Podcasts about Reichstag

Comprehensive coverage of the day's news with a focus on war and peace; social, environmental and economic justice. Image: Gage Skidmore (licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license) Bill Clinton testifies didn't know of Epstein wrongdoing, Dems say Trump should testify next; Bernie Sanders calls for moratorium on energy-guzzling AI data centers “so democracy can catch up; California, dozen other states sue Trump administration over rollback of childhood vaccinations; February 27 in history: 1933 Reichstag fire blamed on communists, Hitler uses it to justify suspending civil liberties; Feb 27, 1951: 22nd Amendment limits presidents to 2 terms in office The post Bill Clinton testifies in Epstein investigation, Dems want Trump next; States sue Trump over childrens' vaccination rollbacks – February 27, 2026 appeared first on KPFA.

This Day in Legal History: Reichstag Fire DecreeOn February 27, 1933, the German parliament building, the Reichstag, was set ablaze in Berlin, an event that would alter the course of constitutional government in Germany. The fire broke out just weeks after Adolf Hitler had been appointed Chancellor. Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe was arrested at the scene, and Nazi officials quickly blamed a broader communist conspiracy. The next day, President Paul von Hindenburg signed the Reichstag Fire Decree at Hitler's urging.The decree suspended key civil liberties guaranteed under the Weimar Constitution, including freedom of speech, freedom of the press, the right of assembly, and protections against unlawful searches and detention. It also allowed the central government to override state authorities. In practical terms, the measure authorized indefinite detention without trial. Police power expanded dramatically, and political opponents were arrested in large numbers.Although framed as a temporary emergency response, the decree had no meaningful expiration. It became the legal foundation for dismantling democratic institutions in Germany. Courts largely failed to check the expanding authority of the executive branch. The event demonstrates how emergency powers, once normalized, can erode constitutional safeguards from within. The Reichstag Fire and its legal aftermath remain a lasting example of how constitutional systems can collapse through formally lawful measures rather than open revolution.Former President Bill Clinton is scheduled to give private testimony to the House Oversight Committee regarding his past association with Jeffrey Epstein. The closed-door session follows testimony from Hillary Clinton, who said she does not recall meeting Epstein and denied having information about his crimes. Bill Clinton previously flew on Epstein's plane multiple times after leaving office, and recently released Justice Department documents include photos of him with unidentified women. He has denied any misconduct and has expressed regret over his past association.Committee Chairman James Comer stated that neither Clinton is accused of wrongdoing but said they must address questions about Epstein's possible connections to their charitable foundation. The Clintons agreed to testify near their home in New York after lawmakers threatened contempt proceedings. Some Democrats supported compelling their testimony, while others criticized the inquiry as politically motivated.Democrats argue that Republicans are using the investigation to shield Donald Trump from scrutiny. They have called for Trump to be subpoenaed, noting that his name appears frequently in Epstein-related records and that he had social ties with Epstein before Epstein's 2008 conviction. Democrats also claim the Justice Department is withholding records involving allegations against Trump. The department has said it is reviewing the materials and has emphasized that released files contain unverified claims. Authorities have not charged Trump with any crimes related to Epstein. Epstein died in jail in 2019 while awaiting trial on federal sex-trafficking charges, and his death was ruled a suicide.Bill Clinton to give private testimony to Congress about Epstein | ReutersA federal judge has allowed construction of President Donald Trump's planned $400 million White House ballroom to continue, at least for now. U.S. District Judge Richard Leon denied a request from the National Trust for Historic Preservation to temporarily halt the project while its lawsuit moves forward. The group had sought a preliminary injunction to stop work, arguing that the administration failed to comply with federal laws, including obtaining congressional approval and conducting proper environmental review.Leon ruled that the preservationists had not met the legal standard required for such an emergency order. However, he indicated they may revise their complaint to better challenge the president's claimed statutory authority to proceed without Congress. The lawsuit contends that demolishing the historic East Wing and beginning construction violated federal restrictions on altering federal property in Washington, D.C. It also argues that the National Park Service should have completed a more detailed environmental impact statement before work began.The Trump administration maintains that the renovation fits within longstanding presidential authority over White House changes and serves public functions. Trump praised the ruling publicly and said the ballroom would symbolize national strength. The National Trust expressed disappointment but said it plans to amend its legal claims.The East Wing, originally built in 1902 and expanded in 1942, was demolished in October. The ballroom is part of broader renovations Trump has made since returning to office in 2025. Although construction is underway, no firm completion date has been announced.Trump's White House ballroom can move ahead for now, judge rules | ReutersPrediction-market company Kalshi has hired prominent Supreme Court advocate Neal Katyal to represent it in a series of disputes with state regulators. Katyal, a former acting U.S. solicitor general, appeared this week in a lawsuit Kalshi filed against Utah officials and is also handling similar cases in several other states. The company argues that its event-based trading contracts fall under the authority of the federal Commodity Futures Trading Commission, not state gambling regulators.States contend that platforms like Kalshi are effectively operating unlicensed sports-betting businesses. Other prediction-market operators, including Polymarket and Coinbase, are also fighting regulatory battles and have assembled experienced legal teams. The industry has grown rapidly, with tens of billions of dollars in trading volume last year, increasing scrutiny from state authorities.Kalshi bets on Neal Katyal in prediction market cases | ReutersNetflix has withdrawn its bid to acquire Warner Bros. Discovery after WBD's board determined that a competing offer from Paramount Skydance was superior. Netflix's co-CEOs said their proposed merger would have delivered value and likely cleared regulatory review, but matching Paramount's higher price no longer made financial sense. They described the deal as desirable at the right valuation, but not essential at any cost.Paramount's leadership welcomed WBD's decision, saying its proposal offers greater value and a clearer path to closing. To finalize the Paramount deal, a short match period must expire, Netflix's existing merger agreement must be terminated, and a definitive agreement between Paramount and WBD must be signed.Paramount recently raised its offer to $31 per share in cash, along with a quarterly ticking fee if the deal is not completed by a specified date. The proposal also includes a $7 billion regulatory termination fee if the transaction fails because of regulatory issues, as well as reimbursement of the $2.8 billion breakup fee WBD would owe Netflix upon ending their agreement. With Netflix stepping aside, Paramount is now positioned to complete the acquisition.Netflix Drops WBD Bid, Paving Way For Paramount Deal - Law360This week's closing theme is by Frédéric Chopin.This week's closing theme takes us to Chopin and his Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, a work that helped launch his international career. Although numbered second, it was actually the first of his two piano concertos to be written, composed in 1829 when he was just twenty. The concerto reflects Chopin's deep roots in the Polish Romantic tradition, while also revealing the poetic lyricism that would define his later solo piano works. Its sweeping first movement balances youthful brilliance with emotional intensity. The second movement, marked Larghetto, is intimate and expressive, often described as a musical love letter. The finale brings rhythmic energy and subtle references to Polish dance forms.The piece gained wider recognition when Chopin performed it during his Paris debut on February 27, 1832. That appearance introduced him to the influential musical circles of Paris and marked a turning point in his career. The concerto showcased not only his technical skill, but also his distinctive touch and refined musical voice. While later critics sometimes focused on the orchestration, the piano writing remains among the most elegant of the Romantic era. The work captures a young composer standing at the threshold of fame, blending vulnerability with confidence. As our closing theme this week, it reflects both artistic ambition and a historic February 27 connection that helped shape Chopin's legacy.Without further ado, Frédéric Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, enjoy! This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.minimumcomp.com/subscribe

En février 1933, le Reichstag, le parlement allemand, est ravagé par les flammes. En une nuit, le cœur de la démocratie s'effondre et offre au régime nazi naissant le prétexte idéal pour s'imposer. La république de Weimar agonisante va bientôt laisser la place à la dictature d'un chancelier aux aguets : Adolf Hitler. Mais une question demeure : qui a réellement mis le feu au Reichstag ? Revivez cet incendie qui a ouvert la voie au national-socialisme. Crédits : Lorànt Deutsch, Bruno Calvès.Hébergé par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

En février 1933, le Reichstag, le parlement allemand, est ravagé par les flammes. En une nuit, le cœur de la démocratie s'effondre et offre au régime nazi naissant le prétexte idéal pour s'imposer. La république de Weimar agonisante va bientôt laisser la place à la dictature d'un chancelier aux aguets : Adolf Hitler. Mais une question demeure : qui a réellement mis le feu au Reichstag ? Revivez cet incendie qui a ouvert la voie au national-socialisme. Crédits : Lorànt Deutsch, Bruno Calvès.Hébergé par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

