Podcasts about Reichstag

Arthur Garfield Hays was one of the twentieth century's most influential attorneys. A champion of free speech and civil liberties, he fought prohibition, housing discrimination, and censorship, while taking part in some of the era's most significant civil rights cases. He was also an early opponent of Hitler and Nazism, helping defend the communists accused of setting the Reichstag fire in 1933. Despite his remarkable career, no book had focused exclusively on Hays's legal work until now. On this episode of the History Tavern Podcast, I welcomed Richard F. Hamm, author of the new book Confronting Racism: Arthur Garfield Hays and the Fight for Equality, 1925-1954. This was a particularly special interview for me. Professor Hamm served as the chair on my dissertation committee and is one of the best advisors in the history field.

En agosto de 1914 los diputados socialdemócratas alemanes votaron en el Reichstag a favor de los créditos de guerra para financiar la entrada del imperio alemán en la primera guerra mundial. Aquel gesto acabó con la idea que tenían los marxistas de la época de que el proletariado, hermanado por encima de las fronteras nacionales, jamás se mataría en una guerra imperialista. La solidaridad de clase se evaporó en pocos días y los obreros se decantaron por su propio país. Esa traición enfureció a Lenin, exiliado en Suiza, que concluyó que la socialdemocracia se había aburguesado y que había que demoler el viejo edificio socialista para crear una organización de auténticos revolucionarios. En una serie de conferencias minoritarias que dio en Suiza defendió que era el momento de transformar la guerra en una revolución. Eso mismo fue lo que sucedió en Rusia en octubre de 1917 y Lenin se sintió reivindicado. Pero sabía que con Rusia no bastaría para consolidar esa revolución porque era un país agrario y pobre. Tenían que exportar la revolución a Europa occidental, especialmente a Alemania, para que sobreviviese. Eso dio lugar en marzo de 1919 a la Tercera Internacional o Comintern, concebida desde el principio como el estado mayor de la revolución mundial. Su modelo era el partido bolchevique, una máquina centralizada en la que cada partido nacional sería una sección sometida a una disciplina única. El segundo congreso de 1920 fijó 21 condiciones de admisión que partieron al movimiento obrero en dos familias enfrentadas, la de los socialdemócratas y la de los comunistas. Pero la revolución mundial no llegaba. El Ejército Rojo fue derrotado en Varsovia, los comunistas alemanes fracasaron y el capitalismo se estabilizó gracias, entre otras cosas, a que los partidos socialdemócratas llegaron al poder en Alemania, Francia y el Reino Unido. Tras la muerte de Lenin en 1924, Stalin fue eliminando a sus rivales e impuso a la Comintern su teoría del socialismo en un solo país. El ascenso de los nazis al poder obligó a Stalin a hacer algo. En el séptimo congreso, celebrado en 1935, adoptaron la estrategia del Frente Popular, una alianza amplia antifascista que ganó las elecciones en Francia y España en 1936. España pasó entonces a ocupar un lugar central a causa de su guerra civil. La Comintern se encargó de reclutar soldados de 50 países a los que encuadró en las Brigadas Internacionales. Los soviéticos, entretanto, enviaron consejeros y material militar, este último pagado con las reservas del Banco de España. Pero la Comintern ya estaba en crisis, sus principales líderes cayeron durante la gran purga de 1938 y Stalin no le encontraba mucho sentido a aquel organismo. El pacto germano-soviético de 1939 supuso una humillación para los comunistas europeos, forzados a predicar la neutralidad hasta que la invasión alemana de la URSS en 1941 reactivó la cruzada antifascista. En mayo de 1943 Stalin decidió disolver la Comintern como gesto diplomático hacia sus aliados occidentales. Años después la sustituiría por una agencia mucho más pequeña, la Cominform, que tuvo muy poca actividad y desapareció tras su muerte. No hicieron falta más organizaciones para coordinar la actividad de los partidos comunistas. La URSS era ya una potencia mundial y podía llegar sin problemas a donde quisiese, cuando quisiese. En El ContraSello 0:00 Introducción 3:55 La Comintern 1:13:58 Los agentes dobles (y triples) Bibliografía: - “Breve historia de la Unión Soviética” de Sheila Fitzpatrick - https://amzn.to/4enhrXA - “The Comintern” de Jeremy Agnew - https://amzn.to/49HVEav “The Comintern. A history of the Third International” de Duncan Dallas - https://amzn.to/3SmNzSA - “Comrades” de Robert Service - https://amzn.to/4ogZnly · Canal de Telegram: https://t.me/lacontracronica · “Contra el pesimismo”… https://amzn.to/4m1RX2R · “Hispanos. Breve historia de los pueblos de habla hispana”… https://amzn.to/428js1G · “La ContraHistoria del comunismo”… https://amzn.to/39QP2KE · “La ContraHistoria de España. Auge, caída y vuelta a empezar de un país en 28 episodios”… https://amzn.to/3kXcZ6i · “Contra la Revolución Francesa”… https://amzn.to/4aF0LpZ · “Lutero, Calvino y Trento, la Reforma que no fue”… https://amzn.to/3shKOlK Apoya La Contra en: · Patreon... https://www.patreon.com/diazvillanueva · iVoox... https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-contracronica_sq_f1267769_1.html · Paypal... https://www.paypal.me/diazvillanueva #FernandoDiazVillanueva #urss #unionsovietica Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

(3) Timothy Ryback explains how, following Hitler's refusal to join a coalition, the Nazis adopt a strategy of "obstructionist politics" to paralyze the Reichstag. With 230 seats, they create a legislative gridlock, preventing any laws from passing and forcing Hindenburg to rule by emergency decree. Joseph Goebbels famously remarks that democracy provides its mortal enemies with the tools for its own destruction. Meanwhile, Hermann Göring serves as Reichstagpresident, utilizing his status as a war hero and social elite to bridge the gap between Hitler's movement and Berlin's high society while working to dismantle the democratic system.1940 BERLIN

O que sobrou, 81 anos depois, da Grande Guerra Patriótica para a Rússia, do desembarque da Força Expedicionária Brasileira em Monte Castelo para o Brasil e do legado de Yalta para a ordem internacional contemporânea? Neste episódio em parceria com o Observatório Rússia e América Latina, Daniela Vieira Secches (PUC Minas/Ruslat) recebe Mariana da Gama Janot (INCT-Ineu) e Valdir da Silva Bezerra (@o_russianista), mestre em Relações Internacionais pela Universidade Estatal de São Petersburgo e organizador, com Boris Zabolotsky, do livro 80 Anos da Vitória na Grande Guerra Patriótica (Blucher, 2025). A conversa atravessa a contribuição massiva (e hoje contestada) da União Soviética para a derrota do nazifascismo, a entrada do Brasil no conflito a partir das contradições do Estado Novo e o modo como a memória da guerra foi mobilizada, na era Putin, para preencher o vácuo de identidade aberto pelo colapso soviético. No bloco de notícias, Giovana Dias Branco e Leonardo Henrique Alves de Lima Nascimento, pesquisadores do Ruslat, repercutem o mês de abril: a reaproximação Rússia-Cuba em meio à crise energética da ilha, a suspensão temporária das exportações de fertilizantes russos e seu impacto sobre o agronegócio brasileiro, o relatório sobre o treinamento de mais de mil criadores de conteúdo latino-americanos com participação da RT em espanhol, e a Holding Accountable Russian Mercenaries Act 2.0 (HARM Act 2.0), projeto bipartidário que tenta requalificar o Grupo Wagner e seus sucessores como organizações terroristas no contexto da intervenção dos EUA na Venezuela. No último bloco, Laura Schneider de Lima (PUC Minas/Ruslat) conversa com Boris Zabolotsky (Unifacs) sobre a insegurança ontológica da Rússia no pós-Guerra Fria e indica três filmes incontornáveis para pensar a guerra sem glorificá-la. Aperte o play. Quer apoiar o Chutando a Escada? Acesse chutandoaescada.com.br/apoio Mande um café usando nossa chave PIX: perguntas@chutandoaescada.com.br Comentários, críticas, sugestões? Escreva pra gente em perguntas@chutandoaescada.com.br Participaram deste episódio: Daniela Vieira Secches (PUC Minas / Ruslat), Valdir da Silva Bezerra (Ruslat), Mariana da Gama Janot (Programa de Pós-Graduação San Tiago Dantas), Giovana Dias Branco (Ruslat), Leonardo Henrique Alves de Lima Nascimento (Ruslat), Laura Schneider de Lima (Ruslat) e Boris Zabolotsky (Universidade Salvador – Unifacs / Ruslat). Capa do episódio: “Raising a flag over the Reichstag”, Yevgeny Khaldei, 2 de maio de 1945. Escute também no Spotify, no YouTube ou Apple Podcasts. Citados no episódio BEZERRA, Valdir da Silva; ZABOLOTSKY, Boris (orgs.). 80 anos da vitória na Grande Guerra Patriótica: memória, reconstrução e perspectivas. São Paulo: Blucher, 2025. Disponível em: https://www.blucher.com.br/bezerra-zabolotsky-os-80-anos-da-vitoria-na-grande-guerra-patriotica-memoria-reconstrucao-e-perspectivas. FERRAZ, Francisco César Alves. A guerra que não acabou: a reintegração social dos veteranos da Força Expedicionária Brasileira (1945-2000). 2003. Tese (Doutorado em História Social) – Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2003. Disponível em: https://repositorio.usp.br/item/001295507. VAÏSSE, Maurice. As relações internacionais desde 1945. Lisboa: Edições 70. Disponível em: https://www.estantevirtual.com.br/livro/as-relacoes-internacionais-desde-1945-HLQ-9833-000-BK. ESTADOS UNIDOS. Congresso. Câmara dos Representantes. Holding Accountable Russian Mercenaries Act 2.0 (HARM Act 2.0). Projeto de lei bipartidário, 2026. Disponível em: https://joewilson.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/joewilson.house.gov/files/evo-media-document/wilssc_082_xml-20.pdf. KLIMOV, Elem (dir.). Vá e veja [Idi i smotri]. URSS: Mosfilm; Belarusfilm, 1985. 142 min. ROMM, Mikhail (dir.). O fascismo cotidiano [Obyknovennyy fashizm]. URSS: Mosfilm, 1965. 130 min. Documentário. BALAGOV, Kantemir (dir.). Uma mulher alta [Dylda]. Rússia: Non-Stop Production, 2019. 137 min. ASSAYAS, Olivier (dir.). O mago do Kremlin [The Wizard of the Kremlin]. França/Reino Unido, 2025. Mencionado em entrevista. Capítulos 00:00 — Abertura: 81 anos do fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial 00:04 — Valdir Bezerra: a Grande Guerra Patriótica e o legado soviético contestado 00:10 — Mariana Janot: Estado Novo, FEB e a memória disputada da participação brasileira 00:18 — Era Putin: memória, identidade nacional e renascimento militar 00:24 — O Brasil hoje: defesa, paz e o legado contra o fascismo 00:31 — Boletim Ruslat: Cuba, fertilizantes e a guerra informacional 00:37 — Leonardo Nascimento: Grupo Wagner, Venezuela e a geoeconomia do petróleo 00:44 — Boris Zabolotsky: insegurança ontológica, América Latina e três filmes contra a glorificação The post 81 anos depois: Rússia, Brasil e a memória da Segunda Guerra appeared first on Chutando a Escada.

PREVIEW for Later Today: Ian Buruma explores the rare acts of resistance in Nazi Berlin. He details how Allied bombings and the Stalingrad defeat shifted propaganda from triumphalism to a grim rhetoric of national sacrifice and necessary perseverance.1913 REICHSTAG

Am 18.4.1521 riskiert Martin Luther sein Leben. Statt zu widerrufen, verteidigt "der Erzketzer" in Worms seine Kritik an Kaiser und Kirche - und besiegelt damit deren Spaltung. Von Tobias Sauer.

