Podcasts about robert oppenheimer

Zu Hiroshima führt das Atombomben-Projekt unter der Leitung von Robert Oppenheimer . Doch am Anfang stehen die sogenannten ‚schönen Jahre‘ der Theoretischen Physik, und Deutschland ist mit Max Planck, Lise Meitner und Otto Hahn in Berlin das Zentrum. Ostern 1921 wird Max Born aus Frankfurt nach Göttingen geholt, um die erste eigenständige theoretische Abteilung zu leiten. Mit dabei sind die ganz jungen Wissenschaftler Werner Heisenberg und Friedrich Hund. Man tüftelt mit Enthusiasmus an der großen physikalischen Frage des 20. Jahrhunderts. Dem Aufbau der Materie. Für die Wissenschaftler der Theoretischen Physik sind diese Jahre ‚Festspiele'. In der Rückschau ist es der Beginn des nuklearen Zeitalters. Das Bestreben der Nazis, in Deutschland eine Atombombe zu bauen, führt zum Uran-Projekt und schließlich zum amerikanischen Manhattan-Projekt unter der Leitung von Robert Oppenheimer. Von Anja Kempe. WDR 3 / WDR 5 - Feature

Last time we spoke about Operation Downfall. The Allies, under General Krueger, initiated a decisive campaign to clear the Japanese from Luzon. As they faced the entrenched Shobu Group, challenges included treacherous terrain and a resilient enemy. Simultaneously, Japan braced for an invasion, mobilizing reinforcements and devising defensive strategies to ward off the impending Allied assault. As July approached, General Yamashita's forces prepared to execute a final breakout, but progress was hampered by relentless guerrilla attacks and adverse weather conditions. With Operation Downfall looming, Allied troops focused on strategic landings in Kyushu and Honshu, driven by a relentless determination to defeat the Japanese militarily. The intense battles of Luzon became a precursor to this monumental operation, marking a turning point in the Pacific War.  This episode is The Siege of Japan Welcome to the Pacific War Podcast Week by Week, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about world war two? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on world war two and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel you can find a few videos all the way from the Opium Wars of the 1800's until the end of the Pacific War in 1945.  Boy I have been waiting a long time to come to this point. One of the most significant events in human history that deeply affects us to this very day. Nuclear war is as much a threat today as it was during the cold war. The dropping of the Atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were deeply complicated events fraught with issues of morality. It goes without saying whether or not the bombs needed to be dropped, their actual impact on the surrender of Japan and so forth are still issues hotly debated to this very day. I have spoken on the issue countless times on my personal channel and podcast, but I figure to do this subject justice I will create a full episode for it. Thus in this episode we are going to just cover what happened, but rest assured I will come back to this later on. As we last explored, following the successful invasion of Luzon in the Philippines, along with the fall of Iwo Jima and Okinawa, American forces began preparing for the final invasion of the Japanese Home Islands. This operation was codenamed Operation Downfall. One key initiative leading up to this invasion was a comprehensive air-sea blockade and bombardment campaign against Japan itself. Previously, we detailed the extensive firebombing and precision bombing efforts executed by General LeMay's 21st Bomber Command. However, during this crucial period, the B-29 Superfortress bombers undertook a distinct operation under the codename Starvation. This single operation would be one of the largest factors that contributed to the surrender of Japan and its one most people have never heard of. In July 1944, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz proposed a bold plan to use B-29 Superfortress bombers to mine the waterways surrounding the Japanese Home Islands. Although Generals Henry H. Arnold and Walter Hansell expressed concerns that this mining campaign could distract from the B-29's primary role as a strategic bombardment aircraft, they eventually agreed to assign one bomber group to focus on aerial mining when conditions permitted. On December 22, Hansell's 21st Bomber Command was directed to formulate a naval mining program aimed at executing between 150 to 200 sorties each month, which was set to begin in April 1945. However, by this time, General Curtis LeMay had taken command of the 21st Bomber Command. LeMay was notably enthusiastic about the idea and successfully recommended to Washington an upgraded mining program that aimed to deploy up to 1,500 mines each month using a full B-29 wing. LeMay viewed aerial mining in a different light than Arnold or Hansell, seeing it as a vital extension of strategic bombing. He recognized that most of Japan's war production materials, as well as a significant portion of its food supplies, were imported from regions such as China, Southeast Asia, and the Dutch East Indies. Japan's industrial heartland is primarily found on Honshu, its largest and most industrialized island, while Shikoku, another island, also lacks essential resources such as iron ore and high-quality coal. These crucial materials were sourced from Kyushu and Hokkaido, both of which are other Japanese islands. All these resources were transported by sea, so without easy access to raw materials, Japan's industrial output would come to a grinding halt. The only aircraft capable of deploying mines effectively where they were needed were the B-29s. Areas such as the Inland Sea, the Sea of Japan, and the Korean Peninsula were out of reach for other Allied aircraft. Additionally, Allied submarines could only venture into these perilous waters with great risk. Notably, about 80% of Japan's merchant fleet utilized the Shimonoseki Strait, a critical waterway that separates Kyushu from Honshu. Understanding the strategic advantage of closing this strait, LeMay decided to allocate an entire wing of B-29s specifically to mine this vital route. Brigadier General John Davies commanded the 313th Bombardment Wing, tasked with deploying approximately 2,000 naval mines each month into Japanese waters. The primary goals of this operation were to prevent essential raw materials and food supplies from reaching the Home Islands, hinder the supply and mobilization of Japanese military forces, and disrupt transportation routes in the Inland Sea of Japan. Between March 27 and April 12, Davies' bombers targeted key enemy shipping bases located in Kure, Sasebo, and Hiroshima. They also focused on the Shimonoseki Strait, a narrow and strategically important waterway that links the Inland Sea with the Tsushima Strait. Notably, after these attacks, this strait was successfully closed for two weeks. On May 3 and 5, the 313th Bombardment Wing laid down a total of 1,422 mines in the waters surrounding the Shimonoseki Strait, as well as near major urban centers like Tokyo, Nagoya, Kobe, and Osaka. These efforts aimed to severely disrupt maritime commerce between Japan's major industrial areas. Just a week later, the minefields expanded from the Shimonoseki Strait to include Kyushu, the southernmost of Japan's four main islands, and northwest Honshu, the largest island containing Tokyo. By the end of that month, these mines were proving remarkably effective, accounting for the sinking of more ships than Japanese submarines. In fact, within the Shimonoseki Strait alone, 113 ships had been sunk. Between June 7 and July 8, American forces expanded and fortified minefields along the western coast of Japan while also replenishing the existing minefields in the Shimonoseki Strait and the Inland Sea. During this effort, they successfully laid a total of 3,542 mines across 14 missions. The "total blockade" officially commenced on July 9 and continued until the end of the war. Throughout this period, American forces executed 474 sorties, dropping another 3,746 mines that replenished existing minefields and extended coverage to harbors in Korea. In total, Brigadier General Davies conducted 46 missions that laid down 26 minefields containing 12,135 mines. Remarkably, only 15 B-29s were lost during these operations. In turn, the mines accounted for the sinking or damaging of 670 Japanese ships, with a total loss of 1.25 million tons. This mining campaign effectively strangled Japanese industry, as the denial of essential raw materials to factories proved more disruptive than the direct bombing of the plants themselves.  Despite the clear vulnerability of Japan's economy to disruptions in coastal shipping, Japanese authorities were alarmingly unprepared to address the threat posed by air-dropped mines. By August 1945, Japan had committed 349 ships and 20,000 personnel to counter the Starvation campaign, but these efforts were overwhelmingly ineffective. The shipping crisis escalated to such a degree that searchlights and anti-aircraft batteries were redeployed from urban centers to defend expected mining targets. Additionally, suicide boats were employed in desperate attempts to clear the minefields. Royal Navy historian S.W. Roskill commented on the situation, stating, “The blockade had, in fact, been far more successful than we realized at the time. Although submarines initially played a critical role in enforcing the blockade, it was the air-laid mines that ultimately strangled Japan.” Japanese officials shared this assessment. A director from a Tokyo steel company reflected on the situation, noting that the denial of essential raw materials to factories caused far greater disruption than the direct bombing of the plants themselves. This contradicted the views of US Army Air Forces experts back in Washington. In a striking remark after the war, a Japanese minesweeping officer told American forces, “The result of B-29 mining was so effective against shipping that it eventually starved the country. You could have likely shortened the war by starting this campaign earlier.” Meanwhile, General LeMay continued his firebombing campaign against Japan. By the end of May, urban areas around Tokyo Bay had been devastated, prompting the 21st Bomber Command to shift focus westward toward the densely populated industrial complexes lining Osaka Bay. On June 1, 521 B-29s were dispatched to bomb industrial targets situated along the Yodo River, with an escort of 148 P-51 fighters. Unfortunately, an undetected thunderstorm struck en route, which meant only 27 P-51s reached Osaka, while another 27 crashed, and the remaining fighters had to return to Iwo Jima. Despite these complications, the B-29s bombed from altitudes ranging between 18,000 and 28,500 feet, successfully dropping 2,788 tons of incendiary bombs on Osaka. The attack resulted in the burning of 3.15 square miles, destroying 136,107 houses and 4,222 factories. Four days later, on June 3, 530 unescorted B-29 Superfortresses launched a bombing raid on the city of Kobe. Of those, 473 aircraft targeted the city, resulting in the destruction of 4.35 square miles. This devastating strike led to the demolition of 51,399 buildings, while another 928 suffered significant damage. The raid, however, came with losses, as 11 bombers were downed, and 176 were damaged in the operation. On June 7, 449 B-29s returned to Osaka. Despite facing heavy cloud cover that restricted visibility, they managed to burn an additional 2.21 square miles of the city, destroying another 55,333 buildings.  By the conclusion of General Curtis LeMay's maximum-effort area bombing campaign, the six most significant industrial cities in Japan, Tokyo, Nagoya, Kobe, Osaka, Yokohama, and Kawasaki, had been left in ruins. Major factories were either destroyed or severely damaged, while thousands of smaller household and feeder industrial units were consumed by flames. Casualty figures surged into six figures, leaving millions of people homeless. The evacuation of survivors further complicated efforts to secure labor for the factories that remained operational. Japan's air-raid protection system proved woefully inadequate to withstand a protracted siege by very heavy bombers. The system lacked sufficient organization, trained personnel, shelters, fire-fighting equipment, and facilities for relief and evacuation. Additionally, there was a significant deficiency in civilian indoctrination regarding emergency procedures. Under the relentless pressure of repeated major attacks, local Air Raid Precaution organizations collapsed, adding strain to an already overburdened imperial government. Japanese civilians, who had been conditioned by victory propaganda, displayed little of the discipline that helped German citizens endure years of aerial bombardment. As news of military defeats and the impact of B-29 precision strikes filtered into the great cities, residents began to lose confidence in their leaders' ability to protect them or care for the victims of the attacks. Abe Motoki, the Minister of Home Affairs at the time, later remarked, “I believe that after the raids on Tokyo on May 23-24, 1945, civilian defense measures in that city, as well as in other parts of Japan, were considered a futile effort.” Regarding the operational cost of this campaign for the 21st Bomber Command, it was not considered excessively burdensome. Over the course of 17 maximum-effort incendiary attacks, LeMay dispatched a total of 6,960 B-29s, which dropped 41,592 tons of bombs. The losses amounted to 136 B-29s, averaging only 1.9% of the sorties, a rate significantly lower than what had been endured in earlier months, and quite acceptable by the standards of conventional strategic bombing. Meteorologists predicted that the summer monsoon would keep Japan's skies covered with clouds for most of the upcoming months, from June to August. As a result, LeMay shifted strategies under what became known as the Empire Plan. This approach prioritized targeting industrial and military sites during daylight hours when the weather permitted, while secondary cities that had sufficient industrial capability became targets for nighttime area attacks. This change meant that since no single target warranted a full four-wing maximum effort, multiple missions could be scheduled in a single day. Accordingly, on June 9, 110 B-29s attacked three aircraft factories located in Narao, Atsuta, and Akashi. The strikes successfully destroyed the factories in Narao and Atsuta, but an unfortunate miscalculation led to the bombing of the town near Akashi. The following day, June 10, a force of 280 B-29s, escorted by 107 P-51 Mustang fighters, targeted six distinct sites in the Tokyo Bay area. The mission yielded significant results, with all targets sustaining heavy damage. Finally, on June 15, 516 B-29s were dispatched for one last firebombing raid against Osaka and the neighboring city of Amagasaki. In this combined assault, 444 bombers dropped over 1,350 tons of incendiary bombs, incinerating an additional 1.9 square miles in Osaka and more than half a square mile in Amagasaki. Starting on June 17, General Curtis LeMay's firebombing campaigns began to focus on medium-sized secondary cities across Japan. On that day, 477 B-29 Superfortresses targeted the cities of Omuta, Hamamatsu, Yokkaichi, and Kagoshima, burning a combined total of six square miles in these urban areas. The success of this initial multi-target mission ensured the continuation of the program, establishing an operational pattern that would remain standard during the final weeks of the war. In total, multiple incendiary attacks were conducted on sixteen occasions, averaging about two missions per week. Between June 17 and August 14, American forces carried out 8,014 sorties, dropping a staggering 54,184 tons of incendiaries across 58 secondary cities. On June 22, 446 B-29s were dispatched to strike six targets located in southern Honshu, including the crucial Kure Naval Arsenal. In this mission, 382 bombers released 2,103 tons of bombs, inflicting heavy damage to these essential manufacturing facilities. Just four days later, on June 26, a force of 510 B-29s, accompanied by 148 P-51 Mustang escorts, targeted locations in southern Honshu and the nearby island of Shikoku. However, dense clouds over much of the area complicated assembly and forced many aircraft to attack targets of opportunity individually or in small groups. As a result, adverse weather conditions would delay subsequent daytime raids until July 24.  