Podcasts about atomic bomb

Dr. Masao Tomonaga was only 2 years old when the United States bombed his home city of Nagasaki. He survived, and grew up to become a physician for other survivors, known as hibakusha. He also studied hematology, and his research on leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes was foundational for understanding how radiation affects the body. On the 80th anniversary of the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, he speaks with Host Ira Flatow about his life's work, how hibakusha lived with the medical consequences of the bombs, and his message to the world.Guest: Dr. Masao Tomonaga is a survivor of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki and director emeritus of the Japanese Red Cross Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Hospital.Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com. Subscribe to this podcast. Plus, to stay updated on all things science, sign up for Science Friday's newsletters.

National Root beer float day.  Entertainment from 1970.  First atomic bomb dropped on Japan, First execution by electric chair, First woman to swim the English Channel.  Todays birthdays - Alexander Fleming, Hoot Gibson, Lucille Ball, Robert Michum, Andy Warhol, Pat McDonald, Michelle Yeoh, Geri Halliwell, Soliel Moon Frye.  Rick James died.Intro - God did good - Dianna Corcoran     https://www.diannacorcoran.com/Rootbeer float song - Krevil HavikClose to you - The CarpentersDon't keep me hangin' on - Sonny JamesBirthdays - In da club - 50 Cent   https://www.50cent.com/I love lucy TV themeThe futures so bright - Timbuk 3It's raining men - Geri HalliwellPunky Brewster TV themeSuper Freak - Rick JamesExit - Those kinda songs - Brinley Addington    https://www.brinleyaddington.com/countryundergroundradio.comHistory & Factoids webpage

This episode contains descriptions of graphic violence and may not be suitable for all listeners.On the morning of August 6th, 1945, a single American bomber unleashed a weapon unlike anything the world had ever seen - Little Boy, the first atomic bomb used in war. In a blinding flash, the city of Hiroshima was levelled. In this episode, we chart that fateful day moment by moment, from the daily routines of the city's mayor and the preparations of the American air crews to the instant of unimaginable destruction.Joining us is Ian MacGregor, author of ‘The Hiroshima Men: The Quest to Build the Atomic Bomb, and the Fateful Decision to Use It'. He takes us through the horror of this fateful day and the dawn of the nuclear age.Produced by James Hickmann and edited by Dougal Patmore.Join Dan and the team for a special LIVE recording of Dan Snow's History Hit on Friday, 12th September 2025! To celebrate 10 years of the podcast, Dan is putting on a special show of signature storytelling, never-before-heard anecdotes from his often stranger-than-fiction career, as well as answering the burning questions you've always wanted to ask!Get tickets here, before they sell out: https://www.kingsplace.co.uk/whats-on/words/dan-snows-history-hit/.We'd love to hear your feedback - you can take part in our podcast survey here: https://insights.historyhit.com/history-hit-podcast-always-on.You can also email the podcast directly at ds.hh@historyhit.com.

The U.S. altered the course of history 80 years ago when it dropped the atomic bomb on Japan. It was an audacious move that ultimately led to the end of World War II. The motivation and secrecy surrounding its development and the devastating consequences of its use are the focus of a new oral history from Garrett Graff. He sat down with Amna Nawaz to discuss “The Devil Reached Toward the Sky.” PBS News is supported by - https://www.pbs.org/newshour/about/funders

The U.S. altered the course of history 80 years ago when it dropped the atomic bomb on Japan. It was an audacious move that ultimately led to the end of World War II. The motivation and secrecy surrounding its development and the devastating consequences of its use are the focus of a new oral history from Garrett Graff. He sat down with Amna Nawaz to discuss “The Devil Reached Toward the Sky.” PBS News is supported by - https://www.pbs.org/newshour/about/funders

As Japan prepares to mark the anniversary of a turning point in history, we ask whether the doctrine of nuclear non-proliferation is at risk. We look at aid agency reports of a worsening famine in Sudan. And we speak to one of the Democratic representatives on the run from the Texas state legislature.

The U.S. altered the course of history 80 years ago when it dropped the atomic bomb on Japan. It was an audacious move that ultimately led to the end of World War II. The motivation and secrecy surrounding its development and the devastating consequences of its use are the focus of a new oral history from Garrett Graff. He sat down with Amna Nawaz to discuss “The Devil Reached Toward the Sky.” PBS News is supported by - https://www.pbs.org/newshour/about/funders

“Eighty years ago this week,” writes Vermont journalist Garrett Graff, “a group of physicists and military leaders changed warfare — and the world — forever.”August 6 marks the 80th anniversary of the United States atomic bombing of Hiroshima, Japan, which was followed three days later by the atomic bombing of Nagasaki. These two bombings are estimated to have killed over 200,000 people.Graff recounts the scientific and political backstory of the dawn of the nuclear age in his latest book, “The Devil Reached Toward the Sky: An Oral History of the Making and Unleashing of the Atomic Bomb.” This exhaustive work includes testimonies from 500 people who “tell the intertwined story of nuclear physics, the rise of fascism in Europe in the 1930s, the arrival and advance of World War II in the Pacific, and the tremendous effort of the Manhattan Project to deliver two atomic bombs that helped end the war, as well as the haunting on-the-ground stories of Hiroshima and Nagasaki themselves,” writes Graff.Graff says that the story of what gave rise to the nuclear age is “as important now as ever,” as countries around the world, such as Iran, are racing to start or expand their nuclear arsenals.“The world actually stands much closer to the edge of nuclear danger than we have for most of the 80 years since the end of World War II,” Graff told The Vermont Conversation. “This year has already seen two major world conflicts set against nuclear tensions. We've seen open warfare between India and Pakistan already this spring, the two largest nuclear arsenals to ever come into open conflict in world history. And we also saw, of course, the US and Israeli strikes against the Iranian nuclear program.”“There's a possibility, ironically, 15 years after Barack Obama tried to set us on a path toward nuclear abolition, where in the 2020s and 2030s we may actually see more countries join the nuclear club than have ever existed before.”Garrett Graff describes himself as a historian whose work is often filed under current events. He writes about inflection points in history with an eye towards how they impact the present and future. This includes his 2024 book, “When the Sea Came Alive: An Oral History of D-Day,” and his 2022 book, “Watergate: A New History,” which was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in History. He is also the editor of an oral history of the COVID-19 pandemic in Vermont that was published earlier this year by the Vermont Historical Society.Graff has had a busy 2025. This spring, his 7-part podcast series dropped, “Breaking the Internet.” In it, he explores how a tool that promised to bring people together has instead driven them apart and has fueled authoritarian movements. This is the fourth season of Long Shadow, Graff's award-winning history podcast.Graff also shares his writing about current politics in his online newsletter, Doomsday Scenario.Graff said that as the U.S. approaches its 250th anniversary, “We are witnessing an unraveling of our small-d democratic traditions in the United States and sort of backsliding in our democracy and the creeping approach of authoritarianism.”“It doesn't feel [like] a coincidence to me that we are watching this backsliding in our democracy at the precise moment 80 years later where we are losing the last members of the Greatest Generation,” those who lived through the Great Depression and World War II. “There is no preordained rule that America remains a democracy," Graff said. "And there's no preordained rule that we remain an economic hegemon. We let both of those things disappear at our own societal and national peril.”

