all others had gone. On 30th March a patrol found Mairoka clear of the enemy and on 4th April Lieutenant Gordon's platoon established a patrol base there. On the 7th Errey's platoon attacked a village to the east of the Milak villages but without success, Lieutenant Errey being killed, and Sergeant Layfield wounded. Chicanambu was occupied on the 9th. On April 15, two companies from the 2/6th pushed eastward towards the Screw River. Over the next five days, they faced strong opposition as they engaged in fierce skirmishes and patrol actions to secure critical territories, ultimately capturing Wambak, Kombichagi, and Bungara. Each of these locations represented not only strategic advantages but also a deepening impact on the local population and the broader campaign dynamics. On April 15, 1945, the 2/7th Battalion launched its main assault, with one company advancing towards the line of Nimrod Creek. This location, nestled within the dense jungles of New Guinea, proved to be strategically significant yet perilous. As they approached, Australian troops encountered heavily defended and camouflaged pillboxes, fortifications designed to protect the Japanese troops stationed in the area. Despite the challenges, they managed to secure a long, kunai-covered spur to the northeast of a critical area known as Maprik 2 by the following day. On April 17, another company from the 2/7th continued the offensive, advancing toward a target referred to as Maprik 1. They reached a point approximately 400 yards northwest of the objective but soon found themselves in a precarious situation as they became surrounded on both flanks the next day. It was not until April 19 that they successfully broke through to the southwest, escaping their encirclement.   The House Tamboran feature, a prominent ridge north of Maprik 1, was finally secured on April 20. This strategic high ground was essential for controlling the surrounding terrain and allowing further advances in the area. The following day, the 2/7th began probing towards the Maprik airstrip and Bainyik. Their efforts to secure the airstrip were fruitful within the next few days; however, they faced staunch resistance at both Maprik 2 and Bainyik, where Japanese forces continued to mount a determined defense. On April 25, the Australians crossed the Screw River, a vital waterway that flows through this region, on their way toward Midpum Creek, which they reached the following day. This movement was crucial for maintaining momentum in the campaign. While the 2/7th Battalion was engaged in heavy fighting, patrols from the 2/6th Battalion successfully secured the Neligum villages, although they encountered strong Japanese resistance at Mangumbu. This locality, bordered by lush vegetation and steep hills, served as a vital defensive position for Japanese forces. Simultaneously, intelligence reports about a small enemy contingent under Lieutenant-Colonel Takenaga Masaharu positioned at Tau prompted a swift response. On April 16, a platoon from the 2/5th Battalion departed from Aitape, a coastal town known for its strategic significance during the campaign. They tracked down the Japanese troops and engaged them at Kubriwat on April 24. After the Kubriwat engagement, Colonel Takenaga's troops managed to shake off pursuit by the Australians; yet as the Australians continued to harass them, Takenaga ultimately decided that they would surrender. They took a leaflet containing a notice of surrender that one of the soldiers had been carrying, added some conditions underneath in English, tied it to a pole for the Australians to find, and left the area. Scouts from Miles' platoon then found the leaflet and brought it back with them. On May 2, the Australian platoon spotted Takenaga's unit near Womgrer village, and asked a native to help them make contact. Two truce bearers from the Japanese side came to the Australians to negotiate, and on the following day Takenaga's unit surrendered at Womgrer and were disarmed. At the time of surrender, Takenaga's unit consisted of 42 men: five officers (including Takenaga), four warrant officers, and 33 non-commissioned officers and soldiers. They were equipped with five light machine guns, 17 rifles, five pistols, and 750 rounds of ammunition. The prisoners, escorted by Miles' platoon, marched for three days in an orderly fashion to Maprik Airport, and were then transported to Aitape. Takenaga's unit were held in Aitape for around one month, before being broken up and sent to prison camps in Lae and in Australia, where they received good treatment. They were all interrogated, and in particular, Takenaga was transported to Manila for a detailed interrogation. As well as giving character information about the commanders of the 18th Army, Takenaga gave his opinion of how the Allies should deal with Emperor Hirohito: "If the Emperor is killed then the Japanese people will resist until the bitter end, but if there is an order from the Emperor then they will probably surrender peacefully." Back in the Maprik sector, while Hayforce conducted probing operations and successfully captured Yentagim in early May, the Miyake Force began a withdrawal toward the Loanim-Yamil-Kumbungua line. This defensive line was a series of natural features