In the coordinated strike program that commenced in June, the decision to focus on either the Empire Plan or urban industrial targets was largely influenced by weather conditions. As the program took shape, the 315th Bombardment Wing (VH) became available for combat operations. This wing operated somewhat independently from the other bomber units, with its activities significantly guided by the specialized equipment of its aircraft. Authorized for deployment in the Pacific in December 1944, the 315th settled at Northwest Field, Guam, during May and June. Its commander, Brigadier General Frank A. Armstrong, Jr., was a seasoned veteran of the strategic air offensive against Germany. The B-29s of the 315th Wing differed in two key respects from those of other units. They were equipped with the AN/APQ-7 (Eagle) radar, a sophisticated radar system designed for bombing, instead of the conventional AN/APQ-13 radar. The latter had primarily served as a navigational aid. While crews had become adept at using the AN/APQ-13 for night or poor-weather bombing, it lacked the precision necessary for accurate strikes. The Eagle radar, however, offered significantly greater definition and, although it required a long bomb run averaging seventy miles, this was not considered a serious hindrance in the tactical context of Japan. To further enhance its night-bombing capabilities, the Superfortresses had been stripped of all armament except for the tail gun. This modification, along with the Eagle radar, clearly marked the 315th as a dedicated night-bombing unit. There were various proposals for the use of these specially equipped B-29s, including high-altitude bombing, area bombing, and aerial mining. However, by the time the 315th Wing was ready for combat, the 313th Bombardment Wing had already gained proficiency in aerial mining, while all wings had become adept at area bombing using the AN/APQ-13. Training for the 315th had focused heavily on night radar tactics, with less emphasis on visual bombing and daytime formation flights. It was evident that if the Eagle radar was to undergo a thorough scientific evaluation, it should be tested against a specific set of targets that were preferably large in size and located along the coastline. In the view of the 21st Bomber Command, the oil industry met these requirements perfectly. The 315th Bombardment Wing initiated its specialized campaign on June 26 with a targeted strike against the Utsube Oil Refinery in Yokkaichi, the top-priority target. By August 14, the wing had conducted 15 additional missions against a total of 10 targets, which included various petroleum refineries and synthetic plants, such as the Maruzen Oil Company in Wakayama, Mitsubishi Oil Company in Kawasaki, and Nippon Oil Company plants spread across Akita, Kansai, Kudamatsu, and Amagasaki, as well as the Imperial Fuel Industry Company in Ube and Toa Fuel Industry in Wakayama. During the campaign, the 315th Wing dispatched a total of 1,200 B-29s, 1,095 of which successfully bombed their primary targets, dropping 9,084 tons of 500-pound general-purpose bombs deemed particularly effective against the scattered installations. The increase in bomb load capacity was made possible by stripping the planes of unnecessary equipment and conducting bombing missions individually at night. As the crews gained experience, they were able to increase the average weight carried from 14,631 pounds during the first mission to 20,684 pounds by August 9. Despite concerns about safety from removing most of the aircraft's armaments, only four planes were lost and 66 sustained damage throughout the campaign. The 20th Air Force estimated that the B-29 attacks led to the destruction of approximately 6 million barrels of tank storage capacity, and the United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS) reported that refining capacity had been reduced from 90,000 barrels a day in December 1941 to around 17,000 barrels. However, the strategic impact was more apparent than real, as many storage tanks were empty and refinery production had fallen to just 4% of capacity before the very heavy bomber campaign began. The lack of precise intelligence regarding the state of Japan's economy had justified the emphasis on the oil program as a form of reinsurance. Nevertheless, the blockade had effectively severed the nation's oil resources, resulting in tankers remaining idle at the docks. On July 1, Admiral Halsey's 3rd Fleet departed San Pedro Bay to initiate the first preliminary strikes in preparation for Operation Olympic. This operation involved battleships and heavy cruisers conducting surface bombardments of industrial targets in eastern Japan, while lighter forces performed anti-shipping sweeps along the coast. Additionally, a fleet of submarines advanced ahead of Admiral McCain's Task Force 38 to eliminate picket boats and establish lifeguard positions. At 18:15 on July 9, the force began its 25-knot approach toward the Home Islands, launching its first strikes against the Tokyo area at 04:00 on July 10. A total of 1,732 sorties were executed, targeting locations from Koriyama to Hamamatsu, dropping 454 tons of bombs and 1,648 rockets over Honshu with negligible opposition. American airmen reported the destruction of 109 enemy aircraft and damage to 231 during these strikes.   Following this, Halsey's fleet moved north to bombard Hokkaido and northern Honshu, which were beyond the effective range of the B-29s and had previously evaded attack. At 05:59 on July 14, Rear-Admiral John Shafroth's Bombardment Group Able, consisting primarily of three battleships and two heavy cruisers, was tasked with attacking the Kamaishi Works of the Japan Iron Company. By midday, Shafroth's forces had opened fire on Kamaishi, marking the first surface bombardment of Japan by a hostile fleet in over 80 years. Between 12:10 and 14:19, a total of 802 16-inch shells, 728 8-inch shells, and 825 5-inch shells were expended, setting the town ablaze as key industrial and residential targets were hit and resulting in the sinking of one oil tanker, two barges, and one small ship in the harbor. Simultaneously, McCain's carriers closed to within 80 nautical miles of Japan, launching 1,391 sorties against Hokkaido and northern Honshu to target railways, shipping, and airfields, again facing only light resistance. In the ensuing strikes, American planes sank over 50,000 tons of shipping and naval craft, including the destroyer Tachibana, four minesweepers, eight naval auxiliaries, and around 20 merchant vessels, with significant losses occurring at Muroran and Hakodate. In addition, 25 enemy planes were destroyed, while American losses totaled 24 aircraft and 17 airmen, about half of whom were lost in combat. Task Force 38 launched another assault on July 15, executing 966 combat sorties that dropped 355 tons of bombs and expended 2,093 rockets. This operation resulted in the sinking of 65 vessels and damaging 128 others, as well as the destruction of 48 locomotives and damage to 28. Widespread destruction was inflicted on several facilities, particularly the Aomori–Hakodate railcar ferry system, which transported 30% of the coal between Hokkaido and Honshu. The strikes devastated the ferry system, sinking eight ferries, beaching eight more, and damaging two. In total, 70 auxiliary sailing colliers were sunk, and 11 were damaged, along with 10 steel freighters lost and 7 damaged. The ferry strikes were the brainchild of Halsey's operations officer, Captain Ralph “Rollo” Wilson. “When the first action reports began to sift in,” Halsey related: He snatched them up and pored over them; the ferries were not mentioned. Later reports also ignored them. Rollo was sulking and cursing when the final reports arrived. I heard him whistle and saw him beam. “Six ferries sunk!” he said. “Pretty soon we'll have ‘em moving their stuff by oxcarts and skiffs!”  Additionally, 20 city blocks in Kushiro were razed. The most significant outcome of these operations was the virtual severance of Hokkaido from Honshu. By the end of the raids, Halsey's 3rd Fleet had achieved the sinking of 140 ships and small craft, damaging 235 others, and destroying 38 planes while damaging 46. Meanwhile, Rear-Admiral Oscar Badger's Bombardment Group Baker, composed of three battleships, two light cruisers, and eight destroyers, was assigned to bombard Muroran. Between 09:36 and 10:25, this group fired 860 16-inch shells at the Nihon Steel Company and the Wanishi Ironworks, targeting both the coal liquefaction plant and coke ovens. This bombardment inflicted severe damage on those facilities and resulted in the destruction or damage of 2,541 houses in Muroran. As Hasley recalled “These sweeps and bombardments accomplished more than destruction. they showed the enemy that we made no bones about playing in his front yard. From now on, we patrolled his channels and shelled his coast almost every night that the weather permitted.” Additionally, Rear-Admiral James Cary Jones' four light cruisers conducted a sweep along the east coast of Honshu to hunt for Japanese shipping; however, they reported no contacts during their mission. Early on July 16, Task Force 38 retired east of Honshu to begin refueling and rendezvoused with Admiral Rawlings' Task Force 37, which agreed to operate closely as an additional task group for Admiral Halsey. At 03:50 on July 17, the two task forces began launching strikes against central Honshu despite adverse weather conditions. The American forces executed 205 sorties targeting the Mito area, while British aircraft flew 87 sorties against airfields and railyards along the northwest coast of Honshu. Despite the bad weather, several small craft and locomotives were destroyed, though the operation resulted in the loss of nine aircraft and four airmen. Later that afternoon, Halsey detached Badger's augmented Bombardment Group to attack Hitachi, a significant industrial and electronics-producing city. The 53-minute bombardment commenced in fog and rain at 23:14, during which 1,207 16-inch shells, 267 14-inch shells, and 292 6-inch rounds were expended against the Tago and Mito Works of the Hitachi Manufacturing Company, as well as the Yamate Plant and copper refining facilities of Hitachi Mine, resulting in severe devastation. On July 18, McCain's two leading carriers launched a total of 592 sorties against Yokosuka, specifically targeting the heavily camouflaged battleship Nagato at the naval base. The attacks resulted in the sinking of one old cruiser, one minesweeper, one submarine, one incomplete destroyer, and three patrol vessels, in addition to damaging one subchaser, one old destroyer, and one old battleship. Although Nagato was hit multiple times and suffered heavy damage, it managed to stay afloat. Meanwhile, three carriers also targeted airfields and other opportunities in Tokyo, while Task Force 37 attacked a seaplane base at Kitaura and airfields at Nobara, Naruto, Chosi, Kanoike, Natori, and Kitakawa. The recent raids resulted in the destruction of 43 enemy planes and damage to 77 others on the ground, along with the destruction of three locomotives and the derailing of four electrified train cars by rockets. However, the American forces incurred losses of 14 aircraft and 18 aircrew, as the 3rd Fleet flyers reported encountering the fiercest anti-aircraft fire they had yet experienced. Additionally, Rear-Admiral Carl Holden's four light cruisers were detached during the night to sweep shipping off Sagami Bay and to target the radar site at Cape Nojima. On July 21, Captain Thomas Hederman's Destroyer Squadron 61, consisting of nine destroyers, was assigned to conduct another anti-shipping sweep off Sagami Bay. Pursuing four radar contacts, the destroyers engaged targets at midnight on July 22, firing guns and torpedoes from 7,000 yards. This action resulted in the sinking of the 800-ton freighter No.5 Hakutetsu Maru and damaging the 6,919-ton Enbun Maru. In response, Japanese coastal artillery, the minesweeper W-1, and subchaser Ch-42 returned fire, but Hederman's squadron successfully retired without damage. Although minor in scale, the Battle of Sagami Bay would ultimately be the last surface action of the war. Meanwhile, as part of Operation Barney, a planned submarine penetration of the Sea of Japan, nine submarines succeeded in sinking 27 Japanese merchant vessels and one submarine, totaling 54,786 tons.  On June 8, the submarine Barb commenced her twelfth patrol, tasked with terrorizing the Sea of Okhotsk using her newly installed 5-inch rocket launchers. Over the following weeks, Skipper Commander Eugene “Luckey” Fluckey executed successful rocket bombardments on Shari, Hokkaido, and targets in Shikuka, Kashiho, and Shiritoru on Karafuto (southern Sakhalin), also employing the submarine's deck guns to destroy 35 sampans in the town of Kaihyo To. Observing Karafuto trains transporting military supplies to ports, Fluckey devised a plan to intercept these trains. Engineman Third Class Billy Hatfield recalled how, as a child, he had placed nuts on railroad ties and watched as the weight of passing trains cracked them between rail and tie. Realizing this principle could be adapted, he suggested rigging an automatic detonator. Fluckey had many volunteers for the mission, including a Japanese POW, and carefully selected Hatfield and seven others, deciding against leading the shore party himself. Just after midnight on July 23, 1945, Fluckey maneuvered Barb to within 950 yards of the Karafuto coast. Led by Lieutenant William Walker, the team launched two rubber rafts at 00:30. Before they left, Fluckey instructed them, “Boys, if you get stuck, head for Siberia, 130 miles north, following the mountain ranges. Good luck.” Upon reaching the shore, the Americans located the tracks and buried a 55-pound scuttling charge and battery beneath the rails, positioning it under a water tower they planned to use as a lookout. As Motor Machinist's Mate First Class John Markuson climbed up, he unexpectedly found he was scaling a sentry tower, causing him to retreat without alerting the sleeping guard. When a train passed, the team dove for cover before resuming their work after it had gone by. Shortly after 01:30, Walker's team signaled their return to Barb, which was now just 600 yards offshore. Fifteen minutes later, while the boats were halfway back, Fluckey heard the rumble of an approaching train. He hoisted a megaphone and urged the crew to “Paddle like the devil, boys!” At 01:47, a 16-car Japanese train struck Hatfield's detonator, resulting in a massive explosion that sent debris soaring 200 feet into the air and reportedly killed 150 Japanese. Minutes later, all eight Americans were safely aboard Barb, which then slipped back into the night, having successfully executed the only amphibious invasion of Japan during World War II. Returning to the main action, Halsey aimed to eliminate the remnants of the Combined Fleet at the heavily fortified Kure Naval Base. Consequently, Task Force 38 began launching the first of 1,363 sorties against ships and airfields in Kyushu, Shikoku, and Honshu, ringing the Inland Sea at 04:40 on July 24. A total of 599 tons of bombs and 1,615 rockets were unleashed over Kure, resulting in the sinking or damaging of 22 warships, which totaled 258,000 tons. Among the affected vessels were the battleships Hyuga, Ise, and Haruna; fleet carriers Amagi and Katsuragi; the escort carrier Kaiyo; heavy cruisers Tone and Aoba; as well as light cruisers Oyodo and Kitakami. In addition, another 53 vessels amounting to 17,000 tons were sunk at various locations, including Hiroshima Bay, Niihama, Bungo Channel, and Kii Channel. At Kobe, the incomplete fleet carrier Aso was also attacked and damaged. American Hellcats and Corsairs effectively swept aside Japanese aerial opposition, shooting down 18 enemy planes while destroying 40 aircraft and damaging another 80 on the ground. Furthermore, around the Inland Sea, 16 locomotives were destroyed and five were damaged, while 20 hangars sustained damage. Three oil tanks were set ablaze at Kure and one at Tano. Additionally, four electric trains and a roundhouse were strafed at Hamamatsu, and various military installations, including barracks, warehouses, power plants, and factories around the airfields, received