Podcasts about james chadwick

L'info du matin - La méthode qui pourrait vous réconcilier avec la lecture. Le winner du jour - Flashé par un radar, un conducteur est sauvé par une femme en déambulateur qui passe devant. - La police intervient et capture... un tigre en peluche. Le flashback du jour - Avril 1990 : Sortie du film "Tatie Danielle" d'Étienne Chatiliez. C'était également le carton en France de l'album numéro 1 "...But Seriously" de Phil Collins. Les savoirs inutiles - Une erreur de file d'attente a changé l'histoire de la science. En 1906, un étudiant britannique nommé James Chadwick arrive à l'université de Manchester avec un objectif : s'inscrire en mathématiques. Il se trompe de file et se retrouve devant le bureau de physique. Résultat : quelques années plus tard, en 1932, il découvre le neutron. Une avancée majeure qui lui vaudra le prix Nobel de physique en 1935. La chanson du jour - Robbie Williams "Rock DJ" 3 choses à savoir sur Clint Eastwood Qu'est-ce qu'on teste ? - Un manteau d'été façon sac isotherme pour transporter son pique-nique, proposé par la marque de grande distribution Aldi. - À l'approche de la Coupe du monde, le Canada lance des écharpes réversibles pour ceux qui supportent deux pays ! Le jeu surprise (1, 2, 3, 4) - Laurent de Nancy repart avec le Réveil Sun de la marque Morphée. La Banque RTL2 - Laetitia d'Aigrefeuille-d'Aunis vers La Rochelle gagne un séjour Miléade d'une semaine en pension complète pour 2 adultes et 2 enfants de moins de 14 ans dans l'un des Villages Clubs Miléade. - Jessica de Dijon repart avec le Réveil Sun de la marque Morphée. Hébergé par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