and fortified positions designed to obstruct the advancing Australian troops. On the northern flank, the 2/6th Battalion also continued to patrol eastward, successfully securing the strategically important Mangumbu on May 2. This advancement not only disrupted enemy operations but also paved the way for further Australian advances in the region. On May 8, 1945, the 2/7th Battalion launched a decisive attack, successfully capturing part of the Kumbungua Ridge, a strategically significant high ground dominating the surrounding terrain. Two flame-throwers had now been received by the 2/7th and on 8th May these were used to drive the enemy from part of the narrow steep-sided Kumbungua ridge. The Japanese made off, abandoning 30 weapon-pits, but engaged the Australians from a knoll farther up the ridge. Just three days later, they captured the southern end of the ridge while another company moved to occupy Waigakum 1, a forward position that offered a crucial vantage point over the area. Flame-throwers were proving very effective. On 10th May the 2/7th occupied Waigakum 1, and on the 11th a platoon with flame-throwers attacked and took a position where the defenders abandoned 50 packs. Another platoon approached the knoll at the south end of the Kumbungua ridge from the south, attacked up a steep slope and put to flight the defenders who abandoned 25 packs and 100 sticks of gelignite. The Japanese opened fire, however, from higher up and, the ground being unsuitable for defence, the platoon withdrew. By May 13, following effective air support that softened enemy defenses, central Kumbungua was found abandoned by Japanese forces, a testament to the pressure the Australians had applied. The following day, after another heavy bombardment from both aircraft and artillery, the entire ridge was finally secured, marking a significant accomplishment in the campaign. Pressing on, the Australians cleared the area northeast of Kalabu by May 26. However, they faced stiff resistance and found it challenging to make further advances. As a result, the 2/7th Battalion reorganized to defend the captured positions, consolidating their gains to ensure they could withstand potential counterattacks from the tenacious enemy. In the meantime, on May 17, Waigakum 2 fell to Australian troops. This success forced the cutoff remnants of General Mano's 41st Division to begin their retreat to the east, as the Australians patrolled further towards Malba, another critical location along their advance. The loss of Waigakum to the 2/7th Battalion in mid-May had a very upsetting effect on the Japanese. It was the point of junction between Miyake Force, now 800 strong, and the 41st Division and, according to General Yoshiwara, this loss led directly to the withdrawal from Kalabu and Loanim. On the 19th a platoon, guided by natives, surprised six Japanese in a garden south-east of Kalabu. Here Private Jenkins" came upon one Japanese asleep outside a weapon-pit. As he was within feet of me (wrote Jenkins later) I thought it was an excellent opportunity to take a prisoner so I woke him with a light kick and pulled him to his feet with my left hand, keeping my Owen gun in my right. I had managed to get my prisoner some paces from his position when a slight noise alerted his mates and they opened fire on the patrol. With this the Jap broke from my grasp and I was forced to shoot him. One other Japanese was killed and the others made off.Turning their attention northward, the 2/6th Battalion attempted to attack the village of Jamei on May 20. However, they were met with fierce resistance from Japanese defenders, which compelled the Australians to bombard the area intensively with artillery and air strikes until the enemy was finally forced to retreat on May 25. While the Australians were continuing to probe towards Yamil, elements of the 2/7th Battalion executed successful attacks in the Malba area, which was ultimately secured by the end of the month. This marked a crucial step in their advance as they pushed deeper into enemy territory. Meanwhile, in the coastal sector, Brigadier King's 16th Brigade concentrated its efforts east of the But River, extending up to the Kofi area. At the same time, Brigadier Martin's 29th Brigade assembled at But, preparing for the final drive toward Wewak, a town that had become a strategic target for Allied forces in their campaign to eradicate Japanese presence in New Guinea. On April 14, the 2/1st Battalion passed through the lines of the 2/2nd Battalion, launching an attack toward the Karawop-Wisling area. This sector, known for its rugged topography and dense underbrush, finally fell to the relentless Australian assaults two days later after a series of intense company-level attacks. On April 25, the 2/1st Battalion occupied the crucial 1800 Feature without facing any opposition. This high ground provided them with significant tactical advantages in the ongoing conflict. Meanwhile, the 2/3rd Battalion, positioned to the north, successfully launched an attack on Boiken Plantation. Their efforts were rewarded as they advanced to Kalimboa the following day, further consolidating Australian positions in the region. On April 27, 1945, the 2/2nd Battalion moved swiftly through the advancing