significant damage. Simultaneously, Rear-Admiral Rawlings' Task Force 37 conducted 257 sorties against targets in Japan and the surrounding offshore areas, sinking the escort carrier Shimane Maru in Shido Bay, along with a number of destroyers, small escorts, and coasters. Meanwhile, Jones' light cruisers swept through the Kii Channel before bombarding the Kushimoto seaplane base and airfields at Cape Shionomisaki during the night. Supporting these efforts, General LeMay dispatched 625 B-29s against seven targets in the Nagoya and Osaka areas, successfully inflicting heavy damage on all of them despite the spotty weather, marking this as the last major attack on the Japanese mainland during the war, as two weeks of cloudy weather ensued. In the early hours of July 25, McCain's aircraft carriers resumed launching strikes against airfields and shipping in the Inland Sea and the Nagoya-Osaka areas. During this operation, they executed a total of 655 sorties, expending 185 tons of bombs and 1,162 rockets, successfully sinking nine ships totaling 8,000 tons and damaging another 35 vessels. The strikes also resulted in the downing of 21 Japanese planes, with an additional 61 aircraft destroyed on the ground and 68 damaged. After refueling on July 27, Halsey's carrier forces moved to launch points located 96 nautical miles off Shikoku. At 04:43 on July 28, they resumed strikes over the Inland Sea, focusing on targets from northern Kyushu to Nagoya, as well as airfields across Honshu along the Sea of Japan. This resulted in McCain flying a total of 1,602 sorties, dropping 605 tons of bombs and expending 2,050 rockets. These attacks sank 27 ships, amounting to 43,000 tons, including the battleships Ise and Haruna, the fleet carrier Amagi, and the Combined Fleet flagship Oyodo. Additionally, 78 vessels totaling 216,000 tons were reported damaged, among them the fleet carrier Katsuragi, heavy cruiser Tone, and light cruiser Kitakami. American pilots reported the destruction of 21 Japanese aircraft in the air and claimed 115 destroyed on the ground across 30 area airfields. They also successfully destroyed 14 locomotives, four oil cars, two roundhouses, three oil tanks, three warehouses, one hangar, and a transformer station. In support of these efforts, Task Force 37 conducted 260 sorties against the eastern Inland Sea, targeting the dockyard at Harima and sinking or severely damaging four corvettes at Maizuru. Meanwhile, the 7th Air Force's 11th and 494th Bombardment Groups carried out a day-long raid on Kure, successfully sinking the heavy cruiser Aoba. By sunset that evening, the Imperial Japanese Navy had effectively ceased to exist, though the cost for the Americans was steep, with losses amounting to 101 planes and 88 men since July 24. As Halsey moved east to target the Osaka-Nagoya area, Shafroth's reinforced Bombardment Group was detached on July 29 to bombard Hamamatsu. During the night, they successfully unloaded 810 16-inch shells, 265 14-inch shells, and 1,035 8-inch shells, damaging the Imperial Government Railway locomotive works, igniting a blaze at the Japanese Musical Instrument Company, and wreaking havoc on infrastructure along the critical Tokaido main line. The following day, McCain's carriers conducted 1,224 sorties against airfields in Osaka, Kobe, Maizuru, and Nagoya, expending 397 tons of bombs and 2,532 rockets. These strikes resulted in the sinking of 20 vessels totaling 6,000 tons and damaging another 56 ships. The pilots also claimed destruction of 115 enemy aircraft on the ground, while inflicting severe damage on numerous industrial targets, including aircraft factories and naval docks in Maizuru. In Miyazu Bay, the destroyer Hatsushino struck an air-dropped naval mine, marking the final loss of 129 Japanese destroyers sunk during the war. That night, seven destroyers advanced deep into Suruga Bay, unleashing 1,100 5-inch shells on Shimizu within seven minutes, successfully destroying or damaging 118 industrial buildings. Typhoon weather would impede the operations of the 3rd Fleet for the next two weeks, as Admiral Nimitz ordered Halsey to steer clear of southern Japan, which was set to become the target of a new and deadly weapon: the atomic bomb. The U.S. Army had begun its project to develop an atomic bomb on August 16, 1942, under the auspices of the Manhattan Project. The project was directed by Major-General Leslie Groves and involved renowned scientists such as Robert Oppenheimer, Enrico Fermi, Niels Bohr, Richard Feynman, and Albert Einstein. Over time, it expanded to include a design center at Los Alamos and two production facilities at Hanford and Clinton. By August 1945, the teams at Los Alamos had successfully designed, developed, and built a gun-type atomic bomb capable of forcing five pounds of uranium-235 against another 17 pounds at high speed, thereby achieving critical mass and releasing immense heat, light, blast, and radiation. The team was also experimenting with an even more powerful device: the plutonium bomb, which utilized an implosion method whereby a sphere of plutonium was compressed by conventional explosives to reach criticality. By early August, scientists had managed to produce enough nuclear material to create only one uranium device, known as Little Boy, and one plutonium bomb, referred to as Fat Man. Each weapon had the potential to annihilate an entire city, and American leaders were prepared to use them if it could compel the Japanese Empire to surrender without necessitating an invasion of Japan. A Targeting Committee led by Groves, consisting of Manhattan Project and Air Force personnel, recommended Hiroshima, Niigata, Kokura, and Nagasaki as primary targets.  Groves' Targeting Committee employed several criteria to select sites for atomic bomb targets. The chosen targets had to possess strategic value to the Japanese and be situated between Tokyo and Nagasaki. Additionally, the target needed to feature a large urban area with a minimum diameter of three miles and must be relatively untouched by previous bombings, ironically spared for potential atomic destruction at a later stage. A crucial condition was that, to the best of their knowledge, these areas should harbor no concentrations of Allied prisoners of war. However, this requirement was challenging to ascertain accurately due to a lack of reliable information about the locations of prisoners. Initially, the committee considered 17 candidates and selected five primary targets: Hiroshima, Yokohama, Kokura, Niigata, and Kyoto. On May 28, they narrowed the list to three: Kyoto, Niigata, and Hiroshima. Hiroshima was significant as it housed Hata's 2nd General Army headquarters and featured a large shipyard, while Niigata was a major industrial city with an important port. Moreover, Kyoto held considerable cultural and religious significance for the Japanese. Secretary of War Stimson, having previously cautioned General Arnold about the humanitarian consequences of targeting cities with incendiary bombings, insisted on removing Kyoto from the list after intense discussions with Groves. On July 21, President Truman concurred with Stimson during their meetings in Potsdam, deciding that Kyoto should be spared. Subsequently, Kokura, known for its large arsenal and ordnance works, replaced Kyoto. Additionally, LeMay's staff reportedly included Nagasaki as an alternate target due to potential weather issues, as it was home to Mitsubishi's arms factories, electric production facilities, ordnance works, and extensive dockyards, making it a valuable target. Meanwhile, a high-level civilian Interim Committee, under Secretary of War Henry Stimson, ultimately advised President Truman on the use of nuclear weapons, reasoning that their deployment would be no worse than the current incendiary bombing campaigns against Japan. The committee also recommended that an atomic bomb be deployed as soon as possible, without warning, to maximize shock value and target a "war plant… surrounded by workers' houses." Following a successful operational test of the experimental plutonium bomb conducted at Trinity on July 16, President Truman authorized General Spaatz to prepare for the bomb drops before August 3. Colonel Paul Tibbets' 509th Composite Group had been specially organized in secret since September 1944 to deliver nuclear weapons, and by June, it had arrived at Tinian under the command of LeMay's 21st Bomber Command. General Twinning replaced LeMay as commander of the 21st on August 1, and he would ultimately issue the direct orders for Tibbets to drop the atomic bomb. The atomic bomb mission had a convoluted command structure. The Joint Chiefs of Staff were largely left out of the chain of command. LeMay was Tibbet's nominal commander; however, Groves still had extensive control over the operation through his deputy Brigadier General Thomas Farrell on Tinian. The 21st Bomber Command would determine when the atomic bomb mission was launched, based on suitable weather conditions. Even at this stage, General of the Air Force Henry "Hap" Arnold and LeMay were still skeptical about the Manhattan Project; they thought B-29 incendiary and high-explosive bombing operations would suffice to end the war soon. LeMay even questioned the 509th CG pilots' ability to conduct the mission; he wanted seasoned Pacific B-29 veteran crews to drop the nuclear cargo. While the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) and Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) prepared for an impending invasion, the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) continued its bombing campaign against Japan. The crews of the 509th Composite Group needed to acclimate to the navigational challenges, varied weather conditions, extensive distances, and the geography of the region, all while becoming accustomed to combat situations. Training commenced at Tinian on June 30, with conventional operational missions over Japan beginning on July 20. To prepare for their atomic missions, the crews trained with "pumpkins," which were specially constructed bombs designed to mimic the appearance and weight of nuclear weapons. This allowed them to practice handling and releasing the bombs. They also rehearsed navigational procedures, visual bomb release techniques, and dropping the weapon at an altitude of approximately 30,000 feet. Following the drop, the crew conducted high-speed, radical turns to evade the nuclear effects after detonation. During their first mission, a B-29 from the 509th sought an alternative target in Tokyo. The crew aimed to drop their 10,000-pound "pumpkin" on the Imperial Palace, but unfortunately, they missed their target. Had they succeeded in killing the emperor, it could have significantly impacted Japan's decision-making process, potentially fortifying the Japanese people's resolve to continue the war. Military leaders might have seized control in the aftermath, pushing their forces to keep fighting. Throughout their training, the units of the 21st Bomber Command intentionally avoided targeting Hiroshima, Niigata, Kokura, and Nagasaki during these practice runs. In total, Tibbets directed his crews on numerous combat missions that targeted 28 cities and involved the dropping of 49 "pumpkins." Remarkably, the 509th lost no aircraft during these operations. While Tibbets focused on perfecting the delivery method, the weapons Little Boy and Fat Man were being transported to Tinian. Some weapon assemblies were delivered by C-54 and B-29 aircraft from Kirtland Field near Albuquerque, while the cruiser Indianapolis delivered the fissionable material for Little Boy from San Francisco on July 26. Four days later, the submarine I-58 unexpectedly attacked the Indianapolis with six torpedoes while the cruiser was en route to Guam, successfully sinking it. Of the crew, 850 Americans survived the sinking, and another 316 were belatedly rescued by August 8. By July 31, most of the assembly of Little Boy had been completed. However, a detonation expert would need to emplace the cordite charges to fire the uranium "bullet" through the gun device to the uranium core after take-off, minimizing the risk of an inadvertent nuclear explosion in the event of a B-29 crash. Additionally, the crew carrying the atomic bomb had to exercise caution when descending once Little Boy was armed because the primary radar or a backup barometric fuse could potentially trigger an explosion if the aircraft descended too rapidly with the fuses in place. On August 2, B-29 crews arrived at Tinian with the assemblies for Fat Man. On that same day, General Twinning and President Truman approved the plan to bomb Hiroshima. Two days later, Colonel Tibbets briefed the crews about the mission, confirming that he would pilot the aircraft carrying the atomic bomb. Tibbets' B-29 No. 82, later named Enola Gay, was supported by three weather reconnaissance aircraft that reported conditions at Hiroshima, Kokura, and Nagasaki, as well as two additional B-29s assigned to conduct scientific and photographic missions. At 02:45 on August 6, Enola Gay took off from Tinian, with diversionary attacks by 604 B-29s throughout Japan also scheduled for that day, as coordinated by Twinning. After passing through Iwo Jima at approximately 05:55, Captain William Parsons and Second-Lieutenant Morris Jeppson armed the bomb at 07:30. Throughout the journey, the B-29s ascended slowly, reaching an altitude of over 30,000 feet as they crossed Shikoku and Honshu, finally reaching Hiroshima at 31,060 feet. At 09:12, Tibbets executed his final approach from the 'initial point', flying east-west over the city towards the intersection of the Ota and Motoyasu Rivers. Approximately at 09:15, Little Boy was released, and Enola Gay immediately began its turn away to escape the impending explosion. However, the bomb mistakenly descended towards the Shima Surgical Hospital rather than the intended target, the Aioi Bridge. At 09:16, Little Boy detonated at an altitude of 1,890 feet, just as Tibbets was about six miles away from the blast point. As a result of the atomic blast, the immediate area around the epicenter was heated to an astonishing 1 million degrees Celsius, instantly incinerating or vaporizing all people, animals, buildings, and other items within that zone. Hiroshima police officials estimated that immediate casualties amounted to 71,379 individuals who were either killed or reported missing. In the surrounding areas, the blast effects crushed unreinforced structures before igniting them, resulting in an additional 68,023 wounded, with 19,691 of those injuries classified as serious. Subsequent assessments, potentially incorporating the impacts of radiation sickness or more precise accounting, recorded 30,524 individuals as seriously wounded and 48,606 as slightly wounded. Just two minutes after detonation, a growing mushroom cloud of highly radioactive dust and debris soared to a height of 20,000 feet. Within eight minutes, Tibbets' crew could observe the mushroom cloud from 390 miles away. Ultimately, the dust cloud peaked at approximately 60,000 feet in altitude. Soon after, a thick, black, radioactive rain fell upon the areas beneath the cloud. The center of the city was utterly devastated; over four square miles of the urban center, which encompassed seven square miles in total, were completely flattened, resulting in about 60% of the city's area being destroyed. An additional 0.6 square miles suffered damage, while more than 75% of the city's 90,000 buildings were obliterated. The ensuing fires compounded the devastation, contributing to countless deaths and injuries. Tragically, some American prisoners of war were present in Hiroshima and lost their lives in the explosion. Meanwhile, Enola Gay safely returned to Tinian at 14:58, where Tibbets was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, while the rest of the crew received Distinguished Flying Crosses for their participation in the mission. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. Japan was broken. To be perfectly honest she had been broken long ago. Her leadership had been spending months trying to figure out the best possible way to surrender, while the civilians and troops were suffering horribly. Aerial mining strangled her of food, high explosive and incendiary bombs, killed untold scores of people, and then the Atomic weapons were let loose upon her. It was over.