Chuck Todd argues that the United States is in an especially precarious moment of Trump's presidency — but that the guardrails of American democracy are proving they still exist. Todd breaks down the ruling's implications, noting that without tariff revenue the already ballooning U.S. budget deficit will accelerate, and that the coming chaos over refunds for billions in illegally collected duties will be a mess for businesses, consumers, and the trade deals that were negotiated under a now-invalidated framework. He highlights the emerging three distinct wings of the Supreme Court — with Gorsuch writing a pointed concurrence calling out his colleagues, Kavanaugh dissenting on foreign policy grounds, and the liberal justices joining Roberts on textual grounds — and argues the ruling reflects the public's own disapproval of Trump, which a new poll now places at 60% disapproval. He reserves his sharpest commentary for Trump's reaction: rather than pivot, the president attacked his own Supreme Court appointees for disloyalty and accused the Court of "foreign influence," a response Chuck calls a gift to Democrats and a sign that Trump is terrified dissent will become contagious among Republicans. Chuck also cautions that Democrats shouldn't celebrate too much — their brand remains damaged despite Trump's cratering numbers — and offers a counterintuitive observation: that Trump's greatest weakness isn't his authoritarian instincts but his laziness, arguing that his reliance on emergency powers is a shortcut to avoid the hard work of legislating. Then, Emmy Award-winning director and Academy Award nominee Geeta Gandbhir joins the Chuck Toddcast to discuss her critically acclaimed Netflix documentary The Perfect Neighbor, which uses years of police bodycam footage to reconstruct the events leading to the 2023 fatal shooting of Ajike Owens by her neighbor Susan Lorincz in Ocala, Florida. Gandbhir reveals that Owens was a personal friend of her family — her sister-in-law's best friend — and that the film was never initially planned as a documentary; she and her partner went to Florida to support the family and keep the story in the news, fearing Lorincz would walk free under Florida's stand your ground laws. The Sundance Directing Award winner explains how the production team obtained the bodycam footage through the family's attorneys, Benjamin Crump and Anthony Thomas, and describes the rare experience of having not just the aftermath but years of "before" footage — creating a slow-building tension she compares to Blair Witch and Paranormal Activity. Gandbhir emphasizes that the film doesn't preach; it simply presents the chronology and lets the audience decide. The conversation goes deeper into the systemic failures the footage revealed: Lorincz was the only person in the neighborhood who repeatedly called police, yet officers saw her as a nuisance rather than a threat — her whiteness, Gandbhir argues, shielding her from scrutiny. Police never checked whether Lorincz owned a gun, and in other states, her pattern of behavior would have resulted in harassment charges long before the shooting. Gandbhir explains why the case resulted in a manslaughter conviction rather than a more serious charge, advocates for the eradication of stand your ground laws that exist in 38 states, and makes a compelling case that some police funding would be better directed toward social workers and mental health professionals. She also reflects on what the film has meant to Owens' four children and their family, the power of bodycam footage as both a tool for truth and a potential instrument of surveillance, and what a potential Academy Award would mean — not for herself, but as a platform to drive real change. Finally, Chuck hops into the ToddCast Time Machine to revisit the Reichstag fire & how Hitler was able to turn Germany’s democracy into a dictatorship through the use of emergency powers he was granted. He also answers listeners’ questions in the “Ask Chuck” segment. Go to https://zbiotics.com/CHUCKTODDCAST and use CHUCKTODDCAST at checkout for 15% off any first time orders of ZBiotics probiotics.” Protect your family with life insurance from Ethos. Get up to $3 million in coverage in as little as 10 minutes at https://ethos.com/chuck. Application times may vary. Rates may vary. Thank you Wildgrain for sponsoring. Visit http://wildgrain.com/TODDCAST and use the code "TODDCAST" at checkout to receive $30 off your first box PLUS free Croissants for life! Link in bio or go to https://getsoul.com & enter code TODDCAST for 30% off your first order. American Finance Disclaimer: NMLS 182334, nmlsconsumeraccess.org. APR for rates in the 5s start at 6.196% for well qualified borrowers. Call 866-885-1081, for details about credit costs and terms. Or https://apply.americanfinancing.net/thechucktoddcast Timeline: (Timestamps may vary based on advertisements) 00:00 Chuck Todd’s introduction 02:45 We are in an especially precarious moment of Trump’s presidency 08:30 Supreme Court tariff ruling shows the guardrails still exist 09:15 Without tariffs, U.S. budget deficit will grow even faster 11:00 Trump plans on going down with the ship, may sink GOP 13:00 Courts ruling wasn’t surprising, tariff authority belongs to congress 14:30 Gorsuch called out his colleagues in his opinion 16:00 Kavanaugh’s dissent argued tariffs as a foreign policy issue 18:00 There are three distinct wings in this Supreme Court 19:45 Ruling reflects the public's disapproval of Trump 21:15 We saw tariff price spikes in Q4, ruling would help GOP 22:00 Trump’s response was to attack his own appointees for disloyalty 23:45 Trump lashed out, afraid dissent will become contagious 24:45 Trump accused SCOTUS of “foreign influence” 27:15 Trump is too lazy to become one of history’s worst autocrats 29:00 Trump’s laziness is his greatest weakness 30:30 Emergency powers are a shortcut to avoid legislating 32:00 Chaos is coming, people will want refunds for illegal tariffs 33:45 Consumption taxes put the burden on lower income people 35:15 Fallout from the ruling will be a mess for businesses 36:00 What will happen to trade deals that were cut based on illegal tariffs? 36:30 Trump has alienated every major ally the U.S. has 37:30 Trump is vulnerable to Republicans walking away from him 39:45 Trump reaction to tariffs was a gift to the Democrats 41:30 New poll shows Trump’s disapproval at 60% 43:00 Democrats brand still bad despite Trump’s terrible approval 52:00 Geeta Gandbhir joins the Chuck ToddCast 52:45 “The Perfect Neighbor” isn’t a gun story, it’s a societal story 53:30 How important is a potential Academy Award for you? 54:15 Awards give you a platform to talk about issues & bring change 55:00 Film produced independently, then Netflix gave it a huge platform 56:00 How close did you follow this story in real time? 56:30 Ajike Owens was a personal friend of Geeta 57:45 There’s so much gun violence, individual stories don’t break through 58:45 The production team received body cam footage from family lawyers 1:00:00 We usually see the aftermath of shootings, rarely the before footage 1:01:45 Needed to understand chronology of body cam footage 1:03:00 Film’s tension building compared to Blair Witch & Paranormal Activity 1:03:45 Racial justice/tension movies can make for a difficult watch 1:04:45 Movie doesn’t preach, just shows the event & let’s audience decide 1:06:30 Footage portrayed a working class, striving community 1:08:00 Everyone knows the Susan Lorincz, “get off my lawn” type character 1:08:45 No understanding of why Susan Lorincz was so broken as a person 1:11:30 Lorincz was the only woman in the neighborhood that complained to police 1:12:15 This didn’t feel like manslaughter, it felt pre-meditated 1:13:00 Prosecutors felt a manslaughter charge would be easier to convict 1:13:30 Hope DeSantis understands the damage stand your ground laws cause 1:14:45 If there was no body camera footage, Susan could have walked 1:16:00 Police bodycams should be on at all times to prevent distortion of truth 1:16:45 Bodycam footage is a double edged sword, can be used for surveillance 1:17:30 Original footage included protests, funerals & B-roll of the neighborhood 1:19:15 Neighbors had a very visceral reaction to the film, but did find it therapeutic 1:20:45 Having body camera footage could have prevented historical race riots 1:22:15 The ultimate hope is to eradicate “stand your ground” laws 1:23:15 There’s power in telling a true story with unscripted footage 1:25:30 Ajike Owens was a bright young woman with a promising future 1:26:45 How are her children doing? 1:28:15 Watching the grief of the children was devastating & powerful 1:29:30 Family wanted the world to see their grief 1:30:00 Hope the film can inform police training 1:30:45 In other states, Susan would have been charged for nuisance or harassment 1:32:00 Some police funding would be better spent on social workers, psychiatrists etc 1:33:15 It felt like police didn’t know how to handle Susan 1:34:45 Police saw Susan as a nuisance, not a threat. Her whiteness protected her 1:36:30 Susan seemed to be a loner & clearly always miserable 1:37:30 Police never checked into whether Susan was a gun owner 1:38:30 What type of projects are you working on next? 1:39:45 Another documentary will be announced in a couple weeks 1:41:00 Telling the story in a visual medium reaches people who don’t read 1:43:00 Comedy and humor is a great way to teach 1:43:30 How do you use AI, what are you comfortable with, what will you fight? 1:47:15 ToddCast Time Machine - February 27th, 1933 1:47:45 Reichstag fire gave Hitler emergency powers 1:48:30 Germany’s economy had been devastated 1:49:45 In three years, Germany cycled through three unstable governments 1:50:45 German elites thought they could use Hitler’s popularity & manage him 1:51:45 Whether Nazi’s helped, or just exploited the fire is still debated 1:53:00 Reichstag Fire decree suspended civil liberties 1:54:15 Enabling Act allowed Hitler to legislate without parliamentary approval 1:55:00 The German dictatorship was created via constitutional rules 1:56:15 Emergency powers aren’t always authoritarian, it’s who uses them 1:57:15 Ask Chuck 1:57:30 Why does populism lead to antisemitism? 2:01:00 Is this the administration that’s run the most like a business? 2:06:15 Starting to see Republicans breaking with Trump? 2:08:15 What if the Constitutional Convention had not been held in summer? 2:11:15 Thoughts on Gallup ending presidential tracking, NJ-11 election? 2:18:15 Need for regulation on prediction markets 2:20:15 What’s going on with Virginia’s redistricting effort? 2:25:15 Does international diplomacy have a greater impact on the president's legacy?See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Chuck Todd argues that the United States is in an especially precarious moment of Trump's presidency — but that the guardrails of American democracy are proving they still exist. Todd breaks down the ruling's implications, noting that without tariff revenue the already ballooning U.S. budget deficit will accelerate, and that the coming chaos over refunds for billions in illegally collected duties will be a mess for businesses, consumers, and the trade deals that were negotiated under a now-invalidated framework. He highlights the emerging three distinct wings of the Supreme Court — with Gorsuch writing a pointed concurrence calling out his colleagues, Kavanaugh dissenting on foreign policy grounds, and the liberal justices joining Roberts on textual grounds — and argues the ruling reflects the public's own disapproval of Trump, which a new poll now places at 60% disapproval. He reserves his sharpest commentary for Trump's reaction: rather than pivot, the president attacked his own Supreme Court appointees for disloyalty and accused the Court of "foreign influence," a response Chuck calls a gift to Democrats and a sign that Trump is terrified dissent will become contagious among Republicans. Chuck also cautions that Democrats shouldn't celebrate too much — their brand remains damaged despite Trump's cratering numbers — and offers a counterintuitive observation: that Trump's greatest weakness isn't his authoritarian instincts but his laziness, arguing that his reliance on emergency powers is a shortcut to avoid the hard work of legislating. Finally, Chuck hops into the ToddCast Time Machine to revisit the Reichstag fire & how Hitler was able to turn Germany’s democracy into a dictatorship through the use of emergency powers he was granted. He also answers listeners’ questions in the “Ask Chuck” segment. Go to https://zbiotics.com/CHUCKTODDCAST and use CHUCKTODDCAST at checkout for 15% off any first time orders of ZBiotics probiotics.” Protect your family with life insurance from Ethos. Get up to $3 million in coverage in as little as 10 minutes at https://ethos.com/chuck. Application times may vary. Rates may vary. Thank you Wildgrain for sponsoring. Visit http://wildgrain.com/TODDCAST and use the code "TODDCAST" at checkout to receive $30 off your first box PLUS free Croissants for life! Link in bio or go to https://getsoul.com & enter code TODDCAST for 30% off your first order. American Finance Disclaimer: NMLS 182334, nmlsconsumeraccess.org. APR for rates in the 5s start at 6.196% for well qualified borrowers. Call 866-885-1081, for details about credit costs and terms. Or https://apply.americanfinancing.net/thechucktoddcast Timeline: (Timestamps may vary based on advertisements) 00:00 Chuck Todd’s introduction 02:45 We are in an especially precarious moment of Trump’s presidency 7:15 Supreme Court tariff ruling shows the guardrails still exist 8:00 Without tariffs, U.S. budget deficit will grow even faster 9:45 Trump plans on going down with the ship, may sink GOP 11:45 Courts ruling wasn’t surprising, tariff authority belongs to congress 13:15 Gorsuch called out his colleagues in his opinion 14:45 Kavanaugh’s dissent argued tariffs as a foreign policy issue 16:45 There are three distinct wings in this Supreme Court 18:30 Ruling reflects the public's disapproval of Trump 20:00 We saw tariff price spikes in Q4, ruling would help GOP 20:45 Trump’s response was to attack his own appointees for disloyalty 22:30 Trump lashed out, afraid dissent will become contagious 23:30 Trump accused SCOTUS of “foreign influence” 26:00 Trump is too lazy to become one of history’s worst autocrats 27:45 Trump’s laziness is his greatest weakness 29:15 Emergency powers are a shortcut to avoid legislating 30:45 Chaos is coming, people will want refunds for illegal tariffs 32:30 Consumption taxes put the burden on lower income people 34:00 Fallout from the ruling will be a mess for businesses 34:45 What will happen to trade deals that were cut based on illegal tariffs? 35:15 Trump has alienated every major ally the U.S. has 36:15 Trump is vulnerable to Republicans walking away from him 38:30 Trump reaction to tariffs was a gift to the Democrats 40:15 New poll shows Trump’s disapproval at 60% 41:45 Democrats brand still bad despite Trump’s terrible approval 52:30 ToddCast Time Machine - February 27th, 1933 53:00 Reichstag fire gave Hitler emergency powers 53:45 Germany’s economy had been devastated 55:00 In three years, Germany cycled through three unstable governments 56:00 German elites thought they could use Hitler’s popularity & manage him 57:00 Whether Nazi’s helped, or just exploited the fire is still debated 58:15 Reichstag Fire decree suspended civil liberties 59:30 Enabling Act allowed Hitler to legislate without parliamentary approval 1:00:15 The German dictatorship was created via constitutional rules 1:01:30 Emergency powers aren’t always authoritarian, it’s who uses them 1:02:30 Ask Chuck 1:02:45 Why does populism lead to antisemitism? 1:06:15 Is this the administration that’s run the most like a business? 1:11:30 Starting to see Republicans breaking with Trump? 1:13:30 What if the Constitutional Convention had not been held in summer? 1:16:30 Thoughts on Gallup ending presidential tracking, NJ-11 election? 1:23:30 Need for regulation on prediction markets 1:25:30 What’s going on with Virginia’s redistricting effort? 1:30:30 Does international diplomacy have a greater impact on the president's legacy?See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Agradece a este podcast tantas horas de entretenimiento y disfruta de episodios exclusivos como éste. ¡Apóyale en iVoox! ¿Qué diferencia había entre la Alemania de 1914 y la de 1939? En ambos casos Alemania buscó y provocó la guerra, pero eran dos países muy distintos a pesar de estar separados por tan solo 25 años. En ese tiempo Alemania pasó de ser una monarquía parlamentaria de tipo autoritario, algo muy propio del siglo XIX, a una tiranía totalitaria moderna. En 1914 el segundo imperio era una federación de 25 estados autónomos en el que el Káiser coexistía con un Reichstag elegido por sufragio universal. En 1939 esos equilibrios habían desaparecido engullidos por el “Führerprinzip”, el principio del líder que estipulaba que la voluntad de Hitler era la ley suprema. No había nada, ni instituciones, ni contrapesos, más allá de sus deseos. La Alemania de 1914 funcionaba dentro de los marcos de la civilización occidental, mientras que la de 1939 era un régimen totalitario en el que la ideología racial había sustituido al estado de derecho. Económicamente la Alemania imperial era una gran potencia industrial plenamente integrada en el mercado mundial. En 1939, tras los traumas de la hiperinflación y la gran represión, el régimen impuso un modelo de autarquía y economía de guerra. El gasto público se destinó al rearme de forma prioritaria, algo que supo ocultar hábilmente tras la ingeniería financiera de los bonos Mefo. La industria alemana pasó a convertirse en una industria de guerra con el objetivo de conseguir la máxima autosuficiencia para una guerra que los nazis preveían larga. El tejido social sufrió la transformación más profunda. En 1914 la comunidad judía alemana estaba completamente asimilada y era indistinguible del resto de la población. En 1939 imperaba la “volksgemeinschaft”, una comunidad definida por la pureza racial que excluía a judíos, a cualquier otra raza distinta de la aria, a disidentes y a discapacitados. Un Estado étnico cuyo control se extendía a la esfera privada mediante un adoctrinamiento implacable de la juventud y el uso de la radio y el cine como herramientas de propaganda. Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

Agradece a este podcast tantas horas de entretenimiento y disfruta de episodios exclusivos como éste. ¡Apóyale en iVoox! ¿Qué diferencia había entre la Alemania de 1914 y la de 1939? En ambos casos Alemania buscó y provocó la guerra, pero eran dos países muy distintos a pesar de estar separados por tan solo 25 años. En ese tiempo Alemania pasó de ser una monarquía parlamentaria de tipo autoritario, algo muy propio del siglo XIX, a una tiranía totalitaria moderna. En 1914 el segundo imperio era una federación de 25 estados autónomos en el que el Káiser coexistía con un Reichstag elegido por sufragio universal. En 1939 esos equilibrios habían desaparecido engullidos por el “Führerprinzip”, el principio del líder que estipulaba que la voluntad de Hitler era la ley suprema. No había nada, ni instituciones, ni contrapesos, más allá de sus deseos. La Alemania de 1914 funcionaba dentro de los marcos de la civilización occidental, mientras que la de 1939 era un régimen totalitario en el que la ideología racial había sustituido al estado de derecho. Económicamente la Alemania imperial era una gran potencia industrial plenamente integrada en el mercado mundial. En 1939, tras los traumas de la hiperinflación y la gran represión, el régimen impuso un modelo de autarquía y economía de guerra. El gasto público se destinó al rearme de forma prioritaria, algo que supo ocultar hábilmente tras la ingeniería financiera de los bonos Mefo. La industria alemana pasó a convertirse en una industria de guerra con el objetivo de conseguir la máxima autosuficiencia para una guerra que los nazis preveían larga. El tejido social sufrió la transformación más profunda. En 1914 la comunidad judía alemana estaba completamente asimilada y era indistinguible del resto de la población. En 1939 imperaba la “volksgemeinschaft”, una comunidad definida por la pureza racial que excluía a judíos, a cualquier otra raza distinta de la aria, a disidentes y a discapacitados. Un Estado étnico cuyo control se extendía a la esfera privada mediante un adoctrinamiento implacable de la juventud y el uso de la radio y el cine como herramientas de propaganda. Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

Play recounts detention in German cell In 1933, after the Reichstag parliament burned in Berlin, Hitler took power and imposed martial law. Fear and loathing roiled the Prussian State Library, where a young writer and philosopher, Hannah Arendt, drew the attention of the newly formed Gestapo. In Jenny Lyn Bader's play, Mrs. Stern Wanders the Prussian State Library, based on actual events, Arendt spends eight days in a basement holding cell while being interrogated about her affiliations. To convey the tight confines, The Depot Theater, where the production opens Friday (Feb. 27), is using a singular set, says artistic director Alice Jankell. The premise provides readymade tension. "Some of my favorite plays take place in rooms with no escape," says Jankell, who is directing. "Tight ensemble pieces where we can dig into the characters and let the actors fly make my socks go up and down." The Nazis suspect Arendt and her coterie are sending so-called "horror propaganda" about the mistreatment of Jews to media outlets abroad. In Arendt's words, she collected "antisemitic statements in ordinary circumstances," which made her "very happy. First of all, it seemed a very intelligent thing to me, and second, it gave me the feeling that something could be done after all." She may have sympathized with leftist and Zionist causes but never joined any organization. Even better, Arendt had cover while conducting research at the repository for her biography of Rahel Varnhagen, an influential German Jew with an identity crisis who died in 1833. The drama is driven by the intellectual interplay that animates the interrogation room, where Arendt (Lily Ganser) is interviewed by Karl Frick (Logan Schmucker), 26, a polite policeman promoted to the Gestapo. This is Frick's first interview of a political suspect, and he's required to hit tight deadlines, "follow the rules" and "fill in these boxes." Pivoting from bringing charges against perps to quantifying thought crimes is a perplexing task. The kernel of the story came to Bader when she found a brief mention of the detention in a translation of a three-hour interview Arendt did in 1964 with a German television station. "I made friends with the official who arrested me," said Arendt. "He was a charming fellow" who "had no idea what to do." He kept telling her, "ordinarily, I have someone there in front of me, and I just check the file, and I know what's going on. But what shall I do with you?" In response, "I told him tall tales," Arendt recalled. "Arendt only told that story once in public, and even though it's just a snippet, it's such a surprising description of a Gestapo interview," says Bader. After the play's 2024 premiere, more than 100 versions bounced around Manhattan to Martha's Vineyard and New Jersey. Bader humanizes Frick so well that "people often come up to me and say, 'I loved the Nazi character,'" she says. "I'm always out to defy stereotypes." The Depot Theater is located at 10 Garrison's Landing. Tickets are $35 ($30 students) at depottheater.org. Performances continue weekends through March 15. For more information on Arendt, see the Hannah Arendt Center for Politics and Humanities at Bard College (hac.bard.edu).