This show has been flagged as Clean by the host. -------------------- 01 Introduction This is a follow up to my 8 part series on nuclear power. In this episode I will answer questions posed by listeners in the comments to the series. I would like to start by thanking these people for taking the time to submit interesting questions. -------------------- Costs of Small Versus Large Reactors 02 brian-in-ohio asked two questions The first was for a cost comparison between large and small reactors. The second was for nuclear plant safety compared to conventional power plants. 03 Answer I think that any answer to the second question is going to be perceived by some people as politically controversial, so it's probably not a good topic for HPR to address. 04 The first question though about cost of small versus large reactors is an interesting one, although not one that is easy to give an answer to. I will restrict the answer to just grid scale electric power production and ignore use cases such as industrial process heat or power for remote mines and communities. 05 This question comes down to economies of scale versus economies of replication. Economies of scale centre around increased efficiencies of use of materials and labour when making something bigger. For example, the amount of steel used by a pipe increases linearly with its diameter, but the amount of fluid that it transports increases with the square. 06 Economies of replication come from increasing efficiencies which result from serial production. As you repeat the same design over and over again, you learn how to do things better and make fewer mistakes. 07 The exact same principles apply to shipbuilding. Indeed, a lot of the inspiration for Small Modular Reactors comes from the shipbuilding industry. If you build a series of identical ships, then each subsequent ship will cost less and be built faster. There are of course diminishing returns to this process, so the improvements are less with each additional unit and after a sufficient number of units the cost and time reductions level off. 08 However, this doesn't discount the benefits of economies of scale. What it does mean is that there are two ways of approaching the problem, and which way works in any given scenario depends on such conditions as how big the local electricity market is how fast the demand for electricity is growing, the ownership and financing structure of the electricity market, and the geography of the area, which may pose limits on the number of sites. 09 According to the finance people who have crunched the numbers, there are two sizes of reactor which make the most sense in the above context. These are 300 MW and 1000 MW. However, take those as very rough numbers rather than immutable laws of nature and other sizes may work as well. 10 The key point is that there are cases to be made for both small and large reactors, with the large reactor being several times the size of the small one. 11 An additional factor is that building only one reactor does not reap the benefits of efficiency of replication. You need to build a series of them on the same site. So if you are building a power plant, you don't build a power plant that has just one reactor unless you are in a small market which can only use that much power. Instead, you should build between 4 and 6 reactors in sequence next to one another. 12 If you are supply a large population with a growing demand for electricity, then 4 or 6 large 1000 MW reactors gains both economies of scale and economies of replication. If you are supplying a smaller population with slow growth in demand for electricity, then 4 or 6 300 MW reactors at least gets you economies of replication. 13 There is what could be viewed as an interesting example in terms of the above taking place just east of Toronto. There they are building four 300 MW SMRs on a site next to an existing nuclear power plant. 14 Here are the cost estimates from the Government of Ontario. All costs are in Canadian dollars. Unit 1 is $6.1 billion, plus $1.6 billion in costs which are shared by all four unit.s Unit 2 is $4.9 billion. Unit 3 is $4.2 billion. Unit 4 is $4.1 billion. 15 As you can see, building a series of reactors sequentially on the same site results in declining overall costs. They are very confident in these costs as they used data from a series of major nuclear power plant refurbishment projects in Ontario which have been coming in on time and on budget. 16 Construction began last year and the plant is expected to have a 65 year operating life. 17 However, the province of Ontario also has plans for expansion of electrical generation by about 15,000 MW by 2050 in order to meet net zero targets. 18 Given the heavy concentration of population in the Toronto region, and the very high cost and difficulty of building long distance transmission lines, and the limited number of sites which could host new power generation facilities of any sort, I suspect it is quite likely that subsequent reactors will be large 1,000 MW ones rather than SMRs. 19 The Wesleyville site (which is further east of Toronto) is tentatively scheduled for a 10,000 MW nuclear power plant. That would seem to make ten 1,000 MW reactors more likely than 34 300 MW reactors. 20 I don't have a comparable set of numbers for building large reactors to give an exact apples to apples comparison of costs. Different countries use different accounting and financing systems, and finance makes a huge difference to overall costs for nuclear power as operating costs are a relatively small share of the total. 21 Now to look at another side of this equation, the provinces of Saskatchewan and New Brunswick wish to replace their coal fired power plants with nuclear power plants. The populations of these provinces are too small to absorb a large new power plant into their grids, and studies assuming large reactors have foundered on this issue. 22 New Brunswick already have a nuclear power plant, but it was build in the days when reactors were much smaller. Both provinces however are very interested in small reactors, even individual ones, in order to replace the coal fired plants that are of similar size. 23 I think this covers the cost versus size issue. The more I look into it, the more it becomes apparent that there is no simple one size fits all answer but rather there are a series of trade-offs which must be taken in light of local circumstances. -------------------- MOX Fuel in the USA 24 The next question comes from mnw who asked about the use of MOX fuel in the USA. 25 mnw asked I am enjoying and look forward to the rest of the series. Do you think the US will ever wake up and start recycling its spent fuel? It seems like such a huge waste just to try and keep a small amount of fuel away from"the bad guys" or whatever they are imagining. Answer 26 My answer to this is as follows. I think I've addressed this in the original series, although not directly with respect to the US so I can provide some more detail on that aspect of it. 27 First though I will review what plutonium-uranium mixed oxide (MOX) fuel is. As mentioned in previous episodes, military grade plutonium is not the same as the plutonium which comes out of commercial power reactors. Just as military grade uranium requires nearly pure U-235 isotope, military grade plutonium requires nearly pure Pu-239 isotope. 28 What comes out of a commercial power reactor as spent fuel is not usable for weapons purposes as the proportion of Pu-239 is much too low. However, plutonium recovered from spent fuel can be used as fuel for nuclear reactors in place of uranium 235 when mixed with uranium 238 either left over from enrichment or extracted from spent fuel. This is what is known as MOX fuel. 29 To look at the US history of this however, here's the sequence of events. The US banned fuel reprocessing in 1976. However, this ban was repealed in 1981. 30 In 2005, the US began building a mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel plant at Savannah River in the state of South Carolina. However, this plant was not intended as a normal commercial operation and it was not intended to recycle commercial nuclear power plant fuel. It was instead intended to convert surplus military grade plutonium into commercial fuel in order to get rid of it as part of an arms control program. 31 The program was suspended in 2018. There were apparently many complex political issues involved in these on-again off-again decisions and I won't pretend to have the time or interest to explore all the details nor do I think most listeners would be interested in hearing abou them. 32 As of March 2026, the US are looking at reviving part of the Savannah River plant to produce limited amounts of fuel for testing of advanced reactors. The issue driving this is the shortage of uranium enriched to just below 20%. This fuel is used in certain types of small SMR. 33 The main commercial supplier of this material was a plant in Russia, but "certain events in Europe in recent years" shall we say, have resulted in that supply no longer being available to commercial operations in the US. MOX fuel based on surplus weapons grade plutonium is intended as a short term quick fix for that problem. 34 Another driving force is legal requirements following from domestic commitments for the US government to dispose of certain stockpiles of weapons grade plutonium from certain sites in the US where it is "temporarily" stored, and the solution to that is seen as burning it up in power reactors. 35 So the history is the US banned fuel reprocessing. Then a few years later they un-banned it. Then the US government started building a MOX plant which was intended to get rid of surplus weapons grade material by burning it up in power reactors. Then they decided they didn't want to do that. Then they decided they may want to make MOX fuel after all to replace supplies of special grades of fuel for experimental or prototype reactors. 36 What is missing from the above history is any actual interest from the US commercial nuclear industry in MOX fuel. The reason for this is, as mentioned in the previous episodes, uranium is so cheap and abundant that fuel made from fresh uranium is cheaper than MOX fuel. 37 Some countries such as France wish to recycle spent fuel to reduce their dependence upon imports. Recall that France's drive to build nuclear power plants was in response to the 1970s era energy crisis when oil imports from the Middle East were suddenly cut off. However, the US are not concerned about this issue and so do not make it national security policy as France did. 38 As a result, US commercial demand is for cheaper fuel made from fresh uranium rather than for MOX fuel. Until such time as fresh uranium greatly increases in price there is little economic incentive for the use of MOX fuel in the US. 39 However, there is another aspect to this. If you recall in previous episodes I described molten salt reactors which used dissolved uranium fuel. These reactors inherently reprocess fuel as part of their normal operation. They just do it as part of maintaining the molten salt chemistry at the correct values rather than doing it as a separate process. 40 If these types of reactors become widely used then they would be achieving the same thing as creating MOX fuel, but without an explicit separate step. 41 As a final footnote to the above, the US has almost exclusively use enriched uranium light water reactors. As mentioned in previous episodes, there are ways of recycling spent fuel from light water reactors which do not involve chemically reprocessing it to make MOX fuel. 42 Experiments have been done involving South Korea, China, and Canada which take spent fuel from light water reactors and repackage it to fit it into natural uranium heavy water reactors. What is used up or "spent" fuel for a light water reactor is high grade fuel to a natural uranium reactor. However, the US has, for whatever reason, never built commercial natural uranium reactors such as are used in a number of other countries around the world. 43 If they were to do so, then nuclear fuel could be used twice, once in a light water reactor, and again in a natural uranium reactor, all without having to turn it into MOX fuel in a separate reprocessing step. However, this particular alternative would likely face the same issue in the sense that fresh fuel would still be cheaper than reusing spent fuel. -------------------- A Variety of Questions from Clinton 44 Next we have a variety of questions from Clinton. Clinton asked I would like some commentary in the current situation, why has hinkley gone off the rails, the new american approach, the odd things done after fukushima, the new radiation rules in the states. 45 Question 1 why has hinkley gone off the rails, 46 Answer The question refers to cost overruns at the Hinkley Point nuclear power project in the UK. The UK government looked into this issue in a more general sense in 2025. They published a report on it titled Nuclear Regulatory Review 2025 Enabling nuclear delivery through regulatory reform John Fingleton There is a link to the report in the show notes. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/692080f75c394e481336ab89/nuclear-regulatory-review-2025.pdf 47 As the report is 162 pages long, I won't try to cover it all in this answer. I will however give a few simple examples. The report focuses on civilian nuclear power and the defence nuclear industry as well. However it also draws examples from outside the nuclear industry to show that the problem is not limited to nuclear. It shows that the same problems exist in the offshore wind industry, and in the HS2 High Speed Rail project. 48 In the view of the authors of the report, the essence of the problem seems to be a lack of any degree of proportionality in terms of mitigating negative effects from any project. Big nuclear projects make the headlines because they are inherently big projects, but as I have just mentioned, they affect things like wind power development and rail transport as well. 49 I will pick one example from Hinkley Point specifically. This is "Case Study: Hinkley Point C Fish Protection" A summary of this is that they spent £700 million of additional money on the cooling water intakes to protect an estimated 0.083 salmon per year, along with 0.028 sea trout, 6 river lamprey, 18 Allis shad, and somewhere between 100 and 528 twaite shad. The report points out that there are ways to protect far more fish for far less money by spending it in other areas, and gives some examples. Again, this problem is not limited to nuclear power, and they give similar examples connected with offshore wind development and HS2 High Speed Rail. 50 I would like to emphasize that I am not expressing an opinion on whether or not any of these decisions were good or bad ones or whether the money was well spent. I am just summarizing the report's explanation of why large projects of all sorts initiated and approved by the UK parliament were not turning out as initially expected. I will leave it up to people in the UK to decide whether or not they are satisfied with the current situation. 51 Question 2 the new american approach, 52 Answer The US have apparently announced changes to their regulatory system. I don't know enough about the subject to really judge the practical effects of regulation within the US. However, I have read and listened to many interviews of people from both the industry and the regulatory side of things who are from outside the US but are familiar with it. They generally contrast two different approaches to regulation. On the one hand there is the US approach, which they see as being more of a box ticking exercise than an in depth safety review. This makes it very hard to get a design other than a traditional PWR or BWR approved in the US. 53 It has the advantage from the regulator side of things though in that it reduces the amount of work required as it primarily requires just following a set of defined procedures. These people then contrast that approach with the one used in the UK and in Canada, both of which they see as being very similar to one another. In those two countries, regulators work with industry to review designs from basic principles rather than just seeing if it meets a pre-defined list of criteria. This is a results oriented system rather than a process oriented system as used in the US. 54 As a result of this, designers of new nuclear reactors are going to the UK and Canada first to go through preliminary review there, and only going to the US later. What designers are looking for is feedback on their design as they go along in order to align the design with what safety regulators see as being required from their standpoint. They want to go into a review process before the design is finalized so they can get guidance on how they should approach things rather than trying to add safety as additional features on top of a finished design. 55 It would take someone with deep familiarity with nuclear regulation systems to understand the practical effects of recent changes in US regulatory systems, but it is quite possible that people within the regulatory structure in the US have been taking the above on board and trying to adapt to current circumstances. However, I can only speculate on that. This is about the best answer that I can give. 56 Question 3 the odd things done after fukushima, 57 Answer This covers a lot of topics, some of which are probably political and so are not suited to HPR. I will try to list a few events however. As a brief summary if the Fukushima events go however, a historic scale earthquake and tsunami in Japan in 2011 caused huge loss of life and widespread damage. About 20,000 people were killed by the earthquake and tsunami. Three nuclear reactors based on 1960s era GE BWR designs were seriously damaged by hydrogen explosions caused by loss of power to backup generators when they were flooded by the tsunami. However, there were no radiation related deaths or cases of radiation sickness. 58 Following events in Japan was a general review of designs around the world, with various improvements made in some areas, particularly backup generators and hydrogen management. It seems to be conventional wisdom that the Fukushima event caused a number of countries to decide to phase out nuclear power. 59 However, when I tried to make a list of such countries for this episode I found things were not as is often heard. The countries which decided to get rid of nuclear power had largely started down that road at least a decade before then and generally for reasons unrelated to any specific events outside of their own country. In other cases they reversed that decision or are in the process of doing so. Japan itself has restarted many of their nuclear power plants and plant to replace decommissioned nuclear power plants with new ones, although many of the older and smaller ones were considered not economically worth upgrading at this point in their life to restart them. 60 The one possible exception to this may be Taiwan which decided to phase out nuclear power in 2016. However, I don't know enough about Taiwanese politics to state with any confidence that their decision in 2016 was based on anything related to events in Japan, or whether in fact they were a byproduct of other political changes within Taiwan and the shut down of nuclear plants happened to be carried along with those. Currently Taiwan get their electricity primarily from natural gas and coal. 61 Meanwhile across mainland Asia from Turkey to China, large numbers of nuclear power plants were built or are under construction. Taken together on a global scale, did anything really change after Fukushima, or did the countries which had already decided to close down their nuclear power plants simply continue to do so, and those countries who decided they wanted more of them continue to build them? That's a good question for which I don't think anyone has the perspective to answer at this point. 62 Another side of this which is hard to disentangle from it though is the increased use of natural gas for electric power generation which was happening at around the same time. Increased use of fracking in a number of countries, plus increased supplies from Russia and LNG from the Middle East and other places resulted in falls in natural gas prices in many places. Since combined cycle natural gas turbines form the main competitor to nuclear power, anything which improves the economics of natural gas will act to reduce demand for nuclear power. This makes it hard to decide to what degree the reduction in the number of reactors being built was due to the political effects of the earthquake and tsunami and to what degree it was due to cheaper natural gas through fracking and other means. I'll leave that question at that. 63 Question 4 the new radiation rules in the states. 64 Answer I'm not deeply familiar with US radiation rules, but I will attempt to answer the question. Apparently there are wide variety of different things being addressed, only some of which have any relevance to the nuclear power industry. One of these is an epidemiological study on the current exposure limits for workers in the nuclear industry. This study will take place over about 5 years. In the end it may not result in any changes. This is for a number of reasons. 65 One is that US exposure thresholds for workers are currently aligned with international standards. It would be difficult for the US industry to operate on a different basis than the rest of the world when supply chains are global and kit is designed to meet currently recognized standards. Another is that apparently the nuclear industry are not, so far as I can discern, asking for any changes to limits. They instead are looking for changes to how some of the details are being applied, such as for example the criteria for deciding when respirators are required in low risk environments. 66 Some point to recent changes in UK regulations as an example of what they are looking for. I will post a link to the new (November of 2025) UK regulations in the show notes. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/nuclear-industry-principles-to-guide-the-application-of-as-low-as-reasonably-practicable-alarp-and-best-available-techniques-bat/ways-of-working-principles-to-guide-the-application-of-alarp-and-bat-in-the-nuclear-industry-accessible-webpage This is about as much detail as I think I can comment on when it comes to this question, as I think it is a subject that requires a fair bit more practical knowledge of than I have in order to give a thorough and balanced answer. -------------------- 67 Question from Antoine Were/are the designs patented? Hi, Whiskeyjack. Nice ep. You said AGR, based on Magnox, was a nuclear reactor type that did not sell well outside the UK. I then started thinking if it were (is) possible to another countries to develop by themselves based on that project, or if it had (has) a commercial restriction for exploration of the technology. I have yet to listen to the following episodes (doing little by little) and may learn better on the choices, but I felt free to present the question by now... Thanks! 68 Answer This is a very good question because it offers the opportunity to talk about a number of interesting things that haven't been touched on yet. Let's cover a bit of background first. 69 A patent is a time limited right to exploit a defined bit of valuable technical knowledge. Patents were involved from the very earliest days of commercial nuclear power, and I will give an example of this later. A key point to keep in mind though is that the nuclear power field moves very slowly and it takes a long time for new knowledge to make it from the lab to commercial application. Patents will often expire before they reach the point where they can be used. 70 Contracts on the other hand are legally enforceable agreements between two parties. A contract may have a time limited life, but that is an arrangement between the parties. A commercial nuclear power plant is a very large and complex bit of kit and not easily copied in detail. It can be far more effective to cover designs under contracts and licenses than to rely on patents. If a country wished to build their own nuclear power plants rather than buying them from someone else, there are a large number of companies who have commercial designs they are willing to license to third parties for them to build themselves. Indeed a number of these companies base their business around licensing of designs or have other reasons for wishing to do so. 71 From a licensee perspective, it could take decades of work and hundreds of millions or even billions of dollars to take a design from first principle to the ready to build state, wheras licensing a design give you a proven design right away. As mentioned in previous episodes, there many types of reactor in the world. The selection of what sort of reactor a country decides to buy often depends more on commercial considerations revolving around licensing terms and conditions than it does with respect to any technical considerations. Here's an example which shows how South Korea decided to license a design, build it for themselves, and then export it to other countries. 72 KunMo Chung - Professor at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, stated in an interview in 2019 that South Korea wanted to standardize on a single reactor technology in the early 1980s. They had reactors from multiple different vendors, but wanted to license an existing successful design to produce for themselves and for the export market. One of the major factors in deciding to standardize was to allow them to improve operator training by focusing on one design. Professor Chung stated that one of the key factors in selecting a design from ABB-Combustion Engineering was that he personally knew and had a good relationship with the Chief Technical Officer of ABB-Combustion Engineering going back to a time when Professor Chung had been studying and working in the USA. 73 On their side, ABB-Combustion Engineering were having financial problems and they needed a partner to help further develop their new PWR design. Also they stood to gain revenue from this partnership as well. Based on this relationship, the two sides came to a business agreement and South Korea began producing reactors based on this design, while also continuing to develop and improve it further. 74 Here's an example of a case where the developers of a promising technology decided that they had more to gain by not patenting their technology. Instead they decided to freely share their information in order to get other researchers elsewhere to help to advance the technology so that all could benefit from it. 75 In an interview Wacław Gudowski - Prof. Emeritus, Royal Institute of Technology KTH Stockholm stated that the Soviets and later the Russian were the leaders in lead-bismuth cooled reactors. These reactors use lead-bismuth liquid metal alloy as a coolant. In the 1990s the Russian institute working on commercializing this technology were working with Western partners on nuclear technology in general. They considered patenting this technology, but in the end decided to simply publish it openly. 76 Professor Gudowski had even smuggled $60,000 in cash into Russia to finance the patent application in order to get the Russian institute to publish their technology, but the money was not needed. They based this decision on the judgment that it would take 20 years of R&D before the technology was ready for the commercial market, so they wouldn't see a penny on any patents anyway. They were right on this, as it was another 20 years of R&D in Europe, Russia, China, and Korea before lead-bismuth technology was ready for commercial use. 77 It had already seen use in submarine reactors, but the commercial market demanded a more thoroughly developed technology to satisfy commercial needs. By deciding to not patent the technology, the original developers gained from shared R&D rather than chasing the illusary gains from patent licenses on technology that was not ready for the commercial market anyway. 78 I said that patents were involved in nuclear technology from the very earliest days, and I will now turn to that story. When I say the earliest days, I mean probably earlier than you are imaging. I am talking about before WWII. 79 First though I need to give some background information. France and Britain were working on nuclear weapons from the very earliest days of WWII. In Britain's case this was called Tube Alloys. Canada also was conducting nuclear experiments, including building an "atomic pile", but it's not clear if this had any clear practical goals or was done to understand the physics better. 80 If you read the Wikipedia version of history, it states that Tube Alloys was merged into the Manhattan Project. However, participants have stated in interviews that this was not the case, and the Quebec Agreement which supposedly merged them makes no such mention of any merger of the projects, just the setting up of a board to coordinate efforts between the three countries, that is the US, UK, and Canada. In fact the two projects didn't get along that well, and as we shall see below, a big part of that was disputes over patents. ### 81 The following is based on a paper written by Bertrand Goldschmidt, a French nuclear scientist. Two of his colleagues, Hans Halban and Lew Kowarski played a critical role in early nuclear research. Halban in particular was one of the greatest scientific names in nuclear fission. In March of 1939 Halban conducted an experiment showing that neutrons were emitted by the fissioning of uranium. 82 In April Joliot, Halban, Kowarski and Perrin had a pretty good idea of how to use nuclear fission to produce energy and to make an explosive device and decided to file patents on their invention. Each of the four would receive a 5% share of any benefits and the other 80% would go to the research instittute they worked at in Paris. I will now quote from Goldschmidt's paper. 83 The first two patents concerned energy production and were entitled "Device for energy production" and "Method for stabilizing a device for energy production." They roughly defined the principles of the main components of our present power reactors: moderator in heterogeneous or homogeneous arrangements, cooling fluid, control rods, protection shield. The third patent called "Method for perfecting explosive charges" was less brilliant from a foresight point of view though it proposed valid solutions for the trigger, the tamper, and the rapid obtainment of the critical assembly of a possible explosive device. Finally, nearly a year later, after Alfred Nier's experimental confirmation in March 1940 of Niels Bohr's theoretical prediction that uranium 235, the rare isotope of the mixture in natural uranium, was responsible for fission by slow neutrons, the French took out an additional patent on the advantage of using enriched uranium for the chain reaction. End of quote. 84 In May of 1940, the CNRS, the French research institute in Paris, negotiated an agreement with Belgian mining company Union Miniere, who were the world's biggest producer of uranium, at the time a byproduct of radium mining, about a partnership for the world wide exploitation of these patents. However the agreement was not finalized due to the ongoing events in the war. At the beginning of the war, the French government had approved the development of an energy generator - or a nuclear reactor as we would say today, with the intention of creating an engine for submarines. 85 With the fall of France, Halban and Kowarski travelled to the UK with their supply of heavy water where they were received by their UK counterparts, James Chadwick and John Cockroft. The British were already working on an atomic bomb. In the UK the two conducted an experiment showing that it was possible to create nuclear energy using natural uranium and heavy water. In 1941 the British nuclear project was reorganized and given the name Tube Alloys. In 1942 it was decided to move the work on a plutonium bomb to Canada, and Canada would pay for the project. A lab was set up in Montreal and Halban was put in charge of the project. 86 Halban had negotiated this arrangement by offering to arrange to have the French patents for world wide rights outside of France and the French empire transferred to the UK. In return the French team were to be given a key role in the British nuclear project. The author of the paper I am referencing, Bertrand Goldschmidt, was a section leader in Montreal and a colleague of Halban from France. The Montreal group cooperated with the American Manhattan Project and the two shared information and exchanged visits. 87 However, relations between the two began to break down, with a major cause of this being the Americans being unhappy about the French patents and Halban's arrangement to give the British world wide rights to them. The postwar commercial potential for nuclear power was seen to be huge, and this was a major bone of contention. The extensive participation of ICI (Imperial Chemical Industries) engineers in the Tube Alloys project was also objectionable to the Americans. Presumably this had something to do with potential for ICI being involved in future commercialization of the technology. The American Dupont company, a commercial rival of ICI, was also heavily involved in the American atomic bomb project. The eventual result of this was that the US cut off cooperation with the UK-Canada nuclear project. 88 Finally Halban was forced out of the project at the insistence of the Americans, and he was replaced by John Cockroft who moved to Montreal to take charge of the project. The Americans now restore limited cooperation. Kowarski was put in charge of building a heavy water moderated natural uranium reactor at a new site north of Ottawa at Chalk River. This reactor was turned on on the 5th of September, 1945, three days after Japan's surrender. So in what was supposedly a titanic war for survival, key allies were falling out with respect to their ultimate weapon over issues of patents covering post war commercialization. 89 With the end of the war, the nuclear weapons project in Montreal and Chalk River was wound up. Halban, Kowarski, and Goldschmidt returned to France and Cockroft to the UK where they all played senior roles in the nuclear programs of their respective countries. John Cockroft played an important role in the development of the Magnox reactors which Antoine asked about. The Chalk River Site remains as Canada's main nuclear research centre to this day, and Canada was to continue development of heavy water moderated natural uranium reactors. 90 The first commercial nuclear power plant was commissioned in the UK in 1956, roughly 17 years after the original French nuclear patents. At that time, UK patents had a term of 16 years. While I am not a patent lawyer, it would appear that these patents would likely have expired before nuclear power was ever commercialized. So to answer the question about patents, the first patents on nuclear energy date to before WWII started, and the very first two were about nuclear power plants and it was only the third one which covered nuclear weapons. -------------------- 91 Thanks to other listeners. A number of other listeners made comments saying they were really enjoying the series. I would like to thank the following for their kind words of encouragement. They helped make the work required to do this worthwhile. They are brian-in-ohio mnw Clinton Antoine bjb Kevin O'Brien Trey L'andrew Archer72 Jim DeVore If you have commented but I have forgotten your name, or if the show was recorded before I got a chance to read your comment, I would still like to thank you. 92 Conclusion I would like to thank all the listeners for their kind comments and insightful questions. I hope that I have answered these questions to the satisfaction of everyone. I look forward to hearing from all of you in future podcast episodes including those on other topics. -------------------- Proceedings of the 29th annual conference of the Canadian Nuclear Association and 10th annual conference of the Canadian Nuclear Society. V. 1-3 https://inis.iaea.org/records/m2s41-40917 This has a paper by Bertrand Goldschmidt about the work of the French scientists in Canada. -------------------- Provide feedback on this episode.