96-year-old Tess, who grew up in Hiroshima, narrowly escaped death on the day of the atomic bombing by missing a train. After the war, she met an Australian soldier at a military base of the occupation army and later moved to Melbourne as his bride. “I never thought I would fall in love with a soldier from another country,” she says. “But I have no regrets.” Now, 80 years after the war, her memories remain vivid, and she continues to share her powerful story. - メルボルン在住の96歳、Tetsuko McKenzie（愛称テスさん）は、広島で原爆の脅威に直面しながらも奇跡的に命をつなぎ、戦後、オーストラリア兵の妻になるため渡豪した「戦争花嫁」の一人です。

Soccer Legend Zico Lays Flowers at Cenotaph for Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Victims

Brazilian soccer legend Zico visited the western Japan city of Hiroshima on Sunday and paid tribute to those who died due to the U.S. atomic bombing of the city 80 years ago.

This week, we discuss an Australian water ride accident, a new tourist destination: Jonestown, and the Atomic Bomb ring. Do you own any interesting jewelry? Please email us at unitedstatesofmurder@gmail.comYou may now join us on ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Patreon⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ or ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠buy us a cocktail⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠.Be sure to subscribe on ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Apple⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ and leave a review. Follow us on ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Facebook⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ and ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Instagram⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠!

AP Washington correspondent Sagar Meghani reports on the restoration of a cathedral bell destroyed in the Nagasaki atomic bomb blast.

Am Abend des 12. April 1945 wurde Harry S. Truman als 33. US-Präsident vereidigt. Nur wenige Stunden zuvor war sein Vorgänger im Amt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, an einer Hirnblutung verstorben. Vor Truman lagen anstrengende Wochen und Monate. Aus Deutschland kamen immer neue Horrormeldungen über befreite Konzentrationslager. In Fernost tobte die Schlacht von Okinawa. In San Francisco verhandelten die USA mit der Sowjetunion über die Gründung der Vereinten Nationen. In Potsdam diskutierte er mit Stalin und Churchill über die Nachkriegsordnung in Europa. Und dann war da noch diese seltsame neue Superwaffe, deren Entwicklung Unsummen verschlungen hatte, die aber nach Einschätzung der Experten, den Krieg mit Japan sofort würde beenden können – falls sie denn wirklich funktionierte. Unsere Literaturhinweise zur Folge: - Chris Wallace/Mitch Weiss: Countdown 1945. The Extraordinary Story of the Atomic Bomb and the 116 Days that Changed The World. New York u.a. 2020. - Albert Baine: The Accidental President. Harry S. Truman and the Four Months that Changed the World, New York u.a. 2017.

Back on this day in 1945 the first atomic bomb was successfully tested. The bomb was tested in New Mexico, where J. Robert Oppenheimer led the Project Y. 

The new commemorative plaque at the entrance to the Trinity site of the world’s first atomic bomb explosion finally acknowledges and commemorates Downwinders. (l-r) Seth Shelden, General Counsel and United Nations Liaison of ICAN; Tina Cordova of Tularosa Basin Downwinders Consortium, Melissa Parke, Executive Director of ICAN SPECIAL: Trinity Atomic Bomb at 80 – New...

https://www.virginradio.it/audio/long-playing-stories/1389440/long-playing-stories-u2-how-to-dismantle-an-atomic-bomb.htmlhttps://www.virginradio.it/audio/long-playing-stories/1389440/long-playing-stories-u2-how-to-dismantle-an-atomic-bomb.htmlMon, 14 Jul 2025 16:33:54 +0200Virgin RadioVirgin Radiono0

CASINOS USA SHOW NOTES: Janie and Coach Fav spent 12 days this June in Vegas and Henderson Nevada.  They came home to find that the Casinos USA Podcast made the gambling podcast TOP 30 LIST at NUMBER 5. Overjoyed they put together a comprehensive review of their trip.  Get the inside view of two famous … Continue reading "Episode # 171: Zak Bagan, Water Street Casinos, and the Atomic Bomb"

This week, we discover the podcast The Sinking of the USS Indianapolis and the Atomic Bomb: The Price Paid for Liberty and join us as we connect with the Minnesota Association of County Veterans Service Officers. Guests include: Ron Duffy – Ron Duffy Art Josh Beninga – Minnesota Association of County Veteran Service Officers Click […] The post The Sinking of the USS Indianapolis and the Atomic Bomb: The Price Paid For Liberty appeared first on Minnesota Military Radio.