In this episode of aBitOfCCS, Keonhi Son (Mannheim Centre for European Social Research) discusses her study on how women were talked about in the Weimar Republic's parliament between 1919 and 1932. Using quantitative text analysis and semantic network methods, Keonhi examines how terms such as woman, mother, homemaker, and (female) worker were used in Reichstag debates from 1920 to 1932 — and how these meanings varied by political party, ideology, and gender of the speaker. The conversation sheds light on how early 20th-century German politics framed women's roles and how those discourses both reflected and shaped broader social change.

I am afraid today's episode is not your usual swordplay and skullduggery. What we are looking at today is the Reichstag as it operated throughout the Holy Roman Empire from 1495 to 1803. Sounds a bit like dour constitutional law, but bear with me.We will look at a couple of classic tropes, like, whether the empire consisted of more than 300 sovereign states who could do whatever they wanted, whether the Reichstag was a talking shop hat never did anything except stopping the emperor from becoming a proper monarch. And, as usual, we will talk about money and printing, and why German politician speeches are invariably long on fact and short on rhetoric.The music for the show is Flute Sonata in E-flat major, H.545 by Carl Phillip Emmanuel Bach (or some claim it as BWV 1031 Johann Sebastian Bach) performed and arranged by Michel Rondeau under Common Creative Licence 3.0.As always:Homepage with maps, photos, transcripts and blog: www.historyofthegermans.comIf you wish to support the show go to: Support • History of the Germans PodcastFacebook: @HOTGPod Threads: @history_of_the_germans_podcastBluesky: @hotgpod.bsky.socialInstagram: history_of_the_germansTwitter: @germanshistoryTo make it easier for you to share the podcast, I have created separate playlists for some of the seasons that are set up as individual podcasts. they have the exact same episodes as in the History of the Germans, but they may be a helpful device for those who want to concentrate on only one season. So far I have:The OttoniansSalian Emperors and Investiture ControversyFredrick Barbarossa and Early HohenstaufenFrederick II Stupor MundiSaxony and Eastward ExpansionThe Hanseatic LeagueThe Teutonic KnightsThe Holy Roman Empire 1250-1356The Reformation before the Reformation

The New Discourses Podcast with James Lindsay, Ep. 189 An undeniable part of the Nazi Experiment is that it operated a fascist-style dictatorship for its infamous "racialist worldview." It got this dictatorship not just through the election of the Nazi Party and Adolf Hitler but through some rapid changes to the law that were made in the first sixty days of Hitler's role in Germany's Chancellorship. Basic liberties were suspended, the Constitution was overridden, and all governing authority was placed ultimately in the hands of the German government and its new Chancellor. All of this had to be done to respond to certain existential emergencies, or so it appeared, following a fire in the Reichstag, the German Parliament, set by arson, allegedly by a Communist as a first stroke in a broader Communist uprising. Within less than two months, Hitler had effectively full control of Germany. In this episode of the New Discourses Podcast, host James Lindsay presents the eleventh volume in his Nazi Experiment podcast series, outlining how this sudden emergency changed the entire course of the history of the world in a span of under four weeks. Join him for what he calls the "schizophrenic discomfort" of the terrifying parallels this period offers for us today. Latest from New Discourses Press! The Queering of the American Child: https://queeringbook.com/ Support New Discourses: https://newdiscourses.com/support Follow New Discourses on other platforms: https://newdiscourses.com/subscribe Follow James Lindsay: https://linktr.ee/conceptualjames © 2026 New Discourses. All rights reserved. #NewDiscourses #JamesLindsay #dictatorship

This Day in Legal History: Hitler Appointed ChancellorOn January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany, a moment that marked the beginning of one of the darkest legal and political transformations in modern history. Contrary to popular belief, Hitler did not seize power in a coup; his rise was accomplished through entirely legal means under the Weimar Constitution. Once in office, the Nazi regime moved swiftly to erode civil liberties, beginning with the Reichstag Fire Decree, which suspended constitutional protections like freedom of speech, assembly, and due process. This decree, signed by President Hindenburg, gave the government extraordinary powers under the guise of national emergency.Shortly thereafter, the Enabling Act of March 1933 granted Hitler the authority to enact laws without the involvement of the Reichstag, including laws that violated the constitution itself. The judiciary, instead of serving as a check on executive overreach, largely complied or cooperated, enabling legal persecution of Jews, political dissidents, and other marginalized groups. Laws were passed systematically to isolate, disenfranchise, and ultimately exterminate entire populations, all with the appearance of legality and bureaucratic order.What happened in Germany is a stark reminder that authoritarianism often arrives wrapped in the language of law and order. The rule of law is not inherently just—it depends on who writes the laws, how they are enforced, and whether constitutional checks are robust enough to resist consolidation of power. Today, as various democracies grapple with executive overreach, politicized judiciaries, and emergency powers, the legal path taken in 1933 offers a chilling historical parallel. The slow erosion of legal norms, once set in motion, can be devastatingly hard to reverse.A federal appeals court ruled that the Trump administration unlawfully ended Temporary Protected Status (TPS) for roughly 600,000 Venezuelans living and working in the United States. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals agreed with a lower court that Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem exceeded her authority by terminating protections that had been extended under the Biden administration. The court emphasized that, since Congress created TPS 35 years ago, no administration had claimed the power to cancel a country's designation while it remained in effect. Judges found that the statute's language clearly limits executive authority and does not permit unilateral termination mid-designation.Despite the ruling, the decision will not immediately restore protections because the U.S. Supreme Court has allowed the policy to remain in effect while the case continues on appeal. The court noted that the termination has left hundreds of thousands of migrants in fear of detention, deportation, and family separation, often to countries where they previously faced violence. The ruling also upheld a finding that TPS protections for Haitians were unlawfully ended, though the administration has pursued separate efforts to terminate those protections. One judge wrote separately to argue that the policy was influenced by racist stereotyping, citing public statements by senior officials about Venezuelan and Haitian migrants. Advocacy groups welcomed the ruling but stressed that, because of the Supreme Court's order, affected migrants remain vulnerable in the meantime.Trump administration unlawfully ended Venezuelans' legal status, US court rules | ReutersA significant wave of attorneys has left the U.S. federal government since Donald Trump returned to office, fueling a major shift in the legal workforce. Between January and November 2025, over 8,500 licensed attorneys exited federal service, leading to a net loss of 6,524—one of the sharpest declines in decades. The Department of Justice (DOJ) was especially affected, with notable departures from its Civil Rights Division and Federal Programs Branch, and the closure of its Tax Division. Some resignations were linked to policy disagreements, while others were the result of force reductions or shifting departmental priorities.This exodus has dramatically reshaped the hiring market for large law firms. In 2025, top-grossing firms hired over 1,100 lawyers directly from government positions, more than doubling the rate seen in prior years. Recruiters report a flood of interest from government attorneys, many of whom began reaching out even before Trump's inauguration. However, while high-ranking officials and prosecutors remain in demand, lower-level attorneys without niche skills are facing a tougher private market.The overall federal workforce, not just lawyers, has contracted significantly under Trump's renewed efforts to reduce government size. The DOJ alone has seen a net loss of nearly 9,000 employees. While the number of federal lawyers remains close to 2017 levels, the recent surge in departures marks a striking reversal of long-standing hiring trends.Lawyers leaving US government drive workforce shift | ReutersMassachusetts Governor Maura Healey has proposed legislation that would block other states from deploying their National Guard troops into Massachusetts without her approval. The move comes in response to President Donald Trump's controversial use of the National Guard in 2025, when troops from various states were sent to cities like Chicago and Los Angeles without consent from local governments—breaking with long-standing norms regarding domestic military deployment.Several states already have similar laws, designed to prevent out-of-state Guard deployments unless coordinated through mutual agreement or in federally controlled situations. However, legal gray areas remain when the federal government asserts control over state troops. Last year, the Trump administration attempted to deploy federalized National Guard units from California and Texas to assist immigration enforcement in Portland, Oregon. That effort was met with lawsuits from state officials, who claimed no valid emergency justified the action; the troops were withdrawn before the legal battle concluded.Healey's bill aims to reinforce state sovereignty over such deployments and to guard against federal overreach in the absence of local consent. The National Guard is typically used across state lines only in emergency situations like natural disasters, and even then, usually with approval from affected states.Massachusetts bill aims to block National Guard deployment from other states | ReutersThis week's closing theme is by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.This week's closing theme is the Lacrymosa from Mozart's Requiem in D minor, a work shrouded in both mystery and mourning. Mozart began composing the Requiem in 1791, the final year of his life, and died before completing it—adding an eerie depth to a piece already suffused with sorrow and transcendence. The Lacrymosa movement in particular is a haunting meditation on grief, built around the Latin text “Lacrimosa dies illa” (“That tearful day”), which describes the final judgment and the weeping of the soul.The music swells with mourning, yet carries within it an unmistakable dignity—grief not as chaos, but as reckoning. Today, as we reflect on events that echo the legal and moral breakdowns of the past—and resound in the present—the Lacrymosa feels like a fitting elegy. It reminds us that great tragedy often begins under the guise of order, and that mourning is not only for the dead, but for the living systems and values that can perish when unchecked power takes root.Mozart, though apolitical and far removed from the 20th century, composed music that reaches across time to articulate the emotional weight of collective loss. The unfinished nature of the Requiem also mirrors the historical unfinished business of justice—how societies reckon with their past, or fail to. This piece, suspended between the sacred and the human, between hope and despair, offers a solemn moment of reflection as the week closes.Without further ado, the Lacrymosa from Mozart's Requiem in D minor – enjoy. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.minimumcomp.com/subscribe

The Reichstag fire shows how crises can erode freedoms. Faced with hardship, people may trade liberty for security, enabling dictatorships. Vigilance is essential to protect both moral and civil principles.

The Reichstag fire shows how crises can erode freedoms. Faced with hardship, people may trade liberty for security, enabling dictatorships. Vigilance is essential to protect both moral and civil principles.

THIS WEEK! We continue our 4 part series on The Third Reich. From Hitler taking charge of the goverment, to the Reichstag fire. The Night Of The Long Knives, and how did propoganda work in The Third Reich? What was the life unworthy of life aspect? And how did Hitler manage to intrigrate the Rhineland. Austria, and Checkosolovakia without launching WWII? Find out This week on "Well That Aged Well". With "Erlend Hedegart". Support this show http://supporter.acast.com/well-that-aged-well. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

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https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-lider-taliban-reestructura-parcialmente-gobierno-afganistan-cambios-dos-carteras-20260108123408.html Mision Secreta https://www.vozpopuli.com/espana/el-buque-cantabria-finaliza-una-mision-secreta-de-suministro-a-fuerzas-estadounidenses-cerca-de-groenlandia.html Proliferacion Pinchil https://www.20minutos.es/madrid/proliferacion-armas-blancas-preocupa-madrid-45-heridos-241-incautaciones-solo-navidades_6918492_0.html Crimen a la baja https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202601/1352640.shtml Estafa Pornografica https://www.ultimahora.es/sucesos/ultimas/2026/01/09/2545595/cae-mallorca-fugitivo-aleman-uno-cerebros-estafa-pornografica-engano-miles-personas.html Camapña Navideña https://www.levante-emv.com/sucesos/2026/01/02/narcos-marketing-navidad-hachis-blanco-125303506.html Telefono perdido https://www.dawn.com/news/1965802/japan-nuclear-official-loses-phone-with-confidential-data-in-china Rocky Mittal https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/alleged-gangrape-case-clean-chit-to-haryana-bjp-chief-and-singer-rocky-mittal-as-court-accepts-second-cancellation-report-10463149/ Sospechas de Brujeria https://www.news18.com/india/bihar-woman-lynched-witchcraft-allegations-nawada-locals-beat-woman-to-death-child-death-occult-practices-9819652.html Duelo Mortal https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2026/01/09/japan/crime-legal/anti-duelling-law-arrest-fight/ Verdaderas Realciones de Camaderia https://www.infobae.com/america/mundo/2026/01/09/el-regimen-de-corea-del-norte-prometio-apoyar-incondicionalmente-todas-las-politicas-y-decisiones-de-vladimir-putin/ Ciudades Tomadas https://www.armtimes.com/hy/article/329075 Paguita Universal https://www.arabnews.com/node/2628266/medio-oriente Sauna Muerte https://elcaso.elnacional.cat/es/noticias/hombre-muerto-sin-ropa-en-interior-sauna-gay-calle-casanova-barcelona_1533895102.html BabaBrasa https://www.ilmessaggero.it/mondo/baba_vanga_terza_guerra_mondiale_alieni_previsioni_cosa_aveva_detto-9286026.html Cliente insatisfecho https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/us-news/kfc-customer-becomes-upset-over-36517866 Brigitomanos Condenados https://www.arabnews.com/node/2628332/world Adolescentes Secuestrados https://actu17.fr/faits-divers/enleves-battus-et-denudes-deux-adolescents-forces-de-creuser-leur-tombe-en-pleine-nuit-pres-de-nantes.html Juegos de Bufandas https://actu17.fr/faits-divers/nord-une-fillette-de-10-ans-meurt-apres-un-possible-jeu-du-foulard.html GanjaFarmer Ukro https://www.ukrinform.es/rubric-crime/4074934-incautan-cannabis-a-narcotraficantes-por-9-millones-de-grivnas-en-la-region-de-ternopil.html IA Transformer https://sakana.ai/ahc058/ Sablazo electrico https://cincodias.elpais.com/companias/2026-01-08/el-recibo-de-la-luz-de-2025-fue-el-tercero-mas-elevado-de-la-historia.html Big Fokin Party 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Der Jahreswechsel ist die Zeit der Rück- und Ausblicke. Was ist im vergangenen Jahr passiert? Was erwartet uns in den nächsten 12 Monaten? Die Harburger Anzeigen und Nachrichten druckten am 29. Dezember ein Resümee des Wirtschaftsjahres 1925 von Dr. Otto Hugo ab. Der 1878 bei Osnabrück geborene Hugo war Mitbegründer der Deutschen Volkspartei, saß für sie im Reichstag und vertrat auch darüber hinaus die Interessen der Schwerindustrie. Daher überrascht es wenig, dass sich seine Bilanz besonders gegen die sozialen Tendenzen in der Arbeitspolitik wendet, die durch ihre hohen Ausgaben die Industrie schwächen würden. Erst müssen Werte entstehen, bevor der Staat sie ausgegeben kann. Frank Riede präsentiert uns die Ratschläge, die Otto Hugo gibt, um in Deutschland einen wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung zu erleben.

