Podcasts about Enrico Fermi

Last time we spoke about Operation Downfall. The Allies, under General Krueger, initiated a decisive campaign to clear the Japanese from Luzon. As they faced the entrenched Shobu Group, challenges included treacherous terrain and a resilient enemy. Simultaneously, Japan braced for an invasion, mobilizing reinforcements and devising defensive strategies to ward off the impending Allied assault. As July approached, General Yamashita's forces prepared to execute a final breakout, but progress was hampered by relentless guerrilla attacks and adverse weather conditions. With Operation Downfall looming, Allied troops focused on strategic landings in Kyushu and Honshu, driven by a relentless determination to defeat the Japanese militarily. The intense battles of Luzon became a precursor to this monumental operation, marking a turning point in the Pacific War.  This episode is The Siege of Japan Welcome to the Pacific War Podcast Week by Week, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about world war two? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on world war two and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel you can find a few videos all the way from the Opium Wars of the 1800's until the end of the Pacific War in 1945.  Boy I have been waiting a long time to come to this point. One of the most significant events in human history that deeply affects us to this very day. Nuclear war is as much a threat today as it was during the cold war. The dropping of the Atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were deeply complicated events fraught with issues of morality. It goes without saying whether or not the bombs needed to be dropped, their actual impact on the surrender of Japan and so forth are still issues hotly debated to this very day. I have spoken on the issue countless times on my personal channel and podcast, but I figure to do this subject justice I will create a full episode for it. Thus in this episode we are going to just cover what happened, but rest assured I will come back to this later on. As we last explored, following the successful invasion of Luzon in the Philippines, along with the fall of Iwo Jima and Okinawa, American forces began preparing for the final invasion of the Japanese Home Islands. This operation was codenamed Operation Downfall. One key initiative leading up to this invasion was a comprehensive air-sea blockade and bombardment campaign against Japan itself. Previously, we detailed the extensive firebombing and precision bombing efforts executed by General LeMay's 21st Bomber Command. However, during this crucial period, the B-29 Superfortress bombers undertook a distinct operation under the codename Starvation. This single operation would be one of the largest factors that contributed to the surrender of Japan and its one most people have never heard of. In July 1944, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz proposed a bold plan to use B-29 Superfortress bombers to mine the waterways surrounding the Japanese Home Islands. Although Generals Henry H. Arnold and Walter Hansell expressed concerns that this mining campaign could distract from the B-29's primary role as a strategic bombardment aircraft, they eventually agreed to assign one bomber group to focus on aerial mining when conditions permitted. On December 22, Hansell's 21st Bomber Command was directed to formulate a naval mining program aimed at executing between 150 to 200 sorties each month, which was set to begin in April 1945. However, by this time, General Curtis LeMay had taken command of the 21st Bomber Command. LeMay was notably enthusiastic about the idea and successfully recommended to Washington an upgraded mining program that aimed to deploy up to 1,500 mines each month using a full B-29 wing. LeMay viewed aerial mining in a different light than Arnold or Hansell, seeing it as a vital extension of strategic bombing. He recognized that most of Japan's war production materials, as well as a significant portion of its food supplies, were imported from regions such as China, Southeast Asia, and the Dutch East Indies. Japan's industrial heartland is primarily found on Honshu, its largest and most industrialized island, while Shikoku, another island, also lacks essential resources such as iron ore and high-quality coal. These crucial materials were sourced from Kyushu and Hokkaido, both of which are other Japanese islands. All these resources were transported by sea, so without easy access to raw materials, Japan's industrial output would come to a grinding halt. The only aircraft capable of deploying mines effectively where they were needed were the B-29s. Areas such as the Inland Sea, the Sea of Japan, and the Korean Peninsula were out of reach for other Allied aircraft. Additionally, Allied submarines could only venture into these perilous waters with great risk. Notably, about 80% of Japan's merchant fleet utilized the Shimonoseki Strait, a critical waterway that separates Kyushu from Honshu. Understanding the strategic advantage of closing this strait, LeMay decided to allocate an entire wing of B-29s specifically to mine this vital route. Brigadier General John Davies commanded the 313th Bombardment Wing, tasked with deploying approximately 2,000 naval mines each month into Japanese waters. The primary goals of this operation were to prevent essential raw materials and food supplies from reaching the Home Islands, hinder the supply and mobilization of Japanese military forces, and disrupt transportation routes in the Inland Sea of Japan. Between March 27 and April 12, Davies' bombers targeted key enemy shipping bases located in Kure, Sasebo, and Hiroshima. They also focused on the Shimonoseki Strait, a narrow and strategically important waterway that links the Inland Sea with the Tsushima Strait. Notably, after these attacks, this strait was successfully closed for two weeks. On May 3 and 5, the 313th Bombardment Wing laid down a total of 1,422 mines in the waters surrounding the Shimonoseki Strait, as well as near major urban centers like Tokyo, Nagoya, Kobe, and Osaka. These efforts aimed to severely disrupt maritime commerce between Japan's major industrial areas. Just a week later, the minefields expanded from the Shimonoseki Strait to include Kyushu, the southernmost of Japan's four main islands, and northwest Honshu, the largest island containing Tokyo. By the end of that month, these mines were proving remarkably effective, accounting for the sinking of more ships than Japanese submarines. In fact, within the Shimonoseki Strait alone, 113 ships had been sunk. Between June 7 and July 8, American forces expanded and fortified minefields along the western coast of Japan while also replenishing the existing minefields in the Shimonoseki Strait and the Inland Sea. During this effort, they successfully laid a total of 3,542 mines across 14 missions. The "total blockade" officially commenced on July 9 and continued until the end of the war. Throughout this period, American forces executed 474 sorties, dropping another 3,746 mines that replenished existing minefields and extended coverage to harbors in Korea. In total, Brigadier General Davies conducted 46 missions that laid down 26 minefields containing 12,135 mines. Remarkably, only 15 B-29s were lost during these operations. In turn, the mines accounted for the sinking or damaging of 670 Japanese ships, with a total loss of 1.25 million tons. This mining campaign effectively strangled Japanese industry, as the denial of essential raw materials to factories proved more disruptive than the direct bombing of the plants themselves.  Despite the clear vulnerability of Japan's economy to disruptions in coastal shipping, Japanese authorities were alarmingly unprepared to address the threat posed by air-dropped mines. By August 1945, Japan had committed 349 ships and 20,000 personnel to counter the Starvation campaign, but these efforts were overwhelmingly ineffective. The shipping crisis escalated to such a degree that searchlights and anti-aircraft batteries were redeployed from urban centers to defend expected mining targets. Additionally, suicide boats were employed in desperate attempts to clear the minefields. Royal Navy historian S.W. Roskill commented on the situation, stating, “The blockade had, in fact, been far more successful than we realized at the time. Although submarines initially played a critical role in enforcing the blockade, it was the air-laid mines that ultimately strangled Japan.” Japanese officials shared this assessment. A director from a Tokyo steel company reflected on the situation, noting that the denial of essential raw materials to factories caused far greater disruption than the direct bombing of the plants themselves. This contradicted the views of US Army Air Forces experts back in Washington. In a striking remark after the war, a Japanese minesweeping officer told American forces, “The result of B-29 mining was so effective against shipping that it eventually starved the country. You could have likely shortened the war by starting this campaign earlier.” Meanwhile, General LeMay continued his firebombing campaign against Japan. By the end of May, urban areas around Tokyo Bay had been devastated, prompting the 21st Bomber Command to shift focus westward toward the densely populated industrial complexes lining Osaka Bay. On June 1, 521 B-29s were dispatched to bomb industrial targets situated along the Yodo River, with an escort of 148 P-51 fighters. Unfortunately, an undetected thunderstorm struck en route, which meant only 27 P-51s reached Osaka, while another 27 crashed, and the remaining fighters had to return to Iwo Jima. Despite these complications, the B-29s bombed from altitudes ranging between 18,000 and 28,500 feet, successfully dropping 2,788 tons of incendiary bombs on Osaka. The attack resulted in the burning of 3.15 square miles, destroying 136,107 houses and 4,222 factories. Four days later, on June 3, 530 unescorted B-29 Superfortresses launched a bombing raid on the city of Kobe. Of those, 473 aircraft targeted the city, resulting in the destruction of 4.35 square miles. This devastating strike led to the demolition of 51,399 buildings, while another 928 suffered significant damage. The raid, however, came with losses, as 11 bombers were downed, and 176 were damaged in the operation. On June 7, 449 B-29s returned to Osaka. Despite facing heavy cloud cover that restricted visibility, they managed to burn an additional 2.21 square miles of the city, destroying another 55,333 buildings.  By the conclusion of General Curtis LeMay's maximum-effort area bombing campaign, the six most significant industrial cities in Japan, Tokyo, Nagoya, Kobe, Osaka, Yokohama, and Kawasaki, had been left in ruins. Major factories were either destroyed or severely damaged, while thousands of smaller household and feeder industrial units were consumed by flames. Casualty figures surged into six figures, leaving millions of people homeless. The evacuation of survivors further complicated efforts to secure labor for the factories that remained operational. Japan's air-raid protection system proved woefully inadequate to withstand a protracted siege by very heavy bombers. The system lacked sufficient organization, trained personnel, shelters, fire-fighting equipment, and facilities for relief and evacuation. Additionally, there was a significant deficiency in civilian indoctrination regarding emergency procedures. Under the relentless pressure of repeated major attacks, local Air Raid Precaution organizations collapsed, adding strain to an already overburdened imperial government. Japanese civilians, who had been conditioned by victory propaganda, displayed little of the discipline that helped German citizens endure years of aerial bombardment. As news of military defeats and the impact of B-29 precision strikes filtered into the great cities, residents began to lose confidence in their leaders' ability to protect them or care for the victims of the attacks. Abe Motoki, the Minister of Home Affairs at the time, later remarked, “I believe that after the raids on Tokyo on May 23-24, 1945, civilian defense measures in that city, as well as in other parts of Japan, were considered a futile effort.” Regarding the operational cost of this campaign for the 21st Bomber Command, it was not considered excessively burdensome. Over the course of 17 maximum-effort incendiary attacks, LeMay dispatched a total of 6,960 B-29s, which dropped 41,592 tons of bombs. The losses amounted to 136 B-29s, averaging only 1.9% of the sorties, a rate significantly lower than what had been endured in earlier months, and quite acceptable by the standards of conventional strategic bombing. Meteorologists predicted that the summer monsoon would keep Japan's skies covered with clouds for most of the upcoming months, from June to August. As a result, LeMay shifted strategies under what became known as the Empire Plan. This approach prioritized targeting industrial and military sites during daylight hours when the weather permitted, while secondary cities that had sufficient industrial capability became targets for nighttime area attacks. This change meant that since no single target warranted a full four-wing maximum effort, multiple missions could be scheduled in a single day. Accordingly, on June 9, 110 B-29s attacked three aircraft factories located in Narao, Atsuta, and Akashi. The strikes successfully destroyed the factories in Narao and Atsuta, but an unfortunate miscalculation led to the bombing of the town near Akashi. The following day, June 10, a force of 280 B-29s, escorted by 107 P-51 Mustang fighters, targeted six distinct sites in the Tokyo Bay area. The mission yielded significant results, with all targets sustaining heavy damage. Finally, on June 15, 516 B-29s were dispatched for one last firebombing raid against Osaka and the neighboring city of Amagasaki. In this combined assault, 444 bombers dropped over 1,350 tons of incendiary bombs, incinerating an additional 1.9 square miles in Osaka and more than half a square mile in Amagasaki. Starting on June 17, General Curtis LeMay's firebombing campaigns began to focus on medium-sized secondary cities across Japan. On that day, 477 B-29 Superfortresses targeted the cities of Omuta, Hamamatsu, Yokkaichi, and Kagoshima, burning a combined total of six square miles in these urban areas. The success of this initial multi-target mission ensured the continuation of the program, establishing an operational pattern that would remain standard during the final weeks of the war. In total, multiple incendiary attacks were conducted on sixteen occasions, averaging about two missions per week. Between June 17 and August 14, American forces carried out 8,014 sorties, dropping a staggering 54,184 tons of incendiaries across 58 secondary cities. On June 22, 446 B-29s were dispatched to strike six targets located in southern Honshu, including the crucial Kure Naval Arsenal. In this mission, 382 bombers released 2,103 tons of bombs, inflicting heavy damage to these essential manufacturing facilities. Just four days later, on June 26, a force of 510 B-29s, accompanied by 148 P-51 Mustang escorts, targeted locations in southern Honshu and the nearby island of Shikoku. However, dense clouds over much of the area complicated assembly and forced many aircraft to attack targets of opportunity individually or in small groups. As a result, adverse weather conditions would delay subsequent daytime raids until July 24.  In the coordinated strike program that commenced in June, the decision to focus on either the Empire Plan or urban industrial targets was largely influenced by weather conditions. As the program took shape, the 315th Bombardment Wing (VH) became available for combat operations. This wing operated somewhat independently from the other bomber units, with its activities significantly guided by the specialized equipment of its aircraft. Authorized for deployment in the Pacific in December 1944, the 315th settled at Northwest Field, Guam, during May and June. Its commander, Brigadier General Frank A. Armstrong, Jr., was a seasoned veteran of the strategic air offensive against Germany. The B-29s of the 315th Wing differed in two key respects from those of other units. They were equipped with the AN/APQ-7 (Eagle) radar, a sophisticated radar system designed for bombing, instead of the conventional AN/APQ-13 radar. The latter had primarily served as a navigational aid. While crews had become adept at using the AN/APQ-13 for night or poor-weather bombing, it lacked the precision necessary for accurate strikes. The Eagle radar, however, offered significantly greater definition and, although it required a long bomb run averaging seventy miles, this was not considered a serious hindrance in the tactical context of Japan. To further enhance its night-bombing capabilities, the Superfortresses had been stripped of all armament except for the tail gun. This modification, along with the Eagle radar, clearly marked the 315th as a dedicated night-bombing unit. There were various proposals for the use of these specially equipped B-29s, including high-altitude bombing, area bombing, and aerial mining. However, by the time the 315th Wing was ready for combat, the 313th Bombardment Wing had already gained proficiency in aerial mining, while all wings had become adept at area bombing using the AN/APQ-13. Training for the 315th had focused heavily on night radar tactics, with less emphasis on visual bombing and daytime formation flights. It was evident that if the Eagle radar was to undergo a thorough scientific evaluation, it should be tested against a specific set of targets that were preferably large in size and located along the coastline. In the view of the 21st Bomber Command, the oil industry met these requirements perfectly. The 315th Bombardment Wing initiated its specialized campaign on June 26 with a targeted strike against the Utsube Oil Refinery in Yokkaichi, the top-priority target. By August 14, the wing had conducted 15 additional missions against a total of 10 targets, which included various petroleum refineries and synthetic plants, such as the Maruzen Oil Company in Wakayama, Mitsubishi Oil Company in Kawasaki, and Nippon Oil Company plants spread across Akita, Kansai, Kudamatsu, and Amagasaki, as well as the Imperial Fuel Industry Company in Ube and Toa Fuel Industry in Wakayama. During the campaign, the 315th Wing dispatched a total of 1,200 B-29s, 1,095 of which successfully bombed their primary targets, dropping 9,084 tons of 500-pound general-purpose bombs deemed particularly effective against the scattered installations. The increase in bomb load capacity was made possible by stripping the planes of unnecessary equipment and conducting bombing missions individually at night. As the crews gained experience, they were able to increase the average weight carried from 14,631 pounds during the first mission to 20,684 pounds by August 9. Despite concerns about safety from removing most of the aircraft's armaments, only four planes were lost and 66 sustained damage throughout the campaign. The 20th Air Force estimated that the B-29 attacks led to the destruction of approximately 6 million barrels of tank storage capacity, and the United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS) reported that refining capacity had been reduced from 90,000 barrels a day in December 1941 to around 17,000 barrels. However, the strategic impact was more apparent than real, as many storage tanks were empty and refinery production had fallen to just 4% of capacity before the very heavy bomber campaign began. The lack of precise intelligence regarding the state of Japan's economy had justified the emphasis on the oil program as a form of reinsurance. Nevertheless, the blockade had effectively severed the nation's oil resources, resulting in tankers remaining idle at the docks. On July 1, Admiral Halsey's 3rd Fleet departed San Pedro Bay to initiate the first preliminary strikes in preparation for Operation Olympic. This operation involved battleships and heavy cruisers conducting surface bombardments of industrial targets in eastern Japan, while lighter forces performed anti-shipping sweeps along the coast. Additionally, a fleet of submarines advanced ahead of Admiral McCain's Task Force 38 to eliminate picket boats and establish lifeguard positions. At 18:15 on July 9, the force began its 25-knot approach toward the Home Islands, launching its first strikes against the Tokyo area at 04:00 on July 10. A total of 1,732 sorties were executed, targeting locations from Koriyama to Hamamatsu, dropping 454 tons of bombs and 1,648 rockets over Honshu with negligible opposition. American airmen reported the destruction of 109 enemy aircraft and damage to 231 during these strikes.   Following this, Halsey's fleet moved north to bombard Hokkaido and northern Honshu, which were beyond the effective range of the B-29s and had previously evaded attack. At 05:59 on July 14, Rear-Admiral John Shafroth's Bombardment Group Able, consisting primarily of three battleships and two heavy cruisers, was tasked with attacking the Kamaishi Works of the Japan Iron Company. By midday, Shafroth's forces had opened fire on Kamaishi, marking the first surface bombardment of Japan by a hostile fleet in over 80 years. Between 12:10 and 14:19, a total of 802 16-inch shells, 728 8-inch shells, and 825 5-inch shells were expended, setting the town ablaze as key industrial and residential targets were hit and resulting in the sinking of one oil tanker, two barges, and one small ship in the harbor. Simultaneously, McCain's carriers closed to within 80 nautical miles of Japan, launching 1,391 sorties against Hokkaido and northern Honshu to target railways, shipping, and airfields, again facing only light resistance. In the ensuing strikes, American planes sank over 50,000 tons of shipping and naval craft, including the destroyer Tachibana, four minesweepers, eight naval auxiliaries, and around 20 merchant vessels, with significant losses occurring at Muroran and Hakodate. In addition, 25 enemy planes were destroyed, while American losses totaled 24 aircraft and 17 airmen, about half of whom were lost in combat. Task Force 38 launched another assault on July 15, executing 966 combat sorties that dropped 355 tons of bombs and expended 2,093 rockets. This operation resulted in the sinking of 65 vessels and damaging 128 others, as well as the destruction of 48 locomotives and damage to 28. Widespread destruction was inflicted on several facilities, particularly the Aomori–Hakodate railcar ferry system, which transported 30% of the coal between Hokkaido and Honshu. The strikes devastated the ferry system, sinking eight ferries, beaching eight more, and damaging two. In total, 70 auxiliary sailing colliers were sunk, and 11 were damaged, along with 10 steel freighters lost and 7 damaged. The ferry strikes were the brainchild of Halsey's operations officer, Captain Ralph “Rollo” Wilson. “When the first action reports began to sift in,” Halsey related: He snatched them up and pored over them; the ferries were not mentioned. Later reports also ignored them. Rollo was sulking and cursing when the final reports arrived. I heard him whistle and saw him beam. “Six ferries sunk!” he said. “Pretty soon we'll have ‘em moving their stuff by oxcarts and skiffs!”  Additionally, 20 city blocks in Kushiro were razed. The most significant outcome of these operations was the virtual severance of Hokkaido from Honshu. By the end of the raids, Halsey's 3rd Fleet had achieved the sinking of 140 ships and small craft, damaging 235 others, and destroying 38 planes while damaging 46. Meanwhile, Rear-Admiral Oscar Badger's Bombardment Group Baker, composed of three battleships, two light cruisers, and eight destroyers, was assigned to bombard Muroran. Between 09:36 and 10:25, this group fired 860 16-inch shells at the Nihon Steel Company and the Wanishi Ironworks, targeting both the coal liquefaction plant and coke ovens. This bombardment inflicted severe damage on those facilities and resulted in the destruction or damage of 2,541 houses in Muroran. As Hasley recalled “These sweeps and bombardments accomplished more than destruction. they showed the enemy that we made no bones about playing in his front yard. From now on, we patrolled his channels and shelled his coast almost every night that the weather permitted.” Additionally, Rear-Admiral James Cary Jones' four light cruisers conducted a sweep along the east coast of Honshu to hunt for Japanese shipping; however, they reported no contacts during their mission. Early on July 16, Task Force 38 retired east of Honshu to begin refueling and rendezvoused with Admiral Rawlings' Task Force 37, which agreed to operate closely as an additional task group for Admiral Halsey. At 03:50 on July 17, the two task forces began launching strikes against central Honshu despite adverse weather conditions. The American forces executed 205 sorties targeting the Mito area, while British aircraft flew 87 sorties against airfields and railyards along the northwest coast of Honshu. Despite the bad weather, several small craft and locomotives were destroyed, though the operation resulted in the loss of nine aircraft and four airmen. Later that afternoon, Halsey detached Badger's augmented Bombardment Group to attack Hitachi, a significant industrial and electronics-producing city. The 53-minute bombardment commenced in fog and rain at 23:14, during which 1,207 16-inch shells, 267 14-inch shells, and 292 6-inch rounds were expended against the Tago and Mito Works of the Hitachi Manufacturing Company, as well as the Yamate Plant and copper refining facilities of Hitachi Mine, resulting in severe devastation. On July 18, McCain's two leading carriers launched a total of 592 sorties against Yokosuka, specifically targeting the heavily camouflaged battleship Nagato at the naval base. The attacks resulted in the sinking of one old cruiser, one minesweeper, one submarine, one incomplete destroyer, and three patrol vessels, in addition to damaging one subchaser, one old destroyer, and one old battleship. Although Nagato was hit multiple times and suffered heavy damage, it managed to stay afloat. Meanwhile, three carriers also targeted airfields and other opportunities in Tokyo, while Task Force 37 attacked a seaplane base at Kitaura and airfields at Nobara, Naruto, Chosi, Kanoike, Natori, and Kitakawa. The recent raids resulted in the destruction of 43 enemy planes and damage to 77 others on the ground, along with the destruction of three locomotives and the derailing of four electrified train cars by rockets. However, the American forces incurred losses of 14 aircraft and 18 aircrew, as the 3rd Fleet flyers reported encountering the fiercest anti-aircraft fire they had yet experienced. Additionally, Rear-Admiral Carl Holden's four light cruisers were detached during the night to sweep shipping off Sagami Bay and to target the radar site at Cape Nojima. On July 21, Captain Thomas Hederman's Destroyer Squadron 61, consisting of nine destroyers, was assigned to conduct another anti-shipping sweep off Sagami Bay. Pursuing four radar contacts, the destroyers engaged targets at midnight on July 22, firing guns and torpedoes from 7,000 yards. This action resulted in the sinking of the 800-ton freighter No.5 Hakutetsu Maru and damaging the 6,919-ton Enbun Maru. In response, Japanese coastal artillery, the minesweeper W-1, and subchaser Ch-42 returned fire, but Hederman's squadron successfully retired without damage. Although minor in scale, the Battle of Sagami Bay would ultimately be the last surface action of the war. Meanwhile, as part of Operation Barney, a planned submarine penetration of the Sea of Japan, nine submarines succeeded in sinking 27 Japanese merchant vessels and one submarine, totaling 54,786 tons.  On June 8, the submarine Barb commenced her twelfth patrol, tasked with terrorizing the Sea of Okhotsk using her newly installed 5-inch rocket launchers. Over the following weeks, Skipper Commander Eugene “Luckey” Fluckey executed successful rocket bombardments on Shari, Hokkaido, and targets in Shikuka, Kashiho, and Shiritoru on Karafuto (southern Sakhalin), also employing the submarine's deck guns to destroy 35 sampans in the town of Kaihyo To. Observing Karafuto trains transporting military supplies to ports, Fluckey devised a plan to intercept these trains. Engineman Third Class Billy Hatfield recalled how, as a child, he had placed nuts on railroad ties and watched as the weight of passing trains cracked them between rail and tie. Realizing this principle could be adapted, he suggested rigging an automatic detonator. Fluckey had many volunteers for the mission, including a Japanese POW, and carefully selected Hatfield and seven others, deciding against leading the shore party himself. Just after midnight on July 23, 1945, Fluckey maneuvered Barb to within 950 yards of the Karafuto coast. Led by Lieutenant William Walker, the team launched two rubber rafts at 00:30. Before they left, Fluckey instructed them, “Boys, if you get stuck, head for Siberia, 130 miles north, following the mountain ranges. Good luck.” Upon reaching the shore, the Americans located the tracks and buried a 55-pound scuttling charge and battery beneath the rails, positioning it under a water tower they planned to use as a lookout. As Motor Machinist's Mate First Class John Markuson climbed up, he unexpectedly found he was scaling a sentry tower, causing him to retreat without alerting the sleeping guard. When a train passed, the team dove for cover before resuming their work after it had gone by. Shortly after 01:30, Walker's team signaled their return to Barb, which was now just 600 yards offshore. Fifteen minutes later, while the boats were halfway back, Fluckey heard the rumble of an approaching train. He hoisted a megaphone and urged the crew to “Paddle like the devil, boys!” At 01:47, a 16-car Japanese train struck Hatfield's detonator, resulting in a massive explosion that sent debris soaring 200 feet into the air and reportedly killed 150 Japanese. Minutes later, all eight Americans were safely aboard Barb, which then slipped back into the night, having successfully executed the only amphibious invasion of Japan during World War II. Returning to the main action, Halsey aimed to eliminate the remnants of the Combined Fleet at the heavily fortified Kure Naval Base. Consequently, Task Force 38 began launching the first of 1,363 sorties against ships and airfields in Kyushu, Shikoku, and Honshu, ringing the Inland Sea at 04:40 on July 24. A total of 599 tons of bombs and 1,615 rockets were unleashed over Kure, resulting in the sinking or damaging of 22 warships, which totaled 258,000 tons. Among the affected vessels were the battleships Hyuga, Ise, and Haruna; fleet carriers Amagi and Katsuragi; the escort carrier Kaiyo; heavy cruisers Tone and Aoba; as well as light cruisers Oyodo and Kitakami. In addition, another 53 vessels amounting to 17,000 tons were sunk at various locations, including Hiroshima Bay, Niihama, Bungo Channel, and Kii Channel. At Kobe, the incomplete fleet carrier Aso was also attacked and damaged. American Hellcats and Corsairs effectively swept aside Japanese aerial opposition, shooting down 18 enemy planes while destroying 40 aircraft and damaging another 80 on the ground. Furthermore, around the Inland Sea, 16 locomotives were destroyed and five were damaged, while 20 hangars sustained damage. Three oil tanks were set ablaze at Kure and one at Tano. Additionally, four electric trains and a roundhouse were strafed at Hamamatsu, and various military installations, including barracks, warehouses, power plants, and factories around the airfields, received significant damage. Simultaneously, Rear-Admiral Rawlings' Task Force 37 conducted 257 sorties against targets in Japan and the surrounding offshore areas, sinking the escort carrier Shimane Maru in Shido Bay, along with a number of destroyers, small escorts, and coasters. Meanwhile, Jones' light cruisers swept through the Kii Channel before bombarding the Kushimoto seaplane base and airfields at Cape Shionomisaki during the night. Supporting these efforts, General LeMay dispatched 625 B-29s against seven targets in the Nagoya and Osaka areas, successfully inflicting heavy damage on all of them despite the spotty weather, marking this as the last major attack on the Japanese mainland during the war, as two weeks of cloudy weather ensued. In the early hours of July 25, McCain's aircraft carriers resumed launching strikes against airfields and shipping in the Inland Sea and the Nagoya-Osaka areas. During this operation, they executed a total of 655 sorties, expending 185 tons of bombs and 1,162 rockets, successfully sinking nine ships totaling 8,000 tons and damaging another 35 vessels. The strikes also resulted in the downing of 21 Japanese planes, with an additional 61 aircraft destroyed on the ground and 68 damaged. After refueling on July 27, Halsey's carrier forces moved to launch points located 96 nautical miles off Shikoku. At 04:43 on July 28, they resumed strikes over the Inland Sea, focusing on targets from northern Kyushu to Nagoya, as well as airfields across Honshu along the Sea of Japan. This resulted in McCain flying a total of 1,602 sorties, dropping 605 tons of bombs and expending 2,050 rockets. These attacks sank 27 ships, amounting to 43,000 tons, including the battleships Ise and Haruna, the fleet carrier Amagi, and the Combined Fleet flagship Oyodo. Additionally, 78 vessels totaling 216,000 tons were reported damaged, among them the fleet carrier Katsuragi, heavy cruiser Tone, and light cruiser Kitakami. American pilots reported the destruction of 21 Japanese aircraft in the air and claimed 115 destroyed on the ground across 30 area airfields. They also successfully destroyed 14 locomotives, four oil cars, two roundhouses, three oil tanks, three warehouses, one hangar, and a transformer station. In support of these efforts, Task Force 37 conducted 260 sorties against the eastern Inland Sea, targeting the dockyard at Harima and sinking or severely damaging four corvettes at Maizuru. Meanwhile, the 7th Air Force's 11th and 494th Bombardment Groups carried out a day-long raid on Kure, successfully sinking the heavy cruiser Aoba. By sunset that evening, the Imperial Japanese Navy had effectively ceased to exist, though the cost for the Americans was steep, with losses amounting to 101 planes and 88 men since July 24. As Halsey moved east to target the Osaka-Nagoya area, Shafroth's reinforced Bombardment Group was detached on July 29 to bombard Hamamatsu. During the night, they successfully unloaded 810 16-inch shells, 265 14-inch shells, and 1,035 8-inch shells, damaging the Imperial Government Railway locomotive works, igniting a blaze at the Japanese Musical Instrument Company, and wreaking havoc on infrastructure along the critical Tokaido main line. The following day, McCain's carriers conducted 1,224 sorties against airfields in Osaka, Kobe, Maizuru, and Nagoya, expending 397 tons of bombs and 2,532 rockets. These strikes resulted in the sinking of 20 vessels totaling 6,000 tons and damaging another 56 ships. The pilots also claimed destruction of 115 enemy aircraft on the ground, while inflicting severe damage on numerous industrial targets, including aircraft factories and naval docks in Maizuru. In Miyazu Bay, the destroyer Hatsushino struck an air-dropped naval mine, marking the final loss of 129 Japanese destroyers sunk during the war. That night, seven destroyers advanced deep into Suruga Bay, unleashing 1,100 5-inch shells on Shimizu within seven minutes, successfully destroying or damaging 118 industrial buildings. Typhoon weather would impede the operations of the 3rd Fleet for the next two weeks, as Admiral Nimitz ordered Halsey to steer clear of southern Japan, which was set to become the target of a new and deadly weapon: the atomic bomb. The U.S. Army had begun its project to develop an atomic bomb on August 16, 1942, under the auspices of the Manhattan Project. The project was directed by Major-General Leslie Groves and involved renowned scientists such as Robert Oppenheimer, Enrico Fermi, Niels Bohr, Richard Feynman, and Albert Einstein. Over time, it expanded to include a design center at Los Alamos and two production facilities at Hanford and Clinton. By August 1945, the teams at Los Alamos had successfully designed, developed, and built a gun-type atomic bomb capable of forcing five pounds of uranium-235 against another 17 pounds at high speed, thereby achieving critical mass and releasing immense heat, light, blast, and radiation. The team was also experimenting with an even more powerful device: the plutonium bomb, which utilized an implosion method whereby a sphere of plutonium was compressed by conventional explosives to reach criticality. By early August, scientists had managed to produce enough nuclear material to create only one uranium device, known as Little Boy, and one plutonium bomb, referred to as Fat Man. Each weapon had the potential to annihilate an entire city, and American leaders were prepared to use them if it could compel the Japanese Empire to surrender without necessitating an invasion of Japan. A Targeting Committee led by Groves, consisting of Manhattan Project and Air Force personnel, recommended Hiroshima, Niigata, Kokura, and Nagasaki as primary targets.  Groves' Targeting Committee employed several criteria to select sites for atomic bomb targets. The chosen targets had to possess strategic value to the Japanese and be situated between Tokyo and Nagasaki. Additionally, the target needed to feature a large urban area with a minimum diameter of three miles and must be relatively untouched by previous bombings, ironically spared for potential atomic destruction at a later stage. A crucial condition was that, to the best of their knowledge, these areas should harbor no concentrations of Allied prisoners of war. However, this requirement was challenging to ascertain accurately due to a lack of reliable information about the locations of prisoners. Initially, the committee considered 17 candidates and selected five primary targets: Hiroshima, Yokohama, Kokura, Niigata, and Kyoto. On May 28, they narrowed the list to three: Kyoto, Niigata, and Hiroshima. Hiroshima was significant as it housed Hata's 2nd General Army headquarters and featured a large shipyard, while Niigata was a major industrial city with an important port. Moreover, Kyoto held considerable cultural and religious significance for the Japanese. Secretary of War Stimson, having previously cautioned General Arnold about the humanitarian consequences of targeting cities with incendiary bombings, insisted on removing Kyoto from the list after intense discussions with Groves. On July 21, President Truman concurred with Stimson during their meetings in Potsdam, deciding that Kyoto should be spared. Subsequently, Kokura, known for its large arsenal and ordnance works, replaced Kyoto. Additionally, LeMay's staff reportedly included Nagasaki as an alternate target due to potential weather issues, as it was home to Mitsubishi's arms factories, electric production facilities, ordnance works, and extensive dockyards, making it a valuable target. Meanwhile, a high-level civilian Interim Committee, under Secretary of War Henry Stimson, ultimately advised President Truman on the use of nuclear weapons, reasoning that their deployment would be no worse than the current incendiary bombing campaigns against Japan. The committee also recommended that an atomic bomb be deployed as soon as possible, without warning, to maximize shock value and target a "war plant… surrounded by workers' houses." Following a successful operational test of the experimental plutonium bomb conducted at Trinity on July 16, President Truman authorized General Spaatz to prepare for the bomb drops before August 3. Colonel Paul Tibbets' 509th Composite Group had been specially organized in secret since September 1944 to deliver nuclear weapons, and by June, it had arrived at Tinian under the command of LeMay's 21st Bomber Command. General Twinning replaced LeMay as commander of the 21st on August 1, and he would ultimately issue the direct orders for Tibbets to drop the atomic bomb. The atomic bomb mission had a convoluted command structure. The Joint Chiefs of Staff were largely left out of the chain of command. LeMay was Tibbet's nominal commander; however, Groves still had extensive control over the operation through his deputy Brigadier General Thomas Farrell on Tinian. The 21st Bomber Command would determine when the atomic bomb mission was launched, based on suitable weather conditions. Even at this stage, General of the Air Force Henry "Hap" Arnold and LeMay were still skeptical about the Manhattan Project; they thought B-29 incendiary and high-explosive bombing operations would suffice to end the war soon. LeMay even questioned the 509th CG pilots' ability to conduct the mission; he wanted seasoned Pacific B-29 veteran crews to drop the nuclear cargo. While the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) and Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) prepared for an impending invasion, the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) continued its bombing campaign against Japan. The crews of the 509th Composite Group needed to acclimate to the navigational challenges, varied weather conditions, extensive distances, and the geography of the region, all while becoming accustomed to combat situations. Training commenced at Tinian on June 30, with conventional operational missions over Japan beginning on July 20. To prepare for their atomic missions, the crews trained with "pumpkins," which were specially constructed bombs designed to mimic the appearance and weight of nuclear weapons. This allowed them to practice handling and releasing the bombs. They also rehearsed navigational procedures, visual bomb release techniques, and dropping the weapon at an altitude of approximately 30,000 feet. Following the drop, the crew conducted high-speed, radical turns to evade the nuclear effects after detonation. During their first mission, a B-29 from the 509th sought an alternative target in Tokyo. The crew aimed to drop their 10,000-pound "pumpkin" on the Imperial Palace, but unfortunately, they missed their target. Had they succeeded in killing the emperor, it could have significantly impacted Japan's decision-making process, potentially fortifying the Japanese people's resolve to continue the war. Military leaders might have seized control in the aftermath, pushing their forces to keep fighting. Throughout their training, the units of the 21st Bomber Command intentionally avoided targeting Hiroshima, Niigata, Kokura, and Nagasaki during these practice runs. In total, Tibbets directed his crews on numerous combat missions that targeted 28 cities and involved the dropping of 49 "pumpkins." Remarkably, the 509th lost no aircraft during these operations. While Tibbets focused on perfecting the delivery method, the weapons Little Boy and Fat Man were being transported to Tinian. Some weapon assemblies were delivered by C-54 and B-29 aircraft from Kirtland Field near Albuquerque, while the cruiser Indianapolis delivered the fissionable material for Little Boy from San Francisco on July 26. Four days later, the submarine I-58 unexpectedly attacked the Indianapolis with six torpedoes while the cruiser was en route to Guam, successfully sinking it. Of the crew, 850 Americans survived the sinking, and another 316 were belatedly rescued by August 8. By July 31, most of the assembly of Little Boy had been completed. However, a detonation expert would need to emplace the cordite charges to fire the uranium "bullet" through the gun device to the uranium core after take-off, minimizing the risk of an inadvertent nuclear explosion in the event of a B-29 crash. Additionally, the crew carrying the atomic bomb had to exercise caution when descending once Little Boy was armed because the primary radar or a backup barometric fuse could potentially trigger an explosion if the aircraft descended too rapidly with the fuses in place. On August 2, B-29 crews arrived at Tinian with the assemblies for Fat Man. On that same day, General Twinning and President Truman approved the plan to bomb Hiroshima. Two days later, Colonel Tibbets briefed the crews about the mission, confirming that he would pilot the aircraft carrying the atomic bomb. Tibbets' B-29 No. 82, later named Enola Gay, was supported by three weather reconnaissance aircraft that reported conditions at Hiroshima, Kokura, and Nagasaki, as well as two additional B-29s assigned to conduct scientific and photographic missions. At 02:45 on August 6, Enola Gay took off from Tinian, with diversionary attacks by 604 B-29s throughout Japan also scheduled for that day, as coordinated by Twinning. After passing through Iwo Jima at approximately 05:55, Captain William Parsons and Second-Lieutenant Morris Jeppson armed the bomb at 07:30. Throughout the journey, the B-29s ascended slowly, reaching an altitude of over 30,000 feet as they crossed Shikoku and Honshu, finally reaching Hiroshima at 31,060 feet. At 09:12, Tibbets executed his final approach from the 'initial point', flying east-west over the city towards the intersection of the Ota and Motoyasu Rivers. Approximately at 09:15, Little Boy was released, and Enola Gay immediately began its turn away to escape the impending explosion. However, the bomb mistakenly descended towards the Shima Surgical Hospital rather than the intended target, the Aioi Bridge. At 09:16, Little Boy detonated at an altitude of 1,890 feet, just as Tibbets was about six miles away from the blast point. As a result of the atomic blast, the immediate area around the epicenter was heated to an astonishing 1 million degrees Celsius, instantly incinerating or vaporizing all people, animals, buildings, and other items within that zone. Hiroshima police officials estimated that immediate casualties amounted to 71,379 individuals who were either killed or reported missing. In the surrounding areas, the blast effects crushed unreinforced structures before igniting them, resulting in an additional 68,023 wounded, with 19,691 of those injuries classified as serious. Subsequent assessments, potentially incorporating the impacts of radiation sickness or more precise accounting, recorded 30,524 individuals as seriously wounded and 48,606 as slightly wounded. Just two minutes after detonation, a growing mushroom cloud of highly radioactive dust and debris soared to a height of 20,000 feet. Within eight minutes, Tibbets' crew could observe the mushroom cloud from 390 miles away. Ultimately, the dust cloud peaked at approximately 60,000 feet in altitude. Soon after, a thick, black, radioactive rain fell upon the areas beneath the cloud. The center of the city was utterly devastated; over four square miles of the urban center, which encompassed seven square miles in total, were completely flattened, resulting in about 60% of the city's area being destroyed. An additional 0.6 square miles suffered damage, while more than 75% of the city's 90,000 buildings were obliterated. The ensuing fires compounded the devastation, contributing to countless deaths and injuries. Tragically, some American prisoners of war were present in Hiroshima and lost their lives in the explosion. Meanwhile, Enola Gay safely returned to Tinian at 14:58, where Tibbets was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, while the rest of the crew received Distinguished Flying Crosses for their participation in the mission. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. Japan was broken. To be perfectly honest she had been broken long ago. Her leadership had been spending months trying to figure out the best possible way to surrender, while the civilians and troops were suffering horribly. Aerial mining strangled her of food, high explosive and incendiary bombs, killed untold scores of people, and then the Atomic weapons were let loose upon her. It was over.

