Podcasts about Manila

Dr. Patricia Tan serves as Medical Director for Rusk Pediatrics Rehabilitation. Her Certification is from the American Board of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. She has been selected as a Fellow by the following organizations: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; American Academy of Pediatrics; American Academy of Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine; and the Association of Academic Physiatrists. Her medical degree is from the University of Santo Tomas in Manila, Philippines. Dr. Megan Conklin is Associate Director of Rusk Pediatric Therapy Services at NYU Langone. She works collaboratively with an interdisciplinary team across the spectrum of pediatric diagnoses from birth through the transition into adulthood. She has a Doctor of Physical Therapy degree, 20 years of clinical experience at NYU; and is certified as a clinical specialist in pediatric physical therapy by the American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties of the American Physical Therapy Association. Part 2 The discussion included the following topics: quality measures used to determine if desired outcomes are being achieved; challenges or potential downsides associated with a transition from pediatric to adult care; integration of artificial intelligence into pediatric rehabilitation; and current pediatric research conducted at NYU.

It's arguably the greatest heavyweight title ever and it fight took place in Manila, Philippines (of all places) with "The Greatest" Muhammad Ali winning the trilogy fight with his arch rival "Smokin' Joe" Frazier dubbed "The Thrilla in Manila!"And, on the 50th anniversary of Ali's win, we're recapping it on a special "Fight Freaks Unite Podcast!"Host T.J. Rives and insider Dan Rafael re-live the buildup to their third fight, why it ended up in the Far East and just how ridiculously hot it was that day in the arena?Ali and Frazier pounded each other for 14 rounds before Frazier's corner stopped the bout for the Ali TKO to retain the heavyweight crown. It's still regarded half a century later as the hardest, toughest battle of both of their hall of fame careers.This is as good as it gets with nostalgia!And, make sure to follow/subscribe to this podcast feed on Apple/Spreaker//Spotify, etc.!

Our first and only LIVE recording for 2025 lol. Rica G back in Manila so we took the opportunity to re-unite live on micThank you to The Pod Network for everything!TT's: We talk about the Charlie Kirk incident (03:45)Random Reddit: Ako Ba Yung Gago randoms (21:50)Where you bean?!: Rica talks about plans in the Philippines and pre-wedding things (37:40), and JC talks about injuries and sickness (48:06)Follow Rica & JC on IG:@ricaggg@itsmejayseeLeche-Fan Mail:thehalohaloshow@gmail.comRecorded using the ELGATO WAVE 1 Microphones, go get one! Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

It's Part 2 of our back-to-back GTWM set of episodes! With a little bit of drama.Caller #3 is D who is 26yrs old from Manila.  D's mom isultra-controlling, even giving her a 6pm curfew when shes out with her boyfriend.  At 26, shes big enough toleave but she might be too important to her mom to go.Caller #4 is Ria who is 30yrs old from Bulacan.  Ria also hasmom drama.  Her 58yrs old mom suffers from anxiety, while having to be breadwinner and donators to a bunch of families.  How can Ria get her mom back to"normal"

Jako Thrilla in Manila vstoupil do dějin boxu souboj Muhammada Aliho a Joea Fraziera z roku 1975 o titul mistra světa. Byl to poslední ze tří vzájemných soubojů těchto legend. Ali i Frazier mohli být 1. října 1975 rádi, že přežili. Tomuto souboji i oběma jeho aktérům je věnován dvoudílný speciál Portrétů.

Jako Thrilla in Manila vstoupil do dějin boxu souboj Muhammada Aliho a Joea Fraziera z roku 1975 o titul mistra světa. Byl to poslední ze tří vzájemných soubojů těchto legend. Ali i Frazier mohli být 1. října 1975 rádi, že přežili. Tomuto souboji i oběma jeho aktérům je věnován dvoudílný speciál Portrétů.Všechny díly podcastu Portréty můžete pohodlně poslouchat v mobilní aplikaci mujRozhlas pro Android a iOS nebo na webu mujRozhlas.cz.

Jesus Christ loves His children in Provo, in Nairobi, in Manila, and in Kampala. He is gathering Israel on both sides of the veil. Jane Clayson Johnson, Emmy Award-winning journalist, delivered this forum address on September 30, 2025. You can access the full talk here.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Andy starts with the Nationals making the hiring of Paul Taboni official. Plus, the ugly fight between the WNBA and WNBAPA. (18:35) Mike Locksley on the Terps big game this Saturday vs. Washington. (31:03) Bob Costas on how to fix the MLB playoffs. (47:42) 50 years ago today, the Thrilla in Manila. To hear the whole show, tune in live from 9:00 AM - 11:00 AM Monday-Friday. For more sports coverage, download the ESPN630 AM app, visit https://www.sportscapitoldc.com. To join the conversation, check us out on twitter @ESPN630DC and @andypollin1See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Schwalb, Christian www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de, Interview

Als „Thriller in Manila“ ist ein Boxkampf in die Geschichte eingegangen, der heute vor 50 Jahren stattgefunden hat. Am 1.Oktober 1975 haben in Manila Muhammad Ali und Joe Frazier auf den Philippinen gegeneinander gekämpft – bei 40 Grad Celsius und extrem hoher Luftfeuchtigkeit vor 25.000 Zuschauern in der Halle und Millionen Fernsehzuschauern weltweit. Soweit so interessant – für Sportfans. Was aber hat dieses Ereignis mit Musik zu tun? Julia Neupert erklärt es im SWR Kultur Musikgespräch.

From Jakarta to Manila and Kathmandu to Paris and Bratislava: The pirate flag of the Straw Hat Gang from the manga “One Piece” appears everywhere in protest movements. What was once a fan symbol has become a global sign of resistance — carried by a generation that draws its political language from popular culture. - Von Jakarta über Manila und Kathmandu bis nach Paris und Bratislava: Überall taucht die Piratenflagge der Strohhut-Bande aus dem Manga „One Piece“ in Protestbewegungen auf. Was einst ein Fan-Symbol war, hat sich zu einem globalen Zeichen des Widerstands entwickelt – getragen von einer Generation, die ihre politische Sprache aus der Popkultur bezieht.

NEWS: VP Sara Duterte: US court ruling tagged Romualdez in Okada Manila bribery scandal | Oct. 1, 2025Subscribe to The Manila Times Channel - https://tmt.ph/YTSubscribe Visit our website at https://www.manilatimes.net Follow us: Facebook - https://tmt.ph/facebook Instagram - https://tmt.ph/instagram Twitter - https://tmt.ph/twitter DailyMotion - https://tmt.ph/dailymotion Subscribe to our Digital Edition - https://tmt.ph/digital Check out our Podcasts: Spotify - https://tmt.ph/spotify Apple Podcasts - https://tmt.ph/applepodcasts Amazon Music - https://tmt.ph/amazonmusic Deezer: https://tmt.ph/deezer Stitcher: https://tmt.ph/stitcherTune In: https://tmt.ph/tunein#TheManilaTimes#KeepUpWithTheTimes Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Heute vor 50 Jahren boxten Muhammad Ali und Joe Frazier in den Philippinen gegeneinander – der "Thrilla in Manila" wurde einer der spektakulärsten Kämpfe der Sportgeschichte.

In this episode, our guest is Sohail Hasnie, host of Energypreneurs, who shares his personal reflections on the game-changing potential of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology. Driving through Metro Manila, Sohail explores the "10 things V2G can do for us"—a practical and visionary list that shows how electric vehicles can go far beyond transportation to become mobile power stations. He explains how V2G could: Reduce electricity bills Provide backup power during emergencies Enable income streams through bi-directional charging Optimize solar energy use Support grid stability during peak demand Boost property values Encourage energy independence Create community-level resilience Allow participation in energy markets And ultimately, reshape how we generate, store, and use electricity Drawing from real-world scenarios and analogies to the mobile phone revolution, Sohail makes a compelling case that V2G could transform both the energy and transport sectors in ways we're only beginning to imagine. Please join to find more. Connect with Sohail Hasnie: Facebook @sohailhasnie X (Twitter) @shasnie LinkedIn @shasnie ADB Blog Sohail Hasnie YouTube @energypreneurs Instagram @energypreneurs Tiktok @energypreneurs Spotify Video @energypreneurs

In the summer of 1970, a truck driver's encounter with an ape-like creature walking upright on a mountain road sparked "Hibagon fever" across Japan, transforming the sleepy town of Saijo into ground zero for a five-year cryptid hunt complete with government-paid bounties, dedicated officials, and media chaos. Though the 1.6-meter tall, gorilla-bodied beast was never caught or photographed despite 29 official sightings, Hibagon's legacy lives on in the community it put on the map, with locals still believing their mysterious visitor is living peacefully somewhere deep in the mountains.Join the DARKNESS SYNDICATE for the ad-free version: https://weirddarkness.com/syndicateTake the WEIRD DARKNESS LISTENER SURVEY and help mold the future of the podcast: https://weirddarkness.com/surveyIN THIS EPISODE: Learning of other races and cultures has been something man has sought knowledge of ever since they first discovered other races and cultures existed. But that's the thing – you have to know those races and cultures existed in the first place. And there is one race known as the Oghar that very few know about – and it has been practically wiped from history. (Mystery of the Oghars) *** Lakes are often scenes of brutal crimes and dumping ground for murder victims, but you don't often hear of the lake itself being the murderer. But one lake killed 1,700 people… in a single night. (The Lake Exploded) *** Imagine moving into a new home only to realize it already has a resident ghost living there – but not only that, but the ghost enjoys having full-blown two-way conversations with you through the walls. (The Beastie In The Walls) *** In 1593, a Spanish soldier named Gil Pérez claimed he traveled over 9,000 miles in just a few seconds. Supposedly he disappeared in Manila and appeared in Mexico. Is there any truth to the story, or evidence to back up his claim? (The Man Who Teleported) *** If you are a fan of the Neverglades Mysteries series that I've been releasing once in a while on Creepypasta Thursdays, then you'll want to listen through the end of the Chamber of Comments because there's a little piece of news about the Neverglades you might like to hear. *** A strange sighting took place in 1970 in Hiroshima Prefecture – and the way it's described, it sounds like Japan might have it's very own Sasquatch! And now, decades later – that beast might save the town it was spotted in. (The Bigfoot of Hiroshima)CHAPTERS & TIME STAMPS (All Times Approximate)…00:00:00.000 = Show Open00:02:30.029 = Bigfoot of Hiroshima00:10:38.746 = Mystery of the Oghars00:18:22.669 = The Lake Exploded00:24:04.561 = Beastie In The Walls00:32:17.118 = The Man Who Teleported00:36:57.457 = Show CloseSOURCES AND RESOURCES FROM THE EPISODE…“The Bigfoot of Hiroshima” by Kohei Higashitani for The Asahi Shimbun: https://tinyurl.com/yxumxbju“Mystery of the Oghars” by Ellen Lloyd for Ancient Pages: https://tinyurl.com/y54y8pl8“The Lake Exploded” by Christina Skelton: https://tinyurl.com/y52q8l37“The Beastie In The Walls” posted at Fortean Ireland: https://tinyurl.com/y5bxyfx8“The Man Who Teleported” by Paolo Chua for Esquire Magazine: https://tinyurl.com/y3ez3aox=====(Over time links may become invalid, disappear, or have different content. I always make sure to give authors credit for the material I use whenever possible. If I somehow overlooked doing so for a story, or if a credit is incorrect, please let me know and I will rectify it in these show notes immediately. Some links included above may benefit me financially through qualifying purchases.)= = = = ="I have come into the world as a light, so that no one who believes in me should stay in darkness." — John 12:46= = = = =WeirdDarkness® is a registered trademark. Copyright ©2025, Weird Darkness.=====Originally aired: October 09, 2020EPISODE PAGE at WeirdDarkness.com (includes list of sources): https://weirddarkness.com/HiroshimaBigfootABOUT WEIRD DARKNESS: Weird Darkness is a true crime and paranormal podcast narrated by professional award-winning voice actor, Darren Marlar. Seven days per week, Weird Darkness focuses on all thing strange and macabre such as haunted locations, unsolved mysteries, true ghost stories, supernatural manifestations, urban legends, unsolved or cold case murders, conspiracy theories, and more. On Thursdays, this scary stories podcast features horror fiction along with the occasional creepypasta. Weird Darkness has been named one of the “Best 20 Storytellers in Podcasting” by Podcast Business Journal. Listeners have described the show as a cross between “Coast to Coast” with Art Bell, “The Twilight Zone” with Rod Serling, “Unsolved Mysteries” with Robert Stack, and “In Search Of” with Leonard Nimoy.DISCLAIMER: Ads heard during the podcast that are not in my voice are placed by third party agencies outside of my control and should not imply an endorsement by Weird Darkness or myself. *** Stories and content in Weird Darkness can be disturbing for some listeners and intended for mature audiences only. Parental discretion is strongly advised.#Cryptids #JapaneseFolklore #Bigfoot #UnexplainedMysteries #Japan

Một "cơn bão lớn" về chính trị đã càn quét Philippines, khi hàng trăm ngàn người dân đổ xuống đường phố Manila và nhiều thành phố lớn khác, tạo nên cuộc biểu tình quy mô lớn nhất kể từ khi Tổng thống Ferdinand Marcos Jr. nhậm chức. Sự kiện bùng nổ vào ngày 21 tháng 9, một ngày mang ý nghĩa lịch sử sâu sắc: kỷ niệm ngày cha ông, cố độc tài Ferdinand Marcos, ban hành thiết quân luật (1972) và bị cáo buộc tham nhũng tới $10 tỷ.

The infamous bout between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier III, billed as the Thrilla in Manila, is set to celebrate its 50-year anniversary. The 14-round fight is universally regarded as one of the most brutal clashes in the history of boxing. Boxing journalist Thomas Hauser joined Piney to discuss. LISTEN ABOVESee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

On October 1 1975, the third and final fight between bitter rivals Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier, known as the Thrilla in Manila, took place in the sweltering heat of the Philippines' capital. The bout went down in history as one of the most brutal and dramatic in boxing. Carlos Padilla, the match referee, tells Jay Behrouzi what it was like to watch the two heavyweight fighters push through exhaustion, and how he managed both corners as Ali and Frazier gave everything they had until the 14th round.Eye-witness accounts brought to life by archive and testimony. Sporting Witness is for those fascinated by sporting history. We take you to the events that have shaped the sports world through the eyes of the people who were there. For nine minutes, you become a fan in the stands as we take you back in time to examine memorable victories and agonising defeats from all over the world. You'll hear from people who have achieved sporting immortality, or those who were there as incredible sporting moments unfolded.Recent episodes explore the forgotten football Women's World Cup, the plasterer who fought a boxing legend, international football's biggest ever beating and the man who swam the Amazon river. We look at the lives of some of the most famous F1 drivers, tennis players and athletes as well as people who've had ground-breaking impact in their chosen sporting field, including: the most decorated Paralympian, the woman who was the number 1 squash player in the world for nine years, and the first figure skater to wear a hijab. You can learn all about fascinating and surprising stories, such as the tennis player who escaped the Nazis, how a man finally beat a horse in a race, and how the FIFA computer game was created.(Photo: Muhammad Ali (r) punches Joe Frazier (l) in the head during the seventh round of their boxing match. Referee Carlos Padilla (c) supervises the heavyweight match in 1975. Credit: Bettmann/Getty Images)

NEWS: Volleyball legend Leila Barros in Manila, promotes good governance, the environment | Sept. 28, 2025Subscribe to The Manila Times Channel - https://tmt.ph/YTSubscribe Visit our website at https://www.manilatimes.net Follow us: Facebook - https://tmt.ph/facebook Instagram - https://tmt.ph/instagram Twitter - https://tmt.ph/twitter DailyMotion - https://tmt.ph/dailymotion Subscribe to our Digital Edition - https://tmt.ph/digital Check out our Podcasts: Spotify - https://tmt.ph/spotify Apple Podcasts - https://tmt.ph/applepodcasts Amazon Music - https://tmt.ph/amazonmusic Deezer: https://tmt.ph/deezer Stitcher: https://tmt.ph/stitcherTune In: https://tmt.ph/tunein #TheManilaTimes#KeepUpWithTheTimes Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Rebecca Grant of Lexington Institute WITH GORDON CHANG explained China uses gray zone harassment strategy. The US counters by establishing agile defense "nodes" and adapting Army and Marine Corps doctrine to operate from small terrain features. 1921 MANILA

As of 2025, the city of Manila in the Philippines is the most densely populated place on Earth with 119,600 people per square mile. These statistics are staggering to say the least, but prior to this, one of the most densely populated places in history was the so-named Kowloon Walled City in Hong Kong. Roughly the size of four American football fields, this makeshift enclave boasted some 33,000 inhabitants and likely more. Tune in this week to find out how such a place came into being and what fate ultimately befell it, right here on the 'History Loves Company' podcast!