Are advanced civilizations doomed to destroy themselves? Neil deGrasse Tyson and Chuck Nice explore the Cold War, The Drake Equation, and nuclear winter hypothesis with producer of Cosmos and Carl Sagan's widow Ann Druyan and atmospheric scientist Brian Toon.  Originally Aired August 8, 2022.NOTE: StarTalk+ Patrons can listen to this entire episode commercial-free here: https://startalkmedia.com/show/nuclear-winter-with-ann-druyan-and-brian-toon/ Subscribe to SiriusXM Podcasts+ to listen to new episodes of StarTalk Radio ad-free and a whole week early.Start a free trial now on Apple Podcasts or by visiting siriusxm.com/podcastsplus.

Less than a fortnight after the US claimed to destroy Iran’s nuclear capability, our foreign editor Greg Sheridan joins us for the truth about the most secretive regime on earth. Find out more about The Front podcast here. You can read about this story and more on The Australian's website or on The Australian’s app. This episode of The Front is presented by Claire Harvey, produced by Kristen Amiet and edited by Joshua Burton. Our team includes Lia Tsamoglou, Tiffany Dimmack, Stephanie Coombes and Jasper Leak, who also composed our music. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

PREVIEW: Author Svetlana Lokhova, "The Spy Who Changed History," identifies the Soviet control agents who ran the stealing of the atomic bomb. More. 1955 NEVADA

On May 19, 1945, eleven days after the surrender of Nazi Germany in Europe, a U-boat was escorted into Portsmouth Naval Yard, New Hampshire. News reporters covering the surrender of U-234 were ordered, contrary to all previous and later U-boat surrender procedures, to keep their distance from crew members and passengers of U-234, on threat of being shot by the attending Marine guards. Why the tight security? Buried in the nose of the specially-built mammoth boat, sealed in cylinders “lined with gold,” was 1,120 pounds of enriched uranium labeled “U235”the fissile material from which atom bombs are made. Critical Mass documents how these Nazi bomb components were then used by the Manhattan Project to complete both the uranium bomb dropped on Hiroshima and the plutonium bomb dropped on Nagasaki, to defeat the Japanese and win World War Two and global domination in the modern age.https://amzn.to/3TVIyhnBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/the-opperman-report--1198501/support.

As tensions simmer in the Middle East, our foreign affairs and defence experts unpack what the US really wants – and needs – from Australia. Find out more about The Front podcast here. You can read about this story and more on The Australian's website or on The Australian’s app. This episode of The Front is presented by Claire Harvey, produced by Kristen Amiet and edited by Joshua Burton. Our team includes Lia Tsamoglou, Tiffany Dimmack, Joshua Burton, Stephanie Coombes and Jasper Leak, who also composed our music.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The United States says it decimated Iran’s nuclear capabilities in an aerial attack. Foreign Editor Greg Sheridan unpacks what it means for the Middle East. Find out more about The Front podcast here. You can read about this story and more on The Australian's website or on The Australian’s app. This episode of The Front is presented and produced by Kristen Amiet, and edited by Tiffany Dimmack. Our regular host is Claire Harvey and our team includes Lia Tsamoglou, Joshua Burton, Stephanie Coombes and Jasper Leak, who also composed our music. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In this captivating episode of Reading with Your Kids, host Jed Doherty takes listeners on an incredible journey through groundbreaking children's books that do more than just entertain - they educate, inspire, and challenge young minds. First up, we explore the remarkable story of J. Robert Oppenheimer through the lens of a middle-grade book that transforms complex historical narratives into accessible learning. Pulitzer Prize-winning author Kai Bird and co-author Eric Singer discuss their collaboration on "Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb," a powerful adaptation that introduces young readers to one of the most significant scientific figures of the 20th century. They delve into the ethical dilemmas of scientific discovery, the importance of understanding historical context, and how even complicated stories can spark meaningful conversations between parents and children. But the learning doesn't stop there! The episode shifts gears with Tina Cho, a kindergarten teacher who's revolutionizing children's science books by seamlessly blending STEM education with faith-based perspectives. Her book "God's Little Oceanographer" offers a unique approach to teaching children about the wonders of the natural world, complete with biblical references that inspire curiosity and wonder. What makes this episode truly special is its commitment to showing that learning can be fun, engaging, and transformative. Whether it's exploring the moral complexities of scientific innovation or discovering the magical world beneath the ocean's surface, these authors prove that children's literature is about so much more than just storytelling. Parents, educators, and curious minds will find themselves inspired by the passion and creativity these authors bring to children's literature. It's a reminder that books are powerful tools for education, empathy, and understanding. Don't miss this enlightening episode that proves children's books can change the world, one page at a time! Click here to visit our website – www.ReadingWithYourKids.com Follow Us On Social Media Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/readingwithyourkids Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/readingwithyourkids/ X - https://x.com/jedliemagic LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/company/reading-with-your-kids-podcast/ Please consider leaving a review of this episode and the podcast on whatever app you are listening on, it really helps!  

The book American Prometheus clocks in at 721 pages. The film version, Oppenheimer, runs for 3 hours. Both tell the fascinating history of physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer and the development of the atomic bomb. Both are also long, layered, and complex. Now, a new book, Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb, streamlines the story for young readers. WSHU's Culture Critic Joan Baum read it. Here's her review.

There’s a new Middle East war over Iran’s nuclear ambitions. Our experts unpack why Israel is striking now – and what happens next. Find out more about The Front podcast here. You can read about this story and more on The Australian's website or on The Australian’s app. This episode of The Front is presented and produced by Kristen Amiet, and edited by Tiffany Dimmack. Our regular host is Claire Harvey and our team includes Lia Tsamoglou, Joshua Burton, Stephanie Coombes and Jasper Leak, who also composed our music. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Miss Atomic Bomb, the woman, the mystery and the man who solved it. AP correspondent Julie Walker reports.