It was set in Hiroshima. The main character (Shite), Robert Oppenheimer, the “father of the atomic bomb”, becomes a ghost, and every year, experiences the people's suffering caused by the bomb. But it was not a story of Oppenheimer's redemption. We spoke to Alan Mallett (Emeritus Professor at the University of Sydney and the author of the play), Richard Emmert (Professor at Musashino University in Tokyo, the composer and the founder of a English Noh troupe Theatre Nohgaku), and a Japanese Noh performer Sadamu Omura. - 舞台は広島。主役（シテ）である「原爆の父」ロバート・オッペンハイマーは幽霊となり、原爆で人々が受けた苦しみを毎年味わいます。「しかしこれはオッペンハイマーの償いの話しではない」と語る原作者のアラン・マレット氏（シドニー大名誉教授）、作曲を担当し英語能の劇団「シアター能楽」を立ち上げたリチャード・エマート氏（武蔵野大学教授）、日本人能楽師の大村定（さだむ）氏の３人にお話を聞きました。

Back on this day in 1945 the first atomic bomb was successfully tested. The bomb was tested in New Mexico, where J. Robert Oppenheimer led the Project Y. 

fWotD Episode 2994: Trinity (nuclear test) Welcome to featured Wiki of the Day, your daily dose of knowledge from Wikipedia's finest articles.The featured article for Wednesday, 16 July 2025, is Trinity (nuclear test).Trinity was the first detonation of a nuclear weapon, conducted by the United States Army at 5:29 a.m. MWT (11:29:21 GMT) on July 16, 1945, as part of the Manhattan Project. The test was of an implosion-design plutonium bomb, or "gadget", of the same design as the Fat Man bomb later detonated over Nagasaki, Japan, on August 9, 1945. Concerns about whether the complex Fat Man design would work led to a decision to conduct the first nuclear test. The code name "Trinity" was assigned by J. Robert Oppenheimer, the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory, possibly inspired by the poetry of John Donne.The test, both planned and directed by Kenneth Bainbridge, was conducted in the Jornada del Muerto desert about 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Socorro, New Mexico, on what was the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range (renamed the White Sands Proving Ground just before the test). The only structures originally in the immediate vicinity were the McDonald Ranch House and its ancillary buildings, which scientists used as a laboratory for testing bomb components. Fears of a fizzle prompted construction of "Jumbo", a steel containment vessel that could contain the plutonium, allowing it to be recovered; but ultimately Jumbo was not used in the test. On May 7, 1945, a rehearsal was conducted, during which 108 short tons (98 t) of high explosive spiked with radioactive isotopes was detonated.Some 425 people were present on the weekend of the Trinity test. In addition to Bainbridge and Oppenheimer, observers included Vannevar Bush, James Chadwick, James B. Conant, Thomas Farrell, Enrico Fermi, Hans Bethe, Richard Feynman, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Leslie Groves, Frank Oppenheimer, Geoffrey Taylor, Richard Tolman, Edward Teller, and John von Neumann. The Trinity bomb released the explosive energy of 25 kilotons of TNT (100 TJ) ± 2 kilotons of TNT (8.4 TJ), and a large cloud of fallout. Thousands of people lived closer to the test than would have been allowed under guidelines adopted for subsequent tests, but no one living near the test was evacuated before or afterward.The test site was declared a National Historic Landmark district in 1965 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places the following year.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:34 UTC on Wednesday, 16 July 2025.For the full current version of the article, see Trinity (nuclear test) on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm generative Ruth.

Robert Oppenheimer hat mit der Atombombe eine Massenvernichtungswaffe entwickelt, die die gesamte Menschheit bedroht. In seiner Person verdichtet sich die Frage nach den Grenzen der technischen Machbarkeit und der Verantwortung des Wissenschaftlers. Von Brigitte Kohn

In this captivating episode of Reading with Your Kids, host Jed Doherty takes listeners on an incredible journey through groundbreaking children's books that do more than just entertain - they educate, inspire, and challenge young minds. First up, we explore the remarkable story of J. Robert Oppenheimer through the lens of a middle-grade book that transforms complex historical narratives into accessible learning. Pulitzer Prize-winning author Kai Bird and co-author Eric Singer discuss their collaboration on "Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb," a powerful adaptation that introduces young readers to one of the most significant scientific figures of the 20th century. They delve into the ethical dilemmas of scientific discovery, the importance of understanding historical context, and how even complicated stories can spark meaningful conversations between parents and children. But the learning doesn't stop there! The episode shifts gears with Tina Cho, a kindergarten teacher who's revolutionizing children's science books by seamlessly blending STEM education with faith-based perspectives. Her book "God's Little Oceanographer" offers a unique approach to teaching children about the wonders of the natural world, complete with biblical references that inspire curiosity and wonder. What makes this episode truly special is its commitment to showing that learning can be fun, engaging, and transformative. Whether it's exploring the moral complexities of scientific innovation or discovering the magical world beneath the ocean's surface, these authors prove that children's literature is about so much more than just storytelling. Parents, educators, and curious minds will find themselves inspired by the passion and creativity these authors bring to children's literature. It's a reminder that books are powerful tools for education, empathy, and understanding. Don't miss this enlightening episode that proves children's books can change the world, one page at a time! Click here to visit our website – www.ReadingWithYourKids.com Follow Us On Social Media Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/readingwithyourkids Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/readingwithyourkids/ X - https://x.com/jedliemagic LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/company/reading-with-your-kids-podcast/ Please consider leaving a review of this episode and the podcast on whatever app you are listening on, it really helps!  

The book American Prometheus clocks in at 721 pages. The film version, Oppenheimer, runs for 3 hours. Both tell the fascinating history of physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer and the development of the atomic bomb. Both are also long, layered, and complex. Now, a new book, Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb, streamlines the story for young readers. WSHU's Culture Critic Joan Baum read it. Here's her review.

June 10 to June 16, 1945   This is Summer of Trinity, for the week ending Saturday June 16, 1945.   Sunday, June 10,1945 - 36 Days Before Trinity It's the 71st day of the Battle of Okinawa https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_William_D._Porter_(DD-579) Monday, June 11,1945 - 35 Days Before Trinity It's the 72nd day of the Battle of Okinawa   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Miles_McCool Tuesday, June 12,1945 - 34 Days Before Trinity It is the 73rd day of the Battle of Okinawa.   General Eisenhower receives the “Freedom of the City” at London's Guildhall. This symbolic act, with seven hundred years of history behind it, makes him “a citizen of the city.” https://www.nps.gov/articles/general-eisenhower.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franck_Report       Wednesday, June 13,1945 - 33 Days Before Trinity It is the 74th day of the Battle of Okinawa.   Thursday, June 14,1945 - 32 Days Before Trinity It is the 75th day of the Battle of Okinawa. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Inmate    Friday, June 15,1945 - 31 Days Before Trinity It is the 76th day of the Battle of Okinawa. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calutron (How they enriched U-235 for Little Boy) https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/science-behind-atom-bomb   Saturday, June 16,1945 - 30 Days Before Trinity It's the 77th day of the Battle of Okinawa.    The Science Panel, headed by Robert Oppenheimer, and also including Enrico Fermi, Ernest O. Lawrence and Arthur H. Compton, gives the following report, classified Top Secret, to the Interim Committee: The report is titled “RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE IMMEDIATE USE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS” and begins as follows: [Note to self - some emphasis included here to assist in reading as a script, but there's no font differences in the original.] You have asked us to comment on the initial use of the new weapon. This use, in our opinion, should be such as to promote a satisfactory adjustment of our international relations. At the same time, we recognize our obligation to our nation to use the weapons to help save American lives in the Japanese war. (1) To accomplish these ends we recommend that before the weapons are used not only Britain, but also Russia, France, and China be advised that we have made considerable progress in our work on atomic weapons, that these may be ready to use during the present war, and that we would welcome suggestions as to how we can cooperate in making this development contribute to improved international relations. (2) The opinions of scientific colleagues on the initial use of these weapons are not unanimous; they range from the proposal of a purely technical demonstration to that of the military application best designed to induce surrender. Those who advocate a purely technical demonstration would wish to outlaw the use of atomic weapons, and have feared that if we use the weapons now our position in future negotiations will be prejudiced. Others emphasize the opportunity of saving American lives by immediate military use, and believe that such use will improve the international prospects, in that they are more concerned with the prevention of war than with the elimination of this specific weapon. We find ourselves closer to these latter views; we can propose no technical demonstration likely to bring an end to the war; we see no acceptable alternative to direct military use. (3) With regard to these general aspects of the use of atomic energy, it is clear that we, as scientific men, have no proprietary rights. It is true that we are among the few citizens who have had occasion to give thoughtful consideration to these problems during the past few years. We have, however, no claim to special competence in solving the political, social, and military problems which are presented by the advent of atomic power.   The report is signed by Robert Oppenheimer, with the note “for the panel” https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/documents/manhattan-project/interim-committee.html   As this week ends, the Trinity atomic bomb test has not yet been scheduled. However, it is exactly 30 days away.    Summer of Trinity is a part of Mapping History here on The Latest Generation.