„Das Sein bestimmt das Bewusstsein!” Wer hat's gesagt? Na? Wieder keiner? Der olle Marx war's!Das wussten natürlich alle Lob und Verriss-Leserinnen aber vor hundert Jahren wusste das so ziemlich jeder, denn Karl Marx war noch ein bestimmender Philosoph und keine versubstantivierte Ideologie. Man baute seine politischen Bewegungen um, gegen oder für seine Schriften. Kommunisten, Sozialisten, Sozialdemokraten gegen Nationalisten, Zentrums- und Volksparteien – das waren nur ein Bruchteil der neuen politischen Bewegungen. Das endete in den Auswüchsen der Weimarer Republik mit ihren siebzehn Parteien im Reichstag und der daraus folgenden Lähmung des Parlamentarismus, aber auch die Nachbarländer kamen in den Strudel dieses Chaos, es war die Zeit. Ins polnische Parlament, den Sejm, kamen und gingen über die jahre gar zweiunddreißig Parteien. Politik, so kommt es einem mit dem Blick von heute vor, war Lebenszweck, war Sport, war Theater. Nach der Erstarrung des Lebens in den immergleichen Kreisläufen des Mittelalters, aufgebrochen durch die industrielle Revolution, die den Reichtum nur vom Adel zum Bürgertum verteilte, gab Marx den Habenichtsen Ideen (und Wege, diese zu verwirklichen!) an die Hand, um die Gesellschaft zu ihren Gunsten zu verändern. Der Erste Weltkrieg hatte zudem die Verkrustungen auf nationaler Ebene brutal aufgebrochen, mit dem Nebeneffekt zwei Dutzend Monarchien zu beenden. Neue Länder entstanden, alte vereinigten sich wieder und all diese Staaten brauchten neue Gesellschaftsmodelle.Die Unordnung war aufregend für alle, die nach vorn wollten, (ver-)störend für alle, die wollten, dass sich nichts verändere oder die einfach keine Chance sahen, am großen Rennen in die Zukunft teilzunehmen. Für alle, die gar nicht durchsahen oder durchsehen wollten, gab es natürlich immer die Alternative, auf die Basics zurückzufallen - der gute alte Rassismus: die dort zu braun, der zu blond, dem seine Nase zu platt und die andere zu hakelig. Das erdet und reduziert die Komplexität und die Juden haben eh schon immer gestört. Da können wir Deutsche mitreden, da sind wir Experten. Weshalb wir da eben eher nicht mitreden sollten und im Gegenteil recht dankbar sind, wenn andere die Stories erzählen vom Leben vor der Shoah: vom Überleben, vom Sterben und vom Töten. Über all das ist intensiv, gewalttätig und unendlich faszinierend zu lesen in “Der Boxer”, einem Roman, im Warschau der dreißiger Jahre spielend, in dem der polnische Autor Szczepan Twardoch uns die schwere Arbeit abnimmt, ein Bild von jüdischem Leben zu zeichnen in und außerhalb dessen, was von den Deutschen nur wenige Jahre später zum “Warschauer Ghetto” gemacht wurde – nicht, dass die polnische Mehrheit in der Stadt viel dagegen gehabt hätte. Aber das Buch hat eben nichts mit solchem Schwarz-Weiß-Holzschnitt zu tun, der herauskommen müssen, wenn das Tätervolk vom Opfervolk berichtet.Die Erzählerstimme im Buch ist Mojżesz, ein zur Handlung 1937 siebzehnjähriger Junge, streng jüdisch erzogen, lebend in Warschau, und da es damals nicht “ein” Warschau gab, braucht es die Qualifizierung: “links der Weichsel”, zwischen Nalewki und Zamenhofstraße, in Mirów und Muranów, dort, wo Warschau nicht wie Paris roch, sondern wie der Orient, wie uns Twardoch erzählt. Wir sind nicht wirklich lange im Buch, als wir erfahren, das Mojżesz Halbwaise ist. Sein Vater Naum Bernstein wurde umgebracht, gerade eben erst, zwei Tage vorm Pessachfest, und eigentlich müsste er in den Tempel, und wer bestellt eigentlich das Kaddisch, seine Mutter weint den ganzen Tag, sein Bruder ist zu klein dafür, also eigentlich sein Job, aber er hat Karten bekommen für den Boxkampf in der Stadt, das Team von Legia vs. dem von Makkabi, und wir lernen bald, wenn wir nicht ganz so firm sind in den ethnischen Hintergründen beider Teamnamen, hier kämpfen Polen gegen Juden, hier ist Prestige im Spiel oder sagen wir einfach: Rassismus. Die Eintrittskarte hat er von seinem Helden bekommen, Jakub Shapiro, dem Boxmeister des Viertels, ein schöner Mann, ein starker, ein reicher zudem, Frauen lieben ihn, Männer beneiden ihn und ausgerechnet der hat dem kleinen Mojżesz ein Ticket geschenkt und er darf mit ihm hinterher im Auto fahren, einem roten Chrysler, der aber nicht dem Boxer selbst gehört (der hat “nur” einen Buick), sondern seinem Chef, der unverholen “Der Pate” genannt wird und genau das ist, ein Pate, Chef der jüdischen Unterwelt: Schutzgeld, Prostitution, Drogen, das ganze Programm, der Boss im Viertel, der vor genau zwei Tagen Jakub, dem Boxer, den Auftrag gab, Mojżesz' Vater umzubringen. Und mit den beiden sitzt Mojżesz jetzt im Auto. Oha. Ok. Jesus… Sorry. Falscher Zungenschlag.Das alles weiß in dem Augenblick nur der erzählende Mojżesz, der das als fast Siebzigjähriger aufschreibt. Wir erfahrne das immer wieder in Zwischensätzen, kurz herausgerissen aus der Geschichte vom jungen Mojżesz, wie der alte kurz von der Schreibmaschine aufsteht und auf die Dizengoff Street in Tel Aviv runterschaut, aus seinem Apartment, das er viel zu selten verlässt.Warum schenkt der Mörder dem Sohn des Opfers Tickets zum Boxkampf? Warum, wie es sich entwickelt, nimmt er ihn in seine Obhut, lässt ihn bei sich leben, trainiert mit ihm, macht ihn zu seiner rechten Hand? Schuldgefühle? Scham? Nach einem Jahrzehnt im Dienst des “Paten” eigentlich unwahrscheinlich, wird uns dieses Rätsel bis zum Ende des Romans begleiten, ja, es ist das zentrale Thema des Buches und am Ende ein Baustein für so manche Wendung.Nicht nur mit dem Mord, sondern mit der Art und Weise desselben setzt das Buch den Ton für eine Gangsterstory, einen politischen Thriller, ein Moralitätenstück angesiedelt im Polen zwischen 1918 und 1939. Denn der Mord war brutal, Naum Bernstein wurde nicht einfach umgebracht, weil er seine Schulden nicht bezahlen konnte, er wurde gevierteilt und in die verschiedenen Seen in und um Warschau verteilt, in Teile zerhackt wie der weiße Hahn, den man zu Pessach über dem Kopf schwenkt und dem man hinterher den Kopf abschlägt auf dass man von allen Sünden erlöst sei. Religion, you know.So brutal ging es in der gesamten zweiten polnischen Republik zu, wie sie genannt wurde. Entstanden war sie aus den Wirren des ersten Weltkrieges und der Oktoberrevolution, nach denen Polen die Chance zur Wiedervereinigung ergriff und verspielte. Wie sich Polen mit wem wiedervereinigte? Frag Chat. Wer sich in Polen politisch mit wem stritt, zoffte, intrigierte, putschte: versuch es zu verstehen, überlies es, lies den hervorragenden Anhang des hervorragenden Übersetzers Olaf Kühl zuerst oder: Frag Chat. Es ist endlos kompoliziert.Derart verworrene politische Chaosjahre künstlerisch zu verarbeiten kann enorm abturnend sein, wie ich kürzlich lernen musste, in einem dreistündigen Theaterstück, geschrieben nur ein paar Jahre vorm Handlungszeitraum des “Boxer” vom doch großen Hans Fallada. Das Stück “Bauern, Bonzen und Bomben” wurde gegeben am Dresdner Staatsschauspiel und es wurde einzig durch die Schauspieler und vor allem das Bühnenbild herausgerissen. Denn ob die Sozis, der Bauernpartei oder den Nationalen gerade im Bürgermeisteramt einer holsteinischen Kleinstadt Demonstrationen erlauben oder verbieten, interessierte die Theatergängerin 1931 sicherlich, eventuell, hundert Jahre später aber eher nicht. Denn so etwas spannend zu erzählen braucht es keinen begnadeten und innovativen Autoren der “Neuen Sachlichkeit” wie Hans Fallada, da braucht es einen Punk, einen atemlosen, rücksichtslosen Schreiber wie Szczepan Twardoch der uns die politischen Wirren des Warschau zwischen den Weltkriegen in einer Brutalität, Schmutzigkeit und oft kaum auszuhalten schmerzevoll in einem Stakkato von Szene zu Szene zu Szene um die Ohren haut - wir kommen oft genug nicht hinterher. Nicht nur wegen der real existierenden polnischen Politikernamen, die wir nur anhand der Diakritika an den Buchstaben ausseinanderhalten können, jeder Ausspracheversuch muss scheitern. Der mit P und durchgestrichen I ist Präsident (Ja, war Józef Piłsudski nicht wirklich, it's complicated), der mit L und durchgestrichenem T der Staatsanwalt, wer war nochmal der mit D und dem Schwänzchen unter dem E?Geschrieben ist das Ganze in einem mir sonst eher unangenehmen wilden Herumgespringe in der Zeit, von 1929 nach 1918 nach 1926 nach 1988 und wieder zurück, dazu die vielen Namen, die nur mit hartem Training bei Ellroy oder Pynchon zu durchsteigen (oder zu ignorieren) sind – es ergibt sich ein Vertigo, wie es die Zeitzeugen der Epoche selbst erlebt haben müssen und welches wir Szczepan Twardoch mal als gewolltes Stilmittel unterstellen. Nach ein paar Seiten Eingewöhnung wandelt sich das leicht verwirrte Lesen in manisches Pageturnen – man legt das Buch nicht mehr weg, man will die nächste Episode, die nächste kleine Backstory eines Charakters (oft im Sinne von “was ein Charakter!”) lesen. Ja, das Buch ist lang, aber es ist brillant und unglaublich gut übersetzt.Und so hangelt man sich also durch den politischen Urwald der 2. polnischen Republik und lernt doch viel, wenn man sich drauf einlässt, und es wird nicht einfacher dadurch, dass praktisch alle handelnden Personen permanent Wodka trinken, koksen, Frauen vergewaltigen, politische Gegner misshandeln, einsperren, umbringen – oder sich im allerbesten Fall nur mit ihnen prügeln. Wir sind nach spätestens hundert Seiten so abgestumpft, dass wir erschrocken Mitleid mit Mördern haben, Sympathie für Rechtsradikale entwickeln, Geldeintreiber als wertvolle Ordnungsmacht der Gesellschaft akzeptieren. Nur Vergewaltiger bleiben geradeso außerhalb unseres Verständnishorizontes, aber auch nur, weil Twardoch sich entscheidet, diese am Ende doch eindeutig als Bösewichte zu belassen. Alle anderen bekommen eine schwere Kindheit, ein Kriegstrauma, eine körperliche Missbildung (und was für eine, Herrgott, wurde mir schlecht!) als mildernde Umstände in die Story geschrieben, damit wir uns ja nicht zu sicher sind in unseren Urteilen.Über allem hängt die Fata Morgana eines jüdischen Staates in Palästina. Manche träumen von einem Neuanfang in Eretz Jisra'el andere warnen davor, denn ist das nicht die endgültige Niederlage, die Viertel in die man verbannt wurde freiwillig zu verlassen? Und was ist, wenn das wieder nur ein Ghetto, diesmal von Brittanias Gnaden ist? "Und was ist eigentlich mit den Palästinensern die dort leben?”, fragen besonders Weitsichtige.Das sind sie also, die berühmten Umstände, dieses “Sein”, das das Bewusstsein prägt, welches Menschen in harten Situationen hart werden lässt und in brutalen brutal. In ihren Vierteln lebend seit Jahrhunderten, chancenlos auszubrechen, entwickeln die Warschauer Juden Codes, Verhaltensmuster, “Coping Mechanisms” würde man heute sagen; es bilden sich brutale Machtstrukturen heraus wie in allen zu engen Gesellschaften, Schutz wird geboten und bezahlt und, wenn nicht, entzogen, es entstehen innerhalb der Unterdrückten Unterdrücker und Unterdrückte, innerhalb der Verlierer Verlierer und Gewinner. Druck von außen, in Warschau der fast prähistorische Antisemitismus, erzeugt kaum Gegendruck nach außen, sondern einen inhumanen solchen nach innen.“Der Boxer” ist eine Betrachtung dieser Mechanismen aus mindestens drei Perspektiven: Da ist die Erfolgsgeschichte des Gangsters Jakub Shapiro, dem Boxer, wie er zurückgekehrt aus dem Krieg der Polen gegen die Sowjetunion, bei dem er als Soldat auf der Siegerseite stand (was eher Zufall war), zu etwas bringt: im Sport, im Leben, in der Unterwelt. Bei all seiner Brutalität fiebern wir mit ihm mit und halten zum Schläger, zum Mörder.Da ist die traurige Geschichte von Mojżesz Bernstein, der seinen Vater verliert und einen Vater gewinnt, in Jakub, der Junge, der, hätte man nicht seinen Vater ermordet, wohl nicht das geworden wäre, was er heute ist.Und da ist die Perspektive des alten Mojżesz, unseres Erzählers mit erfüllter Vergangenheit, Brigadegeneral a.D. in Tel Aviv, Ende der 80er.Alle drei haben ein Leben gelebt, das nicht einfach war und Kompromisse erforderte. Jeder der drei stellt sich moralisch nicht frei. Jakub, der Boxer, der Mörder, leistet Buße, indem er Mojżesz annimmt. Dieser, der Junggangster, hat am Ende keine Wahl. Was soll er machen, fragt er sich? Nicht mit seinem Helden mitrennen, zurück in das ärmliche vaterlose Haus? Er lässt seine Mutter und seinen Bruder im Stich, bewusst. Und derselbe Mojżesz, am Ende seines Lebens, der Brigadegeneral in der israelischen Armee war, hatte doch auch keine Wahl, so sagt er sich immer wieder, was soll man machen als Israeli mit Arabern um einen herum? Die Araber nicht erschießen?Wir entwickeln Verständnis und merken genauso zu spät wie unsere Protagonisten, dass man irgendwann auf dem Weg zum Monsterwerden nicht stehen geblieben ist. Nicht “Neyn! Nie! Lo!” gesagt hat und dass man all seine moralistischen Begründungen in die Tonne treten kann, wenn man sich nicht zeitig genug wiederfindet, sich nicht zeitig genug selbst widerspricht, eine Grenze zieht, nicht mehr jedes Mittel zum Zweck erklärt und sich selbst und andere belügt.P.S. Für eine mildere und differenziertere Geschichte aus dieser Zeit sei (ungelesen) dieses nagelneuer Buch empfohlen: “Here Where We Live Is Our Country: The Story of the Jewish Bund” von Molly Crabapple (klingt wirklich vielversprechend) und dieser Klassiker aus dem Jahr 1941 “Who Goes Nazi?” by Dorothy Thompson. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit lobundverriss.substack.com

Wer hat die Demokratie auf dem Gewissen? Auslöser war ein historisches Ereignis. Die Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung schreibt: “Bis heute bleibt die Frage, wer für den Brand im Reichstag 1933 verantwortlich ist, umstritten.” Am weitesten verbreitet ist die Einzeltäter-These. Doch Uwe Soukup ist sicher: So kann es nicht gewesen sein. Der historische Feuerwehrmann untersucht Mythen der Geschichte. In seinem Buch "Die Brandstiftung" beschäftigt er sich ausführlich mit dem Feuer im Berliner Reichstagsgebäude und wie die Nazis die Demokratie endgültig abschafften. Vieles erscheint seitdem in einem anderen Licht. Uwe glaubt nicht an die Einzeltäter-These. Unterschlagene Beweismittel, Erpressungen und alte Nazi-Verbindungen. Im Buch, aber vor allem unter dem Filzdach der Jurte, wird Geschichte hochspannend erzählt!

[REDIFFUSION] Ce mois-ci, dans Les Fabuleux Destins, nous mettons en lumière des femmes oubliées de l'histoire et, à l'occasion du Podcasthon, nous souhaitions vous parler de l'association Rêv'Elles. Depuis 2013, Rêv'Elles inspire, accompagne et encourage les jeunes femmes des quartiers populaires à s'épanouir, tant sur le plan personnel que professionnel. À travers ses différents programmes, l'association aide les jeunes femmes de 14 à 20 ans à gagner en confiance, à construire leur projet d'avenir et à développer leur pouvoir d'agir au sein d'une communauté solidaire, portée par les valeurs de sororité et de bienveillance. Pour en savoir plus et soutenir Rêv'Elles, retrouvez le lien en description. Bonne écoute ! L'héroïne de la résistance allemande  Berlin, 1933 : une explosion de verre brise la nuit, des flammes s'élèvent au-dessus du Reichstag. Cet incendie, dont l'origine reste encore floue, va précipiter l'Allemagne dans la dictature nazie. Quelques années plus tard, alors que le pays est en guerre, une jeune femme de 21 ans ose défier Hitler. Sophie Scholl, figure de la Rose Blanche, sacrifiera tout pour la liberté. Plongez dans l'histoire d'une femme dotée d'un courage inébranlable. Un podcast Bababam Originals Ecriture : Clément Prévaux Production : Bababam Voix : Florian Bayoux En apprendre plus sur l'association : https://revelles.org/presentation/ Lien direct pour faire un don : https://revelles.org/nous-soutenir/#don Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

När Röda armén gick till motoffensiv 1943 var det inte längre samma armé som fallit sönder under krigets första år. Den hade reformerats, industrialiserats – och hårdnat. Segern över Nazityskland var ingen plötslig triumf, utan resultatet av enorma materiella resurser, organisatorisk anpassning och ett system där människoliv ofta behandlades som förbrukningsvaror.Röda arméns seger har ofta framställts som en triumf för det sovjetiska systemet och Josef Stalins strategiska snille. Men segern byggde på offer i en nästan ofattbar skala – och på ett statssystem där individen ofta underordnades målet. Bakom propagandans fasad döljer sig en verklighet av enorma förluster, brutala ledningsmetoder och en avgörande – men länge nedtonad – hjälp från väst via Lend-Lease.I detta andra av två avsnitt om Röda armén i podden Historia Nu samtalar programledaren Urban Lindstedt med militärhistorikern och författaren Anders Frankson om Röda arméns väg från nederlag till seger – och vad den kostade. Frankson är aktuell med boken Myten om den oövervinnliga Röda armén (Stevali Fakta, 2025).Kulmen kom i Berlin våren 1945. Striderna i och kring staden blev intensiva och kostsamma, och när en sovjetisk fana hissades över riksdagshuset blev bilden en symbol för segern – och för den enorma mänskliga kostnaden.Röda arméns strategi vilade i hög grad på numerär och uthållighet. Sovjetunionen kunde mobilisera enormt, och förluster accepterades i en skala som saknade motstycke i europeisk krigföring. De sammanlagda sovjetiska krigsförlusterna (militära och civila) anges ofta till omkring 26–27 miljoner döda, även om exakta tal är omstridda.Den materiella styrkan byggdes inte minst genom industrins omställning. När Tyskland anföll 1941 evakuerades människor och fabriker österut i en logistisk jätteoperation. Produktionen fortsatte därefter i nya industriområden i inlandet, vilket lade grunden för en växande sovjetisk överlägsenhet i stridsvagnar, artilleri och ammunition från 1943 och framåt.Efter katastroferna 1941–1942 började den sovjetiska krigföringen gradvis anta en mer operativt mogen form. Röda armén planerade i större skala, kombinerade truppslag bättre och utvecklade offensiver som syftade till att bryta igenom, rulla upp och slå mot djupet i den tyska fronten.Till detta kom Lend-Lease – hjälpen som länge tonades ned i sovjetisk historieskrivning. Via USA:s stödprogram fick Sovjetunionen bland annat över 400 000 jeepar och lastbilar, tusentals pansarfordon (inklusive stridsvagnar) samt stora mängder flygplan, livsmedel och bränsleprodukter. Särskilt lastbilarna var avgörande för logistiken: de gjorde det lättare att hålla tempot i offensiver, flytta artilleri och försörja förband långt fram.Den militära effektiviteten hade ett högt pris. Utbildningen av värnpliktiga kunde vara kort, och disciplinen upprätthölls delvis genom terror. Stalins order nr 227 (”Inte ett steg tillbaka!”) från den 28 juli 1942 formaliserade spärrförband bakom linjerna och strafförband som skickades till särskilt farliga uppdrag. Systemet bidrog till att minska reträtter – men gjorde också kriget ännu brutalare för de egna soldaterna.Krigets brutalitet fortsatte efter frontens tystnad. Sovjetiska soldater som överlevt tysk fångenskap möttes ofta av misstänksamhet vid hemkomsten. Att ha blivit tillfångatagen kunde betraktas som skam – i värsta fall som potentiellt förräderi – och många hamnade i filtreringsläger och senare i arbetsläger.Bildtext: Sovjetiska soldater hissar den röda fanan över riksdagshuset i Berlin den 2 maj 1945. Fotografiet, känt som Raising a Flag over the Reichstag, togs av Jevgenij Chaldej och publicerades den 13 maj 1945 i tidskriften Ogoniok (nr 19), på titelsidan (inte omslaget). Wikipdia. Public Domain.Musik: Red Army 25th Anniversary Song, framförd av Röda arméns kör under ledning av A. V. Alexandrov.Klippare: Emanuel Lehtonen Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Vierzig Mal auf der ITB, das klingt nach viel Berlin Erfahrung. Auf dem Messegelände kenne ich mich wirklich gut aus. Nur im Rest von Berlin? Das wird jetzt anders. Berlin – Pariser Platz und Brandenburger Tor – Foto: Rüdiger Edelmann / ttb-media TON-TEXT-BILD Berlin, ganz anders Auch nach 40 Jahren bin ich noch Laie, was Berlin-Touren betrifft. Logisch, das Brandenburger Tor, den Reichstag, den Gendarmenmarkt, natürlich „Kudamm“ und  Alexanderplatz und diverse Ecken in Charlottenburg, Wilmersdorf oder Moabit kenne ich. Und da berichtet Kollegin Grit Schwarzenburg beim Treffen in Berlin so ganz nebenbei, sie habe ein Buch geschrieben über sehr viele kuriose Orte in und um Berlin. Das war die Geburtsstunde dieses Podcasts. Selfie: Podcast-Produktion in Berlin zur ITB – Foto: Grit Schwarzenburg Bin ick eine Berliner:in? Wenn das für John F. Kennedy galt, müsste es auch für Grit gelten. Aber sie ist ehrlich und sagt auch ganz offen, dass sie keine Berlinerin ist. Es bleibt ungeklärt, ab wann man Berlinerin sein darf. Immerhin lebt sie schon 22 Jahre hier. Ich würde das ja durchgehen lassen, aber manch Berliner sieht das eventuell anders. Immerhin, sie kennt sich inzwischen ziemlich gut aus. Sie sagt: mann und frau müsse sich erst an Berlin gewöhnen. Der Schlusssatz ihres Vorworts sticht mir ins Auge: Berlin ist widersprüchlich, unpraktisch, wunderbar.  Es ist der ideale Einstieg. Natürlich will ich wissen, welcher vorgestellte Ort denn am widersprüchlichsten, welcher am unpraktischsten und welcher am wunderbarsten sei. Und schon sind wir mitten im Buch. Große Sehenswürdigkeiten kann jeder – Berlin mal ganz kurios und ganz eigen – Foto: Rüdiger Edelmann / ttb-media TON-TEXT-BILD Ein Buch für Fortgeschrittene? Wer zum ersten Mal „inne Hauptstadt“ ist, braucht neben diesem Buch auf jeden Fall noch einen Guide für die großen Sehenswürdigkeiten. Die kommen nämlich nur am Rande vor und das auch nur mit ausgefallenen Storys am Rande. Klar, wir reden darüber, wie ist denn Idee zum Buch entstanden und gewachsen ist und wie ihre Auswahl der kuriosen Orte zustande kam. Ich habe bewusste Kontraste entdeckt. Zum Beispiel: Karlshorst als KGB-Zentrale und eine Seite weiter der Teufelsberg im Grunewald als NSA Abhörstation. Beide Orte haben zudem eine Nazivergangenheit. Rohre, Park Inn und Alexanderplatz – Foto: Rüdiger Edelmann / ttb-media TON-TEXT-BILD Aber da ist auch der Alexanderplatz mit dem „Hotel Park Inn“, dem ehemaligen „Hotel Stadt Berlin“, mit 37 Etagen ein Paradebau aus der DDR-Zeit. Was oben auf dem Dach wartet, ist ein typisches Beispiel für kuriose Orte. Grit erzählt im Podcast, welches Abenteuer in wahrhaft luftiger Höhe erlebte und was jeder Tourist nachvollziehen kann, wenn er denn schwindelfrei ist. Wer sich da nicht so sicher ist, schaut sich am besten die berühmte „Weltzeituhr“ an, die auch heute noch gerne als Treffpunkt auf dem Alexanderplatz dient. Alexanderplatz mit Weltzeituhr – Foto: Rüdiger Edelmann / ttb-media TON-TEXT-BILD Unbekanntes, Verstecktes und Attraktives Erlebt mit Autorin Grit Schwarzenburg das etwas andere Berlin. Wie wäre es mit einer Kirche, deren Fenster aus Gin-Flaschen entstanden sind? Es gibt Tipps für den Besuch von Wandlitz, der ehemaligen Wohnsiedlung der DDR-Elite. Es wartet das Gegenstück der Britzer Gärten, die mal Bundesgartenschaugelände waren. Die „Gärten der Welt“ sind ein einmalig schöner Garten, Park, Spielplatz am Rande von Marzahn. Echte DDR-Attraktion: Gärten der Welt – Foto: Rüdiger Edelmann / ttb-media TON-TEXT-BILD Und offensichtlich gibt es auch Einiges zum Thema „Treppenwitz der Weltgeschichte“. Stichwort: Neue Nationalgalerie und die Baupläne des berühmten Bauhausarchitekten Mies van der Rohe. Fast niemand kann erklären, was dieser Bau mit Kuba und der einstigen Rumproduktion von Bacardi auf der Zuckerrohrinsel zu tun hat. Grit weiß es und folglich steht es im Buch. Große Sehenswürdigkeit: Gendarmenmarkt, Berlin-Mitte – Foto: Rüdiger Edelmann / ttb-media TON-TEXT-BILD Die Reihe lässt sich beliebig fortsetzen: Ein Denkmal für Erwin Litfaß und seine Werbesäulen. Schöne Ecken wie den Victoriapark in Kreuzberg (Wasserfall inklusive) Eine Düne mitten in Wedding Diverse Lost Places in und um Berlin herum. Und auch von pinken Rohren überall in der Stadt und von ganz besonderen Müllkörben in der Stadt ist die Rede. Im Hotel übernachten kann jeder Auch Übernachtungstipps gibt es, von museal über „früher nass“, Weltraumkapseln, Baumhäuser, Weinfässer, ein Hotel „erotisch mehr als nur angehaucht“ oder schlicht ganz besondere und auch typische Pensionen. Kurioses wartet, selbst wenn es ums Bett für die Nacht geht. Netzwerk für lange Strecken: Berliner S-BAhn – Foto: Rüdiger Edelmann / ttb-media TON-TEXT-BILD Mein Tipp: Wer selber liest, ist eindeutig im Vorteil. Natürlich haben wir nicht über alle Inhalte geredet, aber ich weiß jetzt, dass ich, diverse dieser kuriosen Orte besuchen muss. Zeit mitbringen muss man dafür auch, denn die Wege können lang sein in der Riesenmetropole. Berlin ganz anders, aber subjektiv, wie ich's erwartet hätte. Klare Empfehlung: Das Buch und natürlich unser Podcast. Letzteren gibt's ja sogar kostenfrei. Information Grit Schwarzenburg Das Buch der kuriosen Orte in Berlin Bruckmann-Verlag, München € 22,99 ISBN: 978-3-7343-3180-0 Boulevard mit “Gold Else” – Foto: Rüdiger Edelmann / ttb-media TON-TEXT-BILDThe post Podcast 310 – ITB-Talk & Buchtipp: Kuriose Orte in Berlin first appeared on Deutsches Reiseradio (German Travelradio).