As a podcast host, I have had the profound honor of listening to and documenting the powerful stories of community members who have dedicated their lives to advocating for justice. Tina Cordova, the Co-Founder of the Tularosa Basin Downwinders Consortium, is a tireless advocate who has brought attention to the long-ignored consequences of nuclear testing in New Mexico. Her work illuminates the untold experiences of multiple communities who, in the aftermath of the Trinity Bomb detonation and subsequent nuclear tests conducted in New Mexico between 1945 and 1962, were unknowingly exposed to radiation. This exposure, carried by the wind and lingering in the environment for generations, has inflicted devastating deaths and long-term health consequences on countless families. Despite the well-documented link between radiation exposure and life-threatening illnesses such as cancer, the communities most affected—those who have suffered immeasurable loss and continue to endure the painful repercussions—have yet to receive the full recognition and justice they deserve. Their stories remain largely absent from mainstream historical narratives, making it all the more crucial to amplify their voices and demand accountability. We want to honor all who have lost their lives and those who keep their stories alive. Gracias Tina Cordova and the Tularosa Basin Downwinders Consortium. #Downwinders #JusticeForDownwinders #NuclearTestingImpact #RadiationExposure #TrinityTest #EnvironmentalJustice #HealthJustice #ForgottenVictims #TularosaBasin #RECAAmendment

Think jet lag is just part of the travel game? Not anymore.In this episode, host Kim Anderson dives into the science of circadian rhythms, inflammation, and travel fatigue with human performance expert Andrew Herr—founder of FlyKitt, a revolutionary jet lag solution trusted by Olympians, pro sports teams, special ops, and now… you!Andrew shares how jet lag is not inevitable—and why it's actually a choice if you know the physiology behind it. From the power of light exposure and blue light blocking glasses to targeted supplement timing and anti-inflammatory tricks, you'll walk away knowing exactly how to take control of your energy, sleep, and mental clarity on your next trip.Whether you're flying for business, adventure, or a dream vacation—you don't have to waste a single day recovering.In this episode, you'll learn:What actually causes jet lag (hint: it's not just your sleep schedule)Why inflammation disrupts your circadian rhythm—and how to stop itHow this solution uses personalized algorithms and science-backed tools to help 93% of travelers avoid jet lag. Yes, 93% of travelers! Wild, right?!?This episode is perfect for frequent flyers, international adventurers, digital nomads, or anyone who wants to hit the ground running—jet lag–free.RESOURCES:Connect with Andrew on Instagram | Learn More About ⚡ ROUND RESOURCES:Book: The Making of the Atomic Bomb by Richard Rhodes Travel Tip: Try the goat enchiladas at  La Paz Restaurant Calabasas, CAWant travel tips and a behind-the-scenes look at the podcast? SIGN UP for our weekly newsletter here! It's just the good stuff, I promise. No spam here. Support the showMore Travel with Less Money—Download Your FREE GUIDE & Start Exploring! Let's connect on Instagram! @DesignHerTravel Get $20 when you Sign-Up for Buzzsprout Please Note: I may earn a small commission when purchasing through these links. It doesn't cost you anything extra but does help support the show.

The story of the atomic age began decades before Robert Oppenheimer watched a mushroom cloud form over the New Mexico desert at the Trinity nuclear test in mid 1945. It begins in 1895, with Henri Becquerel’s accidental discovery of radioactivity, setting in motion a series of remarkable and horrifying events. By the early 20th century, a brilliant group of scientists—including Ernest Rutherford, Leo Szilard, Enrico Fermi, and others—were pushing the boundaries of knowledge, seeking to answer fundamental questions about this source of energy that had 2 million times the energy density of oil: What is this mysterious radiation? Could it provide an infinite energy source, where a basketball of it was equal to an oil field? And, ominously, could it be weaponized? Today’s guest is nuclear physicist Frank Close, author of “Destroyer of Worlds: The Deep History of the Nuclear Age.” We look at the complete history of the atomic age, from the initial curiosity about radioactivity to the creation of the hydrogen bomb—a weapon of almost unimaginable destructive potential, capable of eradicating life on Earth. This is an account of the scientific discoveries that unlocked the atom’s power, the ethical dilemmas faced by scientists, and the horrifying realization that this newfound energy could lead to humanity’s undoing.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Janna Levin is a theoretical physicist and cosmologist specializing in black holes, cosmology of extra dimensions, topology of the universe, and gravitational waves. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep468-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/janna-levin-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Janna's X: https://x.com/JannaLevin Janna's Website: https://jannalevin.com Janna's Instagram: https://instagram.com/jannalevin Janna's Substack: https://substack.com/@jannalevin Black Hole Survival Guide (book): https://amzn.to/3YkJzT5 Black Hole Blues (book): https://amzn.to/42Nw7IE How the Universe Got Its Spots (book): https://amzn.to/4m5De8k A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines (book): https://amzn.to/3GGakvd SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Brain.fm: Music for focus. Go to https://brain.fm/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) - Introduction (00:51) - Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (09:21) - Black holes (16:55) - Formation of black holes (27:45) - Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb (34:08) - Inside the black hole (47:10) - Supermassive black holes (50:39) - Physics of spacetime (53:42) - General relativity (59:13) - Gravity (1:15:47) - Information paradox (1:24:17) - Fuzzballs & soft hair (1:27:28) - ER = EPR (1:34:07) - Firewall (1:42:59) - Extra dimensions (1:45:24) - Aliens (2:01:00) - Wormholes (2:11:57) - Dark matter and dark energy (2:22:00) - Gravitational waves (2:34:08) - Alan Turing and Kurt Godel (2:46:23) - Grigori Perelman, Andrew Wiles, and Terence Tao (2:52:58) - Art and science (3:02:37) - The biggest mystery PODCAST LINKS: - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

In many ways, Oppenheimer feels like the thematic culmination of Nolan's career. From The Prestige to Inception to Interstellar, he has always been fascinated with the intersection of genius and guilt, ambition and consequence. But here, stripped of science fiction and cinematic sleight of hand, Nolan delivers a film that is brutally human. The most horrifying image isn't the mushroom cloud—it's a silent, shell-shocked Oppenheimer, realizing that the world will never be the same.