Paul Löbe (geb. 14.12.1875) kann davon berichten, wie eine parlamentarische Demokratie aufgebaut wird, wie sie funktioniert und wie schnell sie zu Grunde gehen kann. Von Rüdiger Weidenfeld-Kramer.

Vor zwei Tagen haben wir an dieser Stelle von der Ratifizierung des Vertragswerkes von Locarno durch den deutschen Reichstag berichtet, heute können wir seine Unterzeichnung in London vermelden. Mit dem feierlichen Procedere hält sich der Kommentar aus dem Hamburger Anzeiger vom 1. Dezember 1925 indes nicht auf, sondern bekennt sich noch einmal sehr nüchtern und doch mit aller Verve zu den Vertragsinhalten. Der Autor ist sich sicher, eine historische Stunde erlebt zu haben, und will die abschließende Beurteilung doch nachfolgenden Historikergenerationen überlassen. Von dem traurigen Ende der Vereinbarungen von Locarno durch das Hitler-Regime, das 1936 einen im Vorjahr abgeschlossenen französisch-sowjetischen Beistandspakt zum Vorwand nahm, den Vertrag zu kündigen und ins entmilitarisierte Rheinland einzumarschieren, konnte er naturgemäß nichts ahnen. Es liest Frank Riede.

Die Regierungskoalition war darüber zerbrochen, aber mit den Stimmen der nach dem Austritt der DNVP verbliebenen Koalitionäre von Zentrum, DVP, BVP und DDP sowie denen der oppositionellen SPD ratifizierte der deutsche Reichstag die Verträge von Locarno dennoch mit klarer Mehrheit. Der Hamburger Anzeiger widmete diesem Ereignis am 28. November 1925 weite Teile seiner Titelseite. Statt für den Sachbericht haben wir uns für den Kommentar entschieden, der sich – wenig überraschend bei der liberalen Ausrichtung dieser Zeitung – sehr erleichtert von dem Abstimmungsergebnis zeigt. Von Euphorie hält der mit C.P. zeichnende Autor sich fern, erläutert aber mit hanseatischer Sachlichkeit die Vorteile der neuen europäischen Friedensordnung gegenüber dem vorangegangenen Zustand. Dass sich Lob für den Reichstag mit vorsichtiger Kritik an Kanzler Luther mischt – das und noch mehr hören wir von Frank Riede.

durée : 01:31:36 - Les Nuits de France Culture - par : Albane Penaranda - En 1966, 20 ans après la fin du Procès de Nuremberg, l'émission "Les dossiers de l'histoire" en propose une reconstitution fidèle. Ce premier volet retrace le prélude de la tragédie allemande dans une période allant de l'incendie du Reichstag en février 1933 à l'annexion de l'Autriche en mars 1938. - réalisation : Emily Vallat

The New Discourses Podcast with James Lindsay, Ep. 184 At the center of the Nazi Experiment is the Jewish Question, undeniably. The Jewish Question amounts to asking "what should we do with the Jews?" in this case, in Europe. Across the entirety of his project, Adolf Hitler had a straightforward answer, though the specifics differed: get rid of them, all of them. In fact, he proudly campaigned for himself on the project of "solving the Jewish Question," not just on matters of German national pride or the economy, as is sometimes wrongly reported. In this episode of the New Discourses Podcast, the ninth volume in the deep Nazi Experiment series, host James Lindsay takes you through Hitler's infamous 1939 speech to the Reichstag as well as a lesser-known letter Hitler wrote in 1919, showing remarkable consistency in Hitler's vision for the Jews over the entirety of the Nazi Experiment. Join him to see, yet again, the ominous parallels to our own time today. Latest from New Discourses Press! The Queering of the American Child: https://queeringbook.com/ Support New Discourses: https://newdiscourses.com/support Follow New Discourses on other platforms: https://newdiscourses.com/subscribe Follow James Lindsay: https://linktr.ee/conceptualjames © 2025 New Discourses. All rights reserved. #NewDiscourses #JamesLindsay #Nazi

[REDIFFUSION] Cette semaine, dans Les Fabuleux Destins, nous mettons en lumière ces femmes oubliées de l'Histoire — des pionnières, des artistes, des savantes, dont le courage et la vision ont façonné notre monde sans toujours recevoir la reconnaissance qu'elles méritaient. Sophie Scholl, l'héroïne de la Résistance allemande Berlin, 1933 : une explosion de verre brise la nuit, des flammes s'élèvent au-dessus du Reichstag. Cet incendie, dont l'origine reste encore floue, va précipiter l'Allemagne dans la dictature nazie. Quelques années plus tard, alors que le pays est en guerre, une jeune femme de 21 ans ose défier Hitler. Sophie Scholl, figure de la Rose Blanche, sacrifiera tout pour la liberté. Plongez dans l'histoire d'une femme dotée d'un courage inébranlable. Un podcast Bababam Originals Ecriture : Clément Prévaux Production : Bababam Voix : Florian Bayoux Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

3. Gridlock and the Dissolution of the Reichstag. Timothy Ryback discusses how following Hitler's August refusal to cooperate, the Nazis actively used "obstructionist politics" to gridlock and paralyze the legislative system, using their 37% of seats to destroy democracy with its own tools. Because no laws could be passed, President Hindenburg frequently resorted to constitutional powers (Article 48) to issue orders. The President of the Reichstag at this time was Hermann Göring, a decorated WWI flying ace and one of Hitler's closest lieutenants. Göring held a high social distinction, which was far above Hitler's status in Berlin circles. The Reichstag was subsequently dissolved and a new election called. 1933 hitler leaving Hindenburg after elevation.

8. The Final Negotiations and Hitler's Appointment. Tim Ryback discusses how on January 30, 1933, Hitler required the support of media magnate Alfred Hugenberg (40 seats) to achieve the coalition necessary for Hindenburg to appoint him Chancellor. Hugenberg, who sought to be Minister of Economics, desperately opposed Hitler's primary demand: holding new Reichstag elections. Hugenberg knew elections would cost him his vital seats. After holding out until the final moment in a dramatic crisis outside Hindenburg's office, he was cornered and reluctantly agreed. Hindenburg formally appointed Hitler Chancellor at 9:40 AM. Hugenberg subsequently noted he had made "the biggest mistake of his life." Within 18 months, key antagonists Schleicher, Strasser, and Röhm were murdered. 1933 Retry

Die deutsche Regierungskrise, sie zog immer weitere Kreise. Nach wie vor stand nach dem Ausscheiden der deutschnationalen Minister aus dem Kabinett die Ratifizierung der Vereinbarungen von Locarno durch den Reichstag auf Messers Schneide. Die SPD zierte sich, den Mehrheitsbeschaffer zu spielen, und auch Zentrum und DDP übten Druck auf Kanzler Hans Luther aus, die Vorlage nicht ohne Aussicht auf eine stabile Regierung einzubringen. Das Szenario ‘Neuwahlen‘ war weiterhin nicht vom Tisch, und auch die Option, die Zustimmung zu Locarno in einem Volksentscheid abzufragen, wurde offensichtlich ernsthaft diskutiert. Das behaupten jedenfalls am 2. November 1925 die Altonaer Nachrichten, in denen für uns Rosa Leu geblättert hat.

In 1933, the German parliament building is set on fire. In the resulting chaos, Adolf Hitler seizes more power and dismantles the safeguards that help prevent democracies from collapsing into dictatorships. In this episode, Nathan and Lee examine the fire and its consequences, and look for lessons that we should probably learn from history to prevent this sort of thing from happening again...

Erst im Januar 1925 war das Kabinett Luther I, bestehend aus Mitgliedern der DVP, der DNVP, des Zentrums, der DDP sowie der BVP, gebildet worden – im Oktober stand es bereits wieder vor dem Aus. Grund dafür war das in Locarno ausgehandelte Vertragswerk, welches von großen Teilen der deutschnationalen Fraktion abgelehnt wurde. Auch die Interventionen des der DNVP eigentlich nahestehenden Reichspräsidenten Hindenburg vermochten das Blatt nicht zu wenden, so dass der Hamburgische Correspondent am 27. Oktober das bevorstehende Ausscheiden dreier Minister vermeldete und über die weiteren politischen Konsequenzen spekulierte. Drohte die Ratifizierung von Locarno gar zu scheitern? Stand Deutschland mal wieder vor vorgezogenen Neuwahlen? Oder fand sich im bestehenden Reichstag eine neue Regierungsmehrheit? Rosa Leu kennt den Stand der Spekulationen.

Ein paar Tage lang tagten die Gremien, stritten die unterschiedlichen Parteiflügel, dann war klar: Die Deutschnationale Volkspartei, seit den Wahlen des Jahres 1924 zweitstärkste Fraktion im Reichstag und größte Regierungspartei im Kabinett von Reichskanzler Hans Luther, war nicht gewillt die Ergebnisse der Verhandlungen von Locarno mitzutragen und drohte offen mit dem Koalitionsbruch. Interessant an der Begründung dieses Schrittes ist die Tatsache, dass die deutschnationale Interpretation des Vertragstextes offensichtlich eher der französischen und britischen Lesart entsprach, als der offiziellen deutschen Sicht von Kanzler Luther und Außenminister Stresemann. So deuteten es jedenfalls am 26. Oktober 1925 die Altonaer Nachrichten, in die für uns Frank Riede schaut.

HEADLINE: South Korea Faces "Techno-Totalitarianism" After Suspicious Data Center Fire GUEST NAME: Morse Tan 50 WORD SUMMARY: A suspicious battery blaze paralyzed over 600 South Korean government services, raising questions about server security and the destruction of intelligence. The timing is critical, disabling background checks on Chinese entrants. President Yoon Suk Yeol is strongly allied with the CCP, having purged military leadership. This incident, likened to the Reichstag fire, poses a grave threat to democracy and fosters "techno-totalitarianism." 1950 OFF KOREA