If there was one group that consistently thwarted Maximilian's grand plans for world domination, it was the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. He had given in to their demands for Imperial Reform, had granted the Reichstag far reaching powers, had established the Reichskammergericht as a law court independent of imperial authority and had announced the much longed for ban on feuding. But did the princes, counts, knights and cities hold up their end of the bargain and paid him taxes to raise the armies needed to defend the borders of the empire – well you bet.They left him hanging before Livorno, they collected berries instead of fighting in the Swiss war, and – spoiler alert – they will not raise a little finger to help Ludovioco il Moro to regain his duchy of Milan, even though Milan had been an imperial fief since the days of Charlemagne and Otto the Great. No money, no soldiers, nothing.The music for the show is Flute Sonata in E-flat major, H.545 by Carl Phillip Emmanuel Bach (or some claim it as BWV 1031 Johann Sebastian Bach) performed and arranged by Michel Rondeau under Common Creative Licence 3.0.As always:Homepage with maps, photos, transcripts and blog: www.historyofthegermans.comIf you wish to support the show go to: Support • History of the Germans PodcastFacebook: @HOTGPod Threads: @history_of_the_germans_podcastBluesky: @hotgpod.bsky.socialInstagram: history_of_the_germansTwitter: @germanshistoryTo make it easier for you to share the podcast, I have created separate playlists for some of the seasons that are set up as individual podcasts. they have the exact same episodes as in the History of the Germans, but they may be a helpful device for those who want to concentrate on only one season. So far I have:The OttoniansSalian Emperors and Investiture ControversyFredrick Barbarossa and Early HohenstaufenFrederick II Stupor MundiSaxony and Eastward ExpansionThe Hanseatic LeagueThe Teutonic KnightsThe Holy Roman Empire 1250-1356The Reformation before the Reformation

V roce 1874 vyplul z Hamburku parník Reichstag na čtyřměsíční cestu k Novému Zélandu. Na palubě byl i třicetipětiletý Bohumír Lindauer, malíř z Plzně, který se chtěl vyhnout vojně. Anglicky neuměl, a maorsky už vůbec ne. Přesto se jeho obrazy staly ikonickými – dnes je najdete v galeriích po celém Novém Zélandu.Všechny díly podcastu Zápisník zahraničních zpravodajů můžete pohodlně poslouchat v mobilní aplikaci mujRozhlas pro Android a iOS nebo na webu mujRozhlas.cz.

3. Ryback explains how the Reichstag became gridlocked after Hitler refused to join a coalition. The Nazis intentionally paralyzed legislation to break the democratic system. Hermann Göring, a distinguished war hero, served as Reichstag President, while Hitler established his headquarters at the Hotel Kaiserhof, directly facing the chancellery. (3)1933 NSDAP DEMO

Comprehensive coverage of the day's news with a focus on war and peace; social, environmental and economic justice. Image: Gage Skidmore (licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license) Bill Clinton testifies didn't know of Epstein wrongdoing, Dems say Trump should testify next; Bernie Sanders calls for moratorium on energy-guzzling AI data centers “so democracy can catch up; California, dozen other states sue Trump administration over rollback of childhood vaccinations; February 27 in history: 1933 Reichstag fire blamed on communists, Hitler uses it to justify suspending civil liberties; Feb 27, 1951: 22nd Amendment limits presidents to 2 terms in office The post Bill Clinton testifies in Epstein investigation, Dems want Trump next; States sue Trump over childrens' vaccination rollbacks – February 27, 2026 appeared first on KPFA.

This Day in Legal History: Reichstag Fire DecreeOn February 27, 1933, the German parliament building, the Reichstag, was set ablaze in Berlin, an event that would alter the course of constitutional government in Germany. The fire broke out just weeks after Adolf Hitler had been appointed Chancellor. Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe was arrested at the scene, and Nazi officials quickly blamed a broader communist conspiracy. The next day, President Paul von Hindenburg signed the Reichstag Fire Decree at Hitler's urging.The decree suspended key civil liberties guaranteed under the Weimar Constitution, including freedom of speech, freedom of the press, the right of assembly, and protections against unlawful searches and detention. It also allowed the central government to override state authorities. In practical terms, the measure authorized indefinite detention without trial. Police power expanded dramatically, and political opponents were arrested in large numbers.Although framed as a temporary emergency response, the decree had no meaningful expiration. It became the legal foundation for dismantling democratic institutions in Germany. Courts largely failed to check the expanding authority of the executive branch. The event demonstrates how emergency powers, once normalized, can erode constitutional safeguards from within. The Reichstag Fire and its legal aftermath remain a lasting example of how constitutional systems can collapse through formally lawful measures rather than open revolution.Former President Bill Clinton is scheduled to give private testimony to the House Oversight Committee regarding his past association with Jeffrey Epstein. The closed-door session follows testimony from Hillary Clinton, who said she does not recall meeting Epstein and denied having information about his crimes. Bill Clinton previously flew on Epstein's plane multiple times after leaving office, and recently released Justice Department documents include photos of him with unidentified women. He has denied any misconduct and has expressed regret over his past association.Committee Chairman James Comer stated that neither Clinton is accused of wrongdoing but said they must address questions about Epstein's possible connections to their charitable foundation. The Clintons agreed to testify near their home in New York after lawmakers threatened contempt proceedings. Some Democrats supported compelling their testimony, while others criticized the inquiry as politically motivated.Democrats argue that Republicans are using the investigation to shield Donald Trump from scrutiny. They have called for Trump to be subpoenaed, noting that his name appears frequently in Epstein-related records and that he had social ties with Epstein before Epstein's 2008 conviction. Democrats also claim the Justice Department is withholding records involving allegations against Trump. The department has said it is reviewing the materials and has emphasized that released files contain unverified claims. Authorities have not charged Trump with any crimes related to Epstein. Epstein died in jail in 2019 while awaiting trial on federal sex-trafficking charges, and his death was ruled a suicide.Bill Clinton to give private testimony to Congress about Epstein | ReutersA federal judge has allowed construction of President Donald Trump's planned $400 million White House ballroom to continue, at least for now. U.S. District Judge Richard Leon denied a request from the National Trust for Historic Preservation to temporarily halt the project while its lawsuit moves forward. The group had sought a preliminary injunction to stop work, arguing that the administration failed to comply with federal laws, including obtaining congressional approval and conducting proper environmental review.Leon ruled that the preservationists had not met the legal standard required for such an emergency order. However, he indicated they may revise their complaint to better challenge the president's claimed statutory authority to proceed without Congress. The lawsuit contends that demolishing the historic East Wing and beginning construction violated federal restrictions on altering federal property in Washington, D.C. It also argues that the National Park Service should have completed a more detailed environmental impact statement before work began.The Trump administration maintains that the renovation fits within longstanding presidential authority over White House changes and serves public functions. Trump praised the ruling publicly and said the ballroom would symbolize national strength. The National Trust expressed disappointment but said it plans to amend its legal claims.The East Wing, originally built in 1902 and expanded in 1942, was demolished in October. The ballroom is part of broader renovations Trump has made since returning to office in 2025. Although construction is underway, no firm completion date has been announced.Trump's White House ballroom can move ahead for now, judge rules | ReutersPrediction-market company Kalshi has hired prominent Supreme Court advocate Neal Katyal to represent it in a series of disputes with state regulators. Katyal, a former acting U.S. solicitor general, appeared this week in a lawsuit Kalshi filed against Utah officials and is also handling similar cases in several other states. The company argues that its event-based trading contracts fall under the authority of the federal Commodity Futures Trading Commission, not state gambling regulators.States contend that platforms like Kalshi are effectively operating unlicensed sports-betting businesses. Other prediction-market operators, including Polymarket and Coinbase, are also fighting regulatory battles and have assembled experienced legal teams. The industry has grown rapidly, with tens of billions of dollars in trading volume last year, increasing scrutiny from state authorities.Kalshi bets on Neal Katyal in prediction market cases | ReutersNetflix has withdrawn its bid to acquire Warner Bros. Discovery after WBD's board determined that a competing offer from Paramount Skydance was superior. Netflix's co-CEOs said their proposed merger would have delivered value and likely cleared regulatory review, but matching Paramount's higher price no longer made financial sense. They described the deal as desirable at the right valuation, but not essential at any cost.Paramount's leadership welcomed WBD's decision, saying its proposal offers greater value and a clearer path to closing. To finalize the Paramount deal, a short match period must expire, Netflix's existing merger agreement must be terminated, and a definitive agreement between Paramount and WBD must be signed.Paramount recently raised its offer to $31 per share in cash, along with a quarterly ticking fee if the deal is not completed by a specified date. The proposal also includes a $7 billion regulatory termination fee if the transaction fails because of regulatory issues, as well as reimbursement of the $2.8 billion breakup fee WBD would owe Netflix upon ending their agreement. With Netflix stepping aside, Paramount is now positioned to complete the acquisition.Netflix Drops WBD Bid, Paving Way For Paramount Deal - Law360This week's closing theme is by Frédéric Chopin.This week's closing theme takes us to Chopin and his Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, a work that helped launch his international career. Although numbered second, it was actually the first of his two piano concertos to be written, composed in 1829 when he was just twenty. The concerto reflects Chopin's deep roots in the Polish Romantic tradition, while also revealing the poetic lyricism that would define his later solo piano works. Its sweeping first movement balances youthful brilliance with emotional intensity. The second movement, marked Larghetto, is intimate and expressive, often described as a musical love letter. The finale brings rhythmic energy and subtle references to Polish dance forms.The piece gained wider recognition when Chopin performed it during his Paris debut on February 27, 1832. That appearance introduced him to the influential musical circles of Paris and marked a turning point in his career. The concerto showcased not only his technical skill, but also his distinctive touch and refined musical voice. While later critics sometimes focused on the orchestration, the piano writing remains among the most elegant of the Romantic era. The work captures a young composer standing at the threshold of fame, blending vulnerability with confidence. As our closing theme this week, it reflects both artistic ambition and a historic February 27 connection that helped shape Chopin's legacy.Without further ado, Frédéric Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, enjoy! This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.minimumcomp.com/subscribe

En février 1933, le Reichstag, le parlement allemand, est ravagé par les flammes. En une nuit, le cœur de la démocratie s'effondre et offre au régime nazi naissant le prétexte idéal pour s'imposer. La république de Weimar agonisante va bientôt laisser la place à la dictature d'un chancelier aux aguets : Adolf Hitler. Mais une question demeure : qui a réellement mis le feu au Reichstag ? Revivez cet incendie qui a ouvert la voie au national-socialisme. Crédits : Lorànt Deutsch, Bruno Calvès.Hébergé par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