You may know Dr. Douglas Hedley from two series he did with Jordan Peterson on the Exodus and the Gospels. But Dr. Hedley has done so much more. He is the Professor of the Philosophy of Religion at the University of Cambridge and he has written several books including, Living Forms of the Imagination and The Iconic Imagination.In our conversation we discussed his book, Living Forms of the Imagination, the rise of Western industry and the creation of the Atomic Bomb, and the subversion of Christian values through movies and media. We finish the conversation with a discussion about Narnia and Hollywood's desire to turn him into a female. This is not an episode you'll want to miss. I hope you enjoy! Sign up for my newsletter and never miss an episode: https://www.orthodoxyandorder.comFollow me on X: https://x.com/andyschmitt99Email me at andy@optivnetwork.com with your questions!Music: "nesting" by Birocratic (http://birocratic.lnk.to/allYL)

Ken Cook is the President and co-founder of the Environmental Working Group (EWG) and has spent his life fighting for safer food, cleaner water, and tougher regulations to protect us—and our kids—from toxic chemicals. He's reshaped U.S. food and farm policy and pushed back against the industries putting profits over people. In this episode, he shares: What the EWG really does—and how their site can help you make safer, smarter choices for yourself and your family. Why EWG chose to make science “buzzy”—and how it changed everything. The wild difference between U.S. and European product regulations (and why so many harmful ingredients are still legal here).The Dirty Dozen & Clean 15: the simplest way to know what produce to buy organic. How to find out what's actually in your tap water—and what to do about it.What you need to know about PFAS (aka “forever chemicals”). Why “legal” doesn't always mean “safe”—especially when it comes to beauty, cleaning, furniture, and home goods. How toxic chemicals are impacting kids—and why you should care.His go-to tips to make safer swaps without feeling overwhelmed. Why cracking a window might be one of the healthiest things you do today. How EWG is fighting to make organic food and safer products more accessible and affordable for everyone.The real reason companies are finally making cleaner, healthier options—and what role you play.   Book Rec: The Making of the Atomic Bomb by Richard Rhodes   Check out the EWG here and their consumer guides (safer beauty, tap water, sunscreen etc) here.   Check out Ken's Podcast “Ken Cook is Having Another Episode” here!  

Amid the chaos of World War II, a secret project emerged from the depths of military innovation—Project X-Ray. It was an idea so strange, so deceptively simple, it bordered on madness: an army of bats, each carrying a hidden firestorm. Under the cover of night, they would infiltrate enemy cities, vanishing into eaves and rafters—silent and unseen. Without warning, flames would erupt from the shadows, consuming everything in their wake. Designed to spread fear as much as fire, the plan was as terrifying as it was eccentric and most would have been excused for believing it could surely never work. But then, if necessity was the mother of invention, bravery was surely the mother of success, and as the world found out in 1945, the war effort needed something bold.  SOURCES Couffer, Jack (1992) Bat Bomb: World War II's Other Secret Weapon. University of Texas Press, TX, USA. Alperovitz, Gar (1995) The Decision to use the Atomic Bomb. Harper Collins, London, UK. Ham, Paul (2011) Hiroshima Nagasaki. Harper Collins, London, UK. McNichols, Charles L and Carus, Clayton D. (1942) One Way to Cripple Japan: The Inflammable Cities of Osaka Bay. Harper's, June 1942, pp. 29-36. NY, USA. Trimble, William F. & Lewis, David (1988) Lytle S. Adams, the Apostle of Nonstop Airmail Pickup. Technology and Culture, Vol. 29, No. 2 (Apr., 1988), pp. 247-265. The Johns Hopkins University Press, USA. ------- For almost anything, head over to the podcasts hub at darkhistories.com Support the show by using our link when you sign up to Audible: http://audibletrial.com/darkhistories or visit our Patreon for bonus episodes and Early Access: https://www.patreon.com/darkhistories The Dark Histories books are available to buy here: http://author.to/darkhistories Dark Histories merch is available here: https://bit.ly/3GChjk9 Connect with us on Facebook: http://facebook.com/darkhistoriespodcast Or find us on Twitter: http://twitter.com/darkhistories & Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/dark_histories/ Or you can contact us directly via email at contact@darkhistories.com or join our Discord community: https://discord.gg/cmGcBFf The Dark Histories Butterfly was drawn by Courtney, who you can find on Instagram @bewildereye Music was recorded by me © Ben Cutmore 2017 Other Outro music was Paul Whiteman & his orchestra with Mildred Bailey - All of me (1931). It's out of copyright now, but if you're interested, that was that. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