lines, pushing forward to Hawain and crossing the river in their quest to engage Japanese forces. Concurrently, the 2/3rd Battalion patrolled south along Boiken Creek, where they encountered significant enemy resistance in the Koanumbo area. After a series of determined assaults, this area was ultimately secured by May 2, allowing the Australians to fortify their positions. At this point in the campaign, Brigadier Martin's 19th Brigade took over the advance towards Cape Wom, and subsequently, the strategic objective of Wewak. This movement coincided with preparations by Lieutenant-Colonel Eric Hennessy's 2/6th Commando Regiment, which was organizing for a surprise landing east of Cape Moem, a critical maneuver aimed at outflanking Japanese defenses. On May 3, the 2/4th Battalion advanced from Hawain, managing to cover six miles without facing any opposition. By the next day, they reached Wom without incident. As night fell, Australian patrols had already established a presence along the Waringe River, preparing for further actions. During this time, patrols targeted Japanese stragglers in the vicinity, eliminating several and gathering intelligence. Reconnaissance units were then sent forward to Minga Creek to assess enemy positions while the 2/4th secured Yarabos on May 7, progressively tightening the noose around Japanese defenses. Meanwhile, the 2/8th Battalion, positioned on the right flank, engaged in a series of minor clashes, successfully capturing Ranimboa on May 4, followed by Numikim just days later. These advances were crucial in pressuring the remaining Japanese forces, which, under Generals Adachi and Nakano, were increasingly evident in their abandonment of the substantial base at Wewak. Their main forces began to withdraw over the rugged terrain of the Prince Alexander Mountains, leaving behind strong rearguards tasked with covering their exit routes from Wewak. To counter this withdrawal, the 2/11th Battalion and the 2/7th Commando Squadron were dispatched on a wide encircling movement towards the Sauri villages and Wirui Mission, aiming to cut off the retreating Japanese forces. Meanwhile, the 2/4th Battalion crossed Minga Creek and launched an attack towards Wewak on May 8, seeking to claim the final strategic stronghold. Two days later, bolstered by supporting tanks and artillery, the 2/4th Battalion initiated a vigorous assault on Wewak Point. This area, positioned at the very tip of the peninsula, was essential for controlling the coastal approaches to Wewak. After a hard-fought engagement, the Australians successfully seized the entirety of Wewak Point, subsequently mopping up the remaining Japanese soldiers who had entrenched themselves in the caves along the cliffs, effectively concluding the intense fighting in this region. At 12.15 two companies were ordered to mop up.cThat afternoon a flame-thrower fired into a bunker apparently lit a dump of bombs which blew up. Smith's company found several occupied caves and, since the Japanese would not surrender, merely picqueted them until engineers arrived and blew up the entrances, sealing the Japanese in. It was estimated that about 50 perished in the caves; by midnight 65 other dead had been counted and three 75-mm guns and two 20-mm had been captured. In a brilliant action the Australians, supported by tanks and more than 40 field guns, had lost only 2 killed and 17 wounded. Mopping up was continued next day, and no live Japanese remained on the point by midday. Finally it was estimated that from 180 to 200 Japanese had been killed. On May 11, 1945, following their progress along the Big Road, the 2/11th Battalion set out to occupy the strategic 620, 710, and 770 Features. However, they soon encountered unexpected resistance over the following days. This was not merely an isolated skirmish; it was part of a broader engagement as they pressed their advance against the entrenched Japanese defenders. Meanwhile, an important operation was unfolding to the west. The 2/9th and 2/10th Commando Squadrons, supported by a small flotilla formed around the sloop Swan, successfully landed on Dove Bay's Red Beach, located just to the west of Forok Point. This maneuver was critical, as it disrupted Japanese supply lines and provided the Australians with a foothold to cut off the Wewak Road. Following their landing, the squadrons dispatched patrols eastward, further isolating Japanese forces. The next day, the 2/3rd Machine-Gun Battalion secured the junction of the Wewak Road and Forok Creek, a key point for controlling the surrounding areas, while the 2/9th Commando Squadron patrolled past Mandi, gaining valuable intelligence. The 2/4th Battalion, capitalizing on this chaos, pressed forward to secure the Wewak airfield and the Wirui Mission, both of which were vital for maintaining air support and supply routes in the theater of operations. On May 13, the 2/11th Battalion successfully captured the 620 Feature, a crucial hill that provided vantage points over the battlefield. However, they struggled to take the 710 Feature the next day, as Japanese resistance intensified in the rugged foothills south of the Big Road.  