The Manhattan Project was the codename for the US government's top secret programme to develop the first atomic bomb. At the height of World War Two, America's top scientists - such as Dr Robert Oppenheimer - raced against Nazi Germany to harness the power of nuclear fission, and ultimately end the war. But what is the story of the other scientists, soldiers and civilians who brought about the birth of the A-bomb? What role did Albert Einstein play in the project? And what were the consequences when the bomb was finally used? This is a Short History Of The Manhattan Project. A Noiser Production, written by Jo Furniss. With thanks to Dr Cameron Reed, a physicist, and the author of ‘Manhattan Project, The Story Of The Century.' Get every episode of Short History Of a week early with Noiser+. You'll also get ad-free listening, bonus material, and early access to shows across the Noiser network. Click the Noiser+ banner to get started. Or, if you're on Spotify or Android, go to noiser.com/subscriptions. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Matthew Brown, another UFO whistleblower repeating the same tireless mythos, posted something very cryptic online, suggesting the following: the “White House has long possessed a unique AI capable of accurately predicting a range of future events,” Sam Altman and https://x.com/shellenberger “is responsible for murdering the first sentient ‘artificial' intelligence created in the PUBLIC realm,” and “if you are serious about saving Humanity from itself (and the Others).” In a July 8, 1947, US government memorandum (https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ufoaliendatabase/images/3/3f/674B2E93-2973-4A91-A5A9-01A571E6A941.jpeg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/1000?cb=20190219000319) we read the following statements about UFOs: “part of the disks carry crews, others are under remote control,” “they do NOT come from any ‘planet' as we use the word, but from an etheric planet which interpenetrates with our own and is not perceptible to us,” “the region from which they come is NOT the ‘astral plane,' but corresponds to the Lokas or Talas.”  Whether this document is honest or deceptive, or both, we do know that the US federal government actively engaged in UFO disinformation and misinformation via recommendations from the https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/ufos/robertsonpanelreport.pdf in 1953. We also know that the Wall Street Journal just now in 2025 confirmed an old UFO theory, that the Pentagon utilized disinformation to fuel “https://archive.md/9cGKu” and to protect secret military technology like the F-117 stealth fighter. As for the LOKAS, this is a Hindu concept relating to a universe, plane, or other realm of existence, perhaps even a mental state. To make matters even stranger, Brown also posted what appears to be a https://x.com/SunOfAbramelin/status/1930791280260550830/photo/3, something reported at three of the most famous UFO incidents too: Roswell, Rendlesham, Kecksburg. And the recent https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/other/scientists-reveal-truth-behind-ufo-spotted-in-major-city-with-cryptic-message/ar-AA1FFMKJincident as well, which researchers using AI have translated as: “The origin of birth through union and energy in the cycle of transformation, meeting point of unity, expansion, and consciousness — individual consciousness.” The symbols in the Brown post appear similar to Angelic Script, something John Dee, the mystic astrologer of Queen Elizabeth I, deciphered from communications he and alchemist-clairvoyant Edward Kelley had with supposed angels. In the 16th-century, the men https://www.rcp.ac.uk/news-and-media/news-and-opinion/the-mystical-objects-of-john-dee/, including black mirror (computer screens) and crystal scrying balls called shew-stones (palantíri) within which appeared blurry letters that today we call Enochian Script. Underneath the symbols in the post is a translation that reads LOAGAETH, a term referring to Enochian language / Celestial Alphabet. Brown also goes by a curious name on X: “Sun of Abramelin.” This name refers to a 15th-century manuscript called “https://sacred-texts.com/grim/abr/index.htm.” The text has had a huge influence on modern ceremonial magic, and has been cited as a primary influence on Aleister Crowley, someone involved with Jack Parson of the Jet Propulsions Laboratory. As https://www.wired.com/story/jpl-jack-parsons/ writes: “When Parsons worked on his rocketry experiments in the desert he would recite a pagan poem to Pan.”  The sigil itself does not seem to be much pictorial magic symbol, but instead a large circular table. In fact - and maybe it's only because of its circular nature - there is something about it that mirrors the https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-layout-of-the-Large-Hadron-Collider-LHC-83-The-four-main-experiments-are_fig7_254469235 and even the first official https://1.bp.blogspot.com/_uNvpodhMFcA/R9-zqZDWauI/AAAAAAAAATc/1-rj2TNE98I/w1200-h630-p-k-no-nu/first-atomic-bomb-drawing.jpg. We don't reach these conclusion haphazardly either.One company called ANTHROPIC (human affairs), which researches AI safety, said they got a glimpse inside the black box of this technology back in 2024. https://www.wired.com/story/anthropic-black-box-ai-research-neurons-features/ of the neural net of its LLM, Claude, and pinpointed which combinations of its crude artificial neurons evoke specific concepts, or “features.” Notice the monikers here: tangle, evoke, lurks. This itself invokes images of tentacles, ritual evocations, and something from the abyss. It is therefore no surprise then that https://futurism.com/neural-network-cthulhu-nightcafe or why https://archive.md/7PuFO - a https://futurism.com/the-byte/experts-dark-joke-ai-horrifying-monster-mask. https://officechai.com/ai/anthropics-ai-models-began-speaking-sanskrit-when-talking-to-each-other-company-says/, not computer language - also, discussing Indian philosophy - which as of 2024 https://medium.com/illumination/mysterious-connection-between-sanskrit-artificial-intelligence-1b85f8b003c3 for language processing and communication as opposed to Java, Python, Lisp, Prolog, and C++. Sanskrit is therefore https://www.originofscience.com/science/sanskrits-role-in-advancing-ai-a-comprehensive-study/ Origin of Science stated that: “The research highlights Sanskrit's potential in connecting ancient knowledge with modern AI applications.”Sanskrit is one of the oldest known human languages, and likely predates any written form going back further than even Sumerian; it is the LANGUAGE OF THE GODS. A 2009 book maintains the same from https://www.ucpress.edu/books/the-language-of-the-gods-in-the-world-of-men/paper: “The language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India.” In other words, Sanskrit is a true Celestial Alphabet. The Rigveda, composed in Vedic Sanskrit, contains hymns about the universe's creation and dissolution, which directly aligns with CERN's purpose.  Also on the grounds of CERN is the imfafous statue of Shiva Nataraja.This subatomic world is likewise the realm of science fiction and science reality, as the https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/scientists-are-searching-mirror-universe-it-could-be-sitting-right-ncna1023206, just as the https://www.energy.gov/articles/searching-upside-down and searchers for the real “upside down.” This Shiva statue the same one that so-called researchers performed a https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-just-performed-a-fake-human-sacrifice-at-cern-for-some-reason.Physicist Archana Sharma (arcana), the first Indian scientist to join CERN was also just recently recognized for her work, to which commented: “our commitment to the philosophy of Vasudhev Kutumbakam—[a Sanskrit phrase that means] ‘https://www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/indias-gem-at-cern-archana-sharma?language_content_entity=und.'”The https://1.bp.blogspot.com/_uNvpodhMFcA/R9-zqZDWauI/AAAAAAAAATc/1-rj2TNE98I/w1200-h630-p-k-no-nu/first-atomic-bomb-drawing.jpg mirrors in a way the Brown sigil and LHC design, and it describes the implosion process into the center core of plutonium. This was the basis of the Trinity bomb that was finally officially tested in July 16, 1945. J. Robert Oppenheimer famously said: “https://www.wired.com/story/manhattan-project-robert-oppenheimer/, the destroyer of worlds.” The trinity comes also from the Hindu concept of https://www.britannica.com/topic/trimurti-Hinduism. In 1946, the US conducted a series of major nuclear bomb tests and called it OPERATION https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/operation-crossroads-atomic-bomb-aftermath, a term meaning “between the worlds,” guarded by Hecate. This Greek goddess represents transition and she corresponds with none other than the Hindu Kali, who is the divine essence of Shiva.  *The is the FREE archive, which includes advertisements. If you want an ad-free experience, you can subscribe below underneath the show description. - https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/tst-radio--5328407 https://thesecretteachings.info/donate-subscribe/ https://x.com/TST___Radio  https://www.facebook.com/thesecretteachings https://www.youtube.com/@TSTRadioOfficial http://tstradio.info/ https://cash.app/$rdgable: $rdgable  EMAIL: rdgable@yahoo.com / TSTRadio@protonmail.comBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/the-secret-teachings--5328407/support.

As the man who led the effort to create the most violent weapon in the history of mankind with the invention of the atomic bomb, J. Robert Oppenheimer is a divisive figure in American history. From his childhood in New York City to his career as a physicist through World War II and the Cold War, Kai Bird offers a riveting account of Oppenheimer's life and how he weighed the complex moral implications of his life's work. Recorded on April 3, 2024

Vatertagsgespräche bei den Chefcousinen...die Themen: Julia Klöckner, Minigolf, der Balkan-Humor und eine Fahrt in einem Yugo 45...die folgende Frage aufwarf: Adilette oder einfach random in die Eier? Wer das nicht versteht, muss eben doch reinhören in diese Folge mit Till & Atze. Diskutiert mit: mail@zärtliche-cousinen.de Alles Infos zu den Werbepartnern findet ihr hier: https://linktr.ee/zaertlichecousinen Buchempfehlungen: Benedict Wells - Jedes Buch von ihm Bendict Wells - Heartland Benedict Wells - Die Wahrheit über das Lügen Dürenmatt - Die Physiker Dürenmatt - Der Verdacht Heiner Kipphardt - In der Sache J. Robert Oppenheimer

Dedicating your life to scientific pursuits can have countless benefits for humanity, but you have to bear in mind the potential drawbacks. You could study something before its dangerous effects are known, like Marie Curie, invent something monumentally destructive, like J. Robert Oppenheimer, or accidentally fall through a time hole to the court of King Arthur like Dr. Vivian Morgan, the protagonist of the film we're here to talk about today.Luckily, Vivian isn't the sort of person to get bogged down in things like 'trying to understand what happened' and 'attempting to get back to her home time', and instead throws herself wholeheartedly into her two passions: speedrunning the industrial revolution and murdering her rivals at court. But can she truly make life better for the serfs of England? Can Arthur be persuaded that the King's Law isn't always right? And why does Merlin keep spinning in a circle, emitting colourful gas? Listen and find out!If you crave bonus episodes of Mom Can't Cook!, monthly livestream watchalongs, or a shoutout at the end of the show, remember to check out our Patreon at Patreon.com/extrahelpings.If you've watched A Knight in Camelot and have your own thoughts, email them to us at momcantcookpod@gmail.com for a chance to have them read out on the show. Next time on Mom Can't Cook! we'll be watching 2001's Max Keeble's Big Move. See you then!This episode is sponsored by Hungryroot! For a limited time get 40% off your first box PLUS get a free item in every box for life. Go to hungryroot.com/momcantcook and use code MOMCANTCOOK to get 40% off your first box and a free item of your choice for life!This episode is also sponsored by Insert Coin Clothing! Visit insertcoinclothing.com and use code JOUSTDESSERTS for 10% off online orders. Codes are not applicable on charity items, bundles, gift cards, postage and some products at launch. Codes cannot be combined with other deals or promotions and are valid until the end of 2025.Thanks to sponsor Huel! Unlock a healthier, easier way to eat with Huel - nutritionally complete meals in minutes, so you can focus on what really matters. Get Huel today with this exclusive offer for New Customers of 15% OFF + a FREE Gift at huel.com/momcantcook.Contact Multitude for Advertising Inquiries: multitude.productions/adsCheck out the official Mom Can't Cook! store for sweet merch: momcantcookstore.com and check out Mom Can't Cook! Extra Helpings for bonus episodes!See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Clay Risen, author of Red Scare: Blacklists, McCarthyism, and the Making of Modern America, discusses key elements of this era--The Hollywood 10, censorship of books and movies, those affected, including actor Sterling Hayden and Robert Oppenheimer--as well as the national landscape that provoked the conspirator style of politics, unsung heroes, and much more.

The success of the submarine-borne Polaris missile was a critical nuclear deterrent that helped President Kennedy stare down Khruschev during the 1961 Berlin Crisis. Ever since, this weapon has been a key strategic tool of the U.S. Tom Ramos's book "From Berkeley to Berlin," chronicles the scientific journey leading to the development of this and other nuclear weapons and the singular man whose "buoyant optimism spread to everyone around him and accounted for the attainment of many an 'impossible' objective."Founded in 1931 on the U.C. Berkeley campus by famed physicist Ernest Lawrence, (Nobel Prize-winning inventor of the cyclotron in 1938) "The Rad Lab" attracted some of the finest talent in America, including J. Robert Oppenheimer. In 1941, Lawrence challenged his team to deter Joseph Stalin's nuclear program in the USSR. Oppenheimer and Lawrence collaborated for more than a decade, their work together culminating on the Manhattan Project. Lawrence then founded the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, whose team further developed nuclear technology, including the Polaris missile.Heroes Behind HeadlinesExecutive Producer Ralph PezzulloProduced & Engineered by Mike DawsonMusic provided by ExtremeMusic.com

In this episode of our Flights series, James tells the harrowing story of the Enola Gay — the B-29 bomber that dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima in August 1945. This isn't just a tale of aviation, but of science, war, and a moment that forever changed the course of human history.We explore the mission from the perspective of the crew, the role of pilot Paul Tibbets, and the influence of J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Manhattan Project. James breaks down the events leading up to the bombing, the immediate and long-term aftermath, and the moral questions that still haunt us today.Whether you've seen Oppenheimer or just want to better understand this pivotal moment in world history, this episode offers a gripping and sobering look at the flight that altered everything.Listen now on Spotify, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.#EnolaGay #Hiroshima #AtomicBomb #Oppenheimer #WWII #HistoryPodcast #NuclearHistory #ManhattanProject #TheMostDangerousPodcast #FlightsSeries #DarkHistory #MilitaryHistory #OppenheimerMovie #JRobertOppenheimer #PodcastRecommendation #HistoricalPodcast

The story of the atomic age began decades before Robert Oppenheimer watched a mushroom cloud form over the New Mexico desert at the Trinity nuclear test in mid 1945. It begins in 1895, with Henri Becquerel’s accidental discovery of radioactivity, setting in motion a series of remarkable and horrifying events. By the early 20th century, a brilliant group of scientists—including Ernest Rutherford, Leo Szilard, Enrico Fermi, and others—were pushing the boundaries of knowledge, seeking to answer fundamental questions about this source of energy that had 2 million times the energy density of oil: What is this mysterious radiation? Could it provide an infinite energy source, where a basketball of it was equal to an oil field? And, ominously, could it be weaponized? Today’s guest is nuclear physicist Frank Close, author of “Destroyer of Worlds: The Deep History of the Nuclear Age.” We look at the complete history of the atomic age, from the initial curiosity about radioactivity to the creation of the hydrogen bomb—a weapon of almost unimaginable destructive potential, capable of eradicating life on Earth. This is an account of the scientific discoveries that unlocked the atom’s power, the ethical dilemmas faced by scientists, and the horrifying realization that this newfound energy could lead to humanity’s undoing.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

the bomb is a groundbreaking multimedia installation that immerses audiences inthe strange, compelling and unsettling reality of nuclear weapons. Since GeneralGroves and Robert Oppenheimer arrived in New Mexico in late 1942 to establish theManhattan Project, the danger has only increased. The world is confronted by the ninenations that possess about 12,000 nuclear weapons. And those nations aremodernizing their arsenals, including the United States at Los Alamos National

The truism that history is written by its winners reflects the literature about how the bomb came about, with apologetic books most often written by U.S. scholars. The physicist Robert Oppenheimer, the nuke's ‘father', is repeatedly centre stage, as in the case of the recent film about him. These are elitist stories that more often than not ignore the suffering and violence of the bomb to laypeople in general, and to marginalised groups in particular. Starting with the gruesome mining of uranium by First Nation people in northern Canada, and continuing with the racialist culture of uranium enrichment in the Atomic City of Oak Ridge, in For The Love of Bombs: The Trail of Nuclear Suffering (Anthem Press, 2025) Dr. Peder Anker offers alternative perspectives. It's a story of how the bikini swimwear came to fetishise the nuclear bombardment of the Bikini Atoll with its celebration of ‘sex bombs' and (an)atomic ‘bombshells'. Our current global warming fears also harbour back to ordinary citizens wondering if atomic bombs would blow up the entire sky. If some of this was news to you, it might have to do with how the story of nuclear bombs has been told. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose new book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. You can find Miranda's episodes on New Books with Miranda Melcher, wherever you get your podcasts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/american-studies

3/24/25 This Week in Moab - Trail Mix's Joy Dannelly and Brendon Cameron talked about the spring spruce up -April 11th and 12th, an annual, community-wide day of service dedicated to enhancing Moab's trails, trailheads, parks, and recreational areas.; Next we were joined by Sandra Billie from Seekhaven to talk about this weekend's Resource Fair for the Indigenous Community and finally Clay S. Jenkinson - writer, professor, author and revivalist who is bringing John Wesley Powell and then J. Robert Oppenheimer to life for the Moab Museum's Gala April 3rd and a second event on April 4th.