CBS EYE ON THE WORLD WITH JOHN BATCHELOR THE SHOW BEGINS IN THE DOUBTS ABOUT THE FATE OF GAZA.. 1945N GAZA RAILROAD 9-29-2025 FIRST HOUR 9-915 BILL-ROGGIO-HUSAIN-HAQQANI-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: Afghanistan Hostage Release, Bagram Debate, and Skepticism on Gaza Peace Plan GUEST NAME: Bill Roggio and Husain Haqqani 50 WORD SUMMARY: Americancitizen Amir Amiri was released by the Taliban, though likely at the cost of a US prisoner. The concept of reclaiming Bagram is viewed as a risky, impractical negotiating ploy. Discussion covered tens of thousands of Afghans left behind. Experts expressed skepticism regarding the Gaza 21-point plan due to many moving parts and Hamas's goals.   915-930 BILL-ROGGIO-HUSAIN-HAQQANI-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: Afghanistan Hostage Release, Bagram Debate, and Skepticism on Gaza Peace Plan GUEST NAME: Bill Roggio and Husain Haqqani 50 WORD SUMMARY: Americancitizen Amir Amiri was released by the Taliban, though likely at the cost of a US prisoner. The concept of reclaiming Bagram is viewed as a risky, impractical negotiating ploy. Discussion covered tens of thousands of Afghans left behind. Experts expressed skepticism regarding the Gaza 21-point plan due to many moving parts and Hamas's goals. 930-945 MORSE-TAN-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: South Korea Faces "Techno-Totalitarianism" After Suspicious Data Center FireGUEST NAME: Morse Tan 50 WORD SUMMARY: A suspicious battery blaze paralyzed over 600 South Koreangovernment services, raising questions about server security and the destruction of intelligence. The timing is critical, disabling background checks on Chinese entrants. President Yoon Suk Yeol is strongly allied with the CCP, having purged military leadership. This incident, likened to the Reichstag fire, poses a grave threat to democracy and fosters "techno-totalitarianism."945-1000 MARK-CLIFFORD2-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: Jimmy Lai's Imprisonment Highlights UK's "Stovepiped" Diplomacy with China GUEST NAME: Mark Clifford 50 WORD SUMMARY: Jimmy Lai, a jailed British citizen and prominent Hong Kong dissident, is a litmus test for freedom. The Starmer government is now showing movement, potentially working with the US for his release. The UK faces criticism for "stovepiping" diplomacy, failing to link Lai's freedom to economic issues, such as China's desired mega embassy. China asserts ownership over Lai based on his ethnicity. SECOND HOUR 10-1015 JANETYN-SAYEH-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: Iran Faces Full UN Sanctions Snapback; Gen Z Leads Domestic OppositionGUEST NAME: Janet Sayeh 50 WORD SUMMARY: The West successfully enacted UN sanctions "snapback," reimposing sanctions lifted since 2015. The economy is already shocked, though enforcement against illicit networks depends on Washington. Iran may risk Israeli military action by continuing its nuclear program. Gen Z has categorically rejected the regime, leading major uprisings. The opposition is actively working to encourage defections within the security establishment.V 1015-1030 JANET-SAYEH-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: Iran Faces Full UN Sanctions Snapback; Gen Z Leads Domestic OppositionGUEST NAME: Janet Sayeh 50 WORD SUMMARY: The West successfully enacted UN sanctions "snapback," reimposing sanctions lifted since 2015. The economy is already shocked, though enforcement against illicit networks depends on Washington. Iran may risk Israeli military action by continuing its nuclear program. Gen Z has categorically rejected the regime, leading major uprisings. The opposition is actively working to encourage defections within the security establishment.1030-1045 DAVID-DAOUD-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: IDF Faces Urban Combat; Hezbollah Rearms Aided by Iran; Golan Heights Non-Negotiable GUEST NAME: David Daoud 50 WORD SUMMARY: IDF operations in Gaza face difficulties due to urban fighting, personnel shortages, and international pressure. Hezbollah is actively rearming, supported quietly by Iranian funds and weapons smuggling efforts. The Lebanese government is failing to disarm Hezbollah. Israelmaintains the strategically vital Golan Heights are non-negotiable for the foreseeable future, despite security discussions with the Syrian government. 1045-1100 DAVID-DAOUD-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: IDF Faces Urban Combat; Hezbollah Rearms Aided by Iran; Golan Heights Non-Negotiable GUEST NAME: David Daoud 50 WORD SUMMARY: IDF operations in Gaza face difficulties due to urban fighting, personnel shortages, and international pressure. Hezbollah is actively rearming, supported quietly by Iranian funds and weapons smuggling efforts. The Lebanese government is failing to disarm Hezbollah. Israelmaintains the strategically vital Golan Heights are non-negotiable for the foreseeable future, despite security discussions with the Syrian government. THIRD HOUR 1100-1115 BLAINE-HOLT-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: Russian Probes, European Escalation Rhetoric, and the Threat of Drone Swarms GUEST NAME: General Blaine Holt 50 WORD SUMMARY: Russian aircraft regularly probe the Alaskan ADIZ, met by US F-16s. Standardized procedures minimize miscalculation risk. Reckless rhetoric from European allies threatens escalation by suggesting shooting down Russian jets violating NATO airspace. European defense ministers are planning a "drone wall" to counter massive Russian drone swarms, which Ukraine currently cannot defeat. 1115-1130 BLAINE-HOLT-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: Russian Probes, European Escalation Rhetoric, and the Threat of Drone Swarms GUEST NAME: General Blaine Holt 50 WORD SUMMARY: Russian aircraft regularly probe the Alaskan ADIZ, met by US F-16s. Standardized procedures minimize miscalculation risk. Reckless rhetoric from European allies threatens escalation by suggesting shooting down Russian jets violating NATO airspace. European defense ministers are planning a "drone wall" to counter massive Russian drone swarms, which Ukraine currently cannot defeat. 1130-1145 ALEJANDRO-PENA-ESCLUSA-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: Venezuela's Crisis and Maduro's Drug Cartel: US Intervention Anticipated GUEST NAME: Alejandro Peña Esclusa 50 WORD SUMMARY: Venezuela is enduring a humanitarian crisis under Nicolás Maduro, leader of the Cartel of the Suns. The elected opposition, Edmundo González and María Corina Machado, have publicly authorized US intervention. Maduro's desperate letter to Trumpwas rejected as full of lies. Regional allies like Lula and Petro fear US action and indirectly try to save Maduro. 1145-1200 ALEJANDRO-PENA-ESCLUSA-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: Venezuela's Crisis and Maduro's Drug Cartel: US Intervention Anticipated GUEST NAME: Alejandro Peña Esclusa 50 WORD SUMMARY: Venezuela is enduring a humanitarian crisis under Nicolás Maduro, leader of the Cartel of the Suns. The elected opposition, Edmundo González and María Corina Machado, have publicly authorized US intervention. Maduro's desperate letter to Trumpwas rejected as full of lies. Regional allies like Lula and Petro fear US action and indirectly try to save Maduro. FOURTH HOUR 12-1215 AHMAD-SHARAWI-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: Al-Sharaa Seeks Normalization at UN Amid Sanctions and Domestic Tensions GUEST NAME: Ahmad Sharawi 50 WORD SUMMARY: Syrian strongman Al-Sharaa visited the UNseeking international normalization and to consolidate domestic power. He met world leaders and sought removal of Caesar sanctions, though Congress must approve this. World leaders mostly ignored questions about massacres. Major powers remain in Syria, and Kurds are negotiating integration, while Israel pursues a security agreement. 1215-1230 AHMAD-SHARAWI-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: Al-Sharaa Seeks Normalization at UN Amid Sanctions and Domestic Tensions GUEST NAME: Ahmad Sharawi 50 WORD SUMMARY: Syrian strongman Al-Sharaa visited the UNseeking international normalization and to consolidate domestic power. He met world leaders and sought removal of Caesar sanctions, though Congress must approve this. World leaders mostly ignored questions about massacres. Major powers remain in Syria, and Kurds are negotiating integration, while Israel pursues a security agreement. 1230-1245 BRIDGET-TOOMEY-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: Houthi Attacks Escalate: Targeting Shipping and Deploying Cluster Munitions GUEST NAME: Bridget Toomey 50 WORD SUMMARY: The Houthis struck a Netherlands-flagged cargo ship in the Gulf of Aden. The international community is quiet, as the Houthis interpret the US ceasefire as full permission to target Israel. They are also deploying cluster munition warheads on ballistic missiles against Israel. Houthisystems seem to be improving, penetrating Israeli defenses. CENTCOM considers the current US hands-off policy a strategic defeat. 1245-100 AM KEVIN-FRAZIER-9-29.mp3 HEADLINE: Russian Spy Ships Target Vulnerable Undersea Communication CablesGUEST NAME: Kevin Frazier 50 WORD SUMMARY: Undersea cables are highly vulnerable to sabotage or accidental breaks. Russia uses sophisticated naval technology, including the spy ship Yantar, to map and potentially break these cables in sensitive locations. The US is less vulnerable due to redundancy. However, protection is fragmented, relying on private owners who often lack incentives to adopt sophisticated defense techniques.

As the death of right-wing organizer Charlie Kirk is used to jumpstart new attacks on the left, are we witnessing the U.S. version of Nazi Germany's Reichstag fire? We speak to historian Gerald Horne for this month's episode of the F-Word on fascism. And two survivors of the new U.S. censorship regime, Mahmoud Khalil, former student organizer at Columbia university, and Karen Attiah, a former opinion writer for the Washington Post, hold a public conversation here in DC. Plus headlines on victory against Maryland data center, federal scientists and researchers fight back, DC residents lobby the Senate to defeat bills that harm DC... And more  The show is made possible only by our volunteer energy, our resolve to keep the people's voices on the air, and by support from our listeners. In this new era of fake corporate news, we have to be and support our own media! Please click here or click on the Support-Donate tab on this website to subscribe for as little as $3 a month. We are so grateful for this small but growing amount of monthly crowdsource funding on Patreon. PATREON NOW HAS A ONE-TIME, ANNUAL DONATION FUNCTION! You can also give a one-time or recurring donation on PayPal. Thank you! “On the Ground: Voices of Resistance from the Nation's Capital” gives a voice to the voiceless 99 percent at the heart of American empire. The award-winning, weekly hour, produced and hosted by Esther Iverem, covers social justice activism about local, national and international issues, with a special emphasis on militarization and war, the police state, the corporate state, environmental justice and the left edge of culture and media. The show is heard on three dozen stations across the United States, on podcast, and is archived on the world wide web at https://onthegroundshow.org/  Please support us on Patreon or Paypal. Links for all ways to support are on our website or at Esther Iverem's Linktree: https://linktr.ee/esther_iverem

On today’s show: — Ellie Krug joins Matt to talk about anti-transgender rhetoric coming from the far right. — A history of the Reichstag and how the Nazis used it to shut down speech. — What exactly did Jimmy Kimmel say that got him suspended by ABC? — Sinclair Broadcasting’s ridiculous demands of Jimmy Kimmel…

【聊了什么】 9月10日，美国保守派青年运动领袖、TPUSA创始人查理·柯克遇刺身亡，震动全美。一个没有任何公职的“网红”，为何能成为特朗普核心圈层的“造王者”，撬动上亿美元资金，并让共和党精英、金主和普通年轻人为之倾倒？ 本期节目深入剖析查理·柯克的崛起，分析他如何将网红传播、校园组织和金主筹款融为一体，打造出独特的政治影响力机器。他的遇刺，又将如何影响特朗普主义和美国保守派运动的走向？ 本期节目录制于2025年9月13日。 播客文字稿（付费会员专享）：https://theamericanroulette.com/charlie-kirk-violence-transcript 【支持我们】 如果喜欢这期节目并希望支持我们将节目继续做下去： 也欢迎加入我们的会员计划： https://theamericanroulette.com/paid-membership/ 会员可以收到每周2-5封newsletter，可以加入会员社群，参加会员活动，并享受更多福利。 合作投稿邮箱：american.roulette.pod@gmail.com 【时间轴】 00:34 查理·柯克遇刺事件回顾 03:39 柯克为何有如此大的影响力和2024年大选中的关键作用 06:30 柯克的三大核心能力：与年轻人沟通、构建组织网络、向金主筹款 09:09 TPUSA如何构建覆盖美国学校的组织网络 12:10 柯克政治对特朗普的影响和保守派内部的张力 20:07 TPUSA如何建立起校园政治网络 43:58 柯克的思想转变：从自由意志主义者到特朗普民粹主义者，再到基督教民族主义者 48:58 柯克 vs. 万斯 52:32 枪击案发生后的信息真空下的各种猜测与媒体的矛盾报道 54:20 枪手：一个被网络亚文化和游戏烂梗塑造的“extremely online”的青年 56:55 FBI局长Kash Patel的争议 1:00:52 当政治暴力成为一种“行为艺术”和“线下烂梗” 1:05:54 犹他州州长Spencer Cox的反应 1:09:04 这会是美国政治的“国会纵火案”吗？ 1:14:09 TPUSA的未来：柯克死后，这个高度依赖其个人魅力的组织能否持续？ 【我们是谁】 美轮美换是一档深入探讨当今美国政治的中文播客。 我们的主播和嘉宾： Talich：美国政治和文化历史爱好者 王浩岚：美国政治爱好者，岚目公众号主笔兼消息二道贩子 小华：媒体人 【 What We Talked About】 On September 10th, the assassination of Charlie Kirk, leader of the American conservative youth movement and founder of TPUSA, sent shockwaves across the nation. How did an 'influencer' with no public office become a 'kingmaker' in Trump's inner circle, leveraging hundreds of millions of dollars and captivating Republican elites, donors, and young people alike? This episode provides an in-depth analysis of Charlie Kirk's rise, examining how he integrated influencer-style communication, campus organizing, and major donor fundraising to build a unique political influence machine. How will his assassination impact the future of Trumpism and the American conservative movement? This episode was recorded on September 13, 2025. Podcast Transcript (Paid Subscribers Only): https://theamericanroulette.com/charlie-kirk-violence-transcript 【Support Us】 If you like our show and want to support us, please consider the following: Join our membership program: https://theamericanroulette.com/paid-membership/ Support us on Patreon: www.patreon.com/americanroulette Business Inquiries and fan mail: american.roulette.pod@gmail.com 【Timeline】 00:34 A review of the Charlie Kirk assassination incident 03:39 Why Kirk had such immense influence and his key role in the 2024 election 06:30 Kirk's three core abilities: communicating with young people, building organizational networks, and fundraising from major donors 09:09 How TPUSA built an organizational network covering American schools 12:10 Kirk's political influence on Trump and the internal tensions within the conservative movement 20:07 How TPUSA established its campus political network 43:58 Kirk's ideological evolution: from a libertarian to a Trump populist, and then to a Christian nationalist 48:58 Kirk vs. Vance 52:32 The information vacuum after the shooting: various speculations and contradictory media reports 54:20 The shooter: An "extremely online" youth shaped by internet subcultures and toxic gaming memes 56:55 The controversy surrounding FBI Director Kash Patel 1:00:52 When political violence becomes a form of "performance art" and an "offline toxic meme" 1:05:54 The reaction of Utah Governor Spencer Cox 1:09:04 Could this be the "Reichstag fire" of American politics? 1:14:09 The future of TPUSA: After Kirk's death, can this organization, highly dependent on his personal charisma, survive? 【Who We Are】 The American Roulette is a podcast dedicated to helping the Chinese-speaking community understand fast-changing U.S. politics. Our Hosts and Guests: Talich：Aficionado of American politics, culture, and history 王浩岚 (Haolan Wang): American political enthusiast, chief writer at Lán Mù WeChat Official Account, and peddler of information 小华 (Xiao Hua): Journalist, political observer