On 14th May, the 2/11th being heavily engaged in the foothills south of the Big Road, Lt Martin had ordered the 2/4th to attack Wirui Mission, which was on a steep kunai-covered hill about 300 feet high dominating the airfield. Approaching from the east through tall kunai the leading com-pany with a troop of tanks soon took the first objective-dominating ground about half way up the hill. Captain Smith's company passed through and, with the tanks, whose crews estimated that they killed about 30 Japanese, reached the top. By nightfall the top and the eastern slopes were held but the Japanese were fighting back from bunkers on the north-west slopes. Next day Smith's company attacked these remaining bunkers. The lead-ing section was halted by intense fire after several men had been hit. Private Kenna, in the supporting section, which was firing on the bunkers at a range of only 50 yards, stood up in the kunai grass in full view of the enemy and fired his Bren at one of the Japanese machine-gun posts. The Japanese machine-gunners returned his fire but failed to hit him. Kenna then said to Private Rau who was beside him that the Japanese "had a bead on him" and he asked for Rau's rifle. Still standing, he fired four rifle shots and silenced the enemy post. He then took the Bren again and opened fire on another post about 70 yards away and silenced it too. The remaining post was then knocked out by a tank; soon the 2/4th and 2/11th were in contact. About 40 Japanese were killed and perhaps 20 escaped in the fight for the mission. Large quantities of weapons, vehicles, generators, tele-phones and other equipment were found there. Possession of Wirui Mission gave complete control of the Wewak coastal plain. Captured papers made it possible to make a fairly precise estimate of the forces immediately round Wewak: Kato Force, built round the 25th Airfield Battalion and about 300 strong, was holding from Sauri to Wirui Creek; Jinka Force, about 400 strong, was holding from Wirui Creek to the east, including Boram airfield, and south into the range as far as Passam; to the east was Aoyama Force, of unknown strength; the coastal plain to a depth of about 1,000 yards was not held in strength, and it was thought that there would be little opposition on the coast at least as far as Boram airfield Supported by artillery fire and through persistent efforts, the 2/11th finally took the 710 Feature on May 15, which allowed them to begin patrolling towards the 770 Feature and the nearby Klewalin, two additional strongholds that were key to the entire operation. Simultaneously, since May 11, the 2/7th Commando Squadron had been engaged in fierce fighting. They maneuvered through a series of knolls in the Sauri villages area, which they ultimately cleared by May 16, further tightening the noose around Japanese defenses. On that same day, after intense air and naval bombardments prepared the way, the 2/8th Battalion began their advance toward Boram. This crucial location fell into their hands unopposed by nightfall, allowing significant advances in the Australian front line. However, on May 17, as the 2/8th Battalion continued its push to the mouth of Boram Creek, they encountered a strongly-held Japanese position. This area, characterized by intricate terrain and dense jungle cover, presented formidable challenges as they sought to advance further into Japanese-occupied territory. The enemy bunkers would remain a formidable obstacle until May 20, when a heavy bombardment finally rendered them inoperative. Following this, the Australians seized the opportunity to exploit their gains and advanced further east to occupy Cape Moem. This maneuver allowed them to establish contact with the commando force at Brandi Plantation just two days later, strengthening their foothold along the coast. On May 24, the 2/11th Battalion occupied the strategic 770 feature after enduring its own heavy bombardment. Three days later, they managed to destroy the last remnants of enemy forces south of the 710 feature, marking a significant step in the campaign. On May 25, the 2/4th Battalion also launched a patrol into the village of Koigin, taking the location after a sharp and intense fight. However, amidst these operations, Brigadier Martin fell ill with malaria and was temporarily replaced by Lieutenant-Colonel John Bishop, a shift that would guide the troops through the operational challenges ahead. By the end of May, the 6th Division had pushed most remnants of the Japanese 18th Army away from the coast, including their vital base at Wewak. The Japanese forces were now confined within the rugged, mountainous terrain, squeezed between the 17th Brigade, positioned forward of Maprik to the west, and the remainder of the 6th Division to the north. In preparation for the next phase of their campaign, General Moten set out to secure the line from Solongan to Kulauru Mission. The 2/5th Battalion relieved the 2/7th Battalion and moved against Kulauru and Ulupu, while the 2/6th Battalion advanced towards Yamil. The Australians acted swiftly and decisively, rapidly capturing Newton's Knoll and Palketia during the first week of June. On June 10, after extensive air strikes and bombardments weakened enemy defenses, the 2/6th Battalion successfully entered Yamil. Just three days later, on June 13, the 2/5th Battalion continued their momentum by