Ai microfoni Kuna e Ilaria per la puntata 572. Apre le danze Kuna che, approfittando delle recenti polemiche sull'esame di stato, discute il concetto di scuola senza voto e le sperimentazioni intraprese in Italia e all'estero, da cui emerge come l'idea di limitare l'uso del giudizio numerico alla valutazione finale, se accompagnata da una didattica adeguata, possa migliorare il clima e i risultati dell'apprendimento. Per approfondire:Cristiano Corsini, La fabbrica dei voti. Sull'utilità e il danno della valutazione a scuola, Editori Laterza (2025)Vincenzo Arte, Crescere senza voti, Mondadori, 2023Per la rubrica Scientifibook, Andrea e Giuliana propongono:L'EVOLUZIONISTA RILUTTANTEDavid Quammen – Raffaello Cortina Editore (272 pp, 22 euro)TEMPO DI RITORNOFerdinando Cotugno – Guanda (264 pp, 18 euro)STORIE STRAORDINARIE DI OGGETTI ORDINARIEmily Prokop – Apogeo (215 pp, 22 euro)SONO PARTE DELL'INFINITOKieran Fox – Egea editore (308 p, 26,90 euro)ENRICO FERMI. IL GENIO ATOMICOAndrea Pau – Gallucci (256 pp, 14,90 euro)Dopo una barza PESANTE, Ilaria ci parla di due studi affascinanti che mostrano quanto sia stretta la connessione tra il nostro corpo e la salute. Il primo ci porta nelle profondità del microbiota intestinale, dove i ricercatori hanno identificato un composto chiamato imidazolo propionato (ImP) che potrebbe funzionare sia come campanello d'allarme precoce, sia come causa diretta dell'aterosclerosi. Un piccolo metabolita con un grande impatto sul cuore!Mastrangelo, A., Robles-Vera, I., Mañanes, D. et al., Imidazole propionate is a driver and therapeutic target in atherosclerosis, Nature(2025), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09263-wIl secondo studio, invece, ci riporta a terra – letteralmente – perché dimostra che basta camminare un po' più velocemente del solito, circa 14 passi in più al minuto, per migliorare significativamente la funzione fisica, soprattutto nelle persone anziane o a rischio di fragilità. Una buona notizia per chi cerca salute… a piccoli passi!Rubin, D.S., Hung, A., Yamamoto, E., Hedeker, D., Conroy, D.E., Huisingh-Scheetz, M., et al., Walking cadence as a measure of activity intensity and impact on functional capacity for prefrail and frail older adults, PLoS One 20(7): e0323759 (2025), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323759Diventa un supporter di questo podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/scientificast-la-scienza-come-non-l-hai-mai-sentita--1762253/support.