The governor of Utah irresponsibly releases partial information about the Charlie Kirk shooter, even encouraging people to interpret it themselves. He then admits to praying that the shooter would be from another country or not one of "us". Donald Trump goes on Fox & Friends and proclaims, "he doesn't care about radicals on the right". Donald Trump grieves the loss of Charlie Kirk by dancing at Yankee Stadium. When asked how he is holding up Trump replied by bragging about the new White House ballroom. Host of the Adam Friedland Show, Adam Friedland joins the show to discuss the fallout from his interview with Rep. Ritchie Torres. Howard Lutnick thinks tries to play a semantics game about tariffs not being inflationary as if people care about the terminology regarding rising prices. Chuck Schumer gives the Senate GOP a real what for over the exercising of the nuclear option to push through nominations. All that and more The Congress switchboard number is (202) 224-3121. You can use this number to connect with either the U.S. Senate or the House of Representatives. Become a member at JoinTheMajorityReport.com: https://fans.fm/majority/join Follow us on TikTok here: https://www.tiktok.com/@majorityreportfm Check us out on Twitch here: https://www.twitch.tv/themajorityreport Find our Rumble stream here: https://rumble.com/user/majorityreport Check out our alt YouTube channel here: https://www.youtube.com/majorityreportlive Gift a Majority Report subscription here: https://fans.fm/majority/gift Subscribe to the AMQuickie newsletter here: https://am-quickie.ghost.io/ Join the Majority Report Discord! https://majoritydiscord.com/ Get all your MR merch at our store: https://shop.majorityreportradio.com/ Get the free Majority Report App!: https://majority.fm/app Go to https://JustCoffee.coop and use coupon code majority to get 10% off your purchase Check out today's sponsors: CURRENT AFFAIRS: for 30% off for a year on any subscription of your choice, go to currentaffairs.org/subscribe and enter the code MAJORITYREPORT at checkout. The offer expires October 31st.   SUNSET LAKE:  Head to SunsetLakeCBD.com and through September 14th, you can save 30% on all Sunset Lake CBD's Tinctures when you use the coupon code FallTincture Follow the Majority Report crew on Twitter: @SamSeder @EmmaVigeland @MattLech Check out Matt's show, Left Reckoning, on YouTube, and subscribe on Patreon! https://www.patreon.com/leftreckoning Check out Matt Binder's YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/mattbinder Subscribe to Brandon's show The Discourse on Patreon! https://www.patreon.com/ExpandTheDiscourse Check out Ava Raiza's music here! https://avaraiza.bandcamp.com/

On 23 March 1933, the Enabling Act was passed in Germany, handing Adolf Hitler unchecked power. It became the legal foundation of his dictatorship.But in that moment, one voice spoke in defiance.Otto Wels, chairman of the Social Democratic Party, stood alone in the Reichstag: “Freedom and life can be taken away from us, but not honour.”His words were the last to be spoken freely in the German parliament.This is the story of the speeches that day, taken from recordings inside the Reichstag.Produced and presented by Gill Kearsley.Eye-witness accounts brought to life by archive. Witness History is for those fascinated by the past. We take you to the events that have shaped our world through the eyes of the people who were there. For nine minutes every day, we take you back in time and all over the world, to examine wars, coups, scientific discoveries, cultural moments and much more. Recent episodes explore everything from the death of Adolf Hitler, the first spacewalk and the making of the movie Jaws, to celebrity tortoise Lonesome George, the Kobe earthquake and the invention of superglue. We look at the lives of some of the most famous leaders, artists, scientists and personalities in history, including: Eva Peron – Argentina's Evita; President Ronald Reagan and his famous ‘tear down this wall' speech; Thomas Keneally on why he wrote Schindler's List; and Jacques Derrida, France's ‘rock star' philosopher. You can learn all about fascinating and surprising stories, such as the civil rights swimming protest; the disastrous D-Day rehearsal; and the death of one of the world's oldest languages.(Photo: The Reichstag on 23 March 1933. Credit: Getty Images)

Während oder kurz nach der Aufzeichnung des ARD-Sommerinterviews mit Markus Söder stürmen einige Aktivisten zur Treppe vor dem Reichstag. Die Polizei verhaftet mindestens einen Demonstranten der „Identitären Bewegung“.