Dante’s neighborhood in Manila was prone to flooding. On rainy days, the little boy reached school by crossing a makeshift wooden bridge put up by a neighbor. “Mr. Tomas helped the community get around,” Dante said. “He’d guide me on the bridge, shielding me from the rain.” Years later, Dante joined a church north of Manila. Leo, his Bible study leader, mentored him. In a conversation about their childhoods, Dante discovered Leo was Mr. Tomas’ son! “There’s no such thing as coincidence,” Dante said. “God used the son of a man who’d blessed me to help me in my faith.” A woman from the town of Shunem also experienced God’s providence. In faith, she’d followed the prophet Elisha’s advice, leaving home to avoid a famine (2 Kings 8:1-2). In doing so, she’d forfeited her claim to her house and land. Now, at the exact moment she was seeking help from the king about this matter, the king just happened to be talking with Gehazi, Elisha’s servant, about her. Years earlier, Gehazi had seen the woman’s dead son raised to life. Now, Gehazi said, "This is the woman, my lord the king, and this is her son whom Elisha restored to life" (v. 5). The king then “assigned an official to her case” (v. 6) and returned her property. We’ll always experience God’s care especially when things may not go as we planned. Our sovereign God will help us.

Dr. Patricia Tan serves as Medical Director for Rusk Pediatrics Rehabilitation. Her Certification is from the American Board of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. She has been selected as a Fellow by the following organizations: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; American Academy of Pediatrics; American Academy of Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine; and the Association of Academic Physiatrists. Her medical degree is from the University of Santo Tomas in Manila, Philippines. Dr. Megan Conklin is Associate Director of Rusk Pediatric Therapy Services at NYU Langone. She works collaboratively with an interdisciplinary team across the spectrum of pediatric diagnoses from birth through the transition into adulthood. She has a Doctor of Physical Therapy degree, 20 years of clinical experience at NYU; and is certified as a clinical specialist in pediatric physical therapy by the American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties of the American Physical Therapy Association. Part 1 The discussion included the following topics: kinds of health problems and conditions treated; age range of patients; clinical guidelines and evidence-based treatment protocols used; holistic approaches to treatment; collaboration with families of patients; and composition of the health care team

Abbiamo sbagliato, ma abbassiamo i toni": questa la sostanza dell'intervento di Gianluca Rocchi nel corso di Open Var, il format di DAZN in cui, ogni settimana, vengono spiegate le decisioni arbitrali. Il designatore si è soffermato sugli episodi controversi di Napoli-Pisa e, soprattutto, su quelli di Verona-Juventus che tanto hanno fatto infuriare Tudor. Ne parliamo con Ivan Zazzaroni, direttore del Corriere dello sport. Milan agli ottavi di Coppa Italia: superato il Lecce, ora la testa va alla partita contro il Napoli di domenica sera. Con Carlo Pellegatti abbiamo invitato un grande ospite che di questa partita storica può dirci tanto: Roberto Donadoni. Intanto, a Manila, l'Italvolley di De Giorgio batte il Belgio e vola in semifinale mondiale dove incontrerà la Polonia. Commentiamo la partita di stamattina insieme a Matteo Piano, ex pallavolista e oggi talent di Rai Sport.

**Originally published on October 16, 2024**This replay features the brilliant Liza Adams - AI advisor, fractional CMO, and one of the top 50 CMOs to watch in 2024. We talked about her journey from Manila to Michigan, why gratitude fuels her leadership, and how she's spent 20+ years helping B2B tech companies elevate marketing from “tactical” to truly strategic.Liza's perspective on AI, trust, and building defensible moats is refreshing and practical - I left this convo inspired and with about ten new quotes for my wall.- Jane-----------In this episode of Women in B2B Marketing, host Jane Serra sits down with Liza Adams, AI advisor and fractional CMO. Liza shares how her engineering roots shaped her early entry into AI, and why she's passionate about marketing's role as a strategic driver of business growth (not just the “campaigns and events team”).This episode covers:Liza's journey from immigrant roots in the Philippines to tech executive in the U.S.Why marketing must reclaim its North Star: deep customer understandingThe three passions guiding her career: elevating marketing's strategic value, championing diverse voices, and using business as a force for goodPractical frameworks for evaluating product-market fit and building defensible moatsHow AI can shrink research cycles, spark alignment, and elevate marketers from tacticians to strategistsTrust as the ultimate differentiator - why “brand building” is really “trust building”Examples of how teams are using custom GPTs to boost productivity and decision-makingHer advice to CMOs in today's “pressure cooker” environmentLiza also shares the golden rule of modern marketing: be an amazing human first, then an amazing marketer. (yesssssss!!)Key Links:Guest: Liza Adams: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lizaadams/Host: Jane Serra: https://www.linkedin.com/in/janeserra/ Discussed in Episode:Disrupt or Be Disrupted: AI's Verdict on Your Product's DefensibilityCompetitive Defensibility Analyzer GPT––Like WIB2BM? Show us some love with a rating or review. It helps us reach more listeners.

Today on the Invest In Her podcast, host Catherine Gray talks with Erika Aquino, a global angel investor, strategic advisor, and passionate advocate for inclusive innovation. Born in the Philippines and rooted in her cultural heritage, Erika has invested in 26 startups across five countries including Manila, Miami, Singapore, Sydney, Berlin, and Austin. With a career that spans marketing, PR, global expansion, and even co-owning an award-winning craft beer company, she brings both boardroom expertise and deep empathy for founders. Erika's investment focus is on women and minority-led ventures driving impact in wellness, education, sustainable agriculture, and the future of work. In this episode, Catherine and Erika explore the power of aligning profit with purpose and how angel investing can be a form of activism that shifts access, equity, and opportunity. Erika shares her journey from building businesses to backing global, purpose-driven startups and movements, emphasizing the importance of storytelling and worldview in founder pitches. Listeners will gain insight into the rise of global-first investing, why emerging markets are the next frontier of innovation, and how underrepresented founders are undervalued assets shaping the future.   https://www.showherthemoneymovie.com www.sheangelinvestors.com    Follow Us On Social Facebook @sheangelinvestors Twitter (X) @sheangelsinvest Instagram @sheangelinvestors & @catherinegray_investinher LinkedIn @catherinelgray & @sheangels   #InvestInHer #FinancialWellness #WomenInFinance #FinancialEmpowerment #MoneyMindset #InclusiveFinance #FintechForGood #BehavioralEconomics #WealthBuilding #FinancialHealth #EmpowerWomen #MoneyMatters #SheAngelInvestors #InvestInYourself #FinancialFreedom  

This #coachbetter episode is another in our series of coaching case studies, with one of Kim's amazing clients, Nikki Hume, an elementary art specialist, and her coaching partner Amber Shortridge, a kindergarten teacher, both at the International School of Manila in the Philippines. While Nikki was in The Coach Certificate & Mentorship Program she coached Amber as one of the steps in Phase 3: Grow Community. These case study episodes are designed to share the story of a coach, and the development of their coaching program and practice in their unique setting.  In this conversation they talk about  How Nikki started her journey to instructional coaching What made Amber interested in being coached as a classroom teacher What their work together looked like and why it was impactful for Amber The coaching skills that Nikki developed throughout this process The outcome of their work together What Nikki and Amber think teachers and leaders need to know about coaching How Nikki grew so much in her coaching practice during The Coach Certificate and Mentorship Program Coaching and structured professional growth are very different, and this episode deeply unpacks the power and outcome of a true coaching experience. If you want to better understand the impact of coaching and see and feel what that looks like in person, this episode is for you! Find the show notes for this episode here. Let's Connect: Our website: coachbetter.tv EduroLearning on LinkedIn EduroLearning on Instagram EduroLearning on YouTube Subscribe to our weekly newsletter Join our #coachbetter Facebook group Learn with Kim Explore our courses for coaches Watch a FREE workshop Read more from Kim: Finding Your Path as a Woman in School Leadership (book) Fostering a Culture of Growth and Belonging: The Multi-Faceted Impact of Instructional Coaching in International Schools (chapter) The Landscape of Instructional Coaching in International Schools (chapter)

Scott McMahon tells Dawn Fraser from the RISK! podcast his story “Midnight in Manila,” about the time he was pulled into a nightmare of corruption, false rape charges, and five years in a Philippine jail.  Check out all of our Conversation Stories!

It's Part 2 of our back-to-back GTWM drop for the week with Mo, Alex and Mara putting their minds and mouths to the problems of our GTWM loves. Let's check out the calls:Caller #3 is Cassie who is 32yrs old from Manila.  Cassie wants us to rank the red flags of her prospective boyfriend.  When he tells her that one thing he likes about her is that she looks like she's 16, how red is that?Caller #4 is Nino who is 35yrs old from Indianapolis. Nino's wife cheated on him while he was abroad.  Now that they are divorced, she is asking him to give up the rights to their child and give it to the "new guy" because he cant afford the child support. Should he do it?Send more to the Philippines without overpaying. NALA gives you fast, secure transfers with some of the best exchange rates out there. Use promo code MoTwister when you ⁠downloadNALA⁠!Here's the NALA link: https://join.iwantnala.com/MoTwister