fWotD Episode 2994: Trinity (nuclear test) Welcome to featured Wiki of the Day, your daily dose of knowledge from Wikipedia's finest articles.The featured article for Wednesday, 16 July 2025, is Trinity (nuclear test).Trinity was the first detonation of a nuclear weapon, conducted by the United States Army at 5:29 a.m. MWT (11:29:21 GMT) on July 16, 1945, as part of the Manhattan Project. The test was of an implosion-design plutonium bomb, or "gadget", of the same design as the Fat Man bomb later detonated over Nagasaki, Japan, on August 9, 1945. Concerns about whether the complex Fat Man design would work led to a decision to conduct the first nuclear test. The code name "Trinity" was assigned by J. Robert Oppenheimer, the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory, possibly inspired by the poetry of John Donne.The test, both planned and directed by Kenneth Bainbridge, was conducted in the Jornada del Muerto desert about 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Socorro, New Mexico, on what was the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range (renamed the White Sands Proving Ground just before the test). The only structures originally in the immediate vicinity were the McDonald Ranch House and its ancillary buildings, which scientists used as a laboratory for testing bomb components. Fears of a fizzle prompted construction of "Jumbo", a steel containment vessel that could contain the plutonium, allowing it to be recovered; but ultimately Jumbo was not used in the test. On May 7, 1945, a rehearsal was conducted, during which 108 short tons (98 t) of high explosive spiked with radioactive isotopes was detonated.Some 425 people were present on the weekend of the Trinity test. In addition to Bainbridge and Oppenheimer, observers included Vannevar Bush, James Chadwick, James B. Conant, Thomas Farrell, Enrico Fermi, Hans Bethe, Richard Feynman, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Leslie Groves, Frank Oppenheimer, Geoffrey Taylor, Richard Tolman, Edward Teller, and John von Neumann. The Trinity bomb released the explosive energy of 25 kilotons of TNT (100 TJ) ± 2 kilotons of TNT (8.4 TJ), and a large cloud of fallout. Thousands of people lived closer to the test than would have been allowed under guidelines adopted for subsequent tests, but no one living near the test was evacuated before or afterward.The test site was declared a National Historic Landmark district in 1965 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places the following year.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:34 UTC on Wednesday, 16 July 2025.For the full current version of the article, see Trinity (nuclear test) on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm generative Ruth.