Chuck Todd argues that the United States is in an especially precarious moment of Trump's presidency — but that the guardrails of American democracy are proving they still exist. Todd breaks down the ruling's implications, noting that without tariff revenue the already ballooning U.S. budget deficit will accelerate, and that the coming chaos over refunds for billions in illegally collected duties will be a mess for businesses, consumers, and the trade deals that were negotiated under a now-invalidated framework. He highlights the emerging three distinct wings of the Supreme Court — with Gorsuch writing a pointed concurrence calling out his colleagues, Kavanaugh dissenting on foreign policy grounds, and the liberal justices joining Roberts on textual grounds — and argues the ruling reflects the public's own disapproval of Trump, which a new poll now places at 60% disapproval. He reserves his sharpest commentary for Trump's reaction: rather than pivot, the president attacked his own Supreme Court appointees for disloyalty and accused the Court of "foreign influence," a response Chuck calls a gift to Democrats and a sign that Trump is terrified dissent will become contagious among Republicans. Chuck also cautions that Democrats shouldn't celebrate too much — their brand remains damaged despite Trump's cratering numbers — and offers a counterintuitive observation: that Trump's greatest weakness isn't his authoritarian instincts but his laziness, arguing that his reliance on emergency powers is a shortcut to avoid the hard work of legislating. Then, Emmy Award-winning director and Academy Award nominee Geeta Gandbhir joins the Chuck Toddcast to discuss her critically acclaimed Netflix documentary The Perfect Neighbor, which uses years of police bodycam footage to reconstruct the events leading to the 2023 fatal shooting of Ajike Owens by her neighbor Susan Lorincz in Ocala, Florida. Gandbhir reveals that Owens was a personal friend of her family — her sister-in-law's best friend — and that the film was never initially planned as a documentary; she and her partner went to Florida to support the family and keep the story in the news, fearing Lorincz would walk free under Florida's stand your ground laws. The Sundance Directing Award winner explains how the production team obtained the bodycam footage through the family's attorneys, Benjamin Crump and Anthony Thomas, and describes the rare experience of having not just the aftermath but years of "before" footage — creating a slow-building tension she compares to Blair Witch and Paranormal Activity. Gandbhir emphasizes that the film doesn't preach; it simply presents the chronology and lets the audience decide. The conversation goes deeper into the systemic failures the footage revealed: Lorincz was the only person in the neighborhood who repeatedly called police, yet officers saw her as a nuisance rather than a threat — her whiteness, Gandbhir argues, shielding her from scrutiny. Police never checked whether Lorincz owned a gun, and in other states, her pattern of behavior would have resulted in harassment charges long before the shooting. Gandbhir explains why the case resulted in a manslaughter conviction rather than a more serious charge, advocates for the eradication of stand your ground laws that exist in 38 states, and makes a compelling case that some police funding would be better directed toward social workers and mental health professionals. She also reflects on what the film has meant to Owens' four children and their family, the power of bodycam footage as both a tool for truth and a potential instrument of surveillance, and what a potential Academy Award would mean — not for herself, but as a platform to drive real change. Finally, Chuck hops into the ToddCast Time Machine to revisit the Reichstag fire & how Hitler was able to turn Germany’s democracy into a dictatorship through the use of emergency powers he was granted. He also answers listeners’ questions in the “Ask Chuck” segment. Go to https://zbiotics.com/CHUCKTODDCAST and use CHUCKTODDCAST at checkout for 15% off any first time orders of ZBiotics probiotics.” Protect your family with life insurance from Ethos. Get up to $3 million in coverage in as little as 10 minutes at https://ethos.com/chuck. Application times may vary. Rates may vary. Thank you Wildgrain for sponsoring. Visit http://wildgrain.com/TODDCAST and use the code "TODDCAST" at checkout to receive $30 off your first box PLUS free Croissants for life! Link in bio or go to https://getsoul.com & enter code TODDCAST for 30% off your first order. American Finance Disclaimer: NMLS 182334, nmlsconsumeraccess.org. APR for rates in the 5s start at 6.196% for well qualified borrowers. Call 866-885-1081, for details about credit costs and terms. Or https://apply.americanfinancing.net/thechucktoddcast Timeline: (Timestamps may vary based on advertisements) 00:00 Chuck Todd’s introduction 02:45 We are in an especially precarious moment of Trump’s presidency 08:30 Supreme Court tariff ruling shows the guardrails still exist 09:15 Without tariffs, U.S. budget deficit will grow even faster 11:00 Trump plans on going down with the ship, may sink GOP 13:00 Courts ruling wasn’t surprising, tariff authority belongs to congress 14:30 Gorsuch called out his colleagues in his opinion 16:00 Kavanaugh’s dissent argued tariffs as a foreign policy issue 18:00 There are three distinct wings in this Supreme Court 19:45 Ruling reflects the public's disapproval of Trump 21:15 We saw tariff price spikes in Q4, ruling would help GOP 22:00 Trump’s response was to attack his own appointees for disloyalty 23:45 Trump lashed out, afraid dissent will become contagious 24:45 Trump accused SCOTUS of “foreign influence” 27:15 Trump is too lazy to become one of history’s worst autocrats 29:00 Trump’s laziness is his greatest weakness 30:30 Emergency powers are a shortcut to avoid legislating 32:00 Chaos is coming, people will want refunds for illegal tariffs 33:45 Consumption taxes put the burden on lower income people 35:15 Fallout from the ruling will be a mess for businesses 36:00 What will happen to trade deals that were cut based on illegal tariffs? 36:30 Trump has alienated every major ally the U.S. has 37:30 Trump is vulnerable to Republicans walking away from him 39:45 Trump reaction to tariffs was a gift to the Democrats 41:30 New poll shows Trump’s disapproval at 60% 43:00 Democrats brand still bad despite Trump’s terrible approval 52:00 Geeta Gandbhir joins the Chuck ToddCast 52:45 “The Perfect Neighbor” isn’t a gun story, it’s a societal story 53:30 How important is a potential Academy Award for you? 54:15 Awards give you a platform to talk about issues & bring change 55:00 Film produced independently, then Netflix gave it a huge platform 56:00 How close did you follow this story in real time? 56:30 Ajike Owens was a personal friend of Geeta 57:45 There’s so much gun violence, individual stories don’t break through 58:45 The production team received body cam footage from family lawyers 1:00:00 We usually see the aftermath of shootings, rarely the before footage 1:01:45 Needed to understand chronology of body cam footage 1:03:00 Film’s tension building compared to Blair Witch & Paranormal Activity 1:03:45 Racial justice/tension movies can make for a difficult watch 1:04:45 Movie doesn’t preach, just shows the event & let’s audience decide 1:06:30 Footage portrayed a working class, striving community 1:08:00 Everyone knows the Susan Lorincz, “get off my lawn” type character 1:08:45 No understanding of why Susan Lorincz was so broken as a person 1:11:30 Lorincz was the only woman in the neighborhood that complained to police 1:12:15 This didn’t feel like manslaughter, it felt pre-meditated 1:13:00 Prosecutors felt a manslaughter charge would be easier to convict 1:13:30 Hope DeSantis understands the damage stand your ground laws cause 1:14:45 If there was no body camera footage, Susan could have walked 1:16:00 Police bodycams should be on at all times to prevent distortion of truth 1:16:45 Bodycam footage is a double edged sword, can be used for surveillance 1:17:30 Original footage included protests, funerals & B-roll of the neighborhood 1:19:15 Neighbors had a very visceral reaction to the film, but did find it therapeutic 1:20:45 Having body camera footage could have prevented historical race riots 1:22:15 The ultimate hope is to eradicate “stand your ground” laws 1:23:15 There’s power in telling a true story with unscripted footage 1:25:30 Ajike Owens was a bright young woman with a promising future 1:26:45 How are her children doing? 1:28:15 Watching the grief of the children was devastating & powerful 1:29:30 Family wanted the world to see their grief 1:30:00 Hope the film can inform police training 1:30:45 In other states, Susan would have been charged for nuisance or harassment 1:32:00 Some police funding would be better spent on social workers, psychiatrists etc 1:33:15 It felt like police didn’t know how to handle Susan 1:34:45 Police saw Susan as a nuisance, not a threat. Her whiteness protected her 1:36:30 Susan seemed to be a loner & clearly always miserable 1:37:30 Police never checked into whether Susan was a gun owner 1:38:30 What type of projects are you working on next? 1:39:45 Another documentary will be announced in a couple weeks 1:41:00 Telling the story in a visual medium reaches people who don’t read 1:43:00 Comedy and humor is a great way to teach 1:43:30 How do you use AI, what are you comfortable with, what will you fight? 1:47:15 ToddCast Time Machine - February 27th, 1933 1:47:45 Reichstag fire gave Hitler emergency powers 1:48:30 Germany’s economy had been devastated 1:49:45 In three years, Germany cycled through three unstable governments 1:50:45 German elites thought they could use Hitler’s popularity & manage him 1:51:45 Whether Nazi’s helped, or just exploited the fire is still debated 1:53:00 Reichstag Fire decree suspended civil liberties 1:54:15 Enabling Act allowed Hitler to legislate without parliamentary approval 1:55:00 The German dictatorship was created via constitutional rules 1:56:15 Emergency powers aren’t always authoritarian, it’s who uses them 1:57:15 Ask Chuck 1:57:30 Why does populism lead to antisemitism? 2:01:00 Is this the administration that’s run the most like a business? 2:06:15 Starting to see Republicans breaking with Trump? 2:08:15 What if the Constitutional Convention had not been held in summer? 2:11:15 Thoughts on Gallup ending presidential tracking, NJ-11 election? 2:18:15 Need for regulation on prediction markets 2:20:15 What’s going on with Virginia’s redistricting effort? 2:25:15 Does international diplomacy have a greater impact on the president's legacy?See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Chuck Todd argues that the United States is in an especially precarious moment of Trump's presidency — but that the guardrails of American democracy are proving they still exist. Todd breaks down the ruling's implications, noting that without tariff revenue the already ballooning U.S. budget deficit will accelerate, and that the coming chaos over refunds for billions in illegally collected duties will be a mess for businesses, consumers, and the trade deals that were negotiated under a now-invalidated framework. He highlights the emerging three distinct wings of the Supreme Court — with Gorsuch writing a pointed concurrence calling out his colleagues, Kavanaugh dissenting on foreign policy grounds, and the liberal justices joining Roberts on textual grounds — and argues the ruling reflects the public's own disapproval of Trump, which a new poll now places at 60% disapproval. He reserves his sharpest commentary for Trump's reaction: rather than pivot, the president attacked his own Supreme Court appointees for disloyalty and accused the Court of "foreign influence," a response Chuck calls a gift to Democrats and a sign that Trump is terrified dissent will become contagious among Republicans. Chuck also cautions that Democrats shouldn't celebrate too much — their brand remains damaged despite Trump's cratering numbers — and offers a counterintuitive observation: that Trump's greatest weakness isn't his authoritarian instincts but his laziness, arguing that his reliance on emergency powers is a shortcut to avoid the hard work of legislating. Finally, Chuck hops into the ToddCast Time Machine to revisit the Reichstag fire & how Hitler was able to turn Germany’s democracy into a dictatorship through the use of emergency powers he was granted. He also answers listeners’ questions in the “Ask Chuck” segment. Go to https://zbiotics.com/CHUCKTODDCAST and use CHUCKTODDCAST at checkout for 15% off any first time orders of ZBiotics probiotics.” Protect your family with life insurance from Ethos. Get up to $3 million in coverage in as little as 10 minutes at https://ethos.com/chuck. Application times may vary. Rates may vary. Thank you Wildgrain for sponsoring. Visit http://wildgrain.com/TODDCAST and use the code "TODDCAST" at checkout to receive $30 off your first box PLUS free Croissants for life! Link in bio or go to https://getsoul.com & enter code TODDCAST for 30% off your first order. American Finance Disclaimer: NMLS 182334, nmlsconsumeraccess.org. APR for rates in the 5s start at 6.196% for well qualified borrowers. Call 866-885-1081, for details about credit costs and terms. Or https://apply.americanfinancing.net/thechucktoddcast Timeline: (Timestamps may vary based on advertisements) 00:00 Chuck Todd’s introduction 02:45 We are in an especially precarious moment of Trump’s presidency 7:15 Supreme Court tariff ruling shows the guardrails still exist 8:00 Without tariffs, U.S. budget deficit will grow even faster 9:45 Trump plans on going down with the ship, may sink GOP 11:45 Courts ruling wasn’t surprising, tariff authority belongs to congress 13:15 Gorsuch called out his colleagues in his opinion 14:45 Kavanaugh’s dissent argued tariffs as a foreign policy issue 16:45 There are three distinct wings in this Supreme Court 18:30 Ruling reflects the public's disapproval of Trump 20:00 We saw tariff price spikes in Q4, ruling would help GOP 20:45 Trump’s response was to attack his own appointees for disloyalty 22:30 Trump lashed out, afraid dissent will become contagious 23:30 Trump accused SCOTUS of “foreign influence” 26:00 Trump is too lazy to become one of history’s worst autocrats 27:45 Trump’s laziness is his greatest weakness 29:15 Emergency powers are a shortcut to avoid legislating 30:45 Chaos is coming, people will want refunds for illegal tariffs 32:30 Consumption taxes put the burden on lower income people 34:00 Fallout from the ruling will be a mess for businesses 34:45 What will happen to trade deals that were cut based on illegal tariffs? 35:15 Trump has alienated every major ally the U.S. has 36:15 Trump is vulnerable to Republicans walking away from him 38:30 Trump reaction to tariffs was a gift to the Democrats 40:15 New poll shows Trump’s disapproval at 60% 41:45 Democrats brand still bad despite Trump’s terrible approval 52:30 ToddCast Time Machine - February 27th, 1933 53:00 Reichstag fire gave Hitler emergency powers 53:45 Germany’s economy had been devastated 55:00 In three years, Germany cycled through three unstable governments 56:00 German elites thought they could use Hitler’s popularity & manage him 57:00 Whether Nazi’s helped, or just exploited the fire is still debated 58:15 Reichstag Fire decree suspended civil liberties 59:30 Enabling Act allowed Hitler to legislate without parliamentary approval 1:00:15 The German dictatorship was created via constitutional rules 1:01:30 Emergency powers aren’t always authoritarian, it’s who uses them 1:02:30 Ask Chuck 1:02:45 Why does populism lead to antisemitism? 1:06:15 Is this the administration that’s run the most like a business? 1:11:30 Starting to see Republicans breaking with Trump? 1:13:30 What if the Constitutional Convention had not been held in summer? 1:16:30 Thoughts on Gallup ending presidential tracking, NJ-11 election? 1:23:30 Need for regulation on prediction markets 1:25:30 What’s going on with Virginia’s redistricting effort? 1:30:30 Does international diplomacy have a greater impact on the president's legacy?See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Agradece a este podcast tantas horas de entretenimiento y disfruta de episodios exclusivos como éste. ¡Apóyale en iVoox! ¿Qué diferencia había entre la Alemania de 1914 y la de 1939? En ambos casos Alemania buscó y provocó la guerra, pero eran dos países muy distintos a pesar de estar separados por tan solo 25 años. En ese tiempo Alemania pasó de ser una monarquía parlamentaria de tipo autoritario, algo muy propio del siglo XIX, a una tiranía totalitaria moderna. En 1914 el segundo imperio era una federación de 25 estados autónomos en el que el Káiser coexistía con un Reichstag elegido por sufragio universal. En 1939 esos equilibrios habían desaparecido engullidos por el “Führerprinzip”, el principio del líder que estipulaba que la voluntad de Hitler era la ley suprema. No había nada, ni instituciones, ni contrapesos, más allá de sus deseos. La Alemania de 1914 funcionaba dentro de los marcos de la civilización occidental, mientras que la de 1939 era un régimen totalitario en el que la ideología racial había sustituido al estado de derecho. Económicamente la Alemania imperial era una gran potencia industrial plenamente integrada en el mercado mundial. En 1939, tras los traumas de la hiperinflación y la gran represión, el régimen impuso un modelo de autarquía y economía de guerra. El gasto público se destinó al rearme de forma prioritaria, algo que supo ocultar hábilmente tras la ingeniería financiera de los bonos Mefo. La industria alemana pasó a convertirse en una industria de guerra con el objetivo de conseguir la máxima autosuficiencia para una guerra que los nazis preveían larga. El tejido social sufrió la transformación más profunda. En 1914 la comunidad judía alemana estaba completamente asimilada y era indistinguible del resto de la población. En 1939 imperaba la “volksgemeinschaft”, una comunidad definida por la pureza racial que excluía a judíos, a cualquier otra raza distinta de la aria, a disidentes y a discapacitados. Un Estado étnico cuyo control se extendía a la esfera privada mediante un adoctrinamiento implacable de la juventud y el uso de la radio y el cine como herramientas de propaganda. Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

Agradece a este podcast tantas horas de entretenimiento y disfruta de episodios exclusivos como éste. ¡Apóyale en iVoox! ¿Qué diferencia había entre la Alemania de 1914 y la de 1939? En ambos casos Alemania buscó y provocó la guerra, pero eran dos países muy distintos a pesar de estar separados por tan solo 25 años. En ese tiempo Alemania pasó de ser una monarquía parlamentaria de tipo autoritario, algo muy propio del siglo XIX, a una tiranía totalitaria moderna. En 1914 el segundo imperio era una federación de 25 estados autónomos en el que el Káiser coexistía con un Reichstag elegido por sufragio universal. En 1939 esos equilibrios habían desaparecido engullidos por el “Führerprinzip”, el principio del líder que estipulaba que la voluntad de Hitler era la ley suprema. No había nada, ni instituciones, ni contrapesos, más allá de sus deseos. La Alemania de 1914 funcionaba dentro de los marcos de la civilización occidental, mientras que la de 1939 era un régimen totalitario en el que la ideología racial había sustituido al estado de derecho. Económicamente la Alemania imperial era una gran potencia industrial plenamente integrada en el mercado mundial. En 1939, tras los traumas de la hiperinflación y la gran represión, el régimen impuso un modelo de autarquía y economía de guerra. El gasto público se destinó al rearme de forma prioritaria, algo que supo ocultar hábilmente tras la ingeniería financiera de los bonos Mefo. La industria alemana pasó a convertirse en una industria de guerra con el objetivo de conseguir la máxima autosuficiencia para una guerra que los nazis preveían larga. El tejido social sufrió la transformación más profunda. En 1914 la comunidad judía alemana estaba completamente asimilada y era indistinguible del resto de la población. En 1939 imperaba la “volksgemeinschaft”, una comunidad definida por la pureza racial que excluía a judíos, a cualquier otra raza distinta de la aria, a disidentes y a discapacitados. Un Estado étnico cuyo control se extendía a la esfera privada mediante un adoctrinamiento implacable de la juventud y el uso de la radio y el cine como herramientas de propaganda. Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

I am afraid today's episode is not your usual swordplay and skullduggery. What we are looking at today is the Reichstag as it operated throughout the Holy Roman Empire from 1495 to 1803. Sounds a bit like dour constitutional law, but bear with me.We will look at a couple of classic tropes, like, whether the empire consisted of more than 300 sovereign states who could do whatever they wanted, whether the Reichstag was a talking shop hat never did anything except stopping the emperor from becoming a proper monarch. And, as usual, we will talk about money and printing, and why German politician speeches are invariably long on fact and short on rhetoric.The music for the show is Flute Sonata in E-flat major, H.545 by Carl Phillip Emmanuel Bach (or some claim it as BWV 1031 Johann Sebastian Bach) performed and arranged by Michel Rondeau under Common Creative Licence 3.0.As always:Homepage with maps, photos, transcripts and blog: www.historyofthegermans.comIf you wish to support the show go to: Support • History of the Germans PodcastFacebook: @HOTGPod Threads: @history_of_the_germans_podcastBluesky: @hotgpod.bsky.socialInstagram: history_of_the_germansTwitter: @germanshistoryTo make it easier for you to share the podcast, I have created separate playlists for some of the seasons that are set up as individual podcasts. they have the exact same episodes as in the History of the Germans, but they may be a helpful device for those who want to concentrate on only one season. So far I have:The OttoniansSalian Emperors and Investiture ControversyFredrick Barbarossa and Early HohenstaufenFrederick II Stupor MundiSaxony and Eastward ExpansionThe Hanseatic LeagueThe Teutonic KnightsThe Holy Roman Empire 1250-1356The Reformation before the Reformation

The New Discourses Podcast with James Lindsay, Ep. 189 An undeniable part of the Nazi Experiment is that it operated a fascist-style dictatorship for its infamous "racialist worldview." It got this dictatorship not just through the election of the Nazi Party and Adolf Hitler but through some rapid changes to the law that were made in the first sixty days of Hitler's role in Germany's Chancellorship. Basic liberties were suspended, the Constitution was overridden, and all governing authority was placed ultimately in the hands of the German government and its new Chancellor. All of this had to be done to respond to certain existential emergencies, or so it appeared, following a fire in the Reichstag, the German Parliament, set by arson, allegedly by a Communist as a first stroke in a broader Communist uprising. Within less than two months, Hitler had effectively full control of Germany. In this episode of the New Discourses Podcast, host James Lindsay presents the eleventh volume in his Nazi Experiment podcast series, outlining how this sudden emergency changed the entire course of the history of the world in a span of under four weeks. Join him for what he calls the "schizophrenic discomfort" of the terrifying parallels this period offers for us today. Latest from New Discourses Press! The Queering of the American Child: https://queeringbook.com/ Support New Discourses: https://newdiscourses.com/support Follow New Discourses on other platforms: https://newdiscourses.com/subscribe Follow James Lindsay: https://linktr.ee/conceptualjames © 2026 New Discourses. All rights reserved. #NewDiscourses #JamesLindsay #dictatorship

This Day in Legal History: Hitler Appointed ChancellorOn January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany, a moment that marked the beginning of one of the darkest legal and political transformations in modern history. Contrary to popular belief, Hitler did not seize power in a coup; his rise was accomplished through entirely legal means under the Weimar Constitution. Once in office, the Nazi regime moved swiftly to erode civil liberties, beginning with the Reichstag Fire Decree, which suspended constitutional protections like freedom of speech, assembly, and due process. This decree, signed by President Hindenburg, gave the government extraordinary powers under the guise of national emergency.Shortly thereafter, the Enabling Act of March 1933 granted Hitler the authority to enact laws without the involvement of the Reichstag, including laws that violated the constitution itself. The judiciary, instead of serving as a check on executive overreach, largely complied or cooperated, enabling legal persecution of Jews, political dissidents, and other marginalized groups. Laws were passed systematically to isolate, disenfranchise, and ultimately exterminate entire populations, all with the appearance of legality and bureaucratic order.What happened in Germany is a stark reminder that authoritarianism often arrives wrapped in the language of law and order. The rule of law is not inherently just—it depends on who writes the laws, how they are enforced, and whether constitutional checks are robust enough to resist consolidation of power. Today, as various democracies grapple with executive overreach, politicized judiciaries, and emergency powers, the legal path taken in 1933 offers a chilling historical parallel. The slow erosion of legal norms, once set in motion, can be devastatingly hard to reverse.A federal appeals court ruled that the Trump administration unlawfully ended Temporary Protected Status (TPS) for roughly 600,000 Venezuelans living and working in the United States. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals agreed with a lower court that Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem exceeded her authority by terminating protections that had been extended under the Biden administration. The court emphasized that, since Congress created TPS 35 years ago, no administration had claimed the power to cancel a country's designation while it remained in effect. Judges found that the statute's language clearly limits executive authority and does not permit unilateral termination mid-designation.Despite the ruling, the decision will not immediately restore protections because the U.S. Supreme Court has allowed the policy to remain in effect while the case continues on appeal. The court noted that the termination has left hundreds of thousands of migrants in fear of detention, deportation, and family separation, often to countries where they previously faced violence. The ruling also upheld a finding that TPS protections for Haitians were unlawfully ended, though the administration has pursued separate efforts to terminate those protections. One judge wrote separately to argue that the policy was influenced by racist stereotyping, citing public statements by senior officials about Venezuelan and Haitian migrants. Advocacy groups welcomed the ruling but stressed that, because of the Supreme Court's order, affected migrants remain vulnerable in the meantime.Trump administration unlawfully ended Venezuelans' legal status, US court rules | ReutersA significant wave of attorneys has left the U.S. federal government since Donald Trump returned to office, fueling a major shift in the legal workforce. Between January and November 2025, over 8,500 licensed attorneys exited federal service, leading to a net loss of 6,524—one of the sharpest declines in decades. The Department of Justice (DOJ) was especially affected, with notable departures from its Civil Rights Division and Federal Programs Branch, and the closure of its Tax Division. Some resignations were linked to policy disagreements, while others were the result of force reductions or shifting departmental priorities.This exodus has dramatically reshaped the hiring market for large law firms. In 2025, top-grossing firms hired over 1,100 lawyers directly from government positions, more than doubling the rate seen in prior years. Recruiters report a flood of interest from government attorneys, many of whom began reaching out even before Trump's inauguration. However, while high-ranking officials and prosecutors remain in demand, lower-level attorneys without niche skills are facing a tougher private market.The overall federal workforce, not just lawyers, has contracted significantly under Trump's renewed efforts to reduce government size. The DOJ alone has seen a net loss of nearly 9,000 employees. While the number of federal lawyers remains close to 2017 levels, the recent surge in departures marks a striking reversal of long-standing hiring trends.Lawyers leaving US government drive workforce shift | ReutersMassachusetts Governor Maura Healey has proposed legislation that would block other states from deploying their National Guard troops into Massachusetts without her approval. The move comes in response to President Donald Trump's controversial use of the National Guard in 2025, when troops from various states were sent to cities like Chicago and Los Angeles without consent from local governments—breaking with long-standing norms regarding domestic military deployment.Several states already have similar laws, designed to prevent out-of-state Guard deployments unless coordinated through mutual agreement or in federally controlled situations. However, legal gray areas remain when the federal government asserts control over state troops. Last year, the Trump administration attempted to deploy federalized National Guard units from California and Texas to assist immigration enforcement in Portland, Oregon. That effort was met with lawsuits from state officials, who claimed no valid emergency justified the action; the troops were withdrawn before the legal battle concluded.Healey's bill aims to reinforce state sovereignty over such deployments and to guard against federal overreach in the absence of local consent. The National Guard is typically used across state lines only in emergency situations like natural disasters, and even then, usually with approval from affected states.Massachusetts bill aims to block National Guard deployment from other states | ReutersThis week's closing theme is by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.This week's closing theme is the Lacrymosa from Mozart's Requiem in D minor, a work shrouded in both mystery and mourning. Mozart began composing the Requiem in 1791, the final year of his life, and died before completing it—adding an eerie depth to a piece already suffused with sorrow and transcendence. The Lacrymosa movement in particular is a haunting meditation on grief, built around the Latin text “Lacrimosa dies illa” (“That tearful day”), which describes the final judgment and the weeping of the soul.The music swells with mourning, yet carries within it an unmistakable dignity—grief not as chaos, but as reckoning. Today, as we reflect on events that echo the legal and moral breakdowns of the past—and resound in the present—the Lacrymosa feels like a fitting elegy. It reminds us that great tragedy often begins under the guise of order, and that mourning is not only for the dead, but for the living systems and values that can perish when unchecked power takes root.Mozart, though apolitical and far removed from the 20th century, composed music that reaches across time to articulate the emotional weight of collective loss. The unfinished nature of the Requiem also mirrors the historical unfinished business of justice—how societies reckon with their past, or fail to. This piece, suspended between the sacred and the human, between hope and despair, offers a solemn moment of reflection as the week closes.Without further ado, the Lacrymosa from Mozart's Requiem in D minor – enjoy. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.minimumcomp.com/subscribe

The Reichstag fire shows how crises can erode freedoms. Faced with hardship, people may trade liberty for security, enabling dictatorships. Vigilance is essential to protect both moral and civil principles.