The truism that history is written by its winners reflects the literature about how the bomb came about, with apologetic books most often written by U.S. scholars. The physicist Robert Oppenheimer, the nuke's ‘father', is repeatedly centre stage, as in the case of the recent film about him. These are elitist stories that more often than not ignore the suffering and violence of the bomb to laypeople in general, and to marginalised groups in particular. Starting with the gruesome mining of uranium by First Nation people in northern Canada, and continuing with the racialist culture of uranium enrichment in the Atomic City of Oak Ridge, in For The Love of Bombs: The Trail of Nuclear Suffering (Anthem Press, 2025) Dr. Peder Anker offers alternative perspectives. It's a story of how the bikini swimwear came to fetishise the nuclear bombardment of the Bikini Atoll with its celebration of ‘sex bombs' and (an)atomic ‘bombshells'. Our current global warming fears also harbour back to ordinary citizens wondering if atomic bombs would blow up the entire sky. If some of this was news to you, it might have to do with how the story of nuclear bombs has been told. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose new book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. You can find Miranda's episodes on New Books with Miranda Melcher, wherever you get your podcasts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

The truism that history is written by its winners reflects the literature about how the bomb came about, with apologetic books most often written by U.S. scholars. The physicist Robert Oppenheimer, the nuke's ‘father', is repeatedly centre stage, as in the case of the recent film about him. These are elitist stories that more often than not ignore the suffering and violence of the bomb to laypeople in general, and to marginalised groups in particular. Starting with the gruesome mining of uranium by First Nation people in northern Canada, and continuing with the racialist culture of uranium enrichment in the Atomic City of Oak Ridge, in For The Love of Bombs: The Trail of Nuclear Suffering (Anthem Press, 2025) Dr. Peder Anker offers alternative perspectives. It's a story of how the bikini swimwear came to fetishise the nuclear bombardment of the Bikini Atoll with its celebration of ‘sex bombs' and (an)atomic ‘bombshells'. Our current global warming fears also harbour back to ordinary citizens wondering if atomic bombs would blow up the entire sky. If some of this was news to you, it might have to do with how the story of nuclear bombs has been told. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose new book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. You can find Miranda's episodes on New Books with Miranda Melcher, wherever you get your podcasts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/military-history

The truism that history is written by its winners reflects the literature about how the bomb came about, with apologetic books most often written by U.S. scholars. The physicist Robert Oppenheimer, the nuke's ‘father', is repeatedly centre stage, as in the case of the recent film about him. These are elitist stories that more often than not ignore the suffering and violence of the bomb to laypeople in general, and to marginalised groups in particular. Starting with the gruesome mining of uranium by First Nation people in northern Canada, and continuing with the racialist culture of uranium enrichment in the Atomic City of Oak Ridge, in For The Love of Bombs: The Trail of Nuclear Suffering (Anthem Press, 2025) Dr. Peder Anker offers alternative perspectives. It's a story of how the bikini swimwear came to fetishise the nuclear bombardment of the Bikini Atoll with its celebration of ‘sex bombs' and (an)atomic ‘bombshells'. Our current global warming fears also harbour back to ordinary citizens wondering if atomic bombs would blow up the entire sky. If some of this was news to you, it might have to do with how the story of nuclear bombs has been told. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose new book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. You can find Miranda's episodes on New Books with Miranda Melcher, wherever you get your podcasts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/world-affairs

The truism that history is written by its winners reflects the literature about how the bomb came about, with apologetic books most often written by U.S. scholars. The physicist Robert Oppenheimer, the nuke's ‘father', is repeatedly centre stage, as in the case of the recent film about him. These are elitist stories that more often than not ignore the suffering and violence of the bomb to laypeople in general, and to marginalised groups in particular. Starting with the gruesome mining of uranium by First Nation people in northern Canada, and continuing with the racialist culture of uranium enrichment in the Atomic City of Oak Ridge, in For The Love of Bombs: The Trail of Nuclear Suffering (Anthem Press, 2025) Dr. Peder Anker offers alternative perspectives. It's a story of how the bikini swimwear came to fetishise the nuclear bombardment of the Bikini Atoll with its celebration of ‘sex bombs' and (an)atomic ‘bombshells'. Our current global warming fears also harbour back to ordinary citizens wondering if atomic bombs would blow up the entire sky. If some of this was news to you, it might have to do with how the story of nuclear bombs has been told. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose new book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. You can find Miranda's episodes on New Books with Miranda Melcher, wherever you get your podcasts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/environmental-studies

The truism that history is written by its winners reflects the literature about how the bomb came about, with apologetic books most often written by U.S. scholars. The physicist Robert Oppenheimer, the nuke's ‘father', is repeatedly centre stage, as in the case of the recent film about him. These are elitist stories that more often than not ignore the suffering and violence of the bomb to laypeople in general, and to marginalised groups in particular. Starting with the gruesome mining of uranium by First Nation people in northern Canada, and continuing with the racialist culture of uranium enrichment in the Atomic City of Oak Ridge, in For The Love of Bombs: The Trail of Nuclear Suffering (Anthem Press, 2025) Dr. Peder Anker offers alternative perspectives. It's a story of how the bikini swimwear came to fetishise the nuclear bombardment of the Bikini Atoll with its celebration of ‘sex bombs' and (an)atomic ‘bombshells'. Our current global warming fears also harbour back to ordinary citizens wondering if atomic bombs would blow up the entire sky. If some of this was news to you, it might have to do with how the story of nuclear bombs has been told. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose new book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. You can find Miranda's episodes on New Books with Miranda Melcher, wherever you get your podcasts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/national-security

The truism that history is written by its winners reflects the literature about how the bomb came about, with apologetic books most often written by U.S. scholars. The physicist Robert Oppenheimer, the nuke's ‘father', is repeatedly centre stage, as in the case of the recent film about him. These are elitist stories that more often than not ignore the suffering and violence of the bomb to laypeople in general, and to marginalised groups in particular. Starting with the gruesome mining of uranium by First Nation people in northern Canada, and continuing with the racialist culture of uranium enrichment in the Atomic City of Oak Ridge, in For The Love of Bombs: The Trail of Nuclear Suffering (Anthem Press, 2025) Dr. Peder Anker offers alternative perspectives. It's a story of how the bikini swimwear came to fetishise the nuclear bombardment of the Bikini Atoll with its celebration of ‘sex bombs' and (an)atomic ‘bombshells'. Our current global warming fears also harbour back to ordinary citizens wondering if atomic bombs would blow up the entire sky. If some of this was news to you, it might have to do with how the story of nuclear bombs has been told. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose new book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. You can find Miranda's episodes on New Books with Miranda Melcher, wherever you get your podcasts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/politics-and-polemics

The truism that history is written by its winners reflects the literature about how the bomb came about, with apologetic books most often written by U.S. scholars. The physicist Robert Oppenheimer, the nuke's ‘father', is repeatedly centre stage, as in the case of the recent film about him. These are elitist stories that more often than not ignore the suffering and violence of the bomb to laypeople in general, and to marginalised groups in particular. Starting with the gruesome mining of uranium by First Nation people in northern Canada, and continuing with the racialist culture of uranium enrichment in the Atomic City of Oak Ridge, in For The Love of Bombs: The Trail of Nuclear Suffering (Anthem Press, 2025) Dr. Peder Anker offers alternative perspectives. It's a story of how the bikini swimwear came to fetishise the nuclear bombardment of the Bikini Atoll with its celebration of ‘sex bombs' and (an)atomic ‘bombshells'. Our current global warming fears also harbour back to ordinary citizens wondering if atomic bombs would blow up the entire sky. If some of this was news to you, it might have to do with how the story of nuclear bombs has been told. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose new book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. You can find Miranda's episodes on New Books with Miranda Melcher, wherever you get your podcasts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/science-technology-and-society

The truism that history is written by its winners reflects the literature about how the bomb came about, with apologetic books most often written by U.S. scholars. The physicist Robert Oppenheimer, the nuke's ‘father', is repeatedly centre stage, as in the case of the recent film about him. These are elitist stories that more often than not ignore the suffering and violence of the bomb to laypeople in general, and to marginalised groups in particular. Starting with the gruesome mining of uranium by First Nation people in northern Canada, and continuing with the racialist culture of uranium enrichment in the Atomic City of Oak Ridge, in For The Love of Bombs: The Trail of Nuclear Suffering (Anthem Press, 2025) Dr. Peder Anker offers alternative perspectives. It's a story of how the bikini swimwear came to fetishise the nuclear bombardment of the Bikini Atoll with its celebration of ‘sex bombs' and (an)atomic ‘bombshells'. Our current global warming fears also harbour back to ordinary citizens wondering if atomic bombs would blow up the entire sky. If some of this was news to you, it might have to do with how the story of nuclear bombs has been told. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose new book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. You can find Miranda's episodes on New Books with Miranda Melcher, wherever you get your podcasts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/book-of-the-day

Robert Oppenheimer, auch "Vater der Atombombe" genannt, engagierte sich nach dem Krieg für die internationale Kontrolle der Atomenergie. Der Acheson-Lilienthal-Report von 1946, der Vorschläge dafür unterbreitet, trägt seine Handschrift. Doch nicht bei allen Staaten kommen diese Ideen an. Autorin: Brigitte Kohn

Jesse Eisenberg wrote, directed and co-stars in A Real Pain. In the film two mismatched cousins embark on a Holocaust tour through Poland to understand the history of their late grandmother who is a Holocaust survivor. It's a beautiful, honest, poetic and hilarious film that is listed as one of the ten best movies of 2024 by the New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and the National Board of Review. As Owen Gleiberman wrote in Variety "Eisenberg has scripted with an ear for the music of ideas and for contrasting voices, he presents the story of these two cousins — how they interact, what they mean to each other, how their past intersects with the present — in a way that's so supple you can touch their reality." I sat down with Jesse at the Ram's Head Inn, a seaside hideaway in Shelter Island. The historic property was the site of several famous physics conferences that hosted J. Robert Oppenheimer and Stephen Hawking over the years. The Ram's Head continues the tradition of being an incubator for great talents. Jesse took part in a new film series there called, The Ram Film Society. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

ABOUT JAMES CAMPBELLJames Campbell is the co-founder and CTO at Great Expectations, the leading open-source data quality product. Prior to his life at a startup, James spent nearly 15 years working across a variety of quantitative and qualitative analytic roles in the US intelligence community, ultimately serving as Chief Data Scientist at CIA. He studied Math and Philosophy at Yale, and international security at Georgetown. He is passionate about creating tools that help communicate uncertainty and build intuition about complex systems.This episode is brought to you by Clipboard HealthClipboard Health is looking for the next generation of exceptional software engineering leaders, not just managers. They're a profitable unicorn, backed by top-tier investors, and they take the craft of engineering management seriously.Clipboard Health matches highly qualified healthcare workers with nearby facilities to fulfill millions of shifts a year - revolutionizing healthcare staffing with a fast, flexible, and user-friendly platform.Learn more & browse their open roles at clipboardhealth.com/engineeringSHOW NOTES:The origin story of Great Expectations & James' founding journey (3:28)Pitching / validating your idea through community (6:24)Transitioning from federal government to co-founder of a company (9:20)Recommendations when considering the founder / collaboration path (11:30)James' experience starting with open source & getting 10k stars on GitHub (13:15)Engaging with your audience to drive growth & share your product's message (15:17)How open source impacts Great Expectations' marketing / communication (16:58)Navigating the tension between product vision & product roadmap (19:21)Where that tension showed up in Great Expectations' early days (22:11)Capturing & synthesizing insights from your users (23:54)Strategies for removing biases from product-related decisions (25:37)Finding the balance between your perspective & community insights (27:13)James' perspective on different levels of product analysis (29:54)Lessons learned from Great Expectations' phase changes (31:22)Takeaways from the org's latest experience / transition (34:51)Defining the “Heilmeier Catechism” & how it impacts James' leadership style (37:07)Rapid fire questions (40:40)LINKS AND RESOURCESCIA Guide to Analytic Tradecraft - Primer published by the CIA to assist analysts in dealing with the perennial problems of intelligence.American Prometheus - Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin's definitive biography of J. Robert Oppenheimer, one of the iconic figures of the twentieth century, a brilliant physicist who led the effort to build the atomic bomb for his country in a time of war, and who later found himself confronting the moral consequences of scientific progress.This episode wouldn't have been possible without the help of our incredible production team:Patrick Gallagher - Producer & Co-HostJerry Li - Co-HostNoah Olberding - Associate Producer, Audio & Video Editor https://www.linkedin.com/in/noah-olberding/Dan Overheim - Audio Engineer, Dan's also an avid 3D printer - https://www.bnd3d.com/Ellie Coggins Angus - Copywriter, Check out her other work at https://elliecoggins.com/about/