In this special episode, we momentarily step away from our immigration series to honor the life and legacy of our grandfather, James Chadwick. While our family attends his funeral this week, we are grateful to still connect with you through a powerful conversation recorded with Tracy from the Tune My Heart podcast.Join us as we discuss the story of John Henry—his historical and legendary roots, what representation means to us as Black brothers in Christ, and the gospel themes that shine through even in secular stories. From childhood cartoons to cultural reflections, this conversation goes deep while still leaving room for laughter and perspective.

Passage: 4 Rejoice in the Lord always. I will say it again: Rejoice! 5 Let your graciousness be known to everyone. The Lord is near. 6 Don't worry about anything, but in everything, through prayer and petition with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. 7 And the peace of God, which surpasses all understanding, will guard your hearts and minds in Christ Jesus. 8 Finally brothers and sisters, whatever is true, whatever is honorable, whatever is just, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is commendable ​— ​if there is any moral excellence and if there is anything praiseworthy ​— ​dwell on these things. 9 Do what you have learned and received and heard from me, and seen in me, and the God of peace will be with you. -- Philippians 4:4-9 (CSB) Song: Angels We Have Heard on High (https://open.spotify.com/track/6r2uT3BQAYuNygl5BKv3v3?si=48b31883dfed413b) by Edward Shippen Barnes, James Chadwick, Jonathan Smith, and Phil Wickham Lyrics: Angels we have heard on high Sweetly singing o'er the plains And the mountains in reply Echoing their joyous strains Gloria Gloria In excelsis Deo In excelsis Deo Gloria Gloria In excelsis Deo In excelsis Deo Shepherds why this jubilee Why your joyous strains prolong What the gladsome tidings be Which inspire your heavenly song Come to Bethlehem and see Him whose birth the angels sing Come adore on bended knee Christ the Lord the newborn King Abbreviated Passage: 6 Don't worry about anything, but in everything, through prayer and petition with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. Prayer: Most loving Father, whose will it is for us to give thanks for all things, to fear nothing but the loss of you, and to cast all our care on you who care for us: Preserve us from faithless fears and worldly anxieties, that no clouds of this mortal life may hide from us the light of that love which is immortal, and which you have manifested to us in your Son Jesus Christ our Lord; who lives and reigns with you, in the unity of the Holy Spirit, one God, now and for ever. Amen.

While Andrew is AWOL over the other side of the country, gommo and Josh hit up 'chad' about his recent experience taking a hard Wood Elf list to a 2400 point tournament Axemaster! We also chat through some of our lists for Cancon and Old Hammer for early next year.

O cientista inglês que descobriu o neutrão morreu há 50 anos.

This is the last episode of 2023! We will be back January 3, 2024! Thank you for giving to support this ministry. You can go here to find out more. It's Christmas Day in the Church Calendar. December 25, 2023 Our general order and lectionary comes from the Book of Common Prayer Daily Office. We'll sing “Angels We Have Heard on High” by Edward Barnes and James Chadwick. Our Scripture lesson is Luke 2:8-20. We'll say the Apostles' Creed, the Lord's Prayer, and the Collect of the Day followed by a time of spontaneous, prompted prayer. If you have a prayer request please submit it here. Sign up here for the email list. Morning Prayer and Worship is a production of Steady Stream Ministries, a 501(c)(3) non profit organization.  Join our Facebook group here! Photo by Elina Fairytale. The Nativity of Our Lord: Christmas Day I - O God, you make us glad by the yearly festival of the birth of your only Son Jesus Christ: Grant that we, who joyfully receive him as our Redeemer, may with sure confidence behold him when he comes to be our Judge; who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, now and for ever. Amen. --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/prayerandworship/message

Welcome to the family! You have a place here! Please let us know if you are watching our stream for the first time, if you have made a decision, or are in need of prayer – text CONNECT to (941) 260-1395 or CLICK HEREClick here if you would like to give online: https://engage.suran.com/familychurchpc/  Music used with permission, CCLI License # 594759, Streaming Plus License # 21044022Angels We Have Heard On High CCLI #5606951James Chadwick, Chris Tomlin Arr. by Joel Mott and Shane Ohlson Orch. by Joel Mott © 2009 worshiptogether.com Songs/ sixsteps Music / Vamos Publishing Joy to the World/Joyful Joyful CCLI Song # 7128618Edward Hodges | George Frideric Handel | Henry Van Dyke | Isaac Watts | Ludwig van Beethoven | Phil Wickham © 2018 Phil Wickham Music; Simply Global Songs; Sing My SongsO Come All Ye Faithful (His Name Shall Be) CCLI Song # 7163644JD Myers | Kristian Stanfill © 2020 KPS 1.0; sixsteps Music; worshiptogether.com songs; Thank the Maker Music