The Reichstag fire shows how crises can erode freedoms. Faced with hardship, people may trade liberty for security, enabling dictatorships. Vigilance is essential to protect both moral and civil principles.

THIS WEEK! We continue our 4 part series on The Third Reich. From Hitler taking charge of the goverment, to the Reichstag fire. The Night Of The Long Knives, and how did propoganda work in The Third Reich? What was the life unworthy of life aspect? And how did Hitler manage to intrigrate the Rhineland. Austria, and Checkosolovakia without launching WWII? Find out This week on "Well That Aged Well". With "Erlend Hedegart". Support this show http://supporter.acast.com/well-that-aged-well. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

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ENLACES Trader anonimo https://www.wsj.com/world/americas/maduro-polymarket-bet-a2e5d100?mod=hp_lead_pos3 CriptoAyatollah Bros https://www.aurora-israel.co.il/iran-criptomonedas-venta-armas-sanciones/#google_vignette Glaciar del Juicio Final ( KevinCostnerismo) https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/27/climate/antarctica-thwaites-glacier.html Clavada terrible https://www.ukrinform.es/rubric-crime/4076342-desmantelan-en-ucrania-una-red-internacional-de-trafico-de-cocaina-procedente-de-la-ue.html Somalilandia es sionista https://africanarguments.org/2026/01/israel-recognizes-somaliland-risks-for-peace-and-conflict-in-the-somali-horn-of-africa/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=israel-recognizes-somaliland-risks-for-peace-and-conflict-in-the-somali-horn-of-africa Los Menchos Magos https://www.infobae.com/mexico/2026/01/08/presuntos-miembros-del-cjng-regalan-juguetes-a-ninos-por-dia-de-reyes-en-michoacan/ Guardabosques trucha (William Clive) https://iharare.com/fake-game-ranger-jailed-for-3-years-over-zimparks-recruitment-scam/ Cártel inventado https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/05/us/trump-venezuela-drug-cartel-de-los-soles.html Provincia Limón https://www.prensa-latina.cu/2026/01/09/juez-de-costa-rica-libera-a-dos-relevantes-lideres-narcotraficantes/ KinderTransport ( documental antisemita) https://www.jta.org/2026/01/06/global/bbc-draws-fire-after-airing-holocaust-cello-repair-story-that-does-not-specially-mention-jews John La Puma https://www.vice.com/en/article/americans-spend-93-of-their-time-indoors-a-doctor-explained-what-thats-doing-to-us/ Fiesta infantil https://www.ukrinform.es/rubric-society/4077283-howard-buffett-visita-un-hospital-subterraneo-y-una-fiesta-infantil-en-jerson.html Emboscada a la Niña https://www.eldiario.es/politica/ayuso-cierra-vacaciones-america-visita-milei-buenos-aires_1_12892230.html Orejotas Blondi https://actualidad-rt.com/actualidad/581288-inesperado-post-rubio-descarta-entrenador Apagon 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https://www.lmneuquen.com/policiales/intento-violar-su-vecina-y-cuando-llego-la-policia-se-escondio-el-sommier-n1224161 Consejera Ukranadiense https://mpr21.info/los-nazis-canadienses-vuelven-a-sus-raices-ancestrales-en-ucrania/ IA Buah que buena https://www.sfgate.com/tech/article/calif-teen-chatgpt-drug-advice-fatal-overdose-21266718.php CogeTravas Pahlavi https://actualidad-rt.com/actualidad/580966-heredero-ultimo-sah-persia-listo-iran Los comunistas quieren quemar el Reichstag otra vez https://apnews.com/article/germany-berlin-power-outage-attack-c945742c0b821b396244fd894f2d971c Brujo Tapia https://www.lmneuquen.com/pais/escandalo-la-afa-la-millonaria-suma-que-recibia-cada-mes-el-hijo-del-brujo-la-seleccion-n1223488 Primer pogromo https://www.aurora-israel.co.il/pogromo-buenos-aires-1919-semana-tragica/ LadyBoys festival https://www.aurora-israel.co.il/tailandia-cancela-fiestas-de-musica-electronica-tras-denuncias-de-incitacion-antiisraeli-y-vandalismo/ ReContra ReViejo ortodoxo https://www.enlacejudio.com/2026/01/05/un-juez-judio-ortodoxo-presidira-el-proceso-penal-de-maduro-en-nueva-york/ África anglófona https://allafrica.com/stories/202601060103.html MetPedofi https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn9z3qrvr3wo Record de empleo https://www.inclusion.gob.es/w/la-seguridad-social-suma-en-2025-medio-mill%C3%B3n-de-afiliados-por-cuarto-a%C3%B1o-consecutivo-y-se-acerca-a-los-21-9-millones-de-ocupados Pinkwashing ( la transexualidad es sionista) https://www.jta.org/2026/01/08/united-states/trans-screenwriter-our-lady-j-condemns-anti-zionism-in-lgbtq-spaces-zionism-is-not-a-dirty-word Fusion excavadorista https://www.expansion.com/empresas/industria/2026/01/08/69601f62468aebc00b8b457f.html Joe pensionista https://nypost.com/2026/01/04/us-news/bidens-pension-is-largest-of-any-us-president-in-history/ Diddy compañero https://es.news-front.su/2026/01/06/como-es-la-carcel-donde-esta-detenido-nicolas-maduro/ Comercio marfilero https://allafrica.com/stories/202601070036.html Museo Conmemorativo de las Hazañas de Combate en las Operaciones Militares en el Extranjero http://www.kcna.kp/en/article/q/e29bc2eb07715d0bf22ffe7a3e5a11cc.kcmsf Ordenador incautado https://www.elperiodico.com/es/sucesos/20260107/muerte-streamer-directo-vilanova-i-la-geltru-mossos-incautan-ordenador-telefono-movil-sergio-jimenez-125440758 Piratas atlánticos https://avia-es.com/news/bolshinstvo-moryakov-zahvachennyh-ssha-na-rossiyskom-tankere-marinera-sostavlyayut-ukraincy Negro Willy https://esrt.press/actualidad/581193-ecuatoriano-negro-willy-polemica-liberacion-espana Bolivia es sionista https://www.aurora-israel.co.il/israel-aprueba-un-nuevo-embajador-para-bolivia-tras-restaurar-las-relaciones/ MoltkaPop https://cincodias.elpais.com/companias/2026-01-08/la-surcoreana-naver-notifica-la-compra-de-wallapop-a-la-cnmc.html Cheburaskha 2 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https://www.eldiario.es/sociedad/vaticano-obligo-obispos-alcanzar-acuerdo-gobierno-reparar-victimas-pederastia_1_12892460.html?utm_source=onesignalweb&utm_medium=push&utm_campaign=2026-01-08-LTIMA-HORA Reduccion de pena https://www.prensa-latina.cu/2026/01/09/bolsonaro-pide-en-brasil-reducir-su-pena-mediante-la-lectura/ HDP sacacuartos https://iharare.com/harare-clamping-tragedy-kids-watched-helplessly-as-father-died-without-receiving-aid/ Turismo Marroquino https://allafrica.com/stories/202601090002.html Golpe truncado https://canarias-semanal.org/art/38247/el-pueblo-burkines-trunca-en-la-calle-un-golpe-de-estado-con-ibrahin-traore-videos Jajam Traidor https://www.enlacejudio.com/2026/01/01/rabino-irani-y-representantes-de-hezbola-asisten-a-homenaje-a-soleimani/ Habra que verlo https://actualidad-rt.com/actualidad/581297-trump-vamos-atacar-carteles-tierra El celular https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2026/01/07/japan/nra-phone-china-loss/ Seccion 163 https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-demolition-violence-police-heighten-vigil-friday-namaz-arrest-10463752/ Balance de bandidaje https://allafrica.com/stories/202601070135.html Bharatvarsh https://www.news18.com/india/pakistan-bangladesh-were-part-of-bharatvarsh-british-conspired-to-divide-india-yogi-adityanath-ws-kl-9818636.html Taxis Atacados https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/402e80c0-d61a-42f5-84ed-a2b77fe1cae3 Perros Rusos https://www.abcnyheter.no/nyheter/russiske-hunder-avlivet-i-finnmark/1363095 Turistas Ricos https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/lifestyle-culture/article/3339223/why-bali-wants-check-tourists-bank-balances-and-why-it-may-be-hard-enforce?module=top_story&pgtype=section Bebes Online https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3339355/philippine-teen-arrested-over-alleged-us845-baby-sale-police-warn-rise-cases?module=top_story&pgtype=section Conductores Reviejos https://www.koreaherald.com/article/10651653 Nancys Difamadores https://www.koreaherald.com/article/10649695 Karaoke Tokyo https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/6e6d3a72-e6db-4e70-b0f9-bc0d913b4304 Niños Balconing https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/9f186fc9-5cb0-4d9c-9e02-54835339c05b Niños Piromanos https://ekstrabladet.dk/krimi/haevn-12-aarig-filmede-brandattentat/11057272 Turba nazi https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/uk-news/neo-nazi-mob-launches-recruitment-36501371 Pervertido historico https://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/courts-david-peers-sex-offender-33190091 Alternativa Humillante https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/weird-news/brits-who-dodge-ww3-conscription-36523218 Carreras Ilegales https://www.ilmessaggero.it/italia/corsa_clandestina_cavalli_catania_denunciati-9287550.html Neonatorrush https://www.ilmessaggero.it/italia/papa_violenta_figlio_neonato_video_tiktok_processo_da_rifare_cassazione_cosa_e_successo-9284034.html Meloni Firma https://www.lavanguardia.com/economia/20260108/11419457/meloni-aisla-macron-inclina-rubricar-acuerdo-mercosur.html Granada Nazi https://www.diepresse.com/20449637/granate-gegenueber-von-synagoge-in-wien-gefunden Plan Rehabilitador https://www.arabnews.com/node/2628452/saudi-arabia Vive España https://www.arabnews.com/node/2628684/arabia-saudita Primera Fase https://thedefensepost.com/2026/01/08/lebanon-first-phase-disarming-hezbollah/ TurcoChipre https://www.aa.com.tr/es/turkiye/turkiye-rechaza-el-uso-de-t%C3%A9rminos-como-ocupaci%C3%B3n-invasi%C3%B3n-y-partici%C3%B3n-sobre-la-isla-de-chipre/3794009 Inflaccion a la baja https://www.aa.com.tr/es/econom%c3%ada/la-tasa-de-inflaci%c3%b3n-anual-de-turkiye-disminuye-al-30-89-en-diciembre/3789861 Presupuesto Abrahamico https://www.elespanol.com/observatorio-defensa/20260109/marruecos-firma-israel-nuevo-acuerdo-cooperacion-militar-incrementa-presupuesto-defensa/1003744080089_0.html Reestructuracion Gubenamental https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-lider-taliban-reestructura-parcialmente-gobierno-afganistan-cambios-dos-carteras-20260108123408.html Mision Secreta https://www.vozpopuli.com/espana/el-buque-cantabria-finaliza-una-mision-secreta-de-suministro-a-fuerzas-estadounidenses-cerca-de-groenlandia.html Proliferacion Pinchil https://www.20minutos.es/madrid/proliferacion-armas-blancas-preocupa-madrid-45-heridos-241-incautaciones-solo-navidades_6918492_0.html Crimen a la baja https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202601/1352640.shtml Estafa Pornografica https://www.ultimahora.es/sucesos/ultimas/2026/01/09/2545595/cae-mallorca-fugitivo-aleman-uno-cerebros-estafa-pornografica-engano-miles-personas.html Camapña Navideña https://www.levante-emv.com/sucesos/2026/01/02/narcos-marketing-navidad-hachis-blanco-125303506.html Telefono perdido https://www.dawn.com/news/1965802/japan-nuclear-official-loses-phone-with-confidential-data-in-china Rocky Mittal 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https://www.ilmessaggero.it/mondo/baba_vanga_terza_guerra_mondiale_alieni_previsioni_cosa_aveva_detto-9286026.html Cliente insatisfecho https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/us-news/kfc-customer-becomes-upset-over-36517866 Brigitomanos Condenados https://www.arabnews.com/node/2628332/world Adolescentes Secuestrados https://actu17.fr/faits-divers/enleves-battus-et-denudes-deux-adolescents-forces-de-creuser-leur-tombe-en-pleine-nuit-pres-de-nantes.html Juegos de Bufandas https://actu17.fr/faits-divers/nord-une-fillette-de-10-ans-meurt-apres-un-possible-jeu-du-foulard.html GanjaFarmer Ukro https://www.ukrinform.es/rubric-crime/4074934-incautan-cannabis-a-narcotraficantes-por-9-millones-de-grivnas-en-la-region-de-ternopil.html IA Transformer https://sakana.ai/ahc058/ Sablazo electrico https://cincodias.elpais.com/companias/2026-01-08/el-recibo-de-la-luz-de-2025-fue-el-tercero-mas-elevado-de-la-historia.html Big Fokin Party https://www.abc.es/espana/castilla-la-mancha/big-fucking-party-albacete-arranca-pantano-cenajo-20260101102249-nt.html

Der Jahreswechsel ist die Zeit der Rück- und Ausblicke. Was ist im vergangenen Jahr passiert? Was erwartet uns in den nächsten 12 Monaten? Die Harburger Anzeigen und Nachrichten druckten am 29. Dezember ein Resümee des Wirtschaftsjahres 1925 von Dr. Otto Hugo ab. Der 1878 bei Osnabrück geborene Hugo war Mitbegründer der Deutschen Volkspartei, saß für sie im Reichstag und vertrat auch darüber hinaus die Interessen der Schwerindustrie. Daher überrascht es wenig, dass sich seine Bilanz besonders gegen die sozialen Tendenzen in der Arbeitspolitik wendet, die durch ihre hohen Ausgaben die Industrie schwächen würden. Erst müssen Werte entstehen, bevor der Staat sie ausgegeben kann. Frank Riede präsentiert uns die Ratschläge, die Otto Hugo gibt, um in Deutschland einen wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung zu erleben.

Paul Löbe (geb. 14.12.1875) kann davon berichten, wie eine parlamentarische Demokratie aufgebaut wird, wie sie funktioniert und wie schnell sie zu Grunde gehen kann. Von Rüdiger Weidenfeld-Kramer.

durée : 01:31:36 - Les Nuits de France Culture - par : Albane Penaranda - En 1966, 20 ans après la fin du Procès de Nuremberg, l'émission "Les dossiers de l'histoire" en propose une reconstitution fidèle. Ce premier volet retrace le prélude de la tragédie allemande dans une période allant de l'incendie du Reichstag en février 1933 à l'annexion de l'Autriche en mars 1938. - réalisation : Emily Vallat

The New Discourses Podcast with James Lindsay, Ep. 184 At the center of the Nazi Experiment is the Jewish Question, undeniably. The Jewish Question amounts to asking "what should we do with the Jews?" in this case, in Europe. Across the entirety of his project, Adolf Hitler had a straightforward answer, though the specifics differed: get rid of them, all of them. In fact, he proudly campaigned for himself on the project of "solving the Jewish Question," not just on matters of German national pride or the economy, as is sometimes wrongly reported. In this episode of the New Discourses Podcast, the ninth volume in the deep Nazi Experiment series, host James Lindsay takes you through Hitler's infamous 1939 speech to the Reichstag as well as a lesser-known letter Hitler wrote in 1919, showing remarkable consistency in Hitler's vision for the Jews over the entirety of the Nazi Experiment. Join him to see, yet again, the ominous parallels to our own time today. Latest from New Discourses Press! The Queering of the American Child: https://queeringbook.com/ Support New Discourses: https://newdiscourses.com/support Follow New Discourses on other platforms: https://newdiscourses.com/subscribe Follow James Lindsay: https://linktr.ee/conceptualjames © 2025 New Discourses. All rights reserved. #NewDiscourses #JamesLindsay #Nazi

[REDIFFUSION] Cette semaine, dans Les Fabuleux Destins, nous mettons en lumière ces femmes oubliées de l'Histoire — des pionnières, des artistes, des savantes, dont le courage et la vision ont façonné notre monde sans toujours recevoir la reconnaissance qu'elles méritaient. Sophie Scholl, l'héroïne de la Résistance allemande Berlin, 1933 : une explosion de verre brise la nuit, des flammes s'élèvent au-dessus du Reichstag. Cet incendie, dont l'origine reste encore floue, va précipiter l'Allemagne dans la dictature nazie. Quelques années plus tard, alors que le pays est en guerre, une jeune femme de 21 ans ose défier Hitler. Sophie Scholl, figure de la Rose Blanche, sacrifiera tout pour la liberté. Plongez dans l'histoire d'une femme dotée d'un courage inébranlable. Un podcast Bababam Originals Ecriture : Clément Prévaux Production : Bababam Voix : Florian Bayoux Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

8. The Final Negotiations and Hitler's Appointment. Tim Ryback discusses how on January 30, 1933, Hitler required the support of media magnate Alfred Hugenberg (40 seats) to achieve the coalition necessary for Hindenburg to appoint him Chancellor. Hugenberg, who sought to be Minister of Economics, desperately opposed Hitler's primary demand: holding new Reichstag elections. Hugenberg knew elections would cost him his vital seats. After holding out until the final moment in a dramatic crisis outside Hindenburg's office, he was cornered and reluctantly agreed. Hindenburg formally appointed Hitler Chancellor at 9:40 AM. Hugenberg subsequently noted he had made "the biggest mistake of his life." Within 18 months, key antagonists Schleicher, Strasser, and Röhm were murdered. 1933 Retry

3. Gridlock and the Dissolution of the Reichstag. Timothy Ryback discusses how following Hitler's August refusal to cooperate, the Nazis actively used "obstructionist politics" to gridlock and paralyze the legislative system, using their 37% of seats to destroy democracy with its own tools. Because no laws could be passed, President Hindenburg frequently resorted to constitutional powers (Article 48) to issue orders. The President of the Reichstag at this time was Hermann Göring, a decorated WWI flying ace and one of Hitler's closest lieutenants. Göring held a high social distinction, which was far above Hitler's status in Berlin circles. The Reichstag was subsequently dissolved and a new election called. 1933 hitler leaving Hindenburg after elevation.