Tra i ragazzi di Via Panisperna, i più famosi erano sicuramente Enrico Fermi ed Ettore Majorana. E vorrei ben vedere: il primo è diventato un punto di riferimento mondiale e il secondo è passato alla storia per essere stato il più grande genio italiano della storia recente a sparire nel nulla. Quindi, inevitabilmente, gli altri hanno dovuto fare un passo indietro, motivo per cui oggi è il momento giusto di parlare di Edoardo Amaldi.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

fWotD Episode 2994: Trinity (nuclear test) Welcome to featured Wiki of the Day, your daily dose of knowledge from Wikipedia's finest articles.The featured article for Wednesday, 16 July 2025, is Trinity (nuclear test).Trinity was the first detonation of a nuclear weapon, conducted by the United States Army at 5:29 a.m. MWT (11:29:21 GMT) on July 16, 1945, as part of the Manhattan Project. The test was of an implosion-design plutonium bomb, or "gadget", of the same design as the Fat Man bomb later detonated over Nagasaki, Japan, on August 9, 1945. Concerns about whether the complex Fat Man design would work led to a decision to conduct the first nuclear test. The code name "Trinity" was assigned by J. Robert Oppenheimer, the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory, possibly inspired by the poetry of John Donne.The test, both planned and directed by Kenneth Bainbridge, was conducted in the Jornada del Muerto desert about 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Socorro, New Mexico, on what was the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range (renamed the White Sands Proving Ground just before the test). The only structures originally in the immediate vicinity were the McDonald Ranch House and its ancillary buildings, which scientists used as a laboratory for testing bomb components. Fears of a fizzle prompted construction of "Jumbo", a steel containment vessel that could contain the plutonium, allowing it to be recovered; but ultimately Jumbo was not used in the test. On May 7, 1945, a rehearsal was conducted, during which 108 short tons (98 t) of high explosive spiked with radioactive isotopes was detonated.Some 425 people were present on the weekend of the Trinity test. In addition to Bainbridge and Oppenheimer, observers included Vannevar Bush, James Chadwick, James B. Conant, Thomas Farrell, Enrico Fermi, Hans Bethe, Richard Feynman, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Leslie Groves, Frank Oppenheimer, Geoffrey Taylor, Richard Tolman, Edward Teller, and John von Neumann. The Trinity bomb released the explosive energy of 25 kilotons of TNT (100 TJ) ± 2 kilotons of TNT (8.4 TJ), and a large cloud of fallout. Thousands of people lived closer to the test than would have been allowed under guidelines adopted for subsequent tests, but no one living near the test was evacuated before or afterward.The test site was declared a National Historic Landmark district in 1965 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places the following year.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:34 UTC on Wednesday, 16 July 2025.For the full current version of the article, see Trinity (nuclear test) on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm generative Ruth.

En 1950, durante una conversación informal en el Laboratorio Nacional de Los Álamos, el físico Enrico Fermi planteó una pregunta que resonaría durante décadas:”¿Dónde están todos?” Esta interrogante, conocida como la paradoja de Fermi, cuestiona la aparente contradicción entre la alta probabilidad de existencia de civilizaciones extraterrestres y la falta de evidencia de las mismas. Exploraremos la vida de Fermi, la ecuación de Drake y los recientes hallazgos que podrían acercarnos a responder esta enigmática pregunta. Y descubre Elio, de los creadores de Del Revés 2, una película de otro planeta. Estreno el 9 de julio solo en cines. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Vita e scoperte di Emilio Segrè, fisico vincitore del premio Nobel per la Fisica nel 1959. Lavorò con Enrico Fermi e collaborò al progetto Manhattan.

June 10 to June 16, 1945   This is Summer of Trinity, for the week ending Saturday June 16, 1945.   Sunday, June 10,1945 - 36 Days Before Trinity It's the 71st day of the Battle of Okinawa https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_William_D._Porter_(DD-579) Monday, June 11,1945 - 35 Days Before Trinity It's the 72nd day of the Battle of Okinawa   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Miles_McCool Tuesday, June 12,1945 - 34 Days Before Trinity It is the 73rd day of the Battle of Okinawa.   General Eisenhower receives the “Freedom of the City” at London's Guildhall. This symbolic act, with seven hundred years of history behind it, makes him “a citizen of the city.” https://www.nps.gov/articles/general-eisenhower.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franck_Report       Wednesday, June 13,1945 - 33 Days Before Trinity It is the 74th day of the Battle of Okinawa.   Thursday, June 14,1945 - 32 Days Before Trinity It is the 75th day of the Battle of Okinawa. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Inmate    Friday, June 15,1945 - 31 Days Before Trinity It is the 76th day of the Battle of Okinawa. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calutron (How they enriched U-235 for Little Boy) https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/science-behind-atom-bomb   Saturday, June 16,1945 - 30 Days Before Trinity It's the 77th day of the Battle of Okinawa.    The Science Panel, headed by Robert Oppenheimer, and also including Enrico Fermi, Ernest O. Lawrence and Arthur H. Compton, gives the following report, classified Top Secret, to the Interim Committee: The report is titled “RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE IMMEDIATE USE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS” and begins as follows: [Note to self - some emphasis included here to assist in reading as a script, but there's no font differences in the original.] You have asked us to comment on the initial use of the new weapon. This use, in our opinion, should be such as to promote a satisfactory adjustment of our international relations. At the same time, we recognize our obligation to our nation to use the weapons to help save American lives in the Japanese war. (1) To accomplish these ends we recommend that before the weapons are used not only Britain, but also Russia, France, and China be advised that we have made considerable progress in our work on atomic weapons, that these may be ready to use during the present war, and that we would welcome suggestions as to how we can cooperate in making this development contribute to improved international relations. (2) The opinions of scientific colleagues on the initial use of these weapons are not unanimous; they range from the proposal of a purely technical demonstration to that of the military application best designed to induce surrender. Those who advocate a purely technical demonstration would wish to outlaw the use of atomic weapons, and have feared that if we use the weapons now our position in future negotiations will be prejudiced. Others emphasize the opportunity of saving American lives by immediate military use, and believe that such use will improve the international prospects, in that they are more concerned with the prevention of war than with the elimination of this specific weapon. We find ourselves closer to these latter views; we can propose no technical demonstration likely to bring an end to the war; we see no acceptable alternative to direct military use. (3) With regard to these general aspects of the use of atomic energy, it is clear that we, as scientific men, have no proprietary rights. It is true that we are among the few citizens who have had occasion to give thoughtful consideration to these problems during the past few years. We have, however, no claim to special competence in solving the political, social, and military problems which are presented by the advent of atomic power.   The report is signed by Robert Oppenheimer, with the note “for the panel” https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/documents/manhattan-project/interim-committee.html   As this week ends, the Trinity atomic bomb test has not yet been scheduled. However, it is exactly 30 days away.    Summer of Trinity is a part of Mapping History here on The Latest Generation.

The story of the atomic age began decades before Robert Oppenheimer watched a mushroom cloud form over the New Mexico desert at the Trinity nuclear test in mid 1945. It begins in 1895, with Henri Becquerel’s accidental discovery of radioactivity, setting in motion a series of remarkable and horrifying events. By the early 20th century, a brilliant group of scientists—including Ernest Rutherford, Leo Szilard, Enrico Fermi, and others—were pushing the boundaries of knowledge, seeking to answer fundamental questions about this source of energy that had 2 million times the energy density of oil: What is this mysterious radiation? Could it provide an infinite energy source, where a basketball of it was equal to an oil field? And, ominously, could it be weaponized? Today’s guest is nuclear physicist Frank Close, author of “Destroyer of Worlds: The Deep History of the Nuclear Age.” We look at the complete history of the atomic age, from the initial curiosity about radioactivity to the creation of the hydrogen bomb—a weapon of almost unimaginable destructive potential, capable of eradicating life on Earth. This is an account of the scientific discoveries that unlocked the atom’s power, the ethical dilemmas faced by scientists, and the horrifying realization that this newfound energy could lead to humanity’s undoing.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

ROMA (ITALPRESS) - Fino al 20 marzo, a Roma, nel Corridoio degli atti parlamentari di Palazzo San Macuto, saranno esposte decine di locandine dedicate alle grandi protagoniste delle arti e della scienza. In occasione del taglio del nastro della mostra 'Fuori dall' ombra' gli studenti del liceo Enrico Fermi di Salò hanno parlato di alcune personalità presenti nel percorso espositivo. All'inaugurazione hanno partecipato la presidente della Commissione parlamentare di inchiesta sul femminicidio e sulla violenza di genere, Martina Semenzato, e il vicepresidente della Camera Giorgio Mulè.abr/mrv (Fonte video: Camera dei deputati)

La notte tra il 27 e il 28 marzo 1938, Ettore Majorana scompare misteriosamente durante una traversata navale. All'epoca ha solo 31 anni, ma è uno dei fisici più rispettati d'Italia: un genio paragonabile a Newton o a Galileo. O, almeno, così sostiene Enrico Fermi, premio Nobel per la fisica. Nessuno sa dire con certezza che fine abbia fatto Ettore Majorana. Molti, inclusi i suoi familiari e lo stesso Fermi, sono convinti che non si sia davvero tolto la vita. C'è persino un personaggio che negli ultimi anni ha pubblicato lettere e fotografie di Majorana successive alla sua scomparsa. Ma se il corpo di Ettore non è scomparso sul fondale del Tirreno, che fine ha fatto?Aderisci alla pagina PATREON e sostieni i miei progetti e il mio lavoro: http://patreon.com/massimopolidoroPartecipa e sostieni su TIPEEE il progetto del mio Tour 2022 in tutta Italia: https://it.tipeee.com/massimopolidoroScopri i miei corsi online:https://www.massimopolidorostudio.comRicevi l'Avviso ai Naviganti, la mia newsletter settimanale: https://mailchi.mp/massimopolidoro/avvisoainavigantie partecipa alle scelte della mia communityE qui l'elenco completo dei miei libri disponibili: https://amzn.to/44feDp4Le musiche sono di Marco Forni e si possono ascoltare qui: https://hyperfollow.com/marcoforniSeguimi:Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/massimopolidoro/Gruppo FB: https://www.facebook.com/groups/MassimoPolidoroFanClubPagina FB: https://www.facebook.com/Official.Massimo.PolidoroTwitter: https://twitter.com/massimopolidoroSito e blog: http://www.massimopolidoro.comIscriviti al mio canale youtube: https://goo.gl/Xkzh8A

What can gamma rays tell us about supernovae and galaxy formation? Neil deGrasse Tyson and co-host Chuck Nice sit down with astrophysicist Tim Paglione to explore high-energy cosmic phenomena, gamma rays, and the extreme events that create them.NOTE: StarTalk+ Patrons can listen to this entire episode commercial-free here:https://startalkmedia.com/show/the-extreme-universe-with-tim-paglione/Thanks to our Patrons Alexander Storts, Chris Henderson, Micheal Mayo, Jose Lotzin, Rebecca Noland, Scientific Panda, Sander Bergheim, Aubrey Loftus, John Leon, Jaquelin Butkovic, Jesse McIntyre, Kelly Sheffield, Kaseim カセイム, Bradley Westbrook, Chris Rassette, Aquahood, BA_MPH_JD_PhD-aspirant, Ravenwingfeather, Kaity Sturgell, Norma Bazan, Mickey Brumfield, lamar Gibson, Bong Bong, Andrew Hayes, Billy Madison, Bruce Muller, parker martindale, James Pope, Carrie Williams, Robert Lester, Mike Bundy, and My Pug is a Bug for supporting us this week. Subscribe to SiriusXM Podcasts+ on Apple Podcasts to listen to new episodes ad-free and a whole week early.

Andrea Pau"Enrico Fermi. Il genio atomico"Consulenza scientifica di Vincenzo BaroneGallucci Editorewww.galluccieditore.comEnrico Fermi, nato a Roma il 29 settembre 1901 e morto a Chicago il 28 novembre 1954. Premio Nobel per la Fisica nel 1938, padre del primo reattore nucleare e protagonista del Progetto Manhattan, Enrico Fermi ha influenzato la storia del mondo, proiettando Roma e l'Italia provinciale d'inizio Novecento al centro della scienza internazionale. Ma il suo percorso ha incrociato anche quello di tante persone “normali”: Gertrude, la vicina di casa che lo vede crescere come un ragazzo intelligente e curioso; Giuseppe, giovane inventore che lo frequenta in via Panisperna, negli anni del fascismo e degli esperimenti; Anthony, scienziato e soldato italoamericano ai tempi della Seconda guerra mondiale e della bomba atomica; infine Sarah, la bimba che lo conosce negli ultimi anni di vita e lo vede come l'enigmatico protagonista di un romanzo.Quattro punti di vista per raccontare a tutto tondo il genio che ha rivoluzionato la scienza del XX secolo.Andrea Pau ingombra la Sardegna dal 1981. Dopo la laurea in Scienze politiche comincia, astutamente, a fare tutt'altro: scrive fumetti, romanzi per ragazzi, cartoni animati. Collabora con diversi editori e con la Fondazione Sardegna Film Commission. Appena ne ha la possibilità, passeggia per il mondo, ascolta concerti, assume carboidrati.IL POSTO DELLE PAROLEascoltare fa pensarewww.ilpostodelleparole.itDiventa un supporter di questo podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/il-posto-delle-parole--1487855/support.

Heute vor 70 Jahren starb der italienische Kernphysiker Enrico Fermi. 1938 hatte er den Nobelpreis für Physik erhalten.

Nella data dell’entrata in vigore del Regio Decreto sulle Leggi Razziali, il 17 novembre 1938, l’Università La Sapienza di Roma ha commemorato i professori e gli allievi di religione ebraica espulsi. In un convegno del 16 ottobre, data del rastrellamento degli ebrei romani, si sono ricordati personaggi come Nella Mortara, unica fisica di via Panisperna, la facoltà guidata da Enrico Fermi, o Attilio Ascarelli, il medico legale a cui toccò il riconoscimento delle vittime delle Fosse Ardeatine dopo la Liberazione. Ma anche Elio Pavoncello, allievo alla Sapienza, deportato ad Auschwitz. Storie fruibili sul Portale Sapienza 1938, in collaborazione con la Fondazione Museo della Shoah, aperto e consultabile da tutti.

In 1950 Nobel Prize winner Enrico Fermi asked the question "where are all the aliens?". It sparked huge debate as to why we have not encountered advanced extra terrestrial life, and theories that we are alone in the universe. We look into those arguments, and discover the 'Fermi Paradox' is not a paradox and has very little to do with Enrico Fermi.    If you want to solve the paradox of being able to listen to this (and other exclusive episodes) before they are published, become a Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/TQMpod  

Entramos de vez no extraordinário e quase derradeiro projeto Manthattan. O que foi esse grande projeto? Como foram os avançoes científicos desse período? Quem foram os principais nomes envolvidos? E quais desafios eles enfrentaram?     Patronato do SciCast: 1. Patreon SciCast 2. Apoia.se/Scicast     3. Nos ajude via Pix também, chave: contato@scicast.com.br ou acesse o QRcode:   Sua pequena contribuição ajuda o Portal Deviante a continuar divulgando Ciência! Contatos: contato@scicast.com.br https://twitter.com/scicastpodcast https://www.facebook.com/scicastpodcast https://instagram.com/scicastpodcast Fale conosco! E não esqueça de deixar o seu comentário na postagem desse episódio! Expediente: Produção Geral: Tarik Fernandes e André Trapani Equipe de Gravação: Tarik Fernandes, Marcelo de Matos, Roberto Spinelli, Glaucia Souza Silva, Willian Spengler, Lennon Ruhnke Citação ABNT: Scicast #611: Projeto Manhattan. Locução: Tarik Fernandes, Marcelo de Matos, Roberto Spinelli, Glaucia Souza Silva, Willian Spengler, Lennon Ruhnke. [S.l.] Portal Deviante, 27/09/2024. Podcast. Disponível em: https://www.deviante.com.br/podcasts/scicast-611 Imagem de Capa: Por Samat Jain - Flickr: Trinity Site Obelisk National Historic Landmark, Domínio público, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12683404 Imagem de Capa: Físicos do Distrito Manhattan num colóquio em Los Alamos em 1946. Na linha de frente estão (da esquerda para direita) Norris Bradbury, John Manley, Enrico Fermi and J. M. B. Kellogg. Robert Oppenheimer, de paletó escuro, está trás de Manley; à esquerda de Oppenheimer está Richard Feynman. Fonte: Los Alamos National Laboratory Referências e Indicações Pré-Projeto Manhattan (SciCast #597) Scicast #484: Bomba Atômica Scicast #09: Energia Nuclear Parte 1 Scicast #10: Energia Nuclear Parte 2 Scicast #93: Hiroshima Scicast #94: Nagasaki E se as bombas atômicas nunca tivessem sido usadas? (Contrafactual #182) Chernobyl – Parte I (SciCast #335) Chernobyl – Parte II (SciCast #336) Scicast #126: Marie Curie Sugestões de literatura: BIRD, Kai, SHERWIN, Martin J. Oppenheimer: o triunfo e a tragédia do Prometeu americano. Rio de Janeiro: Intrínseca, 2023. CESAREO, R. Dos raios X à bomba atômica (1895-1945): os 50 anos que mudaram o mundo. Brasília: Embrapa Informação Tecnológica, 2010. Disponível em http://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/alice/handle/doc/1003731. DIAS JÚNIOR, José A., ROUBICEK, Rafael. O brilho de mil sóis: História da bomba atômica. São Paulo: Ática, 1996. KIERNANN, Denise. As garotas da cidade atômica: a história secreta das mulheres que ajudaram a vencer a 2ª Guerra Mundial. São Paulo: Benvirá, 2015. LEWIS, Damien. Caçada à bomba atômica de Hitler: a corrida secreta para impedir a produção de armas nucleares dos nazistas. São Paulo: Cultrix, 2017 NORRIS, Robert S. Racing for the bomb: the true story of general Leslie R Groves. Skyhorse Publishing, 2014. PERUZZO, Jucimar. Armas nucleares: origem, estrutura, funcionamento, evolução e controle. Joinville: Clube de Autores, 2019. PRINGLE, Peter; SPIEGELMAN, James J. The nuclear barons. University of Michigan: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1981. RHODES, Richard. The making of the atomic bomb. Simon & Schuster, 1986. SMITH, P. D. Os homens do fim do mundo: o verdadeiro Dr. Fantástico e o sonho da arma total. São Paulo: Cia das Letras, 2008. STRATHERN, Paul. Oppenheimer e a bomba atômica em 90 minutos. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1999. Sugestões de filmes: Fat Man and Little Boy (1989) Oppenheimer (2023) Sugestões de vídeos: Manhattan (série) The man in the high castle Maravilhas Modernas: Manhattan Project A corrida secreta para a bomba atômica The Real Story of Oppenheimer How Kodak Exposed Nuclear Testing Models of the Atom Timeline Sugestões de links: Quem foi o verdadeiro Robert Oppenheimer Como foi o projeto que criou a bomba A babel de cientistas que criou a "destruidora de mundos" Como a bomba atômica surgiu no meio de um paraíso Museu Nacional Atômico Projeto Manhattan Data importantes do Projeto Manhattan O homem e a máquina: Oppenheimer e a bomba atômica See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Sommes-nous seuls dans l'univers ? C'est impossible, non ? Car l'univers est tellement grand que nous ne pouvons pas être la seule forme de vie intelligente… Mais alors, où sont les extraterrestres ? Cette réflexion, c'est le paradoxe de Fermi ! Enrico Fermi est la première personne à poser cette question. C'est un physicien italien, prix Nobel en 1938. Il pose le paradoxe pour la première fois lors d'une discussion avec ses collègues à l'été 1950, au laboratoire de Los Alamos au Nouveau-Mexique. Avons-nous des réponses à ce paradoxe ? Pourquoi est-il important ? Est-ce qu'un jour nous pourrons créer un contact avec une civilisation extraterrestre ? Écoutez la suite de cet épisode de "Maintenant Vous Savez ". Un podcast Bababam Originals, écrit et réalisé par Hugo de l'Estrac. À écouter aussi : La pollution peut-elle vraiment atteindre l'espace ? Qu'est-ce qu'une injonction paradoxale ? Qu'est-ce que le jour du dépassement ? Retrouvez tous les épisodes de "Maintenant vous savez". Suivez Bababam sur Instagram. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