En el capítulo 11 del Bhagavad-Gita, un texto sagrado del hinduismo, el dios Krishna revela su forma divina al guerrero Arjuna, y el pasaje describe su presencia con estas palabras: "Si el resplandor de mil soles estallara de repente en el cielo, sería como el esplendor del todopoderoso." Años después, se relacionó al científico estadounidense Robert Oppenheimer con la frase "más brillante que mil soles", alegando que la mencionó poco después de contemplar los efectos de la prueba Trinity, en la que los Estados Unidos utilizaron por primera vez un arma nuclear en el desierto e Nuevo México, el 16 de julio de 1945. No se sabe con seguridad si la dijo en aquel instante. Sin embargo, la frase se asociaría en los años posteriores a las explosiones nucleares, especialmente después de que el físico alemán Robert Jungk la usara como título de uno de sus libro de 1956, donde narraba los pormenores del desarrollo científico de la bomba. En una entrevista de 1965 Oppenheimer declaró: "Supimos que el mundo no volvería a ser el mismo. Algunas personas se rieron, otras lloraron. La mayoría permaneció en silencio. Recordé la frase de la escritura hindú, el Bhagavad-Gita: cuando Visnú está tratando de persuadir al Príncipe de que debe cumplir con su deber y, para impresionarlo, adopta su forma de múltiples brazos y dice: "Ahora me he convertido en la Muerte, el destructor de mundos". Supongo que todos pensamos eso, de una manera u otra". Este es un ensayo de Regino García Martínez dedicado a los testimonios y consecuencias de las bombas de Hiroshima y Nagasaki, con las voces de Alberto Martínez y Felipe Valcárcel… Sigue a Regino García: https://x.com/reginogarciama1 Sigue a Felipe Valcarcel: https://x.com/rayjaen https://audiorelatos.wordpress.com/ Sigue a Noviembre Nocturno https://linktr.ee/NoviembreNocturno Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

Please hit subscribe/follow and leave a positive 5-star rating and revue. Click here to go to our Patreon page. https://www.patreon.com/c/222ParanormalPodcast Click here to go to Jens Postmark Closet. https://poshmark.com/closet/happie22 Click here to go to our website. https://www.222paranormal.com/ Click here for some 222 Tee Shirts. https://www.etsy.com/shop/222Paranormal?ref=shop-header-name&listing_id=1437356907&from_page=listing   In today's episode of the 222 Paranormal Podcast, we dive into the eerie legends and spine-chilling hauntings surrounding the island of St. John in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Known for its lush landscapes, crystal-clear waters, and vibrant coral reefs, St. John is also steeped in stories of the supernatural. The island is a blend of paradise and mystery, with its history marked by dark events that have left an indelible imprint on its landscape. Our exploration begins with the infamous Jumbles, a series of ghostly occurrences tied to the island's storied past. The Jumbles are said to be a place where the spirits of the past linger, their restless souls wandering among the trees and ruins. The history of St. John includes times of upheaval, with its indigenous populations, colonial influences, and even tales of piracy all contributing to the island's unsettling atmosphere. Locals claim to have witnessed strange happenings around the Jumbles, where the air turns cold and whispers echo through the dense forest. These phenomena are believed to be tied to both the island's dark history and the unresolved conflicts that occurred there. Some say the spirits of those who died in battle or of unnatural causes never left, forever bound to the land they once occupied. The next chilling tale we unravel is that of Robert Oppenheimer's haunted beach, a place that seems to carry an energy that cannot be explained by science or reason. Oppenheimer, best known as one of the key figures behind the development of the atomic bomb, had a significant connection to St. John, where he spent time on the island. This particular beach, however, has become the center of paranormal activities. Visitors to the site report feelings of being watched, strange sounds that seem to come from nowhere, and an overwhelming sense of dread that falls over them unexpectedly. As we delve deeper into the story, it becomes clear that Oppenheimer's connection to the island may have left behind more than just physical footprints in the sand. Some believe that the spirits of those affected by the devastating consequences of the atomic bomb are somehow tethered to this place, and their energies have coalesced around the beach. Others suggest that Oppenheimer himself, with his profound moral struggles and the weight of his scientific contributions, may have inadvertently brought a curse with him to the island. The unsettling occurrences have intrigued both locals and paranormal investigators, many of whom have attempted to document the strange happenings. Whether it is the whispers of ghosts or the echoes of a past shrouded in secrecy, the hauntings on St. John continue to captivate the imagination. In this episode, we also explore the broader history of the island, from its days as a plantation hub to its status as a national park today. As we uncover the hidden stories behind these haunted sites, it becomes clear that St. John is much more than just a picturesque island—it is a place where history, the supernatural, and the unexplained collide. We invite our listeners to keep an open mind as we share these chilling encounters and encourage them to explore the mysteries of St. John for themselves, as you never know what you might encounter on this enigmatic island.   Welcome to the 222 Paranormal Podcast, your gateway to the captivating world of the supernatural. Immerse yourself in our expertly crafted episodes, where we delve deep into a wide range of paranormal phenomena, including ghostly hauntings, cryptid sightings, and unexplained mysteries that defy logic. Each episode is meticulously researched and features engaging discussions with leading experts, seasoned ghost hunters, and renowned paranormal investigators. We cover the latest advancements in ghost hunting technology, offer practical tips for both amateur and experienced investigators, and review essential equipment for your paranormal adventures. Our podcast also explores the rich history of haunted locations, sharing true stories and firsthand accounts that will send chills down your spine. Whether you're a die-hard fan of the paranormal or just curious about the unknown, our content is designed to entertain, inform, and ignite your imagination. Stay tuned as we uncover secrets from the most haunted places around the world and analyze the most intriguing supernatural events. We also provide in-depth interviews with notable figures in the field and explore theories that challenge conventional understanding of reality. By subscribing to our Paranormal Podcast, you'll stay updated with the latest episodes, allowing you to join a community of like-minded individuals who share your fascination with the unexplained. Don't miss out on our exclusive content and special features, which bring you closer to the mysteries that lie beyond our everyday experiences. Dive into the world of the unknown with our Paranormal Podcast and experience the thrill of discovering what lies just beyond the veil of reality.  

Neste episódio vamos falar sobre o projeto Manhattan e sobre o físico Robert Oppenheimer.

Paul Podolsky is an author, podcaster, journalist, and investor who spent time in Russia in the 1990s, and then worked on Wall Street for over two decades, much of it at Bridgewater Associates, the world's largest hedge fund, with Ray Dalio as his boss. His father worked on the Manhattan Project, with Robert Oppenheimer as his boss. Today, we talk about his newest book, an absolute delight to read — The Uncomfortable Truth About Money: How to live with uncertainty and learn to think for yourself Summary In this conversation, Paul Podolsky shares his journey from a challenging childhood marked by loss to a successful career in finance. He discusses his experiences in Russia during the 1990s, the lessons learned about money and security, and the importance of understanding economics. Paul reflects on his time at Bridgewater Associates under Ray Dalio, emphasizing the unpredictability of wealth and the necessity of financial literacy. The discussion also touches on the significance of curiosity and continual learning in both investing and life. In this conversation, Paul and Bogumil explore the intricate nature of investing, the importance of embracing uniqueness, and the psychological implications of wealth. They discuss insights from notable investors like George Soros, the challenges of navigating change and disruption in the market, and the necessity of maintaining calm amidst volatility. The dialogue culminates in a reflection on the true meaning of success and the responsibilities that come with wealth. Podcast Program – Disclosure Statement Blue Infinitas Capital, LLC is a registered investment adviser and the opinions expressed by the Firm's employees and podcast guests on this show are their own and do not reflect the opinions of Blue Infinitas Capital, LLC. All statements and opinions expressed are based upon information considered reliable although it should not be relied upon as such. Any statements or opinions are subject to change without notice. Information presented is for educational purposes only and does not intend to make an offer or solicitation for the sale or purchase of any specific securities, investments, or investment strategies. Investments involve risk and unless otherwise stated, are not guaranteed. Information expressed does not take into account your specific situation or objectives, and is not intended as recommendations appropriate for any individual. Listeners are encouraged to seek advice from a qualified tax, legal, or investment adviser to determine whether any information presented may be suitable for their specific situation. Past performance is not indicative of future performance.

Todos hemos escuchado sobre el Incidente de Roswell en 1947, pero ¿sabías que solo un año después, en 1948, ocurrió otro evento aún más misterioso en Nuevo México? Nos referimos al Incidente OVNI de Aztec, conocido como 'El Roswell Olvidado'. En este documental, exploramos la increíble historia de la recuperación de un OVNI de 30 metros de diámetro y los supuestos cuerpos alienígenas encontrados por el gobierno estadounidense en las cercanías de Aztec, Nuevo México. Este caso, que algunos consideran más impactante que Roswell, ha estado rodeado de encubrimientos, teorías conspirativas y testimonios inquietantes. ¿Qué descubrieron figuras como Robert Oppenheimer, el padre de la bomba atómica, el cual estuvo el interior de la misteriosa nave? ¿Podría esta nave recuperada haber influido en los avances científicos y militares de mediados del siglo XX? Al igual que Roswell, el caso Aztec está cargado de misterio: desde los documentos clasificados hasta las preguntas sobre por qué este incidente ha permanecido en las sombras durante tanto tiempo." En este video analizamos: - Las similitudes y diferencias entre Roswell y Aztec. - Cómo el gobierno pudo haber encubierto el hallazgo del OVNI de 1948. - La autopsia profunda que fue realizada a esos extraños seres extraterrestres y los resultados. - El papel que jugó la figura de Robert Oppenheimer en este caso, el cual se adentró en la misteriosa nave y encontró algo asombroso. - ¿Qué tecnología alienígena fue supuestamente extraída de este incidente? Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

Agradece a este podcast tantas horas de entretenimiento y disfruta de episodios exclusivos como éste. ¡Apóyale en iVoox! ¡Atención a todos los amantes del misterio y lo desconocido! "Luces en la Noche" está de vuelta en YouTube. Si te apasionan los casos más impactantes de la ufología, las teorías de conspiración y los secretos que desafían la lógica, no te pierdas el regreso a la plataforma. El Incidente De AZTEC | ¿Una Verdad Oculta desde 1948? En este episodio de Luces en la Noche, viajamos al corazón de uno de los incidentes OVNI más controvertidos de la historia: el caso Aztec. En 1948, en un desolado rincón de Nuevo México, un objeto volador de origen desconocido fue recuperado, junto a los cuerpos de sus ocupantes. Pero esto no quedó ahí: científicos de renombre, como el físico Robert Oppenheimer y otros nombres clave en proyectos de alto secreto de la época, habrían formado parte del análisis de esta misteriosa nave y su avanzada tecnología. ¿Qué descubrieron? ¿Qué secretos permanecen enterrados tras décadas de encubrimiento? En este episodio, exploramos los detalles del caso, las pruebas recuperadas y el rol de los expertos más destacados que, según testimonios, estudiaron los restos y abrieron puertas a tecnologías que desafían nuestra comprensión. Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

Flahback! John and Myself (Chris) welcome returning guest and stellar researcher, Jay Dyer to Afternoon Commute to discuss: Carol Quigley, Tragedy and Hope, Russia, Nukes, Nuclear Politics, Edward Teller, Robert Oppenheimer, Communism, The Police State, East Germany under the Stasi, Statecraft and Politics, Perception Management, The Panopticon, Kissinger, The Soviet Union, VICE Network, Lord of War, Nicholas Cage, Black Ops Video Games, Black Mirror, Gamification, Smart Cities, Minority Report, Sentient World Simulation, Ginni Rometty, Pre Crime, Google Books, Facebook, AT&T and Time Warner, Wikileaks, Edward Snowden, Pamela Anderson, Julian Assange, Hillary Clinton, George W. Bush.Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/jay-sanalysis--1423846/support.