In 1933, the German parliament building is set on fire. In the resulting chaos, Adolf Hitler seizes more power and dismantles the safeguards that help prevent democracies from collapsing into dictatorships. In this episode, Nathan and Lee examine the fire and its consequences, and look for lessons that we should probably learn from history to prevent this sort of thing from happening again...

HEADLINE: South Korea Faces "Techno-Totalitarianism" After Suspicious Data Center Fire GUEST NAME: Morse Tan 50 WORD SUMMARY: A suspicious battery blaze paralyzed over 600 South Korean government services, raising questions about server security and the destruction of intelligence. The timing is critical, disabling background checks on Chinese entrants. President Yoon Suk Yeol is strongly allied with the CCP, having purged military leadership. This incident, likened to the Reichstag fire, poses a grave threat to democracy and fosters "techno-totalitarianism." 1950 OFF KOREA

CBS EYE ON THE WORLD WITH JOHN BATCHELOR THE SHOW BEGINS IN THE DOUBTS ABOUT THE FATE OF GAZA.. 1945N GAZA RAILROAD 9-29-2025 FIRST HOUR 9-915 BILL-ROGGIO-HUSAIN-HAQQANI-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: Afghanistan Hostage Release, Bagram Debate, and Skepticism on Gaza Peace Plan GUEST NAME: Bill Roggio and Husain Haqqani 50 WORD SUMMARY: Americancitizen Amir Amiri was released by the Taliban, though likely at the cost of a US prisoner. The concept of reclaiming Bagram is viewed as a risky, impractical negotiating ploy. Discussion covered tens of thousands of Afghans left behind. Experts expressed skepticism regarding the Gaza 21-point plan due to many moving parts and Hamas's goals.   915-930 BILL-ROGGIO-HUSAIN-HAQQANI-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: Afghanistan Hostage Release, Bagram Debate, and Skepticism on Gaza Peace Plan GUEST NAME: Bill Roggio and Husain Haqqani 50 WORD SUMMARY: Americancitizen Amir Amiri was released by the Taliban, though likely at the cost of a US prisoner. The concept of reclaiming Bagram is viewed as a risky, impractical negotiating ploy. Discussion covered tens of thousands of Afghans left behind. Experts expressed skepticism regarding the Gaza 21-point plan due to many moving parts and Hamas's goals. 930-945 MORSE-TAN-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: South Korea Faces "Techno-Totalitarianism" After Suspicious Data Center FireGUEST NAME: Morse Tan 50 WORD SUMMARY: A suspicious battery blaze paralyzed over 600 South Koreangovernment services, raising questions about server security and the destruction of intelligence. The timing is critical, disabling background checks on Chinese entrants. President Yoon Suk Yeol is strongly allied with the CCP, having purged military leadership. This incident, likened to the Reichstag fire, poses a grave threat to democracy and fosters "techno-totalitarianism."945-1000 MARK-CLIFFORD2-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: Jimmy Lai's Imprisonment Highlights UK's "Stovepiped" Diplomacy with China GUEST NAME: Mark Clifford 50 WORD SUMMARY: Jimmy Lai, a jailed British citizen and prominent Hong Kong dissident, is a litmus test for freedom. The Starmer government is now showing movement, potentially working with the US for his release. The UK faces criticism for "stovepiping" diplomacy, failing to link Lai's freedom to economic issues, such as China's desired mega embassy. China asserts ownership over Lai based on his ethnicity. SECOND HOUR 10-1015 JANETYN-SAYEH-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: Iran Faces Full UN Sanctions Snapback; Gen Z Leads Domestic OppositionGUEST NAME: Janet Sayeh 50 WORD SUMMARY: The West successfully enacted UN sanctions "snapback," reimposing sanctions lifted since 2015. The economy is already shocked, though enforcement against illicit networks depends on Washington. Iran may risk Israeli military action by continuing its nuclear program. Gen Z has categorically rejected the regime, leading major uprisings. The opposition is actively working to encourage defections within the security establishment.V 1015-1030 JANET-SAYEH-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: Iran Faces Full UN Sanctions Snapback; Gen Z Leads Domestic OppositionGUEST NAME: Janet Sayeh 50 WORD SUMMARY: The West successfully enacted UN sanctions "snapback," reimposing sanctions lifted since 2015. The economy is already shocked, though enforcement against illicit networks depends on Washington. Iran may risk Israeli military action by continuing its nuclear program. Gen Z has categorically rejected the regime, leading major uprisings. The opposition is actively working to encourage defections within the security establishment.1030-1045 DAVID-DAOUD-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: IDF Faces Urban Combat; Hezbollah Rearms Aided by Iran; Golan Heights Non-Negotiable GUEST NAME: David Daoud 50 WORD SUMMARY: IDF operations in Gaza face difficulties due to urban fighting, personnel shortages, and international pressure. Hezbollah is actively rearming, supported quietly by Iranian funds and weapons smuggling efforts. The Lebanese government is failing to disarm Hezbollah. Israelmaintains the strategically vital Golan Heights are non-negotiable for the foreseeable future, despite security discussions with the Syrian government. 1045-1100 DAVID-DAOUD-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: IDF Faces Urban Combat; Hezbollah Rearms Aided by Iran; Golan Heights Non-Negotiable GUEST NAME: David Daoud 50 WORD SUMMARY: IDF operations in Gaza face difficulties due to urban fighting, personnel shortages, and international pressure. Hezbollah is actively rearming, supported quietly by Iranian funds and weapons smuggling efforts. The Lebanese government is failing to disarm Hezbollah. Israelmaintains the strategically vital Golan Heights are non-negotiable for the foreseeable future, despite security discussions with the Syrian government. THIRD HOUR 1100-1115 BLAINE-HOLT-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: Russian Probes, European Escalation Rhetoric, and the Threat of Drone Swarms GUEST NAME: General Blaine Holt 50 WORD SUMMARY: Russian aircraft regularly probe the Alaskan ADIZ, met by US F-16s. Standardized procedures minimize miscalculation risk. Reckless rhetoric from European allies threatens escalation by suggesting shooting down Russian jets violating NATO airspace. European defense ministers are planning a "drone wall" to counter massive Russian drone swarms, which Ukraine currently cannot defeat. 1115-1130 BLAINE-HOLT-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: Russian Probes, European Escalation Rhetoric, and the Threat of Drone Swarms GUEST NAME: General Blaine Holt 50 WORD SUMMARY: Russian aircraft regularly probe the Alaskan ADIZ, met by US F-16s. Standardized procedures minimize miscalculation risk. Reckless rhetoric from European allies threatens escalation by suggesting shooting down Russian jets violating NATO airspace. European defense ministers are planning a "drone wall" to counter massive Russian drone swarms, which Ukraine currently cannot defeat. 1130-1145 ALEJANDRO-PENA-ESCLUSA-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: Venezuela's Crisis and Maduro's Drug Cartel: US Intervention Anticipated GUEST NAME: Alejandro Peña Esclusa 50 WORD SUMMARY: Venezuela is enduring a humanitarian crisis under Nicolás Maduro, leader of the Cartel of the Suns. The elected opposition, Edmundo González and María Corina Machado, have publicly authorized US intervention. Maduro's desperate letter to Trumpwas rejected as full of lies. Regional allies like Lula and Petro fear US action and indirectly try to save Maduro. 1145-1200 ALEJANDRO-PENA-ESCLUSA-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: Venezuela's Crisis and Maduro's Drug Cartel: US Intervention Anticipated GUEST NAME: Alejandro Peña Esclusa 50 WORD SUMMARY: Venezuela is enduring a humanitarian crisis under Nicolás Maduro, leader of the Cartel of the Suns. The elected opposition, Edmundo González and María Corina Machado, have publicly authorized US intervention. Maduro's desperate letter to Trumpwas rejected as full of lies. Regional allies like Lula and Petro fear US action and indirectly try to save Maduro. FOURTH HOUR 12-1215 AHMAD-SHARAWI-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: Al-Sharaa Seeks Normalization at UN Amid Sanctions and Domestic Tensions GUEST NAME: Ahmad Sharawi 50 WORD SUMMARY: Syrian strongman Al-Sharaa visited the UNseeking international normalization and to consolidate domestic power. He met world leaders and sought removal of Caesar sanctions, though Congress must approve this. World leaders mostly ignored questions about massacres. Major powers remain in Syria, and Kurds are negotiating integration, while Israel pursues a security agreement. 1215-1230 AHMAD-SHARAWI-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: Al-Sharaa Seeks Normalization at UN Amid Sanctions and Domestic Tensions GUEST NAME: Ahmad Sharawi 50 WORD SUMMARY: Syrian strongman Al-Sharaa visited the UNseeking international normalization and to consolidate domestic power. He met world leaders and sought removal of Caesar sanctions, though Congress must approve this. World leaders mostly ignored questions about massacres. Major powers remain in Syria, and Kurds are negotiating integration, while Israel pursues a security agreement. 1230-1245 BRIDGET-TOOMEY-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: Houthi Attacks Escalate: Targeting Shipping and Deploying Cluster Munitions GUEST NAME: Bridget Toomey 50 WORD SUMMARY: The Houthis struck a Netherlands-flagged cargo ship in the Gulf of Aden. The international community is quiet, as the Houthis interpret the US ceasefire as full permission to target Israel. They are also deploying cluster munition warheads on ballistic missiles against Israel. Houthisystems seem to be improving, penetrating Israeli defenses. CENTCOM considers the current US hands-off policy a strategic defeat. 1245-100 AM KEVIN-FRAZIER-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: Russian Spy Ships Target Vulnerable Undersea Communication CablesGUEST NAME: Kevin Frazier 50 WORD SUMMARY: Undersea cables are highly vulnerable to sabotage or accidental breaks. Russia uses sophisticated naval technology, including the spy ship Yantar, to map and potentially break these cables in sensitive locations. The US is less vulnerable due to redundancy. However, protection is fragmented, relying on private owners who often lack incentives to adopt sophisticated defense techniques.

【聊了什么】 9月10日，美国保守派青年运动领袖、TPUSA创始人查理·柯克遇刺身亡，震动全美。一个没有任何公职的“网红”，为何能成为特朗普核心圈层的“造王者”，撬动上亿美元资金，并让共和党精英、金主和普通年轻人为之倾倒？ 本期节目深入剖析查理·柯克的崛起，分析他如何将网红传播、校园组织和金主筹款融为一体，打造出独特的政治影响力机器。他的遇刺，又将如何影响特朗普主义和美国保守派运动的走向？ 本期节目录制于2025年9月13日。 播客文字稿（付费会员专享）：https://theamericanroulette.com/charlie-kirk-violence-transcript 【支持我们】 如果喜欢这期节目并希望支持我们将节目继续做下去： 也欢迎加入我们的会员计划： https://theamericanroulette.com/paid-membership/ 会员可以收到每周2-5封newsletter，可以加入会员社群，参加会员活动，并享受更多福利。 合作投稿邮箱：american.roulette.pod@gmail.com 【时间轴】 00:34 查理·柯克遇刺事件回顾 03:39 柯克为何有如此大的影响力和2024年大选中的关键作用 06:30 柯克的三大核心能力：与年轻人沟通、构建组织网络、向金主筹款 09:09 TPUSA如何构建覆盖美国学校的组织网络 12:10 柯克政治对特朗普的影响和保守派内部的张力 20:07 TPUSA如何建立起校园政治网络 43:58 柯克的思想转变：从自由意志主义者到特朗普民粹主义者，再到基督教民族主义者 48:58 柯克 vs. 万斯 52:32 枪击案发生后的信息真空下的各种猜测与媒体的矛盾报道 54:20 枪手：一个被网络亚文化和游戏烂梗塑造的“extremely online”的青年 56:55 FBI局长Kash Patel的争议 1:00:52 当政治暴力成为一种“行为艺术”和“线下烂梗” 1:05:54 犹他州州长Spencer Cox的反应 1:09:04 这会是美国政治的“国会纵火案”吗？ 1:14:09 TPUSA的未来：柯克死后，这个高度依赖其个人魅力的组织能否持续？ 【我们是谁】 美轮美换是一档深入探讨当今美国政治的中文播客。 我们的主播和嘉宾： Talich：美国政治和文化历史爱好者 王浩岚：美国政治爱好者，岚目公众号主笔兼消息二道贩子 小华：媒体人 【 What We Talked About】 On September 10th, the assassination of Charlie Kirk, leader of the American conservative youth movement and founder of TPUSA, sent shockwaves across the nation. How did an 'influencer' with no public office become a 'kingmaker' in Trump's inner circle, leveraging hundreds of millions of dollars and captivating Republican elites, donors, and young people alike? This episode provides an in-depth analysis of Charlie Kirk's rise, examining how he integrated influencer-style communication, campus organizing, and major donor fundraising to build a unique political influence machine. How will his assassination impact the future of Trumpism and the American conservative movement? This episode was recorded on September 13, 2025. Podcast Transcript (Paid Subscribers Only): https://theamericanroulette.com/charlie-kirk-violence-transcript 【Support Us】 If you like our show and want to support us, please consider the following: Join our membership program: https://theamericanroulette.com/paid-membership/ Support us on Patreon: www.patreon.com/americanroulette Business Inquiries and fan mail: american.roulette.pod@gmail.com 【Timeline】 00:34 A review of the Charlie Kirk assassination incident 03:39 Why Kirk had such immense influence and his key role in the 2024 election 06:30 Kirk's three core abilities: communicating with young people, building organizational networks, and fundraising from major donors 09:09 How TPUSA built an organizational network covering American schools 12:10 Kirk's political influence on Trump and the internal tensions within the conservative movement 20:07 How TPUSA established its campus political network 43:58 Kirk's ideological evolution: from a libertarian to a Trump populist, and then to a Christian nationalist 48:58 Kirk vs. Vance 52:32 The information vacuum after the shooting: various speculations and contradictory media reports 54:20 The shooter: An "extremely online" youth shaped by internet subcultures and toxic gaming memes 56:55 The controversy surrounding FBI Director Kash Patel 1:00:52 When political violence becomes a form of "performance art" and an "offline toxic meme" 1:05:54 The reaction of Utah Governor Spencer Cox 1:09:04 Could this be the "Reichstag fire" of American politics? 1:14:09 The future of TPUSA: After Kirk's death, can this organization, highly dependent on his personal charisma, survive? 【Who We Are】 The American Roulette is a podcast dedicated to helping the Chinese-speaking community understand fast-changing U.S. politics. Our Hosts and Guests: Talich：Aficionado of American politics, culture, and history 王浩岚 (Haolan Wang): American political enthusiast, chief writer at Lán Mù WeChat Official Account, and peddler of information 小华 (Xiao Hua): Journalist, political observer

The governor of Utah irresponsibly releases partial information about the Charlie Kirk shooter, even encouraging people to interpret it themselves. He then admits to praying that the shooter would be from another country or not one of "us". Donald Trump goes on Fox & Friends and proclaims, "he doesn't care about radicals on the right". Donald Trump grieves the loss of Charlie Kirk by dancing at Yankee Stadium. When asked how he is holding up Trump replied by bragging about the new White House ballroom. Host of the Adam Friedland Show, Adam Friedland joins the show to discuss the fallout from his interview with Rep. Ritchie Torres. Howard Lutnick thinks tries to play a semantics game about tariffs not being inflationary as if people care about the terminology regarding rising prices. Chuck Schumer gives the Senate GOP a real what for over the exercising of the nuclear option to push through nominations. All that and more The Congress switchboard number is (202) 224-3121. You can use this number to connect with either the U.S. Senate or the House of Representatives. Become a member at JoinTheMajorityReport.com: https://fans.fm/majority/join Follow us on TikTok here: https://www.tiktok.com/@majorityreportfm Check us out on Twitch here: https://www.twitch.tv/themajorityreport Find our Rumble stream here: https://rumble.com/user/majorityreport Check out our alt YouTube channel here: https://www.youtube.com/majorityreportlive Gift a Majority Report subscription here: https://fans.fm/majority/gift Subscribe to the AMQuickie newsletter here: https://am-quickie.ghost.io/ Join the Majority Report Discord! https://majoritydiscord.com/ Get all your MR merch at our store: https://shop.majorityreportradio.com/ Get the free Majority Report App!: https://majority.fm/app Go to https://JustCoffee.coop and use coupon code majority to get 10% off your purchase Check out today's sponsors: CURRENT AFFAIRS: for 30% off for a year on any subscription of your choice, go to currentaffairs.org/subscribe and enter the code MAJORITYREPORT at checkout. The offer expires October 31st.   SUNSET LAKE:  Head to SunsetLakeCBD.com and through September 14th, you can save 30% on all Sunset Lake CBD's Tinctures when you use the coupon code FallTincture Follow the Majority Report crew on Twitter: @SamSeder @EmmaVigeland @MattLech Check out Matt's show, Left Reckoning, on YouTube, and subscribe on Patreon! https://www.patreon.com/leftreckoning Check out Matt Binder's YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/mattbinder Subscribe to Brandon's show The Discourse on Patreon! https://www.patreon.com/ExpandTheDiscourse Check out Ava Raiza's music here! https://avaraiza.bandcamp.com/