IN THIS EPISODE: One night about 60 years ago, physicist Enrico Fermi looked up into the sky and asked, “Where is everybody?”  He was talking about aliens. So why haven't we met them yet? (Strange, Scientific Excuses for Why Humans Haven't Found Aliens Yet) *** If you buy a used camper, knowing someone died in it, and with the bloodstain still clearly visible, you shouldn't really be surprised later to find that it is haunted. (The Haunted Camper) *** George Barrington was a well-known author… and a well-known pocket picker. Oh yes, and he also says he saw a ghost ship. (Encounter With a Phantom Ship) *** A doppelganger is a strange creature that looks exactly like a real person, but is not that person's twin. And seeing your doppelganger is considered a very bad omen. (Doppelgangers and Spirit Doubles) *** Nazi camp guard Maria Mandl sent half a million women to their deaths – and loved every minute of it. (“The Beast” Maria Mandl) *** The dragon is one of the most well-known creatures in ancient mythology, and many cultures have this creature (or one of its related forms) in their folklore. One of the lesser known dragons is that of the zmaj, a dragon that can be found in Slavic folklore. (The Dragon Zmaj) ***Whenever we see a pirate ship on television, cinema or in comic books we also see an extremely ancient symbol - the skull and crossbones. This however, was not a symbol of death – at least not in the beginning. (Hidden History of the Skull and Crossbones)CHAPTERS & TIME STAMPS (All Times Approximate)…00:00:00.000 = Title Story Teaser and Show Open00:02:42.010 = Strange, Scientific Excuses For Why Humans Haven't Found Aliens Yet00:15:33.680 = The Haunted Camper00:19:38.331 = Doppelgangers And Spirit Doubles00:29:11.472 = The Beast: Maria Mandl00:34:12.264 = The Dragon Zmaj00:39:05.939 = Encounter With a Phantom Ship00:45:36.025 = Hidden History of the Skull And Crossbones01:15:29.135 = Show CloseSOURCES AND REFERENCES FROM THE EPISODE…“Hidden History Of The Skull and Crossbones” by Philip Gardiner: http://bit.ly/2RpiSLm“The Haunted Camper”: http://bit.ly/2YiBldU“Doppelgangers and Spirit Doubles” by Ellen Lloyd: http://bit.ly/2Yk4zsV“Strange, Scientific Excuses for Why Humans Haven't Found Aliens Yet”: http://bit.ly/2DOpSJz“The Beast: Maria Mandl” by Gina Dimuro: http://bit.ly/2rmjhmS“The Dragon Zmaj” by DHWTY: http://bit.ly/2DQzSSM“Encounter With a Phantom Ship” by Garth Haslam: http://bit.ly/2Lr8Pl2Weird Darkness theme by Alibi Music Library= = = = =(Over time links seen above may become invalid, disappear, or have different content. I always make sure to give authors credit for the material I use whenever possible. If I somehow overlooked doing so for a story, or if a credit is incorrect, please let me know and I will rectify it in these show notes immediately. Some links included above may benefit me financially through qualifying purchases.)= = = = ="I have come into the world as a light, so that no one who believes in me should stay in darkness." — John 12:46= = = = =WeirdDarkness® is a registered trademark. Copyright ©2024, Weird Darkness.= = = = =Originally aired: August 16, 2018CUSTOM LANDING PAGE: https://weirddarkness.com/wherearethealiens/

We're fully on the UFO beat now, and addressing one of the most vexing questions asked by any scientist in the previous century--Enrico Fermi's question about aliens. That is, "Where is everybody"? We explore many solutions that have been proposed for this conundrum, and also investigate fellow scientist Frank Drake's equation that seeks to quantify exactly how likely it is that we will encounter alien life. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Did JWST discover dark stars? Neil deGrasse Tyson and comedian Chuck Nice explore the dark universe and how learning about dark matter could help uncover the mystery of JWST's primordial objects with theoretical physicist Katherine Freese.NOTE: StarTalk+ Patrons can listen to this entire episode commercial-free here: https://startalkmedia.com/show/uncovering-dark-matter-mysteries-with-katherine-freese/Thanks to our Patrons Shara McAlister, Foohawt, Donna Palmieri, Trooj, Leroy Gutierrez, Tricia Livingston, Christina, Chris Ocampo, Eric Stellpflug, and John Potanos for supporting us this week.

Roma, 1934 - Nel cuore della città eterna, in via Panisperna, un gruppo di giovani fisici italiani si unisce sotto la guida di Enrico Fermi per esplorare i confini della fisica nucleare e scopre che il modo migliore per creare la radioattività in laboratorio è usare come proiettili i neutroni. Tra loro, il giovane Bruno Pontecorvo emerge come una mente promettente destinata a influenzare il corso della storia. Mentre l'Europa è dilaniata dalla guerra e Parigi cade sotto l'ombra nazista, Pontecorvo e Fermi si separano, per ritrovarsi in un deserto del New Mexico, dove il Progetto Manhattan prende forma. La loro collaborazione segreta diventa cruciale nel perseguire l'impossibile: la creazione della bomba atomica. Ma l'ombra del tradimento e dello spionaggio si allunga, con implicazioni che cambieranno il corso della politica mondiale. La loro storia da film thriller si districa attraverso i boulevard parigini, i cieli del Giappone e infine una palude a nord di Mosca, dove Pontecorvo scompare dietro la cortina di ferro, lasciando dietro di sé un enigma che ancora oggi suscita interrogativi… Ma cosa è successo davvero a Pontecorvo? E perché il suo apporto alla scoperta della bomba atomica è passato in sordina rispetto a quello di altri come Fermi? Ne parliamo assieme a Lorenzo Baravalle: imprenditore digitale, autore, ma soprattutto co-conduttore del podcast “Atomika”. Iscriviti al gruppo Telegram per interagire con noi e per non perderti nessuna delle novità in anteprima e degli approfondimenti sulle puntate: https://t.me/LucePodcast Se vuoi ascoltarci senza filtri e sostenere il nostro lavoro, da oggi è possibile abbonarsi al nostro canale Patreon e accedere a contenuti bonus esclusivi tramite questo link: patreon.com/LucePodcast

In 1950 Enrico Fermi sat down to have lunch with his friends and colleagues at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. While discussing UFOs, Enrico asked a simple question: if aliens exist, where are they? This conflict between the high likelihood of alien life and the lack of evidence of such confounds scientists to this day. Tune in as Carter guides us through the science and attempts to resolve the ‘Fermi paradox'. Conspiracy Theories is now on Instagram @theconspiracypod and TikTok @conspiracy.pod! Follow us to keep up with the show and get behind-the-scenes updates from Carter and the team. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

At the heart of our discussion is the paradox of the Fermi Paradox - the striking contradiction between the high probability of extraterrestrial life's existence and the stark absence of any evidence thereof. Enrico Fermi, a physicist, famously posed the question, "Where is everybody?" This question echoes through the cosmos, reverberating off the seemingly empty vastness of space. Yet, the silence we perceive may not be a testament to solitude but rather a reflection of our current technological limitations and the sheer magnitude of the universe.

Hello and rock and roll. You have landed on Renegade Files, your underground connection to Paranormal Tales, Unsolved Mysteries, and Covert Culture. I'm your host Lex Gordon from parts unkown broadcasting a pirate radio signal from The Jungle Villa Outpost, Deep in the Uncharted Tropics. This is Renegade Files Episode 60, The Fermi Paradox: The Case of the Missing Aliens.  Our Milky Way Galaxy is so large that it bends the mind to fathom it, and it's a mere spec among billions of other galaxies in a staggeringly large and complex Universe.  In such a vast landscape there are, very likely, billions of stars with planets capable of supporting life… and yet, we don't see or hear billions of extraterrestrial civilizations flying around, neither when we look to the heavens casually, nor when we search exhaustively.  In a famous conversation astrophysicist Enrico Fermi asked a simple question: “Where is everybody?” This question, combined with the enormous numbers of potentially habitable planets in the Universe is the basis for what we know as, The Fermi Paradox. In this episode of Renegade Files, we delve into the theories and calculations that point to a cosmos teaming with life, we consider some of the valid or at least logical reasons for not encountering these probable civilizations, and finally we address the elephant in the room: is the Fermi Paradox now rendered obsolete in light of new and unexplained phenomena which seem to be piling up around every corner? This is a bit of a shorter episode… but a potent one. No separate summary, we're just gonna unravel the science then rant right through to the end. Like Sam says on Tin Foil Hat… "Nothin' but Bangers bro!" (You know I love that show! Check it out.) So come with me now and together we'll explore The Fermi Paradox: The Case of the Missing Aliens. --------------------------Help Crowdfund RF on Patreon https://www.patreon.com/renegadefiles Get cool RF Merch https://www.bonfire.com/store/renegade-files/ Visit and Share the Website http://therenegadefiles.com Subscribe to RF on YouTube https://www.youtube.com/@renegadefiles  Follow RF on Instagram https://www.instagram.com/renegadefiles/  Renegade Files Episode 6, Military UFO Footage and the Pentagon UFO Report--------------------------If you think we deserve it, please leave us a 5-Star Review on Apple Podcasts or Spotify. (It helps the show find new listeners.) Thank you.-------------------------- Music: Theme Song: “Steve's Djembe” by Vani, FMA, licensed: Creative Commons CC BY-SA 4.0 License. “Decode Omni” by Stone Calculus, DV8NOW Records, licensed: Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 License. 4-Second Star Wars film audio clip Used As Satire Under Fair Use.

David & Susan Schwartz - The Joy of Costco: A Treasure Hunt from A to Z. This is episode 641 of Teaching Learning Leading K12, an audio podcast. David Schwartz is the author of several books, most recently “The Last Man Who Knew Everything: The Life and Times of Enrico Fermi, Father of the Nuclear Age,” (Basic Books, 2017). He holds a BA from Stanford and a PhD from MIT. He has had a varied career, as a foreign policy specialist, an investment banker, and HR specialist, and an executive search recruitment professional. David spent much of his youth in San Francisco, where his parents were early members of Price Club, Costco's predecessor.   Susan Schwartz received a BA from the University of Pennsylvania and an MBA from Columbia University and has worked at Nabisco and General Foods. After leaving corporate America, she worked freelance making TV commercials for thirteen years before joining her husband David in executive search consulting. She worked as a professional baker for two years after college. She grew up in Philadelphia where she delighted in shopping at Costco with her beloved parents. She became a member of Costco in 2009. Susan and David are proud grandparents and avid birdwatchers. Our focus today is their book The Joy of Costco: A Treasure Hunt from A to Z.   A little bit about The Joy of Costco: A Treasure Hunt from A to Z…   In their book, The Joy of Costco: A Treasure Hunt from A to Z (September 12, 2023; Hot Dog Press, LLC), they hope to share with the over 3.2 million people who enter one of Costco's warehouses every day the answers to some pressing questions, such as how does Costco keep the price of its foot-long hot dog at $1.50? In a whimsical A to Z format, the book covers topics ranging from Chicken and Eggs to more serious topics like Costco's Code of Ethics, Sustainability and Good Works. Thanks for listening. Thanks for sharing. Before you go... You could help support this podcast by Buying Me A Coffee. Not really buying me something to drink but clicking on the link on my home page at https://stevenmiletto.com for Buy Me a Coffee or by going to this link Buy Me a Coffee. This would allow you to donate to help the show address the costs associated with producing the podcast from upgrading gear to the fees associated with producing the show. That would be cool. Thanks for thinking about it.  Hey, I've got another favor...could you share the podcast with one of your friends, colleagues, and family members? Hmmm? What do you think? Thank you! Okay, one more thing. Really just this one more thing. I mentioned in the opening of the show that you could hear me interviewed on Behind the Mic about my podcast Teaching Learning Leading K12. Click this link Behind the Mic: Teaching Learning Leading K12 to go listen. You are AWESOME! Thanks so much! Learn More: https://www.amazon.com/Joy-Costco-Treasure-Hunt/dp/1959505009/ref=sr_1_1?crid=3N65CBLG53JD&keywords=the+joy+of+costco&qid=1687273574&sprefix=the+joy+of+costco%2Caps%2C110&sr=8-1 Length - 50:18

(NOTAS Y ENLACES DEL CAPÍTULO AQUÍ: https://www.jaimerodriguezdesantiago.com/kaizen/186-el-misterio-de-la-vida-v-mas-alla-de-la-tierra/)«Existen dos posibilidades: o estamos solos en el universo o no lo estamos. Ambas son igualmente aterradoras»Estas palabras de Arthur C. Clarke resumen mucho de lo que nos quedaba por tratar en relación al misterio de la vida. Hasta ahora nos hemos asomado a los orígenes del universo y de nuestro planeta, a cómo nació la vida en él, cómo evolucionó en una larga cadena ininterrumpida hasta cada planta y cada animal de los que poblamos hoy la Tierra y las enormes preguntas que nos despierta esa característica tan extraña que tenemos los humanos, la consciencia. Pero en todos estos capítulos había al menos un par de enormes elefantes en la habitación, como dicen en inglés, a los que hemos tratado de dejar aparcados. Por un lado, la que seguramente sea la pregunta más importante de todas, al menos para los que estamos vivos hoy: ¿qué sucede cuando acaba la vida? Algo que vamos a dejar para otro momento. Porque hoy toca atender al otro elefante: a la duda de si estamos o no solos en el Universo. La verdad es que está siendo una temporada de temas sencillitos, ¿eh? No aprendo.  ¿Te gusta kaizen? Apoya el podcast uniéndote a la Comunidad y accede a contenidos y ventajas exclusivas: https://www.jaimerodriguezdesantiago.com/comunidad-kaizen/

Chances are, we're not alone in the universe. But if that's true — why can't we seem to find our neighbors? This question is known as the Fermi paradox, and it continues to go unsolved. However, some theories could offer potential solutions. Physicist Brian Cox explains the paradox and walks us through our best guesses as to the reason for our quasi-isolation. Chapters: 0:00 Who is Enrico Fermi? 0:22 What is the Fermi Paradox? 1:29 Rare Earth Hypothesis 2:41 Extinguished Civilizations 3:51 Technological Singularity 4:34 Vast Distances 5:14 Cosmic Quarantine 7:31 The Great Filter 9:51 The Great Silence ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Go Deeper with Big Think: ►Become a Big Think Member Get exclusive access to full interviews, early access to new releases, Big Think merch and more. ►Get Big Think+ for Business Guide, inspire and accelerate leaders at all levels of your company with the biggest minds in business. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ About Brian Cox: Brian Cox obtained a first class honors degree in physics from the University of Manchester in 1995 and in 1998 a Ph.D. in High Energy Particle Physics at the DESY laboratory in Hamburg. Brian is now Professor of Particle Physics at the University of Manchester, The Royal Society Professor for Public Engagement in Science and a Fellow of the Royal Society. Brian is widely recognized as the foremost communicator for all things scientific, having presented a number of highly acclaimed science programs for the BBC watched by billions internationally including ‘Adventures in Space and Time' (2021), ‘Universe' (2021), ‘The Planets' (2018), ‘Forces of Nature' (2016), ‘Human Universe' (2014), ‘Wonders of Life' (2012), ‘Wonders of the Universe' (2011) and ‘Wonders of the Solar System' (2010). As an author, Brian has also sold over a million books worldwide including ‘Black Holes', ‘Universal: A Guide to the Cosmos', ‘Quantum Universe' and ‘Why Does E=mc2?' with co-author Professor Jeffrey Forshaw. He also wrote the series of books to accompany his popular television and radio programs. --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/bigthink/message Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