capturing Yamil 3 and Yuman as the beleaguered Miyake Force began its retreat towards Ulupu, indicating the deteriorating situation for Japanese forces in the region. Despite the Australians' relentless advance and the heavy bombardment inflicted upon them, the Japanese remained determined to defend Kunai Spur. Their tenacity meant that the Australians could only secure Yamil 4 on June 24, underscoring the intensity of the fighting in this strategic area. At this critical juncture, the 2nd New Guinea Battalion arrived in the Hayfield area to patrol southwards towards Kwimbu, Mikau, and Kunjinge. These movements further reinforced the Australian positions and set the stage for the continuing efforts to dismantle the last remnants of Japanese resistance in the region. On June 11, 1945, the 2/8th Battalion successfully seized Hill 1 after a concentrated air and artillery bombardment that softened up the enemy defenses. This pivotal victory allowed them to establish a critical foothold in the area, vital for subsequent operations. Just five days later, on June 16, both artillery and aircraft targeted Hill 2 and Shiburangu, two crucial positions that had become points of interest in the ongoing campaign. After numerous attempts and repeated efforts by the infantry, the Australians ultimately captured Hill 2, a strategic vantage point that further pressured Japanese forces in the region.At 8 a.m. on 16th June aircraft struck both Hill 2 and Shiburangu and then the artillery began a program in which 3,000 rounds were fired. One company began to advance on Hill 2 at 9.30. Warrant-Officer Fisk's platoon, which was forward, met heavy fire from snipers on both flanks and machine-gun fire from the hills and lost one man killed and one wounded. It withdrew to the cover of the spur and moved to outflank the enemy on the left. Meanwhile at 9.45 a second company had taken the pocket without opposition. At 10 a.m. the first company was still held. The men rested under the lip of the hill while the artillery again bombarded the enemy's positions and flame-throwers were brought forward. At 1.30 the company surged over the crest of the hill and, after close fighting in which each bunker was grenaded, the surviving Japanese fled leaving 38 visible dead and perhaps another 20 buried by the air and artillery bombardment. The Australians lost 2 killed and 3 wounded. "Aerial bombing coupled with artillery concentration does not deter the enemy from fighting nor unsettle him unduly," wrote the battalion diarist. "Such fanatical resistance in face of such odds makes the capturing of these strong points no light task." Meanwhile, the 2/4th Battalion worked diligently to clear the eastern side of the Koigin-Tazaki track, progressing 600 yards south of Koigin by June 13. This advancement helped secure vital supply routes and reinforced the Australians' operational capabilities. On June 14, the Australians continued their momentum by successfully securing Mount Kawakubo, another significant terrain feature. Five days later, on June 19, the 2/4th and 2/11th Battalions launched a coordinated attack towards Tazaki. Thanks to the overwhelming support of air and artillery bombardments, Tazaki ultimately fell into Australian hands by June 24, marking yet another victory in their relentless push against Japanese defenses. On June 22, the 2/8th captured the last knoll before Shiburangu. Following this success, artillery began to register targets on Shiburangu, setting the stage for a significant assault. By June 27, after a particularly heavy air and artillery bombardment that saturated the area with firepower, the 2/8th Battalion launched a bold attack to seize Shiburangu. Utilizing an outflanking maneuver, they managed to surprise the fierce defenders, overcoming their determined resistance. As the 2/4th Battalion cleared the remaining enemy pockets in the Tazaki area, the 2/8th Battalion pressed their advantage, attacking and securing the area to the west on July 3. The two battalions effectively linked up two days later, solidifying their control over the region and paving the way for further advances in the campaign. Looking back to the southwest, after nearly three weeks of stiff resistance, the Japanese finally abandoned Kunai Spur on July 3, 1945. This withdrawal opened the door for Australian forces, who swiftly occupied Ulupu just two days later. The effort to clear the surrounding area began in earnest, but it wasn't until July 8 that the strongly-held northern knoll was taken after intense fighting. On July 9, through a sustained bombardment, the Japanese were driven out of Ulum, marking a significant breakthrough; their defense system had been shattered. Following this success, patrols from the 2/5th Battalion advanced rapidly, moving forward about 2000 yards with only minor skirmishes. They reached and occupied Kulauru Mission on July 11, reinforcing the Australians' control over the area. Pressing northeast, the remaining Japanese forces in the vicinity were rapidly dispersed, and by July 18, Ilipem fell into Australian hands. During this time, the 2/6th Battalion was busy securing the Ulunkohoitu Ridge, further consolidating the Australians' hold on the region. At the same time, the 2nd New Guinea Battalion had been probing south and east, successfully securing critical locations such as Kongambe, Kwandaning, Naila, and Gisanambu. With the Japanese now regrouping along the Kaboibus-Ahegulim-Gwalip line, General Moten aimed to accelerate the advance, directing both the 2nd New Guinea Battalion and the rested 2/7th Battalion to converge on Gwalip. Meanwhile, the 2/5th and 2/6th Battalions pressed east towards Kaboibus. Despite facing challenges and some failed attacks against Dunbit and Aoniaru, the New Guineans were able to concentrate their forces near Gwalip by July 22, and five days later, Sigora fell to their determined assault. On July 30, they launched an attack and captured Ulama, nearly catching General Mano's headquarters at Winge in the process, which forced the defenders to retreat towards Suaui. As momentum continued to build, the 2/5th Battalion pressed on, supported by heavy air strikes. By August 1, they had successfully taken Gwenik, further disrupting Japanese lines. The following day, as the Australians advanced along the Kaboibus Ridge, they successfully occupied the Kaboibus villages. To their astonishment, they encountered only minor opposition, underscoring the disarray within the Japanese ranks as the Australians continued their relentless push through the region. On August 4, 1945, the 2/5th Battalion successfully seized Ahegulim, a strategic location that added to their momentum. Three days later, they captured Malabeim, completing their objectives in the region. Following this success, the Australians began probing towards Mount Irup, further extending their influence over the landscape. Concurrently, on August 6, the 2/7th Battalion embarked on a wide movement from Sigora aimed at Kiarivu, reaching this target two days later. This advance was part of a broader campaign in which New Guinean troops also secured key areas such as Miyamboara and Mananingi, reflecting the persistent efforts of Moten's 17th Brigade as they conducted their final offensive actions. Turning to the eastern front, the 8th Brigade's 30th and 35th Battalions had relieved the 2/4th and 2/11th Battalions in early July, taking charge of the Wirui Creek-Mandi area. On July 13, Brigadier Martin, who had resumed command of the 19th Brigade, ordered the 2/8th Battalion to capture the critical positions known as The Blot and Hambrauri. Following this directive, the Australians successfully attacked and seized The Blot the very next day. On July 16, Hambrauri 1 fell into Australian hands without opposition, allowing them to begin probing towards another strategically important feature: St. Patrick's. After significant preparations and a heavy bombardment, St. Patrick's was captured on July 21. The following day, the 2/8th Battalion captured Hambrauri 2 with little resistance, showcasing their growing operational effectiveness. During this time, the 2/1st Battalion executed a diversionary thrust along the Sambukaua Track, drawing Japanese attention away from main Australian advances. Simultaneously, the 2/6th Commando Regiment faced daring infiltration attempts to the west in the vicinity of Boiken, further complicating the operational landscape.  On June 24 five Japanese approaching along the beach entered the Angau compound at Wisling, stole 3 Owen guns, a pistol, and 3 Japanese rifles. A patrol followed these marauders, killed 2 and retrieved the weapons. Next day about 10 Japanese ambushed a party of the 2/10th Commando Squadron south of Boiken Plantation and killed Lieutenant Martin and wounded 4 others; and that night about 20 stole into the plantation. On June 28 signs were found that some 35 Japanese had slept the previous night 400 yards from a commando perimeter. On July 23 a commando patrol had a sharp clash with perhaps 40 Japanese in the hills south of Wanpea and more than 15 miles west of Wewak; 8 Japanese were killed as well as 4 Australians. The Japanese were justly proud of the valour and successes of the raiding parties which harassed the Australians between Wewak and Dagua in May, June and July. Several groups were organised and trained for these enterprises, the most celebrated being led by Lieutenant Saito Hachiro of the 78th Regiment who had first earned fame as a patrol leader in the Huon Peninsula fighting. In June his party set off to raid Maprik, but was intercepted, Saito and most of his followers being killed. From June 15 onwards two parties of raiders operated in the Karawop and Boiken areas with the object of diverting their enemy's strength away from the 51st Division farther east. These parties, which claimed to have killed more than 100 Australians (a wild overestimate) were the ones coped with by the 2/6th Commando Regiment. Another series of raids in late July and early August were considered less successful, because of improved Australian security measures. On July 25, Japanese General Adachi issued orders for a "last stand" around the areas of Nyakombi and Sassuia. The main body of the 18th Army was now in an are facing north and west. The 51st Division was on the right opposing the troops advancing from Wewak, the 20th Division in the centre and the 41st on the left. Yoshiwara had now reported that the food resources of the Sepik area were less than had been believed, though there might be more in the hinterland. Already about 2,800 troops were stationed in the Sepik Valley from Marienberg to about Kanganaman and were living off the country. Adachi decided to make a last stand in the area embracing, in the north, Nyakombi and Sassuia. Here they would fight on "as long as ammunition and food are available and at least until the end of September". Liaison was to be maintained with the force in the Sepik area which was to prepare to carry on "ambush warfare" after the main force had been wiped out. This plan had been conveyed to Field Marshal Terauchi, commanding the Southern Army, and he approved it on 8th July. Despite its many setbacks during the campaign, Terauchi sent a citation to the 18th Army. It was the first time that a Japanese army had been so honoured. The citation ran: "To the 18th Army and all attached units: With Lieut-General Hatazo Adachi as your com-mander, you have fought vigorously for three years in north-east New Guinea, where numerous epidemics prevailed and where the terrain was hitherto unknown to any Japanese. When the enemy occupied the west coast in April 1944, to cut off supplies, you learned to live off grass and trees, and by making the best of the situation, you conquered all unfavourable conditions. Officers and soldiers alike displayed the true spirit of the Japanese Army. Wherever you encountered the enemy, you crushed them and inflicted many casualties. You have inspired fear into the hearts of the enemy and diverted their sea and air strength, thereby contributing much to the Southern Army's operations and furthermore, to all the Armies of the Empire. You were able to accomplish this through the excellent leadership, planning, fidelity and character of your Army Commander. By the sense of sincerity, loyalty and moral obligation of all the troops, you have set a model for all men to follow. I hereby present this citation and proclaim this to all the Armies."  Amidst these developments, Major General Stevens was orchestrating a series of troop reliefs along the front lines. King's 16th Brigade was set to replace the 19th Brigade, which in turn would relieve the 17th Brigade to the west, ensuring continuous pressure on Japanese positions while maintaining the momentum of the Australian advance. Consequently, on July 28, 1945, the 2/2nd Battalion relieved the 2/8th in the Hambrauri area, immediately dispatching patrols to probe towards Numoikum. Their operational efforts culminated in the successful seizure of Mount Shoto on August 2. By August 6, with the backing of artillery fire, the Australians had secured Numoikum and Rindogim. However, this marked the last offensive action in the area, as the Australians shifted their focus to patrolling forward in order to consolidate their gains. By the end of the Aitape-Wewak Campaign, the 6th Division had sustained significant casualties, with 442 men killed and 1,141 wounded, while inflicting heavy losses on Japanese forces, estimated at around 9,000 killed and capturing 269 prisoners. With this chapter closed, it was time to shift the scene to Balikpapan, where the conclusion of the Borneo Campaign awaited. As we rejoin the action, by July 9, General Milford's 7th Australian Division had largely secured the Balikpapan area. Brigadier Chilton's 18th Brigade executed a successful landing at Penadjam, Djinabora, and Teloktebang on the western side of the bay. Simultaneously, Brigadier Eather's 25th Brigade advanced towards Batuchampar along Milford Highway, while Brigadier Dougherty's 21st Brigade secured key positions in the Sepinggang and Manggar areas. On July 10, the 2/31st Battalion secured the Cello position and the fallen-timber area directly in front with crucial support from artillery and tanks. In a bold move, one of their companies launched an attack towards the position known as Coke; however, this assault was met with fierce resistance and was ultimately repelled by intense crossfire from well-entrenched defenders. To the left of their advance, the 2/6th Commando Squadron probed toward Sumber Kiri, successfully securing the village and bolstering the Australians' hold in the region. At this moment, the 2/27th Battalion took over the left flank at Manggar, which allowed the exhausted 2/14th Battalion to probe towards Sambodja without risk of being outflanked. The next day, as the 2/27th moved through the 2/14th to occupy Lamaru, the 2/25th Battalion began the process of relieving the weary 2/31st, ensuring that fresh forces could continue the advance. On July 12, the commandos initiated probing operations towards a position known as Charm, successfully occupying both Cloncurry and Abash in the following two days. These captures were significant in securing the area and maintaining the momentum of the Australian advance through Balikpapan. After extensive patrolling on both sides of the highway, the 2/25th Battalion finally dispatched two companies on July 14 to occupy the strategic locations of Cart and Calm. These efforts led to the successful securing of Cocoa, Calm, and Chair, all achieved without resistance. That same day, to the east, patrols discovered Amborawang and the ridges north of Bale unoccupied. Recognizing this opportunity, the 