On 23 March 1933, the Enabling Act was passed in Germany, handing Adolf Hitler unchecked power. It became the legal foundation of his dictatorship.But in that moment, one voice spoke in defiance.Otto Wels, chairman of the Social Democratic Party, stood alone in the Reichstag: “Freedom and life can be taken away from us, but not honour.”His words were the last to be spoken freely in the German parliament.This is the story of the speeches that day, taken from recordings inside the Reichstag.Produced and presented by Gill Kearsley.Eye-witness accounts brought to life by archive. Witness History is for those fascinated by the past. We take you to the events that have shaped our world through the eyes of the people who were there. For nine minutes every day, we take you back in time and all over the world, to examine wars, coups, scientific discoveries, cultural moments and much more. Recent episodes explore everything from the death of Adolf Hitler, the first spacewalk and the making of the movie Jaws, to celebrity tortoise Lonesome George, the Kobe earthquake and the invention of superglue. We look at the lives of some of the most famous leaders, artists, scientists and personalities in history, including: Eva Peron – Argentina's Evita; President Ronald Reagan and his famous ‘tear down this wall' speech; Thomas Keneally on why he wrote Schindler's List; and Jacques Derrida, France's ‘rock star' philosopher. You can learn all about fascinating and surprising stories, such as the civil rights swimming protest; the disastrous D-Day rehearsal; and the death of one of the world's oldest languages.(Photo: The Reichstag on 23 March 1933. Credit: Getty Images)

Last time we spoke about the fall of Shanghai. In October 1937 a small battalion led by Colonel Xie Jinyuan transformed the Sihang Warehouse into a fortress against the advancing Japanese army. These men, known as the "800 Heroes," became symbols of hope, rallying local citizens who provided vital support. Despite heavy casualties, they held out against overwhelming odds until a strategic retreat was ordered on November 1. As Japanese forces intensified their assaults, they breached the Chinese defenses and captured strategic positions along Suzhou Creek. The fighting was fierce, marked by desperate counterattacks from the besieged Chinese soldiers, who faced an unyielding enemy. By November 9, the Chinese faced a full retreat, their organized defenses collapsing into chaos as they fled the city. Desperate civilians sought refuge in the International Settlement but were met with hostility, exacerbating the terror of the moment. Amidst the turmoil, remaining forces continued to resist in pockets, holding out as long as possible. By November 11, Japanese troops raised their flag in the last stronghold, marking a grim victory.   #163 Crossing Nanjing's Rubicon Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. As the Japanese were mopping up Shanghai, Chiang Kai-Shek wrote in his diary on November 11th “I fear that they could threaten Nanjing”. Over In Shanghai, General Matsui Iwane was dealing with foreign correspondents, eager to learn what Japan's next move would be and to this he simply stated “For future developments, you had better ask Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek”. The correspondents were surprised by this response and pressed him further. He replied . “Chiang Kai-shek was reported to have predicted a five-year war, well, it might be that long. We don't know whether we will go to Nanjing or not. It all depends on Chiang.” At this point Shanghai was falling under Japanese control and now Matsui and his fellow field commanders were thinking, what's next? Nanjing was certainly the next objective. It was a common understanding amongst the Japanese leadership, that if the four main eastern cities of Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Nanjing were lost, Chiang Kai-Shek's government would collapse. Three of these cities had been taken, Nanjing was dangling like fresh fruit. Matsui's staff believed the Chinese units departing Shanghai would mount a stand immediately west of the city, probably a defensive line running from Jiading to Huangduzhen. On the night of November 11th, Matsui issued a command to all units in the Shanghai area to advance west along the railway towards Nanjing. Their first objective would be a line extending from Taicang to Kunshan. Chiang Kai-Shek was not only reeling from military defeats, but also the gradual loss of his German allies. The Germans were increasingly aligning with the Japanese. Chiang Kai-Shek was looking for new external help, so he turned to the Soviets. It was a marriage of convenience, Chiang Kai-Shek signed a non-aggression pact with the USSR that year and wasted no time pleading for aircraft and pilots. Moscow began sending them before the ink touched the paper. 200 aircraft and pilots in return for some essential minerals, wolfram and tungsten. The Sino-Soviet friendship even drew in an unlikely source of support, Sir Winston Churchill. The Soviet envoy to the UK described how during a meeting with Churchill “he greatly praised our tactics in the Far East: maintenance of neutrality and simultaneous aid to China in weaponry.” Soviet pilots found themselves dispatched to Nanjing where they were briefed by Yakov Vladimirovich Smushkevich, the deputy commander of the Soviet Air Force. “The Japanese armed forces are technically superior to the Chinese. The Chinese Air Force is a particular concern. Soviet pilots who have rushed to China's aid are currently in Nanjing. They are fighting valiantly.” Meanwhile back at Shanghai discipline and order that had characterized previous Chinese withdrawal had collapsed. Simply put, there were hundreds of thousands of men trying to retreat across the lower Yangtze region, it was a shitstorm. Many units had to disengage during combat with the enemy and scramble to pull out. Huang Qixiang, the deputy commander of the Chinese right flank in Shanghai, executed a strategic withdrawal moments before his command post succumbed to the advancing enemy forces. Just fifteen minutes after his departure, the area was overrun by Japanese troops. In a desperate bid to avoid capture, another general had to cross a creek, nearly drowning in the process. Rescued while barely clinging to life and drenched in icy water, he was welcomed by a peasant family who aided in his recovery before he resumed his arduous journey westward. The scale of this withdrawal, occurring both day and night, could hardly escape the enemy's notice, and its complexity made the operation increasingly difficult. The execution of the withdrawal exacerbated the situation significantly. Orders to abandon their positions started to trickle down immediately after the upper command made the decision. However, these orders reached the units in a disorganized manner. Many telephone lines had been sabotaged, and when soldiers were sent to relay the orders in person, they faced severe disruptions in the transportation network. Consequently, many units only became aware of the withdrawal when they witnessed the mass movements of their comrades heading westward. Upon realizing what was happening, many soldiers fled in a state of panic. There were no comprehensive plans outlining the retreat, no designated routes for the various units, nor any established timetables. The outcome was a chaotic scramble for survival. Soldiers who had fought side by side for three months suddenly found themselves competing against one another in a desperate race to escape. At bridges and other chokepoints, weary soldiers exhausted their last reserves of strength, brawling with their fellow troops to be the first to cross. Meanwhile, officers traveling in chauffeur-driven cars attempted to assert their rank to gain priority access to the roads, adding to the growing disorder that ensued. The massive army was hindered by its sheer size, resulting in miles of congested roads filled with men unable to move in any direction. This made them easy targets for Japanese aircraft, leading to a bloody cycle of repeated attacks. Planes adorned with the red Rising Sun insignia would emerge from the horizon, swooping down to strike at these vulnerable formations. As commander Chen Yiding recalled “The lack of organization and the gridlocked roads resulted in far more casualties than could have been avoided,”.  On November 12th, the newspaper Zhaongyang Ribao, published an editorial addressing the citizens of Nanjing, to remind them that tough times lay ahead now that Shanghai had fallen. The article stipulated they needed to prepare the city for the upcoming battle,  “Now, all the citizenry of the capital must fulfill their duty in a way that can serve as a model for the entire nation.” Nanjing in 1937 was a city touched by the war, but not enough to change the social fabric just yet. Cinema's remained open, the shopping arcade was crowded as usual, traffic was heavy along Zhongshan Road, order remained. Telephones remained on, except during air raids. Connections to the outside world functioned as they should, given this was the capital. The region had seen a good harvest in 1937, no one was going hungry. However as the front 200 miles away drew closer, bombing raids more frequent, fear of the enemy increased. Contact with the outside world gradually declined. By mid November the train link from Nanjing to Shanghai was severed.  While the fear amongst the populace increased, so did a newfound sense of common purpose against a common enemy. Poster calling for the Chinese to unite against the Japanese invaders were found throughout Nanjing. Residents were conscripted for various fortification efforts, with some receiving basic military training to help defend the city. Those who refused to cooperate faced severe penalties as “traitors,” while the majority willingly participated. Both military and civilian police were deployed throughout the city, diligently checking identities in an ongoing effort to root out spies and traitors. The authorities enforced a strict prohibition against discussing military matters in restaurants and other public venues. Then all the high ranking military officials and politicians families gradually began departing the city in secrecy. This was followed by said politicians and military officials. Twas not a good look. Nanjing soon saw its population decline from 1 million to half a million. Those who stayed behind were mainly the poor, or those anchored, like shopkeepers. Every day saw a steady stream of Nanjing citizens leaving the city over her main roads, fleeing into the countryside with carts full of belongings. On November 12th at 10am orders were issued for the Japanese to advance west. What had been a war of attrition, where inches of land were claimed with blood, suddenly it was a war of movement. As one Japanese soldier recalled “In the course of 50 days, I had moved only two miles. Now suddenly we were experiencing rapid advance”. As the Japanese came across small towns, they found large posters plastered on all the walls. These were all anti-japanese with some nationalist propaganda. The Japanese soldiers would tear them down and paint up their own messages “down with Chiang Kai-Shek!”.  Towns and cities west of Shanghai fell rapidly one after another, each succumbing to a grim pattern: swift conquest followed by widespread devastation. Jiading, a county seat with a population of approximately 30,000, succumbed to a prolonged siege. When the 10st division captured Jiading on November 13, after relentless shelling had leveled a third of the city, they began a massacre, indiscriminately killing nearly everyone in their path, men, women, and children alike. The battle and its aftermath resulted in over 8,000 casualties among the city's residents and surrounding countryside. One Japanese soldier referred to Jiading as “A city of death, in a mysteriously silent world in which the only sound was the tap of our own footsteps”.  On November 14, soldiers from the 9th Division reached Taicang, an ancient walled city designed to withstand lengthy sieges. As they crossed the 70-foot moat amid heavy fire, the Japanese troops confronted the formidable 20-foot-high city wall. After breaching the wall, their infantry swiftly entered the city and seized control. The destruction persisted long after the fighting ceased, with half of the city being devastated, including significant cultural institutions like the library, and salt and grain reserves were looted. It was as if the Japanese aimed to obliterate not just the material existence of the people but their spiritual foundation as well.  Casual cruelty marked the nature of warfare along the entire front, with few prisoners being taken. Ishii Seitaro, a soldier in the 13th Division's 26th Brigade, encountered a mass execution while marching alongside the Yangtze River. Several headless corpses floated nearby, yet three Chinese prisoners remained alive. A Japanese officer, personally overseeing the execution, wore a simple uniform, but the two ornate swords at his belt indicated his wealthy background. Approaching one prisoner, the officer dramatically drew one of the swords and brandished it through the air with exaggerated flair. In an almost theatrical display, he held it aloft, the blade trembling as if he were nervous. The prisoner, in stark contrast, exhibited an unnerving calmness as he knelt, awaiting his inevitable fate. The officer swung the sword down but failed to deliver a clean strike. Although he inflicted a deep gash to the prisoner's skull, it was not fatal. The prisoner collapsed, thrashing and emitting a prolonged scream that sent chills through those present. The officer, seemingly exhilarated by the anguish he caused, began wildly slashing at the figure until the screams subsided. Ishii turned away in horror, his mind swirling with confusion. Why were the Chinese being executed? Had they not surrendered?  Three months into the war's expansion to the Yangtze region, air raids had become an all too frequent menace in Nanjing. The first major raid came on August 15th and increased each week. On the night of August 27, approximately 30 bombs were dropped on Purple Mountain, specifically targeting the Memorial Park for Sun Yat-sen, aiming to hurt the morale of Nanjing's residents. As days melted into weeks and weeks stretched into months, the landscape of Nanjing transformed under the weight of war. Residents began constructing dugouts in courtyards, gardens, public squares, and even on streets. Foreigners painted their national flags on top of buildings and vehicles, attempting to avoid the risk of being machine-gunned by strafing aircraft. Each raid followed a predictable routine: sirens wailed loudly 20 to 30 minutes before the attack, signaling pedestrians to seek shelter and drivers to stop their engines. By the time a shorter warning sounded, the streets had to be cleared, leaving nothing to do but await the arrival of Japanese planes. Initially, the part-US-trained Chinese Air Force posed a considerable threat to Japanese bombers. The 4th and 5th Chinese Squadrons, stationed near Nanjing to defend the capital, achieved early success, reportedly downing six bombers during the first air raid on Nanjing. Much of the credit for these aerial victories belonged to Claire Chennault, a retired American Army Air Corps captain who had become an advisor to the Chinese Air Force, overseeing Nanjing's air defense. Chennault taught his pilots tactics he had developed in the US but had never fully implemented. His strategy was straightforward: three fighters would focus on one enemy bomber at a time. One would attack from above, another from below, while a third would hover in reserve to deliver the final blow if necessary. He instructed the Chinese pilots to target the engines rather than the fuselage, reasoning that any missed shots could hit the gas tanks located in the wing roots. This approach proved successful, leading to the loss of 54 Japanese planes within three days. For Chennault, it validated his belief that air superiority required a diverse range of aircraft, not just bombers. Nighttime raids, however, posed a greater challenge. Chennault, along with other commanders, sought solutions. Chinese General C.C. Wong, a German-trained artillery officer overseeing the country's anti-aircraft defenses, ensured that dozens of large Sperry searchlights were positioned throughout Nanjing in a grid pattern. This setup had a dual purpose: it would dazzle the Japanese bomber crews and highlight their planes in silhouette for Chinese fighters above to target. The bravery of the most skilled Chinese pilots occasionally gained media attention, making them local celebrities amidst an otherwise grim war environment. However, this bright moment faded quickly when the Japanese command decided to provide escorts for their bombers. Consequently, the elite of China's air force, its finest pilots and aircraft, were lost within weeks that fall. All air raids were brutal, but the worst assaults occurred at the end of September. As a radio broadcaster reported on September 25th “Gallons of civilian blood flowed today as Nanking endured three ferocious air raids”. In total, 96 Japanese sorties were launched on that day. Witnesses observed around a dozen Chinese aircraft retreating north across the Yangtze, initially believing they were fleeing, but some returned to confront the enemy. When Chinese fighters managed to down a Japanese bomber, the streets erupted in cheers as civilians momentarily forgot their fear. The primary aim of the September 25 attack appeared to be spreading terror among the civilian population. Chiang Kai-Shek wrote in his diary that day  “The repeated Japanese air raids over the past several days have had no impact on our military installations. Instead, civilian property has sustained significant damage.” Around 20 bombs struck the Central Hospital, one of Nanjing's largest medical facilities, causing extensive destruction and prompting the evacuation of its staff. Two 1,000-pound bombs exploded nearby, leaving large craters. Had these bombs landed slightly closer, they could have resulted in mass casualties among the hospital's 100 patients, including a Japanese pilot who had been shot down earlier that month. The air raids at the end of September prompted protests from the Americans, British, and French governments to Japan. In response, Tokyo issued a statement on September 30, asserting that while they were not intentionally targeting non-combatants, it was “unavoidable” for achieving military objectives that military airfields and installations in and around Nanjing be bombed.   The battle for Jiashan was among the fiercest in the southern Yangtze delta campaign in November 1937. Although Jiashan was a moderately sized town straddling a crucial railway connecting Shanghai to Hangzhou, the capital of Zhejiang province. For the Japanese, seizing Jiashan was imperative for their westward advance; without it, their military progress would be severely hampered. Jiashan had endured three days of relentless bombing by the Japanese Air Force, driving most residents to flee into the surrounding countryside. Only about 100 remained, those who were too old or too sick to escape, abandoned by family or friends who lacked the means to assist them. The Japanese troops brutally bayoneted nearly all of these individuals and buried them in a mass grave just outside the town's northern gate. Jiashan was captured by the 10th Army, a division fresh from victories and eager to engage in combat, unlike the weary forces of the Shanghai Expeditionary Force further north. With less than a week of combat experience, the 10th Army's soldiers were hungry for a fight. The martial spirit of the 10th Army was exemplified by its commander, Yanagawa Heisuke. Born near Nagasaki in 1879, he was among a group of retired officers called back to active service as the war in China escalated unexpectedly. Having served in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 and taught at the Beijing Army College in 1918, Yanagawa had considerable experience in military affairs. However, his past exposure to China did not cultivate any empathy for the enemy. He was determined to push all the way to Nanjing, and once there, he intended to blanket the city in mustard gas and incendiaries until it capitulated. While Japanese commanders debated the value of capturing Nanjing, the Chinese were equally preoccupied with whether it was worth defending. Most military professionals viewed the situation as a lost cause from the start. After the fall of Shanghai, Chiang Kai-shek summoned one of his top commanders, Chen Cheng, to Nanjing for discussions. “How can Nanjing be held?” Chen Cheng shot back “Are you ordering me to hold Nanjing?” Chiang replied “I am not”. Chen Cheng stated frankly, “I believe Nanjing should not be held at all.” By mid-November, Bai Chongxi, one of China's most respected generals, advocated for declaring Nanjing an open city. He argued that defending it was not only unnecessary but also impossible. All available forces had been deployed to Shanghai and were now exhausted. Furthermore, no reinforcements would be forthcoming if they made a stand in Nanjing. Instead of stubbornly clinging to fixed positions, he preferred a more flexible defensive strategy. Zhang Qun, Chiang's secretary, supported Bai's stance, believing that while Nanjing should ultimately be abandoned, political considerations were paramount. If the Chinese simply withdrew and allowed the Japanese to occupy the city, it would undermine China's position in any future negotiations. The Japanese would not be able to present themselves as victors who had triumphed in battle. Similarly, Chiang's chief military advisor, General Alexander von Falkenhausen, was against attempting to hold Nanjing. He deemed it “useless from a military perspective, suggesting it would be madness.” He warned that if Chiang forced his army into a decisive battle with their backs to the Yangtze River, “a disaster would probably be unavoidable.” Chiang's head of the operations bureau Liu Fei argued Nanjing could not be abandoned without a fight as it would crush the NRA's morale. He believed that defending the city could be managed with as few as 12 regiments, although 18 would be feasible. Most at the meeting agreed and Chiang understood Nanjing's international recognition necessitated some form of defense, doomed or not. A second meeting was formed whereupon, Tang Shengzhi, a general staff officer whose loyalties were, lets be honest very flip floppy. During the warlord era, he routinely switched sides, especially against Chiang Kai-Shek. At the meeting Tang stated in regards to Nanjing's international prominence and being the final resting place of Dr Sun Yat-Sen “How can we face the spirit of the former president in heaven? We have no choice but to defend the capital to the death.” Chiang's commanders were all well aware of his intentions. The generalissimo was eager for a dramatic last stand in Nanjing to serve propaganda purposes, aiming to rally the nation and convey to the world that China was resolute in its fight against Japan. His commanders also recognized the rationale behind fighting for Nanjing; however, very few were inclined to embark on what seemed a likely suicide mission. The third meeting occurred the day after the second. Chiang opened by asking, as many anticipated, “Who is willing to shoulder the burden of defending Nanjing?” An awkward silence followed. Then Tang Shengzhi stepped forward. “Chairman, if no one else is willing, I will. I'm prepared to defend Nanjing and to hold it to the death.” Without hesitation, Chiang accepted his offer. “Good, the responsibility is yours.”A little refresher on Tang, he had played a role in Chiang Kai-shek's efforts to unify China by force in the 1920s, when the nation was a patchwork of fiefdoms. However, their relationship had soured on two occasions, forcing Tang into temporary exile, first to Japan and then to Hong Kong. The Japanese invasion of northeastern China in 1931 prompted a loose reconciliation, and since then, Tang had held several important positions, notably organizing war games simulating a Japanese assault on Nanjing. However Tang had often suffered from illness, and crucially, he had not led troops in the field against the Japanese since the onset of full-scale war that summer. Hailing from Hunan province, he was a typical provincial soldier and would likely face challenges commanding respect among elite divisions loyal solely to the central government in Nanjing. He was definitely not the first choice for such a significant task.  Amazingly, while tens of thousands of Chinese and Japanese were killing each other, while Japanese planes relentlessly bombarded Chinese cities including the capital, and while Japanese soldiers committed heinous atrocities against Chinese civilians, the two nations maintained diplomatic relations. China had a fully operational embassy in Tokyo, led by Xu Shiying, a 65-year-old diplomat. This surreal arrangement persisted because neither side was willing to officially declare war. In the fall of 1937, as Japanese armies were heavily engaged on two fronts within mainland China, Xu met with Japanese Foreign Minister Hirota Koki to propose a non-aggression treaty. The proposal was swiftly rejected in Nanjing. By November 1937, Xu was no longer at the forefront of events, and foreign observers shifted their focus from the capitals of the warring nations to Belgium. While large-scale battles raged along the lower Yangtze, representatives from 19 countries convened in Brussels to search for a way to end hostilities. Although China participated in the conference, Japan did not. Japan had received two invitations to join the talks, with its response to the second arriving in Brussels on November 12: a firm rejection. Japan asserted that it preferred direct bilateral negotiations with China, dismissing the Brussels conference held under the auspices of the Nine-Power Treaty, a pact signed in 1922 aimed at ensuring China's national sovereignty and territorial integrity. Japan argued that intervention by a collective body like the conference “would merely stir national sentiments in both countries and complicate efforts to reach a mutually satisfactory resolution.” The League of Nations had called for a Nine-Power conference a month earlier, which ultimately became a 19-power conference as other nations with interests in East Asia joined. From the outset, Japan opposed the assembly and was absent when the first plenary meeting commenced in Brussels on November 3. Japanese leaders feared that China might attempt to leverage the conference against Western powers, recalling how, in 1895, Japan had been denied its spoils following its first modern war with China due to the intervention of Russia, France, and Germany, who blocked Japan from claiming the strategic Liaodong Peninsula adjacent to Korea. China also exhibited a lukewarm attitude toward the conference. While Japan feared the potential outcomes, China was concerned about the lack of significant results. The proposal to transition discussions from the League of Nations, perceived as ineffective, to the even less authoritative Nine Powers, which lacked formal organization. Nonetheless, the Chinese chose to participate in Brussels, maintaining the pretense that something meaningful could be accomplished. Shortly after Japan's second rejection of the invitation, Wellington Koo made an impassioned plea in Brussels, stating, “Now that the door to conciliation and mediation has been slammed in your face by the latest reply of the Japanese Government, will you not decide to withhold supplies of war materials and credit to Japan and extend aid to China?” In reality, Koo understood that significant Western aid to China was highly unlikely, aside from token gestures. Previous international discussions had momentarily halted Japanese advances in the past; for instance, in 1932, Japanese troops had paused their movements in the Shanghai area just hours before the League of Nations General Assembly commenced. However, that was nearly six years earlier, and circumstances had changed dramatically since then. Rogue states had grown bolder, while democracies seemed increasingly timid. Thus, the Chinese agenda in Brussels was not primarily driven by hopes for substantial Western concessions. Instead, the delegates had been tasked by Nanjing to anticipate the post-conference landscape and to actively seek ways to encourage Europe and America to support Soviet military action against Japan.   China, long reliant on Germany as a diplomatic partner, increasingly felt betrayed, not just by Germany, but also by its fascist ally, Italy. Consequently, it began looking more favorably upon the Soviet Union, Japan's archrival in Northeast Asia, as its main source of international support. The Soviet Union exhibited a firmer stance than the Western democracies at the Brussels conference, joining China in advocating for collective security in Europe and Asia. On November 15th, a small group of officers from the 10th Army gathered for late-night discussions in an abandoned building north of Hangzhou Bay, where they would effectively decide the fate of China. Yanagawa Heisuke, the commander of the 10th Army, presided over the discussions. Fresh from the battlefield since the beginning of the month, he was eager to escalate the fight, a sentiment echoed among the others. It was an unusual meeting, where officers as low in rank as major were making decisions typically reserved for the highest echelons of political power. The agenda included a pivotal question: Should they adhere to Order No. 600 received from Tokyo a week prior, which instructed them to halt their advance along a line from Suzhou to Jiaxing? Or, should they disregard these explicit orders and push forward to seize Nanjing? While the Japanese Army had failed to completely annihilate the Chinese forces around Shanghai, there was a consensus that their adversary was now reeling from recent setbacks, presenting an opportune moment to strike decisively and secure a swift victory. The only remaining question was how aggressively to pursue this goal. Colonel Terada Masao, a senior staff officer within the 10th Army, spoke first. “The Chinese Army is currently retreating toward the capital. We should cross that line and pursue the enemy straight to Nanjing.” Major Iketani Hanjiro, a staff officer recently attached to the fast-moving 6th Division, then offered his input “From a tactical perspective, I completely agree with Terada that we should cross the line, but the decision to attack Nanjing should be considered not just tactically, but also politically. It's not that field commanders can't create a fait accompli to pressure our superiors in Tokyo. However, we must proceed with great caution”. A staff officer raised this question  “What if Tokyo orders us to pull back those smaller units?” Iketani responded “In that case, we will, of course, withdraw them to this side of the line”. Ultimately, Iketani's cautions were set aside, and Terada's aggressive approach prevailed. The majority agreed that the tactical circumstances presented a rare opportunity. Japanese troops in the Shanghai area were poised to advance west, not through small, individual skirmishes but with a substantial deployment of their forces. Officers estimated that if a decisive push was made immediately, Nanjing could fall into Japanese hands within 20 days. However Colonel Kawabe Torashiro, the newly appointed chief of the Army General Staff's Operations Section suddenly arrived at the theater. He was sent on a mission to assess whether the Central China Area Army should be granted greater operational freedom. It was well known in Tokyo that field officers were eager to capitalize on the momentum created by the collapse of Chinese defenses around Shanghai. Kawabe's task was to explore the possibility of allowing forces to cross the line from Suzhou to Jiaxing and move westward in pursuit of the retreating enemy. However, Kawabe was staunchly opposed to further military adventures in China. Kawabe was part of the dwindling faction of "China doves" within the Japanese military. As early as the summer of 1937, he had become alarmed by a letter from a civilian Japanese visitor to the Chinese mainland, warning that Japanese officers were attempting to engineer an “incident” with China to provoke open conflict. This would provide Japan with a pretext to expand its influence in northern China. Kawabe had attempted to alert his superiors, but his warnings fell on deaf ears. They had been lulled into a false sense of security by reports from China that dismissed all talk of war-mongering as baseless and alarmist. When he arrived to the front he stated “I am here to inspect conditions on the ground so that a final decision can be made on where to establish the operational restriction line”. Alongside him came General Akira Muto, recently appointed the commander of the Central China Area Army. He also happened to be one of the architects of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident. Muto responded promptly: “The line currently stretches from Suzhou to Jiaxing, but we should consider crossing it. This will help us achieve our overall objectives in the theater.” Muto continued, arguing that the 10th Army should be permitted to advance to Huzhou, south of Lake Tai, effectively cutting off communications between Nanjing and the strategic city of Hangzhou. He further claimed that the Shanghai Expeditionary Force should be allowed to capture the vital city of Jiangyin, suggesting, perhaps overly optimistically, that its loss could lead to the fall of Chiang Kai-shek. Ultimately, Muto insisted, Nanjing should also be seized, which he asserted would bring an end to the war. Kawabe listened patiently, a practice he would repeat in the following days as other field officers echoed similar sentiments, eagerly expressing their desire to advance all the way to Nanjing. Yanagawa and his 10th Army exemplified this aggressive mindset. Nevertheless, just as the hawks within the Japanese military and the nation's political leadership appeared to be prevailing in the struggle over China policy, they faced unexpected challenges from a different direction. Germany, a power with ambiguous sympathies in East Asia, was quietly engaged in negotiations aimed at bringing peace. Oskar Trautmann, Germany's ambassador to China, had maintained an objective and neutral stance when he met with Chiang Kai-shek in early November to relay Japan's conditions for initiating peace talks. These conditions included extensive concessions in northern China, such as the withdrawal of all Chinese troops to a line south of Beijing and the establishment of a pro-Japanese regime in Inner Mongolia, bordering the Soviet-controlled Mongolian People's Republic. Chiang dismissed these demands outright, but Trautmann and his superiors in Beijing continued their top-secret efforts. Germany's motivation for seeking an end to the Sino-Japanese War was not rooted in a genuine love for peace, but rather in their embarrassment over witnessing their old Asian ally, China, fighting against their new partner, Japan. Herman Göring, president of the Reichstag and a leading figure in the Nazi party, told a Chinese visitor, “China and Japan are both friends of Germany. The Sino-Japanese War has put Germany between Scylla and Charybdis. That's why Germany is ready to seize the chance to become a mediator.” Germany also feared that a prolonged conflict in China could jeopardize its commercial interests in East Asia and weaken Japan's capacity to confront the Soviet Union, potentially freeing Moscow to allocate more resources to a fight in Europe. In essence, continued hostilities could significantly harm Germany. Japanese field commanders were frustrated by Germany's mediation efforts.  When news of Trautmann's mission leaked, the German diplomat faced severe criticism in the Chinese media, which deemed any negotiation with the "Japanese devils" unacceptable. Additionally, there was the matter of China's ties with the Soviet Union; employing a German mediator raised the possibility of cooperation among China, Japan, and Germany, potentially expanding the anti-Soviet bloc, which would, in turn, pressure Moscow to increase its support for China. By mid-November, however, the complexities of this diplomatic game started unraveling and then Japan took action. At 7:00 am on November 19, Yanagawa issued instructions to his troops in the field. “The enemy's command system is in disarray, and a mood of defeat has descended over their entire army. They have lost the will to fight. The main Chinese forces were retreating west of the line stretching from Suzhou to Jiaxing, and this withdrawal was soon likely to spiral into a full-scale retreat. We must not miss the opportunity to pursue the enemy to Nanjing.” I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. Shanghai had fallen, and the Japanese forces pursued their fleeing enemy further west. However they had orders to halt, but would they? Officers from top down deliberating on the issue, with the vast majority pushing for a drive to Nanjing. They thought it represented the end objective of the conflict. They would all be very wrong. 