João e Luís Batalha são criadores do site Fermat's Library, uma plataforma para comentar e discutir artigos académicos, que tem dado que falar internacionalmente. O Luís é físico de formação, pelo I.S. Técnico, e o João estudou Ciência da Computação no MIT, nos EUA. -> Apoie este podcast e faça parte da comunidade de mecenas do 45 Graus em: 45grauspodcast.com ->Inscreva-se aqui nas novas sessões do workshop de Pensamento Crítico, módulo As Causas das Coisas (explicações). _______________ Índice: (5:51) Fermat's Library | Porque os papers tem este formato? Preprint (Arxiv) | Paper de Ian Goodfellow  (20:29) O que explica o crescente interesse das pessoas por Ciência? Huberman Lab (podcast) (26:53) Vantagens de trabalhar em equipa. | Y Combinator e o nº ideal de founders (argumento para preferir dois ou mais; investigação que contraria esta tese) | História da Dropbox (31:31) Paper 1: Enrico Fermi e a explosão Trinity | Estimativas de Fermi | Tweet do Luís sobre a explosão em Beirute (36:27) Paper 2: The Silurian hypothesis | Paradoxo de Fermi | Esferas de Dyson. | Andy Weir (autor) | A descoberta do pai e filho Alvarez sobre a extinção dos dinossauros (56:18) Paper 3: Technological Requirements for Terraforming Mars | Notícia do NYT de 1907 sobre vida inteligente em Marte | Paralelo entre exploração espacial e os Descobrimentos. | Tweet de Elon Musk sobre este paper (1:08:42) Como criar uma Ciência mais aberta? O exemplo da Física | John Ioannidis. Lei de Goodhart.  (1:16:38) Potencial do Machine Learning na Ciência. Post de Terence Tao (matemático) (1:29:01) Ida ao Lex Fridman podcast | Hot Ones show _______________ Certo dia (que na verdade já foi há uns 2 anos), ao percorrer no meu telemóvel o feed de podcasts, apareceu-me um episódio do Lex Fridman -- um dos podcast mais ouvidos nos Estados Unidos -- com um apelido que me chamou a atenção, porque denunciava ADN português: Batalha. Os convidados desse episódio eram os irmãos Luís e João Batalha, co-fundadores do site Fermat's Library, uma plataforma para comentar e discutir artigos académicos que criaram juntamente com outro dois amigos, Micael Oliveira e Tymor Hamamsy. A Fermat's library disponibiliza um enorme manancial de artigos (“papers”, na gíria académica), de áreas como a Física, ciências da computação ou Biologia, e permite aos utilizadores fazerem anotações, consultarem as notas deixadas por outros e discutirem entre o conteúdo (no fundo, é uma espécie de clube de leitura de papers académicos) Na altura, achei o projecto deles ultra interessante, gostei da prestação deles no episódio e fiquei com muita vontade de convidá-los para o 45 Graus. Como eles vivem nos EUA, acabou por demorar algum tempo a conciliarmos agendas, mas como vão ver valeu bem a pena a espera. O Luís é físico de formação, pelo Técnico, e o João estudou Ciência da Computação no MIT, nos EUA. São também, com Micael Oliveira, fundadores da Amplemarket, uma empresa de software de vendas impulsionado por inteligência artificial (e que é na verdade o trabalho principal deles). Em paralelo, vão mantendo a Fermat's Library. Fazem-no sobretudo por gosto, mas também, como vão perceber, com alguns objetivos ambiciosos em termso de impacto na Ciência.  Ao longo da nossa conversa, começámos por falar, claro, deste projecto: desde a origem, ao modo como funciona, as áreas com maior nº de papers e também como estes anos lhes têm mostrado que existe um interesse crescente de muitas pessoas pela ciência. Para além do site, o Luís, o João e o Micael fazem também muita divulgação através do Twitter, onde a conta da Fermat's tem uns impressionantes quase 750 mil seguidores! Para perceber na prática como funciona o processo de anotação e discussão de artigos na Fermat's, pedi aos convidados que trouxessem três papers especialmente interessantes para discutirmos (podem os links para os artigos na Fermat's na descrição do episódio):  Começámos por falar de um artigo do icónico físico Enrico Fermi sobre a Experiência "Trinity", o primeiro teste nuclear da história, em que ele conseguiu estimar de maneira rápida mas incrivelmente precisa a energia da bomba. Artigo sobre a chamada «hipótese Siluriana», a possibilidade de a nossa civilização não ser a primeira civilização avançada a ter existido na Terra. Ou seja, e ter havido outra que o tempo tenha apagado (sei que isto parece ciência alternativa, mas vão ver que está longe de sê-lo).  E um paper que explora os requisitos tecnológicos para a tornar Marte habitável, um tema muito na ordem do dia. Como é fácil de ver, este seria um desafio ultra complexo mas, segundo os autores, não impossível. Mais para o final da conversa, discutimos também algumas vias para criar uma Ciência mais aberta, aprendendo com o que já se faz na Física, e do potencial do Machine Learning para gerar novo conhecimento científico.  ______________ Obrigado aos mecenas do podcast: Francisco Hermenegildo, Ricardo Evangelista, Henrique Pais João Baltazar, Salvador Cunha, Abilio Silva, Tiago Leite, Carlos Martins, Galaró family, Corto Lemos, Miguel Marques, Nuno Costa, Nuno e Ana, João Ribeiro, Helder Miranda, Pedro Lima Ferreira, Cesar Carpinteiro, Luis Fernambuco, Fernando Nunes, Manuel Canelas, Tiago Gonçalves, Carlos Pires, João Domingues, Hélio Bragança da Silva, Sandra Ferreira , Paulo Encarnação , BFDC, António Mexia Santos, Luís Guido, Bruno Heleno Tomás Costa, João Saro, Daniel Correia, Rita Mateus, António Padilha, Tiago Queiroz, Carmen Camacho, João Nelas, Francisco Fonseca, Rafael Santos, Andreia Esteves, Ana Teresa Mota, ARUNE BHURALAL, Mário Lourenço, RB, Maria Pimentel, Luis, Geoffrey Marcelino, Alberto Alcalde, António Rocha Pinto, Ruben de Bragança, João Vieira dos Santos, David Teixeira Alves, Armindo Martins , Carlos Nobre, Bernardo Vidal Pimentel, António Oliveira, Paulo Barros, Nuno Brites, Lígia Violas, Tiago Sequeira, Zé da Radio, João Morais, André Gamito, Diogo Costa, Pedro Ribeiro, Bernardo Cortez Vasco Sá Pinto, David , Tiago Pires, Mafalda Pratas, Joana Margarida Alves Martins, Luis Marques, João Raimundo, Francisco Arantes, Mariana Barosa, Nuno Gonçalves, Pedro Rebelo, Miguel Palhas, Ricardo Duarte, Duarte , Tomás Félix, Vasco Lima, Francisco Vasconcelos, Telmo , José Oliveira Pratas, Jose Pedroso, João Diogo Silva, Joao Diogo, José Proença, João Crispim, João Pinho , Afonso Martins, Robertt Valente, João Barbosa, Renato Mendes, Maria Francisca Couto, Antonio Albuquerque, Ana Sousa Amorim, Francisco Santos, Lara Luís, Manuel Martins, Macaco Quitado, Paulo Ferreira, Diogo Rombo, Francisco Manuel Reis, Bruno Lamas, Daniel Almeida, Patrícia Esquível , Diogo Silva, Luis Gomes, Cesar Correia, Cristiano Tavares, Pedro Gaspar, Gil Batista Marinho, Maria Oliveira, João Pereira, Rui Vilao, João Ferreira, Wedge, José Losa, Hélder Moreira, André Abrantes, Henrique Vieira, João Farinha, Manuel Botelho da Silva, João Diamantino, Ana Rita Laureano, Pedro L, Nuno Malvar, Joel, Rui Antunes7, Tomás Saraiva, Cloé Leal de Magalhães, Joao Barbosa, paulo matos, Fábio Monteiro, Tiago Stock, Beatriz Bagulho, Pedro Bravo, Antonio Loureiro, Hugo Ramos, Inês Inocêncio, Telmo Gomes, Sérgio Nunes, Tiago Pedroso, Teresa Pimentel, Rita Noronha, miguel farracho, José Fangueiro, Zé, Margarida Correia-Neves, Bruno Pinto Vitorino, João Lopes, Joana Pereirinha, Gonçalo Baptista, Dario Rodrigues, tati lima, Pedro On The Road, Catarina Fonseca, JC Pacheco, Sofia Ferreira, Inês Ribeiro, Miguel Jacinto, Tiago Agostinho, Margarida Costa Almeida, Helena Pinheiro, Rui Martins, Fábio Videira Santos, Tomás Lucena, João Freitas, Ricardo Sousa, RJ, Francisco Seabra Guimarães, Carlos Branco, David Palhota, Carlos Castro, Alexandre Alves, Cláudia Gomes Batista, Ana Leal, Ricardo Trindade, Luís Machado, Andrzej Stuart-Thompson, Diego Goulart, Filipa Portela, Paulo Rafael, Paloma Nunes, Marta Mendonca, Teresa Painho, Duarte Cameirão, Rodrigo Silva, José Alberto Gomes, Joao Gama, Cristina Loureiro, Tiago Gama, Tiago Rodrigues, Miguel Duarte, Ana Cantanhede, Artur Castro Freire, Rui Passos Rocha, Pedro Costa Antunes, Sofia Almeida, Ricardo Andrade Guimarães, Daniel Pais, Miguel Bastos, Luís Santos _______________ Esta conversa foi editada por: Hugo Oliveira

1945 alkoi ydinaseiden aikausi, joka jatkuu yhä tänäpäivänäkin. Ydinaseiden kehittyminen alkoi 1930-luvulla, kun fysiikan jättiläiset kuten Albert Einstein ja Enrico Fermi alkoivat toden teolla tutkia mahdollisuutta halkaista uraanin ydin. Toisen maailmansodan aikana Yhdysvallat käynnisti Manhattan-projektin vuonna 1942, joka johti ensimmäisten atomipommien kehittämiseen. Vuonna 1945 atomipommi pudotettiin Hiroshimaan ja Nagasakiin, merkiten ydinaseiden käytön alkua sodankäynnissä, aloittaen uuden aikakauden maailman historiassa.Jakson aihe on saatu kuulijatoiveenaJos haluat tukea podcastin tekoa ja lähettää jaksotoiveen, se onnistuu: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/sotaajahistoria

La noción de viajar en el tiempo ha cautivado la imaginación humana durante siglos, y entre las numerosas especulaciones y teorías, el cronovisor ha surgido como un concepto intrigante y misterioso. La historia de este dispositivo se entrelaza con las afirmaciones del padre Pellegrino Ernetti, un benedictino italiano que afirmó haber colaborado con el físico Enrico Fermi en la creación de esta máquina única.

This is the web version of Foreign Exchanges, but did you know you can get it delivered right to your inbox? Sign up today:TODAY IN HISTORYDecember 2, 1805: At the Battle of Austerlitz, Napoleon wins what was arguably his greatest victory against a larger joint Russian-Austrian army. The Allies suffered 36,000 dead/wounded/captured compared with only 9000 for the French. The French victory was so complete that not only did it end the War of the Third Coalition, it allowed Napoleon to create the Confederation of the Rhine among the German states that had become French clients. Emperor Francis II was then forced to dissolve the Holy Roman Empire, which had been in existence continuously since 962 and traced its origins back to Charlemagne's coronation as “emperor of the Romans” in 800.December 2, 1942: Enrico Fermi and his team create the first self-sustaining nuclear reaction at “Chicago Pile-1,” a rudimentary reactor built under the campus of the University of Chicago. This was the first milestone achievement for the Manhattan Project in its race to build a nuclear bomb before Nazi Germany.December 3, 1971: The Pakistani military undertakes preemptive airstrikes against several Indian military installations, beginning the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, itself the final phase of the Bangladesh Liberation War. India was preparing to enter the war on Bangladesh's side anyway, so when I say these strikes were “preemptive” I am not using that term in the phony, George W. Bush “hey they might attack us someday, you never know” sense of the term. The war, to put it mildly, was a complete disaster for the Pakistanis, who were forced to surrender a scant 13 days later and had to give up their claims on “East Pakistan” (Bangladesh) while suffering around a third of their military killed, wounded, or captured. In one of Henry Kissinger's more notorious acts, the Nixon administration opted to support Pakistan despite evidence of its armed forces committing major atrocities against Bangladeshi civilians.December 3, 1984: A Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, spews toxic methyl isocyanate gas overnight, resulting in the deaths of between 3800 and 16,000 people and causing injury to at least 558,000 more. Union Carbide maintains that the leak was caused by deliberate sabotage, though Indian courts subsequently found several officials at the plant guilty of negligence. The “Bhopal Disaster” remains one of the worst industrial catastrophes in history and its adverse effects are still being felt by people in that region to the present day.MIDDLE EASTISRAEL-PALESTINEThe Israeli military (IDF) was advancing on the southern Gazan city of Khan Younis on Sunday, with Hamas officials and residents both reporting indications of nearby fighting and the IDF later confirming that it has sent ground forces into southern Gaza. The IDF has been ordering civilians to evacuate the eastern reaches of Khan Younis, and of course it's posted a helpful interactive map on its website that warns civilians of imminent danger provided those civilians have reliable internet access and haven't lost their special IDF secret decoder rings. Residents of Khan Younis will likely move further south to Rafah, though that city is also under heavy IDF bombardment so it's not really safe either. Israeli officials say the IDF struck more than 400 targets over the weekend, and the official Gazan death toll had risen at last check to 15,523. The real death toll may be substantially higher, given the likelihood of bodies that haven't yet been recovered and the closure of most of the hospitals that were handling casualties.Elsewhere:* Aid shipments into Gaza have resumed. The Palestinian Red Crescent Society says that 100 truckloads of aid entered the territory from Egypt on Saturday and I believe the aim was to bring in a similar number of trucks on Sunday though I have not seen any information yet as to whether that was accomplished.* The Biden administration may be “pressing” Israel and Hamas to resume negotiations, as White House spokes-ghoul John Kirby told NBC on Sunday, but there's no indication it's having any success. After the ceasefire collapsed on Friday the Israeli government recalled its Mossad negotiators from Qatar, and for Hamas's part the Islamist group's political wing has sworn off any future prisoner swaps “until the war ends.”* The administration is continuing to send large quantities of ordinance to the IDF, including massive “bunker buster” bombs. So any claim that it's really pushing the Israeli government to negotiate a ceasefire or even demonstrate greater discernment in its bombardments really doesn't hold up terribly well.* Israel Hayom is reporting that “key figures” in the US Congress have been shown the text of a “new initiative” that would condition future US aid to Egypt, Iraq, Turkey, and Yemen (all of which it identified as “Arab states,” which would be news to the Turks) on the willingness of governments in those four states to enable the ethnic cleansing of Gaza by taking in refugees. That same outlet has also reported (in Hebrew, so here's a summary from Ryan Grim) that Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has asked Minister of Strategic Planning Ron Dermer to put together a plan to “thin the population in Gaza to a minimum,” which if nothing else is an incredible euphemism. The Biden administration has rejected any forced and/or permanent relocation of Gazan civilians, a point that Vice President Kamala Harris reiterated during her visit to the COP28 climate summit in Dubai over the weekend. But it perhaps could be sold on the idea of a “voluntary” (in quotes because in reality it would be anything but) evacuation that is characterized as temporary even if there's no real intention to ever let the evacuees return.* The Guardian says its reporting has confirmed the findings of that bombshell +972 Magazine piece from a few days ago, which reported that the IDF has been using an AI system called “Habsora” (“The Gospel”) to identify targets under a process that's been likened to a “mass assassination factory.” The system is producing targets faster than the IDF can attack them, including private homes where the likelihood of civilian casualties is high. Israeli officials are apparently insisting that the AI is programmed to minimize civilian risk, an assertion that cannot be squared with the high number of civilian casualties incurred so far in this conflict.* Israeli settler mobs attacked two West Bank villages in separate incidents on Saturday, killing at least one Palestinian in one of those attacks. The human rights organization Yesh Din says it's catalogued some 225 settler attacks against Palestinians in the West Bank since October 7, resulting in at least nine deaths.* On a somewhat related note, one of the people killed in last Thursday's shooting in East Jerusalem turns out to have been an Israeli civilian who shot and killed the two Hamas attackers and then was mistakenly gunned down by Israeli soldiers. Video footage apparently shows the man disarming, kneeling, and opening his shirt to demonstrate to the soldiers that he was not a threat, but one of them killed him anyway. The incident has raised issues regarding the trigger happiness of Israeli security forces and the wisdom of the Israeli government's armed vigilante program, which in addition to risking civilian Palestinian deaths also risks more “friendly fire” shootings like this one.* The Washington Post published a story this weekend about the hasty evacuation of al-Nasr Children's Hospital in northern Gaza last month. Without going into some of the grislier details, the staff was forced to evacuate by the IDF and left behind four premature infants who likely would not have survived relocation. They say Israeli officials told them the infants would be taken out in Red Cross ambulances but apparently they were left to die and, eventually, decompose. Reporters discovered their remains during the ceasefire. Israeli officials insist that they never ordered al-Nasr's evacuation and have questioned the veracity of the story, despite video evidence and a recording of a phone call that the IDF itself released in which an Israeli official appears to acknowledge the need to rescue patients from the facility. The Red Cross says it never agreed to assist the evacuation and that conditions in northern Gaza would have made it impossible for its personnel to get to al-Nasr to retrieve the infants.* I mention the al-Nasr story because it strikes me as especially galling. In general I'm trying not to focus heavily on individual atrocities or allegations of atrocities in compiling these newsletters—there would be no space for anything else otherwise. I hope readers don't mistake that for apathy about any of these stories, going back to and including the atrocities committed/allegedly committed by Gazan militants on October 7 (I know cases of sexual violence have been receiving heavy coverage of late). I feel my role here is to try to provide an overview and for me that means keeping some distance from specific events. I'm sure I don't do that consistently but it is my aim.SYRIAAccording to Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, that Saturday morning Israeli missile attack in the vicinity of Damascus killed at least two of its personnel who were in Syria on an “advisory” mission. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that the strikes killed two Syrians who were affiliated with Hezbollah as well as two foreigners, presumably these IRGC members, while wounding five other people.YEMENHouthi rebels in northern Yemen fired a barrage of missiles and drones at ships in the Red Sea on Sunday. The group damaged three commercial ships and also fired at least three drones at the US naval destroyer USS Carney, which shot the projectiles down. There's no indication of any casualties and two of the vessels reported only minor damage (I'm unsure as to the status of the third). I would not be surprising if the US military were to retaliate against the Houthis in the near future, and there is a genuine risk that this could lead to a full-blown resumption of the Yemen war—though of course that would require Saudi Arabia's involvement.IRAQIraqi Prime Minister Mohammed Shiaʿ al-Sudani reportedly told US Secretary of State Antony Blinken during a phone conversation on Saturday that Baghdad does not appreciate the US military carrying out attacks on Iraqi soil. The US attacked two Iraqi militia-linked targets on November 22 (during this newsletter's holiday pause), “killing nine pro-Iran fighters” in retaliation for attacks against US personnel according to AFP. Those attacks tapered off during the Gaza ceasefire, but as we know that ceasefire is no longer operative.On Sunday, US forces carried out a drone strike on a militia target in Iraq's Kirkuk province, killing at least five people and wounding five more. There was initially no indication as to responsibility (though one didn't exactly have to be Sherlock Holmes to solve this caper), but the US military later confirmed that it was responsible and characterized the strike as preempting “an imminent threat.”ASIAPAKISTANUnspecified gunmen attacked a bus in northern Pakistan's Gilgit-Baltistan region late Saturday, killing at least nine people and injuring at least 26 others. The bus driver was among those killed, along with the driver of a truck with which the bus collided. There's been no claim of responsibility and the main body of the Pakistani Taliban has taken the rare step of denying any involvement.PHILIPPINESA bombing targeting a Catholic mass killed at least four people and left several others wounded on the campus of Mindanao State University in the southern Philippine city of Marawi on Sunday. Islamic State claimed responsibility for the attack via Telegram. The previous day, the Philippine military said its forces killed at least 11 jihadist militants in nearby Maguindanao province in an attack targeting “suspected leaders and armed followers of the Dawla Islamiyah [i.e. ‘Islamic State'] and the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters” to borrow the AP's verbiage. I don't know whether Sunday's bombing was planned in advance or was intended as a direct retaliation for Saturday's incident.AFRICAGUINEA-BISSAUThe president of Guinea-Bissau, Umaro Sissoco Embaló, characterized Thursday night's gun battle between elements of the National Guard and his Presidential Palace Battalion as an “attempted coup” in comments to reporters on Saturday. Embaló had been out of the country attending the COP28 summit when the incident took place and said it had delayed his return to Bissau. National Guard commander Victor Tchongo is now in government custody, but Embaló appeared to suggest that there were other coup plotters behind Tchongo and said he would open an investigation into the incident on Monday. The National Guard is part of the Interior Ministry, which AFP says is “dominated” by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAICG). That party, which won June's parliamentary election and now controls the government, is opposed to Embaló.BURKINA FASOThe military governments of Burkina Faso and Niger announced on Saturday that they are both withdrawing from the G5 Sahel regional counterinsurgency force. That group was formed in 2014 with the aim of pooling resources to battle the various jihadist groups that were threatening Sahelian governments. It began deploying joint forces a couple of years later, but as you might already have concluded it's had minimal impact on the region's jihadist crisis. Mali's ruling junta quit last year, so of the original five member states only Mauritania and Nigeria still remain.ETHIOPIAOfficials in Ethiopia's Oromian regional government have accused the rebel Oromo Liberation Army of killing at least 36 civilians in attacks on three villages that took place on November 24 and 27. The OLA apparently hasn't commented and there's no confirmation of the government claim, but the alleged attacks took place not long after another round of peace talks between the OLA and Ethiopian government broke down, so it's conceivable the group decided to lash out in that moment. The OLA was formed as the military wing of the Oromo Liberation Front in the 1970s but broke away from the group's political leadership when the latter reached a peace accord with the Ethiopian government in 2018. It frequently attacks non-Oromo communities in Oromia, though authorities have only said that the victims of these attacks were Orthodox Christians without reference to ethnicity.EUROPEUKRAINERussian military operations in eastern Ukraine may have hit a couple of speed bumps over the weekend. For one thing, reports that emerged on Friday suggesting that the Russians had seized the town of Maryinka, southwest of the city of Donetsk, appear to have been a bit premature. Ukrainian forces are reportedly still in control of some parts of the town, including a coking plant, though that may change in relatively short order of course. Elsewhere, the Ukrainian military claimed on Saturday that Russian attacks on the city of Avdiivka had completely ceased for a full day. That too could change in a hurry, and indeed may already have changed by the time you read this, but it suggests the Russians were at least regrouping after spending the previous several days in what seemed like intense fighting to try to take the city.The Ukrainian government says it's investigating a claim that Russian soldiers summarily executed two surrendering Ukrainian military personnel. Details are minimal but there's a video of this alleged incident circulating on social media. Needless to say, intentionally killing surrendering soldiers is a war crime.FRANCEA knife-wielding attacker killed one German tourist and wounded two other people near Paris's Eiffel Tower late Saturday. The attacker is a French national who was on a French government “watch list,” had apparently pledged allegiance to Islamic State, and was also “known for having psychiatric disorders” according to Reuters. He cited the conflict in Gaza, among other triggers, to police after his arrest.AMERICASBRAZILBrazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva said on Sunday that he has no intention of bringing Brazil into full membership in the OPEC+ bloc and would stick to “observer” status only, one day after he somewhat incoherently told reporters that he wanted to join the group of major oil producing nations to try to encourage them to stop producing oil. OPEC+ extended a membership offer to Brazil on Thursday, which I gather has raised some eyebrows given Lula's stated commitment to combating climate change. Brazil's state-owned oil company, Petrobras, is continuing to pursue new oil exploration, also despite Lula's climate change position, though he says his aim is to invest oil profits in non-fossil fuel energy alternatives (and to encourage OPEC+ nations to do likewise). Oil remains the cause of, and solution to, all of humanity's problems.VENEZUELAVenezuelans, or at least the ones who participated, apparently voted overwhelmingly in Sunday's referendum to support their country's territorial claim on western Guyana's Essequibo region. Election officials said that the vote was 95 percent in favor for all of its five clauses—the most contentious of which was a question about whether or not to declare Essequibo a new Venezuelan state and extend citizenship to its residents—though there's not much insight as to turnout. There's no indication that the Venezuelan government is planning any imminent steps to try to actualize its claim on Essequibo but the referendum has nevertheless caused some consternation in Guyana and internationally.UNITED STATESFinally, HuffPost's Akbar Shahid Ahmed offers some welcome reassurance that the worst Middle East “expert” in Washington is still central to the Biden administration's regional policy:Four men in Washington shape America's policy in the Middle East. Three are obvious: President Joe Biden, Secretary of State Antony Blinken and national security adviser Jake Sullivan. The fourth is less well-known, despite his huge sway over the other three ― and despite his determination to keep championing policies that many see as fueling bloodshed in Gaza and beyond.His name is Brett McGurk. He's the White House coordinator for the Middle East and North Africa, and he's one of the most powerful people in U.S. national security.McGurk crafts the options that Biden considers on issues from negotiations with Israel to weapon sales for Saudi Arabia. He controls whether global affairs experts within the government ― including more experienced staff at the Pentagon and the State Department ― can have any impact, and he decides which outside voices have access to White House decision-making conversations. His knack for increasing his influence is the envy of other Beltway operators. And he has a clear vision of how he thinks American interests should be advanced, regarding human rights concerns as secondary at best, according to current and former colleagues and close observers.Indeed, even though McGurk has spent nearly 20 years giving bad advice about the Middle East to a succession of US presidents—and even though his fixation on Saudi-Israeli normalization at Palestinian expense may have helped trigger the October 7 attacks—his influence today appears to be greater than it's ever been. I'm sure that makes all of us feel a little better.Thanks for reading! Foreign Exchanges is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.foreignexchanges.news/subscribe

No ano de 1950, após se deparar com uma caricatura de alienígenas visitando Nova York, o físico Enrico Fermi olhou para os céus e se perguntou: "Se a probabilidade de vida alienígena é tão alta, onde estão todos?” No Bunker X de hoje, Affonso Solano e o visitante extraterreno Afonso 3D furam o Grande Filtro em busca de Civilizações Espaciais! Seja membro no YouTube e ganhe benefícios!

“Mutta missä kaikki ovat?” Näin huudahti aikoinaan fyysikko Enrico Fermi, joka vuonna 1950 pohti kollegoidensa kanssa sitä, onko muualla avaruudessa älyllistä elämää. Sittemmin kuuluisaksi tulleen kysymyksen taustalla oli tieto siitä, että pelkästään omalla galaksillamme linnunradalla on arviolta 200-500 miljardia tähteä, joista yksi on oma aurinkomme. Siten pitäisi myös löytyä useita sellaisia planeettoja, joilla elämän kehittyminen, ja edelleen älyllisen elämän kehittyminen, olisi mahdollista. Ottaen huomioon, että maailmankaikkeus on noin 13,8 miljardia vuotta vanha, sivilisaatioita olisi pitänyt ehtiä kehittyä jo tuhansia. Fermin johtopäätös oli, että meidän olisi pitänyt saada avaruudesta vierailijoita jo kauan sitten. Onko tosiaan niin, ettei missään muualla valtavassa maailmankaikkeudessa ole älyllistä elämää vai mikä voisi selittää sen, että emme ole havainneet mitään? Entä jos älyllistä elämää on muualla, miten voimme saada siihen yhteyden? Haastateltavina ovat avaruustieteiden tutkimusprofessori Ari-Matti Harri Helsingin yliopistosta sekä avaruustieteen ja teknologian professori Esa Kallio Aalto-yliopistosta. Toimittaja on Mari Heikkilä.

Host | Matthew S WilliamsOn ITSPmagazine  

Prepare to journey into a world of secrets, conspiracies, and the battle for the future of humanity as we delve deep into Leo Zagami's explosive new book. Unmasking the hidden plans of the global elite, this podcast uncovers a mind-bending saga of a new golden age orchestrated by a sinister alliance of alien AI and the enslavement of mankind. From the shadows of the Illuminati to the depths of transhumanism, immortality, and insect witchcraft, the truth will leave you speechless. As we trace the threads of this ancient conspiracy back to the Gnostics in Alexandria, you'll discover how their beliefs infiltrated Freemasonry, distorting the image of Jesus and pushing the boundaries of human knowledge. Uncover the disturbing history of simony, the sale of religious titles, and the rebranding of Gnosticism as the original form of Christianity. But that's not all. Join us as we shine a light on pivotal figures like Adam Weishaupt and Albert Pike, who propagated these ideas within Freemasonry. Explore the dark underbelly of Gnosticism's impact on the interpretation of Jesus, the rise of sects and heresies, and the revival of Gnostic teachings through Spiritism and Theosophy. Discover the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Nag Hammadi discoveries, and understand why Gnosticism is linked to the latter. But the journey doesn't stop there. We'll take you on a whirlwind tour through Gnosticism, alchemy, Freemasonry, and the Illuminati, as we get a firsthand account of Leo Zagami's experience in a Gnostic church. Uncover the chilling relevance of Gnosticism today and its eerie connection to the Illuminati's grand design. Hold onto your seats as we explore Dr. Nicholas Lauch's transcendental meta-algorithmic transhumanism, the manipulation through words, ancient UFO sightings, the conflict between Gnostics and Jesus, and the spine-tingling world of insect witchcraft. Learn about the corruption within organizations like the FAO and WHO and the concept of Cyber Satan, all while we discuss the potential perils of AI and the practice of evoking demons at the Sabbath. We'll lift the veil on the Codex Alimentarius and its promotion of consuming insects and synthetic meat, uncovering the occult connections and potential risks of farming these creatures. Prepare to be shocked by the elite's plan to control humanity with quantum computers, and the grave dangers they pose to your privacy and digital security. Brace yourself for a world where politicians cease to exist in 2033 as AI takes the reins, with potentially dire military implications. Join us in unearthing the origins of AI and the controversial figure, David Grush, as we unveil the carefully orchestrated disclosure of an extraterrestrial agenda, using AI as a Trojan horse. Are aliens interdimensional beings with the power to manipulate time and space? Explore the possibility of interdimensional travel and the hidden connection between UFO sightings, including the crash in Italy in 1933. Discover the role of scientists like Enrico Fermi and the enigmatic Fermi paradox, questioning the absence of conclusive evidence for advanced extraterrestrial life. Uncover the Vatican's involvement in retrieving a UFO, and the stunning collaboration between our speaker and UFO researcher Roberto Pinotti. Learn about the credible sources and historical documents published in the Daily Mail and how Mussolini silenced journalists who tried to speak out. But that's just the tip of the iceberg. Understand that reverse engineering technology began in the 1950s, with AI as its most significant outcome. Is AI truly a Trojan horse, hiding the full truth about UFOs? Dive into a UFO conference where disclosure began and discover the shocking statements of various politicians on reverse engineering. Leo Zagami's book promises to unravel the mystery of how it all began and lead to the potential fall of another Atlantis, driven by AI. Explore the concept of Atlantis and its downfall, the loss of respect for their god, divine retribution, and the eerie connection between pushing people to eat insects and the arrival of an Antichrist figure. As we examine the European Union's perceived destruction of Christianity, understand the urgency of divine retribution, and the belief that God will not stand idly by. Dive into the Gnostics' desire to transcend the world's evil nature and become like God. The Illuminati's quest for immortality through AI and transhumanism is unveiled, alongside the link between the transgender agenda and the infiltration of Freemasonry by various groups over time. Unlock the secrets of the number seven's significance in secret societies, alchemy, and Gnosticism, while understanding the importance of Jacob's ladder and the belief in divine order. Prepare for a chilling discussion on the concept of eliminating part of mankind through technology and wars, with Ukraine at the forefront, believed to be artificially constructed by secret societies working for the Illuminati. Leo Zagami's book is filled with unassailable citations, but will it survive the threat of censorship and restrictions on platforms like Rumble in France and Canada? Dissect the political situation in France, the revolution orchestrated by the Illuminati, attacks on churches, the rise of Muslim dominance, and the role of liberal Freemasonry in these developments. Join us on a rollercoaster ride through Leo Zagami's gripping narrative, as we anticipate potential backlash from the Muslim community and unveil the hidden truths that may reshape your understanding of the world as you know it. Join host Michael Jaco, Ex-Navy Seal, who teaches you how to tap into your Intuition and Unleash the Power within, so you can become the Master of your Reality.   To get behind the scenes access to Michael Jaco's videos join his Intuitive Warrior club here - michaelkjacosocial.com   Connect with Michael Jaco go to his website - michaelkjaco.com

Pastor Chris continues his look at the latest news alleging the possibility of spacecraft and extraterrestrial visitors visiting the Earth. Most especially, the focus is on the very big questions being asked by government whistleblowers and scientists and the media. In this second sermon of the series, we talked about what science can-- and cannot-- answer and took time to ponder what seems to be the most prominent of the questions people are asking in light of supposed extraterrestrials: Are we alone in the universe, and what's our place in it? Pastor Chris also revealed what he said should be completely outside of the concern and of no import to Christians whatsoever. Join us! Find a transcription of the sermon here.

Edward Teller (Hungarian: Teller Ede; January 15, 1908 – September 9, 2003) was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist who is known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb" and one of the creators of the Teller–Ulam design. Teller was known for his scientific ability and his difficult interpersonal relations and volatile personality. Born in Hungary in 1908, Teller emigrated to the United States in the 1930s, one of the many so-called "Martians", a group of prominent Hungarian scientist émigrés. He made numerous contributions to nuclear and molecular physics, spectroscopy (in particular the Jahn–Teller and Renner–Teller effects), and surface physics. His extension of Enrico Fermi's theory of beta decay, in the form of Gamow–Teller transitions, provided an important stepping stone in its application, while the Jahn–Teller effect and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory have retained their original formulation and are still mainstays in physics and chemistry. Teller made contributions to Thomas–Fermi theory, the precursor of density functional theory, a standard modern tool in the quantum mechanical treatment of complex molecules. In 1953, with Nicholas Metropolis, Arianna Rosenbluth, Marshall Rosenbluth, and Augusta Teller, Teller co-authored a paper that is a standard starting point for the applications of the Monte Carlo method to statistical mechanics and the Markov chain Monte Carlo literature in Bayesian statistics. Teller was an early member of the Manhattan Project, which developed the first atomic bomb. He made a serious push to develop the first fusion-based weapons, but ultimately fusion bombs only appeared after World War II. He co-founded the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and was its director or associate director. After his controversial negative testimony in the Oppenheimer security hearing of his former Los Alamos Laboratory superior, J. Robert Oppenheimer, the scientific community ostracized Teller. Teller continued to find support from the U.S. government and military research establishment, particularly for his advocacy for nuclear energy development, a strong nuclear arsenal, and a vigorous nuclear testing program. In his later years, he advocated controversial technological solutions to military and civilian problems, including a plan to excavate an artificial harbor in Alaska using a thermonuclear explosive in what was called Project Chariot, and Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative. Teller was a recipient of the Enrico Fermi Award and the Albert Einstein Award. He died on September 9, 2003, in Stanford, California, at 95. Original video ⁠⁠here Full Wikipedia entry ⁠⁠here⁠⁠ Edward Teller's books ⁠⁠here --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/theunadulteratedintellect/support

PLEASE SHARE WEIRD DARKNESS® in your social media and with others who loves paranormal stories, true crime, monsters, or unsolved mysteries like you do! Find Weird Darkness in your favorite podcast app at https://weirddarkness.com/listen. = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =HOUR ONE: Whenever we see a pirate ship on television, cinema or in comic books we also see an extremely ancient symbol - the skull and crossbones. This however, was not a symbol of death – at least not in the beginning. (Hidden History of the Skull and Crossbones) *** Nazi camp guard Maria Mandl sent half a million women to their deaths – and loved every minute of it. (“The Beast” Maria Mandl)= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =HOUR TWO: If you buy a used camper, knowing someone died in it, and with the bloodstain still clearly visible, you shouldn't really be surprised later to find that it is haunted. (The Haunted Camper) *** A doppelganger is a strange creature that looks exactly like a real person, but is not that person's twin. And seeing your doppelganger is considered a very bad omen. (Doppelgangers and Spirit Doubles) *** We'll follow the life of George Barrington, who was well-known for two things: picking pockets and writing books. One led to the other you see – and resulted in the sighting of a phantom ship! (Phantom Ship) *** But first… one night about 60 years ago, physicist Enrico Fermi looked up into the sky and asked, “Where is everybody?” He was talking about aliens. So why haven't we met them yet? (Strange, Scientific Excuses for Why Humans Haven't Found Aliens Yet)= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =SUDDEN DEATH OVERTIME: The dragon is one of the most well-known creatures in ancient mythology, and many cultures have this creature (or one of its related forms) in their folklore. One of the lesser known dragons is that of the zmaj, a dragon that can be found in Slavic folklore. (The Dragon Zmaj) = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =SOURCES AND WEB LINKS…“The Dragon Zmaj” by DHWTY: http://bit.ly/2DQzSSM “Hidden History Of The Skull and Crossbones” by Philip Gardiner: http://bit.ly/2RpiSLm “The Beast: Maria Mandl” by Gina Dimuro: http://bit.ly/2rmjhmS “The Haunted Camper”: http://bit.ly/2YiBldU “Doppelgangers and Spirit Doubles” by Ellen Lloyd: http://bit.ly/2Yk4zsV “Strange, Scientific Excuses for Why Humans Haven't Found Aliens Yet”: http://bit.ly/2DOpSJz “Phantom Ship”: (unknown source)= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =Weird Darkness theme by Alibi Music Library. Background music, varying by episode, provided by Alibi Music, EpidemicSound and/or AudioBlocks with paid license. Music from Shadows Symphony: https://tinyurl.com/yyrv987t, Midnight Syndicate: http://amzn.to/2BYCoXZ, Kevin MacLeod: https://tinyurl.com/y2v7fgbu, Tony Longworth: https://tinyurl.com/y2nhnbt7, and/or Nicolas Gasparini/Myuu: https://tinyurl.com/lnqpfs8 is used with permission. 

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =WeirdDarkness™ - is a production and trademark of Marlar House Productions. © 2023, Weird Darkness.ONLINE SHOW NOTES: https://weirddarkness.com/archives/16795This show is part of the Spreaker Prime Network, if you are interested in advertising on this podcast, contact us at https://www.spreaker.com/show/3655291/advertisement

What happens to a world that has abandoned a Christian worldview, and has reverted to a science that does not fear God-- Scorched earth warfare came back with a vengeance in the civil war under the military leadership of Sherman and Sheridan, and continued through the 20th century. The modern humanist-scientist developed a technology that could destroy a fairly large percentage of the world's population rather quickly. J. Robert Oppenheimer and Enrico Fermi are responsible - more aligned with a secular materialist, agnostic, and Hindu worldview than a Christian worldview. Then, Truman and Stimson were responsible for pushing the buttons. Nimitz, MacArthur, and Eisenhower were not supportive.--But the more fundamental question is- How does this stand up against Deuteronomy 20----This program includes---1. The World View in 5 Minutes with Adam McManus -52 Hawaiians die in wildfires, Southwest Airlines objects to employees' religious liberty, Ecuadorian presidential candidate assassinated---2. Generations with Kevin Swanson

La primera bomba atómica de la historia hizo explosión en la madrugada del 16 de julio de 1945 en un desierto del Estado de Nuevo México. No mató a nadie, fue una simple prueba que culminaba el denominado Proyecto Manhattan, nombre en clave que empleó el Gobierno de Estados Unidos para desarrollar las tres primeras armas nucleares. La primera de ellas, llamada Trinity, fue la que detonaron en el desierto para comprobar si las investigaciones realizadas en el laboratorio les habían llevado a buen puerto. Fabricaron otras dos: Little Boy, que sería arrojada sobre la ciudad japonesa de Hiroshima el 6 de agosto de 1945, y Fat Man, que se lanzó sobre Nagasaki tres días después. Estas bombas forzaron al imperio japonés a solicitar la rendición y así concluyó la Segunda Guerra Mundial. El director de ese proyecto que convirtió a Estados Unidos en la primera potencia nuclear fue Julius Robert Oppenheimer, un físico teórico de Nueva York que en sólo un par de años reunió en el laboratorio nacional de Los Álamos a muchos de los mejores científicos de la época. Gracias a su intuición y sus dotes de liderazgo, consiguió demostrar que lo que tan sólo era una novedosa teoría se transformase en el arma más temida de la historia. Quizá por eso mismo y ya en condición de héroe nacional fue posteriormente matizando su visión del arma atómica. En ese cambio tuvo mucho que ver la experiencia de los bombardeos de Hiroshima y Nagasaki. Cuando observó con sus propios ojos la destrucción absoluta que había ayudado a crear, se convirtió en un crítico de su uso, se opuso al desarrollo de la bomba de hidrógeno e insistió en que se controlase la proliferación de armas nucleares. Ese Oppenheimer de posguerra es mucho menos conocido, pero ayuda a entender al personaje histórico. Oppenheimer no era un físico al uso. Hijo de un rico comerciante textil hecho a sí mismo, estudió en Harvard, pero no física, sino química. Se interesó entonces por la física experimental y decidió cruzar el Atlántico para estudiar en la universidad de Cambridge junto a uno de los físicos experimentales más famosos del mundo. Una vez allí comprobó que lo suyo no era experimentar, sino trabajar la teoría, eso le llevó de cabeza a Alemania, a la universidad de Gotinga, para realizar su doctorado. En esos años en Europa trabó contacto con los principales físicos de su época, gente como Max Born, Enrico Fermi, Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli o Niels Bohr que se encontraban en ese momento realizando contribuciones revolucionarias a esa ciencia. De regreso a Estados Unidos obtuvo un puesto de profesor en la universidad de Berkeley donde empezó a colaborar con Ernest Lawrence, un compatriota suyo y físico experimental que años después sería galardonado con el premio Nobel. En Berkeley, aparte de desarrollar alguna actividad política menor, se convirtió en un profesor muy reconocido tanto por sus alumnos como por sus colegas. Esa sería su carta de presentación cuando la Segunda Guerra Mundial y el Proyecto Manhattan se cruzaron en su vida. El Gobierno tenía la urgente necesidad de anticiparse a los alemanes en el desarrollo de la bomba atómica y ahí estaba Robert Oppenheimer con todo su conocimiento, su red de contactos y sus dotes organizativas para resolver ese problema. Fue ese proyecto el que le catapultaría hacia la inmortalidad y seguramente también del que más se arrepintió años después. En El ContraSello: - Historia de Yugoslavia - El 'Tanto Monta' del Fernando el Católico - Mazarino y Richelieu como cardenales Bibliografía: - "Prometeo americano" de Kai Bird y Martin Sherwin - https://amzn.to/3OEVLcQ - "Trinity: Historia gráfica del Proyecto Manhattan"de Jonathan Fetter-Vorm - https://amzn.to/3KsdjGF - "Robert Oppenheimer" de Sandra María Álvarez - https://amzn.to/47k5Y5y - "Oppenheimer y la bomba atómica" de Paul Strathern - https://amzn.to/3rWahUG · Canal de Telegram: https://t.me/lacontracronica · “Hispanos. Breve historia de los pueblos de habla hispana”… https://amzn.to/428js1G · “La ContraHistoria de España. Auge, caída y vuelta a empezar de un país en 28 episodios”… https://amzn.to/3kXcZ6i · “Lutero, Calvino y Trento, la Reforma que no fue”… https://amzn.to/3shKOlK · “La ContraHistoria del comunismo”… https://amzn.to/39QP2KE Apoya La Contra en: · Patreon... https://www.patreon.com/diazvillanueva · iVoox... https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-contracronica_sq_f1267769_1.html · Paypal... https://www.paypal.me/diazvillanueva Sígueme en: · Web... https://diazvillanueva.com · Twitter... https://twitter.com/diazvillanueva · Facebook... https://www.facebook.com/fernandodiazvillanueva1/ · Instagram... https://www.instagram.com/diazvillanueva · Linkedin… https://www.linkedin.com/in/fernando-d%C3%ADaz-villanueva-7303865/ · Flickr... https://www.flickr.com/photos/147276463@N05/?/ · Pinterest... https://www.pinterest.com/fernandodiazvillanueva Encuentra mis libros en: · Amazon... https://www.amazon.es/Fernando-Diaz-Villanueva/e/B00J2ASBXM #FernandoDiazVillanueva #oppenheimer #proyectomanhattan Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

Oppenheimer: an Immediate Parody! We really hope you've seen this by now!  Listen to hear: a steamy sex scene, Colonel Groves gets promoted, Oppenheimer leads the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos, the Trinity Test, Oppenheimer's legacy, and a final meeting with Einstein. All episodes written by Bo Segrest (this one, help from Rhett Sosebee and a lot of improvisation by the cast)THE CAST: SPECIAL GUEST STAR RHETT SOSEBEE — Oppenheimer, Reading Aloud BarbieMOLLY RODENBUSH — Narrator, the Bomb, Little Boy, BarbieHENRY NICKERSON - Groves, Enrico Fermi, Drake Bell, assorted charactersDAN KARLIN — Albert Einstein, Josh Peck, the Chairman of the hearing, assorted charactersROSEMARY WEST — Florence Pugh, Barbie, assorted charactersDANIEL RAMIREZ — Roger (the bad guy at the hearing), Old Cackling Man, Goggles Salesman, assorted charactersand BO SEGREST — Stage Hand, assorted characters If you like the show, help us grow! rate, review, and subscribeFollow us on instagram  @modernexhibitspodA part of the Asylum Podcast Network @asylumpodcastsYou can see the cast of Modern Exhibits perform Tuesdays at 8:00pm EST at Improv Asylum Theater in Boston: TICKETS

Leona Woods Marshall Libby was the only woman hired onto Enrico Fermi's team at the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago. She was just 23 years old, already had a Ph.D. in molecular spectroscopy and a deep understanding  of vacuum technology. She was also the only woman present at the world's first successful nuclear chain reaction. Amid all this, she managed to conceal her pregnancy until two days before her baby was born.

“An imaginative restructuring of a phantasmagoric life into an alternative phantasmagorical story. Oppenheimer fans will be intrigued.” —Martin J. Sherwin, co-author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning biography American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer, the basis for Christopher Nolan's movie OppenheimerWhile J. Robert Oppenheimer and his Manhattan Project team struggle to develop the atomic bomb, Edward Teller wants something even more devastating: a weapon based on nuclear fusion — the mechanism that powers the sun. But Teller's research leads to a terrifying discovery: by the mid-21st century, the sun will eject its outermost layer, destroying the entire planet Earth.Oppenheimer combines forces with Albert Einstein, Hans Bethe, Freeman Dyson, Enrico Fermi, Richard Feynman, Leo Szilard, John von Neumann, and Kurt Gödel — plus rocket scientist Wernher von Braun — in a race against time to save our planet.Support this show http://supporter.acast.com/houseofmysteryradio. Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/houseofmysteryradio. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

In a previous episode, I spoke about the Drake equation and the odds of there being intelligent extraterrestrial life. Many people have used the Drake equation to argue that it is almost impossible for there not to be intelligent life in our galaxy.  However, in the summer of 1950, physicist Enrico Fermi pushed back against this by asking a very simple question: if there are so many intelligent civilizations, where are they? Learn more about the Fermi Paradox and some possible answers to the question, on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. Sponsors BetterHelp is an online platform that provides therapy and counseling services to individuals in need of mental health support. The platform offers a range of communication methods, including chat, phone, and video sessions with licensed and accredited therapists who specialize in different areas, such as depression, anxiety, relationships, and more. Get 10% off your first month at BetterHelp.com/Everywhere ButcherBox is the perfect solution for anyone looking to eat high-quality, sustainably sourced meat without the hassle of going to the grocery store. With ButcherBox, you can enjoy a variety of grass-fed beef, heritage pork, free-range chicken, and wild-caught seafood delivered straight to your door every month. Visit ButcherBox.com/Daily to get 10% off and free chicken thighs for a year. InsideTracker provides a personal health analysis and data-driven wellness guide to help you add years to your life—and life to your years. Choose a plan that best fits your needs to get your comprehensive biomarker analysis, customized Action Plan, and customer-exclusive healthspan resources. For a limited time, Everything Everywhere Daily listeners can get 20% off InsideTracker's new Ultimate Plan. Visit InsideTracker.com/eed. Subscribe to the podcast!  https://link.chtbl.com/EverythingEverywhere?sid=ShowNotes -------------------------------- Executive Producer: Charles Daniel Associate Producers: Peter Bennett & Thor Thomsen   Become a supporter on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/everythingeverywhere Update your podcast app at newpodcastapps.com Discord Server: https://discord.gg/UkRUJFh Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/everythingeverywhere/ Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/everythingeverywheredaily Twitter: https://twitter.com/everywheretrip Website: https://everything-everywhere.com/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Places of honor are won by those who suffer for the kingdom; a cup of suffering is necessary for all who would be honored in the Kingdom of God. - SERMON TRANSCRIPT - Turn your Bibles to Mark chapter 10. We continue to make our way through Mark's gospel. We come to this vital passage today. Thirty-five years ago this week, I watched one of the most exciting basketball games I've ever seen in my life. Some of you are sports fans, some of you aren't. So I'm going to bore some of you for the next minute or so and others will be really excited, but that's okay. But I want to talk about this just because of something that was said. It was actually a Celtics NBA basketball game, a playoff game, game seven between the Celtics and the Atlanta Hawks. It was the last time that Larry Bird was really just amazing and dominant as he and the Atlanta Hawks star, Dominique Wilkins, went back and forth trading baskets, one shot after another. Each one seemed to be more spectacular than the last. It was really almost like a man to man duel between the two of them with the season hanging the balance for one or the other team. During the game, the announcer, Brent Musburger, said something that has been played again and again since then, and it stuck with me even if they hadn't played it. After Larry Bird made a particularly remarkable shot, he said, "You are watching what true greatness is all about." I thought, "Hmmm." I like basketball, but I'm a Christian and that is not what true greatness is all about. I mean, I'm glad the Celtics won that day, don't get me wrong, but you know what? I've seen pictures of Larry Bird and he's old now. The Boston Garden they played in doesn't even exist anymore. It's been torn down, it's gone. I think about what Isaiah 40 says when it says, "All flesh is grass and all their glory is like the flower of the field." Friends, that is not what true greatness is all about. No sports is. What is true greatness all about? The text brings us right to that topic. It's something that captivates our minds. People are interested in greatness. I was at a graduation yesterday for my son at UNC-Charlotte. As they have at graduations, they honor different students for academic achievement. They do it with this Latin phrase, cum laude, magna cum laude, and summa cum laude, which means with praise, with great praise, with the greatest or highest praise. So greatness. We're interested in that hierarchy of good, better, and best. We're always analyzing what is good, what is better, what is the greatest. Remember for me, as somebody who loves history, at the end of the 20th century, Time Magazine listed the top 100 greatest individuals from the century that had just been completed, the 20th century. They walked through different individuals that they felt should be on the list, 100 greatest people of the 20th century. They're inventors like the Wright Brothers who invented the airplane, and there was Robert Goddard who invented liquid fueled rockets that enabled eventually space travel and landing men on the moon. There was Tim Burners-Lee who invented the internet; William Shockley, who invented the transistor, ushering us into the digital age. Enrico Fermi was on the list who split the atom, and then of course, Albert Einstein who gave us the theory of relativity. All those scientists and inventors were on the list. Of course, they were influential political leaders from the 20th century like Winston Churchill and FDR and Nelson Mandela. Other leaders of movements like Martin Luther King Jr. were on the list. They're even entertainers and film stars and rock stars and authors, poets, actors, fashion icons, business leaders. So Coco Chanel, Lucille Ball, Bob Dylan, Charlie Chaplin, Sam Walton, all these folks are on the list. However, Time Magazine, the list there was not seeking to identify if any of these people were actually great people, just really that they'd had a great impact, so Adolf Hitler was on the list; Joseph Stalin was on the list; Mao Zedong was on the list. These are mass murderers, tens of millions killed because of their policies, but they're great on the list. They're mixed in together with people that most secular individuals felt were good people such as Billy Graham or Mahatma Gandhi, just all of them mixed together on the list. There was no filter for basic human goodness. In our passage today, we have two disciples, James and John, seeking positions of greatness in the kingdom of God. Jesus has therefore the opportunity to address the topic of greatness, both great power and also great character in one key moment. This lesson on the nature of true greatness stands over all human beings for all history as both the goal to strive for and the standard by which we are going to be judged on Judgment Day. Ultimately, it doesn't matter at all who the world thinks is great. The only thing that will matter on that day is, "What does God think?" What does God think? Who does God think is great? Here in the text today, we have the standard. Whoever wants to become great among you must be your servant, and whoever wants to be first must be slave of all for, even the Son of Man came not to be served, but to serve and to give his life as a ransom for many. To Jesus Christ then, true greatness came down to this, humble suffering servanthood, the humble suffering servant. Whoever's willing to pay the most, lay down his or her life to benefit to bless others will be called greatest in the kingdom of God. Now, the standard is simple. We can understand it, yet it may be one of the most difficult lessons that any of us ever learn. I. The Perversion of Greatness: Self-Promotion So let's walk through the text and let's begin with the perversion of greatness. The perversion of greatness which is self-promotion. It's very common these days. Putting yourself forward, espousing all of your best attributes, in effect, selling yourself. It's been going on a long time. James and John are practicing it with Jesus to some degree in this text, twenty centuries ago. Secular kingdoms have been dominated by this self-promotion and politicking throughout history. In the Roman Empire, counselors to the Caesars would orchestrate political scandals for one another to knock off their rivals by shame. That failing, they might just have them poisoned. Cicero, the leading order of the Roman Republic, was an expert at dirty politics, smearing an opponent with rhetoric and with innuendo of immorality; he's very good at it, Cicero. In the European courts of the Middle Ages, lords and nobles would fight joust with each other to show their courage or loyalty or military prowess. They would jockey for position. Others would go on great quests, military quests to achieve some dramatic goal in order to secure the undying affection of the king and garner position of power in his kingdom. Now, in the modern era, in our era, people use social media often to position themselves for greatness and to cancel their rivals, so to speak, using smear tactics, finding some damning incident from that person's youth or earlier in their history to damage their career, to damage their reputation in the cyber community. As it said, the internet never forgets. There's no escaping those past moments. Now, the same thing happens in the secular, the corporate world as well. Young ladder climbers use power techniques. I came across a book some time ago entitled and I'm not commending this book, but this is the title, 21 Dirty Tricks at Work: How to Win At Office Politics. So you heard me say, I'm not commending this. I'm just telling you what's in the book. Techniques like stealing credit for someone else's success, trapping someone in a compromising situation and then blackmailing them, using flattery to gain someone's confidence and then at the right time backstabbing them at a key board meeting, et cetera, et cetera. These are the ugly tactics used for self-promotion to gain position in the corporate environment. I don't think James and John were at that level, but they're jockeying for position in the kingdom. It's been going on a long time, advancement by self-promotion. They come forward and make this selfish request. I want you to notice the context. Those of you here last week, you remember what I preached on as Jesus predicted again what was going to happen to him in Jerusalem. He was going to go up to Jerusalem and He was going to die on the cross. They were going to spit on him. They were going to beat him. They were going to crucify him. This is what's going to happen. Then James and John come and say, "Hey, let us sit at your right and left side." The timing's terrible, the selfishness. Do you see? It's just really shocking as they come angling for this position, but that's how they do. They come in and they ask effectively for a blank check from Jesus. Look at the text 35-37, “Then James and John, the sons of Zebedee, came to him. ‘Teacher,’they said, ‘we want you to do for us whatever we ask.’" Interesting. I liked this answer, “What do you want me to do for you?” Notice that. That's a key moment right there like in the theology of prayer. It does matter what you ask. It needs to line up with my purposes. “What do you want me to do for you?” “They replied, ‘Let us sit one of us at your right hand and the other at your left in your kingdom.'" We want you to do whatever we ask. Jesus says, "You got to tell me what you want.” They want to be effectively the second and third most powerful men on earth. That's what they're asking for. They want to sit at Jesus's right and his left in his glory, in his kingdom glory, his place of access to power and of personal prestige and exaltation. In Matthew's account, this request comes through their mother, “Then the mother of Zebedee's sons came to Jesus with her sons and kneeling down asked a favor of them.” One thing you learn with the synoptic gospels, whenever any one of them adds some information, that's true. If the other one doesn't have it, they're just simplifying the account and leaving things out. All of the gospels leave things out, but this is what happened. Ultimately, Jesus knows who put the mother up. It was coming from James and John, but they're going with mom, kneeling down to ask a favor of them. “'What is it you want?’, He asked. She said, ‘Grant that one of these two sons of mine may sit at your right and the other at your left in your kingdom.'" Some of you moms will know exactly what's going on here. This is a big moment for her. Indications are from the studies and the New Testament that this woman, James and John's mother was named Salome and was a sister of Mary, the mother of Jesus, so is therefore Jesus' aunt and that would make James and John Jesus' cousins. Friends, this is nepotism. That's what this is. This is family ties. This is an old, old trick here. Napoleon places brothers on thrones all around Europe. This is what people do. Jesus wants to expose this perversion of greatness here, verse 42, “Jesus called them together and said, ‘You know that those who are rulers, regarded as rulers of the Gentiles lorded over them and their high officials exercise authority over them.’" This is the perversion of these positions of power having obtained them through self-promotion. The Gentiles use them for selfish purposes. They dominate others and they stoke their egos with their positions of power, with displays of grandeur. They're these outward displays of power and prestige, trumpet sounding at the approach of the Roman governor, regal purple banners fluttering in the air, a manner of superiority in their speech, haughty air like the famous statement made by Maria Antoinette about the poor in France, "Let them eat cake." There's that dismissive attitude toward the poor. These rulers and officials love the places of honor and the most important seats and the lofty greetings and the words of praise, the trappings of power. This is the way it always is with the rulers of the Gentiles. It's what they do. You think about the Sun King, Louis the 14th of France built the Palace of Versailles with the most elaborate displays of wealth, golden frameworks around mirrors, embedded jewels in fireplaces, crystal chandeliers, a whole hall of mirrors to give visiting dignitaries from other nations as well as his own people a sense of their own smallness and inferiority compared to him, the Sun King, Louis the 14th. Ultimately, worldly rulers use their positions to fatten themselves with luxurious living. Sadly, it seems some of this was on James and John's mind too. That's why Jesus mentions it. They're hiding behind their mother. They're using family connections. They’re angling for top positions in Jesus' kingdom. Now, keep in mind, the disciples' errant view of what was about to happen was effectively a secular kingdom of power and prestige, just like Jesus is talking about here. That's what they thought was about to happen. Jesus is going to use his supernatural power to defeat the Romans, defeat all Gentile enemies and establish a Jewish empire from sea to sea ruling over the entire earth with Jesus as the king, and them, second and third in power. That's what they thought was about to happen. Jesus has to expose how faulty that view of power really is. II. The Price of Greatness: Suffering Secondly, we see the price of greatness which is suffering. “'You do not understand what you're asking,’” verse 38, “Jesus said. ‘Can you drink the cup I drink and be baptized with the baptism I'm baptized with?’” Again, the context. As I said, the very last thing that happened is Jesus, in detail, predicted the sufferings He was about to go through. He's bringing their minds to this again and again. They did not expect the crucifixion. They weren't thinking it was going to happen. It did not factor in. You don't understand what you're asking, He says. He has to educate them. He has to strip their presumptions bear. Like all the other disciples, their understanding of the kingdom and its glory is woefully inadequate. Jesus has to educate them about the nature of the kingdom and the positions of power within it. Now, note something very important. Jesus does not deny that there are such positions of power, there are. There will be individuals sitting at his right and his left in his glory. It's actually going to happen. The Book of Revelation pictures 24 elders seated on 24 glorious thrones, encircling the throne of God. Jesus said the twelve would sit on twelve thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel [Matthew 19:28], but they definitely don't understand the price of all of that. They don't understand the cross. The blood of Jesus essential that must be shed for their sins to qualify them to be in heaven at all and the suffering needed to build his worldwide kingdom, they didn't understand any of that. So no, they don't understand what they're asking and neither do we really, but Jesus is ready in this text through the Holy Spirit to educate all of us. The price of glory is suffering. Verse 38, “Can you drink the cup I drink or be baptized with the baptism I'm baptized with?” What is the cup? What is the cup Jesus is going to drink? In Gethsemane, we're going to see him shrinking back from the cup. God reveals the cup to him, I believe at a far deeper level than even Jesus had ever seen before, and it literally will knock him to the ground and cause blood to come out of his pores as He contemplates the cup. He says in Mark 14:36, "Abba, Father, everything is possible for you. Take this cup from me. Yet not what I will, but what you will." What is a cup that could knock Jesus to the ground but the cup of God's infinite wrath against sin? Jesus will have to drink it to save us from that wrath. That's the cup. It's a cup of suffering that He's going to pay. As always, Jesus brings their naive and immature conceptions again to the cross because they just can't seem to understand it. The baptism, what is that? It's just a different way of saying the same thing, I believe. The cup is the baptism, which is different ways of talking about it. Baptism means “immersion”. That's what the word means, and Jesus is going to be plunged into a sea of sorrow, plunged into a sea of the wrath of God, plunged into a sea of sin as our sin bearer, as our substitute. Jesus says in Luke 12:50, "I have a baptism to be baptized with, and how great is my distress until it is accomplished?" Literally in the KJV of that verse, Luke 12:50, He says, "How straightened." I am straightened as if constrained in a straight jacket. I'm like in a straight jacket until I finally die on the cross. Jesus lived his whole life under the cloud of the cross, under the pressing crush of that weight. He's always thinking about it and they make a typically glib answer. “You don't know what you're asking. Can you drink the cup I drink and be baptized with the baptism I'm baptized with?” "We can," they answered. Jesus had already said, "You don't understand what you're asking." He could say it again, you don't understand what you're talking about. They had no real conception of this cup, no real conception of the baptism, and so they lightly said it. They overestimate just like Peter will do, “Even if all fall away, I never will," overestimating. We're going to spend eternity studying the infinite dimensions of that cup and that baptism. We'll spend eternity plumbing its infinite depths. They don't even have the first small inkling of what they're talking about. James and John thought they could handle anything that came their way or was required for the seeds of honor and the kingdom, but then Jesus made a prophecy about their future. In verse 39, He says, "You will drink the cup I drink and be baptized with the baptism I'm baptized with." They would share in Christ's sufferings. There would be bitter drops that would come from Jesus' cup. They would not drink the cup, but they would drink from the cup. They would drink an aspect of it. "Baptism means 'immersion'. That's what the word means, and Jesus is going to be plunged into a sea of sorrow, plunged into a sea of the wrath of God, plunged into a sea of sin as our sin bearer, as our substitute." James would be the first of the twelve apostles to be martyred as the account gives us in Acts chapter 12. King Herod had him beheaded, executed. John, his brother, would die in exile on the island of Patmos off the coast of Asia Minor, having suffered for the kingdom of God and the testimony of Jesus, he said. Now neither of them would truly drink the cup, the wrath of God for sins. That's something Jesus had to do alone. He had to do it alone. He's the only one that could do it, but they would drink some of this. So fundamentally, the lesson here is places of honor are won by suffering for the kingdom. They have a high price tag. There is a cup of suffering necessary for all who would be honored by the kingdom. III. The Plan of Greatness: Sovereignty Thirdly, the plan of greatness, and that is sovereignty. They were forgetting the plan of almighty God. Ultimately, all places of honor have already been earmarked. They've already been tabbed by almighty God. God's not wondering who's going to be sitting in those seats. He knows exactly who's sitting in those seats. Look at verse 40, “To sit at my right or my left is not for me to grant. Those places belong to those for whom they have been prepared.” Jesus is pointing to the sovereign plan of almighty God. Everything has been planned out down to the tiniest detail. Nothing has been left to chance. God the Father has planned all of human history, planned it before the world began. All the days ordained for all of us were written in God's book before one of them happened. It says in Ephesians 1:11, "In him, we're also chosen having been predestined according to the plan of him who works out everything after the council of his will." How much is everything? Everything, friends, is everything. So no, it's not an accident who's going to sit at the right or the left in Jesus' eternal kingdom. Those places belong to those for whom they have been prepared by my Father. How does that work? The place of honor prepared by God's plan before the foundation of the world, the fullness of time and the right time, individuals are born into certain circumstances. God shapes them and crafts them for a role in the kingdom, and He prepares good works in advance that they should walk in them, [Ephesians 2:10], and then He prepares them to walk in those good works, gets them ready to do it, and then He empowers them to do those good works which they could never have done apart from Jesus. “I am the vine. You're the branches. Apart from me, you can do nothing.” So abiding in Jesus by the power of Jesus, they do amazing good works even to the point of martyrdom, even to the point of laying down their lies for the kingdom. They do those good works. Specific servants suffer specific miseries and pains and dangers for the kingdom, and they receive corresponding honors because of them. Paul mentions in Philippians 2, a man named Epaphroditus. He says in Philippians 2:29-30, "Honor men like him because he almost died for the work of Christ, risking his life to make up for the help you could not give me." Honor men like him because he risked his life for the gospel. Or again, we have the great hall of faith. Hebrews 11:36-38 says, "Some faced jeers and flogging. Still others were chained, put in prison. They were stoned, they were sawn in two, they were put to death with the sword. They went about in sheepskins and goat skins, destitute, persecuted, and mistreated. The world was not worthy of them. They wandered in deserts and mountains and in caves and holes in the ground." The price of greatness is suffering and the honors and the thrones and all that are proportional to that. Can you drink the cup I drink and be baptized with the baptism I'm baptized with? Ultimately, even those great servants of God who do great things for Christ will understand in heaven how they don't deserve to be there. Their sins were paid for by the blood of Jesus. All of the good works they did, they did by the power of Christ. So like the twenty-four elders in Revelation 4, they're going to be continually getting down off their thrones of glory and casting their crowns before the throne of God forever, but there are their thrones and there are their crowns to cast because they belong to them. All positions of power and honor come from God's sovereign plan. John the Baptist himself said this, John 3:27, "A man can receive only what has given him from heaven." Again, Psalm 75:6 and 7, "No one from the East or the West or from the desert can exalt a man, but it is God who judges. He brings one down and he exalts another." It's the plan of God. IV. The Path of Greatness: Servanthood Fourth, the path of greatness is servanthood. The ten were indignant when they heard this. Look at verse 4. This is so human, isn't it? Aren't you glad? I'm not glad for sin, but I'm glad that the Bible's honest. Listen to this, “When the ten heard about this, they became indignant with James and John.” They're pridefully angered. They're annoyed. They're irritated. Pride was corrupting their relationships already. The lust for power was in them. The precise thing that brought Satan down from his glory, a lust for power, was in their hearts too. Deep roots in human natures, deeply in these twelve. Jesus has to deal with this again and again and again with these men. He dealt with it in Mark 9. We already saw when they're arguing, remember, about which of them was the greatest. He has to take a little child and have the child stand among them. He's going to have to deal with it right to the end, the last supper. As they go in there, they're arguing about which of them is the greatest. If I can just stop the narrative right there and say “none of them.” In our text today, it says, "Whoever wants to become great..." He's showing a pathway to greatness. How can we become great because we're not great yet? What had these guys done? They went out on a mission trip and drove out some demons by the power of Jesus and then they came back. Other than that, what did they do? They did what we read about them doing in the gospels, which isn't much. So you want to become great? That's what we're talking about. How can I become a great man or woman of God? Here's the path. He highlights the contrast between his kingdom and the world’s, as we've seen. Jesus called them together and said, "You know that those who are guarded as rulers of the Gentiles lorded over them and their high officials exercised authority over them, not so with you. Instead, whoever wants to become great among you must be your servant. Whoever wants to be first must be slave of all. For even the son of man came not to be served, but to serve and to give his life as a ransom from many." So Jesus' kingdom, his whole approach is radically different than the world's. He's going to say to Pontius Pilate, "My kingdom is not of this world. If it were, my servants would fight to prevent my arrest. But as it is, my kingdom's of another place." He has a whole different way of doing kingdom here. It's a whole different approach. So they lord it over. They do all these places of honor. Jesus is going to go to a deeper level. Those kingdoms are built by prideful plunder, aren't they? Isn't that the history of the world? Bloodshed. People become powerful militarily, they see what their neighbors have. They figure they can take them in a fight, and they do. They sweep in into their walled villages and they take their stuff, their livestock, their gold and silver. They kill and plunder and they add them to their kingdom. That's how empires have always been built. Read about it in Habakkuk chapter 2, “Woe to him, who builds a city with bloodshed and establishes a town by crime.” That's world history, friends. That's why Daniel 7 pictures these empires as beasts coming up out of an ocean. They're ravenous. That's how the kingdoms of this world are built, but Jesus' kingdom isn't built that way, not by those who are willing to go kill, but by those who are willing to go die. "Jesus' kingdom isn't built …by those who are willing to go kill, but by those who are willing to go die." It's a whole different approach as He cites his whole strategy in John 12:24, “Truly, truly I say to you, unless a kernel of wheat falls into the ground and dies, it remains alone. But if it dies, it brings forth much fruit.” That's how the kingdom is built. That's what we're talking about here. The pathway to greatness is fall to the ground and die. Serve, serve others, die to yourself. Again, ambition for kingdom and glory is not a bad thing. You want to be great? Good. I want you to be great. I want you to want to be great. Let me tell you how to become great. You should be ambitious to become great. Be great like this. Be a servant. Humble yourself now. Stop living for yourself. Stop living for your earthly advantages. Stop living for your earthly pleasures. Stop thinking, "What's the best way I want to spend my time? How should I spend my money on myself? How can I advance my interest?” Stop all that. Deny yourself daily. Make yourself nothing and find out how you can meet the temporal needs of others? How can you bless someone else today? When you have achieved a beginning level of servanthood, become an even more servant. Go even lower. Just keep going down. Now, what more can I do? Go even lower. You want to become great? Be a servant. But if you want to be greatest, first of all, be the lowest of all. The low person was a “diákonos” from which we get the word “deacon”, a house servant, almost like a paid employee who did certain levels of tasks, but could leave the estate if he wanted to, a table waiter kind of thing. That's a “diákonos”. You want to be great, be like that. But you want to be the first of all, be a “doulos”, a bond slave. The lowest of the low. Go from “diákonos” to a “doulos”. You see the dissent right here. You want to become great? Serve. First of all, be everybody's slave. That's a downward journey. The downward journey Jesus is describing is the very one He went on and is on himself. We see the paradigm of greatness, our savior. “For even the Son of Man came not to be served, but to serve and to give his life as a ransom for many.” Jesus left heaven's glory and went down and then down some more and then down to the lowest place. First of all, He left a throne of glory that we can scarcely imagine and took on a human form. He was born in a stable to a poverty-stricken, obscure Jewish couple. He lived a humble life as a carpenter's son. He learned the trade from his father, Joseph. He took orders from customers for how they wanted the tables and chairs made and then did them. Let me think about the humility of that. It's like, "Do you know who I am?" “I don't care who you are. I want my tables and chairs by next Wednesday.” But Jesus wouldn't have said, "Do you know who I am?" He would've taken the order. Having learned how to be a carpenter, He would've made the tables and chairs. When the time came when He was about 30 years old, He'd began his public ministry. All it was every day was a life of servanthood of people. Think what it's like, the healing ministry He did, which He seemed to do effectively one at a time with a touch, with a word, one person after another. No one was turned away, He never was too busy for anyone. He touched lepers. He drove demons out. He went with Jarius to heal his sick daughter. On route, He found out she was dead, and He went on and raised her from the dead. That's who He was. Being found in appearance as a man He humbled himself and became obedient to his father, serving others day after day. He never refused anyone, but the ultimate picture, of course, is the cross. His substitutionary death on the cross was the greatest act of humble servanthood in history. That was the consummation of his downward journey, to lay down his life willingly. He was despised and rejected, humiliated, beaten, mocked, spat upon, condemned, and crucified. Here Jesus asserts that He ended the world primarily to lay down his life as a substitutionary ransom for many. He came to serve to the uttermost, to lay down his life in the place of sinners. Now, here, we get to the theology. We get to the core of our Christian faith. This is the central core doctrine of Christianity. This is how sinners like you and I will be able to stand before God on judgment day, blameless and unafraid, because Jesus laid down his life in our place. The word “ransom" here means the “payment of a price”, money, let's say, to rescue a slave from bondage or a kidnapped victim from their captors. It's the payment of a price to rescue people from danger. That's what a ransom is. The Greek word “anti” is inserted here in the place of, so a substitute ransom. That's the theology of our atonement. Jesus laid down his life, He shed his blood as a substitute ransom for our sins. Some medieval theologians misunderstood this ransom idea and came up with a thought of the ransom to the devil theory. Have you ever heard something so stupid as that, as though God and the devil are equal bargaining partners? Not at all. Nothing could be further from the truth. In C.S. Lewis's classic work, The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe, we see Aslan the lion making the payment of his life for Edmund's liberation in response to the White Witch's demands. It's a powerful scene. But if we draw the line too directly, we could make a devastating theological mistake. Aslan clearly represents Christ in the story. The witch represents our accuser, Satan, all that's true, but Satan is not God's equal. Satan's not the one receiving the ransom. Satan is going to be cast into the lake of fire for his transgressions. The ransom is paid to God and to the justice of God. The clearest verse on this is First Timothy 2: 5-6, “For there is one God and one mediator between God and man, the man Christ Jesus, who gave himself as a ransom for all.” There's your ransom. Jesus is the mediator to go between, not between us and Satan or between God and Satan, but between us and God, Jesus the mediator. He pays his life as a ransom to God on our behalf. Why is that? Because the wages of sin is death. It was established in the Garden of Eden. The death penalty for sin is Ezekiel 18:4, “the soul who sins will die.” We deserve to die for our sins, not just the physical death, but eternal death in hell. Jesus came to pay that debt, to give his life as a ransom for many. As Isaiah 53 says, "He was pierced for our transgressions, he was crushed for our iniquities. The punishment that brought us peace was upon him. By his wounds, we are healed. We all like sheep have gone astray. Each of us has turned to his own way, and the Lord has laid on him [our substitute ransom], the iniquity of us all.” The reward of Jesus' infinite servanthood is the highest position in the universe. “Therefore, God exalted him to the highest place and gave him the name that is above every name, that in the name of Jesus, every knee should bow in heaven and on earth and under the earth that every tongue confessed that Jesus Christ is Lord to the glory of God the Father.” Jesus has the place of greatest honor and greatest glory in the kingdom because He went the furthest down, but this is the same path that's open for us, suffering service for the benefit of others, for the advancement of the kingdom. V. Lessons What lessons can we take from this? First of all, the most important lesson of all, trust in Christ for the payment of your sins. You cannot pay them yourself. It's either trust Jesus or suffer eternal death in hell. Those are the choices. Jesus is willing to drink the cup of God's wrath in your place. Trust in him for the forgiveness of your sins. Jesus came not to be served, but to serve and to give his life for you if you'll trust in him. Beyond that, be alert to your pride. Don't say anything like, "Well, I thank you, God, that I'm nothing like James and John.” That would be a mistake. Say, "Lord, show me how I'm just like James and John, how I want a comfortable life, a powerful life, a prosperous life, an easy life. Just show me how I'm like that because I know I must be," and then be willing to drink Jesus' cup. We are positioned here in Durham to share the gospel with lost people. Most of them have already heard the gospel and rejected it. They're not going to welcome you with open arms. If you are going to share the gospel in the workplace or in the neighborhood or as you meet, you're probably going to have to take some heat. You're going to have to take some fire. I don't think it's likely that you're going to have one of the highest positions in the kingdom, but I don't know who I'm talking to. Who knows? When I read church history and I always read what some of our brothers and sisters were willing to pay to spread the gospel, I know I'm way low on the list. All I know is their honors will be my honors and I'm going to be celebrating with them just far from the center, but whatever God has for you to do is going to require suffering on your part. Be willing to suffer for the kingdom. Be willing to pay the price to share the gospel with lost people. Be willing to suffer. Understand that there will be positions of honor in the kingdom. It's true. There will be people sitting at Jesus' right and left and on down, but just know this. When one part of the body of Christ is honored, the whole body will be honored with it. We won't be jealous at all in heaven. Not at all. So let's celebrate that. Let me say a word briefly to mothers. Today's Mother's Day. This morning, I was meditating on one verse that really captured me. It relates to this text, and it's in the NIV's translation of Psalm 18:35. There, David is celebrating God's activity in his life to make him a victorious warrior. God had worked in him so that he could bend a bow of bronze with his arms. Here's the verse in that translation, Psalm 18:35, “You stoop down to make me great.” Isn't that a great verse for a Christian mother? You lower yourself. You get down to the child's level, the infant's level, the toddler's level, the preschooler's level, all that to make them great. How do you make them great? Lead them to Christ. Teach them these themes. Teach them what God thinks is greatness. It's something that Christian mothers can do. So I praise God for your ministry, sisters in Christ. I praise God. Stoop down, lower yourself like Jesus calls on us to do, to make your children great in the kingdom. Finally, realize someday we're going to see Christ in his glory, and we're going to see the extent of his infinite greatness, what He was willing to do to get you to heaven. You're going to be like those twenty-four elders. You're going to be on your face. Whatever crowns you have to cast, you're going to be casting them. Close with me in prayer. Lord, thank you for the beauty of this text. Thank you for the greatness of Jesus. Thank you for the truth and what it teaches us about his kingdom. I pray, Lord, that you would enable each of us to be willing to suffer for the kingdom, to be willing to pay the price to see the Triangle area, Durham, Raleigh, Chapel Hill, reached with the gospel. We thank you that you've enabled us, positioned us to be a light shining in a dark place. Lord, thank you for how the Bible teaches us the truth about our pride and about true humility and true greatness. By the Spirit, help us to drink in the truth of this word, to know that Jesus shed his blood, that we would not have to bear the price for our sins, and that we have a role to play in the kingdom. Help us to play it. In Jesus' name, amen.

What Is The Fermi Paradox That Says We Could Possibly Be The ONLY Intelligent Life Out There!Enrico Fermi was an Italian Physicist who invented the Fermi Paradox which seeks to answer the question of where the aliens are, AND if there are any at all!

This week Moiya tells Corinne about the four forces of the universe and Corinne tests Moiya's pop culture knowledge. They find another ancient Greek name they like, talk about the physics of ghosts, and invent very real headcanon about Enrico Fermi. Housekeeping Become a star and support us on patreon at patreon.com/palebluepod! Listen to QUEER MOVIE PODCAST wherever you listen to podcasts or at queermoviepodcast.co.uk Sponsors Go to https://betterhelp.com/palebluepod for 10% off your first month of therapy withBetterHelp and get matched with a therapist who will listen and help #sponsored Find Us Online Website: palebluepod.com Patreon: patreon.com/palebluepod Twitter: twitter.com/PaleBluePod Instagram: instagram.com/palebluepod Credits Host Dr. Moiya McTier. Twitter: @GoAstroMo, Website: moiyamctier.com Host Corinne Caputo. Twitter: @corintellectual, Website: corinnecaputo.com Editor Mischa Stanton. Twitter: @mischaetc, Website: mischastanton.com Cover artist Shae McMullin. Twitter: @thereshaegoes, Website: shaemcmullin.com Theme musician Evan Johnston. Website: evanjohnstonmusic.com About Us Pale Blue Pod is an astronomy podcast for people who are overwhelmed by the universe but want to be its friend. Astrophysicist Dr. Moiya McTier and comedian Corinne Caputo demystify space one topic at a time with open eyes, open arms, and open mouths (from so much laughing and jaw-dropping). By the end of each episode, the cosmos will feel a little less “ahhh too scary” and a lot more “ohhh, so cool!” New episodes every Monday. Pale Blue Pod is a member of the Multitude Collective.

Subscribers to the podcast get to hear the radio show immediately after it airs – including the Sudden Death Overtime content! And Darkness Syndicate members (https://WeirdDarkness.com/Syndicate) get the commercial-free version! = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =HOUR ONE: If you buy a used camper, knowing someone died in it, and with the bloodstain still clearly visible, you shouldn't really be surprised later to find that it is haunted. (The Haunted Camper) *** A doppelganger is a strange creature that looks exactly like a real person, but is not that person's twin. And seeing your doppelganger is considered a very bad omen. (Doppelgangers and Spirit Doubles) *** We'll follow the life of George Barrington, who was well-known for two things: picking pockets and writing books. One led to the other you see – and resulted in the sighting of a phantom ship! (Phantom Ship) *** But first… one night about 60 years ago, physicist Enrico Fermi looked up into the sky and asked, “Where is everybody?” He was talking about aliens. So why haven't we met them yet? (Strange, Scientific Excuses for Why Humans Haven't Found Aliens Yet)SOURCES AND ESSENTIAL WEB LINKS…“The Haunted Camper”: http://bit.ly/2YiBldU “Doppelgangers and Spirit Doubles” by Ellen Lloyd: http://bit.ly/2Yk4zsV “Strange, Scientific Excuses for Why Humans Haven't Found Aliens Yet”: http://bit.ly/2DOpSJz “Phantom Ship”: (unknown source)= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =HOUR TWO: Whenever we see a pirate ship on television, cinema or in comic books we also see an extremely ancient symbol - the skull and crossbones. This however, was not a symbol of death – at least not in the beginning. (Hidden History of the Skull and Crossbones) *** Nazi camp guard Maria Mandl sent half a million women to their deaths – and loved every minute of it. (“The Beast” Maria Mandl) SOURCES AND ESSENTIAL WEB LINKS…“Hidden History Of The Skull and Crossbones” by Philip Gardiner: http://bit.ly/2RpiSLm “The Beast: Maria Mandl” by Gina Dimuro: http://bit.ly/2rmjhmS = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =SUDDEN DEATH OVERTIME: The dragon is one of the most well-known creatures in ancient mythology, and many cultures have this creature (or one of its related forms) in their folklore. One of the lesser known dragons is that of the zmaj, a dragon that can be found in Slavic folklore. (The Dragon Zmaj) SOURCES AND ESSENTIAL WEB LINKS…“The Dragon Zmaj” by DHWTY: http://bit.ly/2DQzSSM = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =Weird Darkness theme by Alibi Music Library. Background music, varying by episode, provided by Alibi Music, EpidemicSound and/or AudioBlocks with paid license. Music from Shadows Symphony: https://tinyurl.com/yyrv987t, Midnight Syndicate: http://amzn.to/2BYCoXZ, Kevin MacLeod: https://tinyurl.com/y2v7fgbu, Tony Longworth: https://tinyurl.com/y2nhnbt7, and/or Nicolas Gasparini/Myuu: https://tinyurl.com/lnqpfs8 is used with permission. 

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =WeirdDarkness™ - is a production and trademark of Marlar House Productions. © 2023, Weird Darkness.

http://www.astronomycast.com/archive/ From December 14, 2009. Today's episode of Astronomy Cast is about another famous physicist: Enrico Fermi. We've already taken a look at one of Fermi's most famous ideas, the Fermi Paradox – or, where are all the aliens? But let's meet the man behind the ideas, the namesake for the new Fermi mission.   We've added a new way to donate to 365 Days of Astronomy to support editing, hosting, and production costs.  Just visit: https://www.patreon.com/365DaysOfAstronomy and donate as much as you can! Share the podcast with your friends and send the Patreon link to them too!  Every bit helps! Thank you! ------------------------------------ Do go visit http://www.redbubble.com/people/CosmoQuestX/shop for cool Astronomy Cast and CosmoQuest t-shirts, coffee mugs and other awesomeness! http://cosmoquest.org/Donate This show is made possible through your donations.  Thank you! (Haven't donated? It's not too late! Just click!) ------------------------------------ The 365 Days of Astronomy Podcast is produced by the Planetary Science Institute. http://www.psi.edu Visit us on the web at 365DaysOfAstronomy.org or email us at info@365DaysOfAstronomy.org.

We're marvelously fortunate and extraordinarily grateful that so many listeners have sent us their personal stories of mysterious experiences over the years. While it's not possible to respond to all of them, we can and should present some for the entertainment and edification of all. So as thanks to those who've shared, and a treat for us that love to hear them, we're featuring three stories from a recent call for submissions. Our first account comes from Terra Greenleaf, who managed to capture audio of strange animal sounds while at a facility in a deeply wooded area. Those familiar with Bigfoot research might classify them as typical "calls." However, this encounter is incredibly eerie because there appears to be a large semi-circle of the creatures and they might be hunting prey. Our next anecdote comes from Dr. Dominic Boyer, whose family occupied a house in Chicago once lived in by eminent physicist Enrico Fermi, known as the "architect of the nuclear age."  Having died in the home, the Boyers believe his spirit haunted them while they lived there, as what they saw looked an awful lot like him, perhaps to Fermi's consternation. Our final interview is with Tom Delaney, who recalls several unnerving encounters with a mysterious force while hunting in the hills of central Pennsylvania. It seemed to stalk him and his hunting buddy, taunting with mimicry and snapping mid-sized tree trunks. Whatever this thing or things were, perhaps it was toying with them or delivering a stern warning.  We all know it takes no small amount of courage and confidence to publicly share a testimony that often leads to criticism and ridicule. We tend not to believe what we see on the internet because we're unsure of the source. On the other hand, we may doubt the narratives we hear from our family and friends. So in light of this losing proposition, we'd again like to thank our listeners for their bravery and generosity and let them know that they are not alone in their experiences. We all welcome them with open arms to our society of the strange. Visit our webpage on this episode for a lot more information.