University of Texas history professor Bruce Hunt discusses the development of the atomic bomb during World War II and the role of the Army Corps of Engineers General Leslie Groves. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Virtual Reality device that could allow us to taste food and drinks remotely. Plus, on This Day in History, the residents of Bikini Atoll are relocated to make way for US atomic bomb testing. New device lets you taste food in virtual reality | Popular Science A New VR Device Lets You Taste Coffee and Cake Remotely Without Taking a Bite | ZME Science Scientists create ‘e-Taste' device that could add flavour to virtual reality experiences | Science | The Guardian A sensor-actuator–coupled gustatory interface chemically connecting virtual and real environments for remote tasting | Science Advances 7 Surprising Facts about the Nuclear Bomb Tests at Bikini Atoll | HISTORY Contact the show - coolstuffcommute@gmail.com Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Lange Zeit glaubten Forschende nicht daran, dass sich Atomkerne spalten lassen – bis Otto Hahn im Dezember 1938 in Berlin Uran mit Neutronen beschoss und Barium nachweisen konnte. Damit wurde – nicht nur für die Physik – ein neues Zeitalter eingeläutet: Das Atomzeitalter. Wir sprechen in der Folge über die Entdeckung der Kernspaltung und den Wettlauf der Kernforschung während des Zweiten Weltkriegs. Und vor allem über die Anstrengungen der Alliierten, die verhindern wollten, dass schweres Wasser (Deuterium) in die Hände der deutschen Kernphysiker fällt: die norwegische Schwerwasser-Sabotage. Denn in nennenswerten Mengen wurde schweres Wasser nur in einer norwegischen Fabrik hergestellt. // Erwähnte Folgen - GAG465: Wie Aluminium entdeckt wurde – https://gadg.fm/465 - GAG448: Die Phenol-Verschwörung – https://gadg.fm/448 - GAG381: Mau Piailug und die Besiedelung des Pazifiks – https://gadg.fm/381 - GAG259: Operation Mincemeat – Eine Geheimdienstaktion während des Zweiten Weltkriegs – https://gadg.fm/259 // Literatur - Astrid Viciano: Die Formel des Widerstands. Wie Kernphysiker mithalfen, die Atombombe der Nazis zu verhindern, Galiani Berlin, 2024. - Neal Bascomb: The Winter Fortress: The Epic Mission to Sabotage Hitler's Atomic Bomb. Alle Infos zu Fragen und Audiobeiträgen für die 500. Folge gibt's hier: https://www.geschichte.fm/allgemein/jubilaeumsfolge-gag500/ //Aus unserer Werbung Du möchtest mehr über unsere Werbepartner erfahren? Hier findest du alle Infos & Rabatte: https://linktr.ee/GeschichtenausderGeschichte //Wir haben auch ein Buch geschrieben: Wer es erwerben will, es ist überall im Handel, aber auch direkt über den Verlag zu erwerben: https://www.piper.de/buecher/geschichten-aus-der-geschichte-isbn-978-3-492-06363-0 Wer Becher, T-Shirts oder Hoodies erwerben will: Die gibt's unter https://geschichte.shop Wer unsere Folgen lieber ohne Werbung anhören will, kann das über eine kleine Unterstützung auf Steady oder ein Abo des GeschichteFM-Plus Kanals auf Apple Podcasts tun. Wir freuen uns, wenn ihr den Podcast bei Apple Podcasts oder wo auch immer dies möglich ist rezensiert oder bewertet. Wir freuen uns auch immer, wenn ihr euren Freundinnen und Freunden, Kolleginnen und Kollegen oder sogar Nachbarinnen und Nachbarn von uns erzählt! Du möchtest Werbung in diesem Podcast schalten? Dann erfahre hier mehr über die Werbemöglichkeiten bei Seven.One Audio: https://www.seven.one/portfolio/sevenone-audio

HOW  DOES THE FIRBOMBING OF TOKYO'S POOREST NEIGHBORSHOOD WIN A WAR?  8/8: Black Snow: Curtis LeMay, the Firebombing of Tokyo, and the Road to the Atomic Bomb by  James M. Scott  1944 WICHITA B-29 https://www.amazon.com/Black-Snow-Curtis-Firebombing-Atomic/dp/1324002999/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1X64JYW3Z1OT9&keywords=BLACK+SNOW+JAMES+SCOTT&qid=1674137497&s=books&sprefix=black+snow+james+scott%2Cstripbooks%2C61&sr=1-1 Seven minutes past midnight on March 10, 1945, nearly 300 American B-29s thundered into the skies over Tokyo. Their payloads of incendiaries ignited a firestorm that reached up to 2,800 degrees, liquefying asphalt and vaporizing thousands; sixteen square miles of the city were flattened and more than 100,000 men, women, and children were killed. Black Snow is the story of this devastating operation, orchestrated by Major General Curtis LeMay, who famously remarked: “If we lose the war, we'll be tried as war criminals.” James M. Scott reconstructs in granular detail that horrific night, and describes the development of the B-29, the capture of the Marianas for use as airfields, and the change in strategy from high-altitude daylight “precision” bombing to low-altitude nighttime incendiary bombing. Most importantly, the raid represented a significant moral shift for America, marking the first time commanders deliberately targeted civilians which helped pave the way for the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki five months later. Drawing on first-person interviews with American pilots and bombardiers and Japanese survivors, air force archives, and oral histories never before published in English, Scott delivers a harrowing and gripping account, and his most important and compelling work to date.

HOW  DOES THE FIRBOMBING OF TOKYO'S POOREST NEIGHBORSHOOD WIN A WAR?  7/8: Black Snow: Curtis LeMay, the Firebombing of Tokyo, and the Road to the Atomic Bomb by  James M. Scott  https://www.amazon.com/Black-Snow-Curtis-Firebombing-Atomic/dp/1324002999/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1X64JYW3Z1OT9&keywords=BLACK+SNOW+JAMES+SCOTT&qid=1674137497&s=books&sprefix=black+snow+james+scott%2Cstripbooks%2C61&sr=1-1 Seven minutes past midnight on March 10, 1945, nearly 300 American B-29s thundered into the skies over Tokyo. Their payloads of incendiaries ignited a firestorm that reached up to 2,800 degrees, liquefying asphalt and vaporizing thousands; sixteen square miles of the city were flattened and more than 100,000 men, women, and children were killed. Black Snow is the story of this devastating operation, orchestrated by Major General Curtis LeMay, who famously remarked: “If we lose the war, we'll be tried as war criminals.” James M. Scott reconstructs in granular detail that horrific night, and describes the development of the B-29, the capture of the Marianas for use as airfields, and the change in strategy from high-altitude daylight “precision” bombing to low-altitude nighttime incendiary bombing. Most importantly, the raid represented a significant moral shift for America, marking the first time commanders deliberately targeted civilians which helped pave the way for the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki five months later. Drawing on first-person interviews with American pilots and bombardiers and Japanese survivors, air force archives, and oral histories never before published in English, Scott delivers a harrowing and gripping account, and his most important and compelling work to date.

HOW  DOES THE FIRBOMBING OF TOKYO'S POOREST NEIGHBORSHOOD WIN A WAR?  1/8: Black Snow: Curtis LeMay, the Firebombing of Tokyo, and the Road to the Atomic Bomb by  James M. Scott  1945 Tokyo https://www.amazon.com/Black-Snow-Curtis-Firebombing-Atomic/dp/1324002999/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1X64JYW3Z1OT9&keywords=BLACK+SNOW+JAMES+SCOTT&qid=1674137497&s=books&sprefix=black+snow+james+scott%2Cstripbooks%2C61&sr=1-1 Seven minutes past midnight on March 10, 1945, nearly 300 American B-29s thundered into the skies over Tokyo. Their payloads of incendiaries ignited a firestorm that reached up to 2,800 degrees, liquefying asphalt and vaporizing thousands; sixteen square miles of the city were flattened and more than 100,000 men, women, and children were killed. Black Snow is the story of this devastating operation, orchestrated by Major General Curtis LeMay, who famously remarked: “If we lose the war, we'll be tried as war criminals.” James M. Scott reconstructs in granular detail that horrific night, and describes the development of the B-29, the capture of the Marianas for use as airfields, and the change in strategy from high-altitude daylight “precision” bombing to low-altitude nighttime incendiary bombing. Most importantly, the raid represented a significant moral shift for America, marking the first time commanders deliberately targeted civilians which helped pave the way for the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki five months later. Drawing on first-person interviews with American pilots and bombardiers and Japanese survivors, air force archives, and oral histories never before published in English, Scott delivers a harrowing and gripping account, and his most important and compelling work to date.

HOW  DOES THE FIRBOMBING OF TOKYO'S POOREST NEIGHBORSHOOD WIN A WAR?  2/8: Black Snow: Curtis LeMay, the Firebombing of Tokyo, and the Road to the Atomic Bomb by  James M. Scott  1945 Tokyo https://www.amazon.com/Black-Snow-Curtis-Firebombing-Atomic/dp/1324002999/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1X64JYW3Z1OT9&keywords=BLACK+SNOW+JAMES+SCOTT&qid=1674137497&s=books&sprefix=black+snow+james+scott%2Cstripbooks%2C61&sr=1-1 Seven minutes past midnight on March 10, 1945, nearly 300 American B-29s thundered into the skies over Tokyo. Their payloads of incendiaries ignited a firestorm that reached up to 2,800 degrees, liquefying asphalt and vaporizing thousands; sixteen square miles of the city were flattened and more than 100,000 men, women, and children were killed. Black Snow is the story of this devastating operation, orchestrated by Major General Curtis LeMay, who famously remarked: “If we lose the war, we'll be tried as war criminals.” James M. Scott reconstructs in granular detail that horrific night, and describes the development of the B-29, the capture of the Marianas for use as airfields, and the change in strategy from high-altitude daylight “precision” bombing to low-altitude nighttime incendiary bombing. Most importantly, the raid represented a significant moral shift for America, marking the first time commanders deliberately targeted civilians which helped pave the way for the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki five months later. Drawing on first-person interviews with American pilots and bombardiers and Japanese survivors, air force archives, and oral histories never before published in English, Scott delivers a harrowing and gripping account, and his most important and compelling work to date.

HOW  DOES THE FIRBOMBING OF TOKYO'S POOREST NEIGHBORSHOOD WIN A WAR?  3/8: Black Snow: Curtis LeMay, the Firebombing of Tokyo, and the Road to the Atomic Bomb by  James M. Scott  1945 TOKYO https://www.amazon.com/Black-Snow-Curtis-Firebombing-Atomic/dp/1324002999/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1X64JYW3Z1OT9&keywords=BLACK+SNOW+JAMES+SCOTT&qid=1674137497&s=books&sprefix=black+snow+james+scott%2Cstripbooks%2C61&sr=1-1 Seven minutes past midnight on March 10, 1945, nearly 300 American B-29s thundered into the skies over Tokyo. Their payloads of incendiaries ignited a firestorm that reached up to 2,800 degrees, liquefying asphalt and vaporizing thousands; sixteen square miles of the city were flattened and more than 100,000 men, women, and children were killed. Black Snow is the story of this devastating operation, orchestrated by Major General Curtis LeMay, who famously remarked: “If we lose the war, we'll be tried as war criminals.” James M. Scott reconstructs in granular detail that horrific night, and describes the development of the B-29, the capture of the Marianas for use as airfields, and the change in strategy from high-altitude daylight “precision” bombing to low-altitude nighttime incendiary bombing. Most importantly, the raid represented a significant moral shift for America, marking the first time commanders deliberately targeted civilians which helped pave the way for the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki five months later. Drawing on first-person interviews with American pilots and bombardiers and Japanese survivors, air force archives, and oral histories never before published in English, Scott delivers a harrowing and gripping account, and his most important and compelling work to date.

HOW  DOES THE FIRBOMBING OF TOKYO'S POOREST NEIGHBORSHOOD WIN A WAR?  4/8: Black Snow: Curtis LeMay, the Firebombing of Tokyo, and the Road to the Atomic Bomb by  James M. Scott  1945 TOKYO https://www.amazon.com/Black-Snow-Curtis-Firebombing-Atomic/dp/1324002999/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1X64JYW3Z1OT9&keywords=BLACK+SNOW+JAMES+SCOTT&qid=1674137497&s=books&sprefix=black+snow+james+scott%2Cstripbooks%2C61&sr=1-1 Seven minutes past midnight on March 10, 1945, nearly 300 American B-29s thundered into the skies over Tokyo. Their payloads of incendiaries ignited a firestorm that reached up to 2,800 degrees, liquefying asphalt and vaporizing thousands; sixteen square miles of the city were flattened and more than 100,000 men, women, and children were killed. Black Snow is the story of this devastating operation, orchestrated by Major General Curtis LeMay, who famously remarked: “If we lose the war, we'll be tried as war criminals.” James M. Scott reconstructs in granular detail that horrific night, and describes the development of the B-29, the capture of the Marianas for use as airfields, and the change in strategy from high-altitude daylight “precision” bombing to low-altitude nighttime incendiary bombing. Most importantly, the raid represented a significant moral shift for America, marking the first time commanders deliberately targeted civilians which helped pave the way for the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki five months later. Drawing on first-person interviews with American pilots and bombardiers and Japanese survivors, air force archives, and oral histories never before published in English, Scott delivers a harrowing and gripping account, and his most important and compelling work to date.

HOW  DOES THE FIRBOMBING OF TOKYO'S POOREST NEIGHBORSHOOD WIN A WAR?  5/8: Black Snow: Curtis LeMay, the Firebombing of Tokyo, and the Road to the Atomic Bomb by  James M. Scott  1945 FUKUYAMA https://www.amazon.com/Black-Snow-Curtis-Firebombing-Atomic/dp/1324002999/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1X64JYW3Z1OT9&keywords=BLACK+SNOW+JAMES+SCOTT&qid=1674137497&s=books&sprefix=black+snow+james+scott%2Cstripbooks%2C61&sr=1-1 Seven minutes past midnight on March 10, 1945, nearly 300 American B-29s thundered into the skies over Tokyo. Their payloads of incendiaries ignited a firestorm that reached up to 2,800 degrees, liquefying asphalt and vaporizing thousands; sixteen square miles of the city were flattened and more than 100,000 men, women, and children were killed. Black Snow is the story of this devastating operation, orchestrated by Major General Curtis LeMay, who famously remarked: “If we lose the war, we'll be tried as war criminals.” James M. Scott reconstructs in granular detail that horrific night, and describes the development of the B-29, the capture of the Marianas for use as airfields, and the change in strategy from high-altitude daylight “precision” bombing to low-altitude nighttime incendiary bombing. Most importantly, the raid represented a significant moral shift for America, marking the first time commanders deliberately targeted civilians which helped pave the way for the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki five months later. Drawing on first-person interviews with American pilots and bombardiers and Japanese survivors, air force archives, and oral histories never before published in English, Scott delivers a harrowing and gripping account, and his most important and compelling work to date.

HOW  DOES THE FIRBOMBING OF TOKYO'S POOREST NEIGHBORSHOOD WIN A WAR? 6/8: Black Snow: Curtis LeMay, the Firebombing of Tokyo, and the Road to the Atomic Bomb by  James M. Scott  1944 https://www.amazon.com/Black-Snow-Curtis-Firebombing-Atomic/dp/1324002999/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1X64JYW3Z1OT9&keywords=BLACK+SNOW+JAMES+SCOTT&qid=1674137497&s=books&sprefix=black+snow+james+scott%2Cstripbooks%2C61&sr=1-1 Seven minutes past midnight on March 10, 1945, nearly 300 American B-29s thundered into the skies over Tokyo. Their payloads of incendiaries ignited a firestorm that reached up to 2,800 degrees, liquefying asphalt and vaporizing thousands; sixteen square miles of the city were flattened and more than 100,000 men, women, and children were killed. Black Snow is the story of this devastating operation, orchestrated by Major General Curtis LeMay, who famously remarked: “If we lose the war, we'll be tried as war criminals.” James M. Scott reconstructs in granular detail that horrific night, and describes the development of the B-29, the capture of the Marianas for use as airfields, and the change in strategy from high-altitude daylight “precision” bombing to low-altitude nighttime incendiary bombing. Most importantly, the raid represented a significant moral shift for America, marking the first time commanders deliberately targeted civilians which helped pave the way for the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki five months later. Drawing on first-person interviews with American pilots and bombardiers and Japanese survivors, air force archives, and oral histories never before published in English, Scott delivers a harrowing and gripping account, and his most important and compelling work to date.

In an episode first reported in 2017, we bring you a look up and down the US nuclear chain of command to find out who gets to authorize their use and who can stand in the way of Armageddon. President Richard Nixon once boasted that at any moment he could pick up a telephone and - in 20 minutes - kill 60 million people.  Such is the power of the US President over the nation's nuclear arsenal.  But what if you were the military officer on the receiving end of that phone call? Could you refuse the order?In this episode, we profile one Air Force Major who asked that question back in the 1970s and learn how the very act of asking it was so dangerous it derailed his career. We also pick up the question ourselves and pose it to veterans both high and low on the nuclear chain of command. Their responses reveal once and for all whether there are any legal checks and balances between us and a phone call for Armageddon.Special thanks to Elaine Scarry, Sam Kean, Ron Rosenbaum, Lisa Perry, Ryan Furtkamp, Robin Perry, Thom Woodroofe, Doreen de Brum, Jackie Conley, Sean Malloy, Ray Peter, Jack D'Annibale, Ryan Pettigrew at the Nixon Presidential Library and Samuel Rushay at the Truman Presidential Library.EPISODE CREDITS: Reported by - Latiff NasserProduced by - Annie McEwen and Simon Adlerwith help from - Arianne WackSignup for our newsletter! It comes out every Wednesday. It includes short essays, recommendations, and details about other ways to interact with the show. Sign up (https://radiolab.org/newsletter)!Radiolab is supported by listeners like you. Support Radiolab by becoming a member of The Lab (https://members.radiolab.org/) today.Follow our show on Instagram, Twitter and Facebook @radiolab, and share your thoughts with us by emailing radiolab@wnyc.org.Leadership support for Radiolab's science programming is provided by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Science Sandbox, a Simons Foundation Initiative, and the John Templeton Foundation. Foundational support for Radiolab was provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.