REFRESHER COURSE ON WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED IN THE 1930S IN THE LAND OF BACH AND MOZART:   7/8: Takeover: Hitler's Final Rise to Power Hardcover – Deckle Edge, by  Timothy W. Ryback  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Takeover-Hitlers-Final-Rise-Power/dp/0593537424 From the internationally acclaimed author of Hitler's Private Library, a dramatic recounting of the six critical months before Adolf Hitler seized power, when the Nazi leader teetered between triumph and ruin In the summer of 1932, the Weimar Republic was on the verge of collapse. One in three Germans was unemployed. Violence was rampant. Hitler's National Socialists surged at the polls. Paul von Hindenburg, an aging war hero and avowed monarchist, was a reluctant president bound by oath to uphold the constitution. The November elections offered Hitler the prospect of a Reichstag majority and the path to political power. But instead, the Nazis lost two million votes. As membership hemorrhaged and financial backers withdrew, the Nazi Party threatened to fracture. Hitler talked of suicide. The New York Times declared he was finished. Yet somehow, in a few brief weeks, he was chancellor of Germany.  1936

REFRESHER COURSE ON WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED IN THE 1930S IN THE LAND OF BACH AND MOZART:   1/8: Takeover: Hitler's Final Rise to Power Hardcover – Deckle Edge, by  Timothy W. Ryback  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Takeover-Hitlers-Final-Rise-Power/dp/0593537424 From the internationally acclaimed author of Hitler's Private Library, a dramatic recounting of the six critical months before Adolf Hitler seized power, when the Nazi leader teetered between triumph and ruin In the summer of 1932, the Weimar Republic was on the verge of collapse. One in three Germans was unemployed. Violence was rampant. Hitler's National Socialists surged at the polls. Paul von Hindenburg, an aging war hero and avowed monarchist, was a reluctant president bound by oath to uphold the constitution. The November elections offered Hitler the prospect of a Reichstag majority and the path to political power. But instead, the Nazis lost two million votes. As membership hemorrhaged and financial backers withdrew, the Nazi Party threatened to fracture. Hitler talked of suicide. The New York Times declared he was finished. Yet somehow, in a few brief weeks, he was chancellor of Germany.  1931

REFRESHER COURSE ON WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED IN THE 1930S IN THE LAND OF BACH AND MOZART:   2/8: Takeover: Hitler's Final Rise to Power Hardcover – Deckle Edge, by  Timothy W. Ryback  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Takeover-Hitlers-Final-Rise-Power/dp/0593537424 From the internationally acclaimed author of Hitler's Private Library, a dramatic recounting of the six critical months before Adolf Hitler seized power, when the Nazi leader teetered between triumph and ruin In the summer of 1932, the Weimar Republic was on the verge of collapse. One in three Germans was unemployed. Violence was rampant. Hitler's National Socialists surged at the polls. Paul von Hindenburg, an aging war hero and avowed monarchist, was a reluctant president bound by oath to uphold the constitution. The November elections offered Hitler the prospect of a Reichstag majority and the path to political power. But instead, the Nazis lost two million votes. As membership hemorrhaged and financial backers withdrew, the Nazi Party threatened to fracture. Hitler talked of suicide. The New York Times declared he was finished. Yet somehow, in a few brief weeks, he was chancellor of Germany.  1932

REFRESHER COURSE ON WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED IN THE 1930S IN THE LAND OF BACH AND MOZART:   3/8: Takeover: Hitler's Final Rise to Power Hardcover – Deckle Edge, by  Timothy W. Ryback  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Takeover-Hitlers-Final-Rise-Power/dp/0593537424 From the internationally acclaimed author of Hitler's Private Library, a dramatic recounting of the six critical months before Adolf Hitler seized power, when the Nazi leader teetered between triumph and ruin In the summer of 1932, the Weimar Republic was on the verge of collapse. One in three Germans was unemployed. Violence was rampant. Hitler's National Socialists surged at the polls. Paul von Hindenburg, an aging war hero and avowed monarchist, was a reluctant president bound by oath to uphold the constitution. The November elections offered Hitler the prospect of a Reichstag majority and the path to political power. But instead, the Nazis lost two million votes. As membership hemorrhaged and financial backers withdrew, the Nazi Party threatened to fracture. Hitler talked of suicide. The New York Times declared he was finished. Yet somehow, in a few brief weeks, he was chancellor of Germany.  1933 GOERING

REFRESHER COURSE ON WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED IN THE 1930S IN THE LAND OF BACH AND MOZART:   4/8: Takeover: Hitler's Final Rise to Power Hardcover – Deckle Edge, by  Timothy W. Ryback  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Takeover-Hitlers-Final-Rise-Power/dp/0593537424 From the internationally acclaimed author of Hitler's Private Library, a dramatic recounting of the six critical months before Adolf Hitler seized power, when the Nazi leader teetered between triumph and ruin In the summer of 1932, the Weimar Republic was on the verge of collapse. One in three Germans was unemployed. Violence was rampant. Hitler's National Socialists surged at the polls. Paul von Hindenburg, an aging war hero and avowed monarchist, was a reluctant president bound by oath to uphold the constitution. The November elections offered Hitler the prospect of a Reichstag majority and the path to political power. But instead, the Nazis lost two million votes. As membership hemorrhaged and financial backers withdrew, the Nazi Party threatened to fracture. Hitler talked of suicide. The New York Times declared he was finished. Yet somehow, in a few brief weeks, he was chancellor of Germany.  1933

REFRESHER COURSE ON WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED IN THE 1930S IN THE LAND OF BACH AND MOZART:   5/8: Takeover: Hitler's Final Rise to Power Hardcover – Deckle Edge, by  Timothy W. Ryback  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Takeover-Hitlers-Final-Rise-Power/dp/0593537424 From the internationally acclaimed author of Hitler's Private Library, a dramatic recounting of the six critical months before Adolf Hitler seized power, when the Nazi leader teetered between triumph and ruin In the summer of 1932, the Weimar Republic was on the verge of collapse. One in three Germans was unemployed. Violence was rampant. Hitler's National Socialists surged at the polls. Paul von Hindenburg, an aging war hero and avowed monarchist, was a reluctant president bound by oath to uphold the constitution. The November elections offered Hitler the prospect of a Reichstag majority and the path to political power. But instead, the Nazis lost two million votes. As membership hemorrhaged and financial backers withdrew, the Nazi Party threatened to fracture. Hitler talked of suicide. The New York Times declared he was finished. Yet somehow, in a few brief weeks, he was chancellor of Germany.  1934 BERLIN

REFRESHER COURSE ON WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED IN THE 1930S IN THE LAND OF BACH AND MOZART:   6/8: Takeover: Hitler's Final Rise to Power Hardcover – Deckle Edge, by  Timothy W. Ryback  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Takeover-Hitlers-Final-Rise-Power/dp/0593537424 From the internationally acclaimed author of Hitler's Private Library, a dramatic recounting of the six critical months before Adolf Hitler seized power, when the Nazi leader teetered between triumph and ruin In the summer of 1932, the Weimar Republic was on the verge of collapse. One in three Germans was unemployed. Violence was rampant. Hitler's National Socialists surged at the polls. Paul von Hindenburg, an aging war hero and avowed monarchist, was a reluctant president bound by oath to uphold the constitution. The November elections offered Hitler the prospect of a Reichstag majority and the path to political power. But instead, the Nazis lost two million votes. As membership hemorrhaged and financial backers withdrew, the Nazi Party threatened to fracture. Hitler talked of suicide. The New York Times declared he was finished. Yet somehow, in a few brief weeks, he was chancellor of Germany.  1936

REFRESHER COURSE ON WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED IN THE 1930S IN THE LAND OF BACH AND MOZART:   8/8: Takeover: Hitler's Final Rise to Power Hardcover – Deckle Edge, by  Timothy W. Ryback  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Takeover-Hitlers-Final-Rise-Power/dp/0593537424 From the internationally acclaimed author of Hitler's Private Library, a dramatic recounting of the six critical months before Adolf Hitler seized power, when the Nazi leader teetered between triumph and ruin In the summer of 1932, the Weimar Republic was on the verge of collapse. One in three Germans was unemployed. Violence was rampant. Hitler's National Socialists surged at the polls. Paul von Hindenburg, an aging war hero and avowed monarchist, was a reluctant president bound by oath to uphold the constitution. The November elections offered Hitler the prospect of a Reichstag majority and the path to political power. But instead, the Nazis lost two million votes. As membership hemorrhaged and financial backers withdrew, the Nazi Party threatened to fracture. Hitler talked of suicide. The New York Times declared he was finished. Yet somehow, in a few brief weeks, he was chancellor of Germany.  1937