This journalist's co-authored and Pulitzer Prize winning biography, American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer, served as the inspiration for the Oscar winning film, Oppenheimer. Bird has written several […]

Oppenheimer is a 2023 epic biographical thriller film[5][6][7] written, directed and co-produced by Christopher Nolan.[8] It stars Cillian Murphy as J. Robert Oppenheimer, the American theoretical physicist credited with being the "father of the atomic bomb" for his role in the Manhattan Project—the World War II undertaking that developed the first nuclear weapons. Based on the 2005 biography American Prometheus by Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin, the film chronicles the career of Oppenheimer, with the story predominantly focusing on his studies, his direction of the Manhattan Project during World War II, and his eventual fall from grace due to his 1954 security hearing. The film also stars Emily Blunt as Oppenheimer's wife "Kitty", Matt Damon as head of the Manhattan Project Leslie Groves, Robert Downey Jr. as United States Atomic Energy Commission member Lewis Strauss, and Florence Pugh as Oppenheimer's communist lover Jean Tatlock. The ensemble supporting cast includes Josh Hartnett, Casey Affleck, Rami Malek, and Kenneth Branagh. 

Entramos de vez no extraordinário e quase derradeiro projeto Manthattan. O que foi esse grande projeto? Como foram os avançoes científicos desse período? Quem foram os principais nomes envolvidos? E quais desafios eles enfrentaram?     Patronato do SciCast: 1. Patreon SciCast 2. Apoia.se/Scicast     3. Nos ajude via Pix também, chave: contato@scicast.com.br ou acesse o QRcode:   Sua pequena contribuição ajuda o Portal Deviante a continuar divulgando Ciência! Contatos: contato@scicast.com.br https://twitter.com/scicastpodcast https://www.facebook.com/scicastpodcast https://instagram.com/scicastpodcast Fale conosco! E não esqueça de deixar o seu comentário na postagem desse episódio! Expediente: Produção Geral: Tarik Fernandes e André Trapani Equipe de Gravação: Tarik Fernandes, Marcelo de Matos, Roberto Spinelli, Glaucia Souza Silva, Willian Spengler, Lennon Ruhnke Citação ABNT: Scicast #611: Projeto Manhattan. Locução: Tarik Fernandes, Marcelo de Matos, Roberto Spinelli, Glaucia Souza Silva, Willian Spengler, Lennon Ruhnke. [S.l.] Portal Deviante, 27/09/2024. Podcast. Disponível em: https://www.deviante.com.br/podcasts/scicast-611 Imagem de Capa: Por Samat Jain - Flickr: Trinity Site Obelisk National Historic Landmark, Domínio público, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12683404 Imagem de Capa: Físicos do Distrito Manhattan num colóquio em Los Alamos em 1946. Na linha de frente estão (da esquerda para direita) Norris Bradbury, John Manley, Enrico Fermi and J. M. B. Kellogg. Robert Oppenheimer, de paletó escuro, está trás de Manley; à esquerda de Oppenheimer está Richard Feynman. Fonte: Los Alamos National Laboratory Referências e Indicações Pré-Projeto Manhattan (SciCast #597) Scicast #484: Bomba Atômica Scicast #09: Energia Nuclear Parte 1 Scicast #10: Energia Nuclear Parte 2 Scicast #93: Hiroshima Scicast #94: Nagasaki E se as bombas atômicas nunca tivessem sido usadas? (Contrafactual #182) Chernobyl – Parte I (SciCast #335) Chernobyl – Parte II (SciCast #336) Scicast #126: Marie Curie Sugestões de literatura: BIRD, Kai, SHERWIN, Martin J. Oppenheimer: o triunfo e a tragédia do Prometeu americano. Rio de Janeiro: Intrínseca, 2023. CESAREO, R. Dos raios X à bomba atômica (1895-1945): os 50 anos que mudaram o mundo. Brasília: Embrapa Informação Tecnológica, 2010. Disponível em http://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/alice/handle/doc/1003731. DIAS JÚNIOR, José A., ROUBICEK, Rafael. O brilho de mil sóis: História da bomba atômica. São Paulo: Ática, 1996. KIERNANN, Denise. As garotas da cidade atômica: a história secreta das mulheres que ajudaram a vencer a 2ª Guerra Mundial. São Paulo: Benvirá, 2015. LEWIS, Damien. Caçada à bomba atômica de Hitler: a corrida secreta para impedir a produção de armas nucleares dos nazistas. São Paulo: Cultrix, 2017 NORRIS, Robert S. Racing for the bomb: the true story of general Leslie R Groves. Skyhorse Publishing, 2014. PERUZZO, Jucimar. Armas nucleares: origem, estrutura, funcionamento, evolução e controle. Joinville: Clube de Autores, 2019. PRINGLE, Peter; SPIEGELMAN, James J. The nuclear barons. University of Michigan: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1981. RHODES, Richard. The making of the atomic bomb. Simon & Schuster, 1986. SMITH, P. D. Os homens do fim do mundo: o verdadeiro Dr. Fantástico e o sonho da arma total. São Paulo: Cia das Letras, 2008. STRATHERN, Paul. Oppenheimer e a bomba atômica em 90 minutos. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1999. Sugestões de filmes: Fat Man and Little Boy (1989) Oppenheimer (2023) Sugestões de vídeos: Manhattan (série) The man in the high castle Maravilhas Modernas: Manhattan Project A corrida secreta para a bomba atômica The Real Story of Oppenheimer How Kodak Exposed Nuclear Testing Models of the Atom Timeline Sugestões de links: Quem foi o verdadeiro Robert Oppenheimer Como foi o projeto que criou a bomba A babel de cientistas que criou a "destruidora de mundos" Como a bomba atômica surgiu no meio de um paraíso Museu Nacional Atômico Projeto Manhattan Data importantes do Projeto Manhattan O homem e a máquina: Oppenheimer e a bomba atômica See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

It's the 1940s. Robert Oppenheimer is creating plans for the first atomic bomb. And his colleague is stealing them. Klaus Fuchs is a traitor in Oppenheimer's ranks. A German-born physicist secretly working for the Soviet Union. Oppenheimer will change the world with science; Fuchs with espionage.See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

On this episode, the first in Season 9, we get stuck into the vast and sprawling history of The Manhattan Project and the creation of the atomic bomb. The creation and utilisation of such an unbelievably powerful weapon changed the dynamics of power globally and the results are still being felt today. The Manhattan Project was a WWII initiative which brought together the most brilliant of minds to conceptualise and then develop a weapon formidable enough to compel the Axis powers to capitulate. Spearheaded by the now infamous J. Robert Oppenheimer and his macho military counterpart General Leslie Groves, the project mobilised an extensive team of globally reknowned physicists at a secret encampment in New Mexico called Los Alamos. There they collaborated on their own theories and advanced human knowledge leaps and bounds in such a short time; focussing primarily on the new school of their craft, quantum physics and then more practically the design and production of weapons-grade nuclear materials and a mean by which to blow them up! All this was being done amidst fears of Nazi Germany's parallel efforts, the Allied forces hastened to pioneer this groundbreaking technology and have it ready to fire before the lads got their shot off somewhere. Unfortunately for the more trigger happy of the US military elite, Germany's surrender before the bomb was battle-ready meant that the remaining Japanese Imperial forces faced the consequences, with Hiroshima and Nagasaki suffering atomic attacks in August 1945. These bombings, which abruptly ended the war after years of massive conventional bombardments, underscored the terrifying potency of nuclear arms and marked the apex of scientific ingenuity yielding the most destructive force known to humanity. Joining me on this episode I have two Irish comedy legends Edwin Sammon and Chris Kent. You can find Ed here on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/edwinsammon/ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@edwinsammon and his YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/user/edwinsammon where you can see loads of clips from stand up, TV and stage appearances and also episodes of his podcast 'Edwin Sammon of Knowledge' which you can also find on Spotify here https://open.spotify.com/show/1koWjRbaPaJcfs5aItOpzO?si=257e5284ee34478d He is gigging all over the country so follow him and get updates for when he's coming to your town! You can find Chris at his website here https://chriskentcomedy.com/ where you can get tickets to the massive amount of upcoming live comedy shows all over Ireland and the UK and loads more too; like his full video comedy specials! Chris is also on all the socials Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/chriskentcomic/ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@chriskentcomic and check out all his video on his YouTube channel here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMkiptOA5pvabk0xRXkFO5g There is a Patreon version of this episode with over 40 mins extra content and if you're a TCG Patreon subscriber, there's a video version in Spotify https://open.spotify.com/episode/59alnTONQdDCJj6CZdCzkT?si=382c80f4a8b848e4 as well as all the other Patreon content sent right to your Spotify app. You can sign up now for a FREE Patreon subscription to TCG and listen to this episode (with the extra stuff) right here https://www.patreon.com/posts/s09e01-manhattan-111508606 Chapters: Introduction 00:00:00 Show Start 00:6:31 Before The Research 00:28:24 The Creation of Atomic Physics 00:40:17 AD INSERT 01:05:29 German Science for German People 01:05:31 The Bomb as an answer for Pearl Harbour 01:12:57 The Manhattan Project Begins 01:20:35 The Problem With Uranium 01:43:47 The General and The Genius 01:58:46 What About Bob Oppenheimer? 02:22:53 Los Alamos: It Takes A Village 02:45:02 VJ DAY TBA 02:55:08 The Potsdam Declaration 03:05:44 Hiroshima and Nagasaki 03:10:53 What That Bomb Do? 03:18:07 The Global Shock Wave 03:44:23 Agent Orange 03:56:43 Oppenheimer Self Exile 04:06:18 Off The Fence 04:11:33 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

 Just as big pharma has recently discovered a simple mechanism to reverse weight gain and obesity, it is highly likely that soon, we will discover something equally simple that triggers the onset of aging, postulates Joel Geiderman, a distinguished physician and professor at Cedars-Sinai and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA who is considered one of the pioneers of emergency medicine. It could be as simple as a protein we can block. And with AI speeding up research, Geiderman firmly believes the day we “cure” aging is not far off. This entirely plausible concept is the basis for his novel, The Plasma Cell Report. But then what?   Geiderman cautions that so much could go wrong, and that society and our planet are simply not ready for nature's course to change.   He'd be happy to chat with you about this. Among the concerns he points to are:An ever-expanding population that will skew increasingly toward older people and could ostensibly double in number every twenty years.Uncertainty around whether Earth really has the natural resources - from energy to water and food - to support this ongoing population growth.Doubt about how to meet the increased need for infrastructure -- everything from transportation and housing to education and healthcare facilities.Questions over social issues such as entitlements such as social security and how to finance them as the number of retired people grows as a share of the population.Matters of equity: who would have access to the new treatments? What about those left behind?Moral issues such as: would we be interfering with a divine plan? Doesn't nature know best? And in times like these, we must also consider:The risk of older generations maintaining a grip on top leadership positions to the detriment of change and renewal; andThe potential dangers of lifetime terms for people in public office (e.g., the Supreme Court). As the father of the atomic bomb Robert Oppenheimer said, “The deep things in science are not found because they are useful; they are found because it is possible to find them.” Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/late-night-health-radio--2804369/support.

In today's episode David discusses Ayn Rand's insanely long and insanely influential Atlas Shrugged (1957), the bible of free-market entrepreneurialism and source book to this day for vicious anti-socialist polemics. Why is this novel so adored by Silicon Valley tech titans? How can something so bad have so much lasting power? And what did Rand have against her arch-villain Robert Oppenheimer?Tomorrow: Salman Rushdie's Midnight's ChildrenFind out more about Past Present Future on our new website www.ppfideas.com where you can also join PPF+ to get bonus episodes and ad-free listening. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

WATCH CLIPS ON YOUTUBE! SUBSCRIBE TO THE UNDISPUTED YOUTUBE CHANNEL (00:00) Kevin Durant calls out Keyshawn on social media over Warriors take yesterday (22:10) Should Dak Prescott reject all Cowboys offers and play out final year of deal? (41:02) LeBron James is currently favored over KD in Olympic MVP race (56:38) Why weren't the Cowboys more active this offseason? (1:11:58) Team USA 2024 vs the Dream Team: Who wins? (1:29:34) Teammates compare Aaron Rodgers to Michael Jordan, Kobe Bryant and J. Robert Oppenheimer. Is this legit? (1:38:40) How will Team USA play vs South Sudan tomorrow? (1:47:26) Reaction to the Madden Top 10 WR rankings (1:55:32) Chiefs offense pulls off trick play at camp Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

This week on The Learning Curve, co-hosts U-Arkansas Prof. Albert Cheng and DFER’s Alisha Searcy interview Pulitzer Winner Kai Bird. Mr. Bird focuses on the life and legacy of J. Robert Oppenheimer, “father of the atomic bomb.” He discusses Oppenheimer’s impact on history, his early life and education, and his academic achievements in quantum physics. […]

Who's with Hur? No one, as Congress interrogates DOJ's report on Biden's record keeping and age. Biden swaps insults with Trump. Trump swaps compliments with Victor Orbán . J. Robert Oppenheimer celebrates his seven Oscars in hell. And Kate Middleton's gone missing and the only person who can find her is… well, not us, that's for sure. That's for damn sure.

What do two physicists think about the movie Oppenheimer? Neil deGrasse Tyson sits down with theoretical physicist Brian Greene to discuss Robert J. Oppenheimer's work on the Manhattan Project, the science in Christopher Nolan's film, and the dawn of quantum physics. NOTE: StarTalk+ Patrons can listen to this entire episode commercial-free here: https://startalkmedia.com/show/breaking-down-oppenheimer-with-brian-greene/Thanks to our Patrons Kiril Stoilov, aaron tanenbaum, Oswaldo Asprino, cary mannaberg, Taylor Jenkins, BeerandBrat, and J Maz for supporting us this week.