Last time we spoke about the fall of Shanghai. In October 1937 a small battalion led by Colonel Xie Jinyuan transformed the Sihang Warehouse into a fortress against the advancing Japanese army. These men, known as the "800 Heroes," became symbols of hope, rallying local citizens who provided vital support. Despite heavy casualties, they held out against overwhelming odds until a strategic retreat was ordered on November 1. As Japanese forces intensified their assaults, they breached the Chinese defenses and captured strategic positions along Suzhou Creek. The fighting was fierce, marked by desperate counterattacks from the besieged Chinese soldiers, who faced an unyielding enemy. By November 9, the Chinese faced a full retreat, their organized defenses collapsing into chaos as they fled the city. Desperate civilians sought refuge in the International Settlement but were met with hostility, exacerbating the terror of the moment. Amidst the turmoil, remaining forces continued to resist in pockets, holding out as long as possible. By November 11, Japanese troops raised their flag in the last stronghold, marking a grim victory.   #163 Crossing Nanjing's Rubicon Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. As the Japanese were mopping up Shanghai, Chiang Kai-Shek wrote in his diary on November 11th “I fear that they could threaten Nanjing”. Over In Shanghai, General Matsui Iwane was dealing with foreign correspondents, eager to learn what Japan's next move would be and to this he simply stated “For future developments, you had better ask Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek”. The correspondents were surprised by this response and pressed him further. He replied . “Chiang Kai-shek was reported to have predicted a five-year war, well, it might be that long. We don't know whether we will go to Nanjing or not. It all depends on Chiang.” At this point Shanghai was falling under Japanese control and now Matsui and his fellow field commanders were thinking, what's next? Nanjing was certainly the next objective. It was a common understanding amongst the Japanese leadership, that if the four main eastern cities of Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Nanjing were lost, Chiang Kai-Shek's government would collapse. Three of these cities had been taken, Nanjing was dangling like fresh fruit. Matsui's staff believed the Chinese units departing Shanghai would mount a stand immediately west of the city, probably a defensive line running from Jiading to Huangduzhen. On the night of November 11th, Matsui issued a command to all units in the Shanghai area to advance west along the railway towards Nanjing. Their first objective would be a line extending from Taicang to Kunshan. Chiang Kai-Shek was not only reeling from military defeats, but also the gradual loss of his German allies. The Germans were increasingly aligning with the Japanese. Chiang Kai-Shek was looking for new external help, so he turned to the Soviets. It was a marriage of convenience, Chiang Kai-Shek signed a non-aggression pact with the USSR that year and wasted no time pleading for aircraft and pilots. Moscow began sending them before the ink touched the paper. 200 aircraft and pilots in return for some essential minerals, wolfram and tungsten. The Sino-Soviet friendship even drew in an unlikely source of support, Sir Winston Churchill. The Soviet envoy to the UK described how during a meeting with Churchill “he greatly praised our tactics in the Far East: maintenance of neutrality and simultaneous aid to China in weaponry.” Soviet pilots found themselves dispatched to Nanjing where they were briefed by Yakov Vladimirovich Smushkevich, the deputy commander of the Soviet Air Force. “The Japanese armed forces are technically superior to the Chinese. The Chinese Air Force is a particular concern. Soviet pilots who have rushed to China's aid are currently in Nanjing. They are fighting valiantly.” Meanwhile back at Shanghai discipline and order that had characterized previous Chinese withdrawal had collapsed. Simply put, there were hundreds of thousands of men trying to retreat across the lower Yangtze region, it was a shitstorm. Many units had to disengage during combat with the enemy and scramble to pull out. Huang Qixiang, the deputy commander of the Chinese right flank in Shanghai, executed a strategic withdrawal moments before his command post succumbed to the advancing enemy forces. Just fifteen minutes after his departure, the area was overrun by Japanese troops. In a desperate bid to avoid capture, another general had to cross a creek, nearly drowning in the process. Rescued while barely clinging to life and drenched in icy water, he was welcomed by a peasant family who aided in his recovery before he resumed his arduous journey westward. The scale of this withdrawal, occurring both day and night, could hardly escape the enemy's notice, and its complexity made the operation increasingly difficult. The execution of the withdrawal exacerbated the situation significantly. Orders to abandon their positions started to trickle down immediately after the upper command made the decision. However, these orders reached the units in a disorganized manner. Many telephone lines had been sabotaged, and when soldiers were sent to relay the orders in person, they faced severe disruptions in the transportation network. Consequently, many units only became aware of the withdrawal when they witnessed the mass movements of their comrades heading westward. Upon realizing what was happening, many soldiers fled in a state of panic. There were no comprehensive plans outlining the retreat, no designated routes for the various units, nor any established timetables. The outcome was a chaotic scramble for survival. Soldiers who had fought side by side for three months suddenly found themselves competing against one another in a desperate race to escape. At bridges and other chokepoints, weary soldiers exhausted their last reserves of strength, brawling with their fellow troops to be the first to cross. Meanwhile, officers traveling in chauffeur-driven cars attempted to assert their rank to gain priority access to the roads, adding to the growing disorder that ensued. The massive army was hindered by its sheer size, resulting in miles of congested roads filled with men unable to move in any direction. This made them easy targets for Japanese aircraft, leading to a bloody cycle of repeated attacks. Planes adorned with the red Rising Sun insignia would emerge from the horizon, swooping down to strike at these vulnerable formations. As commander Chen Yiding recalled “The lack of organization and the gridlocked roads resulted in far more casualties than could have been avoided,”.  On November 12th, the newspaper Zhaongyang Ribao, published an editorial addressing the citizens of Nanjing, to remind them that tough times lay ahead now that Shanghai had fallen. The article stipulated they needed to prepare the city for the upcoming battle,  “Now, all the citizenry of the capital must fulfill their duty in a way that can serve as a model for the entire nation.” Nanjing in 1937 was a city touched by the war, but not enough to change the social fabric just yet. Cinema's remained open, the shopping arcade was crowded as usual, traffic was heavy along Zhongshan Road, order remained. Telephones remained on, except during air raids. Connections to the outside world functioned as they should, given this was the capital. The region had seen a good harvest in 1937, no one was going hungry. However as the front 200 miles away drew closer, bombing raids more frequent, fear of the enemy increased. Contact with the outside world gradually declined. By mid November the train link from Nanjing to Shanghai was severed.  While the fear amongst the populace increased, so did a newfound sense of common purpose against a common enemy. Poster calling for the Chinese to unite against the Japanese invaders were found throughout Nanjing. Residents were conscripted for various fortification efforts, with some receiving basic military training to help defend the city. Those who refused to cooperate faced severe penalties as “traitors,” while the majority willingly participated. Both military and civilian police were deployed throughout the city, diligently checking identities in an ongoing effort to root out spies and traitors. The authorities enforced a strict prohibition against discussing military matters in restaurants and other public venues. Then all the high ranking military officials and politicians families gradually began departing the city in secrecy. This was followed by said politicians and military officials. Twas not a good look. Nanjing soon saw its population decline from 1 million to half a million. Those who stayed behind were mainly the poor, or those anchored, like shopkeepers. Every day saw a steady stream of Nanjing citizens leaving the city over her main roads, fleeing into the countryside with carts full of belongings. On November 12th at 10am orders were issued for the Japanese to advance west. What had been a war of attrition, where inches of land were claimed with blood, suddenly it was a war of movement. As one Japanese soldier recalled “In the course of 50 days, I had moved only two miles. Now suddenly we were experiencing rapid advance”. As the Japanese came across small towns, they found large posters plastered on all the walls. These were all anti-japanese with some nationalist propaganda. The Japanese soldiers would tear them down and paint up their own messages “down with Chiang Kai-Shek!”.  Towns and cities west of Shanghai fell rapidly one after another, each succumbing to a grim pattern: swift conquest followed by widespread devastation. Jiading, a county seat with a population of approximately 30,000, succumbed to a prolonged siege. When the 10st division captured Jiading on November 13, after relentless shelling had leveled a third of the city, they began a massacre, indiscriminately killing nearly everyone in their path, men, women, and children alike. The battle and its aftermath resulted in over 8,000 casualties among the city's residents and surrounding countryside. One Japanese soldier referred to Jiading as “A city of death, in a mysteriously silent world in which the only sound was the tap of our own footsteps”.  On November 14, soldiers from the 9th Division reached Taicang, an ancient walled city designed to withstand lengthy sieges. As they crossed the 70-foot moat amid heavy fire, the Japanese troops confronted the formidable 20-foot-high city wall. After breaching the wall, their infantry swiftly entered the city and seized control. The destruction persisted long after the fighting ceased, with half of the city being devastated, including significant cultural institutions like the library, and salt and grain reserves were looted. It was as if the Japanese aimed to obliterate not just the material existence of the people but their spiritual foundation as well.  Casual cruelty marked the nature of warfare along the entire front, with few prisoners being taken. Ishii Seitaro, a soldier in the 13th Division's 26th Brigade, encountered a mass execution while marching alongside the Yangtze River. Several headless corpses floated nearby, yet three Chinese prisoners remained alive. A Japanese officer, personally overseeing the execution, wore a simple uniform, but the two ornate swords at his belt indicated his wealthy background. Approaching one prisoner, the officer dramatically drew one of the swords and brandished it through the air with exaggerated flair. In an almost theatrical display, he held it aloft, the blade trembling as if he were nervous. The prisoner, in stark contrast, exhibited an unnerving calmness as he knelt, awaiting his inevitable fate. The officer swung the sword down but failed to deliver a clean strike. Although he inflicted a deep gash to the prisoner's skull, it was not fatal. The prisoner collapsed, thrashing and emitting a prolonged scream that sent chills through those present. The officer, seemingly exhilarated by the anguish he caused, began wildly slashing at the figure until the screams subsided. Ishii turned away in horror, his mind swirling with confusion. Why were the Chinese being executed? Had they not surrendered?  Three months into the war's expansion to the Yangtze region, air raids had become an all too frequent menace in Nanjing. The first major raid came on August 15th and increased each week. On the night of August 27, approximately 30 bombs were dropped on Purple Mountain, specifically targeting the Memorial Park for Sun Yat-sen, aiming to hurt the morale of Nanjing's residents. As days melted into weeks and weeks stretched into months, the landscape of Nanjing transformed under the weight of war. Residents began constructing dugouts in courtyards, gardens, public squares, and even on streets. Foreigners painted their national flags on top of buildings and vehicles, attempting to avoid the risk of being machine-gunned by strafing aircraft. Each raid followed a predictable routine: sirens wailed loudly 20 to 30 minutes before the attack, signaling pedestrians to seek shelter and drivers to stop their engines. By the time a shorter warning sounded, the streets had to be cleared, leaving nothing to do but await the arrival of Japanese planes. Initially, the part-US-trained Chinese Air Force posed a considerable threat to Japanese bombers. The 4th and 5th Chinese Squadrons, stationed near Nanjing to defend the capital, achieved early success, reportedly downing six bombers during the first air raid on Nanjing. Much of the credit for these aerial victories belonged to Claire Chennault, a retired American Army Air Corps captain who had become an advisor to the Chinese Air Force, overseeing Nanjing's air defense. Chennault taught his pilots tactics he had developed in the US but had never fully implemented. His strategy was straightforward: three fighters would focus on one enemy bomber at a time. One would attack from above, another from below, while a third would hover in reserve to deliver the final blow if necessary. He instructed the Chinese pilots to target the engines rather than the fuselage, reasoning that any missed shots could hit the gas tanks located in the wing roots. This approach proved successful, leading to the loss of 54 Japanese planes within three days. For Chennault, it validated his belief that air superiority required a diverse range of aircraft, not just bombers. Nighttime raids, however, posed a greater challenge. Chennault, along with other commanders, sought solutions. Chinese General C.C. Wong, a German-trained artillery officer overseeing the country's anti-aircraft defenses, ensured that dozens of large Sperry searchlights were positioned throughout Nanjing in a grid pattern. This setup had a dual purpose: it would dazzle the Japanese bomber crews and highlight their planes in silhouette for Chinese fighters above to target. The bravery of the most skilled Chinese pilots occasionally gained media attention, making them local celebrities amidst an otherwise grim war environment. However, this bright moment faded quickly when the Japanese command decided to provide escorts for their bombers. Consequently, the elite of China's air force, its finest pilots and aircraft, were lost within weeks that fall. All air raids were brutal, but the worst assaults occurred at the end of September. As a radio broadcaster reported on September 25th “Gallons of civilian blood flowed today as Nanking endured three ferocious air raids”. In total, 96 Japanese sorties were launched on that day. Witnesses observed around a dozen Chinese aircraft retreating north across the Yangtze, initially believing they were fleeing, but some returned to confront the enemy. When Chinese fighters managed to down a Japanese bomber, the streets erupted in cheers as civilians momentarily forgot their fear. The primary aim of the September 25 attack appeared to be spreading terror among the civilian population. Chiang Kai-Shek wrote in his diary that day  “The repeated Japanese air raids over the past several days have had no impact on our military installations. Instead, civilian property has sustained significant damage.” Around 20 bombs struck the Central Hospital, one of Nanjing's largest medical facilities, causing extensive destruction and prompting the evacuation of its staff. Two 1,000-pound bombs exploded nearby, leaving large craters. Had these bombs landed slightly closer, they could have resulted in mass casualties among the hospital's 100 patients, including a Japanese pilot who had been shot down earlier that month. The air raids at the end of September prompted protests from the Americans, British, and French governments to Japan. In response, Tokyo issued a statement on September 30, asserting that while they were not intentionally targeting non-combatants, it was “unavoidable” for achieving military objectives that military airfields and installations in and around Nanjing be bombed.   The battle for Jiashan was among the fiercest in the southern Yangtze delta campaign in November 1937. Although Jiashan was a moderately sized town straddling a crucial railway connecting Shanghai to Hangzhou, the capital of Zhejiang province. For the Japanese, seizing Jiashan was imperative for their westward advance; without it, their military progress would be severely hampered. Jiashan had endured three days of relentless bombing by the Japanese Air Force, driving most residents to flee into the surrounding countryside. Only about 100 remained, those who were too old or too sick to escape, abandoned by family or friends who lacked the means to assist them. The Japanese troops brutally bayoneted nearly all of these individuals and buried them in a mass grave just outside the town's northern gate. Jiashan was captured by the 10th Army, a division fresh from victories and eager to engage in combat, unlike the weary forces of the Shanghai Expeditionary Force further north. With less than a week of combat experience, the 10th Army's soldiers were hungry for a fight. The martial spirit of the 10th Army was exemplified by its commander, Yanagawa Heisuke. Born near Nagasaki in 1879, he was among a group of retired officers called back to active service as the war in China escalated unexpectedly. Having served in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 and taught at the Beijing Army College in 1918, Yanagawa had considerable experience in military affairs. However, his past exposure to China did not cultivate any empathy for the enemy. He was determined to push all the way to Nanjing, and once there, he intended to blanket the city in mustard gas and incendiaries until it capitulated. While Japanese commanders debated the value of capturing Nanjing, the Chinese were equally preoccupied with whether it was worth defending. Most military professionals viewed the situation as a lost cause from the start. After the fall of Shanghai, Chiang Kai-shek summoned one of his top commanders, Chen Cheng, to Nanjing for discussions. “How can Nanjing be held?” Chen Cheng shot back “Are you ordering me to hold Nanjing?” Chiang replied “I am not”. Chen Cheng stated frankly, “I believe Nanjing should not be held at all.” By mid-November, Bai Chongxi, one of China's most respected generals, advocated for declaring Nanjing an open city. He argued that defending it was not only unnecessary but also impossible. All available forces had been deployed to Shanghai and were now exhausted. Furthermore, no reinforcements would be forthcoming if they made a stand in Nanjing. Instead of stubbornly clinging to fixed positions, he preferred a more flexible defensive strategy. Zhang Qun, Chiang's secretary, supported Bai's stance, believing that while Nanjing should ultimately be abandoned, political considerations were paramount. If the Chinese simply withdrew and allowed the Japanese to occupy the city, it would undermine China's position in any future negotiations. The Japanese would not be able to present themselves as victors who had triumphed in battle. Similarly, Chiang's chief military advisor, General Alexander von Falkenhausen, was against attempting to hold Nanjing. He deemed it “useless from a military perspective, suggesting it would be madness.” He warned that if Chiang forced his army into a decisive battle with their backs to the Yangtze River, “a disaster would probably be unavoidable.” Chiang's head of the operations bureau Liu Fei argued Nanjing could not be abandoned without a fight as it would crush the NRA's morale. He believed that defending the city could be managed with as few as 12 regiments, although 18 would be feasible. Most at the meeting agreed and Chiang understood Nanjing's international recognition necessitated some form of defense, doomed or not. A second meeting was formed whereupon, Tang Shengzhi, a general staff officer whose loyalties were, lets be honest very flip floppy. During the warlord era, he routinely switched sides, especially against Chiang Kai-Shek. At the meeting Tang stated in regards to Nanjing's international prominence and being the final resting place of Dr Sun Yat-Sen “How can we face the spirit of the former president in heaven? We have no choice but to defend the capital to the death.” Chiang's commanders were all well aware of his intentions. The generalissimo was eager for a dramatic last stand in Nanjing to serve propaganda purposes, aiming to rally the nation and convey to the world that China was resolute in its fight against Japan. His commanders also recognized the rationale behind fighting for Nanjing; however, very few were inclined to embark on what seemed a likely suicide mission. The third meeting occurred the day after the second. Chiang opened by asking, as many anticipated, “Who is willing to shoulder the burden of defending Nanjing?” An awkward silence followed. Then Tang Shengzhi stepped forward. “Chairman, if no one else is willing, I will. I'm prepared to defend Nanjing and to hold it to the death.” Without hesitation, Chiang accepted his offer. “Good, the responsibility is yours.”A little refresher on Tang, he had played a role in Chiang Kai-shek's efforts to unify China by force in the 1920s, when the nation was a patchwork of fiefdoms. However, their relationship had soured on two occasions, forcing Tang into temporary exile, first to Japan and then to Hong Kong. The Japanese invasion of northeastern China in 1931 prompted a loose reconciliation, and since then, Tang had held several important positions, notably organizing war games simulating a Japanese assault on Nanjing. However Tang had often suffered from illness, and crucially, he had not led troops in the field against the Japanese since the onset of full-scale war that summer. Hailing from Hunan province, he was a typical provincial soldier and would likely face challenges commanding respect among elite divisions loyal solely to the central government in Nanjing. He was definitely not the first choice for such a significant task.  Amazingly, while tens of thousands of Chinese and Japanese were killing each other, while Japanese planes relentlessly bombarded Chinese cities including the capital, and while Japanese soldiers committed heinous atrocities against Chinese civilians, the two nations maintained diplomatic relations. China had a fully operational embassy in Tokyo, led by Xu Shiying, a 65-year-old diplomat. This surreal arrangement persisted because neither side was willing to officially declare war. In the fall of 1937, as Japanese armies were heavily engaged on two fronts within mainland China, Xu met with Japanese Foreign Minister Hirota Koki to propose a non-aggression treaty. The proposal was swiftly rejected in Nanjing. By November 1937, Xu was no longer at the forefront of events, and foreign observers shifted their focus from the capitals of the warring nations to Belgium. While large-scale battles raged along the lower Yangtze, representatives from 19 countries convened in Brussels to search for a way to end hostilities. Although China participated in the conference, Japan did not. Japan had received two invitations to join the talks, with its response to the second arriving in Brussels on November 12: a firm rejection. Japan asserted that it preferred direct bilateral negotiations with China, dismissing the Brussels conference held under the auspices of the Nine-Power Treaty, a pact signed in 1922 aimed at ensuring China's national sovereignty and territorial integrity. Japan argued that intervention by a collective body like the conference “would merely stir national sentiments in both countries and complicate efforts to reach a mutually satisfactory resolution.” The League of Nations had called for a Nine-Power conference a month earlier, which ultimately became a 19-power conference as other nations with interests in East Asia joined. From the outset, Japan opposed the assembly and was absent when the first plenary meeting commenced in Brussels on November 3. Japanese leaders feared that China might attempt to leverage the conference against Western powers, recalling how, in 1895, Japan had been denied its spoils following its first modern war with China due to the intervention of Russia, France, and Germany, who blocked Japan from claiming the strategic Liaodong Peninsula adjacent to Korea. China also exhibited a lukewarm attitude toward the conference. While Japan feared the potential outcomes, China was concerned about the lack of significant results. The proposal to transition discussions from the League of Nations, perceived as ineffective, to the even less authoritative Nine Powers, which lacked formal organization. Nonetheless, the Chinese chose to participate in Brussels, maintaining the pretense that something meaningful could be accomplished. Shortly after Japan's second rejection of the invitation, Wellington Koo made an impassioned plea in Brussels, stating, “Now that the door to conciliation and mediation has been slammed in your face by the latest reply of the Japanese Government, will you not decide to withhold supplies of war materials and credit to Japan and extend aid to China?” In reality, Koo understood that significant Western aid to China was highly unlikely, aside from token gestures. Previous international discussions had momentarily halted Japanese advances in the past; for instance, in 1932, Japanese troops had paused their movements in the Shanghai area just hours before the League of Nations General Assembly commenced. However, that was nearly six years earlier, and circumstances had changed dramatically since then. Rogue states had grown bolder, while democracies seemed increasingly timid. Thus, the Chinese agenda in Brussels was not primarily driven by hopes for substantial Western concessions. Instead, the delegates had been tasked by Nanjing to anticipate the post-conference landscape and to actively seek ways to encourage Europe and America to support Soviet military action against Japan.   China, long reliant on Germany as a diplomatic partner, increasingly felt betrayed, not just by Germany, but also by its fascist ally, Italy. Consequently, it began looking more favorably upon the Soviet Union, Japan's archrival in Northeast Asia, as its main source of international support. The Soviet Union exhibited a firmer stance than the Western democracies at the Brussels conference, joining China in advocating for collective security in Europe and Asia. On November 15th, a small group of officers from the 10th Army gathered for late-night discussions in an abandoned building north of Hangzhou Bay, where they would effectively decide the fate of China. Yanagawa Heisuke, the commander of the 10th Army, presided over the discussions. Fresh from the battlefield since the beginning of the month, he was eager to escalate the fight, a sentiment echoed among the others. It was an unusual meeting, where officers as low in rank as major were making decisions typically reserved for the highest echelons of political power. The agenda included a pivotal question: Should they adhere to Order No. 600 received from Tokyo a week prior, which instructed them to halt their advance along a line from Suzhou to Jiaxing? Or, should they disregard these explicit orders and push forward to seize Nanjing? While the Japanese Army had failed to completely annihilate the Chinese forces around Shanghai, there was a consensus that their adversary was now reeling from recent setbacks, presenting an opportune moment to strike decisively and secure a swift victory. The only remaining question was how aggressively to pursue this goal. Colonel Terada Masao, a senior staff officer within the 10th Army, spoke first. “The Chinese Army is currently retreating toward the capital. We should cross that line and pursue the enemy straight to Nanjing.” Major Iketani Hanjiro, a staff officer recently attached to the fast-moving 6th Division, then offered his input “From a tactical perspective, I completely agree with Terada that we should cross the line, but the decision to attack Nanjing should be considered not just tactically, but also politically. It's not that field commanders can't create a fait accompli to pressure our superiors in Tokyo. However, we must proceed with great caution”. A staff officer raised this question  “What if Tokyo orders us to pull back those smaller units?” Iketani responded “In that case, we will, of course, withdraw them to this side of the line”. Ultimately, Iketani's cautions were set aside, and Terada's aggressive approach prevailed. The majority agreed that the tactical circumstances presented a rare opportunity. Japanese troops in the Shanghai area were poised to advance west, not through small, individual skirmishes but with a substantial deployment of their forces. Officers estimated that if a decisive push was made immediately, Nanjing could fall into Japanese hands within 20 days. However Colonel Kawabe Torashiro, the newly appointed chief of the Army General Staff's Operations Section suddenly arrived at the theater. He was sent on a mission to assess whether the Central China Area Army should be granted greater operational freedom. It was well known in Tokyo that field officers were eager to capitalize on the momentum created by the collapse of Chinese defenses around Shanghai. Kawabe's task was to explore the possibility of allowing forces to cross the line from Suzhou to Jiaxing and move westward in pursuit of the retreating enemy. However, Kawabe was staunchly opposed to further military adventures in China. Kawabe was part of the dwindling faction of "China doves" within the Japanese military. As early as the summer of 1937, he had become alarmed by a letter from a civilian Japanese visitor to the Chinese mainland, warning that Japanese officers were attempting to engineer an “incident” with China to provoke open conflict. This would provide Japan with a pretext to expand its influence in northern China. Kawabe had attempted to alert his superiors, but his warnings fell on deaf ears. They had been lulled into a false sense of security by reports from China that dismissed all talk of war-mongering as baseless and alarmist. When he arrived to the front he stated “I am here to inspect conditions on the ground so that a final decision can be made on where to establish the operational restriction line”. Alongside him came General Akira Muto, recently appointed the commander of the Central China Area Army. He also happened to be one of the architects of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident. Muto responded promptly: “The line currently stretches from Suzhou to Jiaxing, but we should consider crossing it. This will help us achieve our overall objectives in the theater.” Muto continued, arguing that the 10th Army should be permitted to advance to Huzhou, south of Lake Tai, effectively cutting off communications between Nanjing and the strategic city of Hangzhou. He further claimed that the Shanghai Expeditionary Force should be allowed to capture the vital city of Jiangyin, suggesting, perhaps overly optimistically, that its loss could lead to the fall of Chiang Kai-shek. Ultimately, Muto insisted, Nanjing should also be seized, which he asserted would bring an end to the war. Kawabe listened patiently, a practice he would repeat in the following days as other field officers echoed similar sentiments, eagerly expressing their desire to advance all the way to Nanjing. Yanagawa and his 10th Army exemplified this aggressive mindset. Nevertheless, just as the hawks within the Japanese military and the nation's political leadership appeared to be prevailing in the struggle over China policy, they faced unexpected challenges from a different direction. Germany, a power with ambiguous sympathies in East Asia, was quietly engaged in negotiations aimed at bringing peace. Oskar Trautmann, Germany's ambassador to China, had maintained an objective and neutral stance when he met with Chiang Kai-shek in early November to relay Japan's conditions for initiating peace talks. These conditions included extensive concessions in northern China, such as the withdrawal of all Chinese troops to a line south of Beijing and the establishment of a pro-Japanese regime in Inner Mongolia, bordering the Soviet-controlled Mongolian People's Republic. Chiang dismissed these demands outright, but Trautmann and his superiors in Beijing continued their top-secret efforts. Germany's motivation for seeking an end to the Sino-Japanese War was not rooted in a genuine love for peace, but rather in their embarrassment over witnessing their old Asian ally, China, fighting against their new partner, Japan. Herman Göring, president of the Reichstag and a leading figure in the Nazi party, told a Chinese visitor, “China and Japan are both friends of Germany. The Sino-Japanese War has put Germany between Scylla and Charybdis. That's why Germany is ready to seize the chance to become a mediator.” Germany also feared that a prolonged conflict in China could jeopardize its commercial interests in East Asia and weaken Japan's capacity to confront the Soviet Union, potentially freeing Moscow to allocate more resources to a fight in Europe. In essence, continued hostilities could significantly harm Germany. Japanese field commanders were frustrated by Germany's mediation efforts.  When news of Trautmann's mission leaked, the German diplomat faced severe criticism in the Chinese media, which deemed any negotiation with the "Japanese devils" unacceptable. Additionally, there was the matter of China's ties with the Soviet Union; employing a German mediator raised the possibility of cooperation among China, Japan, and Germany, potentially expanding the anti-Soviet bloc, which would, in turn, pressure Moscow to increase its support for China. By mid-November, however, the complexities of this diplomatic game started unraveling and then Japan took action. At 7:00 am on November 19, Yanagawa issued instructions to his troops in the field. “The enemy's command system is in disarray, and a mood of defeat has descended over their entire army. They have lost the will to fight. The main Chinese forces were retreating west of the line stretching from Suzhou to Jiaxing, and this withdrawal was soon likely to spiral into a full-scale retreat. We must not miss the opportunity to pursue the enemy to Nanjing.” I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. Shanghai had fallen, and the Japanese forces pursued their fleeing enemy further west. However they had orders to halt, but would they? Officers from top down deliberating on the issue, with the vast majority pushing for a drive to Nanjing. They thought it represented the end objective of the conflict. They would all be very wrong. 