LibriVox selection of traditional Christmas carols, hymns and songs in English, French, German, Greek, Italian and Ukrainian. We wish you all a happy and peaceful Christmas.English:All Children are on Christmas Eve - Words & Music: Rev. Charles L. Hutchins (1838-1920).Angels from the Realms of Glory - Words: James Montgomery (1771-1854); Music: Henry T. Smart (1813-1879).Angels We Have Heard on High - Words: French Carol, trans. James Chadwick (1813-1882). Music: 'Gloria' French carol melody.The Babe of Bethlehem - Old Kentish carol, arr. Henry R. Bramley (1833-1917) & John Stainer (1840-1901).The First Nowell - traditional English carol, first published in its current form in Carols Ancient and Modern (1823) edited by William Sandys.Good King Wenceslas - Words: John Mason Neale (1818-1866). Music: from Piae Cantiones (1582) arr. Henry R. Bramley (1833-1917) & John Stainer (1840-1901).Hark! The Herald Angels Sing - Words: Charles Wesley (1707-1788) Music: Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847), arr. William H. Cummings (1831-1915).The Holly and the Ivy - Words: Traditional. Music: Traditional, arr. Henry R. Bramley (1833-1917) & John Stainer (1840-1901).I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day - Words: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882) Music: John B. Calkin (1827-1905).In Little Bethlehem - Words: Katherine Parker; Music: George W. Wilmot. In Beginner and Primary Songs for use in Sunday School and the Home.In the Bleak Midwinter - Words: Christina Rossetti (1830 - 1894); Music: Gustav Holst (1874 - 1934).Joy to the World - Words: Words: Isaac Watts (1674 - 1748); Music: 'Antioch' pieced together from 'Messiah' by George F. Handel (1685 - 1759) arr. Lowell Mason (1792-1872).Lo, How a Rose E'er Blooming - Words: Words: v. 1-2, 15th Century German, trans. Theodore Baker ( 1851–1934); v. 3,4 Fridrich Layriz (1808-1859), trans. Harriet Reynolds Krauth (1845-1925); v. 5, 15th Century German, trans. John C. Mattes(1876-1948). Music: 'Es Ist Ein Ros Entsprungen (Rhythmic)' German from Köln, 1599, arr. Michael Praetorius (1571-1621).Masters in this Hall, or, Nowell, Sing We Clear - Words: William Morris (1834-1896); Music: French Traditional.O Come, O Come, Emmanuel - Words: translated from the Latin by John Mason Neale (1818-1866). Music: 'Veni Emmanuel', 15th Century.Rise Up, Shepherd an' Foller - Words & Music: American Traditional arr. Franklin Robinson.Sweet Was the Song the Virgin Sung - From William Ballet's Lute Book c.1600. Music: arr. Dr. Charles Wood (1866–1926).Wassail! Wassail All Over the Town! (Gloucestershire Wassail) - Words & Music: English Traditional.We Three Kings of Orient Are - Words & Music: Rev. John Henry Hopkins, Jr. D.D. (1821-1891).What Child is This? - Words: William Chatterton Dix (1837-1898). Music: English Traditional.français (French):.Dans cette étable - Words: French Traditional; Music: Charles Gounod (1818-1893).Deutsch (German):.Es kommt ein Schiff geladen - Words: Daniel Sudermann (1550 - 1631?); Music: first published in Andernacher Gesangbuch 1608.ελληνικά (Greek):.I Parthenos Simeron (Η Παρθένος Σήμερον) or Today the Virgin - Words and music: St. Romanos the Melodist (5th Century).italiano (Italian):.Canzone di Natale - Music: Arranged by Alberto Bimboni.українська мова (Ukrainian):.Коляда (Kolyada) - Words and music: Traditional Ukrainian..Про різдво Христове... (Prorizdvo Khrystove) - Words and music: Traditional Ukrainian. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/librivox1/support

Support me by becoming wiser and more knowledgeable – check out James Chadwick's books for sale on Amazon: Radioactivity and Radioactive Substances: https://amzn.to/4a7mk2y Radiations from Radioactive Substances: https://amzn.to/3PHAa3o Collected Papers of Lord Rutherford of Nelson: https://amzn.to/3PCe1nh If you purchase a book through any of these links, I will earn a 4.5% commission and be extremely delighted. But if you just want to read and aren't ready to add a new book to your collection yet, I'd recommend checking out the ⁠⁠⁠Internet Archive⁠⁠⁠, the largest free digital library in the world. If you're really feeling benevolent you can buy me a coffee or donate over at ⁠https://ko-fi.com/theunadulteratedintellect⁠⁠. I would seriously appreciate it! __________________________________________________ Sir James Chadwick (20 October 1891 – 24 July 1974) was a British physicist who was awarded the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the neutron in 1932. In 1941, he wrote the final draft of the MAUD Report, which inspired the U.S. government to begin serious atom bomb research efforts. He was the head of the British team that worked on the Manhattan Project during World War II. He was knighted in Britain in 1945 for his achievements in physics. Chadwick graduated from the Victoria University of Manchester in 1911, where he studied under Ernest Rutherford (known as the "father of nuclear physics"). At Manchester, he continued to study under Rutherford until he was awarded his MSc in 1913. The same year, Chadwick was awarded an 1851 Research Fellowship from the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851. He elected to study beta radiation under Hans Geiger in Berlin. Using Geiger's recently developed Geiger counter, Chadwick was able to demonstrate that beta radiation produced a continuous spectrum, and not discrete lines as had been thought. Still in Germany when World War I broke out in Europe, he spent the next four years in the Ruhleben internment camp. After the war, Chadwick followed Rutherford to the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge, where Chadwick earned his Doctor of Philosophy degree under Rutherford's supervision from Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, in June 1921. He was Rutherford's assistant director of research at the Cavendish Laboratory for over a decade at a time when it was one of the world's foremost centres for the study of physics, attracting students like John Cockcroft, Norman Feather, and Mark Oliphant. Chadwick followed his discovery of the neutron by measuring its mass. He anticipated that neutrons would become a major weapon in the fight against cancer. Chadwick left the Cavendish Laboratory in 1935 to become a professor of physics at the University of Liverpool, where he overhauled an antiquated laboratory and, by installing a cyclotron, made it an important centre for the study of nuclear physics. During the Second World War, Chadwick carried out research as part of the Tube Alloys project to build an atom bomb, while his Manchester lab and environs were harassed by Luftwaffe bombing. When the Quebec Agreement merged his project with the American Manhattan Project, he became part of the British Mission, and worked at the Los Alamos Laboratory and in Washington, D.C. He surprised everyone by earning the almost-complete trust of project director Leslie R. Groves, Jr. For his efforts, Chadwick received a knighthood in the New Year Honours on 1 January 1945. In July 1945, he viewed the Trinity nuclear test. After this, he served as the British scientific advisor to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission. Uncomfortable with the trend toward Big Science, he became the Master of Gonville and Caius College in 1948. He retired in 1959. Original video ⁠here⁠⁠ Full Wikipedia entry ⁠here⁠ James Chadwick's books ⁠here --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/theunadulteratedintellect/support

This episode is a "Christmas Edition" bonus episode to the Hymns That I Love series which debuted this past summer 2022.   Join me as we again dive into the background, context, and timeless truths of a beloved hymn.    ANGELS WE HAVE HEARD ON HIGH (HYMNS THAT I LOVE) Turn Your Eyes Upon JesusMusic:  to the tune of “Gloria” (traditional French song of unknown origin)Words:  James Chadwick (paraphrased the English arrangement of original French carol)Angels we have heard on highSweetly singing o'er the plainsAnd the mountains in replyEchoing their joyous strains GloriaIn excelsis DeoGloriaIn excelsis DeoShepherds, why this jubilee?Why your joyous strains prolong?What the gladsome tidings beWhich inspire your heavenly song? GloriaIn excelsis DeoGloriaIn excelsis DeoCome to Bethlehem and seeHim whose birth the angels singCome, adore on bended kneeChrist the Lord, the newborn King GloriaIn excelsis DeoGloriaIn excelsis DeoLISTEN TO “ANGELS WE HAVE HEARD ON HIGH” BY DEREK CHARLES JOHNSON: https://derekcharlesjohnson.hearnow.com/angels-we-have-heard-on-high

JESUS WE LOVE YOUCCLI #7030068 | Hannah McClure, Kalley Heiligenthal, and Paul McClure © 2014O COME ALL YE FAITHFUL (HILLSONG)CCLI #7095543 | Ben Tan, C. Frederick Oakeley, John Francis Wade, Karina Wykes, Matt Crocker, and Michael Guy Chislett © 2017 | Christmas, Faith, InvitationANGELS WE HAVE HEARD ON HIGH (WICKHAM)CCLI #7138825 | Edward Shippen Barnes, James Chadwick, Jonathan Smith, and Phil Wickham © 2019CAME TO MY RESCUE#4705190 by J Davies, M Sampson & D Thomas 2005 Hillsong PublishingWHAT CHILD IS THISCCLI #7050422 | Chris Tomlin and William Chatterton Dix

JESUS WE LOVE YOUCCLI #7030068 | Hannah McClure, Kalley Heiligenthal, and Paul McClure © 2014O COME ALL YE FAITHFUL (HILLSONG)CCLI #7095543 | Ben Tan, C. Frederick Oakeley, John Francis Wade, Karina Wykes, Matt Crocker, and Michael Guy Chislett © 2017 | Christmas, Faith, InvitationANGELS WE HAVE HEARD ON HIGH (WICKHAM)CCLI #7138825 | Edward Shippen Barnes, James Chadwick, Jonathan Smith, and Phil Wickham © 2019CAME TO MY RESCUE#4705190 by J Davies, M Sampson & D Thomas 2005 Hillsong PublishingWHAT CHILD IS THISCCLI #7050422 | Chris Tomlin and William Chatterton Dix

It's hard to go anywhere this time of the year without hearing Christmas music. They really help set the mood for the holidays, which I love. The melodies of many of the traditional Christmas carols are fixed in our minds because we've heard them for years and years. But often the words are not. Who can remember the 3rd verse of “Silent Night,” for example? The lyrics of the really good Christmas carols have a relationship component to them worth considering this time of year. I'm going to talk about one of these carols in today's episode. But before we get into all this, here's a word from my favorite Christmas Carol, our executive producer, Carol Steward. Welcome to You Were Made for This If you find yourself wanting more from your relationships, you've come to the right place. Here you'll discover practical principles you can use to experience the life-giving relationships you were made for. Your host, John Certalic, is an award-winning author and relationship coach, here to help you find more joy in the relationships God designed for you. To access all past and future episodes, go to the bottom of this page, enter your name and email address, then click on the follow or subscribe button. The episodes are organized chronologically and are also searchable by topics, categories, and keywords. Angels We Have Heard on High I have been hearing “Angels We Have Heard on High” as a Christmas Carol ever since I was a kid. I bet the same is true for you, too. It is an easily recognizable tune, mainly because of its chorus, “Gloria In Excelsis Deo” which is Latin for Glory to God in the Highest. Because the melody is so familiar and catchy, the lyrics, except for the first few lines, are something I've never thought much about. Until just recently. This “Angels We Have Heard on High” Christmas Carol has an interesting history, going back to the second century, and an even more interesting meaning for celebrating the Christmas season here in 2022. I'll get into all this in just a moment, but first I'll play the melody and recite the lyrics. Try to focus on the words and their meaning. [Play the melody of “Angels We Have Heard on High”] Lyrics to “Angels We Have Heard on High” [Verse 1] Angels we have heard on high Sweetly singing o'er the plains And the mountains in reply Echoing their joyous strains [Chorus] Gloria In Excelsis Deo Gloria In Excelsis Deo [Verse 2] Shepherds why this jubilee? Why your joyous strains prolong? Say what may the tidings be Which inspire your heavenly song? [Chorus] Gloria In Excelsis Deo Gloria In Excelsis Deo [Verse 3] Come to Bethlehem and see Him Whose birth the angels sing; Come, adore on bended knee Christ the Lord, the newborn King [Chorus] Gloria In Excelsis Deo Gloria In Excelsis Deo [Verse 4] See within in a manger laid Jesus Lord of heav'n and earth Mary, Joseph lend your aid With us sing our Savior's birth The back story to this Christmas Carol “Angels We Have Heard On High,” is a traditional French Christmas carol, previously known as “The Angels in Our Countryside.” It tells the story of angels announcing to local shepherds the good news of the birth of Jesus. Though the source of the song is unknown, it is believed to have originated in 18th-century France. The song was first translated into English in 1860 by James Chadwick, a Roman Catholic bishop. Just as the origin of the words to this French song is unknown, so also is the melody. Since it was common for lyrics to be written for existing tunes, it is possible that the melody is even older than the words. Gloria in Excelsis Deo The refrain in this Christmas carol, “Gloria in Excelsis Deo,” (Latin for "Glory to God in the Highest”) has an interesting background. The phrase is first found in the Gospel of Luke, chapter 2, verse 14, when a vast host of angels suddenly appear to the shepherds, praising God. Centuries ago in the hills of southern France, tradition has it that shepherds had a Christmas Eve custom of calling to one another, each from their own hillside, singing “Gloria in Excelsis Deo.” Verses 1 and 2 in Angels We Have Heard on High” reference this when they speak of the “mountains” (i.e., the shepherds on the mountains) replying to the angels in joyous heavenly song. The phrase “Gloria in Excelsis Deo.” played an important part in worship at church masses dating back to 130 A.D. During this time period, one of the early Roman Catholic popes, Pope Telesphorus, issued a decree that on Christmas Day all churches should have special evening services. He also ordered that at these masses, after the reading of certain Scripture or the conclusion of specific prayers, the congregation should always sing the words “Gloria in Excelsis Deo.” Historical church documents reveal that monks carried this executive order throughout the land and that by the third century it was a practice used by most churches at Christmas services. Sources https://genius.com/Christmas-songs-angels-we-have-heard-on-high-lyrics https://www.celebratingholidays.com/?page_id=10563 https://faithgateway.com/blogs/christian-books/angels-we-have-heard-on-high So, what does “Angels We Have Heard of High” mean for you? This Christmas carol stands in sharp contrast to all the things we add to the original meaning of Christmas. The presents, the activities, the gathering of families together. All these are fine, but they have nothing to do with Jesus is the reason for the season. “Angels We Have Heard on High” is largely a song to celebrate the invitation God extends to all of us, you and me included, to come and see who Jesus is. It's to celebrate the generous love of God to give us this greatest gift ever. It's also an encouragement to accept this wonderful invitation. As the angels said to the shepherds, just come and see. Come and see. And that's what “Angels We Have Heard on High” means for us this Christmas season in 2022 and every year. Here's the main takeaway I hope you remember from today's episode A Christmas carol like “Angels We Have Heard on High” invites you and me into a relationship with Jesus, just as it did for the shepherds in the song. It's an invitation for us to either accept or reject. Relationship question of the month for December What joyful memory of Christmas do you have? What is a tradition or event stands out for you when you think about this holiday? Just go to JohnCertalic.com/question to record your answer using your phone or computer. With your answer, please include your name and where you're from. It's that simple. If you'd rather give a written answer, just enter it in the Leave a Comment box at the bottom of the show notes. I'll need your response by 5 pm Central time on December 12, 2022. Again, head over to JohnCertalic.com/question and leave a message. I'll pick several responses to air on our episode before Christmas. Closing In closing, I encourage you can take a few minutes to look past the distractions that seep into the Christmas season. I hope you take to reflect on its real meaning so that you can give glory to God in the highest as the shepherds on those French hillsides did so many years ago. I so often close each episode by encouraging you to spread a little relational sunshine around the people you meet and to spark some joy for them. But for this month, I want to encourage you to be on the lookout for the sunshine God is shining into your life. Expect true Christmas joy to show up on your relational doorstep to surprise you by filling your heart. And I'll end with one last round of “Angels We Have Heard on High.” Merry Christmas and God bless us everyone! Other episodes or resources related to today's show 133: Relationships - The Back Story to the Christmas Story 021: The Most Important Relationship of All Last week's episode 186: Thankful for Life After Death https://www.johncertalic.com/podcast/thankful-for-life-after-death/ The place to access all past and future episodes JohnCertalic.com Our Sponsor You Were Made for This is sponsored by Caring for Others, a missionary care ministry. The generosity of people like you supports our ministry. It enables us to continue this weekly podcast and other services we provide to missionaries around the world.

In this episode, we are donning our lab coats and gaining access to the secrets of particle physics. We visit 1932, an astonishing year in the history of science across the world, from Carl Anderson's rooftop cloud chamber in California, to Marietta Blau's mountaintop experiments in Austria, via the Cavendish Lab at the University of Cambridge. Our guest is Dr Suzie Sheehy. Dr Sheehy is unusual for Travels Through Time – she is a scientist rather than a historian – but she is also quite unusual within her own field of accelerator physics. Firstly, because she is a woman, and secondly because she is a brilliant communicator, able to beautifully articulate the wonder and complexity of Physics. In her new book, The Matter of Everything, Twelve Experiments that Changed Our World she tells the major discovery stories of the past century: the cathode ray tube that brought us television, splitting the atom, finding new particles and, of course, the Large Hadron Collider and Higgs Boson. Behind each of these breakthroughs are the brilliant scientists whose curiosity and persistence made them possible.  This episode is sponsored by ACE Cultural Tours, the oldest and most experienced provider of study tours and cultural travel in the United Kingdom. Find out more via their website at www.aceculturaltours.co.uk or speak to their friendly team on 01223 841055. Show Notes Scene One: 2nd August 1932. The discovery of the positron, Carl Anderson, at Caltech in America. Scene Two: 14th April 1932. Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, the splitting of the atom Ernest Rutherford (at almost the same time James Chadwick discovers the neutron in the same lab!). Scene Three: 1932. Hafelekar observatory, Marietta Blau and her assistant Hertha Wambacher place 'emulsion plates' 7,500 feet above sea level, near Innsbruck, Austria. They would go on to have a huge impact scientifically, but as women their work was undervalued and overlooked at the time. Momento: Marietta Blau's diaries so Dr Sheehy could write about her and fully reveal her genius and achievements to the world. People/Social Presenter: Violet Moller Guest: Dr Suzie Sheehy Production: Maria Nolan Podcast partner: Ace Cultural Tours Follow us on Twitter: @tttpodcast_ Or on Facebook See where 1932 fits on our Timeline   

Ancora Holdings is one of Northeast Ohio's largest money managers. Ancora chairman and CEO Fred DiSanto and Ancora Alternatives president James Chadwick joined The Landscape to share their thoughts on the economic outlook for 2022, the impact of high inflation and the firm's approach to being an activist investor in the current environment.

27 lutego 1335 – Król Kazimierz III Wielki wydał przywilej lokacyjny dla Kazimierza27 lutego 1861 – Śmierć pięciu poległych w Warszawie.27 lutego 1932 – James Chadwick ogłosił na łamach tygodnika „Nature” odkrycie neutronu.27 lutego 1933 – Spłonął gmach Reichstagu w Berlinie.27 lutego 1934 – Gestapo aresztowało w Berlinie agenta polskiego wywiadu Jerzego Sosnowskiego.27 lutego 1951 – Ratyfikowano 22. poprawkę do Konstytucji USA.27 lutego 1989 – W Wenezueli doszło do krwawych rozruchów znanych jako El Caracazo.

Join us for a special event today celebrating the gift of a Saviour! Join us in song and with a short message. Music: "O Come O Come Emmanuel [For King and Country Arrangement]" Words and Lyrics by Henry Sloane Coffin, John Mason Neale, and Thomas Helmore. © Public Domain CCLI Song # 31982. Used by Permission. CCLI License # 2338901. "Emmanuel (Rejoice)". Words and Lyrics by Sean Saunders, Jeremy Simpson © CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. Used by permission. CCLI License # 2338901. "Joy To The World (Joyful Joyful)". Words and Lyrics by George Frideric Handel, Isaac Watts, and Phil Wickham. © 2018 Phil Wickham Music (Fair Trade Music Publishing [c/o Essential Music Publishing LLC]), Simply Global Songs (Fair Trade Music Publishing [c/o Essential Music Publishing LLC]), and Sing My Songs (Fair Trade Music Publishing [c/o Essential Music Publishing LLC]). CCLI Song # 7128618. Used by Permission. CCLI License # 2338901. "Angels We Have Heard On High [Paul Baloche Arrangement]". Words and Lyrics by Edward Shippen Barnes and James Chadwick. © Public Domain. CCLI Song # 27721. Used by Permission. CCLI License # 2338901. "He Has Come For Us (God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen)". Words and Lyrics by Meredith Andrews. © 2009 Word Music, LLC, Windsor Way Music, GrangeHill Music, and Peertunes, Ltd. CCLI Song # 5683022. Used by Permission. CCLI License # 2338901. "A Christmas Alleluia". Words and Lyrics by Chris Tomlin and Jonas Myrin. © 2015 © Capitol CMG Paragon (Admin. by Capitol CMG Publishing), S. D. G. Publishing (Admin. by Capitol CMG Publishing), Sixsteps Songs (Admin. by Capitol CMG Publishing), Worship Together Music (Admin. by Capitol CMG Publishing), and Remaining portion is unaffiliated. CCLI Song # 7050431. Used by Permission. CCLI License # 2338901. "Silent Night". Words and Lyrics by Franz Xaver Gruber, Joseph Mohr, and John Freeman Young. © Public Domain. CCLI Song # 27862. Used by Permission. CCLI License # 2338901. River City Jingle by Pat Chan

Chadwick y sus misterios científicos

आज ही के दिन 4 जुलाई 1932 को लियो जिलार्ड ने एटम बम के पेटेंट के लिए आवेदन दिया था। मई 1932 में जैम्स चेडविक ने न्यूट्रॉन की खोज की थी। इसके कुछ महीनों बाद ही लियो के दिमाग में ये बात आ गई थी कि न्यूट्रॉन चेन रिएक्शन के जरिए एटॉमिक एनर्जी को नियंत्रित किया जा सकता है, और इसका उपयोग बम बनाने में भी हो सकता है।

In 1914, most scientists claimed their work knew no borders, but the Great War slammed the door on international scientific cooperation. So when a obscure German physicist named Albert Einstein presented a radical new explanation of gravity, he feared no one outside of Germany would be willing to help confirm his theory. He had no idea that his work would come to the attention of the one man able to make the critical observations and willing to explore German ideas--the pacifist astronomer Arthur Eddington. Arthur Stanley Eddington was born in 1882 to a devout Quaker family. He would remain a faithful member of the Society of Friends his entire life and shared their deep conviction in pacifism and opposition to war. Eddington's first total solar eclipse was in October 1912. This map show the path of totality. Eddington was stationed with several teams from around the world in Passa Quatro, Brazil. Unfortunately, the eclipse was rained out--an all-too-common occurance. While in Brazil, Eddington was likely told about the work of the still-obscure German physicist Albert Einstein. Einstein, seen here with his first wife Mileva, had already published several groundbreaking papers and had begun his work on general relativity. In 1913, he moved to Berlin to teach at the University of Berlin and become the director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics. Einstein discussed his Theory of General Relativity with the German astronomer Erwin Freundlich, seen here looking like the villian in an early silent movie. Freundlich passed the ideas on Charles Dillon Perrine, who most likely described them Eddington. Freundlich mounted an expedition to observe the 1914 eclipse in Russia to prove Einstein's predictions on the deflection of starlight. The 1914 eclipse passed over Sweden and Norway, into Russia, and down through the Ottoman Empire and Persia. Astronomers believed they would have the best conditions in Ukraine and Crimea, and many of them set up there in late summer 1914. War broke out before the eclipse took place. Freundlich and his German team were detained by Russian officials. British and American teams were able to go on with their work, but again, the eclipse was rained out. The teams then face the difficult task of getting out of war-time Russia. They all had to leave their equipment behind, and getting it back was a lingering headache. The American team didn't receive their telescope and cameras until 1918. This fascinating graphic from the weekly British illustrated newspaper The Graphic combines a map of the path of totality with a map of the conflict in Belgium and northern France, Serbia, and the Russian border. The graphic ominously describes "The Shadow Sweeping Across Europe." Allied outrage at German atrocities in Belgium prompted a spirited defense of German actions by scientists, writers, artists and theologians including Fritz Haber. The "Manifesto to the Civilized World," (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Ninety-Three) also known as the "Manifesto of the 93," offended Allied scientists and prompted many to call for complete repudiation of German science. Einstein refused to sign the Manifesto. British scientists relentlessly hounded German-born astronomer Arthur Schuster, despite the fact he had moved to Britain as a teenager. His son served in the British army and was wounded in the Dardanelles. At the same time, British physicist James Chadwick, who was studying in Germany in 1914, was detained in a former racetrack. He remained in German custody under dire conditions until the Armistice. Einstein published his complete Theory of Relativity in November 1915. One of the few German scientists who showed any interest was astronomer Karl Schwartzchild. Schwartzchild was serving in the army on the Russian front, where he put his advanced mathematic skills to use calculating artillery trajectories. In his spare time, while under heavy Russian fire, he worked through the math in Einstein's paper. He demonstrated that the math worked beautifully to calculate the movements of planets and stars. He also inadvertently, and without at all realizing it, discovered black holes. Britain tried to fight the Great War with a volunteer army, but by 1916 it was clear conscription would be necessary. Men could claim exemption for hardship, work of national importance, and conscientious objection. The goverment established tribunals to issue these exemptions but offered no guidance on qualifications. Conscientious objectors were deeply suspect as slackers and cowards. In this editorial cartoon, a lazy conscientious objector lounges before a fire with a cigar ignoring images of his entire family doing war work. It is titled "This little pig stayed home." Meanwhile, light from the Hyades star cluster continued on its way toward Earth from 153 light years away. (Image copyright Jose Mtanous, from science.nasa.gov (https://science.nasa.gov/hyades-star-cluster).

Welcome to Unlocking Insights, the series where we speak with company founders and senior business leaders from across the globe as part of Unlocking Ambition – Scotland's flagship entrepreneurial development programme. In this episode we meet James Chadwick – James passion is growing and investing in tech and media companies. For more than 20 years James has held senior roles in large organisations around the world including WWP, Intel and Facebook where he was Director of Global Partnerships and International Marketing Director. In recent years he has focussed on investing in the growth of AI start-ups like the award winning Otter.ai and he is the co-founder and CCO of Pencil, the world's first Machine-Generated Content (MGC) self-serve platform that generates, predicts and iterates dozens of high-performance adverts online. In discussion with Zoi Kantounatou, on behalf of Unlocking Ambition, James shares career insights and practical tips including the importance of choosing and living your values as well as the creative AI innovations currently being explored at Pencil. Stay tuned to hear James' “6 T's” and why they matter to your business. Please note: this was originally a live session recorded with the UA2 cohort and reference will be made to the live audience. #UnlockingAmbition is a business accelerator that provides intensive wrap-around support for Scotland's most promising and talented entrepreneurs; amplifying Scottish innovations that will benefit society, the environment and the economy. With all our guests on “Unlocking Insights”, please remember that all views expressed are reflective of their personal and professional experience and are not intended to represent their employers. Thanks so much for listening to Unlocking Insights – subscribe to the series and be sure never to miss an episode. Please share with your networks and on social media channels and tag us using #unlockinginsightspodcast Find Unlocking Ambition online: Twitter: twitter.com/Unlock_Ambition LinkedIn: linkedin.com/company/unlocking-ambition/ Website: www.unlockingambition.scot

James Chadwick is a British author who has lived all over the world. Always restless, he quit school to hitchhike across Europe and the Middle East, where he rented snorkels in Israel and ran a guesthouse in a Turkish cave. At Oxford University, he studied mythology and utopian literature. Then, for twenty-five years, he worked in more than a dozen countries. On his travels, he took thousands of pages of notes, hoping one day they would mean something. Then, after a ten-day silent meditation retreat in Java, the patterns in the notes became very clear, and he sat down to write Path. In today's episode we talk about his early adulthood, time working across Asia and his meditation retreat! James has become a friend and mentor to Connor as they have connected over discussing what it means to truly be “in the middle.” To read James' book visit JEChadick.com or follow Path: A Story of Love, A Guide to Life on Facebook. This is an episode you won't want to miss!