Hello Youtube Members, Patreons and Pacific War week by week listeners. Yes this was intended to be an exclusive episode to join the 29 others over on my Youtube Membership and Patreon, but since we are drawing to the end of the Pacific War week by week series, I felt compelled to make some special episodes to answer some of the bigger questions.   Hey before I begin I just want to thank all of you who have joined the patreon, you guys are awesome. Please let me know what other figures, events or other things you want to hear about in the future and I will try to make it happen.   So as you can see the title of this episode is, Why did the Japanese perform so many Atrocities during the Pacific War. Phewww, its honestly a difficult one to tackle, for there are countless reasons. I had a university professor who taught; ancient and modern Japanese history, history of the Japanese empire and the Pacific War. He actually answered this very question in a single lecture and in many ways I found it to be one of the most illuminating things I ever learnt about the Pacific War. To truly understand the reasons why they did such horrible things, you actually need to learn the general history of Japan, particularly the changes from Tokugawa, to Meiji, to Showa. I am going to do my very best, but I know many of you might be asking “what were the worst things they did?”, not everyone takes a special interest into such a niche part of history. May I recommend for those with strong stomachs “the knights of Bushido” by Edward Russel that covers pretty much all the atrocities of the Asia-Pacific War. For those of you who like darker things, check out Unit 731: Japan's Secret Biological Warfare in World War II by David Wallace and Peter Williams, absolute nightmare fuel.   I can't go through the entire history of Japan, but I think it's important to start off with the first Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. This was the first time the Empire of Japan fought a true war with a foreign nation, that being the Qing dynasty. At this point in time, there really emerged a sort of, to be blunt, race war. The Chinese had historically referred to the Japanese as “woren”, a racist term meaning dwarf. Now historically the Japanese had always revered the Chinese, kind of like in the way a little brother looks up to his big brother. In tokugawa Japan they would learn from the Chinese, but as the Meiji restoration began this dramatically changed. Japan watched as the Chinese were humiliating and abused by the western powers and failed to modernize. Meanwhile Japan emulated the best of the west, to modernize and become a great power themselves. In many ways, Japan saw itself become big brother and now China was little brother. The Meiji restoration had an element of nationalism built into it that would explode come the Show era. Japan for its entire history had this belief they were the “Yamato Race” dating back to the 6th century. Now while the Meiji restoration sought to emulate the west, they also emulated racism and propaganda, which in the 19th century was kind of a big deal. The Japanese government gradually began a long term campaign promoting the idea the Japanese, or Yamato people were superior to that of the other asian races. Who was the next big asian boy on the block? China, so it was inevitable they would direct a lot of racist attitudes towards the Chinese. During the first sino-japanese war, the Chinese, particularly Manchu had a habit of performing atrocities upon the Japanese. They would often cut off body parts of Japanese soldiers in grotesque manners and leave them to be found by their comrades. This was honestly a pretty typical thing of war in the region, but it did also have a racist element to it, the Chinese certainly saw the Japanese as lesser people. Just before the battle of Port Arthur, the Japanese found mutilated remains of the comrades, here is a passage from Makio Okabe who was there:   As we entered the town of Port Arthur, we saw the head of a Japanese soldier displayed on a wooden stake. This filled us with rage and a desire to crush any Chinese soldier. Anyone we saw in the town, we killed. The streets were filled with corpses, so many they blocked our way. We killed people in their homes; by and large, there wasn't a single house without from three to six dead. Blood was flowing and the smell was awful. We sent out search parties. We shot some, hacked at others. The Chinese troops just dropped their arms and fled. Firing and slashing, it was unbounded joy. At this time, our artillery troops were at the rear, giving three cheers [banzai] for the emperor.   The Japanese performed a massacre at Port Arthur, butchering perhaps up to 3000 Chinese civilians, some claim 10's of thousands and in full few of western war correspondents. It became a huge controversy that destroyed the image of the IJA internationally and hurt the Japanese governments efforts at riding themselves of unequal treaties with the western powers. The Japanese learnt a hell of a lesson and an Imperial Proclamation was made in 1894 stating that Japanese soldiers should make every effort to win the war without violating international laws. According to Japanese historian Yuki Tanaka, Japanese forces during the First Sino-Japanese War released 1,790 Chinese prisoners without harm, once they signed an agreement not to take up arms against Japan if they were released.   During the next major war the Japanese performed a dramatic 180, well at least to their enemy. During the Russo-Japanese War, over 80,000 Russian POWs were held by the IJA who were treated in accordance with the Hague conventions of 1899. The Japanese paid them for labor, housed them in conventional POW camps, made sure they received good medical treatment, ironically better than the Russians were capable of. The Japanese did all of this, making sure the foreign war correspondents wrote about it. It was a massive PR stunt in many ways. The Japanese were emulating how a world power should act, because they sought to be one. Meanwhile the Japanese swallowed their pride at being called yellow monkeys, as the prevalent Yellow Peril ideology was being pushed by Kaiser Wilhehelm and Tsar Nicholas II heavily. The Japanese treated the entire war like gentlemen and suffered horrific higher casualties than necessary because of it. But something many people don't take much notice of, because the IJA made sure of it, was they horrible treatment of the Chinese during the war.   Now the Russians in Manchuria looted, killed and raped many Chinese, pushed quite a bit by the Yellow Peril. The Chinese, certainly the Honghuzi bandits were working for the Japanese to attack them, so its not like they had no reasons. The IJA was more professional and had orders not to molest the Chinese, as they were helping the war effort, but this did not prevent it. The Japanese also looted, killed and raped Chinese. The Japanese would often wave it off as reprisals against potential spies. I only bring this up as it was very apparent, the Japanese treated the Russians much different than the chinese.   Fast forward to WW1, the Japanese had a battle against the Germans and Austro-Hungarians known in the west as the Siege of Tsingtau. The Japanese took up an identical methodology to the Russo-Japanese war with their approach to the Germans, but even took it a step further. After winning the siege, the Japanese seized nearly 5000 German POW's who were treated with a surreal amount of respect. They were brought back to Japan and housed for the rest of the war in 12 cities around Tokyo and Kumamoto. The POW's enjoyed humane treatment and a rather famous event occurred at the Bando camp where a large orchestra was formed of German POW's who toured the nation performing 100 concerts, lectures and plays. Evidence the Germans were treated well can be seen in the fact 170 prisoners never left Japan and sought wives and lives there. Now is this all a feel good love story, no, just like during the Russo-Japanese War, Japan was playing up the PR, for during WW1 they wanted official recognition as a world power and that of being racially equal to the whites.    Japan was officially recognized as a world power during the treaty of Versailles, but when Japan gave its racial equality proposal, President Woodrow Wilson of the US and Australian Prime Minister Billy Hughes refused to allow it to pass, even though they received majority votes. Now The Japanese had been for a lack of better words, fucked over, during the first sino-japanese war when the triple intervention of France, Germany and Russia stole away their war earning of the Liaodong peninsula. During the Russo-Japanese war, Theodore Roosevelt limited the Japanese war gains and now here after WW1 the Japanese received another humiliation. To the Japanese, it was the last straw and it was a major reason they went to war with the west, who they viewed, and honestly rightfully so, would never see them as equals.   Ompf, lot of history there, but now we come to the Showa era, which was molded by the feelings of the past decades.   In 1937 Japan and China enter an unofficial war that saw one of the worst wartime atrocities in human history, the rape of Nanjing. It began on December 13th of 1937, lasting 6 or so weeks seeing the murder of possibly 300,000 civilians and pows, the mass rape of 20,000 and untold hardship upon the Chinese people. The Japanese followed this up with numerous other massacres in China such as the Changjiao Massacre claiming possibly 30,000 Chinese civilian lives, the Alexandra Hospital Massacre killing 200 patients and medical staff in Hong Kong, the Laha Massacre on Ambon island where 300 members of the Gull force were executed, the Bangka island massacre where 60 Australian and British soldiers and 22 Australian nurses were murdered, the Parit Sulong massacre in Malay where 150 wounded Australian and Indian POW's were executed, the Bataan Death march where negligence and brutality took the lives of 650 Americans and perhaps a possible 18,000 Filipinos, the Manila massacres claiming the lives of perhaps 54,000 filipinos including women and children in the Philippines, the Balikpapan massacre in the dutch east indies taking the lives of 78 Dutch Civilians, I can keep going and going. Where the Japanese went, massacres and horrors occurred.    Again if you really want to delve into these stories check out “the knights of Bushido”.   The Japanese also had the infamous special units like 731, who conducted horrifying experiments on civilians and POWs like vivisectioning live people without anesthesia, testing biological and chemical weapons on live people, the freezing peoples to study frostbite treatment and giving people sexually transmitted diseases to study. Lt General Shiro Ishii's unit 731 deployed plague infested fleas, cholera, bubonic plague and other nasty weapons upon Chinese civilians killing perhaps up to 500,000. This was seen during the battle of Changde and famously during operation Sei-go also known as the Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign.    The Japanese also enacted the infamous “Sanko Sakusen / three all's policy : kill all, urn all, loot all” in retaliation to the Chinese communists Hundred regiments offensive in December of 1940. Sanctioned by Hirohito personally, it is thought this act resulted in the death of 2.7 million Chinese civilians. According to author Werner Gruhl 8 million Chinese civilian deaths could be attributable to the Japanese.     So then we come back to the big question, why? So now that I've covered the loose history for coherency sake I want to list here the largest reasons for the atrocities and by no means is this official categories or even all of them, I am simply stating kind of my top ones I guess you can say:   Treaties signed or not signed War strategy and indoctrination  Ultra-Nationalism and Racism Surrender & the Bastardization of the Bushido code The Brutality of the Japanese military Treaties signed or not signed   Yes its time to talk about treaties, yawn. Now I said previously Japan did sign the Hague Conventions of 1899 and would ratify them in 1907. The Hague conventions did contain laws for prisoners of war, protection of civilians. Alongside this, in 1894 an imperial proclamation was made stating Japanese soldiers should make every effort to win a war without violating international laws. More significantly Japan “signed” but unlike the majority of other world powers did not ratify the Geneva convention of 1929. Why? To be blunt, the geneva conventions did not really benefit the Japanese military from their point of view.   First the Japanese had a very specific perspective on surrendering, they simply did not do it, so they did not expect many of their soldiers to ever become POW's, so how would it benefit them to ratify such a thing? If they are not going to have many POW's, why would they burden themselves with upholding all the conventional laws for POW's they would obtain during war?  Another glaring reason involved aerial bombing. Many Japanese leaders, like Kanji Ishiwara, believed the home islands would be subjected to massive aerial bombing if a global war broke out. If Japan was subjected to aerial bombing and ratified the geneva convention, this meant they would have to take the pilots who were caught prisoner. The Japanese believed this would encourage further bombing. Lastly the convention had rules for POW treatment that literally contradicted how Japanese soldiers were treated by their own superiors. More about that in the last part about the military's brutality, but summarized, the Japanese army were abusive as hell and to sign such a thing would literally contradict how they did things.   Emperor Hirohito personally ratified a decision to remove certain constraints of the Hague Conventions when it came to the treatment of Chinese POW's in the directive of 5 August 1937. This notification advised staff officers to simply stop using the term "prisoners of war". They would refer to their enemy as bandits, guerillas and such, anything but soldiers so they would not have to take any prisoners, though they typically did not leave anyone alive in China regardless. The Geneva Convention exempted POWs of sergeant rank or higher from manual labor, and stipulated that prisoners performing work should be provided with extra rations and other essentials. The Japanese in the later half of the war would be starved of provisions and resources, thus its to no surprise they could not meet these demands, even if they sought to uphold them. I will note in 1942, Japan indicated they would “follow” the Geneva rules and would observe the Hague Convention of 1907 outlining the laws and customs of war. Yet this is like a verbal confirmation, it had no legal basis, something the Japanese particularly loved to do during the war.   According to Dr. William Skelton III, who produced a document entitled American Ex Prisoners of War for the U.S. Department of Veterans' Affairs, more POWs died at the hands of the Japanese in the Pacific theater and specifically in the Philippines than in any other conflict to date. For example in Germany, POWs died at a rate 1.2%. In the Pacific theater the rate was 37%. In the Philippines, POWs died at a rate of 40%.    Now these pieces of paper that were signed or not signed, what does this really matter when it comes to war, its obvious they were not upholding certain rules, but how did this quote en quote make them more brutal and perform more atrocities? Well here is the sticky thing, if you are part of the Japanese military and you know your nation did not ratify certain rules of war, this meant your enemy had no supposed legal basis to follow said rules against you either.    So I want you to think of two aspects of this. If your nation did not sign or ratify certain treaties, then you could not expect the enemy to respect such rules when it comes to you. But more importantly, what if the leader of your nation…just told you to believe that?    In early 1942, Great Britain, the United States of America and other great powers did officially let the Japanese know that they would, on their  part, observe all the provisions of the Convention and requested reciprocity. Japanese foreign minister at the time, Hideki Tojo gave a formal assurance that although Japan was not bound by the Geneva convention, the Japanese would apply it “mutatis mutandis” towards the Americans, British, Canadians, Australians and New Zealander POW's, note he most definitely did not extend this to the asiatic groups, nor the Dutch whom I guess he just forgot about. But this did morally bind Japan to comply with the convention. However the top brass of the Japanese military, notably Hideki Tojo in these cases, went out of his way to instill beliefs within the military as to what they should expect from the enemy. As you will see in the next points, this was basically a type of indoctrination.   War strategy and indoctrination    The leaders of Japan knew full well how unmatched they were in terms of resources and productivity before they began the war with the west. How could they possibly win the war? The IJN was dead set on a decisive naval battle, but for the IJA to compensate for their lack of resources, they believed their “spirit” would overcome the enemy. In many ways this spirit meant going above and beyond normal human endurance, to literally outperform the allies and notably to conduct the war with absolutely zero mercy. Once Japan lost the initiative in the war, after Guadalcanal, the IJA were forced to fight a war of attrition. Now they would prolong and exact maximum casualties upon the allies hoping to force them to the peace table. The idea was quite simple, the IJA would do everything possible to make the allies believe they would never give up and it would far too costly to defeat them. How does one go about achieving these aims? Well the IJA officers would tell you “by steeling your hearts”. To achieve all of this required extreme indoctrination.    Japanese children grew up in regimentation, they were desensitized to violence through tales of martial glory, and were taught that their purpose in life was to serve the emperor. Upon entering  military service, they were trained out of any individualistic spirit, and taught that compassion was a weakness and had no place in the field of war. The soldier's motto was faith equaled strength.  Faith being devotion to duty and service to the Divine Emperor. Apart from ideology and spiritual toughening, training in the Japanese Imperial Army was also extremely harsh and violent. This was not even particularly a special aspect of Showa Japan, it went all the way back to the Meiji era. From a young age children's education directed them, like a pipeline for military duty.   Now at the offset of the war, Hideki Tojo released the “Senjinkun” “instructions for the battlefield”. This was basically a manual for soldiers on how to conduct war. The document was used to establish standards of behavior for Japanese troops and improve discipline and morale within the Army, it also included things like a prohibition against being taken prisoner. It stated if you were captured by the enemy, because Japan did not sign or ratify certain treaties, you would be killed or tortured by the allies, and if you survived you and your family would face shame back home, and punishment resulting typically in 6 months of prison.   Here is a small excerpt from the document Those who know shame are weak. Always think of [preserving] the honor of your community and be a credit to yourself and your family. Redouble your efforts and respond to their expectations. Never live to experience shame as a prisoner. By dying you will avoid leaving a stain on your honor.   The purpose was basically psychological warfare, against their own army. Those like Hideki Tojo believed Japan could only defeat the resource rich Americans with spirit. Thus the manuals like Senjinkun demanded the forces not ever surrender, because the allies would do horrible things, it was shameful to do so and there were disciplinary actions for any who did. In 1942 the Army amended its criminal code to specify that officers who surrendered soldiers under their command faced at least six months imprisonment, regardless of the circumstances in which the surrender took place. This change attracted little attention, however, as the Senjinkun imposed more severe consequences and had greater moral force.   In a report dated June 1945, the U.S. Office of War Information noted that 84 percent of one group of interrogated Japanese prisoners, many of whom had been injured or unconscious when captured stated that they had expected to be killed or tortured by the Allies if taken prisoner. The OWI analysts described this as being typical, and concluded that fear of the consequences of surrender, “rather than Bushido,” was the motivation for many Japanese battle deaths in hopeless circumstances–as much as, and probably more than, the other two major considerations: fear of disgrace at home, and “the positive desire to die for one's nation, ancestors, and god-emperor.”   Something barely talked about in the west, was during the Pacific War, the Americans had a habit of taking human trophies. Human trophies were Japanese skulls, gold teeth, finger bones and such. The famous novel “With the Old Breed” by Eugene Sledge spoke of his personal accounts of these actions, its a rather gruesome and dark part of the war. Now some of these actions were publicized, despite the US military's efforts to quell and hush it down. Time magazine famously had an iconic photo of a woman whose enlisted boyfriend sent her home a Japanese skull. FDR also famously was given a letter opener carved out of Japanese bones. These stories were seized up greedily by the Japanese government who used them as propaganda to prove to their soldiers what would happen if they were captured. It had a profound effect as you can imagine. And this was not limited to Japanese soldiers. The propaganda machine would contribute at the end of the war to mass civilian suicides on Okinawa and Saipan.   Back to the POW subject. When it came to the treatment of POW's, Hideki Tojo began submitting in May of 1942 a series of memorandum, basic orders as to how POW's should be treated. “Prisoners of war can be used for the enlargement of our production and as military labor, white prisoners of war will be confined successively in Korea, Formosa and Manchuria. Superior technicians and high ranking officers -- Colonels and above -- will be included among the prisoners of war confined in Formosa. Those who are not suitable for use in enlargement of our production will be confined in prisoner of war camps which will be built immediately on the spot.Although the working of prisoner of war officers and warrant officers is forbidden by the Regulations of 1903, the policy of the control authorities is that under the situation of our country where not one person now eats without working they want them to set to work. It is desired that you give proper orders on this.The present situation of affairs in this country does not permit anyone to lie idle doing nothing but eating freely. With that in view, in dealing with prisoners of war, I hope you will see that they may be usefully employed. In Japan, we have our own ideology concerning prisoners of war, which should naturally make their treatment more or less different from that in Europe and America. In dealing with them, you should, of course, observe the various Regulations concerned, aim at an adequate application of them . . . At the same time, you must not allow them to lie idle doing nothing but eating freely for even a single day. Their labor and technical skill should be fully utilized for the replenishment of production, and contribution rendered toward the prosecution of the Greater East Asiatic War for which no effort ought to be spared."   Thus in the end as a grunt in the IJA you were led to believe: if I am captured I will be tortured, killed maybe turned into a letter opener, or someone will place my skull on their mantle. If I surrender and survive and make it back home, I will be severely punished and worst of all me and my family will be shamed. I could not expect any humanity from the enemy, because my nation did not sign or ratify treaties like the Geneva convention. More so, because my armies conduct was so unbelievably barbaric, I could only expect the very same from my enemy. It was a vicious cycle. You perform atrocities, expecting the enemy to do the same, and thus it just keeps perpetuating itself. Ultra-Nationalism and Racism   Now we spoke a little bit about the concept of the Yamato race, the Japanese were indoctrinated to believe they were a superior race and that their emperor was something akin to a living god. Until this war, the Japanese empire was on a hell of a winning streak going all the way back to the Meiji Era. For the first half of the Pacific war, the Japanese won nearly every battle. This led to something historians called “victory disease” that made them become somewhat arrogant and cocky, but it also made them feel “superhuman”. The allies' news reporting at the beginning of the war began to frantically refer to the Japanese as “supermen”or  “super jungle fighters”. Particularly because of the Malay campaign, the Japanese soldier just seemed to be tougher, could survive harsher jungle climates, even doing so with less food or war materials. The Japanese read the allied news reports and came to the conclusion that had been driven down their throats by their government, indeed the Japanese spirit was winning the war. The Japanese public ate this up in their propaganda and it perpetuated their ultra-nationalistic beliefs. The Japanese truly came to believe they were destined to rule the asia-pacific. Look at the results in China for example. Within a short amount of time they conquered much of China, though the public really had no idea how bad the China was bottled down by 1940. Then came the greater east asia co-prosperity sphere propaganda, which is an excellent example of their megalomania.    Yet alongside their ultra-nationalism, seen more strongly perpetuated against other Asian groups, the Japanese also indoctrinated their public with racism against them. The Yellow Peril of the 19th century and anti-japanese or anti-asian racism fueled the Japanese soldiers. The Japanese as a people had faced brutal racist hardships historically at the hands of the west, particularly from their point of view from America. There was the slights against them during the first sino-japanese war, the infamous triple intervention of france, germany and Russia stealing away their prize that was the liaodong peninsula. Then during the Boxer rebellion they faced racism, not being allowed to lead mutli national army formations, despite them being the lionshare of said military force. The Russo-Japanese war saw from their point of view, America stealing their war prizes. Last but not least, after WW1 they were told to their faces that they were a world power, but not racially equal. The Japanese faced anti-Japanese and anti-asian immigration laws when it came to America in the form of the gentleman's agreement and Australia's “great white Australia policy”. During the war, the American propaganda machine began pumping out racist caricatures of Japanese as rats, goggle eyed  bucktooth people, literal yellow monkey's.   For the IJA the pacific war in many was a holy war directed at the arrogant whites who had abused them for so long. This will probably sound controversial, but indeed, the pacific war was very much a race war. If you are not convinced of that, I recommend reading “War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War” by John Dower. The human trophy taking, anti-japanese bucktooth, rat people cartoon propaganda, history of racial abuse like the japanese concentration camps, the gentleman's agreement, the stealing of victories during the first sino-japanese war, russo-japanese war and ww1 all plagued the mind of a Japanese soldier. To them in many ways, the “whites had it coming”. Which is rather ironic given how the Japanese would treat the other asian racial groups they came into contact with. But such is the contradictory nature of the Imperial Japanese military.    The Japanese also held racist beliefs about the westerners. The Japanese soldiers were taught the allies were akin to demons or beasts. They were described often as “the hairy ones” or “anglo-American demons”. Taught these men would rape women and girls, stample upon the civilians they captured with the treads of their tanks. The marines were especially dreaded.  According to a story circulated widely among the Japanese on Saipan, all Marine Corps recruits were compelled to murder their own parents before being inducted into service. It was said that Japanese soldiers taken prisoner would suffer hideous tortures—their ears, noses, and limbs would be cut off; they would be blinded and castrated; they could also be cooked and fed to dogs. As silly as this may sound, do remember the Americans were taking human trophies so the Japanese propaganda machine had its evidence. Tons of photos of skulls atop american tanks for example were displayed to the Japanese public. Another famous one was the cartoon appearing in an American servicemen's magazine, which was later reproduced and translated in the Japanese press. It suggested the existence of “Japanese hunting licenses, promising open season on the enemy, complete with free ammunition and equipment—with pay!    In terms of how the Japanese exacted their own racism towards their fellow asians. During the War the Japanese dragged into forced labor, Koreans, Chinese and southeast asians. 670,000 Koreans were brought to Japan to work mines and heavy industry, around 60,000 of them died to harsh conditions. Between April 1943 to May 1945, 41,862 Chinese were sent to Japan to work, 2800 died before even reaching the home islands. 6872 died in the work sites again from brutal conditions. When it comes to southeast asian numbers are hard to pinpoint but its safe to say at least 300,000 Javanese, Malay, Burmese, Tamil and other groups were mobilized to construct the Burma-Siam railroad between October 1942 to november 1943 and 60,000 perished. This all went for the men, for the women, all those racial groups would face the horrors of becoming comfort women, historians estimate there could have been 50-200,000 pressed into it. But for the Japanese, believing their were superior to these other asiatic groups, groups whom they would publicly say were like children, they as the father figure would guide, well they simply abused them.   So in a contradictive fashion, the Japanese believed they were superior and could do horrible things to their Asian neighbors while simultaneously decrying the racism cast towards them by western powers as justification for their brutal actions against them. These types of feelings and perspectives molded the mind of the average Japanese soldier, dehumanizing others has always been a standard military practice afterall.    Surrender & the Bastardization of the Bushido code   I think this is one the vast majority of WW2 history buffs know, the Japanese perspective on surrender and the bushido code. In the book “military trials of war criminals in the Netherlands east indies 1946-1949” Fred Borch had this to say about the variable of bushido for the brutality   As Japan continued its modernization in the early 20th century, her armed forces became convinced that success in battle would be assured if Japanese soldiers, sailors, and airmen had the "spirit" of Bushido. ... The result was that the Bushido code of behavior "was inculcated into the Japanese soldier as part of his basic training." Each soldier was indoctrinated to accept that it was the greatest honor to die for the Emperor and it was cowardly to surrender to the enemy. ... Bushido therefore explains why the Japanese soldiers who were stationed in the NEI so mistreated POWs in their custody. Those who had surrendered to the Japanese—regardless of how courageously or honorably they had fought—merited nothing but contempt; they had forfeited all honor and literally deserved nothing. Consequently, when the Japanese murdered POWs by shooting, beheading, and drowning, these acts were excused since they involved the killing of men who had forfeited all rights to be treated with dignity or respect. While civilian internees were certainly in a different category from POWs, it is reasonable to think that there was a "spill-over" effect from the tenets of Bushido.   It is very true, the Japanese soldiers and sailors were taught Japan was a sacred nation. Traditional samurai values of bushido were merged with modern training and weaponry. The government propagandized the figure of the Emperor as a living god who embodied the Japanese state, the Kokutai. Emperor Hirohito and his family were the spiritual essence of Japan. To even show your back to the enemy let alone surrender was deemed cowardly and brought dishonor upon your family. As written by Inouye Jukichi in 1910, something read by many Japanese “The Japanese warriors looked upon it as shame to themselves not to die when their Lord was hard pressed . . . their own shame was the shame upon their parents, their family, their house and their whole clan, and with this idea deeply impressed upon their minds, the Samurai, no matter of what rank, held their lives light as feathers when compared with the weight they attached to the maintenance of a spotless name”.    Young men of Japan were taught that "The greatest honor is to die for the Emperor" Additionally precept the Japanese were taught that it is an ignominy to surrender to the enemy. The combined effect of these two precepts was to inculcate in the Japanese soldier a spirit of contempt for Allied soldiers who surrendered, which, in defiance of the rules of war, was demonstrated in their ill-treatment of prisoners. They made no distinction between the soldier who fought honorably and courageously up to an inevitable surrender, and the soldier who surrendered without a fight. All enemy soldiers who surrendered under any circumstance were to be regarded as being disgraced and entitled to live only by the tolerance of their captors.   Surrender was unforgivable under their code, drilled into them through the Imperial Japanese education system and military. When the Japanese would come across vast swathes of the enemy surrendering, particularly if the enemy used up all their ammunition killing their comrades and then surrendered, well it added fuel to their brutality. One only needs to look at the deaths due to Banzai charges, take for example the incredibly massive one at the battle of Saipan seeing around 4000 dead Japanese. IJA officers brought ancestral katana's to the war, the Japanese cut off the heads of the enemies as it was seen to be honorable. When faced with death, many chose to commit seppuku, the bushido propaganda was intense.    A brutal practice emerged in the Pacific island hopping campaign, whereupon wounded Japanese would pretend to be dead or surrender only to explode grenades upon allied forces coming closer. This began to be noticed by US marines during the battle of Guadalcanal and Australians in New Guinea. This began a vicious cycle . There were of course Japanese who would surrender. Hell the Koreans forced into service often did try to surrender, but they would all be hampered by something. Because of the actions of those Japanese feinted death and taking down allied soldiers with them, the allied soldiers gradually began a practice of not bothering to accept surrender. It became a self fulfilling prophecy. Many Japanese made the allies believe all they could expect was a grenade death, thus the allies became more brutal to them. This simply led the Japanese to conclude their government was accurate about how the allies would treat them, so more and more did not surrender. An absolutely horrible cycle that went on to the very end of the war, though the allies did figure out means to get Japanese to surrender more in the last year.    The Brutality of the Japanese military   I think this is probably one of the most important factors, and its also one the “normies” would not know as much about. The Imperial Japanese military, more so the Army, had what I can only describe as a built in system of abuse. As described to me by the same university professor I keep bringing up in podcasts, picture a literal pecking order. Going from the highest ranked general to the very bottom grunt. Imagine each one who is higher than the other, routinely physically abuses them. For example, it was very typical for a colonel to slap a major across the face, the major would then strike one of his captains, and the abuse would continue through the ranks to the grunts who would have no one to abuse, thus they turned to POW's or civilian populations. This was not just an accepted part of the Japanese Imperial Army it was indoctrinated.    From day one of basic training, IJA officers taught their men, races like the Chinese were their blood enemies and racially inferior. These were people the Japanese would rule over one day. The trainers would toss the boys into rigorous training activities involving physical violence towards another alongside the notion any orders given by a higher ranking officer was infallible and to be treated as if the divine emperor himself, the living god was giving it.    The Japanese army even taught methods of torture that would be employed in all areas they occupied. Among these tortures were the water treatment, burning, electric shocks, the knee spread, suspension, kneeling on sharp instruments and flogging. The Kempetai, were the ones doing the lionshare of these tortures. Other Army and Navy units, however, used the same methods as the Kempetai. Camp guards performed similar methods, local police forces organized by the Kempetai in the occupied territories also applied the same methods of torture. The Kempetai were administered by the War Ministry, trained at specialized schools who were maintained and operated by the War Ministry in Japan. Thus the conduct of Kempetai and the camp guards directly reflected the policy of the War Ministry.    The Japanese army leadership made sure recruits were physically and mentally abused, they were given strenuously duty tasks and pushed to their absolute limit. During the war given where they were deployed, take guadalcanal for example, the Japanese soldiers would be facing starvation as well. Being half starved, beaten and suffering the effects of war would drive anyone to perform horrifying acts. The life of a Japanese solider was simply at the whims of an extremely toxic management culture. The lowest ranking echelons received the lionshare of abuse and they took out their frustration with whomever they could find deemed lower than them, ie: POW's, civilians, etc.   All of these variables combined contributed to the creation of a military willing to perform just about any atrocity they thought necessary to win the war. It was a war they could not hope to win, but many of them went to their deaths trying to defeat the hands of fate. There are countless other reasons of course for the atrocities committed in cold or hot blood. Countless books have been written on this subject, please do check out the few I mentioned. With that again, a big thanks to you patreons, you guys are awesome. Please let me know what you think in the comments, and what you want to hear more about in the future. This has been the pacific war channel over and out.

Today we have the September 23, 1945, edition of CBS World News Today. It includes news, analysis and updates on the war and its aftermath, with reports from Manila, London, Rome, Paris, Washington, and New York. It is the final edition of this version of CBS's World News Today.Visit our website at BrickPickleMedia.com/podcasts. Subscribe to the ad-free version at https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/worldwar2radio/subscribe.

What if every twist, detour, and messy chapter in your life isn't a setback, but rather an upward spiral guiding you closer to your true self?

- Chủ trì phiên họp thứ Nhất, Ban chỉ đạo Trung ương về chính sách nhà ở và thị trường bất động sản, Thủ tướng Phạm Minh Chính yêu cầu chấn chỉnh việc găm hàng, đội giá, làm méo mó thị trường bất động sản.- Siêu bão Ragasa giật cấp 17 đang tiến gần Biển Đông. Thủ tướng Chính phủ yêu cầu các bộ, ngành và địa phương chủ động triển khai biện pháp phòng chống ở mức cao nhất. Tại Philippine, chính quyền đã ra lệnh đóng cửa trường học và công sở ở Manila cùng 29 tỉnh, trong khi Trung Quốc cũng triển khai các biện pháp ứng phó với cơn bão này.- Cho ý kiến về dự án Luật Bảo hiểm tiền gửi (sửa đổi), Ủy ban Thường vụ Quốc hội yêu cầu tạo hành lang pháp lý rõ ràng để bảo vệ tốt hơn quyền lợi của người gửi tiền.- Kim ngạch xuất nhập khẩu nửa đầu tháng 9 này đạt trên 39 tỷ USD, đưa tổng kim ngạch xuất khẩu cả nước tính từ đầu năm đến nay vượt 637 tỷ USD.- Tổng thống Syria Ahmad al-Sharaa đã tới New York, Mỹ để tham dự Đại hội đồng Liên hợp quốc. Đây là lần đầu tiên kể từ năm 1967, một Tổng thống Syri tham dự sự kiện quan trọng này. - Israel tiếp tục tấn công thành phố Gaza khiến ít nhất 60 người Palestine thiệt mạng. Trong khi đó, Liên minh hơn 60 tổ chức hòa bình kêu gọi công nhận Nhà nước Palestine.

Theo một báo cáo của tổ chức Sáng kiến ​​Minh bạch Hàng hải Châu Á AMTI, thuộc Trung tâm Nghiên cứu Chiến lược và Quốc tế CSIS ( Mỹ), được công bố ngày 22/08/2025, Việt Nam đã mở rộng đáng kể hoạt động xây dựng đảo tại các khu vực mà Hà Nội tuyên bố chủ quyền thuộc quần đảo Trường Sa ở Biển Đông. Theo báo cáo, những hoạt động này của Việt Nam “sẽ nhanh chóng ngang bằng, thậm chí có thể vượt qua” quy mô hoạt động tương tự của Trung Quốc tại khu vực đó. Các ảnh vệ tinh gần đây cho thấy, kể từ đầu năm nay, Việt Nam đã mở rộng hoạt động xây dựng đảo trên 8 thực thể, cụ thể là đã tiến hành nạo vét và san lấp tại Bãi Tốc Tan ( Alison Reef ), Đá Cô Lin ( Collins Reef ), Đá Đông ( East Reef ), Đá Len Đao ( Lansdowne Reef ) và Đá Núi Thị ( Petley Reef ). Như vậy là toàn bộ 21 bãi đá và bãi cạn lúc triều thấp mà Việt Nam chiếm hữu trong quần đảo Trường Sa hiện đã được mở rộng để bao gồm cả đất nhân tạo, trong khi bốn năm trước phần lớn chỉ là các công trình bê tông cốt thép biệt lập.  Báo cáo cho biết hoạt động mở rộng mới cũng đã bắt đầu tại những đảo nhân tạo cỡ trung đã được xây dựng trong các đợt nạo vét trước đó: Đảo An Bang ( Amboyna Cay), Đảo Sinh Tồn Đông ( Grierson Reef ) và Đá Tây ( West Reef ). Theo báo cáo, "tính đến tháng 3 năm 2025, Việt Nam đã tạo ra khoảng 70% diện tích đất nhân tạo ở quần đảo Trường Sa so với Trung Quốc". Việc cải tạo tại tám thực thể mới này gần như đảm bảo rằng Việt Nam "sẽ ngang bằng - và có thể vượt qua - quy mô xây dựng đảo của Bắc Kinh."  Theo báo cáo của AMTI, các hình ảnh cho thấy cơ sở hạ tầng, bao gồm các container chứa đạn dược, đang bắt đầu xuất hiện trên các rạn san hô mà Việt Nam tuyên bố chủ quyền, những nơi mà công việc nạo vét sắp hoàn tất, chẳng hạn như Bãi Thuyền Chài ( Barque Canada ), Đá Lớn ( Discovery Great Reef ), Đá Lát ( Ladd Reef ), Đảo Nam Yết ( Namyit Reef ), Đảo Phan Vinh ( Pearson Reef ), Đảo Sơn Ca ( Sand Cay ) và Đá Tiên Nữ ( Tennent Reef ).  Việt Nam chưa đưa ra bình luận công khai nào về hoạt động cải tạo mới nhất của mình, một sự im lặng phù hợp với cách tiếp cận kín đáo của Hà Nội ở Biển Đông. Trả lời RFI Việt ngữ ngày 27/08/2025, nhà nghiên cứu về Biển Đông Hoàng Việt nhận định: “Về chuyện này có vẻ chắc chắn là Việt Nam không bao giờ lên tiếng. Năm trước, Việt Nam đã bồi lấp và mở rộng, năm nay họ cũng đang làm như vậy thì tôi nghĩ cũng là hợp lý, bình thường thôi. Hiện nay, tất cả các công trình đó, theo AMTI, đã bằng 70% so với Trung Quốc. Có lẽ Việt Nam sẽ là một đối thủ quan trọng đối với Trung Quốc. Điều này đối với Việt Nam có thể là vừa có lợi và có hại. Cái lợi là Việt Nam có thể chống đỡ được khá nhiều với Trung Quốc, có thể mở rộng và cạnh tranh với Trung Quốc. Nhưng mặt khác, có thể Trung Quốc sẽ có phản ứng, thì Việt Nam cũng phải hứng chịu. Trên khu vực Biển Đông thì chúng ta biết quan điểm Trung Quốc từ xưa đến nay: Bao giờ họ cũng khẳng định toàn bộ Biển Đông đều thuộc chủ quyền của Trung Quốc. Trung Quốc cũng không dựa trên cái gì cả, mà chỉ dựa trên cái gọi là đường chín đoạn, chiếm khoảng chừng 80% Biển Đông. Và gần đây thì họ còn mở rộng hơn rất nhiều. Theo thông tin của Mỹ, họ đã mở rộng đến khoảng 90% Biển Đông.  Việt Nam cùng với nhiều quốc gia khác ở Đông Nam Á cũng đã đòi những vùng biển thuộc về họ, nhưng có lẽ chỉ có Việt Nam là tập trung sức lực và đủ sức cạnh tranh với Trung Quốc trên Biển Đông.  Trung Quốc nói là không ai có quyền mở rộng Biển Đông ngoài họ, nhưng Trung Quốc không có cơ sở pháp lý nào hết, bởi vì từ những năm 1935, Trung Quốc còn chưa nghĩ tới chuyện đi buôn xa hơn và một số bản đồ của nhà Thanh cũng cho thấy Trung Quốc chỉ ở trong vùng phụ cận thôi chứ không có đi ra xa. Có lẽ sau này Trung Quốc cảm thấy những đảo này cần thiết, cho nên họ tìm mọi cách để đưa vào trong bản đồ, trong sách lịch sử cho trẻ con học, khiến cho người dân Trung Quốc cảm thấy Biển Đông là của họ, mặc dù họ không có bằng chứng nào cả và thậm chí bằng chứng của họ đã bị tòa án quốc tế năm 2016 ra phán quyết bác bỏ trong vụ Philippines kiện Trung Quốc năm 2013.  Tuy nhiên chúng ta thấy rằng là Trung Quốc chưa bao giờ từ bỏ đường lưỡi bò. Gần đây, bản đồ của họ còn vẽ thêm thành 10 đoạn chứ không phải 9 đoạn, với một đoạn ở khu vực Đài Loan nữa. Họ vẫn cho thấy luật pháp quốc tế không là cái gì cả.” Báo cáo mới của AMTI được đưa ra trong bối cảnh căng thẳng gia tăng giữa Trung Quốc và Philippines trên Biển Đông. Gần đây nhất, vào tháng 7, ở phía bắc quần đảo Trường Sa gần Bãi cạn Scarborough, một tàu khu trục của hải quân Trung Quốc đã va chạm với một tàu Hải cảnh Trung Quốc khi các tàu này đang quấy rối một tàu của lực lượng tuần duyên Philippines trong vùng biển tranh chấp.  Các nhà phân tích được kênh truyền hình Mỹ CNN trích dẫn ngày 29/08 cho rằng các xung đột giữa Trung Quốc và Philippines có thể đã tạo cho Việt Nam "một vỏ bọc tuyệt vời" cho hoạt động xây dựng trên các đảo mà họ kiểm soát. Collin Koh, nghiên cứu viên tại Trường Nghiên cứu Quốc tế S. Rajaratnam (RSIS) ở Singapore, ghi nhận:  “Hiện tại, phần lớn sự chú ý của Trung Quốc đang hướng về Philippines, và họ muốn duy trì một mặt trận ổn định với các đối thủ Đông Nam Á khác ở Biển Đông”. Ray Powell, giám đốc của SeaLight, một dự án minh bạch hàng hải tại Trung tâm Đổi mới An ninh Quốc gia Gordian Knot, thuộc Đại học Stanford, đồng tình với nhận xét của Collin Koh:  “Dường như Bắc Kinh đã tính toán rằng nên giữ Philippines cô lập khỏi các bên có tuyên bố chủ quyền khác ở Biển Đông hơn là ngăn cản Việt Nam đạt được những bước tiến đáng kể về lãnh thổ”.  Thật ra thì Trung Quốc đã có lên tiếng phản đối Việt Nam về những hoạt động xây dựng đảo theo như báo cáo của AMTI. Ngày 25/08, phát ngôn viên bộ Ngoại Giao Trung Quốc Ông Quách Gia Khôn tuyên bố: "Quần đảo Nam Sa (Trường Sa) là lãnh thổ cố hữu của Trung Quốc và Trung Quốc kiên quyết phản đối các hoạt động xây dựng của các quốc gia liên quan trên các đảo và rạn san hô bị chiếm đóng trái phép, đồng thời sẽ thực hiện các biện pháp cần thiết để bảo vệ chủ quyền lãnh thổ và quyền hàng hải của mình."  Như vậy là sau báo cáo của AMTI, Biển Đông có thể sẽ khiến quan hệ Việt - Trung căng thẳng trở lại, trong lúc bang giao giữa hai nước đang trong giai đoạn nồng ấm. Tuy vậy, các nhà phân tích như Collin Koh, nghiên cứu viên cao cấp tại Trường Nghiên cứu Quốc tế S. Rajaratnam ở Singapore, cho rằng chỉ riêng quy mô của những đảo nhân tạo này sẽ không làm thay đổi cán cân chiến lược của khu vực. Theo các nhà quan sát, Hà Nội có thể sẽ coi các hoạt động nói trên là mang tính phòng thủ, củng cố các thực thể mà họ đã chiếm hữu để đáp trả nhiều năm mà Trung Quốc quân sự hóa các đảo mà Bắc Kinh đang kiểm soát. Nhà nghiên cứu Hoàng Việt cũng có nhận định tương tự:   “Chúng ta biết Việt Nam là một quốc gia kiên trì đấu tranh ở Biển Đông từ rất lâu. Nhiều năm trước, những năm 1980, Việt Nam cũng đã chịu nhiều áp bức từ phía Trung Quốc. Thế nhưng Việt Nam vẫn cố gắng và vẫn nghĩ có đầy đủ bằng chứng lịch sử, pháp lý để khẳng định chủ quyền của mình trên các đảo này. Cho nên Việt Nam hết sức bảo vệ. Hiện nay, quần đảo Hoàng Sa thì Việt Nam không thể giữ được nữa, nhưng ở quần đảo Trường Sa thì Việt Nam đã giữ khá nhiều cơ sở ở đó. Theo những con số mà của AMTI đưa ra,  phía Việt Nam cũng đã mở rộng rất nhiều và thứ nhất là sẽ khiến cho ngư dân Việt Nam an tâm hơn. Khi đánh bắt xa bờ, nếu có chuyện gì thì họ có thể quay về trở về để tránh bão. Thứ hai, Việt Nam cũng nghĩ rằng những công trình xây dựng trên biển hay bị hư hại, không giống như trên đất liền, cho nên Việt Nam cũng phải sửa chữa. Và thứ ba là Việt Nam cũng muốn thể hiện cho Trung Quốc thấy rằng Việt Nam mạnh mẽ nhắc đến chủ quyền. Tôi nghĩ rằng nếu chúng ta có đủ bằng chứng, đủ căn cứ pháp lý để xây dựng, thì tại sao không xây dựng?”   Tuy nhiên, theo nhật báo Hồng Kông South China Morning Post ngày 27/08, các nhà phân tích cảnh báo rằng việc Việt Nam mở rộng hoạt động xây dựng đảo ở Trường Sa “có thể làm gia tăng căng thẳng trong nội bộ ASEAN, khi các quốc gia thành viên và các bên có yêu sách đối nghịch nhau tìm cách cân bằng giữa tranh chấp chủ quyền với sự đoàn kết, thống nhất trong khối." Ngoài Việt Nam, các thành viên ASEAN khác là Philippines, Malaysia và Brunei đều có các tuyên bố chủ quyền đối lập, trong khi Bắc Kinh khẳng định chủ quyền đối với gần như toàn bộ Biển Đông.  South China Morning Post trích dẫn ông Tô Minh Sơn, nghiên cứu sinh tiến sĩ tại Đại học Quốc gia Úc, chuyên nghiên cứu về quan hệ quốc tế Đông Nam Á: cho biết: "Hà Nội sẽ kết hợp điều đó với việc ủng hộ các cuộc đàm phán về Công ước Liên Hiệp Quốc về Luật Biển (UNCLOS) và về Bộ quy tắc ứng xử  trên Biển Đông (COC), cùng với việc quản lý song phương một cách kín đáo với các bên có yêu sách khác, đồng thời duy trì các kênh liên lạc với Trung Quốc".  Ông Tô Minh Sơn nói thêm, mặc dù hoạt động nạo vét của Việt Nam "sẽ khiến việc truyền tải thông điệp của ASEAN trở nên khó khăn hơn [...] nhưng nó sẽ không chia rẽ khối này". Đồng thời ông lưu ý rằng các bên yêu sách khác như Philippines cũng tập trung vào hành vi của Trung Quốc. Việc thắt chặt quan hệ giữa Hà Nội và Manila - bao gồm đường dây nóng của lực lượng bảo vệ bờ biển và các giao thức phòng ngừa sự cố - có thể giúp cả hai quốc gia quản lý tốt các yêu sách chồng chéo, đồng thời thể hiện một mặt trận thống nhất hơn đối với Trung Quốc.  Còn theo nhận định của ông Vũ Lâm, một nhà phân tích chính sách và quan sát viên ASEAN, cũng được South China Morning Post trích dẫn, nhìn chung, Việt Nam “không muốn làm xáo trộn mối quan hệ với ASEAN, vốn vẫn là một trong những thành tựu về chính sách đối ngoại quan trọng nhất mà họ đã đạt được trong lịch sử gần đây".  Đối với chuyên gia Biển Đông Hoàng Việt, phản ứng của các bên tranh chấp khác trong khối Đông Nam Á sẽ chỉ có mức độ nào đó thôi: Chúng ta biết là giữa các nước Đông Nam Á vừa có hợp tác, vừa có đấu tranh. Có những điều mà chúng ta có thể hợp tác được, nhưng cũng có những điều mà chúng ta phải đấu tranh với nhau, như Philippines cũng có những cái đấu tranh với Việt Nam. Đương nhiên là giữa các quốc gia nhỏ thì nói chuyện dễ dàng hơn. Thực ra việc bồi lấp một số đảo này có lẽ không phải là vấn đề quá quan trọng. Việt Nam cũng đã bằng lòng với nhiều quốc gia rồi. Hiện nay cũng thấy ít quốc gia lên tiếng. Tôi nghĩ rằng cũng sẽ có một số quốc gia phản đối, nhưng phản đối có mức độ thôi, chứ còn đáng lo ngại nhất vẫn là từ phía  Bắc Kinh. Trung Quốc vẫn quen làm trùm khu vực rồi. Họ lớn, họ mạnh, cho nên họ là luật quốc tế. Thế nhưng quan trọng nhất là Trung Quốc lại không có cơ sở hợp lý để bảo vệ chủ quyền của họ trên Biển Đông. Trung Quốc đưa ra những lập luận hết sức là mơ hồ và trái với luật pháp quốc tế, như là đường 9 đoạn. Thế nhưng, việc này đã được đưa ra tòa  án quốc tế một lần rồi và nếu các quốc gia tiếp tục đưa ra tòa thì Trung Quốc cũng sẽ bị những phán quyết tương tự như vậy.  Trung Quốc nghĩ rằng làm mạnh như vậy thì họ có thể làm thay đổi cả thế giới. Tôi nghĩ sẽ khó đấy. Sức mạnh là sức mạnh, nhưng không phải lúc nào muốn là làm được, mà luật pháp quốc tế có giá trị của nó.”

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Locked in a vault 14,000 kilometers from Manila lies a 16th-century manuscript that survived a Nazi bomb: the Boxer Codex. Created in 1590 through an unlikely collaboration between Spanish colonizers, Chinese artists, and Filipino informants, its vibrant illustrations offer the most detailed visual record of our ancestors—from tattooed Visayan warriors to gold-draped Tagalog nobles—before colonialism transformed their world. Join us as we trace the codex's incredible journey across three continents and explore how this accidental colonial record has become a powerful, and controversial, tool for reclaiming Filipino identity today.

OPINION: Manila's transport woes | Sept. 19, 2025Subscribe to The Manila Times Channel - https://tmt.ph/YTSubscribe Visit our website at https://www.manilatimes.net Follow us: Facebook - https://tmt.ph/facebook Instagram - https://tmt.ph/instagram Twitter - https://tmt.ph/twitter DailyMotion - https://tmt.ph/dailymotion Subscribe to our Digital Edition - https://tmt.ph/digital Check out our Podcasts: Spotify - https://tmt.ph/spotify Apple Podcasts - https://tmt.ph/applepodcasts Amazon Music - https://tmt.ph/amazonmusic Deezer: https://tmt.ph/deezer Stitcher: https://tmt.ph/stitcherTune In: https://tmt.ph/tunein #TheManilaTimes#KeepUpWithTheTimes Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

BGVV-1632_Quán Thông Động Loạn_Manila_17-04-1983Vô Vi Podcast-Vấn ĐạoVô Vi Podcast-Bài GiảngVô Vi Podcast-Nhạc Thiền

Today we have the September 16, 1945, edition of CBS World News Today. It includes news of the surrender of Japanese forces in Hong Kong, along with other analysis and updates on the war and its aftermath, with reports from Tokyo, Manila, London, Paris, Rome, Washington, and New York.Visit our website at BrickPickleMedia.com/podcasts. Subscribe to the ad-free version at https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/worldwar2radio/subscribe.

In this episode: A new finance minister, a cabinet reshuffle, the Nation's Conscience Movement, Thaksin detained, Anti-elite movements from Kathmandu to Manila, deadly floods in Bali and Freeport workers trappedFor a free trial of Reformasi newsletter, go to reformasi.info   Read Erin's newsletter Dari Mulut Ke Mulut here: https://darimulut.substack.com/It takes a lot of money to run a podcast. You need subscription fees for hosting, audio recording services, editor's salary and music licensing. Luckily, you, estemeed listeners of Reformasi Dispatch podcast can help us.You can donate to us on buymeacoffee.com/reformasi and help us grow!

#657 And other weighty questions.

Bonuses don't end with just the one, as we have yet another fascinating character to introduce to the Background family. What does ageing actually mean in dance? To tackle an issue haven't discussed on this platform, we spoke to a fellow Asian born - Sharon Brach.  Sharon is a highly versatile dancer, instructor, and choreographer on the back of a distinguished career that spans Asia, the US, and Europe. After rigorous training in Manila, she graced prominent stages and appeared on television before moving to the United States, where she refined her artistry at STEPS on Broadway and the Broadway Dance Center. She joined the faculty of the Shirley Martin Dance Company in Los Angeles, taught multiple genres, and coached competitive teams at renowned studios including Bodies in Motion NY, ACT 1 School of Dance, and Dance Arts. Brach is the founder of the Kulmbach Dance Center in Bavaria, Germany, where she also works as a teacher and choreographer. As an author, Brach has self-published several children's books, many of which are bilingual editions to help with English as a Second Language (ESL).Not often do we come across Asians making it in Europe and who also offer such depth to their career outlooks. If you're ever feeling a little too old to dance, think again! Welcome to Bonus Episode 2 of Season 3, Growing Older, Dancing Deeper.Sharon BrachKulmbach Dance CenterUnicorn Books Soundtracks:Background Music Soft Calm - lNPLUSMUSICBirds - Tyler Twombly Poison Ivy Yard Work - Uncle Milk Support the showLike our offers? S2 Summer SALE! Check out our new Dance Masterclass YouTube review Sign up for Dance Masterclass Choreographing Your Dance Career by Janaea Rose Lyn Try Nord VPN Like what we do? Help us grow by Visiting The Background Dancer YouTube Channel Rate and review here Email me at backgrounddancer.jy@gmail.com Answer a survey Sign up here to receive future updates Leave a thought on Facebook and Instagram Join the Facebook group and introduce yourself as a member of our community

On 15 September 1935, following the introduction of the Nuremberg Laws in Nazi Germany, seven-year-old Lotte Hershfield and her family left their home in Breslau, which was part of Germany and is now known as Wroclaw in Poland. Their journey took them across continents by ship, train and on horse and cart.They eventually arrived in Manila, the capital of the Philippines, one of the few places welcoming Jewish refugees fleeing persecution. As they rebuilt their lives, Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbour and, soon after, invaded the Philippines. When United States forces eventually reclaimed the islands, Lotte and her family once again packed up their lives, this time settling in Baltimore, Maryland.Now aged 94, Lotte has been sharing the memories of her life in Manila with Megan Jones. Eye-witness accounts brought to life by archive. Witness History is for those fascinated by the past. We take you to the events that have shaped our world through the eyes of the people who were there. For nine minutes every day, we take you back in time and all over the world, to examine wars, coups, scientific discoveries, cultural moments and much more. Recent episodes explore everything from the death of Adolf Hitler, the first spacewalk and the making of the movie Jaws, to celebrity tortoise Lonesome George, the Kobe earthquake and the invention of superglue. We look at the lives of some of the most famous leaders, artists, scientists and personalities in history, including: Eva Peron – Argentina's Evita; President Ronald Reagan and his famous ‘tear down this wall' speech; Thomas Keneally on why he wrote Schindler's List; and Jacques Derrida, France's ‘rock star' philosopher. You can learn all about fascinating and surprising stories, such as the civil rights swimming protest; the disastrous D-Day rehearsal; and the death of one of the world's oldest languages.(Photo: Lotte Hershfield. Credit: Lotte Hershfield)

Los más de tres siglos de dominio de España en las Filipinas llegaron a su fin en 1898, cuando EE. UU. destruyó la flota española y tomó Manila con el apoyo de los insurrectos filipinos.

Captain James Fanell NATO Article 4 Invoked Amidst Russian Drones, China's South China Sea AggressionCaptain James Fanell discusses NATO's Article 4 invocation after Russian drones entered Polish airspace during Zapad exercises, potentially testing defenses. He also details China's escalating aggression in the South China Sea, where its navy chased a Philippine vessel near Scarborough Shoal. The "poly crisis" necessitates increased US defense spending and alliances. 1921 MANILA

Last time we spoke about the surrender of Japan. Emperor Hirohito announced the surrender on August 15, prompting mixed public reactions: grief, shock, and sympathy for the Emperor, tempered by fear of hardship and occupation. The government's response included resignations and suicide as new leadership was brought in under Prime Minister Higashikuni, with Mamoru Shigemitsu as Foreign Minister and Kawabe Torashiro heading a delegation to Manila. General MacArthur directed the occupation plan, “Blacklist,” prioritizing rapid, phased entry into key Japanese areas and Korea, while demobilizing enemy forces. The surrender ceremony occurred aboard the Missouri in Tokyo Bay on September 2, with Wainwright, Percival, Nimitz, and UN representatives in attendance. Civilians and soldiers across Asia began surrendering, and postwar rehabilitation, Indochina and Vietnam's independence movements, and Southeast Asian transitions rapidly unfolded as Allied forces established control. This episode is the Aftermath of the Pacific War Welcome to the Pacific War Podcast Week by Week, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about world war two? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on world war two and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel you can find a few videos all the way from the Opium Wars of the 1800's until the end of the Pacific War in 1945.  The Pacific War has ended. Peace has been restored by the Allies and most of the places conquered by the Japanese Empire have been liberated. In this post-war period, new challenges would be faced for those who won the war; and from the ashes of an empire, a defeated nation was also seeking to rebuild. As the Japanese demobilized their armed forces, many young boys were set to return to their homeland, even if they had previously thought that they wouldn't survive the ordeal. And yet, there were some cases of isolated men that would continue to fight for decades even, unaware that the war had already ended.  As we last saw, after the Japanese surrender, General MacArthur's forces began the occupation of the Japanese home islands, while their overseas empire was being dismantled by the Allies. To handle civil administration, MacArthur established the Military Government Section, commanded by Brigadier-General William Crist, staffed by hundreds of US experts trained in civil governance who were reassigned from Okinawa and the Philippines. As the occupation began, Americans dispatched tactical units and Military Government Teams to each prefecture to ensure that policies were faithfully carried out. By mid-September, General Eichelberger's 8th Army had taken over the Tokyo Bay region and began deploying to occupy Hokkaido and the northern half of Honshu. Then General Krueger's 6th Army arrived in late September, taking southern Honshu and Shikoku, with its base in Kyoto. In December, 6th Army was relieved of its occupation duties; in January 1946, it was deactivated, leaving the 8th Army as the main garrison force. By late 1945, about 430,000 American soldiers were garrisoned across Japan. President Truman approved inviting Allied involvement on American terms, with occupation armies integrated into a US command structure. Yet with the Chinese civil war and Russia's reluctance to place its forces under MacArthur's control, only Australia, Britain, India, and New Zealand sent brigades, more than 40,000 troops in southwestern Japan. Japanese troops were gradually disarmed by order of their own commanders, so the stigma of surrender would be less keenly felt by the individual soldier. In the homeland, about 1.5 million men were discharged and returned home by the end of August. Demobilization overseas, however, proceeded, not quickly, but as a long, difficult process of repatriation. In compliance with General Order No. 1, the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters disbanded on September 13 and was superseded by the Japanese War Department to manage demobilization. By November 1, the homeland had demobilized 2,228,761 personnel, roughly 97% of the Homeland Army. Yet some 6,413,215 men remained to be repatriated from overseas. On December 1, the Japanese War Ministry dissolved, and the First Demobilization Ministry took its place. The Second Demobilization Ministry was established to handle IJN demobilization, with 1,299,868 sailors, 81% of the Navy, demobilized by December 17. Japanese warships and merchant ships had their weapons rendered inoperative, and suicide craft were destroyed. Forty percent of naval vessels were allocated to evacuations in the Philippines, and 60% to evacuations of other Pacific islands. This effort eventually repatriated about 823,984 men to Japan by February 15, 1946. As repatriation accelerated, by October 15 only 1,909,401 men remained to be repatriated, most of them in the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, the Higashikuni Cabinet and Foreign Minister Shigemitsu Mamoru managed to persuade MacArthur not to impose direct military rule or martial law over all of Japan. Instead, the occupation would be indirect, guided by the Japanese government under the Emperor's direction. An early decision to feed occupation forces from American supplies, and to allow the Japanese to use their own limited food stores, helped ease a core fear: that Imperial forces would impose forced deliveries on the people they conquered. On September 17, MacArthur transferred his headquarters from Yokohama to Tokyo, setting up primary offices on the sixth floor of the Dai-Ichi Mutual Life Insurance Building, an imposing edifice overlooking the moat and the Imperial palace grounds in Hibiya, a symbolic heart of the nation.  While the average soldier did not fit the rapacious image of wartime Japanese propagandists, occupation personnel often behaved like neo-colonial overlords. The conquerors claimed privileges unimaginable to most Japanese. Entire trains and train compartments, fitted with dining cars, were set aside for the exclusive use of occupation forces. These silenced, half-empty trains sped past crowded platforms, provoking ire as Japanese passengers were forced to enter and exit packed cars through punched-out windows, or perch on carriage roofs, couplings, and running boards, often with tragic consequences. The luxury express coaches became irresistible targets for anonymous stone-throwers. During the war, retrenchment measures had closed restaurants, cabarets, beer halls, geisha houses, and theatres in Tokyo and other large cities. Now, a vast leisure industry sprang up to cater to the needs of the foreign occupants. Reopened restaurants and theatres, along with train stations, buses, and streetcars, were sometimes kept off limits to Allied personnel, partly for security, partly to avoid burdening Japanese resources, but a costly service infrastructure was built to the occupiers' specifications. Facilities reserved for occupation troops bore large signs reading “Japanese Keep Out” or “For Allied Personnel Only.” In downtown Tokyo, important public buildings requisitioned for occupation use had separate entrances for Americans and Japanese. The effect? A subtle but clear colour bar between the predominantly white conquerors and the conquered “Asiatic” Japanese. Although MacArthur was ready to work through the Japanese government, he lacked the organizational infrastructure to administer a nation of 74 million. Consequently, on October 2, MacArthur dissolved the Military Government Section and inaugurated General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, a separate headquarters focused on civil affairs and operating in tandem with the Army high command. SCAP immediately assumed responsibility for administering the Japanese home islands. It commandeered every large building not burned down to house thousands of civilians and requisitioned vast tracts of prime real estate to quarter several hundred thousand troops in the Tokyo–Yokohama area alone. Amidst the rise of American privilege, entire buildings were refurbished as officers' clubs, replete with slot machines and gambling parlours installed at occupation expense. The Stars and Stripes were hoisted over Tokyo, while the display of the Rising Sun was banned; and the downtown area, known as “Little America,” was transformed into a US enclave. The enclave mentality of this cocooned existence was reinforced by the arrival within the first six months of roughly 700 American families. At the peak of the occupation, about 14,800 families employed some 25,000 Japanese servants to ease the “rigours” of overseas duty. Even enlisted men in the sparse quonset-hut towns around the city lived like kings compared with ordinary Japanese. Japanese workers cleaned barracks, did kitchen chores, and handled other base duties. The lowest private earned a 25% hardship bonus until these special allotments were discontinued in 1949. Most military families quickly adjusted to a pampered lifestyle that went beyond maids and “boys,” including cooks, laundresses, babysitters, gardeners, and masseuses. Perks included spacious quarters with swimming pools, central heating, hot running water, and modern plumbing. Two observers compared GHQ to the British Raj at its height. George F. Kennan, head of the State Department's Policy Planning Staff, warned during his 1948 mission to Japan that Americans had monopolized “everything that smacks of comfort or elegance or luxury,” criticizing what he called the “American brand of philistinism” and the “monumental imperviousness” of MacArthur's staff to the Japanese suffering. This conqueror's mentality also showed in the bullying attitudes many top occupation officials displayed toward the Japanese with whom they dealt. Major Faubion Bowers, MacArthur's military secretary, later said, “I and nearly all the occupation people I knew were extremely conceited and extremely arrogant and used our power every inch of the way.” Initially, there were spasms of defiance against the occupation forces, such as anonymous stone-throwing, while armed robbery and minor assaults against occupation personnel were rife in the weeks and months after capitulation. Yet active resistance was neither widespread nor organized. The Americans successfully completed their initial deployment without violence, an astonishing feat given a heavily armed and vastly superior enemy operating on home terrain. The average citizen regarded the occupation as akin to force majeure, the unfortunate but inevitable aftermath of a natural calamity. Japan lay prostrate. Industrial output had fallen to about 10% of pre-war levels, and as late as 1946, more than 13 million remained unemployed. Nearly 40% of Japan's urban areas had been turned to rubble, and some 9 million people were homeless. The war-displaced, many of them orphans, slept in doorways and hallways, in bombed-out ruins, dugouts and packing crates, under bridges or on pavements, and crowded the hallways of train and subway stations. As winter 1945 descended, with food, fuel, and clothing scarce, people froze to death. Bonfires lit the streets to ward off the chill. "The only warm hands I have shaken thus far in Japan belonged to Americans," Mark Gayn noted in December 1945. "The Japanese do not have much of a chance to thaw out, and their hands are cold and red." Unable to afford shoes, many wore straw sandals; those with geta felt themselves privileged. The sight of a man wearing a woman's high-buttoned shoes in winter epitomized the daily struggle to stay dry and warm. Shantytowns built of scrap wood, rusted metal, and scavenged odds and ends sprang up everywhere, resembling vast junk yards. The poorest searched smouldering refuse heaps for castoffs that might be bartered for a scrap to eat or wear. Black markets (yami'ichi) run by Japanese, Koreans, and For-mosans mushroomed to replace collapsed distribution channels and cash in on inflated prices. Tokyo became "a world of scarcity in which every nail, every rag, and even a tangerine peel [had a] market value." Psychologically numbed, disoriented, and disillusioned with their leaders, demobilized veterans and civilians alike struggled to get their bearings, shed militaristic ideologies, and begin to embrace new values. In the vacuum of defeat, the Japanese people appeared ready to reject the past and grasp at the straw held out by the former enemy. Relations between occupier and occupied were not smooth, however. American troops comported themselves like conquerors, especially in the early weeks and months of occupation. Much of the violence was directed against women, with the first attacks beginning within hours after the landing of advance units. When US paratroopers landed in Sapporo, an orgy of looting, sexual violence, and drunken brawling ensued. Newspaper accounts reported 931 serious offences by GIs in the Yokohama area during the first week of occupation, including 487 armed robberies, 411 thefts of currency or goods, 9 rapes, 5 break-ins, 3 cases of assault and battery, and 16 other acts of lawlessness. In the first 10 days of occupation, there were 1,336 reported rapes by US soldiers in Kanagawa Prefecture alone. Americans were not the only perpetrators. A former prostitute recalled that when Australian troops arrived in Kure in early 1946, they “dragged young women into their jeeps, took them to the mountain, and then raped them. I heard them screaming for help nearly every night.” Such behaviour was commonplace, but news of criminal activity by occupation forces was quickly suppressed. On September 10, 1945, SCAP issued press and pre-censorship codes outlawing the publication of reports and statistics "inimical to the objectives of the occupation." In the sole instance of self-help General Eichelberger records in his memoirs, when locals formed a vigilante group and retaliated against off-duty GIs, 8th Army ordered armored vehicles into the streets and arrested the ringleaders, who received lengthy prison terms. Misbehavior ranged from black-market activity, petty theft, reckless driving, and disorderly conduct to vandalism, arson, murder, and rape. Soldiers and sailors often broke the law with impunity, and incidents of robbery, rape, and even murder were widely reported. Gang rapes and other sex atrocities were not infrequent; victims, shunned as outcasts, sometimes turned to prostitution in desperation, while others took their own lives to avoid bringing shame to their families. Military courts arrested relatively few soldiers for these offenses and convicted even fewer; Japanese attempts at self-defense were punished severely, and restitution for victims was rare. Fearing the worst, Japanese authorities had already prepared countermeasures against the supposed rapacity of foreign soldiers. Imperial troops in East Asia and the Pacific had behaved brutally toward women, so the government established “sexual comfort-stations” manned by geisha, bar hostesses, and prostitutes to “satisfy the lust of the Occupation forces,” as the Higashikuni Cabinet put it. A budget of 100 million yen was set aside for these Recreation and Amusement Associations, financed initially with public funds but run as private enterprises under police supervision. Through these, the government hoped to protect the daughters of the well-born and middle class by turning to lower-class women to satisfy the soldiers' sexual appetites. By the end of 1945, brothel operators had rounded up an estimated 20,000 young women and herded them into RAA establishments nationwide. Eventually, as many as 70,000 are said to have ended up in the state-run sex industry. Thankfully, as military discipline took hold and fresh troops replaced the Allied veterans responsible for the early crime wave, violence subsided and the occupier's patronising behavior and the ugly misdeeds of a lawless few were gradually overlooked. However, fraternisation was frowned upon by both sides, and segregation was practiced in principle, with the Japanese excluded from areas reserved for Allied personnel until September 1949, when MacArthur lifted virtually all restrictions on friendly association, stating that he was “establishing the same relations between occupation personnel and the Japanese population as exists between troops stationed in the United States and the American people.” In principle, the Occupation's administrative structure was highly complex. The Far Eastern Commission, based in Washington, included representatives from all 13 countries that had fought against Japan and was established in 1946 to formulate basic principles. The Allied Council for Japan was created in the same year to assist in developing and implementing surrender terms and in administering the country. It consisted of representatives from the USA, the USSR, Nationalist China, and the British Commonwealth. Although both bodies were active at first, they were largely ineffectual due to unwieldy decision-making, disagreements between the national delegations (especially the USA and USSR), and the obstructionism of General Douglas MacArthur. In practice, SCAP, the executive authority of the occupation, effectively ruled Japan from 1945 to 1952. And since it took orders only from the US government, the Occupation became primarily an American affair. The US occupation program, effectively carried out by SCAP, was revolutionary and rested on a two-pronged approach. To ensure Japan would never again become a menace to the United States or to world peace, SCAP pursued disarmament and demilitarization, with continuing control over Japan's capacity to make war. This involved destroying military supplies and installations, demobilizing more than five million Japanese soldiers, and thoroughly discrediting the military establishment. Accordingly, SCAP ordered the purge of tens of thousands of designated persons from public service positions, including accused war criminals, military officers, leaders of ultranationalist societies, leaders in the Imperial Rule Assistance Association, business leaders tied to overseas expansion, governors of former Japanese colonies, and national leaders who had steered Japan into war. In addition, MacArthur's International Military Tribunal for the Far East established a military court in Tokyo. It had jurisdiction over those charged with Class A crimes, top leaders who had planned and directed the war. Also considered were Class B charges, covering conventional war crimes, and Class C charges, covering crimes against humanity. Yet the military court in Tokyo wouldn't be the only one. More than 5,700 lower-ranking personnel were charged with conventional war crimes in separate trials convened by Australia, China, France, the Dutch East Indies, the Philippines, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Of the 5,700 Japanese individuals indicted for Class B war crimes, 984 were sentenced to death; 475 received life sentences; 2,944 were given more limited prison terms; 1,018 were acquitted; and 279 were never brought to trial or not sentenced. Among these, many, like General Ando Rikichi and Lieutenant-General Nomi Toshio, chose to commit suicide before facing prosecution. Notable cases include Lieutenant-General Tani Hisao, who was sentenced to death by the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal for his role in the Nanjing Massacre; Lieutenant-General Sakai Takashi, who was executed in Nanjing for the murder of British and Chinese civilians during the occupation of Hong Kong. General Okamura Yasuji was convicted of war crimes by the Tribunal, yet he was immediately protected by the personal order of Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-Shek, who kept him as a military adviser for the Kuomintang. In the Manila trials, General Yamashita Tomoyuki was sentenced to death as he was in overall command during the Sook Ching massacre, the Rape of Manila, and other atrocities. Lieutenant-General Homma Masaharu was likewise executed in Manila for atrocities committed by troops under his command during the Bataan Death March. General Imamura Hitoshi was sentenced to ten years in prison, but he considered the punishment too light and even had a replica of the prison built in his garden, remaining there until his death in 1968. Lieutenant-General Kanda Masatane received a 14-year sentence for war crimes on Bougainville, though he served only four years. Lieutenant-General Adachi Hatazo was sentenced to life imprisonment for war crimes in New Guinea and subsequently committed suicide on September 10, 1947. Lieutenant-General Teshima Fusataro received three years of forced labour for using a hospital ship to transport troops. Lieutenant-General Baba Masao was sentenced to death for ordering the Sandakan Death Marches, during which over 2,200 Australian and British prisoners of war perished. Lieutenant-General Tanabe Moritake was sentenced to death by a Dutch military tribunal for unspecified war crimes. Rear-Admiral Sakaibara Shigematsu was executed in Guam for ordering the Wake Island massacre, in which 98 American civilians were murdered. Lieutenant-General Inoue Sadae was condemned to death in Guam for permitting subordinates to execute three downed American airmen captured in Palau, though his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in 1951 and he was released in 1953. Lieutenant-General Tachibana Yoshio was sentenced to death in Guam for his role in the Chichijima Incident, in which eight American airmen were cannibalized. By mid-1945, due to the Allied naval blockade, the 25,000 Japanese troops on Chichijima had run low on supplies. However, although the daily rice ration had been reduced from 400 grams per person per day to 240 grams, the troops were not at risk of starvation. In February and March 1945, in what would later be called the Chichijima incident, Tachibana Yoshio's senior staff turned to cannibalism. Nine American airmen had escaped from their planes after being shot down during bombing raids on Chichijima, eight of whom were captured. The ninth, the only one to evade capture, was future US President George H. W. Bush, then a 20-year-old pilot. Over several months, the prisoners were executed, and reportedly by the order of Major Matoba Sueyo, their bodies were butchered by the division's medical orderlies, with the livers and other organs consumed by the senior staff, including Matoba's superior Tachibana. In the Yokohama War Crimes Trials, Lieutenant-Generals Inada Masazumi and Yokoyama Isamu were convicted for their complicity in vivisection and other human medical experiments performed at Kyushu Imperial University on downed Allied airmen. The Tokyo War Crimes Trial, which began in May 1946 and lasted two and a half years, resulted in the execution by hanging of Generals Doihara Kenji and Itagaki Seishiro, and former Prime Ministers Hirota Koki and Tojo Hideki, for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace, specifically for the escalation of the Pacific War and for permitting the inhumane treatment of prisoners of war. Also sentenced to death were Lieutenant-General Muto Akira for his role in the Nanjing and Manila massacres; General Kimura Heitaro for planning the war strategy in China and Southeast Asia and for laxity in preventing atrocities against prisoners of war in Burma; and General Matsui Iwane for his involvement in the Rape of Nanjing. The seven defendants who were sentenced to death were executed at Sugamo Prison in Ikebukuro on December 23, 1948. Sixteen others were sentenced to life imprisonment, including the last Field Marshal Hata Shunroku, Generals Araki Sadao, Minami Hiro, and Umezu Shojiro, Admiral Shimada Shigetaro, former Prime Ministers Hiranuma Kiichiro and Koiso Kuniaki, Marquis Kido Koichi, and Colonel Hashimoto Kingoro, a major instigator of the second Sino-Japanese War. Additionally, former Foreign Ministers Togo Shigenori and Shigemitsu Mamoru received seven- and twenty-year sentences, respectively. The Soviet Union and Chinese Communist forces also held trials of Japanese war criminals, including the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials, which tried and found guilty some members of Japan's bacteriological and chemical warfare unit known as Unit 731. However, those who surrendered to the Americans were never brought to trial, as MacArthur granted immunity to Lieutenant-General Ishii Shiro and all members of the bacteriological research units in exchange for germ-w warfare data derived from human experimentation. If you would like to learn more about what I like to call Japan's Operation Paper clip, whereupon the US grabbed many scientists from Unit 731, check out my exclusive podcast. The SCAP-turn to democratization began with the drafting of a new constitution in 1947, addressing Japan's enduring feudal social structure. In the charter, sovereignty was vested in the people, and the emperor was designated a “symbol of the state and the unity of the people, deriving his position from the will of the people in whom resides sovereign power.” Because the emperor now possessed fewer powers than European constitutional monarchs, some have gone so far as to say that Japan became “a republic in fact if not in name.” Yet the retention of the emperor was, in fact, a compromise that suited both those who wanted to preserve the essence of the nation for stability and those who demanded that the emperor system, though not necessarily the emperor, should be expunged. In line with the democratic spirit of the new constitution, the peerage was abolished and the two-chamber Diet, to which the cabinet was now responsible, became the highest organ of state. The judiciary was made independent and local autonomy was granted in vital areas of jurisdiction such as education and the police. Moreover, the constitution stipulated that “the people shall not be prevented from enjoying any of the fundamental human rights,” that they “shall be respected as individuals,” and that “their right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness shall … be the supreme consideration in legislation.” Its 29 articles guaranteed basic human rights: equality, freedom from discrimination on the basis of race, creed, sex, social status or family origin, freedom of thought and freedom of religion. Finally, in its most controversial section, Article 9, the “peace clause,” Japan “renounce[d] war as a sovereign right of the nation” and vowed not to maintain any military forces and “other war potential.” To instill a thoroughly democratic ethos, reforms touched every facet of society. The dissolution of the zaibatsu decentralised economic power; the 1945 Labour Union Law and the 1946 Labour Relations Act guaranteed workers the right to collective action; the 1947 Labour Standards Law established basic working standards for men and women; and the revised Civil Code of 1948 abolished the patriarchal household and enshrined sexual equality. Reflecting core American principles, SCAP introduced a 6-3-3 schooling system, six years of compulsory elementary education, three years of junior high, and an optional three years of senior high, along with the aim of secular, locally controlled education. More crucially, ideological reform followed: censorship of feudal material in media, revision of textbooks, and prohibition of ideas glorifying war, dying for the emperor, or venerating war heroes. With women enfranchised and young people shaped to counter militarism and ultranationalism, rural Japan was transformed to undermine lingering class divisions. The land reform program provided for the purchase of all land held by absentee landlords, allowed resident landlords and owner-farmers to retain a set amount of land, and required that the remaining land be sold to the government so it could be offered to existing tenants. In 1948, amid the intensifying tensions of the Cold War that would soon culminate in the Korean War, the occupation's focus shifted from demilitarization and democratization toward economic rehabilitation and, ultimately, the remilitarization of Japan, an shift now known as the “Reverse Course.” The country was thus rebuilt as the Pacific region's primary bulwark against the spread of Communism. An Economic Stabilisation Programme was introduced, including a five-year plan to coordinate production and target capital through the Reconstruction Finance Bank. In 1949, the anti-inflationary Dodge Plan was adopted, advocating balanced budgets, fixing the exchange rate at 360 yen to the dollar, and ending broad government intervention. Additionally, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry was formed and supported the formation of conglomerates centered around banks, which encouraged the reemergence of a somewhat weakened set of zaibatsu, including Mitsui and Mitsubishi. By the end of the Occupation era, Japan was on the verge of surpassing its 1934–1936 levels of economic growth. Equally important was Japan's rearmament in alignment with American foreign policy: a National Police Reserve of about 75,000 was created with the outbreak of the Korean War; by 1952 it had expanded to 110,000 and was renamed the Self-Defense Force after the inclusion of an air force. However, the Reverse Course also facilitated the reestablishment of conservative politics and the rollback of gains made by women and the reforms of local autonomy and education. As the Occupation progressed, the Americans permitted greater Japanese initiative, and power gradually shifted from the reformers to the moderates. By 1949, the purge of the right came under review, and many who had been condemned began returning to influence, if not to the Diet, then to behind-the-scenes power. At the same time, Japanese authorities, with MacArthur's support, began purging left-wing activists. In June 1950, for example, the central office of the Japan Communist Party and the editorial board of The Red Flag were purged. The gains made by women also seemed to be reversed. Women were elected to 8% of available seats in the first lower-house election in 1946, but to only 2% in 1952, a trend not reversed until the so-called Madonna Boom of the 1980s. Although the number of women voting continued to rise, female politicisation remained more superficial than might be imagined. Women's employment also appeared little affected by labour legislation: though women formed nearly 40% of the labor force in 1952, they earned only 45% as much as men. Indeed, women's attitudes toward labor were influenced less by the new ethos of fulfilling individual potential than by traditional views of family and workplace responsibilities. In the areas of local autonomy and education, substantial modifications were made to the reforms. Because local authorities lacked sufficient power to tax, they were unable to realise their extensive powers, and, as a result, key responsibilities were transferred back to national jurisdiction. In 1951, for example, 90% of villages and towns placed their police forces under the control of the newly formed National Police Agency. Central control over education was also gradually reasserted; in 1951, the Yoshida government attempted to reintroduce ethics classes, proposed tighter central oversight of textbooks, and recommended abolishing local school board elections. By the end of the decade, all these changes had been implemented. The Soviet occupation of the Kurile Islands and the Habomai Islets was completed with Russian troops fully deployed by September 5. Immediately after the onset of the occupation, amid a climate of insecurity and fear marked by reports of sporadic rape and physical assault and widespread looting by occupying troops, an estimated 4,000 islanders fled to Hokkaido rather than face an uncertain repatriation. As Soviet forces moved in, they seized or destroyed telephone and telegraph installations and halted ship movements into and out of the islands, leaving residents without adequate food and other winter provisions. Yet, unlike Manchuria, where Japanese civilians faced widespread sexual violence and pillage, systematic violence against the civilian population on the Kuriles appears to have been exceptional. A series of military government proclamations assured islanders of safety so long as they did not resist Soviet rule and carried on normally; however, these orders also prohibited activities not explicitly authorized by the Red Army, which imposed many hardships on civilians. Residents endured harsh conditions under Soviet rule until late 1948, when Japanese repatriation out of the Kurils was completed. The Kuriles posed a special diplomatic problem, as the occupation of the southernmost islands—the Northern Territories—ignited a long-standing dispute between Tokyo and Moscow that continues to impede the normalisation of relations today. Although the Kuriles were promised to the Soviet Union in the Yalta agreement, Japan and the United States argued that this did not apply to the Northern Territories, since they were not part of the Kurile Islands. A substantial dispute regarding the status of the Kurile Islands arose between the United States and the Soviet Union during the preparation of the Treaty of San Francisco, which was intended as a permanent peace treaty between Japan and the Allied Powers of World War II. The treaty was ultimately signed by 49 nations in San Francisco on September 8, 1951, and came into force on April 28, 1952. It ended Japan's role as an imperial power, allocated compensation to Allied nations and former prisoners of war who had suffered Japanese war crimes, ended the Allied post-war occupation of Japan, and returned full sovereignty to Japan. Effectively, the document officially renounced Japan's treaty rights derived from the Boxer Protocol of 1901 and its rights to Korea, Formosa and the Pescadores, the Kurile Islands, the Spratly Islands, Antarctica, and South Sakhalin. Japan's South Seas Mandate, namely the Mariana Islands, Marshall Islands, and Caroline Islands, had already been formally revoked by the United Nations on July 18, 1947, making the United States responsible for administration of those islands under a UN trusteeship agreement that established the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. In turn, the Bonin, Volcano, and Ryukyu Islands were progressively restored to Japan between 1953 and 1972, along with the Senkaku Islands, which were disputed by both Communist and Nationalist China. In addition, alongside the Treaty of San Francisco, Japan and the United States signed a Security Treaty that established a long-lasting military alliance between them. Although Japan renounced its rights to the Kuriles, the U.S. State Department later clarified that “the Habomai Islands and Shikotan ... are properly part of Hokkaido and that Japan is entitled to sovereignty over them,” hence why the Soviets refused to sign the treaty. Britain and the United States agreed that territorial rights would not be granted to nations that did not sign the Treaty of San Francisco, and as a result the Kurile Islands were not formally recognized as Soviet territory. A separate peace treaty, the Treaty of Taipei (formally the Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty), was signed in Taipei on April 28, 1952 between Japan and the Kuomintang, and on June 9 of that year the Treaty of Peace Between Japan and India followed. Finally, Japan and the Soviet Union ended their formal state of war with the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956, though this did not settle the Kurile Islands dispute. Even after these formal steps, Japan as a nation was not in a formal state of war, and many Japanese continued to believe the war was ongoing; those who held out after the surrender came to be known as Japanese holdouts.  Captain Oba Sakae and his medical company participated in the Saipan campaign beginning on July 7, 1944, and took part in what would become the largest banzai charge of the Pacific War. After 15 hours of intense hand-to-hand combat, almost 4,300 Japanese soldiers were dead, and Oba and his men were presumed among them. In reality, however, he survived the battle and gradually assumed command of over a hundred additional soldiers. Only five men from his original unit survived the battle, two of whom died in the following months. Oba then led over 200 Japanese civilians deeper into the jungles to evade capture, organizing them into mountain caves and hidden jungle villages. When the soldiers were not assisting the civilians with survival tasks, Oba and his men continued their battle against the garrison of US Marines. He used the 1,552‑ft Mount Tapochau as their primary base, which offered an unobstructed 360-degree view of the island. From their base camp on the western slope of the mountain, Oba and his men occasionally conducted guerrilla-style raids on American positions. Due to the speed and stealth of these operations, and the Marines' frustrated attempts to find him, the Saipan Marines eventually referred to Oba as “The Fox.” Oba and his men held out on the island for 512 days, or about 16 months. On November 27, 1945, former Major-General Amo Umahachi was able to draw out some of the Japanese in hiding by singing the anthem of the Japanese infantry branch. Amo was then able to present documents from the defunct IGHQ to Oba ordering him and his 46 remaining men to surrender themselves to the Americans. On December 1, the Japanese soldiers gathered on Tapochau and sang a song of departure to the spirits of the war dead; Oba led his people out of the jungle and they presented themselves to the Marines of the 18th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Company. With great formality and commensurate dignity, Oba surrendered his sword to Lieutenant Colonel Howard G. Kirgis, and his men surrendered their arms and colors. On January 2, 1946, 20 Japanese soldiers hiding in a tunnel at Corregidor Island surrendered after learning the war had ended from a newspaper found while collecting water. In that same month, 120 Japanese were routed after a battle in the mountains 150 miles south of Manila. In April, during a seven-week campaign to clear Lubang Island, 41 more Japanese emerged from the jungle, unaware that the war had ended; however, a group of four Japanese continued to resist. In early 1947, Lieutenant Yamaguchi Ei and his band of 33 soldiers renewed fighting with the small Marine garrison on Peleliu, prompting reinforcements under Rear-Admiral Charles Pownall to be brought to the island to hunt down the guerrilla group. Along with them came former Rear-Admiral Sumikawa Michio, who ultimately convinced Yamaguchi to surrender in April after almost three years of guerrilla warfare. Also in April, seven Japanese emerged from Palawan Island and fifteen armed stragglers emerged from Luzon. In January 1948, 200 troops surrendered on Mindanao; and on May 12, the Associated Press reported that two unnamed Japanese soldiers had surrendered to civilian policemen in Guam the day before. On January 6, 1949, two former IJN soldiers, machine gunners Matsudo Rikio and Yamakage Kufuku, were discovered on Iwo Jima and surrendered peacefully. In March 1950, Private Akatsu Yūichi surrendered in the village of Looc, leaving only three Japanese still resisting on Lubang. By 1951 a group of Japanese on Anatahan Island refused to believe that the war was over and resisted every attempt by the Navy to remove them. This group was first discovered in February 1945, when several Chamorros from Saipan were sent to the island to recover the bodies of a Saipan-based B-29. The Chamorros reported that there were about thirty Japanese survivors from three ships sunk in June 1944, one of which was an Okinawan woman. Personal aggravations developed from the close confines of a small group on a small island and from tuba drinking; among the holdouts, 6 of 11 deaths were the result of violence, and one man displayed 13 knife wounds. The presence of only one woman, Higa Kazuko, caused considerable difficulty as she would transfer her affections among at least four men after each of them mysteriously disappeared, purportedly “swallowed by the waves while fishing.” According to the more sensational versions of the Anatahan tale, 11 of the 30 navy sailors stranded on the island died due to violent struggles over her affections. In July 1950, Higa went to the beach when an American vessel appeared offshore and finally asked to be removed from the island. She was taken to Saipan aboard the Miss Susie and, upon arrival, told authorities that the men on the island did not believe the war was over. As the Japanese government showed interest in the situation on Anatahan, the families of the holdouts were contacted in Japan and urged by the Navy to write letters stating that the war was over and that the holdouts should surrender. The letters were dropped by air on June 26 and ultimately convinced the holdouts to give themselves up. Thus, six years after the end of World War II, “Operation Removal” commenced from Saipan under the command of Lt. Commander James B. Johnson, USNR, aboard the Navy Tug USS Cocopa. Johnson and an interpreter went ashore by rubber boat and formally accepted the surrender on the morning of June 30, 1951. The Anatahan femme fatale story later inspired the 1953 Japanese film Anatahan and the 1998 novel Cage on the Sea. In 1953, Murata Susumu, the last holdout on Tinian, was finally captured. The next year, on May 7, Corporal Sumada Shoichi was killed in a clash with Filipino soldiers, leaving only two Japanese still resisting on Lubang. In November 1955, Seaman Kinoshita Noboru was captured in the Luzon jungle but soon after committed suicide rather than “return to Japan in defeat.” That same year, four Japanese airmen surrendered at Hollandia in Dutch New Guinea; and in 1956, nine soldiers were located and sent home from Morotai, while four men surrendered on Mindoro. In May 1960, Sergeant Ito Masashi became one of the last Japanese to surrender at Guam after the capture of his comrade Private Minagawa Bunzo, but the final surrender at Guam would come later with Sergeant Yokoi Shoichi. Sergeant Yokoi Shoichi survived in the jungles of Guam by living for years in an elaborately dug hole, subsisting on snails and lizards, a fate that, while undignified, showcased his ingenuity and resilience and earned him a warm welcome on his return to Japan. His capture was not heroic in the traditional sense: he was found half-starving by a group of villagers while foraging for shrimp in a stream, and the broader context included his awareness as early as 1952 that the war had ended. He explained that the wartime bushido code, emphasizing self-sacrifice or suicide rather than self-preservation, had left him fearing that repatriation would label him a deserter and likely lead to execution. Emerging from the jungle, Yokoi also became a vocal critic of Japan's wartime leadership, including Emperor Hirohito, which fits a view of him as a product of, and a prisoner within, his own education, military training, and the censorship and propaganda of the era. When asked by a young nephew how he survived so long on an island just a short distance from a major American airbase, he replied simply, “I was really good at hide and seek.”  That same year, Private Kozuka Kinshichi was killed in a shootout with Philippine police in October, leaving Lieutenant Onoda Hiroo still resisting on Lubang. Lieutenant Onoda Hiroo had been on Lubang since 1944, a few months before the Americans retook the Philippines. The last instructions he had received from his immediate superior ordered him to retreat to the interior of the island and harass the Allied occupying forces until the IJA eventually returned. Despite efforts by the Philippine Army, letters and newspapers left for him, radio broadcasts, and even a plea from Onoda's brother, he did not believe the war was over. On February 20, 1974, Onoda encountered a young Japanese university dropout named Suzuki Norio, who was traveling the world and had told friends that he planned to “look for Lieutenant Onoda, a panda, and the abominable snowman, in that order.” The two became friends, but Onoda stated that he was waiting for orders from one of his commanders. On March 9, 1974, Onoda went to an agreed-upon place and found a note left by Suzuki. Suzuki had brought along Onoda's former commander, Major Taniguchi, who delivered the oral orders for Onoda to surrender. Intelligence Officer 2nd Lt. Onoda Hiroo thus emerged from Lubang's jungle with his .25 caliber rifle, 500 rounds of ammunition, and several hand grenades. He surrendered 29 years after Japan's formal surrender, and 15 years after being declared legally dead in Japan. When he accepted that the war was over, he wept openly. He received a hero's welcome upon his return to Japan in 1974. The Japanese government offered him a large sum of money in back pay, which he refused. When money was pressed on him by well-wishers, he donated it to Yasukuni Shrine. Onoda was reportedly unhappy with the attention and what he saw as the withering of traditional Japanese values. He wrote No Surrender: My Thirty-Year War, a best-selling autobiography published in 1974. Yet the last Japanese to surrender would be Private Nakamura Teruo, an Amis aborigine from Formosa and a member of the Takasago Volunteers. Private Nakamura Teruo spent the tail end of World War II with a dwindling band on Morotai, repeatedly dispersing and reassembling in the jungle as they hunted for food. The group suffered continuous losses to starvation and disease, and survivors described Nakamura as highly self-sufficient. He left to live alone somewhere in the Morotai highlands between 1946 and 1947, rejoined the main group in 1950, and then disappeared again a few years later. Nakamura hinted in print that he fled into the jungle because he feared the other holdouts might murder him. He survives for decades beyond the war, eventually being found by 11 Indonesian soldiers. The emergence of an indigenous Taiwanese soldier among the search party embarrassed Japan as it sought to move past its imperial past. Many Japanese felt Nakamura deserved compensation for decades of loyalty, only to learn that his back pay for three decades of service amounted to 68,000 yen.   Nakamura's experience of peace was complex. When a journalist asked how he felt about “wasting” three decades of his life on Morotai, he replied that the years had not been wasted; he had been serving his country. Yet the country he returned to was Taiwan, and upon disembarking in Taipei in early January 1975, he learned that his wife had a son he had never met and that she had remarried a decade after his official death. Nakamura eventually lived with a daughter, and his story concluded with a bittersweet note when his wife reconsidered and reconciled with him. Several Japanese soldiers joined local Communist and insurgent groups after the war to avoid surrender. Notably, in 1956 and 1958, two soldiers returned to Japan after service in China's People's Liberation Army. Two others who defected with a larger group to the Malayan Communist Party around 1945 laid down their arms in 1989 and repatriated the next year, becoming among the last to return home. That is all for today, but fear not I will provide a few more goodies over the next few weeks. I will be releasing some of my exclusive podcast episodes from my youtube membership and patreon that are about pacific war subjects. Like I promised the first one will be on why Emperor Hirohito surrendered. Until then if you need your fix you know where to find me: eastern front week by week, fall and rise of china, echoes of war or on my Youtube membership of patreon at www.patreon.com/pacificwarchannel.

Tonight on the podcast, we hear from two guests on opposite sides of the Atlantic whose lives have been marked by strange encounters.First, Peter from Dorset, England, recalls a flight from Manila in the Philippines to London when passengers were suddenly ordered to close their window shutters. Curious, he left his half open and watched as a fast-moving object shot beneath the plane. What followed was even stranger: a disembodied voice in his mind instructing him to “tell them you saw too.” Decades later, the memory remains as vivid and puzzling as the day it happened. Then we're joined by Jimmy from Ohio, who grew up with nightly visitations in his apartment, shadow figures at his bedside and ghostly apparitions in the doorway. But after moving into a house, his experiences shifted into the realm of UFOs. He describes lights descending through the ceiling and repeated face-to-face encounters with a towering mantis-like being. Two voices, two continents, and two very different lives, but both Peter and Jimmy carry the same enduring question: what exactly is visiting us, and why?More information on this episode on the podcast website:https://ufochroniclespodcast.com/ep-350-voices-and-visitors/Hidden Cults (Promo)It is a documentary-style podcast that digs deep into the world's most extreme, elusive, and explosive fringe groups. Listen on all podcast apps: Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4Q0kbgXrdzP0TvIk5xylx1Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/hidden-cults/id1816362029If you enjoy this podcast, please support the show with a virtual coffee:https://ko-fi.com/ufochroniclespodcastFollow and Subscribe on X to get ad free episodesX: https://x.com/UFOchronpodcast/Want to share your encounter on the show?Email: UFOChronicles@gmail.comOr Fill out Guest Form:https://forms.gle/uGQ8PTVRkcjy4nxS7Podcast Merchandise:https://www.teepublic.com/user/ufo-chronicles-podcastHelp Support UFO CHRONICLES by becoming a Patron:https://patreon.com/UFOChroniclespodcastAll Links for Podcast:https://linktr.ee/UFOChroniclesPodcastThank you for listening!Like share and subscribe it really helps me when people share the show on social media, it means we can reach more people and more witnesses and without your amazing support, it wouldn't be possible.Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/ufo-chronicles-podcast--3395068/support.

I recently had the pleasure of speaking at a great eye conference in Manila in the Philippines which was run by Professor Victor Caparas, the Chairman of Ophthalmology of The Medical City. He has built an incredible team and large department from scratch over the past few decades and in this podcast he reveals the secrets to success. He is an incredible ophthalmologist with a great passion for helping patients and teaching surgery. I am confident that you will glean valuable insights that will help you build your career and future. We feature a new podcast every week on Sundays and they are uploaded to all major podcast services (click links here: Apple, Google, Spotify) for enjoying as you drive to work or exercise. The full video of the podcast is here on CataractCoach as well as on our YouTube channel. Starting now we have sponsorship opportunities available for the top podcast in all of ophthalmology. Please contact us to inquire.

It's Part 2 of our back to back GTWM episode set with Mo and Alex! This time it's an all-girl caller list. Let's check it out!Caller #3 is Sam who is 35yrs old from Dubai. Sam discusses a common problem regarding friends who get involved in their other friends relationship. How much involvement is acceptable and when is it just too much?Caller #4 is Kat who is 27yrs old from Manila. Kat is going through a rough breakup and she wants to ask, how long does it really take to get out of the dark place?Send more to the Philippines without overpaying. NALA gives you fast, secure transfers with some of the best exchange rates out there. Use promo code MoTwister when you download NALA!https://join.iwantnala.com/MoTwisterAlso, GTWM is brought ot you by GameZone!FUNbelivable sa GameZone dahil you play a REAL GAME of Tong-its with REAL PLAYERS, FOR FREE! You have a chance to split over thirty-four million pesos, at may chance ka pato claim up to fourteen-thousand, six-hundred-forty pesos daily! The cash credits you get can be used to play kahit anong game.  You can even cashout! May dalawang eventevery single day!  G ka na ba?  Visit GZone.ph and social media account on Facebook, Instagram and TikTok @taragamezone. G na sa Tong-its? Tara Gamezone!Remember, ang gaming dapat fun-fun lang!

PREVIEW: PHILIPPINES: Colleague USN Captain James Fanell (Ret) comments on the vulnerability of Luzon and other islands by the PLA. More later. 1921 MANILA