2/27th Battalion moved into the area three days later. On July 15, the 2/9th Battalion sent patrols towards Separi and along the Parehpareh River, aiming to cut the enemy's lines of communication. Concurrently, the 2/25th Battalion solidified its control over Cart, enabling them to dominate the highway from both the east and west. However, their position was soon contested as they faced a series of heavy Japanese counterattacks during the following nights, testing their resolve and defensive capabilities. By July 17, the 2/25th had moved to occupy Charm, situated prominently by the highway, while a company from the 2/33rd Battalion took over Cart, allowing both units to repel yet another strong night counterattack from Japanese forces. The next day, the 2/27th finally entered the unoccupied Sambodja area, while patrols began to probe westward toward the Milford Highway. On July 19, the 2/31st Battalion cleared the last remnants of Japanese presence from the highway, paving the way for uninterrupted Australian operations. The following day, the 2/25th destroyed a robust enemy pocket, allowing them to occupy Abide without further incident. On July 21, the remaining Japanese forces retreated from the Batuchampar area, prompting the Australians to push toward Pope's Track while extensively patrolling northward. By this time, the bulk of the 2/1st Pioneer Battalion had been landed at Djinabora, establishing a patrol base in the Tempadung area. A week later, following a naval bombardment, the Australians occupied Pamaluan and began probing operations to the east and north. This series of actions marked the conclusion of the Battle of Balikpapan. The Australians opted to halt any offensive operations at this point and instead focus on consolidating their positions through enhanced patrolling. During the course of the battle, Australian forces tragically suffered 229 killed and 634 wounded, while inflicting significant losses on the Japanese, with approximately 2,032 killed and 63 captured. Thus, Australian casualties for the broader Borneo Campaign totaled around 2,100, while Japanese losses were estimated at around 4,700. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. General George Stevens led brave troops against the entrenched Japanese forces aiming to capture the strategic town of Wewak. Despite fierce resistance and rugged terrain, they successfully advanced, featuring key victories after relentless battles. Australian artillery and infantry engaged in daring assaults, securing vital positions like the Kumbungua Ridge and establishing airfields. As the campaign progressed, Japanese forces dwindled, ultimately surrendering at Wewak. 

durée : 00:02:03 - Le grand format - Après des décennies de silence, les foyers religieux pour mères et bébés de l'Irlande vont commencer à révéler leurs lourds secrets. Des exhumations vont débuter ce lundi sur le site de Tuam, dans l'ouest du pays, où près de 800 nouveaux-nés et enfants sont morts. Vous aimez ce podcast ? Pour écouter tous les autres épisodes sans limite, rendez-vous sur Radio France.

Aujourd'hui, Antoine Diers, Joëlle Dago-Serry et Jérôme Marty débattent de l'actualité autour d'Alain Marschall et Olivier Truchot.

In part two of this podcast, Jim Clover OBE, Varadius Ltd, continues to uncover the evolving landscape of artificial intelligence (AI) in the intelligence community with Harry Kemsley and Sean Corbett. They discuss the fine line between the innovative applications of AI and the critical importance of human oversight in intelligence analysis. Explore how AI is reshaping intelligence gathering, the risks of over reliance on technology, and the vital role of ‘prompt engineering' for accurate and ethical outcomes.

The aircraft used was a tethered hydrogen balloon named l'Entreprenant, operated by the French army's newly established Company of Aeronauts, and it represented an innovation in military ...

  Sign up to attend HREC Course: https://shooting-performance.coursestorm.com/.../warrior...     On today's Coffee with Rich, we will be joined by Justin Carroll. We will be discussing 10 Keys to Success in the Police Academy. Join Us! Justin is a former Reconnaissance, Force Reconnaissance and MARSOC Special Operator, with tours in Iraq, Afghanistan and the Philippines. He was also former “OGA” contractor with many deployments to Central Asia. After his time in the Corps and with OGA, Justin was a contracted special operations instructor for the U.S. Military. Justin is a published author of six books, dozens of online and print magazines, and his amazing blog, Swift, Silent and Deadly. He has traveled the world with 28 countries and 44/50 U.S. states under his belt. He has been a podcaster, co-hosting the popular show Across the Peak, with yours truly, and is currently serving as a practicing Paramedic and Search & Rescue Team member.   Follow Justin: https://swiftsilentdeadly.com/ https://swiftsilentdeadly.com/keys-to-success-in-the.../ Coffee with Rich Youtube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/user/rhodieusmc/videos American Warrior Show: https://americanwarriorshow.com/index.html SWAG: https://shop.americanwarriorsociety.com/ American Warrior Society please visit: https://americanwarriorsociety.com/