Let's welcome James Chadwick to the podcast in this episode. James is the co-founder of Pencil, a machine-generated creative platform that generates fast and affordable ads. We're going to hear James discuss his past work experience at Facebook, overlooked aspects of artificial intelligence, the secrets to more effective advertising on Facebook, and why creative work is the next frontier. On this episode: [0:51] A little bit about James' background and how he got into digital advertising. [2:28] When James joined Facebook and a look at the roles he had working there. [4:18] Developments in mobile advertising. [5:01] How James feels having worked with Facebook for several years. [7:46] The organizational culture James experienced at Facebook. [10:00] How will iOS 14 impact Facebook advertising? [13:42] What James suspects about Apple's future as a tech platform. [15:39] Explaining discrepancies between ad agencies and Facebook. [18:06] Why James feels that creative work is the next frontier. [18:48] The type of businesses that will most benefit from using a service like Pencil. [22:08] Overlooked aspects of artificial intelligence. [24:55] The use-it-or-lose-it dynamic in budgets for advertising. [25:50] The “lakes and rivers” analogy as a strategy for advertising. [28:10] How does Facebook choose CPMs for certain campaigns? [31:33] The three components to Facebook's advertising algorithm. [34:04] What are sone strategies for unlocking new audiences? [35:16] The mindset with which you should approach Facebook advertising. [36:26] What Pencil is great for and how to get a hold of James. --- Apply for a Discovery Call With Us: ➤ www.adkings.agency/intro - Want us personally to help to grow your eCommerce business to 8 or even 9-figures? Then check out our Boutique eCommerce Specialized Facebook Ads & Omni-channel Funnels Growth Agency - AdKings. --- Our Other Resources: www.adkings.agency/memos - Exclusive AdKings Memos Newsletter. Our best case studies, real test results, and bi-weekly actionable insights on what is working RIGHT NOW for our clients in their journey to 8 & 9-figures. Curated for business owners, CEO's, CMO's and delivered straight to your inbox. Must join if you love our content on the podcast! www.adkings.agency/community - Free eCommerce Community With 2000+ Members. Would love to chat, ask us some questions, or maybe even help us decide the next podcast topic? Join our free Facebook community of over 2000+ other eCom Entrepreneurs, CEO's, CMO's, and marketers. www.adkings.agency/careers - Are you living and breathing everything marketing & FB advertising? Extremely ambitious in driving tremendous results, love challenges, and want to help manage a portfolio of 7 & 8-figure eCommerce clients? Apply now.  

Ira Clark, Jeff Swartz, Matt Heady, Shane Ballinger, Carol Guillot, Stacey Radic, James Chadwick, David Groppi

Ancora's James Chadwick, head of alternative investments, discussed why retailers should consider sale-lease backs and how ex-CFOs and founders can help drive an activist campaign, on the latest episode of the Activist Investing Today podcast. 

On this day in 1932, the journal Nature published a letter by English physicist James Chadwick that detailed his possible discovery of the neutron. / On this day in 1973, a group of Oglala Lakota and members of the American Indian Movement occupied Wounded Knee, South Dakota. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.com

Jeff Swartz, Ira Clark, Stacey Radic, James Chadwick, David Groppi

Angels We Have Heard On High (Wickham)CCLI #7138825 | Edward Shippen Barnes, James Chadwick, Jonathan Smith, and Phil Wickham© 2019King Of KingsCCLI #7127647 | Brooke Ligertwood, Jason Ingram, and Scott Ligertwood© 2018Come Thou Long Expected JesusCCLI #1759517 | Johann Sebastian Bach and Charles WesleyPublic Domain | Messiah

Our Version of the Classic Christmas Carol "Angels We Have Heard On High!" (Gloria, in excelsis Deo!)Traditional French carol (Les Anges dans Nos Campagnes); translated from French to English by James Chadwick in Crown of Jesus, 1862

Ira Clark, Jeff Swartz, James Wyatt, Stacy Hatcher, Jess Barba, James Chadwick, David Groppi

Jeff Swartz, Ira Clark, James Chadwick, Stacy Hatcher, Gale Beth Rice, David Groppi

On this day in 1932, the journal Nature published a letter by English physicist James Chadwick that detailed his possible discovery of the neutron. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://news.iheart.com/podcast-advertisers

Guest Speakers: Ira Clark, Jeff Swartz, John McClung, Gale Beth Rice, James Chadwick, Traci Swartz, David Groppi, Doug Frano.

3:01: "Angels We Have Heard on High" is a Christmas carol with the lyrics written by James Chadwick, Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle, to the music from a French song called Les Anges Dans Nos Campagnes. The music is the same as the original song, though Chadwick's lyrics albeit unique and original are clearly derived and inspired, and in parts a loose translation. (WikiPedia: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_We_Have_Heard_on_High)

...Trinity was the code name of the first detonation of a nuclear weapon. It was conducted by the United States Army at 5:29 a.m. on July 16, 1945, as part of the Manhattan Project. The test was conducted in the Jornada del Muerto desert about 35 miles southeast of Socorro, New Mexico, on what was then the USAAF Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range. The only structures originally in the vicinity were the McDonald Ranch House and its ancillary buildings, which scientists used as a laboratory for testing bomb components. A base camp was constructed, and there were 425 people present on the weekend of the test. The code name "Trinity" was assigned by J. Robert Oppenheimer, the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory, inspired by the poetry of John Donne. The test was of an implosion-design plutonium device, informally nicknamed "The Gadget", of the same design as the Fat Man bomb later detonated over Nagasaki, Japan, on August 9, 1945. The complexity of the design required a major effort from the Los Alamos Laboratory, and concerns about whether it would work led to a decision to conduct the first nuclear test. The test was planned and directed by Kenneth Bainbridge. Fears of a fizzle led to the construction of a steel containment vessel called Jumbo that could contain the plutonium, allowing it to be recovered, but Jumbo was not used. A rehearsal was held on May 7, 1945, in which 108 short tons (96 long tons; 98 t) of high explosive spiked with radioactive isotopes were detonated. The Gadget's detonation released the explosive energy of about 22 kilotons of TNT (92 TJ). Observers included Vannevar Bush, James Chadwick, James Conant, Thomas Farrell, Enrico Fermi, Richard Feynman, Leslie Groves, Robert Oppenheimer, Geoffrey Taylor, and Richard Tolman. The test site was declared a National Historic Landmark district in 1965, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places the following year. The exact origin of the code name "Trinity" for the test is unknown, but it is often attributed to Oppenheimer as a reference to the poetry of John Donne, which in turn references the Christian notion of the Trinity (three-fold nature of God). In 1962, Groves wrote to Oppenheimer about the origin of the name, asking if he had chosen it because it was a name common to rivers and peaks in the West and would not attract attention, and elicited this reply: I did suggest it, but not on that ground ... Why I chose the name is not clear, but I know what thoughts were in my mind. There is a poem of John Donne, written just before his death, which I know and love. From it a quotation: As West and East In all flatt Maps—and I am one—are one, So death doth touch the Resurrection. That still does not make a Trinity, but in another, better known devotional poem Donne opens, Batter my heart, three person'd God Batter my heart, three person'd God. Information Link https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)

Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the neutron, one of the particles found in an atom's nucleus. Building on the work of Ernest Rutherford, the British physicist James Chadwick won the Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of the neutron in 1932. Neutrons play a fundamental role in the universe and their discovery was at the heart of developments in nuclear physics in the first half of the 20th century. With Val Gibson Professor of High Energy Physics at the University of Cambridge and fellow of Trinity College Andrew Harrison Chief Executive Officer of Diamond Light Source and Professor in Chemistry at the University of Edinburgh And Frank Close Professor Emeritus of Physics at the University of Oxford.

Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the neutron, one of the particles found in an atom's nucleus. Building on the work of Ernest Rutherford, the British physicist James Chadwick won the Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of the neutron in 1932. Neutrons play a fundamental role in the universe and their discovery was at the heart of developments in nuclear physics in the first half of the 20th century. With Val Gibson Professor of High Energy Physics at the University of Cambridge and fellow of Trinity College Andrew Harrison Chief Executive Officer of Diamond Light Source and Professor in Chemistry at the University of Edinburgh And Frank Close Professor Emeritus of Physics at the University of Oxford.

Traditional French carol (Les Anges dans Nos Campagnes); translated from French to English by James Chadwick in Crown of Jesus, 1862. Music: Gloria (Barnes), French carol melodyAngels we have heard on high
Sweetly singing o’er the plains,
And the mountains in reply
Echoing their joyous strains.RefrainGloria, in excelsis Deo!
Gloria, in excelsis Deo!Shepherds, why this jubilee?
Why your joyous strains prolong?
What the gladsome tidings be
Which inspire your heavenly song?RefrainCome to Bethlehem and see
Christ Whose birth the angels sing;
Come, adore on bended knee,
Christ the Lord, the newborn King.RefrainCOPY FREELY ©2011 Shiloh Worship Music-This Music Recording is copyrighted to prevent misuse, however,permission is granted for non-commercial copying only.Traditional Hymn-Public Domain www.shilohworshipmusic.com

Opaque, Equinox, Ascendia, James Chadwick, Warmed Up Cold, Logan,The Silent Minority, Peter Laing, Friendly Society, Solvent.