1518-1519 was a critical turning point in the politics of the Reformation. Join Mike Yagley and Evan Gaertner as they follow Frederick the Wise as he navigates the turbulent waters between Pope Leo, Emperor Maximilian, and the rising voice of Martin Luther. From the tense Reichstag in Augsburg back-channel negotiations that kept Luther out of […]

First: Christiane's exclusive conversation with the Iranian deputy foreign minister on how it could respond to U.S. involvement and still holding out hope for nuclear negotiations once this war is over.  Then: If regime change is also Israel's goal. Who is waiting in the wings to take over? Christiane speaks with former State Department adviser and Iran expert Vali Nasr. Also: From her archives, Christiane looks back at a moment of hope inside and outside Iran for a peaceful transition to freedom and stability. Dreams well and truly dashed in the intervening years. And: Film director Wes Anderson speaks with Christiane about his new film "The Phoenician Scheme," the inescapable signature style of all his movies, and hiring Kate Winslet's daughter. Finally: As Berlin pays tribute to the legendary artwork of wrapping the Reichstag by Christo and Jean-Claude this week, Christiane revisits her conversation with Christo and what he told her about the project and how his own history as a refugee informed his art and unstoppable drive.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

REFRESHER COURSE ON WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED IN THE 1930S IN THE LAND OF BACH AND MOZART:   5/8: Takeover: Hitler's Final Rise to Power Hardcover – Deckle Edge, by  Timothy W. Ryback  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Takeover-Hitlers-Final-Rise-Power/dp/0593537424 From the internationally acclaimed author of Hitler's Private Library, a dramatic recounting of the six critical months before Adolf Hitler seized power, when the Nazi leader teetered between triumph and ruin In the summer of 1932, the Weimar Republic was on the verge of collapse. One in three Germans was unemployed. Violence was rampant. Hitler's National Socialists surged at the polls. Paul von Hindenburg, an aging war hero and avowed monarchist, was a reluctant president bound by oath to uphold the constitution. The November elections offered Hitler the prospect of a Reichstag majority and the path to political power. But instead, the Nazis lost two million votes. As membership hemorrhaged and financial backers withdrew, the Nazi Party threatened to fracture. Hitler talked of suicide. The New York Times declared he was finished. Yet somehow, in a few brief weeks, he was chancellor of Germany.  1934 BERLIN

REFRESHER COURSE ON WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED IN THE 1930S IN THE LAND OF BACH AND MOZART:   7/8: Takeover: Hitler's Final Rise to Power Hardcover – Deckle Edge, by  Timothy W. Ryback  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Takeover-Hitlers-Final-Rise-Power/dp/0593537424 From the internationally acclaimed author of Hitler's Private Library, a dramatic recounting of the six critical months before Adolf Hitler seized power, when the Nazi leader teetered between triumph and ruin In the summer of 1932, the Weimar Republic was on the verge of collapse. One in three Germans was unemployed. Violence was rampant. Hitler's National Socialists surged at the polls. Paul von Hindenburg, an aging war hero and avowed monarchist, was a reluctant president bound by oath to uphold the constitution. The November elections offered Hitler the prospect of a Reichstag majority and the path to political power. But instead, the Nazis lost two million votes. As membership hemorrhaged and financial backers withdrew, the Nazi Party threatened to fracture. Hitler talked of suicide. The New York Times declared he was finished. Yet somehow, in a few brief weeks, he was chancellor of Germany.  1936

REFRESHER COURSE ON WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED IN THE 1930S IN THE LAND OF BACH AND MOZART:   6/8: Takeover: Hitler's Final Rise to Power Hardcover – Deckle Edge, by  Timothy W. Ryback  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Takeover-Hitlers-Final-Rise-Power/dp/0593537424 From the internationally acclaimed author of Hitler's Private Library, a dramatic recounting of the six critical months before Adolf Hitler seized power, when the Nazi leader teetered between triumph and ruin In the summer of 1932, the Weimar Republic was on the verge of collapse. One in three Germans was unemployed. Violence was rampant. Hitler's National Socialists surged at the polls. Paul von Hindenburg, an aging war hero and avowed monarchist, was a reluctant president bound by oath to uphold the constitution. The November elections offered Hitler the prospect of a Reichstag majority and the path to political power. But instead, the Nazis lost two million votes. As membership hemorrhaged and financial backers withdrew, the Nazi Party threatened to fracture. Hitler talked of suicide. The New York Times declared he was finished. Yet somehow, in a few brief weeks, he was chancellor of Germany.  1936

REFRESHER COURSE ON WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED IN THE 1930S IN THE LAND OF BACH AND MOZART:   8/8: Takeover: Hitler's Final Rise to Power Hardcover – Deckle Edge, by  Timothy W. Ryback  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Takeover-Hitlers-Final-Rise-Power/dp/0593537424 From the internationally acclaimed author of Hitler's Private Library, a dramatic recounting of the six critical months before Adolf Hitler seized power, when the Nazi leader teetered between triumph and ruin In the summer of 1932, the Weimar Republic was on the verge of collapse. One in three Germans was unemployed. Violence was rampant. Hitler's National Socialists surged at the polls. Paul von Hindenburg, an aging war hero and avowed monarchist, was a reluctant president bound by oath to uphold the constitution. The November elections offered Hitler the prospect of a Reichstag majority and the path to political power. But instead, the Nazis lost two million votes. As membership hemorrhaged and financial backers withdrew, the Nazi Party threatened to fracture. Hitler talked of suicide. The New York Times declared he was finished. Yet somehow, in a few brief weeks, he was chancellor of Germany.  1937

REFRESHER COURSE ON WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED IN THE 1930S IN THE LAND OF BACH AND MOZART:   4/8: Takeover: Hitler's Final Rise to Power Hardcover – Deckle Edge, by  Timothy W. Ryback  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Takeover-Hitlers-Final-Rise-Power/dp/0593537424 From the internationally acclaimed author of Hitler's Private Library, a dramatic recounting of the six critical months before Adolf Hitler seized power, when the Nazi leader teetered between triumph and ruin In the summer of 1932, the Weimar Republic was on the verge of collapse. One in three Germans was unemployed. Violence was rampant. Hitler's National Socialists surged at the polls. Paul von Hindenburg, an aging war hero and avowed monarchist, was a reluctant president bound by oath to uphold the constitution. The November elections offered Hitler the prospect of a Reichstag majority and the path to political power. But instead, the Nazis lost two million votes. As membership hemorrhaged and financial backers withdrew, the Nazi Party threatened to fracture. Hitler talked of suicide. The New York Times declared he was finished. Yet somehow, in a few brief weeks, he was chancellor of Germany.  1933

REFRESHER COURSE ON WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED IN THE 1930S IN THE LAND OF BACH AND MOZART:   3/8: Takeover: Hitler's Final Rise to Power Hardcover – Deckle Edge, by  Timothy W. Ryback  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Takeover-Hitlers-Final-Rise-Power/dp/0593537424 From the internationally acclaimed author of Hitler's Private Library, a dramatic recounting of the six critical months before Adolf Hitler seized power, when the Nazi leader teetered between triumph and ruin In the summer of 1932, the Weimar Republic was on the verge of collapse. One in three Germans was unemployed. Violence was rampant. Hitler's National Socialists surged at the polls. Paul von Hindenburg, an aging war hero and avowed monarchist, was a reluctant president bound by oath to uphold the constitution. The November elections offered Hitler the prospect of a Reichstag majority and the path to political power. But instead, the Nazis lost two million votes. As membership hemorrhaged and financial backers withdrew, the Nazi Party threatened to fracture. Hitler talked of suicide. The New York Times declared he was finished. Yet somehow, in a few brief weeks, he was chancellor of Germany.  1933 GOERING

REFRESHER COURSE ON WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED IN THE 1930S IN THE LAND OF BACH AND MOZART:   2/8: Takeover: Hitler's Final Rise to Power Hardcover – Deckle Edge, by  Timothy W. Ryback  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Takeover-Hitlers-Final-Rise-Power/dp/0593537424 From the internationally acclaimed author of Hitler's Private Library, a dramatic recounting of the six critical months before Adolf Hitler seized power, when the Nazi leader teetered between triumph and ruin In the summer of 1932, the Weimar Republic was on the verge of collapse. One in three Germans was unemployed. Violence was rampant. Hitler's National Socialists surged at the polls. Paul von Hindenburg, an aging war hero and avowed monarchist, was a reluctant president bound by oath to uphold the constitution. The November elections offered Hitler the prospect of a Reichstag majority and the path to political power. But instead, the Nazis lost two million votes. As membership hemorrhaged and financial backers withdrew, the Nazi Party threatened to fracture. Hitler talked of suicide. The New York Times declared he was finished. Yet somehow, in a few brief weeks, he was chancellor of Germany.  1932

REFRESHER COURSE ON WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED IN THE 1930S IN THE LAND OF BACH AND MOZART:   1/8: Takeover: Hitler's Final Rise to Power Hardcover – Deckle Edge, by  Timothy W. Ryback  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Takeover-Hitlers-Final-Rise-Power/dp/0593537424 From the internationally acclaimed author of Hitler's Private Library, a dramatic recounting of the six critical months before Adolf Hitler seized power, when the Nazi leader teetered between triumph and ruin In the summer of 1932, the Weimar Republic was on the verge of collapse. One in three Germans was unemployed. Violence was rampant. Hitler's National Socialists surged at the polls. Paul von Hindenburg, an aging war hero and avowed monarchist, was a reluctant president bound by oath to uphold the constitution. The November elections offered Hitler the prospect of a Reichstag majority and the path to political power. But instead, the Nazis lost two million votes. As membership hemorrhaged and financial backers withdrew, the Nazi Party threatened to fracture. Hitler talked of suicide. The New York Times declared he was finished. Yet somehow, in a few brief weeks, he was chancellor of Germany.  1931

What was life like in Berlin in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War? Why did the Red Army steal taps from Berlin houses when they reached the city? Was the famous photo of the red flag on the Reichstag staged or authentic? Anita and William are joined by Giles Milton, author of Checkmate in Berlin: The Cold War Showdown That Shaped the Modern World, to discuss the division and destitution of the capital city after the Second World War.  ----------------- Empire Club: Become a member of the Empire Club to receive early access to miniseries, ad-free listening, early access to live show tickets, bonus episodes, book discounts, our exclusive newsletter, and access to our members' chatroom on Discord! Head to empirepoduk.com to sign up. For more Goalhanger Podcasts, head to www.goalhanger.com.  ----------------- Email: empire@goalhanger.com Instagram: @empirepoduk  Blue Sky: @empirepoduk  X: @empirepoduk Assistant Producer: Becki Hills Producer: Anouska Lewis Senior Producer: Callum Hill Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices